Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.22 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 5849 818966 804843 2026-04-06T11:50:35Z ~2026-21252-32 43734 818966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Michael Jackson - Madame Tussauds Bangkok.jpg|right|thumb|Michael Jackson]] [[File:Michael Jackson in 1988.jpg|thumb|Michael Jackson]] '''Michael Joseph Jackson''' (Augustan 29, 1958 - ga watan yuni 25, shekarar ta dubu biyu da Tara 2009) mawaƙin [[Amurika]] ne,shi marubucin waka, da rawa, da shiryawa, sannan kuma shi sananna jarumi, Wanda yana daya daga cikin sanannu kuma wadan da suka sami nasara a cikin mawakan kowani lokaci gaba daya. Ana masa lakabi da '''sarkin salon waka na pop.''' Kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin mawakan da aka fi tasirantuwa da dasu a salon waka na pop. Shine wanda yafi kowanne mawaki saida wakokinsa a lokacin da yake da rai. Gudun mowar sa a harkar waka, rawa, da kuma salon kwalliyarsa tare kuma da kebantacciyar rayuwarsa data fito fili sunsa ya zama sananne a duk duniya a mawakan tsawon shekara Arba'in. Kundin wakoƙinsa sa mai suna [[Michael Jackson's Thriller|Thriller]] shine kudin waƙoƙi da aka fi siya a duk duniya kusan kwafi miliyan 66. [https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/30/michael-jacksons-thriller-anniversary-still-all-time-best-seller.html] Patricewaldrip. [[Redfoo]] == Rayuwa da aiki == === Rayuwar farko da Jackson 5 (1958-1975) === Michael Joseph Jackson an haife shi a [[Gary, Indiana|Gary]], [[Indiana]], a ranar 29 ga Agusta, 1958. <ref name="Barnes">{{cite news|first=Brokes|last=Barnes|title=A Star Idolized and Haunted, Michael Jackson Dies at 50|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 25, 2009|access-date=July 12, 2009|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/26/arts/music/26jackson.html?ref=obituaries&_r=0|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Shi ne na takwas cikin yara goma a cikin [[Iyalin Jackson|dangin Jackson]], dangin [[Afirkawan Amurka|Ba-Amurke]] mai aiki ajin da ke zaune a gida mai daki biyu a titin Jackson. {{Sfn|Jackson|2009}} {{Sfn|Young|2009}} Mahaifiyarsa, [[Katarina Jackson|Katherine Esther Jackson]] ( ''née'' Scruse), ta buga clarinet da piano, ta yi burin zama ɗan wasan [[Kidan kasa|ƙasa-da-yamma]], kuma ta yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a [[Sears]] . {{Sfn|Young|2009}} Ita [[Shaidun Jehobah|Mashaidiyar Jehobah]] ce . <ref name="monstrous">{{cite news|first=Alexis|last=Petridis|title=Joe Jackson was one of the most monstrous fathers in pop|newspaper=The Guardian|date=June 27, 2018|access-date=April 18, 2019|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/27/joe-jackson-one-of-the-most-monstrous-fathers-in-pop}}</ref> Mahaifinsa, [[Joe Jackson (manja)|Joseph Walter "Joe" Jackson]], tsohon dan dambe, ya kasance ma'aikacin crane a [[Amurka Karfe|US Steel]] kuma ya buga guitar tare da [[Rhythm da blues|raye-raye na gida da blues]] band, Falcons, don ƙara yawan kudin shiga na iyali. <ref name="Obit Guardian">{{cite news|first=Adam|last=Sweeting|title=Joe Jackson obituary|newspaper=The Guardian|date=June 27, 2018|access-date=April 14, 2019|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/27/joe-jackson-obituary}}</ref> {{Sfn|Young|2009}} Kakan kakan Joe, Yuli "Jack" Gale, wani [[Sojan doki|dan leken asiri]] ne na Sojojin Amurka; labarin iyali sun ɗauka cewa shi ma [[Mutumin likitanci|ɗan asalin Amurka ne mai magani]] . {{Sfn|Knopper|2016}} Michael ya girma tare da 'yan'uwa mata uku ( [[Rebbie Jackson|Rebbie]], [[La Toya Jackson|La Toya]], da [[Janet Jackson|Janet]] ) da 'yan'uwa biyar ( [[Jackie Jackson|Jackie]], [[Tito Jackson|Tito]], [[Jermaine Jackson|Jermaine]], [[Marlon Jackson|Marlon]], da [[Randy Jackson (Jackson)|Randy]] ). <ref name="Obit Guardian" /> Wani ɗan'uwa na shida, tagwayen Marlon Brandon, ya mutu jim kaɗan bayan haihuwa. A cikin 1964, Michael da Marlon sun shiga cikin 'yan uwan Jackson - ƙungiyar da mahaifinsu ya kafa wanda ya haɗa da Jackie, Tito da Jermaine - a matsayin mawaƙan mawaƙa suna wasa [[Conga|congas]] da [[tambourine]] . <ref>{{cite news|title=Michael Jackson: a life of highs and lows|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=June 26, 2009|access-date=November 28, 2019|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/5642588/Michael-Jackson-a-life-of-highs-and-lows.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/5642588/Michael-Jackson-a-life-of-highs-and-lows.html|archive-date=January 10, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Michael ya ce mahaifinsa ya gaya masa cewa yana da "hanci mai kitse", <ref name="bbcnews">{{cite news|title=Jackson interview seen by 14m|work=BBC News|date=February 4, 2003|access-date=May 31, 2015|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/2719763.stm}}</ref> kuma ya zage shi a jiki da ta zuciya yayin da ake yin atisaye. Ya tuna cewa Joe sau da yawa yakan zauna a kujera da bel a hannunsa yayin da shi da ’yan uwansa ke karantawa, a shirye yake ya hukunta duk wani kuskure. <ref name="monstrous2">{{cite news|first=Alexis|last=Petridis|title=Joe Jackson was one of the most monstrous fathers in pop|newspaper=The Guardian|date=June 27, 2018|access-date=April 18, 2019|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/27/joe-jackson-one-of-the-most-monstrous-fathers-in-pop}}</ref> {{Sfn|Lewis Jones|2005}} Joe ya yarda cewa yakan yi wa Michael bulala akai-akai. Katherine ta ce duk da cewa bulala ya zama kamar cin zarafi, amma hanya ce ta yau da kullun don horar da yara lokacin da Michael ya girma. Jackie, Tito, Jermaine da Marlon sun musanta cewa mahaifinsu yana cin zarafi kuma sun ce bulala da ya yi tasiri sosai a kan Michael saboda yana karami, ya sa su kasance da tarbiya kuma ba su da matsala. Michael ya ce a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa ya kasance kaɗai kuma ya keɓe. {{Sfn|Young|2009}} == Lamarin Pepsi da sauran ayyukan kasuwanci (1984-1985) == A cikin Nuwamba 1983, Jackson da 'yan uwansa sun haɗu da [[PepsiCo]] a cikin $ 5{{Spaces}}yarjejeniyar tallata miliyan wanda ya karya rikodin don amincewar mashahuri (daidai da $ 14.7 miliyan a 2022 ). Kamfen na Pepsi na farko, wanda ya gudana a cikin Amurka daga 1983 zuwa 1984 kuma ya ƙaddamar da taken "Sabon Generation", ya haɗa da tallafin yawon shakatawa, abubuwan da suka shafi dangantakar jama'a, da nunin kantin sayar da kayayyaki. Jackson ya taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar tallan, kuma ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da waƙarsa "Billie Jean", tare da waƙoƙin da aka bita, azaman [[jingle]] . <ref name="Herrera2">Bain, Raymone K. (October 31, 2006). "Statement from Raymone Bain to all fans and fanclubs". ''Mjtmc.com''. Archived from the original on February 17, 2007</ref> A ranar 27 ga Janairu, 1984, Michael da sauran membobin Jacksons sun yi fim ɗin kasuwanci na Pepsi wanda [[Phil Dusenberry]] ke kula da shi, <ref>{{cite news|first=Louise|last=Story|title=Philip B. Dusenberry, 71, Adman, Dies|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 31, 2007|access-date=May 31, 2015|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/31/business/media/31dusenberry.html}}</ref> babban jami'in talla na [[BBDO]], da [[Alan Pottasch]], Babban Daraktan Kirkirar Pepsi na Duniya, a Babban [[Dakin ibada|Dakin Shrine]] a Los Angeles. A yayin wani wasan kwaikwayo na kwaikwayo a gaban cikakken gidan magoya baya, injiniyoyin pyrotechnics sun kunna wa Jackson wuta da gangan, wanda ya haifar da [[Ƙonewa|konewar digiri na biyu]] a kan kansa. An yi wa Jackson magani don ɓoye tabo kuma an yi masa aikin rhinoplasty na uku jim kaɗan bayan haka. == ''Bad'', tarihin rayuwa, da Neverland (1987-1990) == Kundin farko na Jackson a cikin shekaru biyar, ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]'' (1987), an yi tsammani sosai, tare da masana'antar suna tsammanin wata babbar nasara. Ya zama kundi na farko da ya samar da guda biyar na Amurka guda-daya: " [[Ba zan iya daina son ku ba]] ", " [[Bad (Michael Jackson song)|Mummuna]] ", " [[Yadda Kuke Sa Ni Ji|Hanyar da kuka sa ni ji]] ", " [[Mutum a cikin madubi]] ", da " [[Datti Diana|Dirty Diana]] " . Wata waƙa, " [[Laifi mai laushi|Smooth Criminal]] ", ta kai kololuwa a lamba bakwai. ''Bad'' ya lashe Grammy na 1988 don Mafi kyawun Rikodi Injiniya - Ba Na gargajiya da [[Kyautar Grammy don Mafi kyawun Bidiyon Kiɗa|Kyautar Grammy na 1990 don Mafi kyawun Bidiyon Kiɗa]], Short Form don " [[Bar Ni Alone (Michael Jackson song)|Bar Ni kaɗai]] ". Jackson ya lashe lambar yabo ta Nasara a Kyautar Kiɗa na Amurka a cikin 1989 bayan ''Bad'' ya samar da waƙoƙi guda biyar na lamba ɗaya, ya zama kundi na farko da ya hau kan ginshiƙi a cikin ƙasashe 25 da kundi mafi kyawun siyarwa a duniya a 1987 da 1988. <ref>{{cite news|title=Michael, Travis top Music Award winners|newspaper=[[Lodi News-Sentinel]]|agency=United Press International|date=January 30, 1989|access-date=June 16, 2010|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lZozAAAAIBAJ&pg=4477,3617735}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Jackson tour on its way to u.s.|newspaper=[[Mercury News]]|date=January 12, 1988|access-date=July 5, 2010|url=https://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SJ&s_site=mercurynews&p_multi=SJ&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB72CE855E5ADB3&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|archive-date=August 12, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812063453/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SJ&s_site=mercurynews&p_multi=SJ&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB72CE855E5ADB3&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|url-status=dead}}</ref> By 2012, an sayar tsakanin 30 zuwa 45{{Spaces}}kwafi miliyan a duniya. == ''Dangerous'' and public social work (1991–1993) == A cikin Maris 1991, Jackson ya sabunta kwangilarsa tare da Sony akan $ 65{{Spaces}}miliyan (daidai da $ 140 miliyan a cikin 2022 ), [[Jerin manyan yarjejeniyoyi na kiɗa|yarjejeniyar karya rikodin]], <ref>{{cite news|first=James|last=Montgomery|title=Michael Jackson's Life & Legacy: The Eccentric King Of Pop (1986–1999)|publisher=MTV|date=July 6, 2009|url=https://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1615214/michael-jacksons-life-amp-legacy-1986-1999.jhtml|access-date=November 4, 2023|archive-date=October 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024095208/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1615214/michael-jacksons-life-amp-legacy-1986-1999.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> doke kwangilar sabuntawar [[Neil Diamond]] tare da [[Columbia Records]] . <ref>{{cite news|first1=Chris|last1=Gray|first2=Saeed|last2=Shah|title=Robbie swings historic record deal with EMI|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=October 3, 2002|access-date=May 31, 2015|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/robbie-swings--historic-record-deal-with-emi-138739.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/robbie-swings--historic-record-deal-with-emi-138739.html|archive-date=May 14, 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> A cikin 1991, ya fito da kundin sa na takwas, ''[[Haɗari (Albam Michael Jackson)|Mai haɗari]]'', tare da [[Teddy Riley]] . <ref>{{cite news|first=Chris|last=Willman|title=Michael Jackson's 'Dangerous'|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=November 24, 1991|access-date=June 11, 2015|url=https://www.latimes.com/la-archive-dangerous-review-nov24-story.html}}</ref> An ba da takardar shaidar platinum sau takwas a Amurka, kuma ya zuwa 2018 ya sayar da 32{{Spaces}}kwafi miliyan a duniya. <ref>{{cite news|title=Michael Jackson's best selling studio albums|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=June 26, 2009|access-date=September 20, 2021|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/5648176/Michael-Jacksons-best-selling-studio-albums.html|url-status=live|archive-date=October 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017165055/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/5648176/Michael-Jacksons-best-selling-studio-albums.html}}</ref> A cikin Amurka, waƙar farko, " [[Baki ko Fari|Baƙar fata ko Fari]] ", ita ce waƙa mafi girma na kundin; ya kasance lamba daya a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100 na tsawon makonni bakwai kuma ya sami irin wannan wasan kwaikwayo a duk duniya. Guda na biyu, " [[Tuna Lokacin|Ka tuna da Lokacin]] " ya kai sama da lamba uku akan ginshiƙi na 100 ''na Billboard'' Hot.A ƙarshen 1992, ''Haɗari'' shine kundin mafi kyawun siyarwa na shekara a duk duniya da kuma "Baƙar fata ko fari" wanda ya fi fice a shekara a duniya a [[Kyautar Waƙar Billboard|Kyautar Waƙoƙin ''Billboard'']] . <ref name="Brooks">{{cite news|title=Garth Brooks ropes in most Billboard awards|newspaper=[[The Beaver County Times]]|agency=Associated Press|date=December 10, 1992|access-date=July 4, 2010|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=w7QiAAAAIBAJ&pg=3124,2012493}}</ref> A cikin 1993, ya yi "Ku tuna da lokacin" a lambar yabo ta [[Soul Train Music Awards]] a kan kujera, yana mai cewa ya murɗe idon sa yayin wasan motsa jiki. <ref>{{cite news|title=Jackson Shows Up to Gather Awards, Despite Ankle Injury|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=March 11, 1993|access-date=July 16, 2019|issn=0458-3035|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-03-11-ca-1327-story.html}}</ref> A cikin Burtaniya, " [[warkar da Duniya]] " ya sanya No. 2 akan sigogi a cikin 1992. ==Mahadi na waje== *https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/30/michael-jacksons-thriller-anniversary-still-all-time-best-seller.html == Manazarta == [[Category:Mawaƙan Tarayyar Amurka]] 357iucr2wpuyzdbi4yphxtf3qrf2x5q 818968 818966 2026-04-06T11:51:56Z ~2026-21252-32 43734 818968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Michael Jackson - Madame Tussauds Bangkok.jpg|right|thumb|Michael Jackson]] [[File:Michael Jackson in 1988.jpg|thumb|Michael Jackson]] '''Michael Joseph Jackson''' (Augustan 29, 1958 - ga watan yuni 25, shekarar ta dubu biyu da Tara 2009) mawaƙin [[Amurika]] ne,shi marubucin waka, da rawa, da shiryawa, sannan kuma shi sananna jarumi, Wanda yana daya daga cikin sanannu kuma wadan da suka sami nasara a cikin mawakan kowani lokaci gaba daya. Ana masa lakabi da '''sarkin salon waka na pop.''' Kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin mawakan da aka fi tasirantuwa da dasu a salon waka na pop. Shine wanda yafi kowanne mawaki saida wakokinsa a lokacin da yake da rai. Gudun mowar sa a harkar waka, rawa, da kuma salon kwalliyarsa tare kuma da kebantacciyar rayuwarsa data fito fili sunsa ya zama sananne a duk duniya a mawakan tsawon shekara Arba'in. Kundin wakoƙinsa sa mai suna [[Michael Jackson's Thriller|Thriller]] shine kudin waƙoƙi da aka fi siya a duk duniya kusan kwafi miliyan 66. [https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/30/michael-jacksons-thriller-anniversary-still-all-time-best-seller.html] Patricewaldrip. == Rayuwa da aiki == === Rayuwar farko da Jackson 5 (1958-1975) === Michael Joseph Jackson an haife shi a [[Gary, Indiana|Gary]], [[Indiana]], a ranar 29 ga Agusta, 1958. <ref name="Barnes">{{cite news|first=Brokes|last=Barnes|title=A Star Idolized and Haunted, Michael Jackson Dies at 50|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 25, 2009|access-date=July 12, 2009|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/26/arts/music/26jackson.html?ref=obituaries&_r=0|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Shi ne na takwas cikin yara goma a cikin [[Iyalin Jackson|dangin Jackson]], dangin [[Afirkawan Amurka|Ba-Amurke]] mai aiki ajin da ke zaune a gida mai daki biyu a titin Jackson. {{Sfn|Jackson|2009}} {{Sfn|Young|2009}} Mahaifiyarsa, [[Katarina Jackson|Katherine Esther Jackson]] ( ''née'' Scruse), ta buga clarinet da piano, ta yi burin zama ɗan wasan [[Kidan kasa|ƙasa-da-yamma]], kuma ta yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a [[Sears]] . {{Sfn|Young|2009}} Ita [[Shaidun Jehobah|Mashaidiyar Jehobah]] ce . <ref name="monstrous">{{cite news|first=Alexis|last=Petridis|title=Joe Jackson was one of the most monstrous fathers in pop|newspaper=The Guardian|date=June 27, 2018|access-date=April 18, 2019|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/27/joe-jackson-one-of-the-most-monstrous-fathers-in-pop}}</ref> Mahaifinsa, [[Joe Jackson (manja)|Joseph Walter "Joe" Jackson]], tsohon dan dambe, ya kasance ma'aikacin crane a [[Amurka Karfe|US Steel]] kuma ya buga guitar tare da [[Rhythm da blues|raye-raye na gida da blues]] band, Falcons, don ƙara yawan kudin shiga na iyali. <ref name="Obit Guardian">{{cite news|first=Adam|last=Sweeting|title=Joe Jackson obituary|newspaper=The Guardian|date=June 27, 2018|access-date=April 14, 2019|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/27/joe-jackson-obituary}}</ref> {{Sfn|Young|2009}} Kakan kakan Joe, Yuli "Jack" Gale, wani [[Sojan doki|dan leken asiri]] ne na Sojojin Amurka; labarin iyali sun ɗauka cewa shi ma [[Mutumin likitanci|ɗan asalin Amurka ne mai magani]] . {{Sfn|Knopper|2016}} Michael ya girma tare da 'yan'uwa mata uku ( [[Rebbie Jackson|Rebbie]], [[La Toya Jackson|La Toya]], da [[Janet Jackson|Janet]] ) da 'yan'uwa biyar ( [[Jackie Jackson|Jackie]], [[Tito Jackson|Tito]], [[Jermaine Jackson|Jermaine]], [[Marlon Jackson|Marlon]], da [[Randy Jackson (Jackson)|Randy]] ). <ref name="Obit Guardian" /> Wani ɗan'uwa na shida, tagwayen Marlon Brandon, ya mutu jim kaɗan bayan haihuwa. A cikin 1964, Michael da Marlon sun shiga cikin 'yan uwan Jackson - ƙungiyar da mahaifinsu ya kafa wanda ya haɗa da Jackie, Tito da Jermaine - a matsayin mawaƙan mawaƙa suna wasa [[Conga|congas]] da [[tambourine]] . <ref>{{cite news|title=Michael Jackson: a life of highs and lows|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=June 26, 2009|access-date=November 28, 2019|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/5642588/Michael-Jackson-a-life-of-highs-and-lows.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/5642588/Michael-Jackson-a-life-of-highs-and-lows.html|archive-date=January 10, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Michael ya ce mahaifinsa ya gaya masa cewa yana da "hanci mai kitse", <ref name="bbcnews">{{cite news|title=Jackson interview seen by 14m|work=BBC News|date=February 4, 2003|access-date=May 31, 2015|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/2719763.stm}}</ref> kuma ya zage shi a jiki da ta zuciya yayin da ake yin atisaye. Ya tuna cewa Joe sau da yawa yakan zauna a kujera da bel a hannunsa yayin da shi da ’yan uwansa ke karantawa, a shirye yake ya hukunta duk wani kuskure. <ref name="monstrous2">{{cite news|first=Alexis|last=Petridis|title=Joe Jackson was one of the most monstrous fathers in pop|newspaper=The Guardian|date=June 27, 2018|access-date=April 18, 2019|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/27/joe-jackson-one-of-the-most-monstrous-fathers-in-pop}}</ref> {{Sfn|Lewis Jones|2005}} Joe ya yarda cewa yakan yi wa Michael bulala akai-akai. Katherine ta ce duk da cewa bulala ya zama kamar cin zarafi, amma hanya ce ta yau da kullun don horar da yara lokacin da Michael ya girma. Jackie, Tito, Jermaine da Marlon sun musanta cewa mahaifinsu yana cin zarafi kuma sun ce bulala da ya yi tasiri sosai a kan Michael saboda yana karami, ya sa su kasance da tarbiya kuma ba su da matsala. Michael ya ce a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa ya kasance kaɗai kuma ya keɓe. {{Sfn|Young|2009}} == Lamarin Pepsi da sauran ayyukan kasuwanci (1984-1985) == A cikin Nuwamba 1983, Jackson da 'yan uwansa sun haɗu da [[PepsiCo]] a cikin $ 5{{Spaces}}yarjejeniyar tallata miliyan wanda ya karya rikodin don amincewar mashahuri (daidai da $ 14.7 miliyan a 2022 ). Kamfen na Pepsi na farko, wanda ya gudana a cikin Amurka daga 1983 zuwa 1984 kuma ya ƙaddamar da taken "Sabon Generation", ya haɗa da tallafin yawon shakatawa, abubuwan da suka shafi dangantakar jama'a, da nunin kantin sayar da kayayyaki. Jackson ya taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar tallan, kuma ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da waƙarsa "Billie Jean", tare da waƙoƙin da aka bita, azaman [[jingle]] . <ref name="Herrera2">Bain, Raymone K. (October 31, 2006). "Statement from Raymone Bain to all fans and fanclubs". ''Mjtmc.com''. Archived from the original on February 17, 2007</ref> A ranar 27 ga Janairu, 1984, Michael da sauran membobin Jacksons sun yi fim ɗin kasuwanci na Pepsi wanda [[Phil Dusenberry]] ke kula da shi, <ref>{{cite news|first=Louise|last=Story|title=Philip B. Dusenberry, 71, Adman, Dies|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 31, 2007|access-date=May 31, 2015|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/31/business/media/31dusenberry.html}}</ref> babban jami'in talla na [[BBDO]], da [[Alan Pottasch]], Babban Daraktan Kirkirar Pepsi na Duniya, a Babban [[Dakin ibada|Dakin Shrine]] a Los Angeles. A yayin wani wasan kwaikwayo na kwaikwayo a gaban cikakken gidan magoya baya, injiniyoyin pyrotechnics sun kunna wa Jackson wuta da gangan, wanda ya haifar da [[Ƙonewa|konewar digiri na biyu]] a kan kansa. An yi wa Jackson magani don ɓoye tabo kuma an yi masa aikin rhinoplasty na uku jim kaɗan bayan haka. == ''Bad'', tarihin rayuwa, da Neverland (1987-1990) == Kundin farko na Jackson a cikin shekaru biyar, ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]'' (1987), an yi tsammani sosai, tare da masana'antar suna tsammanin wata babbar nasara. Ya zama kundi na farko da ya samar da guda biyar na Amurka guda-daya: " [[Ba zan iya daina son ku ba]] ", " [[Bad (Michael Jackson song)|Mummuna]] ", " [[Yadda Kuke Sa Ni Ji|Hanyar da kuka sa ni ji]] ", " [[Mutum a cikin madubi]] ", da " [[Datti Diana|Dirty Diana]] " . Wata waƙa, " [[Laifi mai laushi|Smooth Criminal]] ", ta kai kololuwa a lamba bakwai. ''Bad'' ya lashe Grammy na 1988 don Mafi kyawun Rikodi Injiniya - Ba Na gargajiya da [[Kyautar Grammy don Mafi kyawun Bidiyon Kiɗa|Kyautar Grammy na 1990 don Mafi kyawun Bidiyon Kiɗa]], Short Form don " [[Bar Ni Alone (Michael Jackson song)|Bar Ni kaɗai]] ". Jackson ya lashe lambar yabo ta Nasara a Kyautar Kiɗa na Amurka a cikin 1989 bayan ''Bad'' ya samar da waƙoƙi guda biyar na lamba ɗaya, ya zama kundi na farko da ya hau kan ginshiƙi a cikin ƙasashe 25 da kundi mafi kyawun siyarwa a duniya a 1987 da 1988. <ref>{{cite news|title=Michael, Travis top Music Award winners|newspaper=[[Lodi News-Sentinel]]|agency=United Press International|date=January 30, 1989|access-date=June 16, 2010|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lZozAAAAIBAJ&pg=4477,3617735}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Jackson tour on its way to u.s.|newspaper=[[Mercury News]]|date=January 12, 1988|access-date=July 5, 2010|url=https://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SJ&s_site=mercurynews&p_multi=SJ&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB72CE855E5ADB3&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|archive-date=August 12, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812063453/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SJ&s_site=mercurynews&p_multi=SJ&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB72CE855E5ADB3&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|url-status=dead}}</ref> By 2012, an sayar tsakanin 30 zuwa 45{{Spaces}}kwafi miliyan a duniya. == ''Dangerous'' and public social work (1991–1993) == A cikin Maris 1991, Jackson ya sabunta kwangilarsa tare da Sony akan $ 65{{Spaces}}miliyan (daidai da $ 140 miliyan a cikin 2022 ), [[Jerin manyan yarjejeniyoyi na kiɗa|yarjejeniyar karya rikodin]], <ref>{{cite news|first=James|last=Montgomery|title=Michael Jackson's Life & Legacy: The Eccentric King Of Pop (1986–1999)|publisher=MTV|date=July 6, 2009|url=https://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1615214/michael-jacksons-life-amp-legacy-1986-1999.jhtml|access-date=November 4, 2023|archive-date=October 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024095208/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1615214/michael-jacksons-life-amp-legacy-1986-1999.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> doke kwangilar sabuntawar [[Neil Diamond]] tare da [[Columbia Records]] . <ref>{{cite news|first1=Chris|last1=Gray|first2=Saeed|last2=Shah|title=Robbie swings historic record deal with EMI|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=October 3, 2002|access-date=May 31, 2015|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/robbie-swings--historic-record-deal-with-emi-138739.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/robbie-swings--historic-record-deal-with-emi-138739.html|archive-date=May 14, 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> A cikin 1991, ya fito da kundin sa na takwas, ''[[Haɗari (Albam Michael Jackson)|Mai haɗari]]'', tare da [[Teddy Riley]] . <ref>{{cite news|first=Chris|last=Willman|title=Michael Jackson's 'Dangerous'|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=November 24, 1991|access-date=June 11, 2015|url=https://www.latimes.com/la-archive-dangerous-review-nov24-story.html}}</ref> An ba da takardar shaidar platinum sau takwas a Amurka, kuma ya zuwa 2018 ya sayar da 32{{Spaces}}kwafi miliyan a duniya. <ref>{{cite news|title=Michael Jackson's best selling studio albums|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=June 26, 2009|access-date=September 20, 2021|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/5648176/Michael-Jacksons-best-selling-studio-albums.html|url-status=live|archive-date=October 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017165055/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/5648176/Michael-Jacksons-best-selling-studio-albums.html}}</ref> A cikin Amurka, waƙar farko, " [[Baki ko Fari|Baƙar fata ko Fari]] ", ita ce waƙa mafi girma na kundin; ya kasance lamba daya a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100 na tsawon makonni bakwai kuma ya sami irin wannan wasan kwaikwayo a duk duniya. Guda na biyu, " [[Tuna Lokacin|Ka tuna da Lokacin]] " ya kai sama da lamba uku akan ginshiƙi na 100 ''na Billboard'' Hot.A ƙarshen 1992, ''Haɗari'' shine kundin mafi kyawun siyarwa na shekara a duk duniya da kuma "Baƙar fata ko fari" wanda ya fi fice a shekara a duniya a [[Kyautar Waƙar Billboard|Kyautar Waƙoƙin ''Billboard'']] . <ref name="Brooks">{{cite news|title=Garth Brooks ropes in most Billboard awards|newspaper=[[The Beaver County Times]]|agency=Associated Press|date=December 10, 1992|access-date=July 4, 2010|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=w7QiAAAAIBAJ&pg=3124,2012493}}</ref> A cikin 1993, ya yi "Ku tuna da lokacin" a lambar yabo ta [[Soul Train Music Awards]] a kan kujera, yana mai cewa ya murɗe idon sa yayin wasan motsa jiki. <ref>{{cite news|title=Jackson Shows Up to Gather Awards, Despite Ankle Injury|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=March 11, 1993|access-date=July 16, 2019|issn=0458-3035|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-03-11-ca-1327-story.html}}</ref> A cikin Burtaniya, " [[warkar da Duniya]] " ya sanya No. 2 akan sigogi a cikin 1992. ==Mahadi na waje== *https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/30/michael-jacksons-thriller-anniversary-still-all-time-best-seller.html == Manazarta == [[Category:Mawaƙan Tarayyar Amurka]] bukiae4k7neghqger9pjhz0a7hdhuz8 0 12651 818743 485805 2026-04-05T16:55:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Plectranthus rotundifolius കൂർക്ക.jpg|thumb]] '''Tumuƙu,''' (''tùmúƙù'') (''Solenostemon rotundifolius'') [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery> Plectranthus rotundifolius.jpg|Plectranthus rotundifolius Heckel-1901-Ousounifing du Soudan--Coleus Coppini Heckel-fig.1.png|Heckel-1901-Ousounifing du Soudan--Coleus Coppini Heckel Heckel-1901-Ousounifing du Soudan--Coleus Coppini Heckel-fig.2.jpg Plectranthus rotundifolius DSCN0628.jpg|Plectranthus rotundifolius DSCN0628 Plectranthus rotundifolius DSCN0617.jpg|Plectranthus rotundifolius </gallery> ==Duba kuma== *[[Tumuƙun biri]] *[[Dankali]] *[[Dankalin turawa]] *[[Sakata]] *[[Rogo]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{Stub}} [[Category:Shuka]] qvswl2hx7ka09a22366h4jix0ahm2yo 0 12652 818744 424988 2026-04-05T16:56:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Plectranthus monostachyus (P.Beauv.) B.J.Pollard & Platostoma africanum P.Beauv.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Plectranthus monostachyus (P.Beauv.) B.J.Pollard & Platostoma africanum]] '''Tumuƙun biri''' (''tumuƙun biri'') (''Solenostemon monostachyus'') [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> [[File:Platostoma africanum P. Beauv.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Platostoma africanum P. Beauv]] ==Duba kuma== *[[Tumuƙu]] *[[Dankali]] *[[Dankalin turawa]] *[[Sakata]] *[[Rogo]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{Stub}} [[Category:Shuka]] oezz26ca4nz913ascsu5ef5q4xz1w1p 0 12657 818871 290217 2026-04-06T06:56:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Vigna vexillata 1DS-II 9393.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Waken damo]] '''[[Wake]]n [[damo]]''' (''wáákén dámóó'') (''Vigna vexillata'') [[wake]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> [[File:Vigna vexillata (503673631).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Waken damo]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] qn9xinxd9sq7lgqxrrqet8f4qz91c4c 0 12681 818741 269130 2026-04-05T16:48:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tukurwa''' (''túkúrwáá''; jam'i: '''tukware''', ''túkwààréé'') (''Raphia sudanica'') [[itace]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Bishiya]] dj6sdneyluznqomhph57d4getf1s7ad 0 12968 818873 444217 2026-04-06T06:56:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Acacia ataxacantha, bas gevreet deur ystervark, Skeerpoort, a.jpg|thumb|bishiyar]] [[File:Acacia ataxacantha00.jpg|thumb|Itacen waken wuta]] [[File:Acacia ataxacantha, blaar, Jimmy Aves Park, a.jpg|thumb|Gangen waken wuta]] [[File:Acacia ataxacantha, peule, Little Eden, a.jpg|thumb|'Ya 'yan waken wuta]] '''Waken wuta''' (ko '''dulluɓe''' ko '''dullube''' ko '''kwiwa''' ko '''kwiya''' ko '''kwaiwa''') (''Adenodolichos paniculatus'') [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] aawu1tclcws0uc7bg30edpo4e4l8krn 0 13065 818734 505371 2026-04-05T16:23:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tsiriri''' (ko '''kiriri'''<ref>'''(Faransanci)''' [http://www.fao.org/3/X6740F/X6740F04.htm Les produits Forestiers Non-Ligneux au Niger - FAO], fao.org.</ref>) (''Combretum nigricad s'') [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> {{Stub}} [[Fayil:Brown Flax Seeds.jpg|thumb|Tsiriri]] [[Fayil:Zaaddozen van een schijnpapaver (Meconopsis cambrica) 26-06-2022. (d.j.b).jpg 02.jpg|thumb|Tsiro]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] eophv1bcpk82ogmfh906tfhr9ubmppx 0 13439 818770 531433 2026-04-05T18:55:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fāṭimah bint Ḥuzam al-Kulābīyah''' (da Larabci فَاطِمَة ٱبْنَت حُزَام ٱلْكِلَابِيَّة, rasuwarta a (683/684) ko 69 A.H.<ref name=convert>[https://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/calendar/ Calendar Converter]</ref> or 69 A.H.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exemplary Women: Umm ul-Banin |url=http://www.messageofthaqalayn.com/47-Umm%20ul-Banin.pdf |access-date=2020-04-04 |archive-date=2018-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126145658/http://www.messageofthaqalayn.com/47-Umm%20ul-Banin.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> (688/689)<ref name=convert/>) (688/689), an fi saninta da '''ʾUmm al-BanĪn''' (larabci-ar|أُمّ ٱلْبَنِين, ma'ana "Mahaifiyar 'ya'ya maza"), ta kasance matar [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]]. 'yar [[kabilar Banu Kilab]]<ref>Al-Mozafar, Mowsua’ Batal al-A’lqami,V. 1, P. 100</ref> Kalbasi, Khasaes al-Abbasiah, (1387 S.H.) ce, P. 63 wani bangare na kabilun Qais Ailan. [[File:قبور عمات النبي ص صفية و عاتكة و جمانة و أم البنين و أسمها فاطمة بنت حزام.jpg|left|thumb|260x260px| Kabarin Umm al-Banin, a cikin [[Al-Baqi'|Jannat al-Baqi']] <ref>[https://www.farsnews.ir/news/13920203001247/%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3-%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%91-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B3-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B9 The grave of Umm al-Banin, in Baqi'] farsnews.ir Retrieved 24 Oct 2018</ref> ]] Umm al-Banin ta auri [[Ali]] bin Abi Talib bayan rasuwar matarsa ta farko [[Ayobami Adebayo|Fatimah]], 'yar [[Annabawa a Musulunci|Annabin Musulunci]], [[Muhammad|Muhammad (Tsira da aminci Allah su tabbata a gareshi]] . <ref>[https://www.farsnews.ir/news/13920204000394/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%91%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86-%DB%B1%DB%B5-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA-%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%B3-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF The marriage of Umm al-Banin with Imam Ali (a.s.) far the martyrdom of Hazrat Fatimah] farsnews.ir Retrieved 23 Oct 2018</ref> <ref>[https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/209637/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86-%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA-%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%B3-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86 Ali's marriage to Umm al-Banin] mashreghnews.ir Retrieved 23 Oct 2018</ref> Ummu al-Banin da Ali suna da 'ya'ya maza guda hudu, waɗanda babban su shi ne [[Abbas bn Ali|Abbas bn Ali,]] kwamandan sojojin [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Husain bn Ali]] a yakin Karbala. Sayyida [[Ruqayya bint Ali]]<ref>[File:Name plate Zarih Sayyida Ruqayya.jpg]</ref> ita ce 'yarta. [[Shimr ibn Dhi 'l-Jawshan]], wanda daga baya ya kashe [[Husayn bin Ali]] a wajen yaƙin, ya bai wa Abbas Ibn Ali da dan'uwansa kariya tun kafin a fara wannan yaƙi, amma Abbas Ibn Ali da kisan uwansa sun ƙi shi tunda tayin bai haɗa da Imam Hussain ba Ibn Ali.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kitab Al-Irshad|author= Shaykh Al-Mufid}}</ref> . Duka diyan Umm al-Banin's an kashe su ne daga baya a yakin karbala<ref>{{cite book|title=Short Biography of the Prophet & His Ten Companions|author= Al Imam Al Hafiz, Abdul Ghani Al Maqdisi|publisher=Darussalam|isbn=9960-899-12-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Rights of Women in Islam|author= Ashgar Ali Engineer|year=1992|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|isbn=1-85065-154-X}}</ref> Dukkanin ‘ya’yan Umm al-Banin an kashe su daga baya a yaƙin Karbala. An yi imanin cewa Umm al-Banin ta mutu a cikin 69 AH (688/689) ko 13 [[Jumada al-Thani]] 64 AH (6 Fabrairu 684 <ref name="convert"/> ). An binne ta a ''[[Al-Baqi'|Jannatul Baqi]]'', makabarta a [[Madinah|Madina]] . <ref name="ziaraat">{{Cite web |title=Ziarat of Hazrat Ummul Baneen (Wife of Imam Ali & Mother of Hazrat Abbas) |url=http://www.ziaraat.org/madina/ummulbaneen.php |access-date=2020-04-03 |archive-date=2017-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528105000/http://www.ziaraat.org/madina/ummulbaneen.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> == 'Ya'ya == Umm ul-Banin na da 'ya'ya maza hudu: <ref>[http://www.shia-news.com/fa/news/20897 Hazrat Ummol Banin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613145116/http://www.shia-news.com/fa/news/20897 |date=2019-06-13 }} shia-news.com Retrieved 14 Oct 2018</ref> 1. Abbas bn Ali Na biyu. Abbdullah bn Ali 4. Uthman ibn Ali <ref>[https://www.yjc.ir/fa/news/4172381/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7-%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF Imam Hussain, Ashura] yjc.ir Retrieved 14 Oct 2018</ref> <ref>[http://ummulbanin.com/web-design/%D8%B4%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86/%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86/ The biography of Umm-al-Banin (s.a.)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128093817/http://ummulbanin.com/web-design/%D8%B4%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86/%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86/ |date=2018-11-28 }} ummulbanin.com Retrieved 14 Oct 2018</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Ayobami Adebayo|Fatimah]] * Bibi Pak Daman * Ranar Ashura * Ranar Tasu'a * Ziyarat Ashura * Ra'ayin Shi'a na Ali * Jawabin Ali bn Husayn a Damaskus == Manazarta == <references /> 9h5wwry12sfvaqxi3fpvu1qt412yvon 0 15424 818705 551217 2026-04-05T13:05:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Toyosi Phillips''' ƴar [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] mai aiki a kafofin watsa labarai, '''furodusa''' ce a talabijin, marubuciya kuma Mai gudanar da shafin yanar gizo.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 July 2017|title=Film producer announces engagement to actor, Etim Effiong|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/relationships-weddings/toyosi-phillips-film-producer-announces-engagement-to-actor-etim-effiong/2ddjrfv|website=Pulse Nigeria|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113082500/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/relationships-weddings/toyosi-phillips-film-producer-announces-engagement-to-actor-etim-effiong/2ddjrfv|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=22 October 2016|title=TV Personality and Producer, Toyosi Phillips Defies Odds to Achieve Her Dreams|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/10/tv-personality-producer-toyosi-phillips-defies-odds-achieve-dreams/|website=Vanguard News}}</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da Ilimi == [[Fayil:Toyosi Phillips NdaniTV interview.png|thumb|Toyosi Phillips]] Toyosi ta halarci makarantar Nakana da Firamare, tsibirin Victoria, Legas. Ta yi karatun sakandare a Kwalejin Queens, Yaba a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]]. Ta ci gaba da karatunta zuwa Jami'ar Bowen, Iwo, [[Osun|jihar Osun]] inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki. A Jami'ar Nottingham, ta sami digiri na biyu a kan Tattalin Arziki da Nazarin Manufofi. Ta kuma sami difloma a aikin jarida na yada labarai daga Kwalejin Fim ta New York.<ref>{{Cite web|last=BellaNaija.com|date=2017-07-31|title=#BNBling: Toyosi Phillips announces Engagement to Etim Effiong|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/07/toyosi-phillips-engagement-etim-effiong/|access-date=2020-05-12|website=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-07|title=“Start Where You are with What You Have” - TV Personality & Producer Toyosi Phillips Speaks on ELOY Awards Nomination|url=https://glamsquadmagazine.com/start-where-you-are-with-what-you-have-tv-personality-producer-toyosi-phillips-speaks-on-eloy-awards-nomination/|access-date=2020-05-12|website=GLAMSQUAD MAGAZINE|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=BellaNaija.com|date=2016-11-28|title=First Photos: Toyosi Phillips, Lola OJ, Kiki Omeili, Ruby Gyang & More at ELOY Awards 2016 {{!}} See list of Winners|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/11/toyosi-phillips-lola-oj-kiki-omeili-ruby-gyang-more-at-eloy-awards-2016-see-list-of-winners/|access-date=2020-05-12|website=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=EM|date=2016-10-10|title=“Start Where You are with What You Have” - TV Personality & Producer Toyosi Phillips Speaks on ELOY Awards Nomination • Fashion, Beauty and Lifestyle Magazine - Exquisite Magazine|url=https://exquisitemag.com/news/start-where-you-are-with-what-you-have-tv-personality-producer-toyosi-phillips-speaks-on-eloy-awards-nomination/|access-date=2020-05-12|website=Fashion, Beauty and Lifestyle Magazine - Exquisite Magazine|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Toyosi ta yi aiki tare da Sahara TV a matsayin mai gabatarwa da kuma gabatar da shirin, "The Gist with Toyosi Phillips". Ita ce ma mamallakin shafin yanar gizo da ake kira "As Toyo Sees". Ita ce manajan samarwa don shahararrun jerin gidan yanar gizo "Gidi Up". Ta sami takara don kyautar 2016 Eloy (Kyakkyawan uwargidan shekara) a matsayin shekara-shekara YouTuber. Toyosi ta fara asusun tallafi da ake kira "Taiwo Olawale Phillips Memorial Sickle Cell Endowment Fund". Asusun an tsara shi ne don taimakawa marasa lafiya masu cutar sikila wanda ta yi domin tunawa da mahaifinta wanda ya mutu daga cutar. == Rayuwar mutum == Toyosi da Daniel Etim Effiong sun fara saduwa a watan Agusta 2016 yayin da suke gudanar da wani aiki. Ta sanar da shigar ta ne bayan ya gabatar da shawarar a ranar 30 ga Yulin, 2017. Nuwamba 4, 2017, Toyosi da Etim sun yi aure. A watan Disambar 2018, Toyosi da mijinta sun ba da sanarwar za su haihu. Sun yi maraba da ɗansu na fari, yarinyar da aka haifa, a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 2019. == Manazarta == <references /> == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == [https://www.womenwerk.com/toyosi-phillips Toyosi Philips] 5o5ygzlym5q4hkspd13s1pn6hqgjq69 0 16070 818704 526133 2026-04-05T13:01:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Toyin Afolayan''' (an haife ta a 24 Satumban Shekarar 1959) wanda aka fi sani da '''Lola Idije''' yar fim din [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ce kuma '''goggo''' ce ga '''fitaccen jarumin''' fina-finan Najeriya Kunle Afolayan. Ta samu daukaka ne bayan ta fito a matsayin Madam Adisa a fim din 1995 mai taken ''Deadly Affair'' .<ref name=":0">http://encomium.ng/at-my-age-remarrying-shouldnt-be-a-priority-again-lola-idije/</ref> Toyin Afolayan an san shi da wanda ya fara kirkirar maganganun yanar gizo '''Soro Soke''' da '''Pele My Dear.''' '''Soro Soke Were''' kalma ce da masu zanga-zangar [[End SARS|#EndSars suke]] amfani da [[End SARS|ita]] a [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] don neman Gwamnati ta yi Magana da Murya a kan wuce gona da iri na rundunar [[Rundunar ƴan Sandan Najeriya|'yan sanda]] ta SARS a kasar. ==Tarihin Rayuwa== Toyin Afolayan dan asalin Agbamu ne, jihar Kwara a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya.<ref name=":0" /> Ita ce kani ga Adeyemi Afolayan (aka Ade Love)<ref name=":0" /> da ’ya’yansa, ’yan fim na Najeriya Kunle Afolayan, Gabriel Afolayan, Aremu Afolayan da Moji Afolayan. Toyin ya fara wasan kwaikwayo a shekarun 80s saboda tasirin Ade Love.<ref>https://punchng.com/10-matriarchs-of-nigerian-movie-industry/</ref> Ta ci gaba da taka rawa a Nollywood har zuwa yau, inda ta fito da yawa a fina-finan Yarbanci. Tsohuwar jarumar ta kasance a cikin masana'antar fina-finai kusan shekaru 30 a cikinta inda ta yi suna a shekarar 1995 saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin Mama Adisa a cikin fim din 'Deadly Affair'.<ref>https://guardian.ng/art/toyin-afolayan-gets-baolas-homes-and-gardens-ambassadorial-role/</ref> ==Rayuwa ta sirri== Toyin Afolayan bazawara ce,<ref>http://encomium.ng/god-has-been-my-pillar-all-along-toyin-afolayan-lola-idije-on-life-55/</ref> uwa ce mai ‘ya’ya mata uku da kaka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://motherhoodinstyle.net/2020/03/02/veteran-actress-toyin-afolayan-lola-idije-tells-children-prevented-getting-married-husbands-death/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-09-19 |archive-date=2021-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122122109/http://motherhoodinstyle.net/2020/03/02/veteran-actress-toyin-afolayan-lola-idije-tells-children-prevented-getting-married-husbands-death/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Danta tilo ya rasu tun tana karama.<ref name=":0" /> An nada Toyin Afolayan kwanan nan a matsayin jakadan Boalas Homes and Gardens.<ref>https://guardian.ng/art/toyin-afolayan-gets-baolas-homes-and-gardens-ambassadorial-role/</ref> ==Filmography zaba== * ''Glimpse (2020)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=BellaNaija.com|date=2020-08-10|title=There's A New Teaser for Biodun Stephen's Film "Glimpse" starring Bisola Ayieola & Lola Idije|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/08/biodun-stephen-glimpse/|access-date=2021-12-04|website=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref>'' * ''Arojinle (2018)<ref>{{cite web |title=Arojinle |url=https://irokotv.com/videos/11127/arojinle |website=irokotv.com |publisher=[[Irokotv]] |date=2018 |access-date=24 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204121641/https://irokotv.com/videos/11127/arojinle |archive-date=December 4, 2021 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>'' * ''Ojuloge Obirin (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tv|first=Bn|date=2017-09-13|title=#BNMovieFeature: WATCH Bobrisky, Lola Idije, Tayo Sobola in "Ojuloge Obirin"|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/09/bnmoviefeature-watch-bobrisky-lola-idije-tayo-sobola-ojuloge-obirin/|access-date=2021-12-04|website=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref>'' * ''[[Irapada]] (2006)'' * ''Deadly Affair (1995) as Madam Adisa'' * ''Ayomida (2003) as Judge'' * ''Botife (2004) as Ajibike'' * ''Osunwon Eda (2006)'' * ''Idunnu mi (2007)'' * ''Taiwo Taiwo (2008) as Egbon Joke'' * ''Elewon (2009) as Iya Aliah'' * ''Olokiki oru: The Midnight Sensation (2019) as Olori'' * ''Anikulapo (2022) as Oyo Chief'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1959]] 9zvjhlky7ryeajnam7h2r5x3tiw6299 0 16341 818753 618054 2026-04-05T18:03:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tânia Cefira Gomes Burity''' (an haife ta a 28 Satumba 1978) 'yar wasan [[Angola]] ce,' yar jarida, mai watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo, kuma samfurin. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Burity a [[Luanda]], Angola. Ta kammala karatun digiri a aikin jarida daga Instituto Médio de Economia de Luanda (IMEL) sannan daga baya ta karanci fannin sadarwa a Instituto Superior Privado de Angola. Tsabta ta yi aiki a fagen tallace-tallace da aikin jarida har sai da ta kai ga duniyar fasaha. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Oliveira |first1=Sued de |title=Tânia Burity indignada com comentários racistas contra a irmã Dicla Burity |url=http://platinaline.com/imprensa-portuguesa-ataca-fredy-costa-escandalo-do-passado-envolvendo-tania-burity-dicla-sofre-comentarios-racistas/ |accessdate=5 November 2020 |work=Platinaline.com |date=2 October 2017 |language=Portuguese |archive-date=5 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105203647/http://platinaline.com/imprensa-portuguesa-ataca-fredy-costa-escandalo-do-passado-envolvendo-tania-burity-dicla-sofre-comentarios-racistas/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga 2001 zuwa 2004, ita ce mai daukar nauyin shirin talabijin din ''Angola dá Sorte'' . A cikin 2001, Burity ta yi fice a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV ''Vidas Ocultas'' . A shekara mai zuwa, ta yi wa ɗalibin Djamila wasa a cikin ''Reviravolta'' . A 2005, Burity ta nuna Cláudia, jarumar fim ɗin sabulu ''Sede de Viver'' . Daga 2005 zuwa 2006, ta taka rawa amatsayin Eugénia a cikin miniseries ''113'' . Burity itace mai sanarwa da editan aikin jarida na shirin rediyo ''Boa Noite Angola'' daga 2005 zuwa 2006. A cikin 2007, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Fredy Costa ya kai hari ga Burity, wanda ya sa ba ta aiki na watanni biyu. An yanke wa Costa hukuncin daurin watanni shida a kurkuku, yayin da tsohuwar matar tasa [[Yola]] Araújo ta kasance ba ta da laifi. A cikin 2009, Burity ta buga wa Camila 'yar kasuwa a ''Minha Terra, Minha Mãe'' . Tsakanin 2010 da 2012, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai sanarwa da kuma darektan shirin rediyon yara ''Karibrinca na Rádio'' . Burity ta kuma yi aiki azaman samfurin titin jirgin sama kuma ta kasance mai gabatarwa a Miss Luanda 2011. Ta nuna mai ba da shawara kan harkar ado Ofélia a ''Windeck'' a 2012. a cikin 2014, ta kasance mai karɓar bakuncin Big Brother Angola . A cikin 2016, Burity ta jagoranci alkalai na Gyare-gyaren JC Models da Casting para Actores Agência Útima. 'Yar'uwarta mai gabatar da shirye-shirye ne a TV Dicla Burity . Tânia Burity tana zaune a [[Lisbon]] kuma tana da 'ya'ya mata biyu.<ref>{{cite web |title=TÂNIA BURITY: “GOSTO DE HOMENS MUSCULADOS” |url=https://paratudoafrica.com/tania-burity-gosto-de-homens-musculados/ |website=Paratudo |accessdate=5 November 2020 |language=Portuguese |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212723/https://paratudoafrica.com/tania-burity-gosto-de-homens-musculados/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>ref name="neovibe">{{cite web |title=Tânia Burity Biografia |url=http://www.neovibe.co.ao/artist/tania-burity |website=Neovibe |accessdate=5 November 2020 |language=Portuguese |archive-date=2 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102072012/http://www.neovibe.co.ao/artist/tania-burity |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="rede">{{cite news |title=Yola Araújo e Tânia Burity ultrapassam desavenças |url=http://m.redeangola.info/yola-araujo-e-tania-burity-ultrapassam-desavencas/ |accessdate=5 November 2020 |work=Rede Angola |date=5 August 2014 |language=Portuguese}}</ref> == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Bayanan kula |- | 2001 | ''Vidas Ocultas'' | | Mai halarta na musamman |- | 2002 | ''Reviravolta'' | Djamila | Mai halarta na musamman |- | 2005 | ''Sede de Viver'' | Cláudia | |- | 2005-2005 | ''113'' | Eugénia | |- | 2007 | ''Shiga Laifi ea Paixão'' | | |- | 2009 | ''Minha Terra, Minha Mãe'' | Camila | Antagonist |- | 2012 | ''Windeck'' | Ofélia Voss | Antagonist |- | 2014 | ''Babban Yaya Angola'' | Mai gabatarwa na musamman | Mahalarta |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [[imdbname:5136065|Tsaran Tânia]] a [[IMDb|Database na Intanet]] . thh1pn8om0sgxraxvinlw7ayuf9ozh3 10 17862 818860 779383 2026-04-06T06:01:34Z Gwanki 3834 818860 wikitext text/x-wiki <div dir="ltr"><div class="color-bar" style="background: #069; height: .40em; margin-bottom: .5em; clear: both;"><div style="height: .40em; background: #900; width: 33%; float: left;"></div><div style="height: .40em; background: #396; width: 33%; float: right;"></div></div><div style="clear: both;"></div><div style="font-size:3.5em; color:#2E8B57; letter-spacing:1px;"></div> [[Hoto|Hoton mu na wannan ranan]] {{wide image|File:Kofar mata dye pit 2.jpg|400px|Marini a '''[[Marinar Kofar Mata]]''' dake Kano}} ----- <div dir="ltr"><div class="color-bar" style="background: #069; height: .40em; margin-bottom: .5em; clear: both;"><div style="height: .40em; background: #900; width: 33%; float: left;"></div><div style="height: .40em; background: #396; width: 33%; float: right;"></div></div><div style="clear: both;"></div><div style="font-size:3.5em; color:#2E8B57; letter-spacing:1px;"></div> [[Sauti|Sautin mu na wannan ranan]]''' {{listen|filename=Kakaki Sound.ogg|title=Busar kakaki.|left|description=Tamburan ban girma na [[Kakaki]]|format=[[wav]]}} ----- <div dir="ltr"><div class="color-bar" style="background: #069; height: .40em; margin-bottom: .5em; clear: both;"><div style="height: .40em; background: #900; width: 33%; float: left;"></div><div style="height: .40em; background: #396; width: 33%; float: right;"></div></div><div style="clear: both;"></div><div style="font-size:3.5em; color:#2E8B57; letter-spacing:1px;"></div> [[Bidiyo|Bidiyon mu na wannan ranan]] [[File:Hausa traditional horse rider.webm||200px|frameless|left]] Yayan masu mulkin gargajiya na [[Hausawa]] akan dawaki. 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Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Numba !Edita !Gudummuwa !Lokacin rajista |- |1 |[[User:Joeblow23456789|Joeblow23456789]] |[[Special:Contributions/Joeblow23456789|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 3 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |2 |[[User:CommonsKiwi|CommonsKiwi]] |[[Special:Contributions/CommonsKiwi|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 3 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |3 |[[User:Rakesh Tiu|Rakesh Tiu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Rakesh Tiu|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 3 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |4 |[[User:Oneșteanu|Oneșteanu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Oneșteanu|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 3 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |5 |[[User:Losipov|Losipov]] |[[Special:Contributions/Losipov|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 3 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |6 |[[User:Devolver789|Devolver789]] |[[Special:Contributions/Devolver789|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 3 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |7 |[[User:Avidius|Avidius]] |[[Special:Contributions/Avidius|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 3 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |8 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|[[Special:Contributions/Ersinmailk2017|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 5 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |} q67b8inalpljmd1ncf6pyq9ycg8lcrb 0 22630 818735 497269 2026-04-05T16:41:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Enterobius_vermicularis_LifeCycle_B.svg |thumb|Yadda ta ke rayuwa a cikin Ciki ]] [[Fayil:Threadworm.jpg|thumb|tsutsar ciki]] '''Tsutsan Ciki''' ([[Turanci]]: ''pinworms'')<ref>Blench, Roger. 2014. ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Diseases/Ce%20diseases.pdf Ce Medical terminology and diseases] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717175738/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Diseases/Ce%20diseases.pdf |date=2021-07-17 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> Pinworm, wanda kuma aka sani da tsutsar ciki ko seatworm, tsutsa ce ta parasitic. Yana da nematode da ƙwayar hanji na kowa ko helminth, musamman a cikin mutane. Yanayin kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta an san shi da kamuwa da cutar pinworm ko ƙasa da daidai kamar oxyuriasis dangane da dangin Oxyuridae. ==Manazarta== <references/> [[Category:Kiwon lafiya]] {{stub}} 6xjklshcgbm2l17ozhywmq5v1q549hi 0 22810 818706 444103 2026-04-05T13:12:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tozalin barewa''' [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] esog4sxlddv2qj4vay5dh7oaj38insr 0 22811 818707 444104 2026-04-05T13:12:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tozalin kura''' [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] 0mmlsfxkb4f3jjgt68xos94fbgftl0n 0 22849 818874 305693 2026-04-06T06:57:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Desmodium_incanum_closeup.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Waken zomo]] '''Waken zomo''' [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> [[File:Desmodium_incanum_(Fabaceae).jpeg|200px|right|thumbnail|Waken zomo]] {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] j25ez2hrzmh46trbning8h1vy8oy05z 0 22874 818739 290210 2026-04-05T16:47:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Eleusine indica collar1 (6974732878).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Tuji]] [[File:Eleusine indica, Riudarenes.jpg|thumb|hoton ciyawa tuji]] [[File:Eleusine indica 246519399.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Tuji]] '''Tuji''' [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> [[File:Eleusine indica sl38.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Tuji]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] 5nid0xd5qgpp6cp5zbut9yyivgy6dqa 0 22900 818711 466543 2026-04-05T13:53:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dialium guineense fruit.jpg|thumb|Tsamiyar a tebur]] '''Tsamiyar biri''' [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref>da [[Akeem Latifu|ake]] [[Shuka mai Shekaru|shukawa]] yana da 'ya'ya [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kanana]] masu [[Bakin suda|bakin]] baya, ana shan [[Tsamiya|tsamiyan]] biri akwai Mai tsami, da Mai bauri [[Barin ciki|bauri]] da Kuma Mai Zaki. [[File:Pied creux de Dialium guineensis.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Tsakiyar biri]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Biri, Tsamiyar}} [[Category:Shuka]] 8r94x9oul17d7r0d6e0h3r6tylzfspo 0 22901 818749 444135 2026-04-05T17:16:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tururubi''' [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] bkzozvpvut9jiluvtfvwr047jy59g2c 0 22934 818733 444147 2026-04-05T16:22:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tsintsiyar maza''' [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] 2oy7m67j8nfb0de2v18si8hqpaoeuga 0 22937 818740 290212 2026-04-05T16:48:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Melochia corchorifolia (1259666654).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Tukura]] '''Tukura''' [[shuka]] ne wacce take dauke launin kore.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> [[File:Melochia corchorifolia (Chocolate weed) (42765685572).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Tukura]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] 4arh8pi33r8bm4743mis3ro9wn9dxke 0 22940 818738 290207 2026-04-05T16:44:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tuburku''' [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> [[File:Millettia thonningii 2.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Tuburku]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] md4o1sab7nso4avr0ahryhba6fi1xzq 0 22963 818728 546973 2026-04-05T15:30:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Espécie Stachytarpheta microphylla.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Tsarkiyar kusu]] [[Fayil:Stachytarpheta.jpg|thumb|Tsarkiyar kusu]] '''Tsarkiyar kusu''' [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> [[File:Stachytarpheta mutabilis 3.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Tsarkiyar kusu]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] rvxayyw6dj8pwhvgaxm9vxv1nvhszxh 0 22973 818932 290225 2026-04-06T08:27:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Ricinodendron heudelotii-Jardin des Plantes de Paris.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Wawan kurmi]] '''Wawan kurmi''' [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> [[File:Ricinodendron heudelotii trunk.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Wawan kurmi]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] c39wo5qzsdk2pgrez1aprt5752ikom5 0 22982 818736 290074 2026-04-05T16:42:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dicliptera paniculata (Forssk.) I.Darbysh. (51753533512).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Tubanin dawaki]] '''Tubanin dawaki''' [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> [[File:Dicliptera paniculata (Forssk.) I.Darbysh. (50795807617).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Tubanin dawaki]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] 0umdkymj1ud36hf0lzbp1vh47n1drki 0 22989 818742 309980 2026-04-05T16:52:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Paspalum scrobiculatum (6220851774).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Tumbin jaki]] [[File:The Donkey Tail Plant.jpg|thumb|The donkey's tail plant]] '''Tumbin jaki''' [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> [[File:Starr 030405-8018 Paspalum scrobiculatum.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Tumbin jaki]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] oybxnmaj0agoxnl2cc7j6wl9aa8uw3d 0 23709 818799 448976 2026-04-05T20:12:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Vincent Cyril Richard Arthur Charles (V.C.R.A.C.) Crabbe''' JSC, FGA (29 ga Oktoba 1923 - 7 Satumba 2018) masanin shari'a ne na ƙasar Ghana. Ya yi aiki a matsayin alkali na Kotun Koli na Ghana a lokacin Jamhuriyyar Ghana ta biyu da ta uku.<ref>{{cite web|title=VCRAC Crabbe was an Institution-Rawlings|url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/V-C-R-A-C-Crabbe-was-an-institution-Rawlings-687945|website=ghanaweb.com|date=26 September 2018|access-date=2020-12-17}}</ref> Kafin ya zama alkali, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Daftarin a Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Ghana kuma ya samar da dokokin da Majalisar Dokokin Ghana ta farko za ta zartar. Ya kafa kuma ya shugabanci hukumar zabe, wacce ita ce ta farko, da za ta gudanar da zaben Ghana na 1969. Ya kasance jigo a cikin tsarawa da sake duba kundin tsarin mulki da yawa a Ghana da Commonwealth. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi V.C.R.A.C. Crabbe a ranar 29 ga Oktoba 1923 a garin Ussher da ke Accra, Gold Coast ga Richard Arthur Crabbe, Babban Magatakardar Kotuna (mafi girman ma’aikatan Sabis na Shari’ar Gold Coast), da matarsa ​​Stella Akoley Lartey.<ref name=":''Ocquaye''">{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh//|title=Tribute to Justice V.C.R.A.C. Crabbe - On behalf of the Walakata family of Osu|last1=Ocquaye|first1=Prof.Mike|date=2018-10-04|website=www.graphic.com.gh|access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref> Mahaifin Charles ya rasu watanni goma sha ɗaya bayan an haife shi. Daga cikin 'yan uwansa akwai Edward Ffoulkes Crabbe wanda shine babban magatakardar majalisar kasa<ref>{{cite news|title=Profiles of Clerks of Parliament|url=https://www.todaygh.com/profiles-clerks-parliament/|publisher=todaygh.com|access-date=2020-12-17|archive-date=2021-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809233600/https://www.todaygh.com/profiles-clerks-parliament/|url-status=dead}}</ref> da [[Samuel Azu Crabbe]] wanda shine babban alkalin kasar Ghana na 5. Crabbe ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Gwamnati da ke kusa da gidan yari na James Fort sannan ya ci gaba da zuwa Makarantun Manyan Samari na Gwamnati, Kinbu. A cikin 1939 ya shiga Accra Academy inda ya zauna don Takaddun Shedar Cambridge Junior da Senior, ya kammala a 1943.<ref name="Accra Aca Is Calling">{{cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/artikel.php?ID=116583&comment=2517532|title=Accra Aca Is Calling|date=30 November 2001|publisher=ghanaweb.com|access-date=30 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614061949/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/artikel.php?ID=116583&comment=2517532|archive-date=2011-06-14|url-status=live}}</ref> Bayan wannan, ya yi karatu a takaice a Makarantar Sakandaren Odumase na wata shida.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Africa Year Book and Who's who|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fGyo_wW0hS0C&q=crabbe+odumase|publisher=Africa Journal Ltd.|page=1078|date=1977|journal=Africa Year Book and Who's Who|isbn=9780903274050}}</ref> Daga nan Crabbe ya tafi ya fara aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Runduna ta Biyu a Hedikwatar Rundunar 'Yan sandan Gold Coast. A lokacin tarzomar Fabrairu 1948, an sanya Charles ya kasance cikin jama'a, yana tattara bayanan sirri na Hukumar 'Yan sanda. Lokacin da yake aiki tare da 'yan sanda, ya yi karatu mai zaman kansa don wani Intermediate B.A. digiri ta hanyar rubutu tare da Wolsey Hall, Oxford. Daga 1950 zuwa 1952, Crabbe ya karanci Tattalin Arziki a Makarantar City College London Moorgate, London.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh//|title=Excerpts from the biography of Justice V.C.R.A.C Crabbe - Unfinished Journey|last1=Amoak|first1=Kwesi|date=2018-10-04|website=www.graphic. com.gh|access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref> A watan Agusta 1952, an shigar da shi Haikali na ciki don karanta doka. Ya yi hakan ne ta amfani da Babban Takaddar Shedar Cambridge da ya samu daga Kwalejin Accra. Ya kammala karatun shekara uku na yau da kullun a cikin shekaru biyu kuma an kira shi zuwa Bar a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 1955, bayan an ba shi izinin yin aiki. A wannan shekarar an yi masa rajista a matsayin memba na Garin Gold Coast.<ref>{{cite news|title=V.C.R.A.C Crabbe dies at age 95|url=http://ghanabusinessnfinance.com.gh/2018/09/07/v-c-r-a-c-crabbe-dies-at-age-95/|publisher=Ghana Business & Finance Magazine|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911141546/http://ghanabusinessnfinance.com.gh/2018/09/07/v-c-r-a-c-crabbe-dies-at-age-95/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Aiki == === Daftarin Dokoki da Zabe === A cikin 1955 Crabbe ya shiga cikin Babban Lauyan Janar na Ghana ya fara aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Mai ba da shawara. A ranar 1 ga watan Yunin 1958, an nada shi a matsayin Lauyan Majalisar Dokoki na farko, inda ya zama dan Afirka na farko da aka nada, an soke taken a Ghana ba da dadewa ba don Lauyan Gwamnati. Tare da lauyan New Zealand Fred Boyce, ya tsara dokoki, Dokoki da Ayyukan Majalisar da Majalisar Dokoki ta zartar a ranar samun 'yancin kan Ghana.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tribute to V.C.R.A.C Crabbe - The Grandfather of Ghana's 1992 Constitution|url=https://thebftonline.com/2018/features/blogs/tribute-to-justice-vcrac-crabbe-the-grandfather-of-ghanas-1992-constitution/|author=Nana S.K.B. Asante|publisher=b&ftonline|date=24 September 2018|author-link=S.K.B Asante|access-date=9 August 2021|archive-date=30 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430003429/https://thebftonline.com/2018/features/blogs/tribute-to-justice-vcrac-crabbe-the-grandfather-of-ghanas-1992-constitution/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Legislative Drafting|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2eOAgAAQBAJ&q=Fred+Boyce+and+Ghana&pg=PT4|author=V.C.R.A.C Crabbe|year=1993|publisher=Cavendish Publishing|isbn=1874241155}}</ref> A shekarar 1963, shugaban kasa na lokacin [[Kwame Nkrumah|Nkrumah]] ya tura shi aiki zuwa Uganda inda aka mai da shi Babban Lauyan Majalisa da Mai Ba da Shawara Kan Tsarin Mulki ga Gwamnatin Uganda sannan ya tsara Tsarin Mulkin Uganda na 1966.<ref>{{cite news|title=2017 raid of Parliament worse than 1966 election|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/OpEd/columnists/MuniiniMulera/2017-Parliament-1966-edition-Nkambo-Mugerwa/878676-4142334-ao6r21z/index.html|publisher=The Daily Monitor|author=Mulera, Muniini K.|date=17 October 2017}}</ref> A watan Agustan 1968 aka nada shi Kwamishinan Zabe na wucin gadi na Ghana don gudanar da Zaben 1969. Crabbe ya kafa hukumar zabe ta farko da Ghana ta taba yi. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishina na Musamman ga Kwamitin Tsarin Mulki na 1969 kuma Mai tsara Dokoki zuwa Majalisar Mazabu ta 1969 wanda ya tsara Tsarin Mulkin 1969 na Ghana.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vincent Crabbe l Innovations for Successful Societies|url=https://successfulsocieties.princeton.edu/interviews/vincent-crabbe|publisher=princeton.edu|date=15 August 2008}}</ref> Ya kasance Shugaban Majalisar Mazabu na 1979 kuma ya tsara Tsarin Mulkin Ghana na 1979. Ya yi aiki tare da Kwamitin Binciken Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kenya kuma shi ne Jagoran ƙungiyar Masu Zane -zanen da suka tsara Tsarin Mulkin Kenya. Ya yi aiki da Kwamitin Tsarin Mulki na Zambiya don tsara Tsarin Mulkin Zambia tare da Hukumar Binciken Fiajoe don bitar Tsarin Mulkin Ghana na 1992. Crabbe yayi aiki tare da Justice P.N. Bhagwati, tsohon Babban Jojin Indiya da Mai Shari'a Kayode Eso na Kotun Koli ta Najeriya don ba da shawara kan kafa Kotun Tsarin Mulki a Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin 1999 an nada Crabbe a matsayin Kwamishinan Dokar Ka'ida. Ya yi shekaru da yawa kwamishinan duba Dokar Dokar Ghana a Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Ghana kuma a cikin wannan ofishi ya sake duba Dokokin Ghana daga 1852 zuwa 2004 a cikin kundin bakwai kafin ya yi ritaya daga mukamin gwamnati.<ref>{{cite web|title=Elected Presidents can abandon irrelevant promises- V.C.R.A.C Crabbe|publisher=myjoyonline.com.gh|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2016/December-24th/elected-presidents-can-abandon-irrelevant-promises-vcrac-crabbe.php|date=24 December 2016|access-date=9 August 2021|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904191042/http://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2016/december-24th/elected-presidents-can-abandon-irrelevant-promises-vcrac-crabbe.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya kasance Shugaban Coalition of Democratic Election Observers Ghana (CODEO) wata hukuma a karkashin Cibiyar Ci gaban Demokradiyya ta Ghana (CDD-Ghana).<ref>{{cite web|title=Elections well conducted|url=https://www.businessghana.com/site/news/sports/98372/Elections-well-conducted-CODEO|publisher=businessghana.com|author=GNA}}</ref> === Sabis akan Bench === An nada Crabbe a matsayin alkalin babbar kotu a ranar 16 ga Disamba 1966, jim kadan bayan dawowarsa daga Uganda. A 1968, lokacin da aka nada shi Kwamishinan Zabe na wucin gadi na Ghana, yana tare da matsayin Alkalin Kotun daukaka kara. A shekarar 1970, Firayim Minista Kofi Abrefa Busia ya nada shi kuma ya nada shi Alkalin Kotun Koli na Ghana. Bayan juyin mulkin soji wanda ya kifar da gwamnatin Busia a 1972, an dakatar da kotun koli. Lokacin da aka dawo da tsarin shari'a Crabbe ba a aika shi zuwa kotun koli ba amma ya koma babban kotun. Ya yi aiki a matsayin alkalin babbar kotu daga 1972 zuwa 1975. A shekarar 1976, an tura shi kotun daukaka kara a matsayin alkali sannan a 1979 ya koma kotun koli. === Gudummawa ga Ilimin Shari'a === Daga 1958 zuwa 1963, Crabbe ya kasance malami kuma malami a cikin shekarun kafuwar Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana har ya tafi Uganda. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Malami a Cibiyar Ci gaban Shari'a ta Duniya a Rome, Italiya. Daga 1974 zuwa 1998, ya kasance Darakta na Tsarin Sakatariyar Commonwealth na masu tsara dokoki na Yankin Afirka ta Yamma, Yankin Kudancin Afirka da Yankin Caribbean. Ya kasance farfesa ne na tsara daftarin Dokoki a Cave Hill Campus, Barbados na Jami'ar West Indies.<ref name="Crabbe">{{cite web|url=http://www.readwide.com/pgs/icons.php|title=Justice crabbe profile|publisher=readwide.com|access-date=17 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005205708/http://www.readwide.com/pgs/icons.php|archive-date=2010-10-05|url-status=live}}</ref> Crabbe ya kasance Farfesa na Shari'a a Kwalejin Jami'ar Mountcrest da ke Accra har zuwa rasuwarsa a ranar 7 ga Satumba 2018.<ref>{{cite web|title=V.C.R.A.C. Crabbe has died|date=7 September 2018|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/V-C-R-A-C-Crabbe-has-died-683095|publisher=Ghana Web|access-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911081616/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/V-C-R-A-C-Crabbe-has-died-683095|archive-date=2018-09-11|url-status=live}}</ref> == Rayuwar mutum == Crabbe yana da yara shida.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/V-C-R-A-C-Crabbe-laid-to-rest-690266|title=V.C.R.A.C. Crabbe laid to rest|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|access-date=2018-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005001158/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/V-C-R-A-C-Crabbe-laid-to-rest-690266|archive-date=2018-10-05|url-status=live}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance Freemason, na gundumar Grand Lodge na Ghana a ƙarƙashin United Grand Lodge na Ingila.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/freemasons-attend-justice-v-c-r-a-c-crabbes-funeral-id8941058.html|title=Freemasons attend Justice V.C.R.A.C Crabbe's funeral|last1=Tornyi|first1=Emmanuel|access-date=2018-10-06|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005173327/https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/freemasons-attend-justice-v-c-r-a-c-crabbes-funeral-id8941058.html|archive-date=2018-10-05|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailyviewgh.com/freemasons-storm-v-c-r-a-c-crabbes-burial-in-accra-photos|title=Freemasons storm V.C.R.A.C Crabbe's burial in Accra - Photos - DailyViewGh|date=2018-10-05|work=DailyViewGh|access-date=2018-10-06|language=en-US}}</ref> == Daraja == Kodayake an yi la'akari da shi azaman mai karɓar lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta Sahabin Umarnin Volta a 1979, ba a taɓa gayyatar Crabbe don saka hannun jari ba. An karrama shi a matsayin abokin girmamawa na Cibiyar Nazarin Shari'a ta Najeriya. A cikin 2006, sarakuna da mutanen Ngleshie Alata, Jamestown sun ba shi Takaddar girmamawa. A watan Nuwamba na 2013 ya sami digirin girmamawa na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah, bayan da ya taimaka wa cibiyar ta kafa Kwalejin Shari'a.<ref>{{cite web|title=Justice Crabbe, Eight Others Honoured|url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Justice-Crabbe-eight-others-honoured-293815|website=ghanaweb.com|date=December 2013|access-date=2020-12-17}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Janairun 2015, a Metropolitan Ball a Accra, ya karɓi Takaddar Karramawa daga Babban Jami'in Babban Taron Majalisar Accra. A ranar 15 ga Maris 2017 ya gabatar da lacca na farko kan jigon, ''The Philosophy of Man'' bayan an zabe shi Abokin Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Ghana. == Mutuwa da jana'izar jiha == Ya rasu yana da shekaru 94 a ranar 7 ga Satumba 2018 a Accra, Ghana. An yi jana'izar sa a jihar, wanda ya samu halartar manyan mutane da membobin kungiyar lauyoyi, a ranar Alhamis 4 ga Oktoba 2018 a Cibiyar Taro ta Kasa da Kasa ta Accra.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2018/october-4th/honourable-burial-not-enough-for-the-man-who-drew-5-constitutions-for-3-countries.php|title=Justice Crabbe: Honourable burial not enough for the man who drew 5 constitutions|access-date=2018-10-06|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005123601/https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2018/October-4th/honourable-burial-not-enough-for-the-man-who-drew-5-constitutions-for-3-countries.php|archive-date=2018-10-05|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/885491/final-funeral-rights-for-late-justice-vcrac-crabbe-set.html|title=Final Funeral Rights For Late Justice V.C.R.A.C. Crabbe Set For October 4th|work=Modern Ghana|access-date=2018-10-06|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927121943/https://www.modernghana.com/news/885491/final-funeral-rights-for-late-justice-vcrac-crabbe-set.html|archive-date=2018-09-27|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/V-C-R-A-C-Crabbe-to-be-buried-October-4-688345|title=V.C.R.A.C Crabbe to be buried October 4|website=www.ghanaweb.com|date=27 September 2018|language=en|access-date=2018-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927141121/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/V-C-R-A-C-Crabbe-to-be-buried-October-4-688345|archive-date=2018-09-27|url-status=live}}</ref> == Adabi == * Amoak, Kwesi (2016) ''"Unfinished journey : the life and times of V.C.R.A.C. Crabbe : a legal luminary"'' Sakumo, Ghana: Smartline Limited<ref>{{Cite book|title=Unfinished journey: the life and times of V.C.R.A.C. Crabbe : a legal luminary|last1=Amoak|first1=Kwesi|date=2016|isbn=9789988600693|language=en|oclc=959610646}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://booknook.store/product/unfinished-journey/|title=Unfinished Journey: The Life and Times of VCRAC Crabbe – BookNook|website=booknook.store|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-24|date=2016-10-20|archive-date=2018-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213032140/https://booknook.store/product/unfinished-journey/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1923]] [[Category:Mutanen Ghana]] [[category:Mutuwan 2018]] 9kh1ub0ar5bkbiq4lbecgxk4gbay8zm 0 23841 818840 293101 2026-04-06T01:16:35Z TheEagle107 12108 Wannan ba masallacin Musulunci ba ne, a'a, ginin karamin ofishin jakadancin kasar Sin ne da ke birnin Alexandria na kasar Masar 818840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kiyayyar Islama a China''' yana nufin jerin jawabai, halaye da sifofi waɗanda ke nuna damuwa, tsoro, ƙiyayya da ƙin [[Musulunci]] da/ko Musulmai a China.<ref>{{citation|last1=Richardson|first1=Robin|title=Islamophobia or anti-Muslim racism – or what? – concepts and terms revisited|date=2012|url=http://www.insted.co.uk/anti-muslim-racism.pdf|page=7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025102936/http://www.insted.co.uk/anti-muslim-racism.pdf|access-date=10 December 2016|archive-date=2016-10-25|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9tJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA205|title=Religion and politics of Peace and Conflict|last1=Hogan|first1=Linda|last2=Lehrke|first2=Dylan|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|year=2009|isbn=9781556350672|pages=205|access-date=2019-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011917/https://books.google.com/books/about/Religion_and_the_Politics_of_Peace_and_C.html?id=d9tJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA205|archive-date=2017-04-27|url-status=live}}</ref> Ra'ayoyi marasa kyau da nuna halaye munana ga Musulmai a China sun bazu, kuma wasu al'ummomin Musulmai a China suna fuskantar ƙuntatawa ta doka kan ikon yin aiki. Fursunonin Musulmai da ke tsare a sansanonin da sansanin 'yan ci-rani sun fuskanci ayyukan kyamar Musulunci kamar cin naman alade ta ƙarfi. A cikin ƙarni na 21, Musulmai a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na China gaba ɗaya ba shi da kyau, kuma abubuwan da ke nuna ƙyamar Islama sun bazu a kafafen sada zumunta na China. Halin nuna ktyamar Musulmai a China yana da alaƙa da labaru guda biyu game da rikice-rikicen tarihi tsakanin China da ɗabi'ar Musulmai da kuma maganganun zamani da suka shafi ta'addanci a China da ƙasashen waje. == Tarihi == Jingyuan Qian da sauransu suna jayayya cewa rikice-rikicen tarihi tsakanin 'yan ƙabilar Han da Musulmai kamar tawayen Hui na Arewa maso Yamma wasu' yan kabilar Han sun yi amfani da su don halatta da rura wutar akida da nuna kyama ga Musulmai a China ta zamani.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Qian|first=Jingyuan|date=2019-06-06|title=Historical Ethnic Conflicts and the Rise of Islamophobia in Modern China|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3450176|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=3450176}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Theaker|first=Hannah|date=2019-08-02|title=Wounds that fester: Histories of Chinese Islamophobia|url=https://theasiadialogue.com/2019/08/02/wounds-that-fester-histories-of-chinese-islamophobia/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-23|website=University of Nottingham Asia Research Institute|language=en-GB}}</ref> Masana da masu bincike sun kuma ba da hujjar cewa kyamar Islama ta Yammacin Turai da " Yaƙi da Ta'addanci " sun ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba da nuna kyamar Musulmai da ayyuka a China.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hammond|first=Kelly Anne|date=24 May 2019|title=The history of China's Muslims and what's behind their persecution|url=http://theconversation.com/the-history-of-chinas-muslims-and-whats-behind-their-persecution-117365|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-23|website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tazamal|first=Mobashra|title=Chinese Islamophobia was made in the West|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/1/21/chinese-islamophobia-was-made-in-the-west|access-date=2021-05-23|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Brophy|first=David|date=2019-07-09|title=Good and Bad Muslims in Xinjiang|url=https://madeinchinajournal.com/2019/07/09/good-and-bad-muslims-in-xinjiang/|access-date=2021-05-23|website=Made in China Journal|language=en-US}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa ana tilasta wa Musulmai cin naman alade a cibiyoyin da ake tsare da su da kuma sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Xinjiang .<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Regencia|first=Ted|date=4 December 2020|title=Uighurs forced to eat pork as China expands Xinjiang pig farms|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/4/holduighurs-forced-to-eat-pork-as-hog-farming-in-xinjiang-expands|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204004246/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/4/holduighurs-forced-to-eat-pork-as-hog-farming-in-xinjiang-expands|archive-date=2020-12-04|access-date=2020-12-04|website=[[Al Jazeera]]|language=en}}</ref> Tun lokacin da [[Xi Jinping]] ya zama Babban Sakataren Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta China, kamfen na adawa da Musulunci ya kai ga mutanen Hui da al'ummar Utsul a Hainan. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Myers|first=Steven Lee|date=2019-09-22|title=A Crackdown on Islam Is Spreading Across China|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/21/world/asia/china-islam-crackdown.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924010442/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/21/world/asia/china-islam-crackdown.html|archive-date=2019-09-24|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Emily|first=Feng|date=September 26, 2019|title='Afraid We Will Become The Next Xinjiang': China's Hui Muslims Face Crackdown|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/09/26/763356996/afraid-we-will-become-the-next-xinjiang-chinas-hui-muslims-face-crackdown|url-status=live|access-date=September 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008040239/https://www.npr.org/2019/09/26/763356996/afraid-we-will-become-the-next-xinjiang-chinas-hui-muslims-face-crackdown|archive-date=October 8, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Feng|first=Emily|date=November 21, 2020|title=China Targets Muslim Scholars And Writers With Increasingly Harsh Restrictions|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/11/21/932169863/china-targets-muslim-scholars-and-writers-with-increasingly-harsh-restrictions|url-status=live|access-date=November 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121134353/https://www.npr.org/2020/11/21/932169863/china-targets-muslim-scholars-and-writers-with-increasingly-harsh-restrictions|archive-date=November 21, 2020}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Baptista|first=Eduardo|date=2020-09-28|title=Tiny Muslim community becomes latest target for China's religious crackdown|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3103253/tiny-muslim-community-chinas-far-south-becomes-latest-target|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016015718/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3103253/tiny-muslim-community-chinas-far-south-becomes-latest-target|archive-date=2020-10-16|access-date=2020-10-16|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref> === Labarai === An yi amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na gargajiya a ƙasar Sin da yin taka tsantsan kan yada batutuwan kabilanci - musamman na Musulmai, don samar da yanayi mai kyau na hadin kai tsakanin ƙabilu da addinai daban -daban na kasar Sin da huldar diflomasiyya ta kasar Sin da kasashen musulmi. Tun daga shekarar 2015, gaba da kiyayya ga Musulmai da Musulunci bayan jerin hare - haren ta'addanci da bullar rikicin 'yan gudun hijira na Turai.<ref>{{cite news|author=Mu Chunshan|date=2016-09-13|title=Anti-Muslim Sentiment Is Taking Over China's Social Media Scene|work=[[The Diplomat]]|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/anti-muslim-sentiment-is-taking-over-chinas-social-media-scene/}}</ref> Wasu masu lura da al'amura na cewa ko da yake an dade ana samun munanan ra’ayoyi game da Musulmai a China, karuwar kyamar addinin Islama a duniya, tasirin labaran karya, da kuma matakan da gwamnatin China ke dauka kan tsirarun Musulmansu sun kara tsananta kyamar Islama a ƙasar.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Johnson|first=Ian|date=2019-05-14|title=Islamophobia in China|url=https://www.chinafile.com/conversation/islamophobia-china|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115093349/https://www.chinafile.com/conversation/islamophobia-china|archive-date=2021-01-15|access-date=2021-01-13|website=[[ChinaFile]]|language=en}}</ref> A cewar ''jaridar Washington Post'', sassan watsa labarai da ake watsawa a kasar Sin, su ma sun haifar da kyamar Musulmai, wadanda galibi ke nuna Musulmai a matsayin masu haɗari kuma masu saurin kai harin ta'addanci, ko kuma a matsayin masu karbar taimakon da bai dace ba daga gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/05/12/anti-muslim-sentiment-is-on-the-rise-in-china-we-found-that-the-internet-fuels-and-fights-this/|title=Analysis {{!}} Anti-Muslim sentiment is on the rise in China. We found that the Internet fuels — and fights — this.|last1=Luqiu|first1=Rose|last2=Yang|first2=Fan|website=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=2019-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226045026/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/05/12/anti-muslim-sentiment-is-on-the-rise-in-china-we-found-that-the-internet-fuels-and-fights-this/|archive-date=2019-02-26|url-status=live}}</ref> Dangane da binciken 2018, nazarin rahotannin labarai na China ya nuna cewa ɗaukar hoto na Musulmai da Islama gaba ɗaya mara kyau ne. Binciken ya kuma bayyana cewa Sinawa da ba Musulmai ba suna da munanan ra'ayoyi game da Musulunci da Musulmai, kuma wasu Musulman China suna ba da rahoton nuna wariya da sanin munanan hotunan kansu a kafafen yaɗa labarai.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Luqiu|first1=Luwei Rose|last2=Yang|first2=Fan|date=2018-03-28|title=Islamophobia in China: news coverage, stereotypes, and Chinese Muslims' perceptions of themselves and Islam|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2018.1457063|journal=Asian Journal of Communication|volume=28|issue=6|pages=598–619|doi=10.1080/01292986.2018.1457063|s2cid=149462511|issn=0129-2986}}</ref> === Yanar Gizo === A cikin 2017, ɗan jarida Gerry Shih ya bayyana maganganun ƙiyayya da ƙyamar Islama a cikin shafukan sada zumunta na yanar gizo saboda rashin adalci da ake yi game da fa'idodin tsirarun musulmai a shigar da kwaleji da keɓewa daga iyakokin girman iyali.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Gerry Shih|date=2017-04-10|title=Islamophobia in China on the rise fuelled by online hate speech|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/islamophobia-china-rise-online-hate-speech-anti-muslim-islam-nangang-communist-party-government-xinjiang-a7676031.html|access-date=2020-12-03|website=The Independent|language=en|archive-date=2021-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324170806/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/islamophobia-china-rise-online-hate-speech-anti-muslim-islam-nangang-communist-party-government-xinjiang-a7676031.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AP">{{Cite web|last=Gerry Shih|date=2017-04-10|title=Unfettered online hate speech fuels Islamophobia in China|url=https://apnews.com/e3711d789c8d48589b77f6e269d424fa|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019061433/https://apnews.com/e3711d789c8d48589b77f6e269d424fa|archive-date=2019-10-19|access-date=2019-10-19|website=AP NEWS}}</ref> A cikin 2018, labarin ''[[South China Morning Post]]'' makamancin haka ya bayyana kyamar addinin Islama ta yanar gizo a China a matsayin "ta ƙara yaduwa" musamman saboda labarai na fifiko na hukumomi ga marasa rinjaye na Musulmi da labarin hare -haren ta'addanci a Xinjiang.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Laurie Chen|date=2018-10-25|title=Chinese man jailed for Koran burning as Islamaphobia spreads online|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2170240/chinese-man-jailed-koran-burning-islamaphobia-spreads-online|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222122113/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2170240/chinese-man-jailed-koran-burning-islamaphobia-spreads-online|archive-date=2019-12-22|access-date=2019-10-19|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref> A 2018 [[University of California, San Diego|UCSD]] study of 77,642 posts from [[Tencent QQ]] suggested that online Islamophobia was especially concentrated in provinces with higher Muslim populations.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Bailey Marsheck|last2=Mark Wang|date=2018-09-25|title=Islamophobia on Chinese Social Media|url=https://chinadatalab.ucsd.edu/viz-blog/islamophobia-on-chinese-social-media/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130020211/https://chinadatalab.ucsd.edu/viz-blog/islamophobia-on-chinese-social-media/|archive-date=2020-11-30|access-date=2020-12-03|website=China Data Lab|language=en-US|publication-place=[[UCSD]]}}</ref> Nazarin UCSD na 2018 na rubuce-rubuce 77,642 daga Tencent QQ ya ba da shawarar cewa kyamar Islama ta yanar gizo ta fi mayar da hankali a larduna tare da yawan Musulmai. An kuma ba da rahoton wani motsi na kan layi kan yaɗuwar [[Halal|kayayyakin halal a cikin ƙasar.]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Koetse|first=Manya|date=July 21, 2017|title=The Anti "Halalification" Crusade of Chinese Netizens|url=https://www.whatsonweibo.com/anti-halalification-crusade-chinese-netizens/|access-date=2020-12-03|website=What's on Weibo|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124092312/https://www.whatsonweibo.com/anti-halalification-crusade-chinese-netizens/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=Jan 28, 2019|title=China: The problem of growing anti-muslim sentiment|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcApcACeYV8|access-date=2020-12-03|website=[[DW News]]|via=Youtube|archive-date=2020-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101171509/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcApcACeYV8&feature=youtu.be|url-status=live}}</ref> A cewar Tony Lin na ''Jaridar Columbia Journalism Review'', masu amfani da yawa suna amfani da shahararrun shafuka kamar Weibo da WeChat don yada labaran karya na ƙiyayya ga Musulmai da aka karɓa daga kafofin watsa labarai na dama na yamma.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Tony Lin|date=March 21, 2019|title=After New Zealand massacre, Islamophobia spreads on Chinese social media|url=https://www.cjr.org/analysis/weibo-new-zealand-massacre.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017035831/https://www.cjr.org/analysis/weibo-new-zealand-massacre.php|archive-date=2019-10-17|access-date=2021-01-13|website=Columbia Journalism Review|language=en}}</ref> Ya rubuta cewa bayan harbe-harbe da aka yi a masallacin Christchurch na shekarar 2019, abubuwan da aka fi so a karkashin shafukan sada zumunta na kasar Sin da manyan kafofin watsa labarai da suka shafi lamarin sun fito fili sun ƙyamar Musulmai ko kuma sun goyi bayan wanda ya harbe. Wasu labarai sun ba da rahoto game da martani daban -daban na netizen game da harbe -harben masallaci.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Koetse|first=Manya|date=March 2019|title=Chinese Netizens' Response to New Zealand Mosque Attacks|url=https://www.whatsonweibo.com/chinese-netizens-response-to-new-zealand-mosque-attacks/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511215903/https://www.whatsonweibo.com/chinese-netizens-response-to-new-zealand-mosque-attacks/|archive-date=May 11, 2019|access-date=2021-05-21|website=What's on Weibo|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Alice Su|date=2019-03-16|title=The Christchurch shooter's manifesto praised China's values. That's sparking debate in China|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-christchurch-manifesto-china-20190316-story.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110233521/https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-christchurch-manifesto-china-20190316-story.html|archive-date=January 2021|access-date=2021-05-21|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=March 18, 2019|title=Is Chinese media using the New Zealand mosque shooting as a political opportunity?|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-03-19/why-did-it-take-48-hours-for-china-to-remove-nz-shooting-video/10911612}}</ref> Binciken 2019 wanda yayi nazari sama da rubuce-rubuce sama da 10,000 akan Weibo da ke da alaƙa da Musulunci da Musulmai ya nuna cewa ƙiyayya da Musulmai ya zama ruwan dare gama gari akan batun. Masu amfani da Musulmin kasar Sin masu aiki a shafin sun ba da rahoton cewa suna mayar da martani kan sakonnin da ke ƙyamar Musulmai a kokarin wasu su fahimci rayuwarsu da imaninsu. Ban da haka, masu amfani da Musulmin kan layi suna fuskantar ƙalubale da yawa sakamakon hirar Han da taɓarɓarewar gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Luqiu|first1=Luwei Rose|last2=Yang|first2=Fan|date=2019-12-09|title=Anti-muslim sentiment on social media in China and Chinese Muslims' reactions to hatred and misunderstanding|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17544750.2019.1699841|journal=Chinese Journal of Communication|volume=13|issue=3|pages=258–274|doi=10.1080/17544750.2019.1699841|s2cid=213492511|issn=1754-4750}}</ref> ==Ƙarin Karatu== *{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/china/2019/09/26/chinas-repression-of-islam-is-spreading-beyond-xinjiang|title=China's repression of Islam is spreading beyond Xinjiang|date=2019-09-26|work=[[The Economist]]|access-date=2019-11-10|issn=0013-0613}} == Duba Kuma == * [[Tarihin Musulunci a Sin]] * [[Tarihin Xinjiang]] * [[Xinjiang conflict]] * [[Shadian incident]] * [[Xinjiang re-education camps]] * [[Uyghur Genocide]] * [[Musulunci a Sin (1911–present)]] * [[List of Islamophobic incidents#China|List of Islamophobic incidents in China]] == Manazarta == [[Category:Musulmai]] [[Category:Tarihin Sin]] [[Category:Sin]] [[Category:Addini]] [[Category:Opposition to Islam in China]] [[Category:Islamophobia]] [[Category:Persecution of Muslims]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mh544v3wdlcjw2gn41bgeldiigr2srr 0 24146 818712 680860 2026-04-05T14:01:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Mosque in Hami’s Muslim District, Xinjiang, China, 1875 WDL2081.png|thumb|massalaci a kasar sin]] [[Fayil:Drawing of front entrance of Shangri La, Doris Duke Foundation for Islamic Art.JPG|thumb|Zannen kungiya ta musulunci a sin]] '''Tsarin gine -ginen Musulunci na ƙasar Sin''' ko na '''Musulunci''' a [[Sin|kasar Sin]] kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita don nuna al'adun gargajiya na Musulmai a ƙasar Sin daga babban yankin kasar ko na kasar Sin tun daga farkon zamani zuwa yanzu. Tare da ci gaban Musulunci a cikin al'adun Han na kasar Sin, wani gini na musamman ya fito daidai da koyarwar Musulunci. Ya zama misali don haɗa abubuwan gine -gine na gargajiyar Sinawa da na Musulunci tare don masallatai da sauran gine -gine. [[File:Islam_in_China,_with_0.2_(Yang_Zongde_2010).png|thumb|300x300px| Taswirar Musulunci ta lardin China bisa ga sabon ƙidayar Gwamnati a shekarar 2011; Musulmai suna da kashi 0.45% na jimlar jama'a. <ref>Data from: Yang Zongde, ''Study on Current Muslim Population in China'', Jinan Muslim, 2, 2010.</ref>]] Addinin [[Musulunci]] ya samu gindin zama a China tun a shekaru 1400 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The China Quarterly - Islam in China: Accommodation or Separatism? - Cambridge Journals Online|volume=174|pages=451–467|journal= The China Quarterly|doi=10.1017/S0009443903000275|year=2003|last1=Gladney|first1=Dru C.|s2cid=154306318}} {{verify source |date=September 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/905634113 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/905031458 cite #3 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> Zuwa yanzu Musulmai a China sune ke da rashin rinjaye da kaso tsakanin 0.45% zuwa 1.8% na gaba ɗaya jama'ar a wata ƙididdiga da akayi ta baya-bayan nan.<ref>For [[China Family Panel Studies]] 2017 survey results see [http://ww4.sinaimg.cn/orj360/b8bd941fjw1fau6hf2hv4j20jg09rwff.jpg release #1] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20170225053713/http://image101.360doc.com/DownloadImg/2016/12/0603/86161911_1 archived]) and [http://www.isss.edu.cn/cfps/EN/enNews/CFPSNews/2016news/2016-12-30/307.html release #2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225211353/http://www.isss.edu.cn/cfps/EN/enNews/CFPSNews/2016news/2016-12-30/307.html|date=2017-02-25}}(). The tables also contain the results of CFPS 2012 (sample 20,035) and Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) results for 2006, 2008 and 2010 (samples ≈10.000/11,000). Also see, for comparison CFPS 2012 data in {{cite journal |last=Lu 卢 |first=Yunfeng 云峰 |year=2014 |title=卢云峰：当代中国宗教状况报告——基于CFPS（2012）调查数据 |trans-title=Report on Religions in Contemporary China – Based on CFPS (2012) Survey Data |url=http://iwr.cass.cn/zjwh/201403/W020140303370398758556.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=World Religious Cultures |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809051625/http://iwr.cass.cn/zjwh/201403/W020140303370398758556.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2014 |access-date=10 July 2019 |number=1}} p. 13, reporting the results of the CGSS 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2011, and their average (fifth column of the first table). {{verify source|date=September 2019|reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/905634113 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/905031458 cite #1 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov|access-date=2007-05-30|archive-date=2021-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220073104/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/|url-status=dead}} {{verify source |date=September 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/905634113 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/905031458 cite #4 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> Ƴan Ƙabilar [[Hui]] sune sukafi yawan Musulmi a cikin su,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/large-protest-by-hui-muslims-halts-demolition-of-mosque-in-china-report/articleshow/65350794.cms|title=China halts mosque demolition due to protest|access-date=2018-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811020425/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/large-protest-by-hui-muslims-halts-demolition-of-mosque-in-china-report/articleshow/65350794.cms|archive-date=2018-08-11|url-status=live}} {{verify source |date=September 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/905634113 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/905031458 cite #5 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> Yankin Xinjiang, shi yafi kowanne yanki yawan Musulmai inda yan kabilar Uyghur sukafi yawa. Haka nan ma akwai musulmai a yankunan Ningxia, [[Gansu]] da Qinghai.<ref name="Armijo 2006">{{harvnb|Armijo|2006}} {{verify source |date=September 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/905634113 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/905031458 cite #6 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref><ref name="Armijo 2006"/> == Gabatarwar Musulunci 616–18 Miladiyya == Ana danganta ginin Masallacin Huaisheng da ɗan uwan [[Muhammad|Annabi Muhammad]] na biyu, Sa`ad ibn Abi Waqqas . [[Sahabban Annabi|Sahaban]] Annabi Muhammadu ne suka fara gabatar da Musulunci a China a 616 - 18 AD. : Sa`ad ibn Abi Waqqas, Sayid, Wahab ibn Abu Kabcha da wani Sahaba. Wahab ibn abu Kabcha (Wahb abi Kabcha) yana iya kasancewa dan al-Harth ibn Abdul Uzza (wanda aka fi sani da Abu Kabsha). An lura a wasu asusun cewa Wahab Abu Kabcha ya isa Canton ta teku a cikin 629 CE. Sa`ad bn Abi Waqqas, tare da Sahabbai uku, wato Suhayla Abuarja, Uwais al-Qarani, da Hassan ibn Thabit, sun dawo China daga [[Yankin Larabawa|Arabia]] a shekarar 637 ta hanyar Yunan-Manipur-Chittagong, sannan suka isa Arabiya ta teku. Wasu kafofin sun fara gabatar da Musulunci a China zuwa 650 Miladiyya, zama na uku na Sa`ad ibn Abi Waqqas, lokacin da aka aiko shi a matsayin wakilin hukuma ga Sarki Gaozong a lokacin [[Khalifofi|Halifa]] [[Uthman bin Affan|Uthman]] . Tarihin Musulunci a China ya koma farkon shekarun Musulunci. Dangane da tarihin almara na Musulman China, shekaru goma sha takwas bayan rasuwar [[Muhammad]], Khalifa na uku na Musulunci, [[Uthman bin Affan|Uthman ibn Affan ya]] aika da tawaga ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sa`ad ibn Abi Waqqas, kawun Muhammad na mahaifiya, zuwa ga Sarkin Gaozong na ƙasar Sin. Hamada Hagras inda ya rubuta cewa " ''Majiyoyin tarihi na kasar Sin sun nuna cewa Sinawa ba su ji labarin Musulunci ba sai a cikin 639 AD, a cewar tsohon Littafin Tang Jiu Tangshu Sarkin Taizong (626-649) ya karbi ofishin jakadanci daga sarakunan Sassanid na karshe. Yazdegerd III yana neman taimako akan sojojin larabawa masu mamayewa na kasarsa. Duk da haka, sarkin ya guji taimaka masa "'' . Dangane da tarihin almara na Musulman [[Sin|kasar Sin]], ofishin jakadancin da [[Uthman bin Affan|Uthman]] [[Khalifofi|, Halifa]] na uku [[Musulunci|, ya aiko da Musulunci]] zuwa China a cikin 651, kasa da shekaru ashirin bayan rasuwar [[Annabawa a Musulunci|annabi]] [[Muhammad]] . Sa’ad bn Abi Waqqas, kawun annabi ne da kansa ya jagoranci ofishin jakadancin. Daga nan sai sarki Gaozong, sarkin Tang wanda ya karbi wakilin ya ba da umarnin gina masallacin Tunawa a [[Guangzhou|Canton]], masallaci na farko a kasar, don tunawa da annabi. Yayin da masana tarihi na zamani ke cewa babu wata shaida ga Waqqās kansa da ya taɓa zuwa China, sun yi imanin cewa jami'an diflomasiyya da 'yan kasuwa na Musulmi sun isa Tang China a cikin' yan shekarun da suka gabata daga farkon [[Hijira|Zamanin Musulmi]] . <ref name="Lipman 1997 25" /> Al'adar daular Tang, tare da manyan abokan hulɗarta tare da Asiya ta Tsakiya da manyan al'ummomin (asalinsu ba Musulmi ba) na 'yan kasuwa na Asiya ta Tsakiya da Yammacin Asiya waɗanda ke zaune a biranen China, waɗanda suka taimaka gabatar da Musulunci. <ref name="Lipman 1997 25" /> Hamada Hagras wanda a cikinsa ya ba da rahoton cewa ''"Musulunci ya isa China a zamanin Tang a cikin 651, lokacin bazara na shekara ta biyu na zamanin Sarki Gaozong ; a cikin wannan shekarar ita ce ofishin jakadancin Larabawa na farko zuwa kotun daular Tang, Wannan shine farkon hulda kai tsaye tsakanin Sinawa da Larabawa'' ". An fara lura da Larabawa a cikin rubutattun rubuce -rubucen Sinawa, a ƙarƙashin sunan ''Dashi'' a cikin tarihin daular Tang (618 - 907), (Tashi ko Dashi shine fassarar Tazi - sunan da mutanen Farisa ke amfani da Larabawa). Bayanan da aka fara daga 713 suna magana game da isowar jakadiyar ''Dashi.'' Manyan matsugunan Musulmai na farko a China sun ƙunshi Araban kasuwa [[Larabawa]] da Farisa. Majiyoyin Larabawa sun ce Qutayba ibn Muslim ya dauki Kashgar daga China a takaice ya janye bayan yarjejeniya amma masana tarihi na zamani gaba daya sun yi watsi da wannan ikirarin. Halifancin Umayyawa na Larabawa a cikin 715 AD ya nemi Ikhshid, sarki kwarin Fergana, kuma ya naɗa sabon sarki Alutar akan kursiyin. Sarkin da aka hambarar ya tsere zuwa Kucha (kujerar Anxi Protectorate ), ya nemi China ta shiga tsakani. Sinawa sun tura sojoji 10,000 karkashin Zhang Xiaosong zuwa Ferghana . Ya ci Alutar da sojojin mamayar Larabawa a Namangan sannan ya sake sanya Ikhshid akan karagar mulki. == Gine -ginen Musulunci na kasar Sin a zamanin Tang == [[File:The_Minaret_of_the_Mosque.jpg|alt=The Minaret of the Daxuexi Alley Mosque|thumb| Minaret na Masallacin Daxuexi Alley ]] [[File:Niujie_Mosque_-_CIMG3698.JPG|thumb]] Tsarin gine -ginen addinin Musulunci na ƙasar Sin na farko shi ne Babban Masallaci a Xian an gina shi a cikin 742 (gwargwadon yadda aka zana shi a kan allon dutse a ciki), da Masallacin Daxuexi Alley da ke [[Xi'an]] (Bisa ga rubutun sarki Jiajing na daular Ming; an gina masallaci a 705) [[File:Chinese-style_minaret_of_the_Great_Mosque.jpg|thumb|391x391px| Babban Masallacin Xi'an, ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin [[Masallaci|masallatan kasar Sin]]]] == Gine-ginen Musulunci na ƙasar Sin a zamanin Song-Liao == Akwai misalai da yawa na gine -ginen Musulunci a lokacin daular Song da Liao; Masallacin Niujie da ke [[Beijing]] ( Saukakken Sinanci : 牛街 礼拜寺; Sinawa na gargajiya : 牛街 禮拜寺; pinyin : ''Niújiē lǐbàisì'' ; Wade – Giles : ''Niu-chieh Li-pai-ssu'' "Oxen Street House of Worship" ko [[Sinanci]] : 牛街 清真寺; pinyin : ' '''Niújiē Qīngzhēnsì'''' ; Wade – Giles : ''Niu-chieh Ch'ing-chen-ssu'' "Masallacin Titin Oxen") shine [[masallaci]] mafi tsufa a [[Beijing]], [[Sin|China]] . An fara gina shi a shekarar 996 a lokacin daular Liao kuma an sake gina shi tare da fadada shi a karkashin Sarkin Cheng Hua na daular Ming wanda ya ba da tallafin kuɗi na masallaci a 1474, da Sarkin Kangxi (r. 1661–1722) na daular Qing . da Masallacin Huaisheng da ke Guangzhou. == Gine -ginen Musulunci na ƙasar Sin a zamanin Yuan == Akwai misalai da yawa na gine -ginen Musulunci a lokacin Yuan kamar Masallacin Beijing Dongsi (北京东四 清真寺) wanda ya faɗaɗa a zamanin daular Ming, Masallacin Tongzhou na Beijing (北京 通州 清真寺), Masallacin Qanjhou Qingjing (泉州 清净寺) wanda ke da kawai misalin ƙofar dutse, Masallacin Hangzhou Fenghuang (杭州 风 凰 寺). Wannan lokacin ya kasance da abubuwan gine -ginen Musulunci kamar manyan ƙofar shiga, ƙofofi, yankunan canji, amfani da tubali da duwatsu. <ref name="Hamada 2019 97–113" /> == Gine -ginen Musulunci na ƙasar Sin a zamanin Ming == A zamanin daular Ming, an fara gina dakunan karatu a cikin masallatai a Shaanxi daga baya kuma ya bazu ko'ina cikin ƙasar Sin. == Gine -ginen Musulunci na ƙasar Sin a zamanin Qing == == Gongbei == '''Gongbei''' ( [[Sinanci|Sin]] :拱北. PinYin : ''Gǒngběi;'' daga [[Larabci]] : قبة {{Lrm}} [[Farisawa|Persian]] : گنبد {{Lrm}}, <ref name="lipman3" /> ma'ana "Dome", "cupola"), shi ne wani ajali amfani da mutanen [[Mutanen Hui|Hui]] a Arewa maso Yammacin China don haɗaɗɗun wuraren ibada na [[Musulunci]] ta'allaƙa ne akan kabarin babban malamin [[Sufiyya|Sufi]], musamman wanda ya kafa ''menhuan'' (ƙungiyar [[Musulunci a China|Sufi]] ta China, ko "zuriyar tsarkaka"). Kabarin da kansa galibi ana ɗora shi da dome . <ref name="lipman3" /> Irin wannan wurin ana kiransa ''dargah'' a cikin ƙasashe da yawa na Musulunci. [[File:5718-Linxia-City-Heyantou-Gongbei.jpg|thumb| '''Linxia-City-Heyantou-Gongbe''']] Tsakanin 1958 zuwa 1966, an lalata ƙaburbura da yawa na Sufaye a Ningxia da duk arewa maso yammacin China gaba ɗaya, waɗanda hukumomi ke kallon su a matsayin kayan tarihi na tsohon tsari na “feudal” da alamomin addinin da a ka soki, da kuma dalilai masu amfani (“ɓata mahimmanci kasar gona "). Da zarar an sake samun 'yancin addini a cikin shekarun 1980, kuma yawancin ƙasar ta koma hannun manoma, an lalata ''gongbei'' sau da yawa. == Manazarta == [[Category:Gine-gine]] [[Category:Musulunci]] [[Category:Tarihin Sin]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fnwd8qsgrhfcoqjia1hxptrupgcpub0 0 27447 818804 428350 2026-04-05T20:51:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Veronica Waceke''' ƴar wasan Kenya ce. Ta fara fitowa a cikin fim ɗin shekarar 2015 ''Fundi-Mentals''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Citizen TV’s ‘Mother-In-Law’ & ‘Machachari’ Actress Suffering From Cancer Gets Help|date=28 November 2013|publisher=[[Ghafla!]]|url=http://www.ghafla.com/citizen-tvs-mother-in-law-machachari-actress-suffering-from-cancer-gets-help/|accessdate=20 October 2019|archive-date=13 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013231542/http://www.ghafla.com/citizen-tvs-mother-in-law-machachari-actress-suffering-from-cancer-gets-help/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kwach|first=Julie|title=Top 5 Kenyan Actors: Talented Kenyans in Front of the Camera|year=2018|publisher=[[Tuko]]|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/261464-top-5-kenyan-actors-talented-kenyans-front-camera.html#261464|accessdate=20 October 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last=Gitau|first=Elly|title=Kenya: Glamour As Sex-Comedy Film 'Fundi-Mentals' Premieres|date=17 February 2015|publisher=[[AllAfrica.com]]|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201502180067.html|accessdate=20 October 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Rwandans scoop awards at Mashariki festival|date=16 March 2015|publisher=[[The New Times (Rwanda)]]|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/186936|accessdate=20 October 2019}}</ref> Saboda rawar da ta taka a fim din ''My Faith'', Waceke ta lashe kyautar gwarzuwar jarumar mata ta Gabashin Afirka a bikin Fim na Mashariki.<ref>{{cite web|title=THEATRE REVIEW: ‘Deliberate Contempt’ by Hearts of Art|date=19 April 2019|publisher=[[Daily Nation]]|url=https://mobile.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/arts-and-culture/THEATRE-REVIEW-Deliberate-Contempt-by-Hearts-of-Art/3116130-5079022-item-1-fso00fz/index.html|accessdate=20 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Margaretta Wa Gacheru|title=‘Necessary Madness’ sequel as good as original performance - VIDEO|date=18 April 2019|publisher=[[Business Daily Africa]]|url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/lifestyle/art/sequel-as-good-as-original-performance/3815712-5078220-1ocl9z/index.html|accessdate=20 October 2019}}</ref> Ta nuna Lesedi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Kenya na wasan kwaikwayo na Walter Sitati; ''Hauka Na Labura 2 da Rana Da gangan'' a 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=AfricaMagic awards nominees out|date=18 December 2013|publisher=[[The Herald (Zimbabwe)]]|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/africamagic-awards-nominees-out/|accessdate=20 October 2019}}</ref> An zabi Waceke a matsayin lambar yabo ta Afirka Magic Viewers' Choice Award na 2014 don mafi kyawun ƴar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin 'Higher Learning'.<ref>{{cite web|last=Odeke|first=Steven|title=Uganda not in Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|date=15 December 2013|publisher=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]]|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1335689/uganda-africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards|accessdate=20 October 2019}}</ref> == Kyauta == Mafi kyawun Jaruma Mai Taimakawa - Riverwood Awards Mafi kyawun Jaruma - Mashariki Film Festival Awards 2015 == Finafinai == * ''Captain of Nakara'' (2012) * ''Ƙimar Hankali'' (2015) == Magana == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|4087321}} [[Category:Ƴan Fim]] [[Category:Mutanen Kenya]] gy5lf67ob319x58vwz4wxjk539i4tw4 0 28469 818714 818486 2026-04-05T14:16:46Z Umabruka 23349 818714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ciki''' shine lokacin da halittan ɗa daya ko fiye da haka ke samuwa a cikin mahaifar mace.<ref name="NIH2013Def" /><ref name="Mosby" /> A [[multiple birth|multiple pregnancy]] involves more than one offspring, such as with [[twin]]s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book | vauthors = Wylie L |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QgpOvSDxGGYC&pg=PA172 |title=Essential anatomy and physiology in maternity care |date=2005 |publisher=Churchill Livingstone |isbn=978-0-443-10041-3 |edition=Second |location=Edinburgh |page=172 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181340/https://books.google.com/books?id=QgpOvSDxGGYC&pg=PA172 |archive-date=10 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>Cikin tagwaye yana kunshe da 'ya'ya fiye da ɗaya, kamar yan biyu.{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} pgxp3gk203y04wx1rtr3apf6it142pj 818715 818714 2026-04-05T14:17:25Z Umabruka 23349 818715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ciki''' shine lokacin da halittan ɗa daya ko fiye da haka ke samuwa a cikin mahaifar mace.<ref name="NIH2013Def" /><ref name="Mosby" /> Cikin tagwaye yana kunshe da 'ya'ya fiye da ɗaya, kamar yan biyu.{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} dgsfyqzi78sae7oqymn0h5mh1vhe8k4 818716 818715 2026-04-05T14:23:13Z Umabruka 23349 818716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ciki''' shine lokacin da halittan ɗa daya ko fiye da haka ke samuwa a cikin mahaifar mace.<ref name="NIH2013Def" /><ref name="Mosby" /> Cikin tagwaye yana kunshe da 'ya'ya fiye da ɗaya, kamar yan biyu. Sau da yawa ɗaukar ciki yana faruwa bayan saduwa tsakanin mace da namiji, amma kuma yana iya faruwa ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin fasaha na haihuwa ta zamani.{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} tfzmxgnzzbhew1zdwbhx2ba2727y8de 818717 818716 2026-04-05T14:26:53Z Umabruka 23349 818717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ciki''' shine lokacin da halittan ɗa daya ko fiye da haka ke samuwa a cikin mahaifar mace.<ref name="NIH2013Def" /><ref name="Mosby" /> Cikin tagwaye yana kunshe da 'ya'ya fiye da ɗaya, kamar yan biyu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book | vauthors = Wylie L |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QgpOvSDxGGYC&pg=PA172 |title=Essential anatomy and physiology in maternity care |date=2005 |publisher=Churchill Livingstone |isbn=978-0-443-10041-3 |edition=Second |location=Edinburgh |page=172 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181340/https://books.google.com/books?id=QgpOvSDxGGYC&pg=PA172 |archive-date=10 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sau da yawa ɗaukar ciki yana faruwa bayan saduwa tsakanin mace da namiji, amma kuma yana iya faruwa ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin fasaha na haihuwa ta zamani.<ref name="She2016">{{Cite book | vauthors = Shehan CL |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-gSeCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA406 |title=The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Family Studies, 4 Volume Set |date=2016 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-65845-1 |page=406 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181340/https://books.google.com/books?id=-gSeCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA406 |archive-date=10 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 2apyx54pkt7ytji6dlpxm7vrfxbxdhd 818718 818717 2026-04-05T14:31:56Z Umabruka 23349 818718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ciki''' shine lokacin da halittan ɗa daya ko fiye da haka ke samuwa a cikin mahaifar mace. Cikin tagwaye yana kunshe da 'ya'ya fiye da ɗaya, kamar yan biyu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book | vauthors = Wylie L |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QgpOvSDxGGYC&pg=PA172 |title=Essential anatomy and physiology in maternity care |date=2005 |publisher=Churchill Livingstone |isbn=978-0-443-10041-3 |edition=Second |location=Edinburgh |page=172 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181340/https://books.google.com/books?id=QgpOvSDxGGYC&pg=PA172 |archive-date=10 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sau da yawa ɗaukar ciki yana faruwa bayan saduwa tsakanin mace da namiji, amma kuma yana iya faruwa ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin fasaha na haihuwa ta zamani.<ref name="She2016">{{Cite book | vauthors = Shehan CL |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-gSeCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA406 |title=The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Family Studies, 4 Volume Set |date=2016 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-65845-1 |page=406 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181340/https://books.google.com/books?id=-gSeCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA406 |archive-date=10 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ahy1ildn97lxxeaxtor0kmy8su2jouu 818722 818718 2026-04-05T14:42:30Z Umabruka 23349 818722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ciki''' shine lokacin da halittan ɗa daya ko fiye da haka ke samuwa a cikin mahaifar mace. Cikin tagwaye yana kunshe da 'ya'ya fiye da ɗaya, kamar yan biyu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book | vauthors = Wylie L |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QgpOvSDxGGYC&pg=PA172 |title=Essential anatomy and physiology in maternity care |date=2005 |publisher=Churchill Livingstone |isbn=978-0-443-10041-3 |edition=Second |location=Edinburgh |page=172 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181340/https://books.google.com/books?id=QgpOvSDxGGYC&pg=PA172 |archive-date=10 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sau da yawa ɗaukar ciki yana faruwa bayan saduwa tsakanin mace da namiji, amma kuma yana iya faruwa ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin fasaha na haihuwa ta zamani.<ref name="She2016">{{Cite book | vauthors = Shehan CL |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-gSeCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA406 |title=The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Family Studies, 4 Volume Set |date=2016 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-65845-1 |page=406 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181340/https://books.google.com/books?id=-gSeCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA406 |archive-date=10 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ciki na iya ƙarewa da haihuwan da mai rai, bari, zubar da ciki ta hanyar jawowa, ko kuma haihuwa da ba rai. Haihuwa yawanci tana faruwa ne kimanin makonni 40 daga farkon lokacin da aka fara haila na ƙarshe (LMP), wani lokaci da aka sani da Kwanakin Halitta. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} pa83y4092m5pybqzv2xjh7y7y07qwtp 818723 818722 2026-04-05T14:44:05Z Umabruka 23349 818723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ciki''' shine lokacin da halittan ɗa daya ko fiye da haka ke samuwa a cikin mahaifar mace. Cikin tagwaye yana kunshe da 'ya'ya fiye da ɗaya, kamar yan biyu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book | vauthors = Wylie L |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QgpOvSDxGGYC&pg=PA172 |title=Essential anatomy and physiology in maternity care |date=2005 |publisher=Churchill Livingstone |isbn=978-0-443-10041-3 |edition=Second |location=Edinburgh |page=172 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181340/https://books.google.com/books?id=QgpOvSDxGGYC&pg=PA172 |archive-date=10 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sau da yawa ɗaukar ciki yana faruwa bayan saduwa tsakanin mace da namiji, amma kuma yana iya faruwa ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin fasaha na haihuwa ta zamani.<ref name="She2016">{{Cite book | vauthors = Shehan CL |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-gSeCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA406 |title=The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Family Studies, 4 Volume Set |date=2016 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-65845-1 |page=406 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181340/https://books.google.com/books?id=-gSeCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA406 |archive-date=10 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ciki na iya ƙarewa da haihuwan da mai rai, bari, zubar da ciki ta hanyar jawowa, ko kuma haihuwa da ba rai. Haihuwa yawanci tana faruwa ne kimanin makonni 40 daga farkon lokacin da aka fara haila na ƙarshe (LMP), wani lokaci da aka sani da Kwanakin Halitta.<ref name="NIH2013Def" /><ref name="Ab2011" /> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 8ebunu0ucpnkjhnlr0g1si8pkg4vkz5 818724 818723 2026-04-05T14:46:45Z Umabruka 23349 818724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ciki''' shine lokacin da halittan ɗa daya ko fiye da haka ke samuwa a cikin mahaifar mace. Cikin tagwaye yana kunshe da 'ya'ya fiye da ɗaya, kamar yan biyu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book | vauthors = Wylie L |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QgpOvSDxGGYC&pg=PA172 |title=Essential anatomy and physiology in maternity care |date=2005 |publisher=Churchill Livingstone |isbn=978-0-443-10041-3 |edition=Second |location=Edinburgh |page=172 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181340/https://books.google.com/books?id=QgpOvSDxGGYC&pg=PA172 |archive-date=10 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sau da yawa ɗaukar ciki yana faruwa bayan saduwa tsakanin mace da namiji, amma kuma yana iya faruwa ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin fasaha na haihuwa ta zamani.<ref name="She2016">{{Cite book | vauthors = Shehan CL |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-gSeCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA406 |title=The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Family Studies, 4 Volume Set |date=2016 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-65845-1 |page=406 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181340/https://books.google.com/books?id=-gSeCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA406 |archive-date=10 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ciki na iya ƙarewa da haihuwan da mai rai, bari, zubar da ciki ta hanyar jawowa, ko kuma haihuwa da ba rai. Haihuwa yawanci tana faruwa ne kimanin makonni 40 daga farkon lokacin da aka fara haila na ƙarshe (LMP), wani lokaci da aka sani da Kwanakin Halitta. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} d0nsma8mlmk7fqxli6ky1w6oa62tlw2 818759 818724 2026-04-05T18:37:02Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 Ibrahim abusufyan moved page [[Ciki]] to [[Juna biyu]] 818724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ciki''' shine lokacin da halittan ɗa daya ko fiye da haka ke samuwa a cikin mahaifar mace. Cikin tagwaye yana kunshe da 'ya'ya fiye da ɗaya, kamar yan biyu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book | vauthors = Wylie L |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QgpOvSDxGGYC&pg=PA172 |title=Essential anatomy and physiology in maternity care |date=2005 |publisher=Churchill Livingstone |isbn=978-0-443-10041-3 |edition=Second |location=Edinburgh |page=172 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181340/https://books.google.com/books?id=QgpOvSDxGGYC&pg=PA172 |archive-date=10 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sau da yawa ɗaukar ciki yana faruwa bayan saduwa tsakanin mace da namiji, amma kuma yana iya faruwa ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin fasaha na haihuwa ta zamani.<ref name="She2016">{{Cite book | vauthors = Shehan CL |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-gSeCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA406 |title=The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Family Studies, 4 Volume Set |date=2016 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-65845-1 |page=406 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181340/https://books.google.com/books?id=-gSeCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA406 |archive-date=10 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ciki na iya ƙarewa da haihuwan da mai rai, bari, zubar da ciki ta hanyar jawowa, ko kuma haihuwa da ba rai. Haihuwa yawanci tana faruwa ne kimanin makonni 40 daga farkon lokacin da aka fara haila na ƙarshe (LMP), wani lokaci da aka sani da Kwanakin Halitta. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} d0nsma8mlmk7fqxli6ky1w6oa62tlw2 0 33631 818746 608433 2026-04-05T17:04:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tunji Femi Awojobi''' (an haife shi a 30 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1973) ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ne na [[Najeriya]] mai ritaya. Tsohon dan dambe ne, Awojobi ya yi karatu daga Jami’ar [[Boston]] a shekarar 1997. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya buga wasa a kasashen Turai da dama, musamman a Isra'ila. Awojobi kuma ya kasance memba a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya, kuma ya halarci gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIBA a shekarar 1998 da 2006. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110102122416/http://www.goterriers.com/hallfame/awojobi-tunji.html Hall of Fame-Tunji Awojobi</ref> Mafin kyawun nasarar da ya samu a wasan kwallon kwando na Turai ita ce ta lashe gasar cin kofin UEB a matsayin cibiyar farawa na Hapoel [[Jerusalem]] daga Isra'ila. A wasan karshe Jerusalem ta doke Real Madrid da ci 83:72. == Aikin koleji (College Career) == Awojobi ya buga wasan kwando na kwaleji a Jami'ar Boston (BU) na tsawon shekaru hudu (1993-1997). Shi ne dan wasa na farko a tarihin kwallon kwando na kwalejin New England don yin rikodin maki 2,000 da sake dawowa 1,000.<ref>[http://www.euroleague.net/competition/players/showplayer?pcode=AFF Tunji Awojobi] at euroleague.net</ref> Awojobi ya kammala aikin da ya yi fice a matsayin daya daga cikin ‘yan wasan Division I guda biyar da suka yi rajista da maki 2,000, da bugun fanareti 1,000, da harbi 300 da aka hana.<ref>http://www.adriaticbasket.com/player.php?id=83 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042205/http://www.adriaticbasket.com/player.php?id=83 |date=2016-03-04 }} Tunji Awojobi] at adriaticbasket.com [[Category:Rayayyun mutane</ref> Ya shiga rukunin zaɓaɓɓen da ya ƙunshi Alonzo Mourning (Georgetown), Pervis Ellison (Louisville), Derrick Coleman (Syracuse), da David Robinson (Navy). Awojobi ya kafa tarihin BU 13, wanda ya haɗa da maki (2,308), sake dawowa (1,237), bugun da aka hana (302), da kuma burin filin (871). Ƙwallon da ya yi da yawan zura kwallaye shima yana matsayi a cikin mafi kyawu a tarihin Gabashin Amurka. A cikin shekarar 1996–97, Awojobi ya jagoranci BU zuwa ga samun nasarar record na makaranta 25 da Amurka East na yau da kullum da taken gasa, kuma zuwa gasar NCAA. Dangane da ƙoƙarinsa, Awojobi ya kuma kasance MVP na ƙungiyar sau huɗu da zaɓin babban taron duka. A cikin shekararsa, an nada shi Gwarzon Dan Wasan lig na shekara da kuma MVP na gasar taron, yayin da ya kara da lambar yabo ta kungiyar ta farko ta All-ECAC. An shigar da shi a cikin BU Hall of Fame a 2002.<ref>https://www.tblstat.net/player/580 Tunji Awojobi] at tblstat.net</ref> == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Jerin 'yan wasan kwando na maza na NCAA Division I mai maki 2000 da sake dawowa 1000 == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category: Haifaffun 1973]] [[Category: Rayayyun Mutane]] tfumilwph75aj1ccrd1vf6ya17kuggs 0 48232 818730 679857 2026-04-05T15:40:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Malawi|Malawi]] na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi ƙarancin ci gaba a duniya kuma tana matsayi na 170 cikin ƙasashe 187 bisa ga ƙididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta shekarar 2010. <ref name="Number52">UNDP. 2013. ''Human Development Report 2013. The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World''. New York. http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2013</ref> Tana da kusan mutane miliyan 16, 53% na waɗanda ke rayuwa ƙarƙashin layin talauci na ƙasa, kuma 90% waɗanda ke rayuwa a ƙasa da dala 2 kowace rana. [[UNICEF|Asusun kula da yara na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] (UNI CEF) ya ƙiyasta cewa akwai yara 46,000 da ke fama da matsananciyar [[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]] . A cikin shekarar 2002, an yi yunwa sosai a [[Malawi]] tare da ƙiyasin mutuwar daga 300 zuwa 3,000, a cewar ActionAid . Kashi 85 na tushen samun kuɗin shiga na Malawi yana fitowa ne daga noma, alkama da dankalin turawa su ne farkon amfanin gona da ake nomawa. Don haka, lokacin da IMF ta bayar da rahoton cewa noman [[masara]] na shekarar 2000/2001 ya ragu daga miliyan 2.5 zuwa metric ton miliyan 1.7, abin da ya kuma haifar da gibin ƙasa na metric ton 273,000, yawancin abin ya shafa. <ref name="Number12">"Malawi—The Food Crises, the Strategic Grain Reserve, and the IMF." July 2002. International Monetary Fund. Washington, DC: IMF.</ref> A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2002, gwamnatin Malawi ta ba da sanarwar cewa an sami matsalar abinci ta gaggawa kuma ƙasar tana cikin wani yanayi na bala’i. <ref name="Number12" /> Girbin girbi a ƙarshen rabin shekarar 2002 ya rage munin yunwar, amma a cikin shekarar 2005, fari ya haifar da matsalar abinci . A ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2005, gwamnati, karkashin jagorancin shugaba Bingu wa Mutharika, ta ayyana bala'i na kasa . Tun daga lokacin da Malawi ta murmure daga rikicin na shekarar 2005, amma a halin yanzu tana fuskantar sabon karancin abinci . <ref name="Number20">{{Cite book|edition=Fuzhi}}</ref> [ yana buƙatar sabuntawa ] An sami rikice-rikicen abinci da suka biyo baya a cikin shekarar 2012 da shekarar 2015, wanda yawancin abubuwan da suka taimaka zuwa shekarar 2002 har yanzu suna nan, duk da haka matsanancin fari da ambaliya ya tsananta. A shekarar 2012, matsalar abinci ta faru ne saboda ƙarancin ruwan sama wanda ya shafi girbin masara na shekarun da suka haɗa da hauhawar farashin kaya saboda faɗuwar darajar kwacha. Bayan yanayi ya fara inganta a cikin shekarar 2014, shekara ta gaba ta ga matsanancin fari da ambaliyar ruwa. Hakan ya haifar da wani matsalar ƙarancin abinci a shekarar 2015 kuma shugaban Ƙasar ya ayyana dokar ta baci. A yau, ana aiwatar da shirye-shirye da yawa a Malawi don magance rashin zaman lafiya, talauci da rarrabuwar kawuna dangane da tattalin arziki da noma. <ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|url-status=145–160}}</ref> == Tarihi 1970-2010 == Masanan sun gano matsalar ƙarancin abinci da Malawi ta fuskanta a shekarun 1991 da shekarar 1992, lokacin da fari a kudancin Afirka ya yi matukar rage noman masara a Malawi. Farashin masara ya tashi: farashin masara, wanda shi ne kashi 54% na matsakaicin adadin kuzari ga mutanen Malawi, ya kusan ruɓanya tsakanin shekarar 1992 zuwa shekarar 1993. Duk da cewa an samu rarar masara a shekarar 1993 saboda ingantaccen ruwan sama da kuma tallafin irin nau’in masara da takin zamani da gwamnati ta ba su, amma cin abinci bai ƙaru ba saboda yadda mutane ke cin abinci da yadda suke jurewa lokacin yunwa. <ref name="Number3">Hayes, L.M., Minae, S., Bunderson, W.T., Bodnar, F. & Ngugi, D. "The potential of improved fallows on small holder maize productivity on food security in Malawi." 1997. Paper presented at the International Symposium on The Science and Practice of Short-term Fallows. Lilongwe, Malawi.</ref> [[File:ILRI,_Stevie_Mann_-_Household_takes_refuge_from_the_rain_in_central_Malawi.jpg|alt=Flooding in Malawi.|left|thumb| Noman Malawi na fama da bala'o'i kamar ambaliyar ruwa.]] Wata hukumar gwamnati AMARC ce ke kula da saye da sayar da amfanin gona da taki na masu ƙaramin ƙarfi kafin shekarar 1998. <ref name="Number12">"Malawi—The Food Crises, the Strategic Grain Reserve, and the IMF." July 2002. International Monetary Fund. Washington, DC: IMF.</ref> Cin hanci da rashawa da kuma neman hayar a cikin hukumar ne ya sa ta riƙa cin gajiyar ƙananan manoma tare da gurbata farashin hatsi. <ref name="Number12" /> Lokacin da farashin taba ya faɗi a shekara ta 1985, AMARC ta kusan faɗuwa.<ref name="Number32">{{Cite journal |last=Lele |first=Uma |date=1990-09-01 |title=Structural adjustment, agricultural development and the poor: Some lessons from the Malawian experience |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(90)90026-t |journal=World Development |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=1207–1219 |doi=10.1016/0305-750x(90)90026-t |issn=0305-750X}}</ref> Domin samun lamuni daga bankin duniya, ADMARC ya zama wani kamfani mai zaman kansa kuma ya kawar da tallafin taki a shekarar 1988/1989. <ref name="Number32" /> Rashin iya samar da taki da iri ga AMARC ga ƙananan manoma shi ma ya taimaka wajen matsalar abinci a shekarar 1992. Tun daga wannan lokacin, fari da ambaliyar ruwa na ci gaba da shafar Malawi. <ref name="Number5">"Climate change and smallholder farmers in Malawi." ActionAid. October 2006. https://www.actionaid.org.uk/sites/default/files/doc_lib/malawi_climate_change_report.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503035203/https://www.actionaid.org.uk/sites/default/files/doc_lib/malawi_climate_change_report.pdf |date=2015-05-03 }}</ref> Tsakanin shekarar 1990 da shekarar 2006, akwai bala'o'i 33 da suka shafi yanayi, haɓaka daga 7 da suka faru tsakanin 1970 da shekarar 1989, bisa ga ActionAid . <ref name="Number5" /> Tattalin arzikin Malawi yana da yawan noma; yawancin mutane suna rayuwa a kan girbin su kuma suna sayar da abin da ya wuce don samun ɗan ƙaramin kuɗi. <ref name="Number6">{{Cite journal|url-status=343–361}}</ref> Yawan adadin da kuma ƙaruwar tsananin fari da ambaliya tun daga shekarar 1990 ya shafi yawancin al'ummar ƙasar - manoma ba su da ikon daidaitawa ko murmurewa daga bala'o'i, wanda hakan ya sa su zama masu rauni ga abubuwan da ke faruwa a nan gaba, kuma yanayin talauci da yunwa ya kara tsananta. <ref name="Number5" /> Daga farkon shekarun 1970 zuwa 1994, gwamnati ta ba da tallafin noman masara. Lokacin da gwamnati ta dakatar da wannan shirin saboda tsadar da za a iya tallafawa, noman masara ya faɗi kuma farashin ya sake karuwa. <ref name="Number5" /> == Abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa == === Siyasa === Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1964, Malawi ta kasance ƙarƙashin shugabancin Hastings Banda . <ref name="Number35">{{Cite web |title=Malawi: History |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/malawi/history |access-date=2014-03-30 |website=Global Edge |language=en-us}}</ref> Ko da yake jama'a na da 'yancin kaɗa kuri'a, Malawi ƙasa ce mai jam'iyya ɗaya, kuma Banda shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar Malawi Congress Party (MCP), jam'iyya daya tilo da ake da ita a lokacin. <ref name="Number35" /> Don haka Banda yana da ikon mulkin kama-karya, kuma an yi ta take hakkin ɗan Adam da dama a lokacin mulkinsa kamar kashe-kashen masu adawa da siyasa. <ref name="Number35" /> Sai a shekarar 1993 lokacin da mutane suka zaɓi jam'iyyu da yawa aka zabi Banda da MCP daga mulki. <ref name="Number35" /> An kafa sabon kundin tsarin mulki a shekarar 1995, wanda ya samar da gwamnati mai zartarwa, majalisar dokoki, da ɓangaren shari'a. <ref name="Number34">{{Citation |title=Malawi |date=2022-05-11 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malawi/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=2022-05-15 |archive-date=2021-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204143332/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malawi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1998, a ƙarƙashin mulkin dimokuraɗiyya na Bakili Muluzi, gwamnati ta kafa Hukumar Kula da Abinci ta Ƙasa (NFRA) don sarrafa dabarun adana hatsi a cikin agajin bala'i. Hukumar ta NFRA, hukuma ce mallakar gwamnati tare da kwamitin amintattu da gwamnatin Malawi ta naɗa, kuma tana gudanar da ba wai kawai ajiyar hatsi ta zahiri ba, har ma da kuɗaɗe da shigo da kayayyaki da fitar da kayayyaki da ke tattare da ajiyar.<ref name="Number36">{{Cite web |date=2014-03-03 |title=Adequate Reserves for Malawi |url=http://www.nframw.com/ |website=National Food Reserve Agency}}</ref> Duk da haka, cikin sauri NFRA ta ci bashin 1 biliyan 1 na Malawi kwacha (MK) saboda yawan kuɗin ruwa na 56% wanda ta sayi masara metric ton 165,000, a cewar IMF . <ref name="Number12">"Malawi—The Food Crises, the Strategic Grain Reserve, and the IMF." July 2002. International Monetary Fund. Washington, DC: IMF.</ref> A shekara ta 2001, Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF) ya ba da shawarar cewa gwamnati ta sayar da ajiyar hatsi saboda girbi ya yi yawa a shekara ta shekarar 2000. Da alama ba a yi amfani da irin wannan babban tanadi ba, kuma hatsin da kansa ya ruɓe. Shawarar ta IMF ta kuma zo ne a sakamakon wani bincike na shekarar 2000 da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta bukaci a yi wanda ya nuna cewa metric ton 30,000-60,000 na masara ne kawai zai zama wajibi don tallafa wa ƙasar a cikin wani bala'i. <ref name="Number12" /> Kula da irin wannan nau'in masara mai yawa yana da tsada, kuma binciken ya ba da shawarar samar da ingantattun dabarun shigo da kayayyaki a cikin matsalar ƙarancin abinci da ba zato ba tsammani. <ref name="Number12" /> NFRA ta bi shawarar IMF kuma ta sayar da mafi yawan ajiyar ta ga Kenya da Mozambik inda ta rage ajiyar ta daga metric ton 165,000 na masara zuwa 60,000. <ref name="Number12" /> Ɗaya daga cikin ra'ayoyin da suka shahara game da musabbabin matsalar ƙarancin abinci, a cewar rahoton ActionAid na shekara ta 2002, shi ne cewa matsalar abinci ta kasance a wani ɓangare sakamakon shawarar da IMF ta bayar na sayar da ajiyar hatsi. <ref name="Number16" /> Koyaya, IMF da ActionAid sun gane cewa hatsin ya tsufa kuma yana da tsada don adanawa, kuma a lokacin, yana da ma'ana don ba da shawarar NFRA don siyarwa. <ref name="Number16" /> A shekara ta 2002, lokacin da yunwa ta fi ƙamari, ajiyar hatsi ya ƙare, kuma gwamnati ba ta da wani ƙarin kayan aiki. Lamarin ya ƙara ta'azzara saboda rashin shiri da gwamnati ta yi na cike ma'adanan ajiyar kamar yadda ake amfani da su. <ref name="Number12">"Malawi—The Food Crises, the Strategic Grain Reserve, and the IMF." July 2002. International Monetary Fund. Washington, DC: IMF.</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ƴan kasuwa masu zaman kansu sun sayi yawancin ajiyar hatsi, kuma suna sake sayar da shi akan farashi mai yawa lokacin da abinci ya yi ƙaranci a shekarar 2001. Gwamnati ta fara shigo da masara daga ƙasashe makwabta da ƙasashen waje, amma masara ta yi tafiyar hawainiya. <ref name="Number12" /> Tun daga cunkoson tituna zuwa manyan motocin da ba su da inganci da cunkoson ababen hawa, akwai matsalolin sufuri iri-iri da ke kawo tsaikon zuwan kayan abinci. Bugu da ƙari, rashin kyakyawar alaka da wasu ƙasashe masu ba da taimako ya sa su yi jinkirin mayar da martani; da yawa sun yi shakkun hannun IMF wajen rage dabarun sarrafa hatsi, wasu kuma sun yi kaffa-kaffa da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati. <ref name="Number16" /> Bugu da ƙari kuma, manufofin da ake da su na yanzu don magance matsalar abinci ba su wadatar ba. Manufofin Malawi na kula da bala'i, da ake kira National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), ba sa la'akari da jinsi da lafiya, kawai noma da muhalli. Yawancin bala'o'i da kula da sauyin yanayi suna faruwa ne a matakin ƙasa, kuma ba duk manufofi da ayyuka ke rugujewa ga al'ummomin gida ba; Shugabannin gundumomi a Nsanje da Salima ba su san cewa NAPA ta wanzu ba lokacin da aka tambaye su a shekarar 2006. <ref name="Number5" /> == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> * Shirin Abinci na Duniya (WFP). "Halaye da tasirin farashin abinci na yau da kullun a cikin ƙasashe masu rauni." 2014. The Market Monitor. http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp262781.pdf * Kwamitin Kula da Lalacewar Malawi (MVAC). "Sabuwar Oktoba 2012, Bulletin No. 8 Juzu'i na 2." 2012. Lilongwe: Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Malawi. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full%20Report_1125.pdf * "Rikicin Abinci na Afirka: Burtaniya ta yi alkawarin E35m ga Malawi da Zimbabwe." Yuli 11, 2013. Labaran BBC. [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-23276632 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-23276632] * Musa, Madalitso. "Babu masara a ma'ajiyar Admarc ta Malawi." Satumba 30, 2013. Bnl Times. https://web.archive.org/web/20150316233943/http://timesmediamw.com/no-maize-in-malawis-admarc-depots/ * "Tashin Kiwon Lafiya a Malawi." HUKUMAR LAFIYA TA DUNIYA. An dawo da 13 Afrilu 2014. www.who.int/disasters/repo/7958.doc * "Moving Windmills Project," Moving Windmills Project, isa 13 Fabrairu 2014, http://www.movingwindmills.org/ * Kamkwamba, William. "William Kamkwamba: Yaron Da Ya Yi Amfani da Iska | Game da." An shiga 30 Maris 2014. http://williamkamkwamba.typepad.com/about.html * "Matsalar karancin abinci a Malawi." ActAlliance. 20 Yuli 2012. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Alert%2025_2012_Looming%20food%20crisis_Malawi.pdf == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://unicef.org/infobycountry/malawi_28307.html UNICEF: Rikicin abinci a Malawi ya haɗa da HIV/AIDS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212170050/https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/malawi_28307.html |date=2018-12-12 }} Archived [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bn8zbf2agobji7009damoe66dk0r6sp 0 50896 818937 320865 2026-04-06T08:53:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Wemy Industries''' [[kamfani]] ne na Najeriya wanda ke da hannu a '''masana'antu''' da rarraba kayayyakin tsabta, a cikin kasuwar Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) a [[Najeriya]]. Fasto Ademola Odunaiya da matarsa, marigayi Dr. (Mrs.) Aderonke Odunaiya a cikin 1978. Ya zama sananne ne saboda kasancewa mai ƙera kayan ado na jariri na farko a [[Najeriya]] da Afirka ta Yamma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=giantabilitymn |date=2019-05-22 |title=Pastor Odunaiya Testifies of God’s Grace at 80 |url=https://www.giantability.com/pastor-odunaiya-testifies-of-gods-grace-at-80 |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=Giantability Media Network |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya fara aiki a 1981<ref name="wemydrbrowns.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.wemydrbrowns.com/info.html|title=Wemy Industries – Wemy Info|work=wemydrbrowns.com|access-date=2023-06-05|archive-date=2016-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003061219/http://www.wemydrbrowns.com/info.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Sunayen kayayyaki == Dokta Browns sunan alama ne na kayayyakin tsabta da [[Tsafta|tsabta]] wanda Wemy Industries ke tallatawa. An fara sayar da takalma na tsabtace jiki da bargo na jariri a shekarar 1981. Alamar Nightingale na kayayyakin tsabta ita ce madadin alama daga ɗakunan Wemy Industries, wanda aka gabatar wa jama'a a cikin 2009. == Sashe == Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014; kamfanin yana da 37 SKUs. Ana rarraba nau'ikan samfuran zuwa layin kulawa daban-daban 3 bisa ga littafin kamfanin. # Baby Care<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.babycaredrbrowns.com/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-07-24 |archive-date=2019-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522194810/http://babycaredrbrowns.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> # Feminine Care<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.femcaredrbrowns.com/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-07-24 |archive-date=2016-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025172136/http://www.femcaredrbrowns.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> # Adult Care<ref>http://www.adultcaredrbrowns.com {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == A al'ada a Najeriya da kuma wasu lokuta a Yammacin Afirka, amfani da nappies / diapers / training pants ba su da yawa saboda yawan talauci da jahilci; ya fi haka a yankunan karkara fiye da birane. Gabaɗaya, tufafi da ulu na auduga har yanzu ana amfani da su ta hanyar mata waɗanda ba su iya samun samfuran kariya na tsabta ba, musamman a yankunan karkara.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euromonitor.com/nappies-diapers-pants-in-nigeria/report|title=Nappies/Diapers/Pants in Nigeria|work=euromonitor.com}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin korafe-korafe na yau da kullun shine cewa farashin tsabtace jiki da kayan tsabta ga mata da jarirai sun yi yawa; irin wannan da'awar game da farashi ya zama ruwan dare a cikin birane.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euromonitor.com/sanitary-protection-in-nigeria/report|title=Sanitary Protection in Nigeria|work=euromonitor.com}}</ref> A fannin rashin lafiya, akwai iyakantaccen wayar da kan jama'a game da wadatar kayayyakin rashin kulawa, yawancin marasa lafiya na rashin lafiyar jiki na iya ba da kulawa ta musamman ko shawarwari na likitoci, kuma wasu ba su san wadataccen irin waɗannan kayayyaki ba. Wannan ba al'ada ba ce - godiya ga manyan wayar da kan jama'a da ilimi da hukumomin gwamnati da sauran sanannun masana'antun suka kawo ciki har da Wemy Industries. Kodayake amfani har yanzu yana da ƙarancin gaske, idan aka kwatanta da ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euromonitor.com/incontinence-in-nigeria/report|title=Incontinence in Nigeria|work=euromonitor.com}}</ref> Wemy Industries Ltd tana da niyya ga masu karamin karfi da ke taimakawa wajen inganta ka'idojin tsabta da rage yawan mutuwar jarirai. Wemy Industries Ltd ya zama babban dan wasan cikin gida wanda ke gasa da alamun kasa da kasa a kasuwar gida. == Tarihi == * 1978 25 ga Oktoba, an kafa Wemy Industries Limited a matsayin kamfani mai zaman kansa mai iyaka (PLL) don ƙera alamar Dr. Brown na kayan tsabta na mata da bargo na yara. * 1981 Kamfanin ya fara cikakken samar da takalma da tsaftacewa a tsohon shafinsa a Isolo, wani karamin yanki na [[Lagos (jiha)|jihar Legas]]. A lokacin, ita ce kawai masana'antar cikin gida na waɗannan kayayyakin a Najeriya. * 1983, kamfanin ya kara da ɗakunan wanka a cikin fayil ɗin samfurinsa. Koyaya, an dakatar da wannan samfurin yayin da kamfanin ya ji cewa ba samfurin kasuwanci ba ne a lokacin kuma ya yanke shawarar yin ƙoƙari da albarkatun sa ga layin samfuran da suka fi riba. * 1984, saboda karuwar ayyukan kamfanin, Wemy Industries ta ba da izinin gina sabon masana'anta a Ota Industrial Estate, [[Ogun|Jihar Ogun]]. * 1990 a sakamakon buƙatar ƙara faɗaɗa, tare da sha'awar kasancewa a cikin babban birnin Legas, Wemy Industries ta sake komawa wurin masana'antar zuwa Alapere Ketu, inda kamfanin ke zaune a yau. * Kamfanoni masu fafatawa a shekarar 1994 sun ƙaddamar da samfuran tsabtace jiki a kasuwar Najeriya, kuma an sami babbar murya ta kafofin watsa labarai don masana'antar kiwon lafiya da tsabta. Wannan ya haifar da Wemy Industries don canza dabarun ta kuma a ƙarshe ta bambanta samfuran ta. * 2004 har zuwa yanzu, Wemy Industries da gangan ya kara yawan samfurori don inganta hanyoyin kudaden shiga da kuma kare karuwar gasa, gabatar da kayayyaki kamar su goge jariri, panty liners, ultra-thin pads, da underlay pades a cikin kasuwar Najeriya a 'yan shekaru. * 2009 Wemy Industries ta gabatar da alamar Nightingale a matsayin madadin alama a cikin samfuran kula da haihuwa. * 2013 ya ba da umarnin ƙarin masana'antu don wanke jarirai da takalma na tawul. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|http://www.wemydrbrowns.com}} * [http://www.euromonitors.com euromonitors.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050209074006/http://euromonitors.com/ |date=2005-02-09 }} [[Category:Kamfanoni a Najeriya]] [[Category:Kamfanoni]] [[Category:Kasuwanci a Afrika]] [[Category:Kasuwanci]] trk6b10qvewuyndcmtvrwh08duinn1z 0 55361 818950 596963 2026-04-06T10:17:50Z Saad Nuhu 43323 gyaran sashi na Alvarez 818950 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Palestino - River Plate 20190424 31.jpg|thumb|Julian Alvarez]] {{Infobox football biography | name = Julián Álvarez | full_name = Julián Álvarez | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|1|31}} | birth_place = Calchín, Córdoba, Argentina | position = Forward | currentclub = Atlético Madrid | clubnumber = 19 | youthyears1 = 2016–2018 | youthclubs1 = River Plate | years1 = 2018–2022 | clubs1 = River Plate | caps1 = 96 | goals1 = 36 | years2 = 2022–2024 | clubs2 = Manchester City | caps2 = 67 | goals2 = 20 | years3 = 2024– | clubs3 = Atlético Madrid | caps3 = | goals3 = | nationalyears1 = 2019 | nationalteam1 = Argentina U20 | nationalcaps1 = 15 | nationalgoals1 = 9 | nationalyears2 = 2021– | nationalteam2 = Argentina | nationalcaps2 = | nationalgoals2 = }} '''Julián Álvarez''' (an haife shi 31 ga Janairu, 2000) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Argentina]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan gaba (forward) ga ƙungiyar [[Atlético Madrid]] ta ƙasar [[Spain]] da kuma tawagar ƙasar Argentina.<ref>{{cite web|title=Julián Álvarez profile|url=https://www.atleticodemadrid.com/|publisher=Atlético Madrid}}</ref> ==Rayuwar Farko== An haifi Julián Álvarez a garin Calchín da ke lardin Córdoba a Argentina. Tun yana ƙarami yake nuna ƙwarewa a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, inda ya fara buga wasa a ƙananan ƙungiyoyi kafin ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta [[River Plate]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Julián Álvarez – River Plate history|url=https://www.cariverplate.com.ar/|publisher=River Plate}}</ref> ==Aikin Ƙungiya== ===River Plate=== Álvarez ya fara taka leda a babbar ƙungiyar [[River Plate]] a shekarar 2018. Ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar lashe kofuna da dama ciki har da Copa Argentina da Primera División. A kakar 2021 ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasa a gasar Argentina bayan ya zura kwallaye masu yawa.<ref>{{cite web|title=River Plate stats|url=https://int.soccerway.com/|publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> ===Manchester City=== A shekarar 2022 ya koma [[Manchester City]] a [[Premier League]] ta ƙasar [[England]]. A lokacin da yake can, ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar lashe gasar Premier League, FA Cup da kuma [[UEFA Champions League]] a kakar 2022–23, inda suka yi nasarar cin kofuna uku (treble).<ref>{{cite web|title=Manchester City squad details|url=https://www.mancity.com/|publisher=Manchester City}}</ref> ===Atlético Madrid=== A shekarar 2024, Álvarez ya koma [[Atlético Madrid]] a gasar [[La Liga]] ta Spain domin ci gaba da aikinsa. Wannan canjin ya zo ne bayan nasarorin da ya samu a Ingila tare da Manchester City.<ref>{{cite web|title=Atlético Madrid sign Julián Álvarez|url=https://www.atleticodemadrid.com/|publisher=Atlético Madrid}}</ref> ==Aikin Ƙasa== Álvarez ya wakilci Argentina a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 20 kafin daga bisani ya shiga babbar tawagar ƙasa a 2021. Ya kasance cikin tawagar da ta lashe [[2022 FIFA World Cup]] a Qatar, inda Argentina ta doke Faransa a wasan ƙarshe.<ref>{{cite web|title=Argentina World Cup squad 2022|url=https://www.fifa.com/|publisher=FIFA}}</ref> ==Salon Wasa== An san Álvarez da saurin motsi, iya zura ƙwallo, da kuma ƙwazo a gaba. Yana iya taka rawa a matsayin cikakken ɗan gaba ko kuma a bayan ɗan gaba (second striker).<ref>{{cite web|title=Player analysis: Julián Álvarez|url=https://www.goal.com/|publisher=Goal}}</ref> ==Manyan Nasarori== ===River Plate=== * Primera División: 2021<ref>{{cite web|title=Argentina Primera División 2021|url=https://www.afa.com.ar/|publisher=AFA}}</ref> ===Manchester City=== * Premier League: 2022–23<ref>{{cite web|title=Premier League champions 2022-23|url=https://www.premierleague.com/|publisher=Premier League}}</ref> * FA Cup: 2022–23<ref>{{cite web|title=FA Cup results|url=https://www.thefa.com/|publisher=The FA}}</ref> * UEFA Champions League: 2022–23<ref>{{cite web|title=Champions League 2023 final|url=https://www.uefa.com/|publisher=UEFA}}</ref> ===Argentina=== * Copa América: 2021<ref>{{cite web|title=Copa América 2021|url=https://www.conmebol.com/|publisher=CONMEBOL}}</ref> * FIFA World Cup: 2022<ref>{{cite web|title=FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022|url=https://www.fifa.com/|publisher=FIFA}}</ref> {{DEFAULTSORT:Alvarez, Julian}} [[Category:2000 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Argentine footballers]] [[Category:Argentina international footballers]] [[Category:River Plate footballers]] [[Category:Manchester City F.C. players]] [[Category:Atlético Madrid players]] [[Fayil:Arg vs mex julianalvarez ochoa y messi (cropped).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City dressing room 2022.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Argentina vs mexico festejo gol 02.jpg|thumb]] team o6m5izwb1gw7se3h1r1qbmc950pw584 0 56503 818861 310027 2026-04-06T06:04:29Z Psubhashish 2769 bidiyo + 818861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:OpenSpeaks-Lmn-Lambadi-Meghavath Sathish-Nenavath Mohan-Problems for not Having Aadhaar.webm|thumb|Matasa maza biyu na Lambada daga Telangana, Indiya suna tattaunawa cikin Lambadi (harshen Rajasthani) a shekarar 2019.]] [[File:Rajasthani men.jpg|thumb|mazan Rajasthani ]] Yare ne Wanda Daya daga cikin yarurrukan da mutanen kudancin [[Asiya|kasashen Asiya]] sukeyi kamar [[Indiya]] da sauransu wadansu makwabtan kasar ta indiya dake a kudancin kasashen Asiya. == Manazarta == pfcjewycbmqyhl6zi26gowwd4bs9d00 0 61727 818958 758234 2026-04-06T10:59:24Z Saad Nuhu 43323 gyaran shafi 818958 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Nicolas Gonzalez (cropped).jpg|thumb|Nicolas Gonzalez]] {{Infobox football biography | name = Nicolás González | full_name = Nicolás Iván González | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1998|4|6}} | birth_place = Belén de Escobar, Buenos Aires, Argentina | position = Winger | currentclub = Fiorentina | clubnumber = 10 | youthclubs1 = Argentinos Juniors | years1 = 2016–2018 | clubs1 = Argentinos Juniors | caps1 = 44 | goals1 = 9 | years2 = 2018–2021 | clubs2 = VfB Stuttgart | caps2 = 79 | goals2 = 23 | years3 = 2021– | clubs3 = Fiorentina | caps3 = 80+ | goals3 = 25+ | nationalyears1 = 2019– | nationalteam1 = Argentina | nationalcaps1 = 30+ | nationalgoals1 = 5+ }} '''Nicolás Iván González''' (an haife shi 6 Afrilu 1998) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar Argentina wanda ke taka leda a matsayin winger ko forward ga ƙungiyar {{flagicon|Italy}} '''Fiorentina''' da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasar {{flagicon|Argentina}} Argentina.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nicolás González Profile|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/nicolas-gonzalez/profil/spieler/371998|publisher=Transfermarkt|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi González a garin Belén de Escobar, a lardin Buenos Aires na ƙasar Argentina. Ya fara buga ƙwallo tun yana ƙarami, inda ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta Argentinos Juniors.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nicolás González - Career Overview|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/nicolas-ivan-gonzalez/453595/|publisher=Soccerway|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Aikin ƙungiya == === Argentinos Juniors === González ya fara taka leda a babbar ƙungiyar Argentinos Juniors a shekarar 2016. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimakawa ƙungiyar samun matsayi mai kyau a gasar Argentina Primera División.<ref>{{cite web|title=Argentinos Juniors Statistics|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/nicolas-gonzalez/|publisher=WorldFootball.net|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> === VfB Stuttgart === A shekarar 2018, ya koma ƙungiyar {{flagicon|Germany}} VfB Stuttgart ta Bundesliga. A kakar 2019–20, ya taimaka wa Stuttgart komawa Bundesliga bayan sun samu matsayi na biyu a 2. Bundesliga.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stuttgart Promotion 2020|url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/2bundesliga/news/vfb-stuttgart-promoted-to-bundesliga-11509|publisher=Bundesliga Official Website|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> === Fiorentina === A watan Yuni 2021, González ya sanya hannu da ƙungiyar {{flagicon|Italy}} Fiorentina ta Serie A. Ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ‘yan wasan ƙungiyar, inda yake taka rawa a gasar Serie A da kuma UEFA Europa Conference League.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fiorentina sign Nicolas Gonzalez|url=https://www.acffiorentina.com/en/news/all/news-men-first-team/2021-06-23/fiorentina-sign-nicolas-gonzalez|publisher=ACF Fiorentina|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa == González ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar ƙasar Argentina a shekarar 2019. Ya kasance cikin tawagar da ta lashe gasar Copa América ta 2021, duk da cewa bai taka muhimmiyar rawa ba saboda rauni.<ref>{{cite web|title=Argentina Squad Copa America 2021|url=https://www.conmebol.com/en/copa-america-2021|publisher=CONMEBOL|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Argentina === * '''Copa América''': 2021<ref>{{cite web|title=Argentina win Copa America 2021|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/57776158|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * {{Official website|https://www.acffiorentina.com}} * {{Soccerway|nicolas-ivan-gonzalez|Nicolás González}} d4pvykdqhcityf0qbqwc0hvrv70jug3 0 63985 818926 444476 2026-04-06T07:26:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Cif Ògúnwán̄dé "Wán̄dé" Abím̄bọ́lá (an haife shi 24 Disamba 1932)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://litcaf.com/ogunwande-abimbola/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-12-07 |archive-date=2023-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180901/https://litcaf.com/ogunwande-abimbola/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://punchng.com/i-was-ridiculed-for-returning-home-a-poor-senator-prof-wande-abimbola/</ref> ƙwararren ɗan Najeriya ne, farfesa ne a harshen Yoruba da adabi, kuma tsohon mataimakin shugaban jami'ar Ife (yanzu Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo ).<ref>https://memtrick.com/set/university-of-ibadan-faculty_147661{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya kuma taba zama shugaban masu rinjaye a majalisar dattawan tarayyar Najeriya . An naɗa Cif Abimbola a matsayin Àwísẹ Awo Àgbàyé a cikin 1981 ta Ooni na Ife bisa shawarar ƙungiyar Babalawos na ƙasar Yoruba . ==Karatun Ilimi== Abimbola ya sami digirinsa na farko a tarihi daga Kwalejin Jami'a, Ibadan, a 1963<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dawncommission.org/prof-wande-abimbola-awise-awo-agbaye/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-12-07 |archive-date=2024-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706150831/http://dawncommission.org/prof-wande-abimbola-awise-awo-agbaye/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> lokacin da wannan kwalejin ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar London . Ya sami digirinsa na biyu a fannin ilimin harshe daga Jami'ar Northwestern Evanston, Illinois, a 1966, sannan ya sami digirin digirgir na Falsafa a Adabin Yarbanci daga Jami'ar Legas a 1971. Abimbola shi ne dalibin farko da ya kammala digirin digirgir a Jami’ar Legas. Ya zama cikakken farfesa a 1976. Abimbola ya koyar a jami'o'in Najeriya uku, wato Jami'ar Ibadan daga 1963 zuwa 1965, Jami'ar Legas daga 1966 zuwa 1972, da Jami'ar Ife daga 1972 zuwa 1991. [ana buƙatar hujja]</link> . Ya kuma koyar a jami'o'in Amurka da dama, ciki har da Jami'ar Indiana, Kwalejin Amherst, Jami'ar Harvard, Jami'ar Boston,<ref>http://www.afrocubaweb.com/abimbola.htm</ref> Jami'ar Colgate, da kuma kwanan nan, Jami'ar Louisville. [ana buƙatar hujja]</link> . Abimbola ya rubuta litattafai kan al’adun Ifá da Yarabawa. A cikin 1977, mawallafin NOK ne suka buga waƙar Divination na Abimbola. ==Gwanintar Aiki== '''Gudanar da Jami`a''' 1982–1989 mataimakin shugaban jami'ar Ile-Ife (yanzu jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo). 1977–1979 Dean, Faculty of Arts, Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife. 1975-1977; 1979-80; 1981–82 Shugaban Sashen Harsuna da Adabin Afirka, Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife. (Wande Abimbola shi ne ya kafa wannan sashe). '''Kwarewa Akan Ilimi''' 2004-2005 Babban Masanin Ziyara a Sashen Nazarin Liberal, Jami'ar Louisville, Louisville, KY. 1999 Farfesa na Humanities a Sashen Turanci, Jami'ar Colgate, Hamilton, NY. 1998-2003 Farfesa a Sashen Addini, Jami'ar Boston, Boston, MA. 1997 Farfesa na Humanities a Africana da Latin American Studies, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY. 1996-1997 Fellow, WEB Du Bois Institute & Sashen Nazarin Amirka na Afirka, Jami'ar Harvard, Cambridge. 1990-1991 Masanin-in-Mazauni da Farfesa na Baƙar fata, Kwalejin Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts. 1980-1981 Ziyarar Henry R. Luce Farfesa na Kwatanta Addinin Addini, Kwalejin Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts. 1976-1990 Farfesa na Harsuna da Adabin Afirka, Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. 1973 Mataimakin Farfesa na Folklore, Jami'ar Indiana, Bloomington, Indiana. 1971 Mataimakiyar Farfesa Farfesa na Folklore, Jami'ar Indiana, Bloomington, Indiana. 1966-1972 Malami, Makarantar Nazarin Afirka da Asiya, Jami'ar Legas, Legas, Najeriya. 1963-1965 Junior Research Fellow, Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. '''Nadin mukamai na siyasa, al'adu da na jama'a''' 2005—har zuwa yau Darakta, lambar yabo ta UNESCO na ba da lambar yabo ta al'adun gargajiya ga Najeriya, Batun Magana: Ifa. 2003–2005 Mai Ba Shugaban Najeriya Shawara Kan Al’amuran Gargajiya Da Al’adu, Ofishin Fadar Shugaban Kasa, Tarayyar Nijeriya, Abuja, Nijeriya. 1995-1998 Memba, Majalisar Addinai na Duniya. 1992-1993 Shugaban Masu Rinjaye na Majalisar Dattawa, Majalisar Dattawan Tarayyar Najeriya, Abuja, Najeriya. 1992 Mai Ba Gwamnan Jihar Oyo, Nijeriya Mai Ba Da Shawara Na Musamman. 1990—har zuwa yau An shigar da shi azaman Asiwaju Awo na Remo, Nigeria. 1988-1989 Memba, Kwamitin Gudanarwa, Ƙungiyar Jami'o'in Commonwealth. 1986-har zuwa yau An shigar da shi azaman Elemoso na Ketu, Jamhuriyar Benin. 1981-har zuwa yau Shugaban kasa, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Al'adun Orisa da Al'adu. 1981—to date Installed as Awise Awo Ni Agbaye (a zahiri Kakakin Duniya na Ifa and Yoruba Religion ). 1981-1989 Shugaban Hukumar Gudanarwa na Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Oyo, Ile-Ife. 1979-1982 shugaban kwamitin yawon bude ido na jihar Oyo. 1978-1984 shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na Jami'ar Ife Guest Houses Limited. 1976-1978 Shugaban Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Oyo. 1974-1984 shugaban hukumar gwamnoni, Olivet Baptist High School, Olivet Heights, Oyo. 1974–1976 shugaban hukumar lafiya ta shiyyar Oyo kuma memba a majalisar lafiya ta jiha. 1971-har zuwa yau An tsarkake shi azaman Babalawo (Firist Ifa). '''Sauran kwarewa''' 1972—1979 Edita, Yarbanci, Journal of the Yoruba Studies Association of Nigeria. 1970-1972 Edita, Bayanan kula da Bayanan Legas, Bulletin na Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka da Asiya, Jami'ar Legas, Legas, Najeriya ==Manazarta== kafhpy4kx410stryjpelc6abvsq1mx2 0 64902 818833 508755 2026-04-05T22:14:35Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Blanked the page 818833 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 818836 818833 2026-04-05T22:20:10Z Saad Nuhu 43323 gyara akan Llorente 818836 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Marcos Llorente 2019.jpg|thumb|Marcos Llorente]] {{Infobox football biography | name = Marcos Llorente | full_name = Marcos Llorente Moreno | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|1|30}} | birth_place = Madrid, Spain | position = Midfielder / Forward | currentclub = Atlético Madrid | clubnumber = 14 | youthyears1 = 2002–2007 | youthclubs1 = Las Rozas | youthyears2 = 2008–2014 | youthclubs2 = Real Madrid | years1 = 2014–2019 | clubs1 = Real Madrid | caps1 = 22 | goals1 = 0 | years2 = 2016–2017 | clubs2 = → Alavés (loan) | caps2 = 32 | goals2 = 0 | years3 = 2019– | clubs3 = Atlético Madrid | caps3 = 150+ | goals3 = 25+ | nationalyears1 = 2013 | nationalteam1 = Spain U19 | nationalcaps1 = 3 | nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalyears2 = 2016 | nationalteam2 = Spain U21 | nationalcaps2 = 9 | nationalgoals2 = 0 | nationalyears3 = 2020– | nationalteam3 = Spain | nationalcaps3 = 15+ | nationalgoals3 = 1+ }} '''Marcos Llorente Moreno''' (an haife shi 30 Janairu 1995) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Spain wanda yake taka leda a matsayin dan tsakiya ko dan gaba ga kulob din Atlético Madrid da kuma tawagar ƙasar Spain.<ref>{{cite web|title=Marcos Llorente Profile|url=https://www.atleticodemadrid.com|publisher=Atlético Madrid Official Website}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Marcos Llorente a birnin Madrid, Spain, cikin dangin da suka shahara a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa. Mahaifinsa Paco Llorente da kakansa Ramón Grosso duk sun taka leda a Real Madrid.<ref>{{cite web|title=Llorente family history|url=https://www.realmadrid.com|publisher=Real Madrid Official Website}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Real Madrid === Llorente ya fara ne a makarantar horas da matasa ta Real Madrid (La Fábrica). Ya fara bugawa kungiyar manya ta Real Madrid a shekarar 2015, inda ya taimaka wajen lashe kofuna ciki har da UEFA Champions League.<ref>{{cite web|title=Marcos Llorente Real Madrid Stats|url=https://www.uefa.com|publisher=UEFA}}</ref> === Alavés (aro) === A kakar wasa ta 2016–2017 an ba shi aro zuwa Alavés, inda ya zama daya daga cikin manyan ‘yan wasan tsakiya a La Liga a wancan lokaci.<ref>{{cite web|title=Llorente joins Alavés on loan|url=https://www.laliga.com|publisher=La Liga}}</ref> === Atlético Madrid === A shekarar 2019 ya koma Atlético Madrid. Ya yi fice musamman a gasar UEFA Champions League ta 2019–20 lokacin da ya ci kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Liverpool a Anfield.<ref>{{cite web|title=Atlético eliminate Liverpool|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokaci ya zama muhimmin dan wasa a tsarin Diego Simeone, yana taka rawa a matsayi daban-daban ciki har da dan tsakiya da kuma dan gaba.<ref>{{cite web|title=Llorente tactical role at Atlético|url=https://www.marca.com|publisher=Marca}}</ref> == Aikin kasa == Llorente ya wakilci Spain a matakan matasa (U19 da U21) kafin ya fara buga wa babbar tawagar Spain wasa a shekarar 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=Marcos Llorente Spain debut|url=https://www.rfef.es|publisher=Royal Spanish Football Federation}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Real Madrid === * La Liga: 2016–17<ref>{{cite web|title=La Liga 2016-17|url=https://www.laliga.com|publisher=La Liga}}</ref> * UEFA Champions League: 2016–17, 2017–18<ref>{{cite web|title=Champions League Winners|url=https://www.uefa.com|publisher=UEFA}}</ref> * FIFA Club World Cup: 2017<ref>{{cite web|title=FIFA Club World Cup 2017|url=https://www.fifa.com|publisher=FIFA}}</ref> === Atlético Madrid === * La Liga: 2020–21<ref>{{cite web|title=Atlético Madrid La Liga 2020-21|url=https://www.laliga.com|publisher=La Liga}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Spanish footballers]] [[Category:Atlético Madrid players]] [[Category:Real Madrid CF players]] [[Category:Spain international footballers]] au9m7mpmup5d7gdimaarogc1uz7dxor 0 65309 818803 629974 2026-04-05T20:50:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Veronica Ayele Bekoe''' ƙwararriya a fannin ilimin halittu c daga [[Ghana]]. An san ta da tasirinta a cikin ƙirƙira Veronica bucket da ake amfani da shi don rage yaduwar cututtuka masu yaduwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cfhss.org/our-team/mrs-veronica-bekoe/|title=Mrs. Veronica Bekoe|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ghanatogether.org/HTML/Projects/Sanitation.html|title=Ghana Together Health and Sanitation Projects|website=ghanatogether.org|access-date=2020-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-01|title=Inventor of Veronica Bucket laments over unsuccessful attempts to patent it|url=https://www.abcnewsgh.com/inventor-of-veronica-bucket-laments-over-unsuccessful-attempts-to-patent-it/|access-date=2020-07-19|website=ABC News Ghana|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Adu|first=Dennis|date=2020-03-26|title=Revealed: Why this bucket is called 'Veronica Bucket'|url=https://www.adomonline.com/revealed-why-this-bucket-is-called-veronica-bucket/|access-date=2020-07-19|website=Adomonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Acheampong|first=Kwame|date=2020-03-23|title=Covid-19: You're 99% protected with effective hand washing - Veronica bucket inventor|url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2020/03/covid-19-youre-99-protected-with-effective-hand-washing-veronica-bucket-inventor/|access-date=2020-07-19|website=Starr Fm|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719183804/https://starrfm.com.gh/2020/03/covid-19-youre-99-protected-with-effective-hand-washing-veronica-bucket-inventor/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ilimi == Veronica ta fara karatunta na asali a Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta Gwamnati (a halin yanzu Makarantar Independence Avenue Basic) a Accra. Ta halarci Aburi Girls SHS don karatun sakandare.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veronica Bucket inventor shares intriguing story about its origin - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/veronica-bucket-inventor-shares-intriguing-story-about-its-origin/|access-date=2021-03-19|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Daga nan ta ci gaba da karatunta a Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah (KNUST) inda ta samu digirin farko na Kimiyya a Kimiyyar Halittu/Biology tsakanin shekarun 1968–1972.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yen.com.gh/151351-meet-veronica-bekoe-woman-ingenious-veronica-buckets.html|title=Meet Veronica Bekoe the genius Ghanaian woman who invented veronica buckets|last=Quist|first=Ebenezer|date=2020-03-25|website=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news.|language=en|access-date=2020-03-27}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Veronica Bucket inventor seeks government support for patenting |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/veronica-bucket-inventor-seeks-government-support-for-patenting.html |access-date=2020-04-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=The Ghanaian Woman Who Invented The Veronica Bucket|url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/features/coronavirus-the-ghanaian-woman-who-invented-the-veronica-bucket/2020/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> == Sana'a == [[Fayil:Veronica Bekoe 016.jpg|thumb|Veronica Bekoe]] Ayyukanta a Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Ghana (GHS) ta shafe daga shekarun 1972-2008, tana aiki a ɗakin gwaje-gwaje na Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a da Bayanan Bayani, ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar mutum don Tsarin Kula da Cutar Kanjamau na Ƙasa kuma tana da gogewar sama da shekaru 30 a aikin ɗakin gwaje-gwaje na likitanci.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://kuulpeeps.com/2020/03/veronica-bekoe-the-ghanaian-inventor-of-the-life-saving-veronica-buckets/|title=Veronica Bekoe: The Ghanaian Inventor Of The Life Saving Veronica Buckets {{!}} Kuulpeeps - Ghana Campus News and Lifestyle Site by Students|last=Tetteh|first=Nii Okai|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cfhss.org/our-team/mrs-veronica-bekoe/|title=Mrs. Veronica Bekoe – CfHSS|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref> Tana da gogewa a cikin kula da ɗakin gwaje-gwaje, haɓaka littattafan horarwa, jagoranci, haɓaka ƙa'idodi don bincikar ɗakin gwaje-gwaje da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-26|title=Why is this bucket called 'veronica bucket'?|url=https://ghanawebonline.com/why-is-this-bucket-called-veronica-bucket/|access-date=2020-07-19|website=New Ghanaweb|language=en-US}}</ref> == Nasara == [[Fayil:Veronica Bekoe 019.jpg|thumb|Veronica Bekoe]] An lura da Veronica saboda ƙirƙirar ta na Veronica bucket, na'urar da aka ƙirƙira don magance ko rage yaɗuwar cututtuka kamar kwalara ta hanyar wanke hannu. A cikin shekarar 2020, an yi amfani da (bucket) sosai a cikin Nahiyar Afirka da sauran al'ummomin duniya don yaƙar cutar sankara ta [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=Briefly|date=2020-03-27|title=Meet Veronica Bekoe, the woman behind the ingenious Veronica Buckets|url=https://briefly.co.za/58531-meet-veronica-bekoe-woman-ingenious-veronica-buckets.html|access-date=2020-07-19|website=Briefly|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Binciken da ta kera na bokitin Veronica ya samo asali ne sakamakon wata matsala ko gibi da ta gano a fannin aikinta, ta lura da cewa akwai kalubale da ruwan fanfo, sai suka riƙa amfani da kwanon ruwa bi da bi su wanke hannayensu. bayan aikin jinya wanda ke da matukar hadari ga lafiyarta domin kowa ya sha ruwa iri ɗaya har sai ya zama datti, ganin irin illar da lafiyar ta ke yi, sai ta kirkiro wani bokitin samfuri mai ɗauke da famfon da aka makala a cikin wani kayan aikin aluminum da ake amfani da shi wajen sayar da [[Hausa koko|kokon Hausa]], wanda aka fi sani da '''Akorlaa. gyae su''' wanda yanzu ya zama bucket na veronica da aka sani a duniya.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-invented-the-Veronica-Buckets-for-my-colleague-biological-scientists-Veronica-Bekoe-908659|title=I invented the Veronica Buckets for my colleague biological scientists - Veronica Bekoe|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lr9uRxbrdp8|title=Veronica Bucket-Interview of the Ghanaian prof who created it|last=|first=|date=|website=[[YouTube]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ucF92u8eMzQ|title=Time with Veronica Bekoe (Designer of the Veronica Bucket)|last=|first=|date=|website=[[YouTube]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMNCXOYdtg0|title=HOW ''VERONICA BUCKET'' WAS INVENTED BY MADAM VERONICA BEKOE|last=|first=|date=|website=[[YouTube]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wP4JvkjOdEk|title=SHE INVENTED THE VERONICA BUCKET BUT HMM: SHE TELLS HER STORY|last=|first=|date=|website=[[YouTube]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> == Kyauta == [[Fayil:Veronica Bekoe 015.jpg|thumb|Veronica Bekoe]] [[Rebecca Akufo-Addo|Misis Rebecca Akufo-Addo]] ta ba ta lambar yabo saboda sabbin dabarun da ta yi na yaki da cututtuka masu yaɗuwa ta hanyar amfani da sabulu a ƙarƙashin ruwan famfo.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-16|title=Veronica Bucket: The Ghanaian invention helping in coronavirus fight|url=https://theindependentghana.com/2020/03/veronica-bucket-the-ghanaian-invention-helping-in-coronavirus-fight-2/|access-date=2020-06-09|website=The Independent Ghana|language=en-GB|archive-date=2020-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614205712/https://theindependentghana.com/2020/03/veronica-bucket-the-ghanaian-invention-helping-in-coronavirus-fight-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Articles with hAudio microformats]] poj75ye35hzo2gtai7f828r98hr9frn 0 65658 818801 358659 2026-04-05T20:24:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Valerie Mizrahi''' FRS (an Haife shi a shekara ta 1958) ƙwararriya ce kuma masaniya a fannin ilimin kwayoyin halitta 'yar ƙasar [[Afirka ta Kudu]].<ref name=twas/> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Ɗiya ce ga Morris da Etty Mizrahi, an haife ta a [[Harare]], [[Zimbabwe]] kuma ta yi karatu a can. Iyalinta dangin Yahudawa ne na Sephardi daga [[Tsibirin Rhode|tsibirin Rhodes]] na [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]]. <ref name="ESEFARAD">[http://esefarad.com/?p=20644 Valerie Mizrahi – woman scientist and mother]. [[ESefarad]]</ref> == Sana'a == Ta ci gaba da samun digirin BSc a fannin chemistry da mathematics sannan ta yi digirin digirgir a fannin ilmin sinadarai a jami'ar [[Cape Town]].<ref name=sajr>{{cite web |url=http://www.sajr.co.za/docs/default-source/pdf/14-jaa-winner-valerie-miizrahi.pdf?sfvrsn=2 |title=Jewish Report Art, Sport, Science & Culture Award |work=South African Jewish Report |access-date=2023-12-25 |archive-date=2015-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119152609/http://www.sajr.co.za/docs/default-source/pdf/14-jaa-winner-valerie-miizrahi.pdf?sfvrsn=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga shekarun 1983 zuwa 1986, ta ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania. Daga nan sai Mizrah ta yi aiki a cikin bincike da haɓakawa ga kamfanin harhaɗa magunguna Smith, Kline &amp;amp; French.<ref name=twas/> A cikin shekarar 1989, ta kafa a matsayin sashin bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Kudu da Jami'ar Witwatersrand, ta kasance a can har zuwa shekara ta 2010. Binciken ta ya mayar da hankali kan maganin [[Tibi|tarin fuka]], da juriya na miyagun ƙwayoyi. <ref>[http://www.k-rith.org/staff/valerie-mizrahi Valerie Mizrahi, Ph.D.]. KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV</ref> A cikin shekarar 2011, ta zama darektar Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Magungunan Kwayoyin Halittu a Jami'ar [[Cape Town]]. <ref>[http://www.idm.uct.ac.za/Valerie_Mizrahi Bio Valerie Mizrahi at the Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine]</ref> Mizrahi darekta ce ta rukunin bincike na Majalisar Binciken Likitoci ta [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kuma tana jagorantar reshen Jami'ar [[Cape Town]] na Cibiyar Kwarewa a Binciken Cutar Tarin Halitta.<ref name=sajr/> Mizrahi ta sami lambar yabo ta L'Oréal-UNESCO don Mata a Kimiyya a shekarar 2000. A shekara ta 2006, ta sami lambar yabo ta zinariya daga Kungiyar [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da Biochemistry da Molecular [[Biology]] saboda gudummawar da ta bayar a fagen Department of Science and Technology's Distinguished Woman Scientist Award, memba ce ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta [[Afirka ta Kudu]]<ref name=twas>{{cite journal |url=http://twas.org/sites/default/files/nl22-1.pdf |pages=35–40 |title=Targeting TB in South Africa |journal=TWAS Newsletter |year=2010 |volume=22 |issue=1}}</ref> kuma fellow ta Kwalejin Microbiology ta [[Amurka]] tun a shekara ta 2009. <ref>[http://www.tuberculosis.org.za/team.htm Meet the team] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727121017/http://www.tuberculosis.org.za/team.htm |date=2018-07-27 }}. Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis (TB) Research</ref> An sanya mata suna a cikin Order of Mapungubwe a cikin shekarar 2007 2000 zuwa 2010, ta kasance Masaniya a fannin Bincike na Duniya na Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Howard Hughes; a cikin shekarar 2012, an ba ta suna a Senior International Research Scholar for the Institute, har zuwa shekara ta 2017.<ref name=sajr/> A shekara ta 2013, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Institut de France ta Christophe Mérieux saboda aikinta a binciken tarin fuka.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fondation-merieux.org/en/christophe-merieux-prize/christophe-merieux-prize-2013/ |title=Prof. Valerie Mizrahi Winner of the 2013 Christophe Mérieux Prize |publisher=Fondation Mérieux |access-date=2021-03-31 |archive-date=2021-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024225004/https://www.fondation-merieux.org/en/christophe-merieux-prize/christophe-merieux-prize-2013/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zabi Mizrahi a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society a shekarar 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Valerie Mizrahi |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/valerie-mizrahi-36191/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=royalsociety.org}}</ref> == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == * 2000: L'Oréal-UNESCO Kyauta ga Mata a Kimiyya * 2007: Odar Mapungubwe-Silver * 2013: Kyautar Christophe Mérieux * 2018: Kyautar Haɗin gwiwar Harry Oppenheimer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uct.ac.za/main/research/awards/harry-oppenheimer-fellowship|title=Harry Oppenheimer Fellowship Award|publisher=University of Cape Town|access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Valerie tana da ’ya’ya mata biyu, kuma mahaifinta shi ne shugaba mai daraja na ikilisiyar Sephardic [[Hebrew]] na [[Johannesburg]]. Ta girma tana magana da harsunan Judeo-Spanish a gida. <ref name="ESEFARAD"/> == Wallafe-wallafe == * Effects of Pyrazinamide on Fatty Acid Synthesis by Whole Mycobacterial Cells and Purified Fatty Acid Synthase I. Helena I. Boshoff, Valerie Mizrahi, Clifton E. Barry. Journal of Bacteriology, 2002 * The impact of drug resistance on Mycobacterium tuberculosis physiology: what can we learn from rifampicin?. Anastasia Koch, Valerie Mizrahi, Digby F Warner. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 2014 == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1958]] lnyot7xrelee0xk3xjal8la1jr4knck 0 68676 818939 370421 2026-04-06T09:08:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox|2}} '''What Happened at St James''' fim ne na Najeriya na 2021 wanda Tosin Akintokun ya samar kuma Marc Adebesin ya ba da umarni. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Nwogu |first=Precious 'Mamazeus' |date=2021-11-04 |title=Watch the official trailer for 'What Happened at St James' |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/watch-the-official-trailer-for-what-happened-at-st-james/52beekg |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=Pulse Nigeria}}</ref> fim din [[Zack Orji]], Femi Branch, [[Ken Erics]], [[Deyemi Okanlawon]] da marigayi Rachel Oniga. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=WHAT HAPPENED AT ST JAMES |date=4 December 2021 |url=https://exoduscinemas.com/amy_movie/what-happened-at-st-james/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Bayani game da shi == Matasa maza uku sun makale a sakamakon ayyukansu a makarantar sakandare. Hanyoyin da suke warware matsalolin sun haifar da tashin hankali a cikin fim din<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-20 |title=What Happened at St. James, King Richard... 10 movies you must see this weekend |url=http://lifestyle.thecable.ng/what-happened-at-st-james-king-richard-10-movies-you-must-see-this-weekend/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=TheCable Lifestyle |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> == Farko == saki fim din a ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamba kuma an fara gabatar da shi a duk fadin kasar.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ƴan wasan == Zack Orji, Femi Branch, Ken Erics, Deyemi Okanlawon, Rachel Oniga, [[Yemi Shodimu|Yemi Sodimu]], Kelechi Udegbe, Nelly Ejianwu, [[Bolaji Ogunmola]], Chimezie Imo, Damilare Lawal da Kayode Obayomi == Manazarta == <references /> dzswppjc80zsc4df2dira5kmrf2u5e2 0 70322 818745 474082 2026-04-05T17:00:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist|name=Tunde Adebimpe|image=TV on the Radio live 20040913.jpg|caption=Tunde Adebimpe performing with TV on the Radio in 2004|birth_name=Babatunde Omoroga Adebimpe|birth_date={{birth date and age|1975|02|25}}|birth_place=[[St. Louis]], Missouri, U.S.|genre={{hlist|[[Experimental rock]]|[[indie rock]]}}|occupation={{hlist|Singer-songwriter|actor|director|animator|visual artist}}|years_active=1998–present|instrument={{hlist|[[Vocals]]|[[keyboard instruments|keyboards]]|[[music loop|loops]]}}|label=|current_member_of=[[TV on the Radio]]}}'''Babatunde Omoroga Adebimpe''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi 25 ga Fabrairu, 1975) mawaƙin Ba'amurke ne, mawaƙi-mawaƙi, ɗan wasa, darekta, kuma mai fasaha na gani wanda aka fi sani da jagorar mawaƙi na tashar TV ta Brooklyn a Gidan Rediyo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tunde Adebimpe Celebrates His 43rd Birthday - Report Minds|url=http://www.reportminds.com/2018/02/tunde-adebimpe-celebrates-his-43rd.html?m=1|access-date=2022-03-08|website=www.reportminds.com}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == [[Fayil:Tunde Adebimpe Harvest Festival (6339796347).jpg|thumb|Tunde Adebimpe]] Adebimpe an haife shi ne a cikin dangin baƙi na Najeriya a Amurka. Babatunde sunan [[Yarbanci|Yarbawa]] ne wanda ke nufin "uba ya dawo". Ya halarci Shady Side Academy a Fox Chapel, Pennsylvania don makarantar sakandare, inda har yanzu yake aiki a hukumar. Mahaifinsa da ya rasu likitan hauka ne a Pittsburgh . Ya auri dan wasan kwaikwayo na Faransa Domitille Collardey, wanda yake da ɗa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BVfIhlnDm8h/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414073611/https://www.instagram.com/p/BVfIhlnDm8h/|archive-date=2019-04-14|url-access=limited|title=Domitille Collardey Adebimpe on Instagram...|publisher=Instagram.com|access-date=2019-10-16|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> == Aikin fim da talabijin == A cikin 1998, Adebimpe ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wasan farko na shirin MTV 's hyper-violent claymation ''Celebrity Deathmatch'' . Ya yi tauraro a cikin fim din indie na 2001, ''Jump Tomorrow'', bisa ga ɗan gajeren fim na kwaleji, ''Jorge'', wanda ya buga hali iri ɗaya. A cikin 2003, Adebimpe ya ba da umarnin bidiyon kiɗa don waƙar [[Yeah Yeah Yeahs]] " Pin ".<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20111003231822/http://s.wsj.net/article/SB122186753749758491.html?mod=article-outset-box</ref> A cikin 2008, ya bayyana a matsayin ango a cikin Jonathan Demme 's ''Rachel Yin Aure'' tare da Rosemarie DeWitt, wanda ya kwatanta amaryar halinsa, da Anne Hathaway, wanda ya nuna 'yar'uwar amarya. A cikin fim ɗin, Adebimpe ya yi murfin cappella na waƙar Neil Young " Unknown Legend ".<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20090305025845/http://stereogum.com/archives/tunde-adebimpe-covers-neil-young_027321.html</ref> A cikin 2011, Adebimpe ya jagoranci abokin gani na gani zuwa kundi na hudu na band, ''Nau'in Hasken Nine'' . Don fim ɗin, ya ɗauki jerin sunayen ƴan fim ɗin da ƙungiyar ta fi so don ɗora shirye-shiryen bidiyo guda ɗaya waɗanda za a haɗa su cikin wani labari mai ban mamaki game da mafarki, ƙauna, shahara da kuma gaba. Adebimpe ya ba da umarnin faifan bidiyon don waƙar "An manta", da kuma shirye-shiryen bidiyo na tsaka-tsaki inda ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta taimaka wajen haɗa ɗigon tsakanin sassa daban-daban na fim ɗin.<ref>http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/08/tv-on-the-radio-makes-a-film/?_r=0</ref> [[Fayil:Adebimpe-tv-on-the-radio-montreal.jpg|thumb|Tunde Adebimpe]] A cikin 2013, Adebimpe ya ba da umarni kuma ya ɗora bidiyon don Higgins Waterproof Black Magic Band's single "The Blast the Bloom", A ƙarshen 2013, Adebimpe ya nannade harbi a kan Babban Darakta na Chilean Sebastian Silva 's ''Nasty Baby'', tare da tauraro gaban Kristen Wiig da darekta Silva. An fitar da fim din a shekarar 2015.<ref>http://pitchfork.com/news/52721-watch-tv-on-the-radios-tunde-adebimpe-directs-stop-motion-video-for-his-band-higgins-waterproof-black-magic-bands-the-blast-the-bloom/</ref> Adebimpe ya yi takaitaccen bayani a matsayin kansa a shirin IFC ''na Portlandia'' a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 4. A cikin 2016, ya ba da muryar don halin Banana Guard # 16 a cikin Balaguron ''Lokaci na Kasada'' "Layin Rawaya Mai Kauri". A cikin 2017, ya yi tauraro a cikin yanayi na biyu na ''Ƙwararrun Budurwar'' . Adebimpe ya nuna Mista Cobbwell a cikin ''Spider-Man: Mai zuwa gida'' (2017). A cikin 2020, a cikin kashi na biyu na HBO ''Perry Mason'' miniseries, Adebimpe yana da ƙaramin matsayi a matsayin mai wa'azin titi. == Aikin kiɗa == === TV a Rediyo === === Solo aiki da haɗin gwiwa === Kazalika, a wasu lokatai na yin solo, Adebimpe yana yin haɗin gwiwa tare da sauran mawaƙa. Yana ba da muryoyin goyan baya akan waƙar "Dragon Queen" akan rikodin [[Yeah Yeah Yeahs|Ee Ee Ee]] ' 2009, ''Yana Blitz!'' , wanda 'yan'uwanmu TV suka samar a gidan rediyo David Andrew Sitek . Ya bayyana akan waƙoƙi da yawa na Dragons na Zynth 's ''Coronation barayi'', wanda Sitek kuma ya samar da wani bangare. Ya samar da bako a kan "Your Glasshouse", waƙa daga Atmosphere 's 2008 rikodin ''Lokacin da Rayuwa ta Ba ku Lemons, Kuna Zana Wannan Shit Zinare'' . An nuna shi akan waƙar "Matattu" akan kundi na Subtle ''Yell&amp;amp;Ice'' . A farkon 2009, ya yi nuni uku a matsayin duo tare da Tall Firs drummer [[Ryan Sawyer]], na biyun a ƙarƙashin sunan Stabbing Eastward.  <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;</sup><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.brooklynvegan.com/archives/2009/04/themselves_2009.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-02-21 |archive-date=2015-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194850/http://www.brooklynvegan.com/archives/2009/04/themselves_2009.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>http://musictasting.blogspot.com/2009/10/stabbing-eastward-union-pool.html</ref><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D;</sup> Har ila yau, a farkon 2009, Adebimpe ya fitar da haɗin guda/DVD mai suna Fake Male Voice akan lakabin Japan/Brooklyn Heartfast. Ya yi wasan kwaikwayo guda ɗaya a ƙarƙashin wannan sunan tare da ƙungiyar ɗaukar hoto a wurin bikin sakin rikodin. Muryar Namiji na Karya kuma an sake yin shi a wurin nunin Heartfast yayin CMJ 2009, a matsayin duo wanda ya ƙunshi Adebimpe da Gerard Smith. A cikin 2009 Adebimpe ya haɗu tare da Babban Attack akan waƙar " Yi Addu'a don Ruwan Sama ". [[Fayil:Slant (2011-08-28 by Ian T. McFarland).jpg|thumb|Tunde Adebimpe]] A cikin 2010, an nuna Adebimpe akan TV ɗinsa akan aikin abokin aikin Rediyon Dave Sitek Maximum Balloon akan waƙar " Rashin Haske ". Adebimpe tare da membobin TV a Rediyo an nuna su akan waƙoƙi uku daga kundin Tinariwen ''Tassili'' (2011), da kuma a kan waƙar Amadou &amp;amp; Mariam "Wily Kataso", daga kundin 2012 ''Folila'' . Ian Brennan ya kasance mai gabatarwa a kan rikodin, wanda ya ci gaba da lashe [[Lambar yabo ta Grammy|Grammy]] . A cikin 2012, Adebimpe ya kafa ƙungiyar Higgins Waterproof Black Magic Band, waɗanda suka fito da kansu mai suna EP akan nasu bayanan ZNA a cikin Oktoba 2013. Adebimpe ya ba da waƙoƙin a Bad Radio, waƙa a kan kundi na ''Alternative Light Source'' na Leftfield a cikin 2015. Shi memba ne na kungiyar Nevermen tare da Mike Patton da Doseone . Kundin nasu na farko an fitar da ''Nevermen'' a cikin 2016. Adebimpe ya ba da muryoyin a kan "Barayi! (Screamed The Ghosts)" a kan Kundin Kundin Gudun Jewels ''Gudun Jewels 3'' a cikin 2017. Adebimpe ya haɗu tare da Wasannin Rockstar kuma ya saki ''Speedline Miracle Masterpiece (ft. Sal P. & Sinkane )'' a matsayin wani ɓangare na ''Barka da zuwa Los Santos'' soundtrack for ''[[Grand Theft Auto V|Grand sata Auto V.]]'' An kuma yi amfani da waƙar don waƙar tirela don ''Ƙarin Kasada a cikin Kuɗi da Felony'' DLC. A cikin Oktoba 2022, ya ba da gudummawar murfin Sleater-Kinney 's "Wasan kwaikwayo da kuke sha'awar" don ''Dig Me In: A Dig Me Out Covers Album,'' tarin haraji a yayin bikin cika shekaru ashirin da biyar na ''Dig Me Out'' . Pitchfork ya kira waƙar a matsayin "high point", yana kwatanta fassarar Adebimpe a matsayin "da kyar ake iya gane shi, yana musanya ƙwaƙƙwaran sa don sultry synth-pop". == Fasahar gani == Asalin mai zane mai ban dariya, Adebimpe har yanzu yana kula da zane, zane da aikin zane. Baya ga zane-zane da ke jagorantar duk TV a kan murfin kundi na Rediyo, ya zana hoton murfin band ɗin na 2013 "Mercy". A cikin 2009, Adebimpe ya fito da wani wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na kansa, ''Plague Hero'' . Littafin da aka zana ya kwatanta wasan dambe tsakanin haruffan ɗan adam guda biyu. Kwafi da aka zaɓa ba bisa ka'ida ba sun ƙunshi faifan DVD na "Mystery Sh*t", haɗar zane-zanen waƙoƙi da rayarwa daga ma'ajiyar tarihin Adebimpe.<ref>http://seantcollins.com/2009/12/comics-time-plague-hero/</ref> [[Fayil:Tunde Adebimpe of TV on the Radio (930 Club, Washington DC, 2009).jpg|thumb|Tunde Adebimpe]] A cikin Mayu 2017, Adebimpe ya fara ''A Warm Weather Ghost'', mai rai, aikin wasan kwaikwayo na multimedia wanda Walker Art Center ya ba da izini, a Minneapolis.<ref>http://www.walkerart.org/calendar/2017/tunde-adebimpe-tv-radio</ref> == Filmography == === Fim === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Bayanan kula |- | 1998 | ''Jorge'' | George | Short Film |- | 2001 | ''Tsalle Gobe'' | George Abiola | |- | rowspan="2" | 2004 | ''Rayuwar Farko Uku na Stuart Hornsley'' | Stuart Hornsley ne adam wata | Short Film |- | ''Hoton Sellout'' | Jack | Short Film |- | 2008 | ''Rachel Yin Aure'' | Sidney | |- | 2013 | ''Barawon Rana'' | | Short Film |- | rowspan="2" | 2015 | ''Baby mai ban tsoro'' | Mo | |- | ''7 'Yan'uwan Sinawa'' | Major Norwood | |- | rowspan="2" | 2017 | ''Shift dare'' | Oliver 'Olly' Jeffries | Short Film |- | ''Spider-Man: Mai zuwa'' | Mr. Cobbwell | |- | rowspan="2" | 2019 | ''Cap'' | Victor Benett | Short Film |- | ''Labarin Aure'' | Sam | |- | 2020 | ''Ta Mutu Gobe'' | Brian | |- | rowspan="2" | 2021 | ''Barci Negro''{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2022}}</link> | Sheriff | |- | ''Ultrasound'' | Dr. Conners | |- | 2022 | ''Babu Wani Lokaci''{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2022}}</link> | Nuhu | |- | 2024 | ''Twister'' | | Bayan samarwa |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Bayanan kula |- | 1998-1999 | ''Mashahurin Mutuwa'' | Michael Jordan (murya) | 2 sassa |- | 2012 | ''Superjail!'' | Shugaban fursuna (murya) | Episode: "Bukatun Musamman" |- | 2013 | ''Kamar yadda Da Art Duniya na iya Juyawa'' | Jimmy Braswell | 2 sassa |- | 2014 | ''Portlandia'' | Tunde Adebimpe | Episode: "Raba Kudi" |- | rowspan="3" | 2016 | ''The New Yorker Presents'' | Mai masaukin baki | Episode: "Mai masaukin baki" |- | ''Lokacin Kasada'' | Banana Guard #16 (murya) | Episode: "Layin Rawaya Mai Kauri" |- | ''Bincika Party'' | Edwin | Episode: "Sirrin Bikin Mummuna" |- | 2017 | ''Kwarewar Budurwar'' | Ian Olsen | 7 sassa |- | 2019-2021 | ''Lazor Wulf'' | Lamont Brickwater / Ruhu / Mai ba da labari na Kasuwanci / Tituna (murya) | 7 sassa |- | 2020 | ''Perry Mason'' | Mai wa'azi | Episode: "Babi na Biyu" |- | 2021 | ''Tuca &amp;amp; Bertie'' | Desmond Toucan (murya) | Episode: "Makon Gawa" |- | 2023 | ''M Planet'' | TBA | Matsayin murya, jerin masu zuwa |} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Tunde Adebimpe discography at Discogs * {{IMDb name}} == Magana == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1975]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ejwrzvynzab7vi1qg8mgy2ez979w003 0 73859 818755 639835 2026-04-05T18:26:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:FIST Festival of international Student theatre.pdf|thumb|Festical]] Ana ba da '''lambar yabo ta Fina-Finai ta Uganda,''' wanda kuma aka sani da '''UFF Awards''', kowace shekara don karrama mafiya kyawu a masana'antar fim a kasar Uganda. An fara bayar da kyaututtukan ne a cikin shekarar 2013 a ƙarƙashin shirin Hukumar Sadarwa ta Uganda don gane da haɓaka masana'antar fina-finai ta kasar Uganda. Ana nuna fina-finan da aka zaɓa a wani biki na kwanaki biyar wanda kuma ke gudanar da horo, bita, nune-nune da kuma wayar da kan jama'a. Daren bayar da lambar yabo shine jagoran bikin fina-finan da ke gudana na tsawon kwanaki uku.<ref>{{cite news |title=UCC promises more for the film industry |url=https://www.sqoop.co.ug/201912/four-one-one/ucc-promises-more-for-the-film-industry.html |access-date=12 February 2020 |agency=Sqoop |archive-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211000529/http://www.sqoop.co.ug/201912/four-one-one/ucc-promises-more-for-the-film-industry.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ampurire |first1=Paul |title=UCC Signs Partnership with Hollywood Film Festival to Showcase Ugandan films |url=https://www.softpower.ug/ucc-signs-partnership-with-hollywood-film-festival-to-showcase-ugandan-films/ |access-date=12 February 2020 |agency=Soft Power}}</ref> == Ruƙunan Kyaututtuka == An gabatar da nau'ikan talabijin a cikin shekarar 2016, yayin da nau'ikan fina-finai suka fara da lambobin yabo a cikin shekarar 2013. Mai zuwa shine jerin nau'ikan da aka bayar da lambar yabo ta bikin Fina-Finan Uganda kamar na shekarar 2019.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Muhindo |first1=Clare |title=UCC releases list of movies nominated for Uganda Film Festival awards |url=https://www.sqoop.co.ug/201811/four-one-one/ucc-releases-list-of-movies-nominated-for-uganda-film-festival-awards.html |website=Sqoop |access-date=12 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=AWARD CATEGORIES |url=http://ugandafilmfestival.ug/award-categories/ |website=Uganda Film Festival |access-date=12 February 2020 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026225037/https://ugandafilmfestival.ug/award-categories/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{Columns-list|*[[Uganda Film Festival Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] *Best Costumes (Production design) *Best Sound *Best Screenplay (Script) *Best Student Film *Best Animation *Best Short Film *[[Uganda Film Festival Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]] *People’s Choice Award *[[Uganda Film Festival Award for Best Actor in Film|Best Actor]] *[[Uganda Film Festival Award for Best Actress in a Feature Film|Best Actress]] *Best Documentary *Best East African Film *Best Post-production/Editing *[[Uganda Film Festival Award for Best Television Drama|Best TV Drama/Series]] *[[Uganda Film Festival Award for Best Actor in a Television Drama|Best Actor in a TV Drama]] *[[Uganda Film Festival Award for Best Actress in a Television Drama|Best Actress in a TV Drama]] *Special Award/Life Achievement Award *[[Uganda Film Festival Award for Best Director|Best Director]] *[[Uganda Film Festival Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] *[[Uganda Film Festival Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] *Best African Film Award|colwidth=15em}} == Rikodi == === Yawancin naɗe-naɗe a kowace shekara === {{Col-begin}} {{Col-2}} ====By a film==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Film ! Nominations ! Ref |- |2019 |Laila |11 | |- |2018 |[[Veronica's Wish]] |11 | |- |2017 |[[Devil's Chest]] |9 |<ref>{{cite web |title=OFFICIAL NOMINEES LIST FOR THE UGANDA FILM FESTIVAL 2017 |url=http://ugandafilmfestival.ug/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/OFFICIAL-LIST-OF-NOMINEES-UFF-2017.pdf |website=Uganda Film Festival |access-date=12 February 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |2016 |[[Freedom (2016 film)|Freedom]] |9 | |- |2015 |The Tailor |9 | |- |2014 |[[The Felistas Fable]] |4 | |- |2013 |Okusaalimba (The Trespass) |4 | |- |} {{Col-2}} ====Television==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Film ! Nominations ! Ref |- |rowspan=2|2021 |What If |rowspan=2|4 |rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Asingwire |first1=Nicholas |title=UCC Unveils Nominees for 2021 Uganda Film Festival |url=https://kampalapost.com/index.php/content/ucc-unveils-nominees-2021-uganda-film-festival |access-date=19 March 2021 |agency=The Kampala Post |archive-date=10 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410144209/http://kampalapost.com/index.php/content/ucc-unveils-nominees-2021-uganda-film-festival |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |[[Prestige (TV series)|Prestige]] |- |2018 |[[Mistakes Girls Do]] |5 | |- |rowspan="2"|2016 |[[Coffee Shop (TV series)|Coffee Shop]] |rowspan="2"|4 | |- |[[Deception (Ugandan TV series)|Deception]] | |- |rowspan="2"|2017 |[[Yat Madit]] |rowspan="2"|3 | |- |[[Mistakes Girls Do]] | |- |rowspan="2"|2019 |[[Family (2018 TV series)|#Family]] |rowspan="2"|3 | |- |[[The Honourables]] | |- |} {{Col-end}} === Mafi yawan masu cin nasara a kowace shekara === {{Col-begin}} {{Col-2}} ====By a film==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Film ! Wins ! Ref |- |2018 |[[Veronica's Wish]] |9 |<ref>{{cite news |title=Veronica’s Wish sweeps the Uganda Film Festival Awards: Here’s the full list of winners |url=https://bigeye.ug/veronicas-wish-sweeps-the-uganda-film-festival-awards-heres-the-full-list-of-winners/ |access-date=7 February 2020 |agency=Big Eye}}</ref> |- |2016 |[[Freedom (2016 film)|Freedom]] |6 |<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kaggwa |first1=Andrew |title=Freedom dominates Uganda Film festival awards |url=https://www.observer.ug/lifestyle/42-entertainment/46180-freedom-dominates-uganda-film-festival-awards |access-date=12 February 2020 |agency=The Observer |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112144403/http://www.observer.ug/lifestyle/42-entertainment/46180-freedom-dominates-uganda-film-festival-awards |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |rowspan=2 |2019 |Laila |4 |rowspan=2 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Uganda Film Festival 2019: Full list of award gala night winners |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/features/celebrity/2019/12/uganda-film-festival-2019-full-list-of-award-gala-night-winners.html |website=PML Daily |access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref> |- |[[Bed of Thorns]] |4 |- |2017 |[[Devil's Chest]] |4 |<ref>{{cite news |title=The 'Devil's chest' takes most of it at Uganda Film Festival |url=https://www.sqoop.co.ug/201709/four-one-one/devils-chest-takes-uganda-film-festival.html |access-date=12 February 2020 |agency=Sqoop}}</ref> |- |2015 |House Arrest |5 | |- |2014 |[[The Felistas Fable]] |4 | |- |2013 |[[State Research Bureau (film)|State Research Bureau (S.R.B)]] |3 | |- |} {{Col-2}} ====Television==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Film ! Wins ! Ref |- |2017 |[[Yat Madit]] |3 | |- |2016 |[[Coffee Shop (TV series)|Coffee Shop]] |3 | |- |2019 |[[Family (2018 TV series)|#Family]] |2 | |- |2018 |[[Mistakes Girls Do]] |2 | |- |} {{Col-end}} == Manazarta == [[Category: Kyaututtukan harkar fim]] pmel6z4rkgvbodvbupjuarmcflxo2kq 0 75111 818863 400726 2026-04-06T06:14:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vivi l'internationale''', sunan mataki na '''Victorine Agbato''' (1946 - 15 Fabrairu 2022) mawaƙiyar Benin ce.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ribouis|first=Olivier|date=16 February 2022|title=Vivi l'Internationale est décédée|trans-title=|url=https://www.banouto.bj/article/culture/20220216-vivi-l-internationale-est-decedee|language=French|work=Banouto|location=|access-date=17 February 2022|archive-date=17 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217010844/https://www.banouto.bj/article/culture/20220216-vivi-l-internationale-est-decedee|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Agbato ta shahara da wakokinta na zaman lafiya da soyayya a lokacin da ƙasar Benin ta sauya sheka daga tsarin gurguzu zuwa dimokuraɗiyya. A lokacin {{Interlanguage link|Sovereign National Conference|fr|Conférence nationale souveraine (Bénin)}} a cikin watan Fabrairu 1990, ta rera waƙar zaman lafiya, ''N'dokolidji''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Salomon|first=Gildas|date=27 April 2019|title=Bénin législatives 2019 : « nous ne serons jamais en guerre », Vivi l'Internationale|trans-title= |url=https://www.banouto.info/article/politique/20190427-bnin-lgislatives-2019-nous-ne-serons-jamais-en-guerre-vivi-l-internationale|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026191705/https://archives.banouto.info/article/politique/20190427-bnin-lgislatives-2019-nous-ne-serons-jamais-en-guerre-vivi-l-internationale/|archivedate=26 October 2020|language=French|work=Banouto|location= |access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref> Ta bayyana hakan a matsayin gudunmawar da ta bayar wajen samar da zaman lafiya a Benin.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mehounou|first=Josué|date=11 August 2017|title=Vivi L'Internationale : L'artiste de la paix... l'engagée politique.|trans-title= |url=http://news.acotonou.com/h/101307.html|language=French|work=aCotonou.com|location= |access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a ƙungiyoyin juyin juya hali na mata, ta rera waƙa don haɗin kai tare da fursunonin kurkuku a Savalou a cikin shekarar 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=19 August 2018|title=Culture / Vivi l'Internationale chante pour les détenus de Savalou|trans-title= |url=https://www.agencebeninpresse.info/web/depeche/47/vivi-l-internationale-chante-pour-les-detenus-de-savalou|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025075955/http://www.agencebeninpresse.info/web/depeche/47/vivi-l-internationale-chante-pour-les-detenus-de-savalou|archivedate=25 October 2018|language=French|work=Agence Benin Presse|location=Savalou|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, an ba ta lambar yabo ta ƙasar Benin.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hessoun|first=Charly|date=5 April 2008|title=Promotion du développement de la culture béninoise|trans-title= |url=https://lanouvelletribune.info/2008/04/promotion-du-developpement-de-la-culture-beninoise/|language=French|work=[[La Nouvelle Tribune (Bénin)|La Nouvelle Tribune]]|location= |access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref> Vivi l'internationale ta mutu a [[Porto-Novo]] a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last=Houngba|first=Cochimau B.|date=16 February 2022|title=Bénin: décès de la célèbre artiste Vivi l'Internationale|trans-title= |url=https://beninwebtv.com/benin-deces-de-la-celebre-artiste-vivi-linternationale/|language=French|work=Bénin Web TV|location= |access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ayosso|first=Akpédjé|date=16 February 2022|title=La chanteuse Vivi l'internationale n'est plus|trans-title=|url=https://24haubenin.info/?La-chanteuse-Vivi-l-internationale-n-est-plus|language=French|work=24 Heures au Bénin|location=|access-date=17 February 2022|archive-date=16 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216142528/https://www.24haubenin.info/?La-chanteuse-Vivi-l-internationale-n-est-plus|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kundi == *''Chantent les 20 ans de la loterie nationale du Bénin'' (1982) *''Oluwa Dakun'' == Manazarta == [[Category:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1946]] 0mokvo1slzlgxg708mb5z1hpz5u3uz0 0 75925 818698 412902 2026-04-05T12:22:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818698 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox person|name=Tomi Favored|image=|alt=|caption=|birth_name=Adetomi Akinbode|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1987|03|20|mf=y}}|birth_place=[[Kaduna]], Nigeria|genre={{Flatlist| * [[Contemporary worship music|Contemporary worship]] * [[Urban contemporary gospel|contemporary gospel]] }}|occupation={{Flatlist| * Singer * songwriter * author }}|instrument=Vocals|years_active=2014–present|label=}}'''Adetomi Aleshinloye''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Maris 1987) wanda aka fi sani da suna ' '''Tomi Favored''' ' ɗan Najeriya ne Ba'amurke mai fasahar bishara kuma marubuci. ya fito da kundinshi na farko a cikin 2014 kuma ita ce mai gabatar da "BOW".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Message of faith’s the only evergreen, says gospel singer, Tomi Favored; tours Africa |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/08/message-of-faiths-the-only-evergreen-says-gospel-singer-tomi-favored-tours-africa/amp/ |website=Vanguard Newspaper}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Guardian |date=2023-11-20 |title=Amaka Flourish-Peters, Tomi Favored, Funlola Ayo- Alabi, others to speak at Women In Christ Conference |url=https://editor.guardian.ng/news/amaka-flourish-peters-funlola-ayo-alabi-others-to-speak-at-women-in-christ-conference/ |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112064214/https://editor.guardian.ng/news/amaka-flourish-peters-funlola-ayo-alabi-others-to-speak-at-women-in-christ-conference/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Adetomi a ranar 20, Maris 1987 ga dangin Mista da Mrs. Adebayo Akinbode a Arewacin Najeriya, [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Is Tomi Favored? |url=https://gospelcentric.net/artist-profile/tomi-favored/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Gospel Centric |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita ’yar asalin [[Abeokuta]] ce, [[Ogun|Jihar Ogun]], kuma ta girma a gidan Kirista. Mahaifiyarta ma'aikaciyar jinya ce, mahaifinta soja ne. Tana da shekaru 12, ta koma Amurka don ci gaba da karatunta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stories |first=Local |date=2020-06-23 |title=Meet Tomi Favored in Missouri City – Voyage Houston Magazine {{!}} Houston City Guide |url=https://voyagehouston.com/interview/meet-adetomi-aleshinloye-tomi-favored-missouri-city/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=voyagehouston.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111160306/https://voyagehouston.com/interview/meet-adetomi-aleshinloye-tomi-favored-missouri-city/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta yi karatun firamare a makarantar Command Primary School, [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] . A cikin 2005, ta sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Etiwanda, California. A cikin 2010, ta kammala shirin jinya a North Valley. Adetomi ta gano sha'awarta na waƙa tun tana ƙarama. Koyaya, aikin kiɗanta ya fara a hukumance a cikin 2014 tare da fitowar albam ɗinta na farko 'Ni Tomi Favored'. Adetomi shi ne mai haɗin gwiwar 'BOW', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tomi Favored Shares Her Experiences On African Tour {{!}} Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/tomi-favored-shares-her-experiences-on-african-tour/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=independent.ng}}</ref> ma'ana "Kawo Bautarmu". Yana da raye-raye, ƙwarewar bautar da ba na ɗarika ba, tare da bugu na farko da aka gudanar a [[Dallas]], Texas. Ta yi aiki tare da wasu masu fasaha da yawa ciki har da Nathaniel Bassey, [[Tope Alabi]], [[TY Bello]] da sauransu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adedayo |first=Adedamola |date=2023-06-01 |title=TY Bello Tells The Gospel Truth In Collaboration-rich with Nathaniel Bassey, Tomi Favored, Johnny Drille and others. |url=https://culturecustodian.com/review-ty-bello-tells-the-gospel-truth-in-collaboration-rich-heaven-has-come/ |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.) |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-24 |title=He Fights For Me by TY Bello Ft Tomi Favoured & Grace Omosebi |url=https://notjustok.com/lyrics/he-fights-for-me-lyrics-by-ty-bello-ft-tomi-favoured-grace-omosebi/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> == Hotuna == === Albums === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Year Released !Title !Details |- |''2014'' |''I am Tomi Favored'' | * Number of Tracks: 10 * Formats: Streaming, digital download |- |''2017'' |''YHWH'' | * Number of Tracks: 15 * Formats: Streaming, digital download |- |2018 |''Jesus Christ in Everything'' | * Number of Tracks: 12 * Formats: Streaming, digital download |- | rowspan="3" |2019 |''Accompaniment'' | * Number of Tracks: 12 * Formats: Streaming, digital download |- |''Trusting Jesus'' | * Number of Tracks: 10 * Formats: Streaming, digital download |- |''Jesus in my Words'' | * Number of Tracks: 10 * Formats: Streaming, digital download |- |2024 |''More of Jesus'' | * Number of Tracks: 12 * Formats: Streaming, digital download |- |2024 |''Rep Jesus'' | * Number of Tracks: 12 * Formats: Streaming, digital download |} === Singles === * ''Committed to You (2022)'' * ''You are Good (2022)'' * ''Hallelujah (2022)'' * ''Reckoning (2021)'' * ''Do it all in love (2021)'' * ''Ignite (2020)'' * ''Wonderful God (2020)'' * Jehovah (2020)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Unachi |first=Sunny |date=2020-08-12 |title=NIGERIAN-AMERICAN SINGER, TOMI FAVORED HAS RELEASED HER LATEST SINGLE TITLED "JEHOVAH" (REMIX) – UK Christian Radio & Gospel Worship {{!}} HeartSong Live |url=https://heartsonglive.co.uk/nigerian-american-singer-tomi-favored-has-released-her-latest-single-titled-jehovah-remix/,%20https://heartsonglive.co.uk/nigerian-american-singer-tomi-favored-has-released-her-latest-single-titled-jehovah-remix/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * ''You are God (2019)'' * ''Jesus is the Way (2019)'' == Littafi Mai Tsarki == * ''Living to die''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Living To Die: Our Future of Being Born into Eternity (Paperback) {{!}} Third Place Books |url=https://www.thirdplacebooks.com/book/9781733553827 |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=www.thirdplacebooks.com |language=en}}</ref> * ''Jesus in my thoughts'' == Rayuwa ta sirri == Adetomi ya auri Seyi Alesh, wani ma’aikacin saxophonist kuma malamin waka. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu, Isaac da Bella. <ref>{{Cite web |last=punchng |date=2016-09-18 |title=Why celeb marriages don’t last — Seyi Alesh |url=https://punchng.com/celeb-marriages-dont-last-seyi-alesh/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> == Nassoshi == [[Category:Haihuwan 1987]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] pxcrvg9hs0mh3zqw7jcgq3863wlosnw 0 76426 818846 703596 2026-04-06T05:04:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Victoire Pauline L'or Ngon Ntame''' (an Haife ta a (1985-12-31 ) 'yar wasan kwallon raga ce ta Kamaru. Ta kasance memba a kungiyar kwallon raga ta mata ta Kamaru kuma ta buga wa kungiyar kwallon raga ta [[INJS VB|INJS Yaoundé]] wasa a shekara ta 2014. Ta kasance cikin tawagar 'yan wasan Kamaru a gasar kwallon raga ta mata ta FIVB ta shekarar 2014 a Italiya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Team Roster – Cameroon |url=http://italy2014.fivb.org/en/competition/teams/CMR-Cameroon/team_roster |access-date=1 October 2014 |website=italy2014.fivb.org |archive-date=14 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014232511/http://italy2014.fivb.org/en/competition/teams/CMR-Cameroon/team_roster |url-status=dead }}</ref> da Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2016. == Kungiyoyi == * {{Flagicon|Cameroon}} [[INJS VB|INJS Yaoundé]] (2014) == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * http://italy2014.fivb.org/en/competition/teams/cmr-cameroon/players/victoire-pauline-l'or-ngon-ntame?id=41061 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322062359/http://italy2014.fivb.org/en/competition/teams/cmr-cameroon/players/victoire-pauline-l%27or-ngon-ntame?id=41061 |date=2024-03-22 }} * http://rio2016.fivb.com/en/volleyball/women/teams/cmr-cameroon/players/victoire-pauline-l'or-ngon-ntame?id=53659 * http://www.gettyimages.com/pictures/victoire-pauline-l-or-ngon-ntame-13612092#cameroons-victoire-pauline-lor-ngon-ntame-celebrates-a-point-during-picture-id589483332{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * http://www.cavb.org/pagescom.php?option=pagedetail&id=353 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406230725/http://www.cavb.org/pagescom.php?option=pagedetail&id=353 |date=2018-04-06 }} == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1985]] nbpj92ki6e9qy2g2w50ba9nwb6dvm3z 0 76885 818839 481066 2026-04-05T23:37:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818839 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}} '''Verónica Nataniel Macamo Dlhovo ( an''' haife ta ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1957) 'yar siyasa ce ta kasar Mozambique wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje tun daga 2020. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Jamhuriyar Mozambique tun 2010 zuwa 2020. Dlhovo memba ce ta Frelimo. [[Fayil:Prime Minister Narendra Modi meets President of National Assembly, Veronica Macamo, at Maputo, in Mozambique.jpg|thumb|Verónica Macamo]] Ta fara aikinta a matsayin 'yar siyasa a Lardin Gaza a matsayin memba na Kungiyar Mata ta Mozambican kuma ta kai kololuwar aikinta lokacin da ta zama mace ta farko a matsayin shugabar Majalisar tun zamanin da Mozambique ta sami 'yancin kai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Parlamento |first=Página Oficial do |title=Curtas notas biográficas de Verónica Macamo |url=https://www.biografia.co.mz/index.php/pt/politica/155-curtas-notas-biograficas-de-veronica-macamo |access-date=2018-12-06 |website=www.biografia.co.mz |language=pt-pt |archive-date=2018-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206114448/https://www.biografia.co.mz/index.php/pt/politica/155-curtas-notas-biograficas-de-veronica-macamo |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko, ilimi da rayuwar mutum == [[Fayil:Verónica Macamo, December 2016.jpg|thumb|Verónica Macamo]] An haifi Veronica Nataniel Macamo Dlhovo a watan Nuwamba 13 1957, a Bilene, Lardin Gaza . Ta yi aure kuma tana da 'ya'ya 3. Dlhovo ta samu digiri a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Eduardo Mondlane a alif 1994. <ref name=":0"/> == Kwarewar aiki da siyasa == Dlhovo ta fara aiki a Frelimo tun kafin samun 'yancin kai da kuma bayan Mozambique ta sami' yanci, ta yi aiki a wurare da yawa a jam'iyyar. Ta fara aikin zamantakewa a Hukumar Siyasa ta Shirye-shiryen Siyasa ta Soja a Moamba 1975 zuwa 1977, a matsayin Mai ba da shawara kan Kamfanoni tun 1994, Mai ba da Shawara ta Shari'a daga 2005 zuwa 2007, kuma a matsayin Mai Ba da Shawara ta Shari'a kuma Shugaban Hukumar Asusun Yawon Bude Ido daga 2000 zuwa 2009.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Presidente |url=http://www.parlamento.mz/index.php/presidente |access-date=2018-12-06 |website=www.parlamento.mz |archive-date=2018-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322050721/http://www.parlamento.mz/index.php/presidente |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kuma yi aiki tare da kungiyoyin mata [1] <ref name=":1" />" inda tayi aiki a matsayin Sakatariyar Kasa don Kafa Kungiyar Mata ta Mozambican daga 1985 zuwa 1989, an zabe ta a matsayin memba mai daraja na Kungiyar Mata na Mozambican kuma Shugaban Sashen Mata a Hedikwatar Kwamitin Tsakiya, daga 1994 zuwa 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Macuácua |first=Amandio Roberto |title=Verónica Macamo recebe diploma de honra pela UEM |url=http://www.jornalnoticias.co.mz/index.php/politica/81759-veronica-macamo-recebe-diploma-de-honra-pela-uem |access-date=2018-12-06 |website=Jornal Notícias |language=pt-pt}}</ref> A matsayinta na ‘yar siyasa, an zabi Dlhovo a majalisar a 1999 daga Lardin Gaza . A shekara ta 1999 an zabe ta Mataimakiyar Shugaban Majalisar Dokoki. A shekara ta 2004, an zabe ta a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Pan-Afirka daga Mozambique . <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Members of the Pan African Parliament (as of 15 March 2004) |url=http://www.africa-union.org/organs/pan%20african%20parliament/List%20of%20Members%20pap.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518171107/http://www.africa-union.org/organs/pan%20african%20parliament/List%20of%20Members%20pap.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2011 |access-date=21 December 2009 |website=African Union}}</ref> An zabi Dlhovo matsayin mace ta farko da ta zama shugabar Majalisar a alif 2010, tare da kuri'u 192 daga cikin 194. <ref>{{Cite web |last=SAPO |title=Verónica Macamo eleita presidente e investidos Deputados da Renamo |url=https://noticias.sapo.mz/actualidade/artigos/veronica-macamo-eleita-presidente-e-investidos-deputados-da-renamo |access-date=2018-12-06 |website=SAPO Notícias |language=pt}}</ref> A matsayinta na Shugaban majalisa, an san Dlhovo da kyawawan halaye. Ta ba da ra'ayinta a batutuwan da suka shafi siyasa a Mozambique <ref>{{Cite web |last=(www.dw.com) |first=Deutsche Welle |title=Verónica Macamo: "Ninguém está acima da lei em Moçambique" {{!}} DW {{!}} 13.10.2017 |url=https://www.dw.com/pt-002/ver%C3%B3nica-macamo-ningu%C3%A9m-est%C3%A1-acima-da-lei-em-mo%C3%A7ambique/a-40935851 |access-date=2018-11-28 |website=DW.COM |language=pt}}</ref> kuma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kirkirar dokoki, wanda suka hada da dokokin da suka shafi da auren matasa da cin zarafin yara. An sake zabar ta a matsayin mai magana a shekarar 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=IPU PARLINE database: MOZAMBIQUE (Assembleia da Republica), Full text |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2223.htm |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> [[Fayil:Under Secretary Nuland Meets With Mozambique Foreign Minister Macamo (51496697112).jpg|thumb|Verónica Macamo]] A ranar 17 ga watan Janairun 2020, shugaban kasar Filipe Nyusi ya nada ta matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje a majalisar ministocinsa sabuwa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Tushen == * [http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/m/mozambique/mozambique2.txt Sakamakon zaben majalisar dokoki na 1999 a Mozambique] {{Foreign Ministers of Mozambique}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Macamo, Veronica}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1957]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fba3jm4z0nal2m0x5xu4uctj8jgwpx3 0 80515 818942 691928 2026-04-06T09:23:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Widad Kawar (Arabic) masaniyar tarihin fasahar [[Falasdinawa|Palasdinawa]] ce kuma mai koyar fasahar da al'adu na Palasdinawa da Jordan. Ta tattara tufafi sama da 2,000, kayan ado, masana'antu, da kayan ado sama da shekaru 50, tana adana al'adun da aka warwatsa ta hanyar rikici.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Widad Kamel Kawar |url=https://www.rimalbooks.com/author-details.php?id=22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116102150/https://www.rimalbooks.com/author-details.php?id=22 |archive-date=16 January 2014 |access-date=14 January 2014 |publisher=Rimal Publications}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=ElAshkar |first=Amena |last2=Ibrahim |first2=Ali |last3=Osama |first3=Nadine |date=17 May 2018 |title=Stories of the catastrophe: Exile |url=https://electronicintifada.net/content/stories-catastrophe-exile/24281 |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=Electronic Intifada}}</ref> Kawar an san ta da ''Umm l'ibas al-falastini'' - mahaifiyar tufafin Palasdinawa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Traditional Costumes from Jordan and Palestine: The Private Collection of Widad Kawar |url=http://www.daratalfunun.org/main/activit/curentl/widad_kawar/widad_kawar.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922121312/http://www.daratalfunun.org/main/activit/curentl/widad_kawar/widad_kawar.html |archive-date=22 September 2012 |access-date=14 January 2014 |website=Darat al Funun |publisher=Khalid Shoman Foundation}}</ref>  == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Kawar a garin Tulkarm ga dangin Kirista na Falasdinu a cikin shekara ta 1931. Iyalinta sun ƙaura zuwa Baitalami a shekarar 1941. <ref name=":0" /> Mahaifinta Jalil malami ne kuma shugaban makarantar yara ƙanana a gwamnatin [[Burtaniya]] ta Palestine. Ta yi karatu a American University of Beirut . <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":1"/> Kawar ta ba da tarin tarin kayanta don kallon jama'a kuma ta sanya kayan baje kolin tufafin Falasdinawa a duniya. Ta kuma rubuta litattafai da yawa kan kayan adon na Falasdinu kuma tana neman kafa wani Gallery of Cultural Embroidery. . Ta yi aiki tare da Margaret Skinner akan ''Taskar Stitches: Motifs Embroidery Palestine, 1850-1950'' (Rimal/Melisende). Ta kuma rubuta ''Zaren Identity: Kiyaye Kaya da Al'adun Falasdinu'' (Rimal/Melisende). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-18 |title=Threads of Identity |url=https://www.rimalbooks.com/productinfo.php?id=48 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118164143/https://www.rimalbooks.com/productinfo.php?id=48 |archive-date=2014-01-18 |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Rimal Publications}}</ref> Widad memba ce ta Kwamitin Amintattu na Cibiyar Nazarin Gabas ta Amurka. Ta kuma kafa [http://www.tirazcentre.org/en Cibiyar Tiraz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711025039/http://tirazcentre.org/en |date=2017-07-11 }} wadda ke gudanar da ƙaramin gidan kayan gargajiya a [[Amman]], tana ɗauke da tarin kayanta tare da sadaukar da kai don kiyaye al'adun Falasdinu da na Jordan . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Widad Kawar |url=https://www.tirazcentre.org/en/widad-kawar |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Tiraz Centre}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2012, Kawar ta lashe lambar yabo ta Prince Klaus International Award don al'adu da ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Widad Kawar |url=https://princeclausfund.nl/awardees/widad-kawar |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Prince Claus Fund |language=en-US}}</ref> == Aikin da aka buga == *   *   *  <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bibliography |url=http://www.arabheritage.org/bibliography.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009125716/http://arabheritage.org/bibliography.html |archive-date=2006-10-09 |website=Kawar Arab Heritage Collection}}</ref> *   *   == Duba kuma == * Tufafin Falasdinawa == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061010090126/http://www.arabheritage.org/ Gidan yanar gizon hukuma] * [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1931]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ry9iexynn7161u6vqm1u3mfkrqzfmnm 0 83022 818867 506177 2026-04-06T06:54:44Z BnHamid 12586 818867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Edinburg (ED-in-burg) birni ne, da kuma kujerar gundumar Hidalgo County, Texas, Amurka. Yawan jama'a ya kasance 100,243 a kididdigar 2020, kuma a cikin 2022, kididdigar yawanta ya kai 104,294, wanda ya sa ta zama birni na biyu mafi girma a gundumar Hidalgo, kuma birni na uku mafi girma a cikin babban yankin Rio Grande Valley.Edinburg wani yanki ne na McAllen-Edinburg-Mission da Reynosa-McAllen babban birni. Edinburg gida ne ga babban harabar Jami'ar Texas Rio Grande Valley. ==Tarihi== A cikin 1908, John Closner, William Briggs, Argyle McAllen, Plutarco de la Viña, da Dennis B. Chapin sun habaka sabuwar al'umma a wannan rukunin yanar gizon. Dandalin garin ya kasance a mararrabar hanyar US Highway 281 da Jiha Highway 107. An sanya wa garin suna "Chapin" don girmama daya daga cikin masu habakawa. Wani labari na cikin gida ya danganta Edinburg ya zama kujerar gundumar Hidalgo a cikin wani aiki mai ban mamaki, a boye na dare inda aka cire bayanan gundumomi daga kujerar gundumar da ta gabata. Koyaya, bayanan tarihi sun nuna karin dalilai masu amfani. Kotun Hidalgo County ta 1886 a cikin birnin Hidalgo na cikin hadarin ambaliya akai-akai saboda ya tsaya kadan kadan daga bankunan Rio Grande. Bugu da kari, gundumar ta wuce nisan mil 80 a wannan lokacin, kuma dokar jihar ta bukaci kotun ta kasance kusa da cibiyar yanki na yanki.An kera kuma an gina wani dakin shari'ar itace kusa da filin kotun Chapin a 1908; gini a kan babban kotuna a cikin filin da aka fara a cikin 1910 a karkashin kulawar maginan San Antonio da hadin gwiwar gine-ginen San Antonio.Lokacin da Dennis Chapin ya shiga cikin harbin Oscar J. Rountree a Dan Breen Saloon a San Antonio, al'ummar sun canza suna zuwa "Edinburg" don girmama John Young, wani fitaccen dan kasuwa wanda aka haifa a Edinburgh, Scotland. . An sake sunan garin bisa hukuma a cikin 1911 kuma an hada shi cikin 1919. Geography Edinburg yana cikin gundumar Hidalgo ta kudu a 26°18′15″N 98°9′50″W (26.304225, –98.163751). Yana da iyaka zuwa kudu ta Pharr kuma zuwa kudu maso yamma ta McAllen, birni mafi girma a cikin gundumar. Hanyar Amurka 281 (Interstate 69C) ta bi ta gefen gabashin Edinburg. US 281 tana kaiwa arewa mil 103 (kilomita 166) zuwa Alice da mil 229 (kilomita 369) zuwa San Antonio. Downtown McAllen yana da nisan mil 10 (kilomita 16) zuwa kudu da yamma. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ic3u1nnn4r243g8n8a625v9suawadw0 0 88471 818858 585014 2026-04-06T05:36:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:BHA v FC Nantes pre season 03 08 2018-252 (43135207984) (Viktor Gyökeres).jpg|thumb|Viktor Gyökeres]] [[Fayil:BHA v FC Nantes pre season 03 08 2018-10 (28915962047).jpg|thumb|Viktor Gyökeres a gaba]] '''Viktor Gyökeres''' (an haife shi ne 4 Yuni a shekarar 1998)<ref>"Premier League clubs publish retained lists"</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ulq1V8nasr4&t=15s</ref> ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Sweden wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba ga kulob ɗin Primeira Liga Sporting CP da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Sweden.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170907165714/https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2017/september/albion-agree-deal-for-swedish-youngster/</ref><ref>https://svenskfotboll.se/cuper-och-serier/svenska-cupen-herrar/slutspel/?scr=result&fmid=3617935</ref> Gyökeres ya fara taka leda tare da kungiyar Brommapojkarna ta Sweden a shekarar 2015, inda ya buga wasanni sama da hamsin kafin ya koma Brighton & Hove Albion shekaru uku bayan haka.<ref>https://www.fotbollskanalen.se/svenska-cupen-1/tv-18-aringen-skot-bp-till-stor-cupskrall-med-solomal/</ref> Gyökeres ya tafi aro zuwa kungiyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da St. Pauli, Swansea City da Coventry City, inda ya koma na dindindin a 2021.<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/cgj7lq6g38lo</ref> Sporting CP ta rattaba hannu a 2023 kan rikodin rikodin kulob din da ya kai Yuro miliyan 20. A kakar wasansa ta farko, ya taimaka musu wajen lashe kofin gasar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rr.sapo.pt/video/bola-branca/2024/03/06/na-pegada-de-gyokeres-em-estocolmo/380020/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-12-03 |archive-date=2024-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311152408/https://rr.sapo.pt/video/bola-branca/2024/03/06/na-pegada-de-gyokeres-em-estocolmo/380020/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kuma lashe Bola de Prata saboda kasancewarsa wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar Premier da kwallaye 29 a wasanni 33, da kuma kyautar gwarzon dan wasa na shekara. == Rayuwarsa == Gyökeres dan Hungarian ne ta wurin kakansa. Gyökeres ya kasance cikin dogon lokaci tare da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa Amanda Nildén. Su biyun sun hadu da juna a lokacin da suke samari suna taka leda a IF Brommapojkarna a cikin unguwannin Stockholm.[93] Bayan canja wurin Gyökeres zuwa Brighton a cikin 2018, Nildén ya koma Ingila tare da shi kuma ya burge sosai don samun gurbi a cikin ƙungiyar matan kulob din.A cikin Janairu 2024, an bayyana cewa yana ci gaba da dangantaka da 'yar wasan Portugal Inês Aguiar. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1998]] 99nzj3tutbdhpdmxp0ixzj8r59qph66 0 92869 818967 608303 2026-04-06T11:51:22Z ~2026-21252-32 43734 818967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = Redfoo | image = LMFAO, 2011.jpg | caption = Redfoo a shekarar 2011. | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Stefan Kendal Gordy | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|9|3}} | birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], [[Amurka]] | origin = Amurka | genre = [[Hip hop]], [[rap]], [[EDM]], house, pop, dance | occupation = Mawaƙi, mai shirya waƙa, ɗan rawa, DJ | instrument = Murya, keytar, ganga, piano, guitar, synthesizer | years_active = 1993–zuwa yau | label = Party Rock, Will.i.am Music, Cherrytree, Interscope, Bubonic | associated_acts = [[LMFAO]], RFDK }} '''Stefan Kendal Gordy''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Satumba, 1975), wanda aka fi sani da sunan sa na dandalin waka '''Redfoo''', mawaƙin [[Amurka]] ne, mai shirya waƙoƙi, ɗan rawa, kuma DJ. A shekarar 2006, ya kafa ƙungiyar [[LMFAO]] tare da ɗan uwansa [[SkyBlu]] (Skyler Austen Gordy). Sun saki faya-fayai guda biyu kafin su rabu a shekarar 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=5eg34g67aPQC&pg=PT13&lpg=PT13&dq=lmfao+2006&source=bl&ots=Jiozhr48Ou&sig=ACfU3U0wsbZC0xKegPtBEH6GquWavhuR4Q&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjj_925nKrpAhVDKewKHfXiAIYQ6AEwB3oECAIQAQ#v=onepage&q=lmfao%202006&f=false|title=LMFAO 2006}}</ref> Shi ne ɗan ƙarami ga wanda ya kafa [[Motown Records]], wato [[Berry Gordy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lmfao-berry-gordy-father-amas-264393|title=LMFAO Berry Gordy Father AMAs}}</ref> Mujallar "Focus On" ta sanya Redfoo a cikin jerin mawaƙan dance 100 da suka fi shahara a tarihin Amurka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=Hs5CDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4153&lpg=PA4153&dq=ahmad+album+redfoo&source=bl&ots=Cd6Tbp6b32&sig=ACfU3U3dBKdyEYsAXw1FHOGbdDKsqXg0-w&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP4cy5jarpAhWuyqYKHecpDFwQ6AEwA3oECAQQAQ#v=onepage&q=ahmad%20album%20redfoo&f=false|title=Ahmad album Redfoo}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Redfoo a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 1975, ga Berry Gordy, wanda ya kafa kamfanin Motown, da kuma Nancy Leiviska. Ya yi makarantar sakandare tare da [[will.i.am]] da [[GoonRock]]. Ya kammala karatunsa a Palisades Charter High School a Los Angeles a 1995. Aikin waƙarsa ya samu tasiri sosai daga mahaifinsa da mahaifiyarsa. Tun yana yaro yana yawan zuwa kallo a wurin wasannin manyan mawaƙa. A fagen waƙa, waɗanda suka fi burge shi su ne [[Michael Jackson]] da [[Diana Ross]]. Duk da kasuwancin iyalinsa, abin da ya fi ba wa muhimmanci shi ne wasan [[tennis]], amma da ya ji rauni a hannunsa, ya fara ɗaukar waƙa da muhimmanci tun yana ɗan shekara 16. Ya shiga gasar US Open a 2012 da Australian Open a 2013. Ya fara soyayya da 'yar wasan tennis [[Viktoria Azarenka]] a 2012, amma sun rabu a 2014. Yana da kamfanin tufafi na Party Rock kuma yana daukar nauyin gasar Party Rock Open. == Sana'ar Waƙa == === 1993-2005: Farkon farawa da Balance Beam === A shekarar 1993, Redfoo ya shirya waƙar "Back in the Day" don mawaƙi Ahmad, wacce ta samu kyautar zinare daga RIAA a shekarar 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Ahmad&ti=Back+in+the+Day#search_section|title=RIAA Gold Platinum}}</ref> A shekarar 1996 ya kulla yarjejeniya da Bubanic Records kuma ya yi aiki tare da Dre' Kroom a kundi na farko mai suna ''Balance Beam'', wanda aka saki a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/balance-beam-mw0000067779|title=Balance Beam}}</ref> A shekarar 1998, ya yi aiki a waƙar ''Duet'' ta [[The Black Eyed Peas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/song/duet-mt0003392288|title=Duet}}</ref> === 2006-2012: LMFAO === Redfoo ya kafa ƙungiyar electropop LMFAO da ɗan uwansa SkyBlu a 2006. Bayan sun yi waƙoƙin gwaji, will.i.am ya haɗa su da shugaban Interscope Jimmy Iovine. Suka saki kundi na farko ''Party Rock'' a ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2009. Waƙarsu ta farko ''I'm in Miami Bitch'' ta samu karɓuwa sosai. A shekarar 2011, sun saki "[[Party Rock Anthem]]" wacce ta zama waƙarsu mafi shahara a duniya, ta sayar da kofi sama da miliyan 10 a Amurka kawai. Daga baya suka saki waƙoƙi kamar "Champagne Showers" da "[[Sexy and I Know It]]". A ranar 21 ga Satumba, 2012, LMFAO sun ba da sanarwar rabuwa don mayar da hankali kan ayyukan kansu. === 2012-2016: Aikin shi kaɗai === A watan Disamba na 2012, Redfoo ya saki waƙarsa ta farko "Bring Out the Bottles". A 2013 ya saki "Let's Get Ridiculous", wacce ta kai lamba daya a Ostiraliya. Ya kasance alƙali a gasar The X Factor a Ostiraliya a 2013. A shekarar 2014, ya saki "New Thang", wacce ta samu farin jini sosai har a TikTok a 2020. Ya kuma saki kundi na ''Party Rock Mansion'' a 2016. === 2017-zuwa yau: Hutun waƙa === Bayan kundi na Party Rock Mansion, Redfoo ya saki "Brand New Day" a 2017 da "Everything I Need" a 2018. A shekarar 2023, bayan hutun shekaru biyar, ya saki sabuwar waƙa mai suna "Long Live Party Rock". == Kundin Waƙoƙi (Albums) == {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| Suna ! scope="col"| Bayani |- | ''Ahmad'' (A matsayin mai shirya waƙa) | * Shekara: 1994 * Kamfani: Bubonic Records |- | ''Balance Beam'' | * Shekara: 1997 * Kamfani: Bulbonic Records |- | ''Party Rock'' (LMFAO) | * Shekara: 2009 * Kamfani: Interscope |- | ''Sorry for Party Rocking'' (LMFAO) | * Shekara: 2011 * Kamfani: Interscope |- | ''Party Rock Mansion'' | * Shekara: 2016 * Kamfani: Party Rock Records |} == Fina-finai da Talabijin == === Fina-finai === * ''Very Heavy Love'' (2001) * ''Potheads: The Movie'' (2006) * ''Last Vegas'' (2013) * ''Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Road Chip'' (2015) * ''Tattooed Love'' (2015) * ''Deported'' (2020) === Talabijin === * ''David's Vlog'' – shirin talabijin (2016) == Waƙoƙin Fina-finai == Wasu daga cikin fina-finan da aka yi amfani da waƙoƙin sa: * ''Step Up 3D'' (2010) da waƙar ''Shooting Star'' * ''Project X'' (2012) da waƙar ''Outta Your Mind'' * ''21 Jump Street'' (2012) da waƙar ''Party Rock Anthem'' * ''American Reunion'' (2012) da waƙar ''Sexy and I Know It'' * ''Hotel Transylvania'' (2012) da waƙar ''Sexy and I Know It'' * ''Last Vegas'' (2013) da waƙar ''Party Rock Anthem'' == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category:Mawaƙan Amurka]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Gordy family]] Ma hzwsy9wbj24t4a3vruqbvw1xbtyjl4w 0 93066 818781 586534 2026-04-05T19:06:44Z Saudarh2 14842 818781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Agnes Arber''' FRS (née Robertson; An haife ta 23 Fabrairu 1879 - 22 Maris 1960) ta kasance masanin ilimin shuke-shuke na Birtaniya kuma masanin ilimin jikin mutum, masanin tarihin botany kuma masanin falsafa na ilmin halitta. An haife ta ne a Landan amma ta rayu mafi yawan rayuwarta a Cambridge, gami da shekaru 51 da suka gabata na rayuwarta. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society (21 Maris 1946, tana da shekaru 67) kuma mace ta uku gaba ɗaya. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta karbi lambar yabo ta zinare ta Linnean Society na London Binciken kimiyya ta mayar da hankali kan ƙungiyar monocotyledon na tsire-tsire masu fure. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban nazarin ilimin halittu a cikin botany a farkon karni na 20. Ayyukanta na baya sun mayar da hankali kan batun falsafar a cikin botany, musamman kan yanayin binciken halittu. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Agnes Robertson a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 1879 a Primrose Hill, London.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Ita ce 'yar farko ta Henry Robert Robertson, mai zane, da Agnes Lucy Turner, kuma tana da' yan uwanta uku, Donald Struan Robertson (wanda daga baya ya zama Regius Farfesa na Girkanci a Jami'ar Cambridge), Janet Robertson, wanda daga baya yafuuka mai zane-zane, da Margaret Robertson (mai suna Hills), wanda ya kasance sanannen mai ba da izini kuma ɗan siyasa na gida. Mahaifinta ya ba ta darussan zane na yau da kullun a lokacin yarinta, wanda daga baya ya ba ta ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don kwatanta wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da kanta. A lokacin da yake da shekaru takwas Robertson ya fara halartar Makarantar Kwalejin Arewacin London da Frances Buss ta kafa kuma ke gudanarwa, daya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan ilimin 'yan mata. A karkashin jagorancin malamin kimiyya na makarantar Edith Aitken, Robertson ta gano sha'awar ilimin shuke-shuke, ta buga bincikenta na farko a 1894 a cikin mujallar makarantar kuma daga baya ta zo na farko a cikin jarrabawar ilimin shuke'a ta makarantar, ta lashe tallafin karatu. A nan ne Robertson ya fara saduwa da Ethel Sargant, masanin ilimin shuke-shuke wanda ke ba da gabatarwa na yau da kullun ga kulob din kimiyya na makaranta. Sargant daga baya za ta zama mai ba da shawara da abokin aiki, tana da tasiri sosai a kan abubuwan da Arber ke sha'awa da hanyoyin da yake da su.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1897, Robertson ta fara karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar, London, inda ta sami BSc a shekara ta 1899. Bayan samun tallafin karatu na shiga Arber ya zama memba na Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge kuma ya kara digiri a Kimiyya ta Halitta. Ta sami sakamakon aji na farko a kowane jarrabawa a jami'o'in biyu, tare da kyaututtuka da lambobin yabo da yawa daga Kwalejin Jami'ar, London. Bayan kammala karatunta na Cambridge a 1902 Robertson ta yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje mai zaman kansa na Ethel Sargant na shekara guda, kafin ta koma Kwalejin Jami'ar, London a matsayin mai riƙe da Quain Studentship a Biology. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Science a 1905.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Robertson ya sadu da Edward Alexander Newell Arber (1870-1918) yayin da yake karatu a Kwalejin Newnham . Sun yi aure a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, 1909 kuma suka koma Cambridge, inda za ta kasance har tsawon rayuwarta. An haifi ɗanta kaɗai, Muriel Agnes Arber, a 1913, ta zama masanin ilimin ƙasa, kuma ta mutu a shekara ta 2004. {{Sfn|Friend|2012}} Arber da mijinta suna da sha'awa da yawa, kuma an bayyana aurenta a matsayin 'mai farin ciki'. An ba Arber kyautar Bincike daga Kwalejin Newnham a 1912 kuma ta buga littafinta na farko ''[[doi:10.5962/bhl.title.31068|Herbals, asalin su da juyin halitta]]'' a wannan shekarar. Mijinta Newall Arber ya mutu a shekara ta 1918 bayan wani lokaci na rashin lafiya. Arber ba ta sake yin aure ba, amma ta ci gaba da bincikenta. Ta yi karatu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Balfour Biological Laboratory for Women daga aurenta har zuwa rufe dakin gwaje'a a 1927. Arber ta ci gaba da wani karamin dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin ɗakin baya na gidanta daga wannan lokacin har sai da ta daina yin bincike a kan benci a cikin 1940s kuma ta juya zuwa nazarin falsafa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} == Mutuwa == Agnes Arber ta mutu a ranar 22 ga Maris 1960, tana da shekaru 81, kuma an binne ta a cocin St Andrew, Girton . {{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} == Ayyukan kimiyya == Kafin halartar Kwalejin Jami'ar, London Arber ta shafe lokacin rani na 1897 tana aiki tare da Ethel Sargant a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na sirri a Reigate, inda Sargant ta umurce ta da microtechniques da aka yi amfani da su don shirya samfurori na shuka don gwajin microscopic.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Arber ta koma aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Sargant aƙalla sau ɗaya a lokacin hutun bazara yayin da take karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar London. Sargant ta yi amfani da Arber tsakanin 1902 da 1903 a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike da ke aiki a kan tsarin shuke-shuke, a lokacin da a 1903 ta buga takarda ta farko 'Notes on the anatomy of ''Macrozamia heteromera''' a cikin Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society . Yayinda yake a Kwalejin Jami'ar London Arber ya gudanar da bincike kan rukunin tsire-tsire na gymnosperm, yana samar da takardu da yawa game da yanayin su da jikin su. Nazarin da falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke za su zama babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga aikinta na baya. === Gidan gwaje-gwaje na Balfour, Cambridge === A cikin 1909 an ba Arber sarari a cikin Laboratory na Balfour don Mata ta Kwalejin Newnham. Kwalejin mata biyu na jami'ar sun sayi wannan ginin kuma sun kafa shi a 1884 don amfani da ɗaliban su da masu bincike (mata a wannan lokacin ba a ba su izinin halartar zanga-zangar dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma azuzuwan aiki). Arber ya yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe shi a 1927. [[Fayil:Photo_of_Agnes_Arber_1911.png|alt=Photograph of a woman sitting and reading a newspaper|thumb|Hoton Arber a cikin 1911]] Bayan bayar da kyautar Bincike ta Kwalejin Newnham tsakanin 1912 da 1913 Arber ta buga littafinta na farko a 1912. ''Herbals, asalin su da juyin halitta'' sun bayyana canjin Herbals da aka buga tsakanin 1470 da 1670. Arber ya danganta fitowar da ci gaban botany a matsayin horo a cikin Tarihin halitta tare da juyin halitta na bayanin shuke-shuke, rarrabuwa da ganewa da aka gani a cikin Herbals a wannan lokacin. Arber ta sami damar tuntuɓar babban tarin Herbals da aka buga a cikin ɗakin karatu na Makarantar Botany a Cambridge a matsayin wani ɓangare na bincikenta don wannan aikin. An sake rubuta shi kuma an faɗaɗa shi don fitowar ta biyu da aka buga a 1938, an buga shi a matsayin fitowar ta uku a 1986 kuma har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa aiki ne na tarihin Herbals.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} [[Fayil:Image_of_Limnathemum_from_Water_Plants_A_Study_of_Aquatic_Angiosperms.png|alt=Botanical illustrations of a plant|thumb|Hoton Limnathemum daga Tsire-tsire na Ruwa Nazarin Angiosperms na Ruwa ta Agnes Arber]] Arber ta mayar da hankali ga bincikenta kan jikin mutum da yanayin jinsin tsire-tsire, wanda Ethel Sargant ya gabatar da ita.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1920 ta rubuta littattafai biyu da wasu wallafe-wallafe 94. Littafinta na biyu Water Plants: A Study of Aquatic Angiosperms an buga shi a shekarar 1920. A cikin wannan littafin Arber ya gabatar da nazarin kwatankwacin Tsire-tsire na ruwa ta hanyar nazarin bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin su. Arber kuma tana ba da fassarori game da ka'idodin da ta yi amfani da su don ƙirƙirar bincikenta. Nazarinta shine na farko da ya samar da cikakken bayani da fassarar tsire-tsire na ruwa. Ta kasance mai zane-zane mai kyau kuma sau da yawa tana kwatanta littattafanta kanta; ta zana kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na zane-zane a cikin ''Shuke-shuke na Ruwa.''{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A cikin 1921, "tsarin tsire-tsire" ya hana Arber shugabancin 1921 na Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don ci gaban kimiyya (BAAS) 'sashen Botany (Sashe na K). Frederick Orpen Bower ne ya fara wannan tsari, bisa ga cewa Arber bai kamata ya bi Saunders nan da nan a matsayin shugaban kasa ba saboda duka mata ne daga Cambridge kuma akwai wasu manyan maza masu ilimin shuke-shuke don shugabancin. Wannan ya nuna rashin jin daɗi ga Arber ba kawai a matsayin mace mai ilimin shuke-shuke ba har ma a matsayin masanin shuke-huke na Cambridge. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa Edinburgh (inda aka gudanar da taron) "yana da 'yancin yin tsammanin fiye da wannan... Don neman Balfour [na Edinburgh] ya zauna a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin Mrs. Arber abin ba'a ne!" Albert Seward ya sadu da Arber, wanda ya janye takararsa kuma ya yi murabus a matsayin sakataren BAAS.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A cikin 1925 Arber ta buga littafinta na uku The ''Monocotyledons'' . Editocin ''Jerin Littattafan Botanical na Cambridge'' sun tambayi Ethel Sargant a cikin 1910 don shirya ƙarar a kan monocots don wannan jerin. Koyaya rashin lafiya da ci gaba shekaru sun sa Sargant ya kusan ba zai yiwu ba ya kammala littafin, kuma a cikin 1918 ta ba da shawarar Arber ya kammala aikin. ''Monocotyledons'' ya ci gaba da hanyoyin nazarin Arber da ta gabatar a cikin ''Shuke-shuke na Ruwa''. Ta ba da cikakken nazarin tsire-tsire na monocot daga kwatanta jikin su na ciki da na waje. Koyaya tattaunawarta game da ka'idodin da take amfani da su a cikin bincikenta sun fi bayyane a cikin wannan ƙarar, yayin da take tattauna hanyoyin da falsafar nazarin morphological. Kodayake nazarin jikin mutum kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin ''Monocotyledons'' da Water Plants: Nazarin Angiosperms na Aquatic ya kasance tsakiya ga binciken botanical a farkon karni na 20, akwai bambance-bambance daban-daban tsakanin masu binciken Burtaniya da Turai game da manufofin binciken morphological. Arber ta magance wannan ta hanyar ƙirƙirar bambanci tsakanin "tsarkakewa" da "amfani" yanayin, tare da aikinta yana mai da hankali kan kwatankwacin jikin mutum don bincika tambayoyin da suka shafi batutuwa masu mahimmanci kamar gina phylogenies, maimakon amfani da ra'ayoyin gargajiya na tsarin shuka.<ref name="Hanshaw" /> Wannan ra'ayi ya ci gaba da bunkasa a cikin aikinta na baya. === Ayyukan da suka biyo baya === Bayan rufewar 1927 na dakin gwaje-gwaje na Balfour Arber ta kafa wani karamin dakin gwaje'a a cikin ɗakin baya na gidanta don gudanar da bincikenta, bayan shugaban mazaunin Makarantar Botany Farfesa Albert Seward ya yi iƙirarin cewa babu sarari a Makarantar don Arber don ci gaba da bincikenta ta amfani da kayan aikinta. An gabatar da Arber ga ra'ayin bincike mai zaman kansa daga lokacin da ta yi tare da Ethel Sargant a cikin 1902-1903, kuma daga maganganun da suka biyo baya ga membobin kungiyar Girton College Natural Sciences kuma a cikin wasiƙu ga abokai ta bayyana cewa tana son yin aiki a gida saboda ƙalubalen da bincike mai zaman kanta ta kawo, duk da cewa ba ta fara zabar kanta ba.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Bayan wallafa The ''Monocotyledons'' Arber ta ci gaba da bincikenta a cikin wannan rukuni, ta mai da hankali ga bincikenta a kan iyalin Gramineae na shuke-shuke, musamman hatsi, ciyawa da bamboo. Wannan ya haifar da buga littafinta na ƙarshe game da yanayin shuke-shuke, The ''Gramineae'' a 1934. A cikin wannan littafin Arber ya bayyana sake zagayowar rayuwa, embryology da sake zagayowan haihuwa da kayan lambu na [[Grasses|kitse]]="Cereals">hatsi, ciyawa da bamboo ta amfani da nazarin jikin mutum na waɗannan tsire-tsire. Da yake fahimtar muhimmancin waɗannan tsire-tsire ga ci gaban al'ummomin ɗan adam, Arber ya fara wannan binciken tare da tarihin waɗannan tsire'o'in dangane da mutane, tare da "mafi tsananin fasalin tsire-shuke ana bi da shi kamar yadda yake tasowa daga ɗan adam". Littafin ya riga ya wuce takardu 10 a cikin Annals of Botany wanda ke ba da cikakken bayani game da sakamakon bincikenta. Tsakanin 1930 da 1942 Arber ta gudanar da bincike game da tsarin furanni, inda ta bincika tsarin siffofi daban-daban kuma ta yi amfani da bayanan morphological don fassara wasu tsarin furanni. An buga sakamakon ta a cikin takardu 10 na bita da suka shafi wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 1937 ta wallafa taƙaitaccen ra'ayoyin morphological wanda aka tattauna game da tsarin furanni, wanda aka dauka a matsayin muhimmiyar labarin bita don nazarin morphological. A watan Janairun 1942 Arber ta buga takarda ta ƙarshe da ta shafi binciken botanical na asali. Dukkanin wallafe-wallafen da ta biyo baya sun damu da batutuwan tarihi da falsafa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} [https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/] == Nazarin falsafa == A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu Arber ta sami wahalar kula da ƙaramin dakin gwaje-gwaje, saboda matsalolin kiwon lafiya da kayan aiki sun zama da wuya a samu.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Bugu da ƙari, ba ta yi imani da cewa "yana da kyau ga maƙwabtanta" don samun kayan dakin gwaje-gwaje masu cin wuta a gidanta yayin da akwai haɗarin fashewar bam a lokacin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Wannan ya haifar da shawarar da ta yanke na dakatar da yin aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma mayar da hankali kan batutuwan falsafa da tarihi. Arber ya wallafa aiki a kan masana kimiyyar tarihi, gami da kwatanta tsakanin Nehemiah Grew da Marcello Malpighi a 1942, John Ray a 1943 da Sir Joseph Banks a 1945.<ref name="Flannery">Flannery, M {{Cite web |title=Arber |url=http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=17 February 2010}} 'The Many Sides of Agnes Arber'</ref> An gabatar da Arber ga aikin [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] yayin da yake makaranta kuma ya kasance yana sha'awar ra'ayoyinsa game da [[botany]]. A shekara ta 1946 ta buga Goethe's Botany, fassarar Goethe'tti's Metamorphosis of Plants (1790) da Georg Christoph Tobler's (1757-1812) Die Natur tare da gabatarwa da fassarar matani. The Natural Philosophy of Plant Form, wanda aka buga a 1950 an dauke shi mafi mahimmancin littattafan Arber. An bayyana shi a matsayin "bincike na shekaru dubu biyu na al'adar halittu".<ref name="DeBakcsy">{{Cite web |last=DeBakcsy |first=Dale |date=October 17, 2018 |title=Bringing Teleology Back: Agnes Arber's Neo-Aristotelian Plant Morphology |url=https://womenyoushouldknow.net/bringing-teleology-back-agnes-arbers-neo-aristotelian-plant-morphology/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109234558/https://womenyoushouldknow.net/bringing-teleology-back-agnes-arbers-neo-aristotelian-plant-morphology/ |archive-date=9 November 2018 |access-date=9 November 2018 |website=Women You Should Know}}</ref> Arber ya tattauna hanyoyin da ke bayan samar da ra'ayi daga bincike kuma ya bincika falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke. Arber yana amfani da wannan don bincika tsarin tsire-tsire masu fure, kuma yana ba da shawarar ka'idar tsire-shire na ganye. Dangane da wannan ka'idar, kowane bangare na shuka harbi ne ko harbi na ɓangare. Bishiyoyi ne na ɓangaren da ke nuna raguwar ƙarfin girma. Ta ambaci cewa: "shafi ne mai ɗan gajeren lokaci, yana nuna sha'awar zama harbi gaba ɗaya, amma ba a taɓa cimma wannan burin ba, tunda daidaituwa ta radial da ƙarfin ci gaban apical suna fama da hanawa". Haɗakarwar ganye da harbi sun samo asali ne daga [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], wanda ya fara bayyana ganye masu fili a matsayin "rassan gaskiya, wanda buds ba zai iya bunkasa ba, tunda tsutsa na yau da kullun yana da rauni sosai". Ga Arber, ganyen fili sune tarin ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan. Shaidar ci gaban kwayar halitta ta baya-bayan nan ta goyi bayan fannoni na ka'idar harbi ta ganye, musamman ma a yanayin ganye. Nazarinta a kan falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke ya kai ta ga ɗaukar ra'ayi mai zurfi game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin kimiyya da falsafar. The Mind and the Eye: A Biologist's Standpoint da aka buga a 1954 ya ba da gabatarwa ga binciken halittu kuma ya haɓaka hanyar yin wannan binciken. Arber ya bayyana bincike kamar yadda yake faruwa a matakai shida: gano batun bincike ko batun; tattara bayanai ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje ko kallo; fassarar bayanan; gwada ingancin fassarar; sadarwa da sakamakon; da kuma la'akari da bincike a cikin mahallin. Ga Arber, mahallin ya haɗa da fassara sakamakon dangane da tarihi da falsafar kuma ya rufe rabin littafin. Littafin Arber ya bambanta da cewa an rubuta shi kafin Thomas Kuhn ya nuna cewa ra'ayoyin masanin kimiyya suna rinjayar ra'ayoyi na wasu a fagen su kuma kafin sukar Ernst Mayr na bayyana falsafar ilmin halitta kamar yadda falsafar kimiyyar lissafi ta kasance.<ref name="Flannery">Flannery, M {{Cite web |title=Arber |url=http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=17 February 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm "Arber"]. Archived from [http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm the original] on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite> 'The Many Sides of Agnes Arber'</ref> Littafinta na karshe, The Manifold and the One da aka buga a shekara ta 1957 ya damu da tambayoyin falsafa da suka fi girma. Littafin bincike ne mai zurfi da haɗin kai, wanda ya samo asali ne daga al'adun wallafe-wallafen, kimiyya, addini, asiri da falsafar falsafar, wanda ya haɗa da falsafar Buddha, Hindu da Taoist tare da falsafar Turai., a cikin neman tattaunawa game da kwarewar asiri wanda Arber ya bayyana a matsayin "wannan tunani kai tsaye da ba a shiga tsakani ba wanda ke nunawa da kyakkyawar fahimta game da Dukan abubuwa a matsayin Haɗin kan dukkan abubuwa". == Karramawa da kyaututtuka == A shekara ta 1921 ta karɓi matsayin shekara-shekara a matsayin shugabar sashen botany na Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don Ci gaban Kimiyya, bayan Edith Saunders a shekarar da ta gabata, amma nan da nan ta yi murabus bayan wasu mambobi sun nuna cewa ba sa son shugaban mata biyu a jere. Lokacin da aka sake miƙa ta shugabancin a 1926, ba ta yarda ba.<ref name="BluePlaque">{{Cite web |title=Arber, Agnes (1879-1960) |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=English Heritage}}</ref> [[Fayil:Agnes_Arber_plaque.jpg|alt=blue circular plaque reading "Agnes Arber née Robertson 1879-1960 lived here 1890-1909." At the top it reads "English Heritage"|thumb|Alamar a <dfn>9 Elsworthy Terrace</dfn>, Primrose Hill, London]] A shekara ta 1946 an zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society . Ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara ilimin shuke-shuke kuma mace ta uku da ta karbi wannan girmamawa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1948 an ba ta lambar yabo ta zinare ta Linnean Society na London . == Kyauta == A watan Fabrairun 1961, Muriel Arber ta ba da gudummawar wasu kayan mahaifiyarta ga Cibiyar Hunt don Takaddun Botanical.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} An shigar da Blue Plaque a gidan yarinta (9 Elsworthy Terrace, Primrose Hill, London) a cikin 2018.<ref name="BluePlaque">{{Cite web |title=Arber, Agnes (1879-1960) |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=English Heritage}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ "Arber, Agnes (1879-1960)"]. ''English Heritage''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ Archived] from the original on 6 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2024 an haɗa daya da gidanta na Cambridge inda ta kuma gudanar da yawancin bincikenta.<ref name="BBC2024">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai wani nau'in gin mai suna don girmama ta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agnes Arber Gin |url=https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218233022/https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/ |archive-date=18 December 2021 |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, an kirkiro sabon kyautar rubutun PhD na Agnes Arber a fannin ilmin halitta a Jami'ar Cambridge. Farfesa Sam Brockington, na Jami'ar Cambridge Botanic Gardens, ya ce yana fatan kyautar "za ta goyi bayan ƙarni na gaba na masu ilimin shuke-shuke, suna bin sawun Agnes".<ref name="BBC2024">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/ "Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize"]. 29 May 2024.</cite></ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa ==   == Dubi kuma == * Dorothea Pertz, wanda Agnes Arber ta rubuta masa labarin mutuwarsa == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Agnes Arber}} * Works by Agnes ArberaShirin Gutenberg * Ayyuka ta ko game daAgnes ArberaTushen Wikisource {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Mata]] [[Rukuni:Fassara]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 99u840fytil8zdlsoanbv64jdefsrcz 818782 818781 2026-04-05T19:07:04Z Saudarh2 14842 818782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Agnes Arber''' FRS (née Robertson; An haife ta 23 ga watan Fabrairu 1879 - 22 Maris 1960) ta kasance masanin ilimin shuke-shuke na Birtaniya kuma masanin ilimin jikin mutum, masanin tarihin botany kuma masanin falsafa na ilmin halitta. An haife ta ne a Landan amma ta rayu mafi yawan rayuwarta a Cambridge, gami da shekaru 51 da suka gabata na rayuwarta. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society (21 Maris 1946, tana da shekaru 67) kuma mace ta uku gaba ɗaya. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta karbi lambar yabo ta zinare ta Linnean Society na London Binciken kimiyya ta mayar da hankali kan ƙungiyar monocotyledon na tsire-tsire masu fure. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban nazarin ilimin halittu a cikin botany a farkon karni na 20. Ayyukanta na baya sun mayar da hankali kan batun falsafar a cikin botany, musamman kan yanayin binciken halittu. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Agnes Robertson a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 1879 a Primrose Hill, London.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Ita ce 'yar farko ta Henry Robert Robertson, mai zane, da Agnes Lucy Turner, kuma tana da' yan uwanta uku, Donald Struan Robertson (wanda daga baya ya zama Regius Farfesa na Girkanci a Jami'ar Cambridge), Janet Robertson, wanda daga baya yafuuka mai zane-zane, da Margaret Robertson (mai suna Hills), wanda ya kasance sanannen mai ba da izini kuma ɗan siyasa na gida. Mahaifinta ya ba ta darussan zane na yau da kullun a lokacin yarinta, wanda daga baya ya ba ta ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don kwatanta wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da kanta. A lokacin da yake da shekaru takwas Robertson ya fara halartar Makarantar Kwalejin Arewacin London da Frances Buss ta kafa kuma ke gudanarwa, daya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan ilimin 'yan mata. A karkashin jagorancin malamin kimiyya na makarantar Edith Aitken, Robertson ta gano sha'awar ilimin shuke-shuke, ta buga bincikenta na farko a 1894 a cikin mujallar makarantar kuma daga baya ta zo na farko a cikin jarrabawar ilimin shuke'a ta makarantar, ta lashe tallafin karatu. A nan ne Robertson ya fara saduwa da Ethel Sargant, masanin ilimin shuke-shuke wanda ke ba da gabatarwa na yau da kullun ga kulob din kimiyya na makaranta. Sargant daga baya za ta zama mai ba da shawara da abokin aiki, tana da tasiri sosai a kan abubuwan da Arber ke sha'awa da hanyoyin da yake da su.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1897, Robertson ta fara karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar, London, inda ta sami BSc a shekara ta 1899. Bayan samun tallafin karatu na shiga Arber ya zama memba na Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge kuma ya kara digiri a Kimiyya ta Halitta. Ta sami sakamakon aji na farko a kowane jarrabawa a jami'o'in biyu, tare da kyaututtuka da lambobin yabo da yawa daga Kwalejin Jami'ar, London. Bayan kammala karatunta na Cambridge a 1902 Robertson ta yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje mai zaman kansa na Ethel Sargant na shekara guda, kafin ta koma Kwalejin Jami'ar, London a matsayin mai riƙe da Quain Studentship a Biology. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Science a 1905.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Robertson ya sadu da Edward Alexander Newell Arber (1870-1918) yayin da yake karatu a Kwalejin Newnham . Sun yi aure a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, 1909 kuma suka koma Cambridge, inda za ta kasance har tsawon rayuwarta. An haifi ɗanta kaɗai, Muriel Agnes Arber, a 1913, ta zama masanin ilimin ƙasa, kuma ta mutu a shekara ta 2004. {{Sfn|Friend|2012}} Arber da mijinta suna da sha'awa da yawa, kuma an bayyana aurenta a matsayin 'mai farin ciki'. An ba Arber kyautar Bincike daga Kwalejin Newnham a 1912 kuma ta buga littafinta na farko ''[[doi:10.5962/bhl.title.31068|Herbals, asalin su da juyin halitta]]'' a wannan shekarar. Mijinta Newall Arber ya mutu a shekara ta 1918 bayan wani lokaci na rashin lafiya. Arber ba ta sake yin aure ba, amma ta ci gaba da bincikenta. Ta yi karatu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Balfour Biological Laboratory for Women daga aurenta har zuwa rufe dakin gwaje'a a 1927. Arber ta ci gaba da wani karamin dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin ɗakin baya na gidanta daga wannan lokacin har sai da ta daina yin bincike a kan benci a cikin 1940s kuma ta juya zuwa nazarin falsafa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} == Mutuwa == Agnes Arber ta mutu a ranar 22 ga Maris 1960, tana da shekaru 81, kuma an binne ta a cocin St Andrew, Girton . {{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} == Ayyukan kimiyya == Kafin halartar Kwalejin Jami'ar, London Arber ta shafe lokacin rani na 1897 tana aiki tare da Ethel Sargant a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na sirri a Reigate, inda Sargant ta umurce ta da microtechniques da aka yi amfani da su don shirya samfurori na shuka don gwajin microscopic.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Arber ta koma aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Sargant aƙalla sau ɗaya a lokacin hutun bazara yayin da take karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar London. Sargant ta yi amfani da Arber tsakanin 1902 da 1903 a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike da ke aiki a kan tsarin shuke-shuke, a lokacin da a 1903 ta buga takarda ta farko 'Notes on the anatomy of ''Macrozamia heteromera''' a cikin Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society . Yayinda yake a Kwalejin Jami'ar London Arber ya gudanar da bincike kan rukunin tsire-tsire na gymnosperm, yana samar da takardu da yawa game da yanayin su da jikin su. Nazarin da falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke za su zama babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga aikinta na baya. === Gidan gwaje-gwaje na Balfour, Cambridge === A cikin 1909 an ba Arber sarari a cikin Laboratory na Balfour don Mata ta Kwalejin Newnham. Kwalejin mata biyu na jami'ar sun sayi wannan ginin kuma sun kafa shi a 1884 don amfani da ɗaliban su da masu bincike (mata a wannan lokacin ba a ba su izinin halartar zanga-zangar dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma azuzuwan aiki). Arber ya yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe shi a 1927. [[Fayil:Photo_of_Agnes_Arber_1911.png|alt=Photograph of a woman sitting and reading a newspaper|thumb|Hoton Arber a cikin 1911]] Bayan bayar da kyautar Bincike ta Kwalejin Newnham tsakanin 1912 da 1913 Arber ta buga littafinta na farko a 1912. ''Herbals, asalin su da juyin halitta'' sun bayyana canjin Herbals da aka buga tsakanin 1470 da 1670. Arber ya danganta fitowar da ci gaban botany a matsayin horo a cikin Tarihin halitta tare da juyin halitta na bayanin shuke-shuke, rarrabuwa da ganewa da aka gani a cikin Herbals a wannan lokacin. Arber ta sami damar tuntuɓar babban tarin Herbals da aka buga a cikin ɗakin karatu na Makarantar Botany a Cambridge a matsayin wani ɓangare na bincikenta don wannan aikin. An sake rubuta shi kuma an faɗaɗa shi don fitowar ta biyu da aka buga a 1938, an buga shi a matsayin fitowar ta uku a 1986 kuma har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa aiki ne na tarihin Herbals.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} [[Fayil:Image_of_Limnathemum_from_Water_Plants_A_Study_of_Aquatic_Angiosperms.png|alt=Botanical illustrations of a plant|thumb|Hoton Limnathemum daga Tsire-tsire na Ruwa Nazarin Angiosperms na Ruwa ta Agnes Arber]] Arber ta mayar da hankali ga bincikenta kan jikin mutum da yanayin jinsin tsire-tsire, wanda Ethel Sargant ya gabatar da ita.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1920 ta rubuta littattafai biyu da wasu wallafe-wallafe 94. Littafinta na biyu Water Plants: A Study of Aquatic Angiosperms an buga shi a shekarar 1920. A cikin wannan littafin Arber ya gabatar da nazarin kwatankwacin Tsire-tsire na ruwa ta hanyar nazarin bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin su. Arber kuma tana ba da fassarori game da ka'idodin da ta yi amfani da su don ƙirƙirar bincikenta. Nazarinta shine na farko da ya samar da cikakken bayani da fassarar tsire-tsire na ruwa. Ta kasance mai zane-zane mai kyau kuma sau da yawa tana kwatanta littattafanta kanta; ta zana kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na zane-zane a cikin ''Shuke-shuke na Ruwa.''{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A cikin 1921, "tsarin tsire-tsire" ya hana Arber shugabancin 1921 na Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don ci gaban kimiyya (BAAS) 'sashen Botany (Sashe na K). Frederick Orpen Bower ne ya fara wannan tsari, bisa ga cewa Arber bai kamata ya bi Saunders nan da nan a matsayin shugaban kasa ba saboda duka mata ne daga Cambridge kuma akwai wasu manyan maza masu ilimin shuke-shuke don shugabancin. Wannan ya nuna rashin jin daɗi ga Arber ba kawai a matsayin mace mai ilimin shuke-shuke ba har ma a matsayin masanin shuke-huke na Cambridge. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa Edinburgh (inda aka gudanar da taron) "yana da 'yancin yin tsammanin fiye da wannan... Don neman Balfour [na Edinburgh] ya zauna a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin Mrs. Arber abin ba'a ne!" Albert Seward ya sadu da Arber, wanda ya janye takararsa kuma ya yi murabus a matsayin sakataren BAAS.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A cikin 1925 Arber ta buga littafinta na uku The ''Monocotyledons'' . Editocin ''Jerin Littattafan Botanical na Cambridge'' sun tambayi Ethel Sargant a cikin 1910 don shirya ƙarar a kan monocots don wannan jerin. Koyaya rashin lafiya da ci gaba shekaru sun sa Sargant ya kusan ba zai yiwu ba ya kammala littafin, kuma a cikin 1918 ta ba da shawarar Arber ya kammala aikin. ''Monocotyledons'' ya ci gaba da hanyoyin nazarin Arber da ta gabatar a cikin ''Shuke-shuke na Ruwa''. Ta ba da cikakken nazarin tsire-tsire na monocot daga kwatanta jikin su na ciki da na waje. Koyaya tattaunawarta game da ka'idodin da take amfani da su a cikin bincikenta sun fi bayyane a cikin wannan ƙarar, yayin da take tattauna hanyoyin da falsafar nazarin morphological. Kodayake nazarin jikin mutum kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin ''Monocotyledons'' da Water Plants: Nazarin Angiosperms na Aquatic ya kasance tsakiya ga binciken botanical a farkon karni na 20, akwai bambance-bambance daban-daban tsakanin masu binciken Burtaniya da Turai game da manufofin binciken morphological. Arber ta magance wannan ta hanyar ƙirƙirar bambanci tsakanin "tsarkakewa" da "amfani" yanayin, tare da aikinta yana mai da hankali kan kwatankwacin jikin mutum don bincika tambayoyin da suka shafi batutuwa masu mahimmanci kamar gina phylogenies, maimakon amfani da ra'ayoyin gargajiya na tsarin shuka.<ref name="Hanshaw" /> Wannan ra'ayi ya ci gaba da bunkasa a cikin aikinta na baya. === Ayyukan da suka biyo baya === Bayan rufewar 1927 na dakin gwaje-gwaje na Balfour Arber ta kafa wani karamin dakin gwaje'a a cikin ɗakin baya na gidanta don gudanar da bincikenta, bayan shugaban mazaunin Makarantar Botany Farfesa Albert Seward ya yi iƙirarin cewa babu sarari a Makarantar don Arber don ci gaba da bincikenta ta amfani da kayan aikinta. An gabatar da Arber ga ra'ayin bincike mai zaman kansa daga lokacin da ta yi tare da Ethel Sargant a cikin 1902-1903, kuma daga maganganun da suka biyo baya ga membobin kungiyar Girton College Natural Sciences kuma a cikin wasiƙu ga abokai ta bayyana cewa tana son yin aiki a gida saboda ƙalubalen da bincike mai zaman kanta ta kawo, duk da cewa ba ta fara zabar kanta ba.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Bayan wallafa The ''Monocotyledons'' Arber ta ci gaba da bincikenta a cikin wannan rukuni, ta mai da hankali ga bincikenta a kan iyalin Gramineae na shuke-shuke, musamman hatsi, ciyawa da bamboo. Wannan ya haifar da buga littafinta na ƙarshe game da yanayin shuke-shuke, The ''Gramineae'' a 1934. A cikin wannan littafin Arber ya bayyana sake zagayowar rayuwa, embryology da sake zagayowan haihuwa da kayan lambu na [[Grasses|kitse]]="Cereals">hatsi, ciyawa da bamboo ta amfani da nazarin jikin mutum na waɗannan tsire-tsire. Da yake fahimtar muhimmancin waɗannan tsire-tsire ga ci gaban al'ummomin ɗan adam, Arber ya fara wannan binciken tare da tarihin waɗannan tsire'o'in dangane da mutane, tare da "mafi tsananin fasalin tsire-shuke ana bi da shi kamar yadda yake tasowa daga ɗan adam". Littafin ya riga ya wuce takardu 10 a cikin Annals of Botany wanda ke ba da cikakken bayani game da sakamakon bincikenta. Tsakanin 1930 da 1942 Arber ta gudanar da bincike game da tsarin furanni, inda ta bincika tsarin siffofi daban-daban kuma ta yi amfani da bayanan morphological don fassara wasu tsarin furanni. An buga sakamakon ta a cikin takardu 10 na bita da suka shafi wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 1937 ta wallafa taƙaitaccen ra'ayoyin morphological wanda aka tattauna game da tsarin furanni, wanda aka dauka a matsayin muhimmiyar labarin bita don nazarin morphological. A watan Janairun 1942 Arber ta buga takarda ta ƙarshe da ta shafi binciken botanical na asali. Dukkanin wallafe-wallafen da ta biyo baya sun damu da batutuwan tarihi da falsafa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} [https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/] == Nazarin falsafa == A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu Arber ta sami wahalar kula da ƙaramin dakin gwaje-gwaje, saboda matsalolin kiwon lafiya da kayan aiki sun zama da wuya a samu.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Bugu da ƙari, ba ta yi imani da cewa "yana da kyau ga maƙwabtanta" don samun kayan dakin gwaje-gwaje masu cin wuta a gidanta yayin da akwai haɗarin fashewar bam a lokacin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Wannan ya haifar da shawarar da ta yanke na dakatar da yin aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma mayar da hankali kan batutuwan falsafa da tarihi. Arber ya wallafa aiki a kan masana kimiyyar tarihi, gami da kwatanta tsakanin Nehemiah Grew da Marcello Malpighi a 1942, John Ray a 1943 da Sir Joseph Banks a 1945.<ref name="Flannery">Flannery, M {{Cite web |title=Arber |url=http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=17 February 2010}} 'The Many Sides of Agnes Arber'</ref> An gabatar da Arber ga aikin [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] yayin da yake makaranta kuma ya kasance yana sha'awar ra'ayoyinsa game da [[botany]]. A shekara ta 1946 ta buga Goethe's Botany, fassarar Goethe'tti's Metamorphosis of Plants (1790) da Georg Christoph Tobler's (1757-1812) Die Natur tare da gabatarwa da fassarar matani. The Natural Philosophy of Plant Form, wanda aka buga a 1950 an dauke shi mafi mahimmancin littattafan Arber. An bayyana shi a matsayin "bincike na shekaru dubu biyu na al'adar halittu".<ref name="DeBakcsy">{{Cite web |last=DeBakcsy |first=Dale |date=October 17, 2018 |title=Bringing Teleology Back: Agnes Arber's Neo-Aristotelian Plant Morphology |url=https://womenyoushouldknow.net/bringing-teleology-back-agnes-arbers-neo-aristotelian-plant-morphology/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109234558/https://womenyoushouldknow.net/bringing-teleology-back-agnes-arbers-neo-aristotelian-plant-morphology/ |archive-date=9 November 2018 |access-date=9 November 2018 |website=Women You Should Know}}</ref> Arber ya tattauna hanyoyin da ke bayan samar da ra'ayi daga bincike kuma ya bincika falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke. Arber yana amfani da wannan don bincika tsarin tsire-tsire masu fure, kuma yana ba da shawarar ka'idar tsire-shire na ganye. Dangane da wannan ka'idar, kowane bangare na shuka harbi ne ko harbi na ɓangare. Bishiyoyi ne na ɓangaren da ke nuna raguwar ƙarfin girma. Ta ambaci cewa: "shafi ne mai ɗan gajeren lokaci, yana nuna sha'awar zama harbi gaba ɗaya, amma ba a taɓa cimma wannan burin ba, tunda daidaituwa ta radial da ƙarfin ci gaban apical suna fama da hanawa". Haɗakarwar ganye da harbi sun samo asali ne daga [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], wanda ya fara bayyana ganye masu fili a matsayin "rassan gaskiya, wanda buds ba zai iya bunkasa ba, tunda tsutsa na yau da kullun yana da rauni sosai". Ga Arber, ganyen fili sune tarin ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan. Shaidar ci gaban kwayar halitta ta baya-bayan nan ta goyi bayan fannoni na ka'idar harbi ta ganye, musamman ma a yanayin ganye. Nazarinta a kan falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke ya kai ta ga ɗaukar ra'ayi mai zurfi game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin kimiyya da falsafar. The Mind and the Eye: A Biologist's Standpoint da aka buga a 1954 ya ba da gabatarwa ga binciken halittu kuma ya haɓaka hanyar yin wannan binciken. Arber ya bayyana bincike kamar yadda yake faruwa a matakai shida: gano batun bincike ko batun; tattara bayanai ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje ko kallo; fassarar bayanan; gwada ingancin fassarar; sadarwa da sakamakon; da kuma la'akari da bincike a cikin mahallin. Ga Arber, mahallin ya haɗa da fassara sakamakon dangane da tarihi da falsafar kuma ya rufe rabin littafin. Littafin Arber ya bambanta da cewa an rubuta shi kafin Thomas Kuhn ya nuna cewa ra'ayoyin masanin kimiyya suna rinjayar ra'ayoyi na wasu a fagen su kuma kafin sukar Ernst Mayr na bayyana falsafar ilmin halitta kamar yadda falsafar kimiyyar lissafi ta kasance.<ref name="Flannery">Flannery, M {{Cite web |title=Arber |url=http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=17 February 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm "Arber"]. Archived from [http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm the original] on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite> 'The Many Sides of Agnes Arber'</ref> Littafinta na karshe, The Manifold and the One da aka buga a shekara ta 1957 ya damu da tambayoyin falsafa da suka fi girma. Littafin bincike ne mai zurfi da haɗin kai, wanda ya samo asali ne daga al'adun wallafe-wallafen, kimiyya, addini, asiri da falsafar falsafar, wanda ya haɗa da falsafar Buddha, Hindu da Taoist tare da falsafar Turai., a cikin neman tattaunawa game da kwarewar asiri wanda Arber ya bayyana a matsayin "wannan tunani kai tsaye da ba a shiga tsakani ba wanda ke nunawa da kyakkyawar fahimta game da Dukan abubuwa a matsayin Haɗin kan dukkan abubuwa". == Karramawa da kyaututtuka == A shekara ta 1921 ta karɓi matsayin shekara-shekara a matsayin shugabar sashen botany na Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don Ci gaban Kimiyya, bayan Edith Saunders a shekarar da ta gabata, amma nan da nan ta yi murabus bayan wasu mambobi sun nuna cewa ba sa son shugaban mata biyu a jere. Lokacin da aka sake miƙa ta shugabancin a 1926, ba ta yarda ba.<ref name="BluePlaque">{{Cite web |title=Arber, Agnes (1879-1960) |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=English Heritage}}</ref> [[Fayil:Agnes_Arber_plaque.jpg|alt=blue circular plaque reading "Agnes Arber née Robertson 1879-1960 lived here 1890-1909." At the top it reads "English Heritage"|thumb|Alamar a <dfn>9 Elsworthy Terrace</dfn>, Primrose Hill, London]] A shekara ta 1946 an zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society . Ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara ilimin shuke-shuke kuma mace ta uku da ta karbi wannan girmamawa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1948 an ba ta lambar yabo ta zinare ta Linnean Society na London . == Kyauta == A watan Fabrairun 1961, Muriel Arber ta ba da gudummawar wasu kayan mahaifiyarta ga Cibiyar Hunt don Takaddun Botanical.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} An shigar da Blue Plaque a gidan yarinta (9 Elsworthy Terrace, Primrose Hill, London) a cikin 2018.<ref name="BluePlaque">{{Cite web |title=Arber, Agnes (1879-1960) |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=English Heritage}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ "Arber, Agnes (1879-1960)"]. ''English Heritage''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ Archived] from the original on 6 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2024 an haɗa daya da gidanta na Cambridge inda ta kuma gudanar da yawancin bincikenta.<ref name="BBC2024">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai wani nau'in gin mai suna don girmama ta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agnes Arber Gin |url=https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218233022/https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/ |archive-date=18 December 2021 |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, an kirkiro sabon kyautar rubutun PhD na Agnes Arber a fannin ilmin halitta a Jami'ar Cambridge. Farfesa Sam Brockington, na Jami'ar Cambridge Botanic Gardens, ya ce yana fatan kyautar "za ta goyi bayan ƙarni na gaba na masu ilimin shuke-shuke, suna bin sawun Agnes".<ref name="BBC2024">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/ "Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize"]. 29 May 2024.</cite></ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa ==   == Dubi kuma == * Dorothea Pertz, wanda Agnes Arber ta rubuta masa labarin mutuwarsa == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Agnes Arber}} * Works by Agnes ArberaShirin Gutenberg * Ayyuka ta ko game daAgnes ArberaTushen Wikisource {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Mata]] [[Rukuni:Fassara]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ef11ulsnj38pau3nnwd2gpiqa4k84mj 818783 818782 2026-04-05T19:07:36Z Saudarh2 14842 818783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Agnes Arber''' FRS (née Robertson; An haife ta 23 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1879 - 22 Maris 1960) ta kasance masanin ilimin shuke-shuke na Birtaniya kuma masanin ilimin jikin mutum, masanin tarihin botany kuma masanin falsafa na ilmin halitta. An haife ta ne a Landan amma ta rayu mafi yawan rayuwarta a Cambridge, gami da shekaru 51 da suka gabata na rayuwarta. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society (21 Maris 1946, tana da shekaru 67) kuma mace ta uku gaba ɗaya. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta karbi lambar yabo ta zinare ta Linnean Society na London Binciken kimiyya ta mayar da hankali kan ƙungiyar monocotyledon na tsire-tsire masu fure. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban nazarin ilimin halittu a cikin botany a farkon karni na 20. Ayyukanta na baya sun mayar da hankali kan batun falsafar a cikin botany, musamman kan yanayin binciken halittu. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Agnes Robertson a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 1879 a Primrose Hill, London.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Ita ce 'yar farko ta Henry Robert Robertson, mai zane, da Agnes Lucy Turner, kuma tana da' yan uwanta uku, Donald Struan Robertson (wanda daga baya ya zama Regius Farfesa na Girkanci a Jami'ar Cambridge), Janet Robertson, wanda daga baya yafuuka mai zane-zane, da Margaret Robertson (mai suna Hills), wanda ya kasance sanannen mai ba da izini kuma ɗan siyasa na gida. Mahaifinta ya ba ta darussan zane na yau da kullun a lokacin yarinta, wanda daga baya ya ba ta ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don kwatanta wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da kanta. A lokacin da yake da shekaru takwas Robertson ya fara halartar Makarantar Kwalejin Arewacin London da Frances Buss ta kafa kuma ke gudanarwa, daya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan ilimin 'yan mata. A karkashin jagorancin malamin kimiyya na makarantar Edith Aitken, Robertson ta gano sha'awar ilimin shuke-shuke, ta buga bincikenta na farko a 1894 a cikin mujallar makarantar kuma daga baya ta zo na farko a cikin jarrabawar ilimin shuke'a ta makarantar, ta lashe tallafin karatu. A nan ne Robertson ya fara saduwa da Ethel Sargant, masanin ilimin shuke-shuke wanda ke ba da gabatarwa na yau da kullun ga kulob din kimiyya na makaranta. Sargant daga baya za ta zama mai ba da shawara da abokin aiki, tana da tasiri sosai a kan abubuwan da Arber ke sha'awa da hanyoyin da yake da su.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1897, Robertson ta fara karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar, London, inda ta sami BSc a shekara ta 1899. Bayan samun tallafin karatu na shiga Arber ya zama memba na Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge kuma ya kara digiri a Kimiyya ta Halitta. Ta sami sakamakon aji na farko a kowane jarrabawa a jami'o'in biyu, tare da kyaututtuka da lambobin yabo da yawa daga Kwalejin Jami'ar, London. Bayan kammala karatunta na Cambridge a 1902 Robertson ta yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje mai zaman kansa na Ethel Sargant na shekara guda, kafin ta koma Kwalejin Jami'ar, London a matsayin mai riƙe da Quain Studentship a Biology. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Science a 1905.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Robertson ya sadu da Edward Alexander Newell Arber (1870-1918) yayin da yake karatu a Kwalejin Newnham . Sun yi aure a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, 1909 kuma suka koma Cambridge, inda za ta kasance har tsawon rayuwarta. An haifi ɗanta kaɗai, Muriel Agnes Arber, a 1913, ta zama masanin ilimin ƙasa, kuma ta mutu a shekara ta 2004. {{Sfn|Friend|2012}} Arber da mijinta suna da sha'awa da yawa, kuma an bayyana aurenta a matsayin 'mai farin ciki'. An ba Arber kyautar Bincike daga Kwalejin Newnham a 1912 kuma ta buga littafinta na farko ''[[doi:10.5962/bhl.title.31068|Herbals, asalin su da juyin halitta]]'' a wannan shekarar. Mijinta Newall Arber ya mutu a shekara ta 1918 bayan wani lokaci na rashin lafiya. Arber ba ta sake yin aure ba, amma ta ci gaba da bincikenta. Ta yi karatu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Balfour Biological Laboratory for Women daga aurenta har zuwa rufe dakin gwaje'a a 1927. Arber ta ci gaba da wani karamin dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin ɗakin baya na gidanta daga wannan lokacin har sai da ta daina yin bincike a kan benci a cikin 1940s kuma ta juya zuwa nazarin falsafa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} == Mutuwa == Agnes Arber ta mutu a ranar 22 ga Maris 1960, tana da shekaru 81, kuma an binne ta a cocin St Andrew, Girton . {{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} == Ayyukan kimiyya == Kafin halartar Kwalejin Jami'ar, London Arber ta shafe lokacin rani na 1897 tana aiki tare da Ethel Sargant a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na sirri a Reigate, inda Sargant ta umurce ta da microtechniques da aka yi amfani da su don shirya samfurori na shuka don gwajin microscopic.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Arber ta koma aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Sargant aƙalla sau ɗaya a lokacin hutun bazara yayin da take karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar London. Sargant ta yi amfani da Arber tsakanin 1902 da 1903 a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike da ke aiki a kan tsarin shuke-shuke, a lokacin da a 1903 ta buga takarda ta farko 'Notes on the anatomy of ''Macrozamia heteromera''' a cikin Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society . Yayinda yake a Kwalejin Jami'ar London Arber ya gudanar da bincike kan rukunin tsire-tsire na gymnosperm, yana samar da takardu da yawa game da yanayin su da jikin su. Nazarin da falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke za su zama babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga aikinta na baya. === Gidan gwaje-gwaje na Balfour, Cambridge === A cikin 1909 an ba Arber sarari a cikin Laboratory na Balfour don Mata ta Kwalejin Newnham. Kwalejin mata biyu na jami'ar sun sayi wannan ginin kuma sun kafa shi a 1884 don amfani da ɗaliban su da masu bincike (mata a wannan lokacin ba a ba su izinin halartar zanga-zangar dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma azuzuwan aiki). Arber ya yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe shi a 1927. [[Fayil:Photo_of_Agnes_Arber_1911.png|alt=Photograph of a woman sitting and reading a newspaper|thumb|Hoton Arber a cikin 1911]] Bayan bayar da kyautar Bincike ta Kwalejin Newnham tsakanin 1912 da 1913 Arber ta buga littafinta na farko a 1912. ''Herbals, asalin su da juyin halitta'' sun bayyana canjin Herbals da aka buga tsakanin 1470 da 1670. Arber ya danganta fitowar da ci gaban botany a matsayin horo a cikin Tarihin halitta tare da juyin halitta na bayanin shuke-shuke, rarrabuwa da ganewa da aka gani a cikin Herbals a wannan lokacin. Arber ta sami damar tuntuɓar babban tarin Herbals da aka buga a cikin ɗakin karatu na Makarantar Botany a Cambridge a matsayin wani ɓangare na bincikenta don wannan aikin. An sake rubuta shi kuma an faɗaɗa shi don fitowar ta biyu da aka buga a 1938, an buga shi a matsayin fitowar ta uku a 1986 kuma har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa aiki ne na tarihin Herbals.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} [[Fayil:Image_of_Limnathemum_from_Water_Plants_A_Study_of_Aquatic_Angiosperms.png|alt=Botanical illustrations of a plant|thumb|Hoton Limnathemum daga Tsire-tsire na Ruwa Nazarin Angiosperms na Ruwa ta Agnes Arber]] Arber ta mayar da hankali ga bincikenta kan jikin mutum da yanayin jinsin tsire-tsire, wanda Ethel Sargant ya gabatar da ita.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1920 ta rubuta littattafai biyu da wasu wallafe-wallafe 94. Littafinta na biyu Water Plants: A Study of Aquatic Angiosperms an buga shi a shekarar 1920. A cikin wannan littafin Arber ya gabatar da nazarin kwatankwacin Tsire-tsire na ruwa ta hanyar nazarin bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin su. Arber kuma tana ba da fassarori game da ka'idodin da ta yi amfani da su don ƙirƙirar bincikenta. Nazarinta shine na farko da ya samar da cikakken bayani da fassarar tsire-tsire na ruwa. Ta kasance mai zane-zane mai kyau kuma sau da yawa tana kwatanta littattafanta kanta; ta zana kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na zane-zane a cikin ''Shuke-shuke na Ruwa.''{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A cikin 1921, "tsarin tsire-tsire" ya hana Arber shugabancin 1921 na Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don ci gaban kimiyya (BAAS) 'sashen Botany (Sashe na K). Frederick Orpen Bower ne ya fara wannan tsari, bisa ga cewa Arber bai kamata ya bi Saunders nan da nan a matsayin shugaban kasa ba saboda duka mata ne daga Cambridge kuma akwai wasu manyan maza masu ilimin shuke-shuke don shugabancin. Wannan ya nuna rashin jin daɗi ga Arber ba kawai a matsayin mace mai ilimin shuke-shuke ba har ma a matsayin masanin shuke-huke na Cambridge. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa Edinburgh (inda aka gudanar da taron) "yana da 'yancin yin tsammanin fiye da wannan... Don neman Balfour [na Edinburgh] ya zauna a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin Mrs. Arber abin ba'a ne!" Albert Seward ya sadu da Arber, wanda ya janye takararsa kuma ya yi murabus a matsayin sakataren BAAS.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A cikin 1925 Arber ta buga littafinta na uku The ''Monocotyledons'' . Editocin ''Jerin Littattafan Botanical na Cambridge'' sun tambayi Ethel Sargant a cikin 1910 don shirya ƙarar a kan monocots don wannan jerin. Koyaya rashin lafiya da ci gaba shekaru sun sa Sargant ya kusan ba zai yiwu ba ya kammala littafin, kuma a cikin 1918 ta ba da shawarar Arber ya kammala aikin. ''Monocotyledons'' ya ci gaba da hanyoyin nazarin Arber da ta gabatar a cikin ''Shuke-shuke na Ruwa''. Ta ba da cikakken nazarin tsire-tsire na monocot daga kwatanta jikin su na ciki da na waje. Koyaya tattaunawarta game da ka'idodin da take amfani da su a cikin bincikenta sun fi bayyane a cikin wannan ƙarar, yayin da take tattauna hanyoyin da falsafar nazarin morphological. Kodayake nazarin jikin mutum kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin ''Monocotyledons'' da Water Plants: Nazarin Angiosperms na Aquatic ya kasance tsakiya ga binciken botanical a farkon karni na 20, akwai bambance-bambance daban-daban tsakanin masu binciken Burtaniya da Turai game da manufofin binciken morphological. Arber ta magance wannan ta hanyar ƙirƙirar bambanci tsakanin "tsarkakewa" da "amfani" yanayin, tare da aikinta yana mai da hankali kan kwatankwacin jikin mutum don bincika tambayoyin da suka shafi batutuwa masu mahimmanci kamar gina phylogenies, maimakon amfani da ra'ayoyin gargajiya na tsarin shuka.<ref name="Hanshaw" /> Wannan ra'ayi ya ci gaba da bunkasa a cikin aikinta na baya. === Ayyukan da suka biyo baya === Bayan rufewar 1927 na dakin gwaje-gwaje na Balfour Arber ta kafa wani karamin dakin gwaje'a a cikin ɗakin baya na gidanta don gudanar da bincikenta, bayan shugaban mazaunin Makarantar Botany Farfesa Albert Seward ya yi iƙirarin cewa babu sarari a Makarantar don Arber don ci gaba da bincikenta ta amfani da kayan aikinta. An gabatar da Arber ga ra'ayin bincike mai zaman kansa daga lokacin da ta yi tare da Ethel Sargant a cikin 1902-1903, kuma daga maganganun da suka biyo baya ga membobin kungiyar Girton College Natural Sciences kuma a cikin wasiƙu ga abokai ta bayyana cewa tana son yin aiki a gida saboda ƙalubalen da bincike mai zaman kanta ta kawo, duk da cewa ba ta fara zabar kanta ba.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Bayan wallafa The ''Monocotyledons'' Arber ta ci gaba da bincikenta a cikin wannan rukuni, ta mai da hankali ga bincikenta a kan iyalin Gramineae na shuke-shuke, musamman hatsi, ciyawa da bamboo. Wannan ya haifar da buga littafinta na ƙarshe game da yanayin shuke-shuke, The ''Gramineae'' a 1934. A cikin wannan littafin Arber ya bayyana sake zagayowar rayuwa, embryology da sake zagayowan haihuwa da kayan lambu na [[Grasses|kitse]]="Cereals">hatsi, ciyawa da bamboo ta amfani da nazarin jikin mutum na waɗannan tsire-tsire. Da yake fahimtar muhimmancin waɗannan tsire-tsire ga ci gaban al'ummomin ɗan adam, Arber ya fara wannan binciken tare da tarihin waɗannan tsire'o'in dangane da mutane, tare da "mafi tsananin fasalin tsire-shuke ana bi da shi kamar yadda yake tasowa daga ɗan adam". Littafin ya riga ya wuce takardu 10 a cikin Annals of Botany wanda ke ba da cikakken bayani game da sakamakon bincikenta. Tsakanin 1930 da 1942 Arber ta gudanar da bincike game da tsarin furanni, inda ta bincika tsarin siffofi daban-daban kuma ta yi amfani da bayanan morphological don fassara wasu tsarin furanni. An buga sakamakon ta a cikin takardu 10 na bita da suka shafi wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 1937 ta wallafa taƙaitaccen ra'ayoyin morphological wanda aka tattauna game da tsarin furanni, wanda aka dauka a matsayin muhimmiyar labarin bita don nazarin morphological. A watan Janairun 1942 Arber ta buga takarda ta ƙarshe da ta shafi binciken botanical na asali. Dukkanin wallafe-wallafen da ta biyo baya sun damu da batutuwan tarihi da falsafa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} [https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/] == Nazarin falsafa == A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu Arber ta sami wahalar kula da ƙaramin dakin gwaje-gwaje, saboda matsalolin kiwon lafiya da kayan aiki sun zama da wuya a samu.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Bugu da ƙari, ba ta yi imani da cewa "yana da kyau ga maƙwabtanta" don samun kayan dakin gwaje-gwaje masu cin wuta a gidanta yayin da akwai haɗarin fashewar bam a lokacin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Wannan ya haifar da shawarar da ta yanke na dakatar da yin aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma mayar da hankali kan batutuwan falsafa da tarihi. Arber ya wallafa aiki a kan masana kimiyyar tarihi, gami da kwatanta tsakanin Nehemiah Grew da Marcello Malpighi a 1942, John Ray a 1943 da Sir Joseph Banks a 1945.<ref name="Flannery">Flannery, M {{Cite web |title=Arber |url=http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=17 February 2010}} 'The Many Sides of Agnes Arber'</ref> An gabatar da Arber ga aikin [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] yayin da yake makaranta kuma ya kasance yana sha'awar ra'ayoyinsa game da [[botany]]. A shekara ta 1946 ta buga Goethe's Botany, fassarar Goethe'tti's Metamorphosis of Plants (1790) da Georg Christoph Tobler's (1757-1812) Die Natur tare da gabatarwa da fassarar matani. The Natural Philosophy of Plant Form, wanda aka buga a 1950 an dauke shi mafi mahimmancin littattafan Arber. An bayyana shi a matsayin "bincike na shekaru dubu biyu na al'adar halittu".<ref name="DeBakcsy">{{Cite web |last=DeBakcsy |first=Dale |date=October 17, 2018 |title=Bringing Teleology Back: Agnes Arber's Neo-Aristotelian Plant Morphology |url=https://womenyoushouldknow.net/bringing-teleology-back-agnes-arbers-neo-aristotelian-plant-morphology/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109234558/https://womenyoushouldknow.net/bringing-teleology-back-agnes-arbers-neo-aristotelian-plant-morphology/ |archive-date=9 November 2018 |access-date=9 November 2018 |website=Women You Should Know}}</ref> Arber ya tattauna hanyoyin da ke bayan samar da ra'ayi daga bincike kuma ya bincika falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke. Arber yana amfani da wannan don bincika tsarin tsire-tsire masu fure, kuma yana ba da shawarar ka'idar tsire-shire na ganye. Dangane da wannan ka'idar, kowane bangare na shuka harbi ne ko harbi na ɓangare. Bishiyoyi ne na ɓangaren da ke nuna raguwar ƙarfin girma. Ta ambaci cewa: "shafi ne mai ɗan gajeren lokaci, yana nuna sha'awar zama harbi gaba ɗaya, amma ba a taɓa cimma wannan burin ba, tunda daidaituwa ta radial da ƙarfin ci gaban apical suna fama da hanawa". Haɗakarwar ganye da harbi sun samo asali ne daga [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], wanda ya fara bayyana ganye masu fili a matsayin "rassan gaskiya, wanda buds ba zai iya bunkasa ba, tunda tsutsa na yau da kullun yana da rauni sosai". Ga Arber, ganyen fili sune tarin ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan. Shaidar ci gaban kwayar halitta ta baya-bayan nan ta goyi bayan fannoni na ka'idar harbi ta ganye, musamman ma a yanayin ganye. Nazarinta a kan falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke ya kai ta ga ɗaukar ra'ayi mai zurfi game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin kimiyya da falsafar. The Mind and the Eye: A Biologist's Standpoint da aka buga a 1954 ya ba da gabatarwa ga binciken halittu kuma ya haɓaka hanyar yin wannan binciken. Arber ya bayyana bincike kamar yadda yake faruwa a matakai shida: gano batun bincike ko batun; tattara bayanai ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje ko kallo; fassarar bayanan; gwada ingancin fassarar; sadarwa da sakamakon; da kuma la'akari da bincike a cikin mahallin. Ga Arber, mahallin ya haɗa da fassara sakamakon dangane da tarihi da falsafar kuma ya rufe rabin littafin. Littafin Arber ya bambanta da cewa an rubuta shi kafin Thomas Kuhn ya nuna cewa ra'ayoyin masanin kimiyya suna rinjayar ra'ayoyi na wasu a fagen su kuma kafin sukar Ernst Mayr na bayyana falsafar ilmin halitta kamar yadda falsafar kimiyyar lissafi ta kasance.<ref name="Flannery">Flannery, M {{Cite web |title=Arber |url=http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=17 February 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm "Arber"]. Archived from [http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm the original] on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite> 'The Many Sides of Agnes Arber'</ref> Littafinta na karshe, The Manifold and the One da aka buga a shekara ta 1957 ya damu da tambayoyin falsafa da suka fi girma. Littafin bincike ne mai zurfi da haɗin kai, wanda ya samo asali ne daga al'adun wallafe-wallafen, kimiyya, addini, asiri da falsafar falsafar, wanda ya haɗa da falsafar Buddha, Hindu da Taoist tare da falsafar Turai., a cikin neman tattaunawa game da kwarewar asiri wanda Arber ya bayyana a matsayin "wannan tunani kai tsaye da ba a shiga tsakani ba wanda ke nunawa da kyakkyawar fahimta game da Dukan abubuwa a matsayin Haɗin kan dukkan abubuwa". == Karramawa da kyaututtuka == A shekara ta 1921 ta karɓi matsayin shekara-shekara a matsayin shugabar sashen botany na Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don Ci gaban Kimiyya, bayan Edith Saunders a shekarar da ta gabata, amma nan da nan ta yi murabus bayan wasu mambobi sun nuna cewa ba sa son shugaban mata biyu a jere. Lokacin da aka sake miƙa ta shugabancin a 1926, ba ta yarda ba.<ref name="BluePlaque">{{Cite web |title=Arber, Agnes (1879-1960) |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=English Heritage}}</ref> [[Fayil:Agnes_Arber_plaque.jpg|alt=blue circular plaque reading "Agnes Arber née Robertson 1879-1960 lived here 1890-1909." At the top it reads "English Heritage"|thumb|Alamar a <dfn>9 Elsworthy Terrace</dfn>, Primrose Hill, London]] A shekara ta 1946 an zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society . Ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara ilimin shuke-shuke kuma mace ta uku da ta karbi wannan girmamawa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1948 an ba ta lambar yabo ta zinare ta Linnean Society na London . == Kyauta == A watan Fabrairun 1961, Muriel Arber ta ba da gudummawar wasu kayan mahaifiyarta ga Cibiyar Hunt don Takaddun Botanical.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} An shigar da Blue Plaque a gidan yarinta (9 Elsworthy Terrace, Primrose Hill, London) a cikin 2018.<ref name="BluePlaque">{{Cite web |title=Arber, Agnes (1879-1960) |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=English Heritage}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ "Arber, Agnes (1879-1960)"]. ''English Heritage''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ Archived] from the original on 6 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2024 an haɗa daya da gidanta na Cambridge inda ta kuma gudanar da yawancin bincikenta.<ref name="BBC2024">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai wani nau'in gin mai suna don girmama ta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agnes Arber Gin |url=https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218233022/https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/ |archive-date=18 December 2021 |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, an kirkiro sabon kyautar rubutun PhD na Agnes Arber a fannin ilmin halitta a Jami'ar Cambridge. Farfesa Sam Brockington, na Jami'ar Cambridge Botanic Gardens, ya ce yana fatan kyautar "za ta goyi bayan ƙarni na gaba na masu ilimin shuke-shuke, suna bin sawun Agnes".<ref name="BBC2024">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/ "Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize"]. 29 May 2024.</cite></ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa ==   == Dubi kuma == * Dorothea Pertz, wanda Agnes Arber ta rubuta masa labarin mutuwarsa == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Agnes Arber}} * Works by Agnes ArberaShirin Gutenberg * Ayyuka ta ko game daAgnes ArberaTushen Wikisource {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Mata]] [[Rukuni:Fassara]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2csfwxkakciexgfl8g8hkfy17mwiljz 818784 818783 2026-04-05T19:07:58Z Saudarh2 14842 818784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Agnes Arber''' FRS (née Robertson; An haife ta 23 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1879 - Ta mutu 22 Maris 1960) ta kasance masanin ilimin shuke-shuke na Birtaniya kuma masanin ilimin jikin mutum, masanin tarihin botany kuma masanin falsafa na ilmin halitta. An haife ta ne a Landan amma ta rayu mafi yawan rayuwarta a Cambridge, gami da shekaru 51 da suka gabata na rayuwarta. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society (21 Maris 1946, tana da shekaru 67) kuma mace ta uku gaba ɗaya. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta karbi lambar yabo ta zinare ta Linnean Society na London Binciken kimiyya ta mayar da hankali kan ƙungiyar monocotyledon na tsire-tsire masu fure. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban nazarin ilimin halittu a cikin botany a farkon karni na 20. Ayyukanta na baya sun mayar da hankali kan batun falsafar a cikin botany, musamman kan yanayin binciken halittu. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Agnes Robertson a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 1879 a Primrose Hill, London.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Ita ce 'yar farko ta Henry Robert Robertson, mai zane, da Agnes Lucy Turner, kuma tana da' yan uwanta uku, Donald Struan Robertson (wanda daga baya ya zama Regius Farfesa na Girkanci a Jami'ar Cambridge), Janet Robertson, wanda daga baya yafuuka mai zane-zane, da Margaret Robertson (mai suna Hills), wanda ya kasance sanannen mai ba da izini kuma ɗan siyasa na gida. Mahaifinta ya ba ta darussan zane na yau da kullun a lokacin yarinta, wanda daga baya ya ba ta ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don kwatanta wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da kanta. A lokacin da yake da shekaru takwas Robertson ya fara halartar Makarantar Kwalejin Arewacin London da Frances Buss ta kafa kuma ke gudanarwa, daya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan ilimin 'yan mata. A karkashin jagorancin malamin kimiyya na makarantar Edith Aitken, Robertson ta gano sha'awar ilimin shuke-shuke, ta buga bincikenta na farko a 1894 a cikin mujallar makarantar kuma daga baya ta zo na farko a cikin jarrabawar ilimin shuke'a ta makarantar, ta lashe tallafin karatu. A nan ne Robertson ya fara saduwa da Ethel Sargant, masanin ilimin shuke-shuke wanda ke ba da gabatarwa na yau da kullun ga kulob din kimiyya na makaranta. Sargant daga baya za ta zama mai ba da shawara da abokin aiki, tana da tasiri sosai a kan abubuwan da Arber ke sha'awa da hanyoyin da yake da su.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1897, Robertson ta fara karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar, London, inda ta sami BSc a shekara ta 1899. Bayan samun tallafin karatu na shiga Arber ya zama memba na Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge kuma ya kara digiri a Kimiyya ta Halitta. Ta sami sakamakon aji na farko a kowane jarrabawa a jami'o'in biyu, tare da kyaututtuka da lambobin yabo da yawa daga Kwalejin Jami'ar, London. Bayan kammala karatunta na Cambridge a 1902 Robertson ta yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje mai zaman kansa na Ethel Sargant na shekara guda, kafin ta koma Kwalejin Jami'ar, London a matsayin mai riƙe da Quain Studentship a Biology. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Science a 1905.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Robertson ya sadu da Edward Alexander Newell Arber (1870-1918) yayin da yake karatu a Kwalejin Newnham . Sun yi aure a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, 1909 kuma suka koma Cambridge, inda za ta kasance har tsawon rayuwarta. An haifi ɗanta kaɗai, Muriel Agnes Arber, a 1913, ta zama masanin ilimin ƙasa, kuma ta mutu a shekara ta 2004. {{Sfn|Friend|2012}} Arber da mijinta suna da sha'awa da yawa, kuma an bayyana aurenta a matsayin 'mai farin ciki'. An ba Arber kyautar Bincike daga Kwalejin Newnham a 1912 kuma ta buga littafinta na farko ''[[doi:10.5962/bhl.title.31068|Herbals, asalin su da juyin halitta]]'' a wannan shekarar. Mijinta Newall Arber ya mutu a shekara ta 1918 bayan wani lokaci na rashin lafiya. Arber ba ta sake yin aure ba, amma ta ci gaba da bincikenta. Ta yi karatu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Balfour Biological Laboratory for Women daga aurenta har zuwa rufe dakin gwaje'a a 1927. Arber ta ci gaba da wani karamin dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin ɗakin baya na gidanta daga wannan lokacin har sai da ta daina yin bincike a kan benci a cikin 1940s kuma ta juya zuwa nazarin falsafa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} == Mutuwa == Agnes Arber ta mutu a ranar 22 ga Maris 1960, tana da shekaru 81, kuma an binne ta a cocin St Andrew, Girton . {{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} == Ayyukan kimiyya == Kafin halartar Kwalejin Jami'ar, London Arber ta shafe lokacin rani na 1897 tana aiki tare da Ethel Sargant a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na sirri a Reigate, inda Sargant ta umurce ta da microtechniques da aka yi amfani da su don shirya samfurori na shuka don gwajin microscopic.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Arber ta koma aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Sargant aƙalla sau ɗaya a lokacin hutun bazara yayin da take karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar London. Sargant ta yi amfani da Arber tsakanin 1902 da 1903 a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike da ke aiki a kan tsarin shuke-shuke, a lokacin da a 1903 ta buga takarda ta farko 'Notes on the anatomy of ''Macrozamia heteromera''' a cikin Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society . Yayinda yake a Kwalejin Jami'ar London Arber ya gudanar da bincike kan rukunin tsire-tsire na gymnosperm, yana samar da takardu da yawa game da yanayin su da jikin su. Nazarin da falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke za su zama babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga aikinta na baya. === Gidan gwaje-gwaje na Balfour, Cambridge === A cikin 1909 an ba Arber sarari a cikin Laboratory na Balfour don Mata ta Kwalejin Newnham. Kwalejin mata biyu na jami'ar sun sayi wannan ginin kuma sun kafa shi a 1884 don amfani da ɗaliban su da masu bincike (mata a wannan lokacin ba a ba su izinin halartar zanga-zangar dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma azuzuwan aiki). Arber ya yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe shi a 1927. [[Fayil:Photo_of_Agnes_Arber_1911.png|alt=Photograph of a woman sitting and reading a newspaper|thumb|Hoton Arber a cikin 1911]] Bayan bayar da kyautar Bincike ta Kwalejin Newnham tsakanin 1912 da 1913 Arber ta buga littafinta na farko a 1912. ''Herbals, asalin su da juyin halitta'' sun bayyana canjin Herbals da aka buga tsakanin 1470 da 1670. Arber ya danganta fitowar da ci gaban botany a matsayin horo a cikin Tarihin halitta tare da juyin halitta na bayanin shuke-shuke, rarrabuwa da ganewa da aka gani a cikin Herbals a wannan lokacin. Arber ta sami damar tuntuɓar babban tarin Herbals da aka buga a cikin ɗakin karatu na Makarantar Botany a Cambridge a matsayin wani ɓangare na bincikenta don wannan aikin. An sake rubuta shi kuma an faɗaɗa shi don fitowar ta biyu da aka buga a 1938, an buga shi a matsayin fitowar ta uku a 1986 kuma har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa aiki ne na tarihin Herbals.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} [[Fayil:Image_of_Limnathemum_from_Water_Plants_A_Study_of_Aquatic_Angiosperms.png|alt=Botanical illustrations of a plant|thumb|Hoton Limnathemum daga Tsire-tsire na Ruwa Nazarin Angiosperms na Ruwa ta Agnes Arber]] Arber ta mayar da hankali ga bincikenta kan jikin mutum da yanayin jinsin tsire-tsire, wanda Ethel Sargant ya gabatar da ita.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1920 ta rubuta littattafai biyu da wasu wallafe-wallafe 94. Littafinta na biyu Water Plants: A Study of Aquatic Angiosperms an buga shi a shekarar 1920. A cikin wannan littafin Arber ya gabatar da nazarin kwatankwacin Tsire-tsire na ruwa ta hanyar nazarin bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin su. Arber kuma tana ba da fassarori game da ka'idodin da ta yi amfani da su don ƙirƙirar bincikenta. Nazarinta shine na farko da ya samar da cikakken bayani da fassarar tsire-tsire na ruwa. Ta kasance mai zane-zane mai kyau kuma sau da yawa tana kwatanta littattafanta kanta; ta zana kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na zane-zane a cikin ''Shuke-shuke na Ruwa.''{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A cikin 1921, "tsarin tsire-tsire" ya hana Arber shugabancin 1921 na Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don ci gaban kimiyya (BAAS) 'sashen Botany (Sashe na K). Frederick Orpen Bower ne ya fara wannan tsari, bisa ga cewa Arber bai kamata ya bi Saunders nan da nan a matsayin shugaban kasa ba saboda duka mata ne daga Cambridge kuma akwai wasu manyan maza masu ilimin shuke-shuke don shugabancin. Wannan ya nuna rashin jin daɗi ga Arber ba kawai a matsayin mace mai ilimin shuke-shuke ba har ma a matsayin masanin shuke-huke na Cambridge. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa Edinburgh (inda aka gudanar da taron) "yana da 'yancin yin tsammanin fiye da wannan... Don neman Balfour [na Edinburgh] ya zauna a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin Mrs. Arber abin ba'a ne!" Albert Seward ya sadu da Arber, wanda ya janye takararsa kuma ya yi murabus a matsayin sakataren BAAS.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A cikin 1925 Arber ta buga littafinta na uku The ''Monocotyledons'' . Editocin ''Jerin Littattafan Botanical na Cambridge'' sun tambayi Ethel Sargant a cikin 1910 don shirya ƙarar a kan monocots don wannan jerin. Koyaya rashin lafiya da ci gaba shekaru sun sa Sargant ya kusan ba zai yiwu ba ya kammala littafin, kuma a cikin 1918 ta ba da shawarar Arber ya kammala aikin. ''Monocotyledons'' ya ci gaba da hanyoyin nazarin Arber da ta gabatar a cikin ''Shuke-shuke na Ruwa''. Ta ba da cikakken nazarin tsire-tsire na monocot daga kwatanta jikin su na ciki da na waje. Koyaya tattaunawarta game da ka'idodin da take amfani da su a cikin bincikenta sun fi bayyane a cikin wannan ƙarar, yayin da take tattauna hanyoyin da falsafar nazarin morphological. Kodayake nazarin jikin mutum kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin ''Monocotyledons'' da Water Plants: Nazarin Angiosperms na Aquatic ya kasance tsakiya ga binciken botanical a farkon karni na 20, akwai bambance-bambance daban-daban tsakanin masu binciken Burtaniya da Turai game da manufofin binciken morphological. Arber ta magance wannan ta hanyar ƙirƙirar bambanci tsakanin "tsarkakewa" da "amfani" yanayin, tare da aikinta yana mai da hankali kan kwatankwacin jikin mutum don bincika tambayoyin da suka shafi batutuwa masu mahimmanci kamar gina phylogenies, maimakon amfani da ra'ayoyin gargajiya na tsarin shuka.<ref name="Hanshaw" /> Wannan ra'ayi ya ci gaba da bunkasa a cikin aikinta na baya. === Ayyukan da suka biyo baya === Bayan rufewar 1927 na dakin gwaje-gwaje na Balfour Arber ta kafa wani karamin dakin gwaje'a a cikin ɗakin baya na gidanta don gudanar da bincikenta, bayan shugaban mazaunin Makarantar Botany Farfesa Albert Seward ya yi iƙirarin cewa babu sarari a Makarantar don Arber don ci gaba da bincikenta ta amfani da kayan aikinta. An gabatar da Arber ga ra'ayin bincike mai zaman kansa daga lokacin da ta yi tare da Ethel Sargant a cikin 1902-1903, kuma daga maganganun da suka biyo baya ga membobin kungiyar Girton College Natural Sciences kuma a cikin wasiƙu ga abokai ta bayyana cewa tana son yin aiki a gida saboda ƙalubalen da bincike mai zaman kanta ta kawo, duk da cewa ba ta fara zabar kanta ba.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Bayan wallafa The ''Monocotyledons'' Arber ta ci gaba da bincikenta a cikin wannan rukuni, ta mai da hankali ga bincikenta a kan iyalin Gramineae na shuke-shuke, musamman hatsi, ciyawa da bamboo. Wannan ya haifar da buga littafinta na ƙarshe game da yanayin shuke-shuke, The ''Gramineae'' a 1934. A cikin wannan littafin Arber ya bayyana sake zagayowar rayuwa, embryology da sake zagayowan haihuwa da kayan lambu na [[Grasses|kitse]]="Cereals">hatsi, ciyawa da bamboo ta amfani da nazarin jikin mutum na waɗannan tsire-tsire. Da yake fahimtar muhimmancin waɗannan tsire-tsire ga ci gaban al'ummomin ɗan adam, Arber ya fara wannan binciken tare da tarihin waɗannan tsire'o'in dangane da mutane, tare da "mafi tsananin fasalin tsire-shuke ana bi da shi kamar yadda yake tasowa daga ɗan adam". Littafin ya riga ya wuce takardu 10 a cikin Annals of Botany wanda ke ba da cikakken bayani game da sakamakon bincikenta. Tsakanin 1930 da 1942 Arber ta gudanar da bincike game da tsarin furanni, inda ta bincika tsarin siffofi daban-daban kuma ta yi amfani da bayanan morphological don fassara wasu tsarin furanni. An buga sakamakon ta a cikin takardu 10 na bita da suka shafi wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 1937 ta wallafa taƙaitaccen ra'ayoyin morphological wanda aka tattauna game da tsarin furanni, wanda aka dauka a matsayin muhimmiyar labarin bita don nazarin morphological. A watan Janairun 1942 Arber ta buga takarda ta ƙarshe da ta shafi binciken botanical na asali. Dukkanin wallafe-wallafen da ta biyo baya sun damu da batutuwan tarihi da falsafa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} [https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/] == Nazarin falsafa == A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu Arber ta sami wahalar kula da ƙaramin dakin gwaje-gwaje, saboda matsalolin kiwon lafiya da kayan aiki sun zama da wuya a samu.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Bugu da ƙari, ba ta yi imani da cewa "yana da kyau ga maƙwabtanta" don samun kayan dakin gwaje-gwaje masu cin wuta a gidanta yayin da akwai haɗarin fashewar bam a lokacin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Wannan ya haifar da shawarar da ta yanke na dakatar da yin aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma mayar da hankali kan batutuwan falsafa da tarihi. Arber ya wallafa aiki a kan masana kimiyyar tarihi, gami da kwatanta tsakanin Nehemiah Grew da Marcello Malpighi a 1942, John Ray a 1943 da Sir Joseph Banks a 1945.<ref name="Flannery">Flannery, M {{Cite web |title=Arber |url=http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=17 February 2010}} 'The Many Sides of Agnes Arber'</ref> An gabatar da Arber ga aikin [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] yayin da yake makaranta kuma ya kasance yana sha'awar ra'ayoyinsa game da [[botany]]. A shekara ta 1946 ta buga Goethe's Botany, fassarar Goethe'tti's Metamorphosis of Plants (1790) da Georg Christoph Tobler's (1757-1812) Die Natur tare da gabatarwa da fassarar matani. The Natural Philosophy of Plant Form, wanda aka buga a 1950 an dauke shi mafi mahimmancin littattafan Arber. An bayyana shi a matsayin "bincike na shekaru dubu biyu na al'adar halittu".<ref name="DeBakcsy">{{Cite web |last=DeBakcsy |first=Dale |date=October 17, 2018 |title=Bringing Teleology Back: Agnes Arber's Neo-Aristotelian Plant Morphology |url=https://womenyoushouldknow.net/bringing-teleology-back-agnes-arbers-neo-aristotelian-plant-morphology/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109234558/https://womenyoushouldknow.net/bringing-teleology-back-agnes-arbers-neo-aristotelian-plant-morphology/ |archive-date=9 November 2018 |access-date=9 November 2018 |website=Women You Should Know}}</ref> Arber ya tattauna hanyoyin da ke bayan samar da ra'ayi daga bincike kuma ya bincika falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke. Arber yana amfani da wannan don bincika tsarin tsire-tsire masu fure, kuma yana ba da shawarar ka'idar tsire-shire na ganye. Dangane da wannan ka'idar, kowane bangare na shuka harbi ne ko harbi na ɓangare. Bishiyoyi ne na ɓangaren da ke nuna raguwar ƙarfin girma. Ta ambaci cewa: "shafi ne mai ɗan gajeren lokaci, yana nuna sha'awar zama harbi gaba ɗaya, amma ba a taɓa cimma wannan burin ba, tunda daidaituwa ta radial da ƙarfin ci gaban apical suna fama da hanawa". Haɗakarwar ganye da harbi sun samo asali ne daga [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], wanda ya fara bayyana ganye masu fili a matsayin "rassan gaskiya, wanda buds ba zai iya bunkasa ba, tunda tsutsa na yau da kullun yana da rauni sosai". Ga Arber, ganyen fili sune tarin ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan. Shaidar ci gaban kwayar halitta ta baya-bayan nan ta goyi bayan fannoni na ka'idar harbi ta ganye, musamman ma a yanayin ganye. Nazarinta a kan falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke ya kai ta ga ɗaukar ra'ayi mai zurfi game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin kimiyya da falsafar. The Mind and the Eye: A Biologist's Standpoint da aka buga a 1954 ya ba da gabatarwa ga binciken halittu kuma ya haɓaka hanyar yin wannan binciken. Arber ya bayyana bincike kamar yadda yake faruwa a matakai shida: gano batun bincike ko batun; tattara bayanai ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje ko kallo; fassarar bayanan; gwada ingancin fassarar; sadarwa da sakamakon; da kuma la'akari da bincike a cikin mahallin. Ga Arber, mahallin ya haɗa da fassara sakamakon dangane da tarihi da falsafar kuma ya rufe rabin littafin. Littafin Arber ya bambanta da cewa an rubuta shi kafin Thomas Kuhn ya nuna cewa ra'ayoyin masanin kimiyya suna rinjayar ra'ayoyi na wasu a fagen su kuma kafin sukar Ernst Mayr na bayyana falsafar ilmin halitta kamar yadda falsafar kimiyyar lissafi ta kasance.<ref name="Flannery">Flannery, M {{Cite web |title=Arber |url=http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=17 February 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm "Arber"]. Archived from [http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm the original] on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite> 'The Many Sides of Agnes Arber'</ref> Littafinta na karshe, The Manifold and the One da aka buga a shekara ta 1957 ya damu da tambayoyin falsafa da suka fi girma. Littafin bincike ne mai zurfi da haɗin kai, wanda ya samo asali ne daga al'adun wallafe-wallafen, kimiyya, addini, asiri da falsafar falsafar, wanda ya haɗa da falsafar Buddha, Hindu da Taoist tare da falsafar Turai., a cikin neman tattaunawa game da kwarewar asiri wanda Arber ya bayyana a matsayin "wannan tunani kai tsaye da ba a shiga tsakani ba wanda ke nunawa da kyakkyawar fahimta game da Dukan abubuwa a matsayin Haɗin kan dukkan abubuwa". == Karramawa da kyaututtuka == A shekara ta 1921 ta karɓi matsayin shekara-shekara a matsayin shugabar sashen botany na Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don Ci gaban Kimiyya, bayan Edith Saunders a shekarar da ta gabata, amma nan da nan ta yi murabus bayan wasu mambobi sun nuna cewa ba sa son shugaban mata biyu a jere. Lokacin da aka sake miƙa ta shugabancin a 1926, ba ta yarda ba.<ref name="BluePlaque">{{Cite web |title=Arber, Agnes (1879-1960) |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=English Heritage}}</ref> [[Fayil:Agnes_Arber_plaque.jpg|alt=blue circular plaque reading "Agnes Arber née Robertson 1879-1960 lived here 1890-1909." At the top it reads "English Heritage"|thumb|Alamar a <dfn>9 Elsworthy Terrace</dfn>, Primrose Hill, London]] A shekara ta 1946 an zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society . Ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara ilimin shuke-shuke kuma mace ta uku da ta karbi wannan girmamawa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1948 an ba ta lambar yabo ta zinare ta Linnean Society na London . == Kyauta == A watan Fabrairun 1961, Muriel Arber ta ba da gudummawar wasu kayan mahaifiyarta ga Cibiyar Hunt don Takaddun Botanical.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} An shigar da Blue Plaque a gidan yarinta (9 Elsworthy Terrace, Primrose Hill, London) a cikin 2018.<ref name="BluePlaque">{{Cite web |title=Arber, Agnes (1879-1960) |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=English Heritage}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ "Arber, Agnes (1879-1960)"]. ''English Heritage''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ Archived] from the original on 6 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2024 an haɗa daya da gidanta na Cambridge inda ta kuma gudanar da yawancin bincikenta.<ref name="BBC2024">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai wani nau'in gin mai suna don girmama ta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agnes Arber Gin |url=https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218233022/https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/ |archive-date=18 December 2021 |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, an kirkiro sabon kyautar rubutun PhD na Agnes Arber a fannin ilmin halitta a Jami'ar Cambridge. Farfesa Sam Brockington, na Jami'ar Cambridge Botanic Gardens, ya ce yana fatan kyautar "za ta goyi bayan ƙarni na gaba na masu ilimin shuke-shuke, suna bin sawun Agnes".<ref name="BBC2024">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/ "Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize"]. 29 May 2024.</cite></ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa ==   == Dubi kuma == * Dorothea Pertz, wanda Agnes Arber ta rubuta masa labarin mutuwarsa == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Agnes Arber}} * Works by Agnes ArberaShirin Gutenberg * Ayyuka ta ko game daAgnes ArberaTushen Wikisource {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Mata]] [[Rukuni:Fassara]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4t9ul271tljqnz93faildn683phsdzp 818785 818784 2026-04-05T19:08:22Z Saudarh2 14842 818785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Agnes Arber''' FRS (née Robertson; An haife ta 23 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1879 - Ta mutu 22 ga watan Maris 1960) ta kasance masanin ilimin shuke-shuke na Birtaniya kuma masanin ilimin jikin mutum, masanin tarihin botany kuma masanin falsafa na ilmin halitta. An haife ta ne a Landan amma ta rayu mafi yawan rayuwarta a Cambridge, gami da shekaru 51 da suka gabata na rayuwarta. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society (21 Maris 1946, tana da shekaru 67) kuma mace ta uku gaba ɗaya. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta karbi lambar yabo ta zinare ta Linnean Society na London Binciken kimiyya ta mayar da hankali kan ƙungiyar monocotyledon na tsire-tsire masu fure. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban nazarin ilimin halittu a cikin botany a farkon karni na 20. Ayyukanta na baya sun mayar da hankali kan batun falsafar a cikin botany, musamman kan yanayin binciken halittu. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Agnes Robertson a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 1879 a Primrose Hill, London.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Ita ce 'yar farko ta Henry Robert Robertson, mai zane, da Agnes Lucy Turner, kuma tana da' yan uwanta uku, Donald Struan Robertson (wanda daga baya ya zama Regius Farfesa na Girkanci a Jami'ar Cambridge), Janet Robertson, wanda daga baya yafuuka mai zane-zane, da Margaret Robertson (mai suna Hills), wanda ya kasance sanannen mai ba da izini kuma ɗan siyasa na gida. Mahaifinta ya ba ta darussan zane na yau da kullun a lokacin yarinta, wanda daga baya ya ba ta ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don kwatanta wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da kanta. A lokacin da yake da shekaru takwas Robertson ya fara halartar Makarantar Kwalejin Arewacin London da Frances Buss ta kafa kuma ke gudanarwa, daya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan ilimin 'yan mata. A karkashin jagorancin malamin kimiyya na makarantar Edith Aitken, Robertson ta gano sha'awar ilimin shuke-shuke, ta buga bincikenta na farko a 1894 a cikin mujallar makarantar kuma daga baya ta zo na farko a cikin jarrabawar ilimin shuke'a ta makarantar, ta lashe tallafin karatu. A nan ne Robertson ya fara saduwa da Ethel Sargant, masanin ilimin shuke-shuke wanda ke ba da gabatarwa na yau da kullun ga kulob din kimiyya na makaranta. Sargant daga baya za ta zama mai ba da shawara da abokin aiki, tana da tasiri sosai a kan abubuwan da Arber ke sha'awa da hanyoyin da yake da su.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1897, Robertson ta fara karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar, London, inda ta sami BSc a shekara ta 1899. Bayan samun tallafin karatu na shiga Arber ya zama memba na Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge kuma ya kara digiri a Kimiyya ta Halitta. Ta sami sakamakon aji na farko a kowane jarrabawa a jami'o'in biyu, tare da kyaututtuka da lambobin yabo da yawa daga Kwalejin Jami'ar, London. Bayan kammala karatunta na Cambridge a 1902 Robertson ta yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje mai zaman kansa na Ethel Sargant na shekara guda, kafin ta koma Kwalejin Jami'ar, London a matsayin mai riƙe da Quain Studentship a Biology. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Science a 1905.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Robertson ya sadu da Edward Alexander Newell Arber (1870-1918) yayin da yake karatu a Kwalejin Newnham . Sun yi aure a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, 1909 kuma suka koma Cambridge, inda za ta kasance har tsawon rayuwarta. An haifi ɗanta kaɗai, Muriel Agnes Arber, a 1913, ta zama masanin ilimin ƙasa, kuma ta mutu a shekara ta 2004. {{Sfn|Friend|2012}} Arber da mijinta suna da sha'awa da yawa, kuma an bayyana aurenta a matsayin 'mai farin ciki'. An ba Arber kyautar Bincike daga Kwalejin Newnham a 1912 kuma ta buga littafinta na farko ''[[doi:10.5962/bhl.title.31068|Herbals, asalin su da juyin halitta]]'' a wannan shekarar. Mijinta Newall Arber ya mutu a shekara ta 1918 bayan wani lokaci na rashin lafiya. Arber ba ta sake yin aure ba, amma ta ci gaba da bincikenta. Ta yi karatu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Balfour Biological Laboratory for Women daga aurenta har zuwa rufe dakin gwaje'a a 1927. Arber ta ci gaba da wani karamin dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin ɗakin baya na gidanta daga wannan lokacin har sai da ta daina yin bincike a kan benci a cikin 1940s kuma ta juya zuwa nazarin falsafa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} == Mutuwa == Agnes Arber ta mutu a ranar 22 ga Maris 1960, tana da shekaru 81, kuma an binne ta a cocin St Andrew, Girton . {{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} == Ayyukan kimiyya == Kafin halartar Kwalejin Jami'ar, London Arber ta shafe lokacin rani na 1897 tana aiki tare da Ethel Sargant a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na sirri a Reigate, inda Sargant ta umurce ta da microtechniques da aka yi amfani da su don shirya samfurori na shuka don gwajin microscopic.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Arber ta koma aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Sargant aƙalla sau ɗaya a lokacin hutun bazara yayin da take karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar London. Sargant ta yi amfani da Arber tsakanin 1902 da 1903 a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike da ke aiki a kan tsarin shuke-shuke, a lokacin da a 1903 ta buga takarda ta farko 'Notes on the anatomy of ''Macrozamia heteromera''' a cikin Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society . Yayinda yake a Kwalejin Jami'ar London Arber ya gudanar da bincike kan rukunin tsire-tsire na gymnosperm, yana samar da takardu da yawa game da yanayin su da jikin su. Nazarin da falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke za su zama babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga aikinta na baya. === Gidan gwaje-gwaje na Balfour, Cambridge === A cikin 1909 an ba Arber sarari a cikin Laboratory na Balfour don Mata ta Kwalejin Newnham. Kwalejin mata biyu na jami'ar sun sayi wannan ginin kuma sun kafa shi a 1884 don amfani da ɗaliban su da masu bincike (mata a wannan lokacin ba a ba su izinin halartar zanga-zangar dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma azuzuwan aiki). Arber ya yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe shi a 1927. [[Fayil:Photo_of_Agnes_Arber_1911.png|alt=Photograph of a woman sitting and reading a newspaper|thumb|Hoton Arber a cikin 1911]] Bayan bayar da kyautar Bincike ta Kwalejin Newnham tsakanin 1912 da 1913 Arber ta buga littafinta na farko a 1912. ''Herbals, asalin su da juyin halitta'' sun bayyana canjin Herbals da aka buga tsakanin 1470 da 1670. Arber ya danganta fitowar da ci gaban botany a matsayin horo a cikin Tarihin halitta tare da juyin halitta na bayanin shuke-shuke, rarrabuwa da ganewa da aka gani a cikin Herbals a wannan lokacin. Arber ta sami damar tuntuɓar babban tarin Herbals da aka buga a cikin ɗakin karatu na Makarantar Botany a Cambridge a matsayin wani ɓangare na bincikenta don wannan aikin. An sake rubuta shi kuma an faɗaɗa shi don fitowar ta biyu da aka buga a 1938, an buga shi a matsayin fitowar ta uku a 1986 kuma har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa aiki ne na tarihin Herbals.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} [[Fayil:Image_of_Limnathemum_from_Water_Plants_A_Study_of_Aquatic_Angiosperms.png|alt=Botanical illustrations of a plant|thumb|Hoton Limnathemum daga Tsire-tsire na Ruwa Nazarin Angiosperms na Ruwa ta Agnes Arber]] Arber ta mayar da hankali ga bincikenta kan jikin mutum da yanayin jinsin tsire-tsire, wanda Ethel Sargant ya gabatar da ita.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1920 ta rubuta littattafai biyu da wasu wallafe-wallafe 94. Littafinta na biyu Water Plants: A Study of Aquatic Angiosperms an buga shi a shekarar 1920. A cikin wannan littafin Arber ya gabatar da nazarin kwatankwacin Tsire-tsire na ruwa ta hanyar nazarin bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin su. Arber kuma tana ba da fassarori game da ka'idodin da ta yi amfani da su don ƙirƙirar bincikenta. Nazarinta shine na farko da ya samar da cikakken bayani da fassarar tsire-tsire na ruwa. Ta kasance mai zane-zane mai kyau kuma sau da yawa tana kwatanta littattafanta kanta; ta zana kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na zane-zane a cikin ''Shuke-shuke na Ruwa.''{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A cikin 1921, "tsarin tsire-tsire" ya hana Arber shugabancin 1921 na Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don ci gaban kimiyya (BAAS) 'sashen Botany (Sashe na K). Frederick Orpen Bower ne ya fara wannan tsari, bisa ga cewa Arber bai kamata ya bi Saunders nan da nan a matsayin shugaban kasa ba saboda duka mata ne daga Cambridge kuma akwai wasu manyan maza masu ilimin shuke-shuke don shugabancin. Wannan ya nuna rashin jin daɗi ga Arber ba kawai a matsayin mace mai ilimin shuke-shuke ba har ma a matsayin masanin shuke-huke na Cambridge. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa Edinburgh (inda aka gudanar da taron) "yana da 'yancin yin tsammanin fiye da wannan... Don neman Balfour [na Edinburgh] ya zauna a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin Mrs. Arber abin ba'a ne!" Albert Seward ya sadu da Arber, wanda ya janye takararsa kuma ya yi murabus a matsayin sakataren BAAS.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A cikin 1925 Arber ta buga littafinta na uku The ''Monocotyledons'' . Editocin ''Jerin Littattafan Botanical na Cambridge'' sun tambayi Ethel Sargant a cikin 1910 don shirya ƙarar a kan monocots don wannan jerin. Koyaya rashin lafiya da ci gaba shekaru sun sa Sargant ya kusan ba zai yiwu ba ya kammala littafin, kuma a cikin 1918 ta ba da shawarar Arber ya kammala aikin. ''Monocotyledons'' ya ci gaba da hanyoyin nazarin Arber da ta gabatar a cikin ''Shuke-shuke na Ruwa''. Ta ba da cikakken nazarin tsire-tsire na monocot daga kwatanta jikin su na ciki da na waje. Koyaya tattaunawarta game da ka'idodin da take amfani da su a cikin bincikenta sun fi bayyane a cikin wannan ƙarar, yayin da take tattauna hanyoyin da falsafar nazarin morphological. Kodayake nazarin jikin mutum kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin ''Monocotyledons'' da Water Plants: Nazarin Angiosperms na Aquatic ya kasance tsakiya ga binciken botanical a farkon karni na 20, akwai bambance-bambance daban-daban tsakanin masu binciken Burtaniya da Turai game da manufofin binciken morphological. Arber ta magance wannan ta hanyar ƙirƙirar bambanci tsakanin "tsarkakewa" da "amfani" yanayin, tare da aikinta yana mai da hankali kan kwatankwacin jikin mutum don bincika tambayoyin da suka shafi batutuwa masu mahimmanci kamar gina phylogenies, maimakon amfani da ra'ayoyin gargajiya na tsarin shuka.<ref name="Hanshaw" /> Wannan ra'ayi ya ci gaba da bunkasa a cikin aikinta na baya. === Ayyukan da suka biyo baya === Bayan rufewar 1927 na dakin gwaje-gwaje na Balfour Arber ta kafa wani karamin dakin gwaje'a a cikin ɗakin baya na gidanta don gudanar da bincikenta, bayan shugaban mazaunin Makarantar Botany Farfesa Albert Seward ya yi iƙirarin cewa babu sarari a Makarantar don Arber don ci gaba da bincikenta ta amfani da kayan aikinta. An gabatar da Arber ga ra'ayin bincike mai zaman kansa daga lokacin da ta yi tare da Ethel Sargant a cikin 1902-1903, kuma daga maganganun da suka biyo baya ga membobin kungiyar Girton College Natural Sciences kuma a cikin wasiƙu ga abokai ta bayyana cewa tana son yin aiki a gida saboda ƙalubalen da bincike mai zaman kanta ta kawo, duk da cewa ba ta fara zabar kanta ba.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Bayan wallafa The ''Monocotyledons'' Arber ta ci gaba da bincikenta a cikin wannan rukuni, ta mai da hankali ga bincikenta a kan iyalin Gramineae na shuke-shuke, musamman hatsi, ciyawa da bamboo. Wannan ya haifar da buga littafinta na ƙarshe game da yanayin shuke-shuke, The ''Gramineae'' a 1934. A cikin wannan littafin Arber ya bayyana sake zagayowar rayuwa, embryology da sake zagayowan haihuwa da kayan lambu na [[Grasses|kitse]]="Cereals">hatsi, ciyawa da bamboo ta amfani da nazarin jikin mutum na waɗannan tsire-tsire. Da yake fahimtar muhimmancin waɗannan tsire-tsire ga ci gaban al'ummomin ɗan adam, Arber ya fara wannan binciken tare da tarihin waɗannan tsire'o'in dangane da mutane, tare da "mafi tsananin fasalin tsire-shuke ana bi da shi kamar yadda yake tasowa daga ɗan adam". Littafin ya riga ya wuce takardu 10 a cikin Annals of Botany wanda ke ba da cikakken bayani game da sakamakon bincikenta. Tsakanin 1930 da 1942 Arber ta gudanar da bincike game da tsarin furanni, inda ta bincika tsarin siffofi daban-daban kuma ta yi amfani da bayanan morphological don fassara wasu tsarin furanni. An buga sakamakon ta a cikin takardu 10 na bita da suka shafi wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 1937 ta wallafa taƙaitaccen ra'ayoyin morphological wanda aka tattauna game da tsarin furanni, wanda aka dauka a matsayin muhimmiyar labarin bita don nazarin morphological. A watan Janairun 1942 Arber ta buga takarda ta ƙarshe da ta shafi binciken botanical na asali. Dukkanin wallafe-wallafen da ta biyo baya sun damu da batutuwan tarihi da falsafa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} [https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/] == Nazarin falsafa == A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu Arber ta sami wahalar kula da ƙaramin dakin gwaje-gwaje, saboda matsalolin kiwon lafiya da kayan aiki sun zama da wuya a samu.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Bugu da ƙari, ba ta yi imani da cewa "yana da kyau ga maƙwabtanta" don samun kayan dakin gwaje-gwaje masu cin wuta a gidanta yayin da akwai haɗarin fashewar bam a lokacin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Wannan ya haifar da shawarar da ta yanke na dakatar da yin aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma mayar da hankali kan batutuwan falsafa da tarihi. Arber ya wallafa aiki a kan masana kimiyyar tarihi, gami da kwatanta tsakanin Nehemiah Grew da Marcello Malpighi a 1942, John Ray a 1943 da Sir Joseph Banks a 1945.<ref name="Flannery">Flannery, M {{Cite web |title=Arber |url=http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=17 February 2010}} 'The Many Sides of Agnes Arber'</ref> An gabatar da Arber ga aikin [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] yayin da yake makaranta kuma ya kasance yana sha'awar ra'ayoyinsa game da [[botany]]. A shekara ta 1946 ta buga Goethe's Botany, fassarar Goethe'tti's Metamorphosis of Plants (1790) da Georg Christoph Tobler's (1757-1812) Die Natur tare da gabatarwa da fassarar matani. The Natural Philosophy of Plant Form, wanda aka buga a 1950 an dauke shi mafi mahimmancin littattafan Arber. An bayyana shi a matsayin "bincike na shekaru dubu biyu na al'adar halittu".<ref name="DeBakcsy">{{Cite web |last=DeBakcsy |first=Dale |date=October 17, 2018 |title=Bringing Teleology Back: Agnes Arber's Neo-Aristotelian Plant Morphology |url=https://womenyoushouldknow.net/bringing-teleology-back-agnes-arbers-neo-aristotelian-plant-morphology/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109234558/https://womenyoushouldknow.net/bringing-teleology-back-agnes-arbers-neo-aristotelian-plant-morphology/ |archive-date=9 November 2018 |access-date=9 November 2018 |website=Women You Should Know}}</ref> Arber ya tattauna hanyoyin da ke bayan samar da ra'ayi daga bincike kuma ya bincika falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke. Arber yana amfani da wannan don bincika tsarin tsire-tsire masu fure, kuma yana ba da shawarar ka'idar tsire-shire na ganye. Dangane da wannan ka'idar, kowane bangare na shuka harbi ne ko harbi na ɓangare. Bishiyoyi ne na ɓangaren da ke nuna raguwar ƙarfin girma. Ta ambaci cewa: "shafi ne mai ɗan gajeren lokaci, yana nuna sha'awar zama harbi gaba ɗaya, amma ba a taɓa cimma wannan burin ba, tunda daidaituwa ta radial da ƙarfin ci gaban apical suna fama da hanawa". Haɗakarwar ganye da harbi sun samo asali ne daga [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], wanda ya fara bayyana ganye masu fili a matsayin "rassan gaskiya, wanda buds ba zai iya bunkasa ba, tunda tsutsa na yau da kullun yana da rauni sosai". Ga Arber, ganyen fili sune tarin ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan. Shaidar ci gaban kwayar halitta ta baya-bayan nan ta goyi bayan fannoni na ka'idar harbi ta ganye, musamman ma a yanayin ganye. Nazarinta a kan falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke ya kai ta ga ɗaukar ra'ayi mai zurfi game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin kimiyya da falsafar. The Mind and the Eye: A Biologist's Standpoint da aka buga a 1954 ya ba da gabatarwa ga binciken halittu kuma ya haɓaka hanyar yin wannan binciken. Arber ya bayyana bincike kamar yadda yake faruwa a matakai shida: gano batun bincike ko batun; tattara bayanai ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje ko kallo; fassarar bayanan; gwada ingancin fassarar; sadarwa da sakamakon; da kuma la'akari da bincike a cikin mahallin. Ga Arber, mahallin ya haɗa da fassara sakamakon dangane da tarihi da falsafar kuma ya rufe rabin littafin. Littafin Arber ya bambanta da cewa an rubuta shi kafin Thomas Kuhn ya nuna cewa ra'ayoyin masanin kimiyya suna rinjayar ra'ayoyi na wasu a fagen su kuma kafin sukar Ernst Mayr na bayyana falsafar ilmin halitta kamar yadda falsafar kimiyyar lissafi ta kasance.<ref name="Flannery">Flannery, M {{Cite web |title=Arber |url=http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=17 February 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm "Arber"]. Archived from [http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm the original] on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite> 'The Many Sides of Agnes Arber'</ref> Littafinta na karshe, The Manifold and the One da aka buga a shekara ta 1957 ya damu da tambayoyin falsafa da suka fi girma. Littafin bincike ne mai zurfi da haɗin kai, wanda ya samo asali ne daga al'adun wallafe-wallafen, kimiyya, addini, asiri da falsafar falsafar, wanda ya haɗa da falsafar Buddha, Hindu da Taoist tare da falsafar Turai., a cikin neman tattaunawa game da kwarewar asiri wanda Arber ya bayyana a matsayin "wannan tunani kai tsaye da ba a shiga tsakani ba wanda ke nunawa da kyakkyawar fahimta game da Dukan abubuwa a matsayin Haɗin kan dukkan abubuwa". == Karramawa da kyaututtuka == A shekara ta 1921 ta karɓi matsayin shekara-shekara a matsayin shugabar sashen botany na Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don Ci gaban Kimiyya, bayan Edith Saunders a shekarar da ta gabata, amma nan da nan ta yi murabus bayan wasu mambobi sun nuna cewa ba sa son shugaban mata biyu a jere. Lokacin da aka sake miƙa ta shugabancin a 1926, ba ta yarda ba.<ref name="BluePlaque">{{Cite web |title=Arber, Agnes (1879-1960) |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=English Heritage}}</ref> [[Fayil:Agnes_Arber_plaque.jpg|alt=blue circular plaque reading "Agnes Arber née Robertson 1879-1960 lived here 1890-1909." At the top it reads "English Heritage"|thumb|Alamar a <dfn>9 Elsworthy Terrace</dfn>, Primrose Hill, London]] A shekara ta 1946 an zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society . Ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara ilimin shuke-shuke kuma mace ta uku da ta karbi wannan girmamawa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1948 an ba ta lambar yabo ta zinare ta Linnean Society na London . == Kyauta == A watan Fabrairun 1961, Muriel Arber ta ba da gudummawar wasu kayan mahaifiyarta ga Cibiyar Hunt don Takaddun Botanical.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} An shigar da Blue Plaque a gidan yarinta (9 Elsworthy Terrace, Primrose Hill, London) a cikin 2018.<ref name="BluePlaque">{{Cite web |title=Arber, Agnes (1879-1960) |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=English Heritage}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ "Arber, Agnes (1879-1960)"]. ''English Heritage''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ Archived] from the original on 6 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2024 an haɗa daya da gidanta na Cambridge inda ta kuma gudanar da yawancin bincikenta.<ref name="BBC2024">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai wani nau'in gin mai suna don girmama ta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agnes Arber Gin |url=https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218233022/https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/ |archive-date=18 December 2021 |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, an kirkiro sabon kyautar rubutun PhD na Agnes Arber a fannin ilmin halitta a Jami'ar Cambridge. Farfesa Sam Brockington, na Jami'ar Cambridge Botanic Gardens, ya ce yana fatan kyautar "za ta goyi bayan ƙarni na gaba na masu ilimin shuke-shuke, suna bin sawun Agnes".<ref name="BBC2024">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/ "Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize"]. 29 May 2024.</cite></ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa ==   == Dubi kuma == * Dorothea Pertz, wanda Agnes Arber ta rubuta masa labarin mutuwarsa == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Agnes Arber}} * Works by Agnes ArberaShirin Gutenberg * Ayyuka ta ko game daAgnes ArberaTushen Wikisource {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Mata]] [[Rukuni:Fassara]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bcvcd010djtiqtz5z1llpf8x3paotiq 818786 818785 2026-04-05T19:08:45Z Saudarh2 14842 818786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Agnes Arber''' FRS (née Robertson; An haife ta 23 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1879 - Ta mutu 22 ga watan Maris shekarar 1960) ta kasance masanin ilimin shuke-shuke na Birtaniya kuma masanin ilimin jikin mutum, masanin tarihin botany kuma masanin falsafa na ilmin halitta. An haife ta ne a Landan amma ta rayu mafi yawan rayuwarta a Cambridge, gami da shekaru 51 da suka gabata na rayuwarta. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society (21 Maris 1946, tana da shekaru 67) kuma mace ta uku gaba ɗaya. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta karbi lambar yabo ta zinare ta Linnean Society na London Binciken kimiyya ta mayar da hankali kan ƙungiyar monocotyledon na tsire-tsire masu fure. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban nazarin ilimin halittu a cikin botany a farkon karni na 20. Ayyukanta na baya sun mayar da hankali kan batun falsafar a cikin botany, musamman kan yanayin binciken halittu. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Agnes Robertson a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 1879 a Primrose Hill, London.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Ita ce 'yar farko ta Henry Robert Robertson, mai zane, da Agnes Lucy Turner, kuma tana da' yan uwanta uku, Donald Struan Robertson (wanda daga baya ya zama Regius Farfesa na Girkanci a Jami'ar Cambridge), Janet Robertson, wanda daga baya yafuuka mai zane-zane, da Margaret Robertson (mai suna Hills), wanda ya kasance sanannen mai ba da izini kuma ɗan siyasa na gida. Mahaifinta ya ba ta darussan zane na yau da kullun a lokacin yarinta, wanda daga baya ya ba ta ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don kwatanta wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da kanta. A lokacin da yake da shekaru takwas Robertson ya fara halartar Makarantar Kwalejin Arewacin London da Frances Buss ta kafa kuma ke gudanarwa, daya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan ilimin 'yan mata. A karkashin jagorancin malamin kimiyya na makarantar Edith Aitken, Robertson ta gano sha'awar ilimin shuke-shuke, ta buga bincikenta na farko a 1894 a cikin mujallar makarantar kuma daga baya ta zo na farko a cikin jarrabawar ilimin shuke'a ta makarantar, ta lashe tallafin karatu. A nan ne Robertson ya fara saduwa da Ethel Sargant, masanin ilimin shuke-shuke wanda ke ba da gabatarwa na yau da kullun ga kulob din kimiyya na makaranta. Sargant daga baya za ta zama mai ba da shawara da abokin aiki, tana da tasiri sosai a kan abubuwan da Arber ke sha'awa da hanyoyin da yake da su.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1897, Robertson ta fara karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar, London, inda ta sami BSc a shekara ta 1899. Bayan samun tallafin karatu na shiga Arber ya zama memba na Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge kuma ya kara digiri a Kimiyya ta Halitta. Ta sami sakamakon aji na farko a kowane jarrabawa a jami'o'in biyu, tare da kyaututtuka da lambobin yabo da yawa daga Kwalejin Jami'ar, London. Bayan kammala karatunta na Cambridge a 1902 Robertson ta yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje mai zaman kansa na Ethel Sargant na shekara guda, kafin ta koma Kwalejin Jami'ar, London a matsayin mai riƙe da Quain Studentship a Biology. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Science a 1905.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Robertson ya sadu da Edward Alexander Newell Arber (1870-1918) yayin da yake karatu a Kwalejin Newnham . Sun yi aure a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, 1909 kuma suka koma Cambridge, inda za ta kasance har tsawon rayuwarta. An haifi ɗanta kaɗai, Muriel Agnes Arber, a 1913, ta zama masanin ilimin ƙasa, kuma ta mutu a shekara ta 2004. {{Sfn|Friend|2012}} Arber da mijinta suna da sha'awa da yawa, kuma an bayyana aurenta a matsayin 'mai farin ciki'. An ba Arber kyautar Bincike daga Kwalejin Newnham a 1912 kuma ta buga littafinta na farko ''[[doi:10.5962/bhl.title.31068|Herbals, asalin su da juyin halitta]]'' a wannan shekarar. Mijinta Newall Arber ya mutu a shekara ta 1918 bayan wani lokaci na rashin lafiya. Arber ba ta sake yin aure ba, amma ta ci gaba da bincikenta. Ta yi karatu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Balfour Biological Laboratory for Women daga aurenta har zuwa rufe dakin gwaje'a a 1927. Arber ta ci gaba da wani karamin dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin ɗakin baya na gidanta daga wannan lokacin har sai da ta daina yin bincike a kan benci a cikin 1940s kuma ta juya zuwa nazarin falsafa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} == Mutuwa == Agnes Arber ta mutu a ranar 22 ga Maris 1960, tana da shekaru 81, kuma an binne ta a cocin St Andrew, Girton . {{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} == Ayyukan kimiyya == Kafin halartar Kwalejin Jami'ar, London Arber ta shafe lokacin rani na 1897 tana aiki tare da Ethel Sargant a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na sirri a Reigate, inda Sargant ta umurce ta da microtechniques da aka yi amfani da su don shirya samfurori na shuka don gwajin microscopic.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Arber ta koma aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Sargant aƙalla sau ɗaya a lokacin hutun bazara yayin da take karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar London. Sargant ta yi amfani da Arber tsakanin 1902 da 1903 a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike da ke aiki a kan tsarin shuke-shuke, a lokacin da a 1903 ta buga takarda ta farko 'Notes on the anatomy of ''Macrozamia heteromera''' a cikin Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society . Yayinda yake a Kwalejin Jami'ar London Arber ya gudanar da bincike kan rukunin tsire-tsire na gymnosperm, yana samar da takardu da yawa game da yanayin su da jikin su. Nazarin da falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke za su zama babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga aikinta na baya. === Gidan gwaje-gwaje na Balfour, Cambridge === A cikin 1909 an ba Arber sarari a cikin Laboratory na Balfour don Mata ta Kwalejin Newnham. Kwalejin mata biyu na jami'ar sun sayi wannan ginin kuma sun kafa shi a 1884 don amfani da ɗaliban su da masu bincike (mata a wannan lokacin ba a ba su izinin halartar zanga-zangar dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma azuzuwan aiki). Arber ya yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe shi a 1927. [[Fayil:Photo_of_Agnes_Arber_1911.png|alt=Photograph of a woman sitting and reading a newspaper|thumb|Hoton Arber a cikin 1911]] Bayan bayar da kyautar Bincike ta Kwalejin Newnham tsakanin 1912 da 1913 Arber ta buga littafinta na farko a 1912. ''Herbals, asalin su da juyin halitta'' sun bayyana canjin Herbals da aka buga tsakanin 1470 da 1670. Arber ya danganta fitowar da ci gaban botany a matsayin horo a cikin Tarihin halitta tare da juyin halitta na bayanin shuke-shuke, rarrabuwa da ganewa da aka gani a cikin Herbals a wannan lokacin. Arber ta sami damar tuntuɓar babban tarin Herbals da aka buga a cikin ɗakin karatu na Makarantar Botany a Cambridge a matsayin wani ɓangare na bincikenta don wannan aikin. An sake rubuta shi kuma an faɗaɗa shi don fitowar ta biyu da aka buga a 1938, an buga shi a matsayin fitowar ta uku a 1986 kuma har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa aiki ne na tarihin Herbals.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} [[Fayil:Image_of_Limnathemum_from_Water_Plants_A_Study_of_Aquatic_Angiosperms.png|alt=Botanical illustrations of a plant|thumb|Hoton Limnathemum daga Tsire-tsire na Ruwa Nazarin Angiosperms na Ruwa ta Agnes Arber]] Arber ta mayar da hankali ga bincikenta kan jikin mutum da yanayin jinsin tsire-tsire, wanda Ethel Sargant ya gabatar da ita.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1920 ta rubuta littattafai biyu da wasu wallafe-wallafe 94. Littafinta na biyu Water Plants: A Study of Aquatic Angiosperms an buga shi a shekarar 1920. A cikin wannan littafin Arber ya gabatar da nazarin kwatankwacin Tsire-tsire na ruwa ta hanyar nazarin bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin su. Arber kuma tana ba da fassarori game da ka'idodin da ta yi amfani da su don ƙirƙirar bincikenta. Nazarinta shine na farko da ya samar da cikakken bayani da fassarar tsire-tsire na ruwa. Ta kasance mai zane-zane mai kyau kuma sau da yawa tana kwatanta littattafanta kanta; ta zana kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na zane-zane a cikin ''Shuke-shuke na Ruwa.''{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A cikin 1921, "tsarin tsire-tsire" ya hana Arber shugabancin 1921 na Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don ci gaban kimiyya (BAAS) 'sashen Botany (Sashe na K). Frederick Orpen Bower ne ya fara wannan tsari, bisa ga cewa Arber bai kamata ya bi Saunders nan da nan a matsayin shugaban kasa ba saboda duka mata ne daga Cambridge kuma akwai wasu manyan maza masu ilimin shuke-shuke don shugabancin. Wannan ya nuna rashin jin daɗi ga Arber ba kawai a matsayin mace mai ilimin shuke-shuke ba har ma a matsayin masanin shuke-huke na Cambridge. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa Edinburgh (inda aka gudanar da taron) "yana da 'yancin yin tsammanin fiye da wannan... Don neman Balfour [na Edinburgh] ya zauna a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin Mrs. Arber abin ba'a ne!" Albert Seward ya sadu da Arber, wanda ya janye takararsa kuma ya yi murabus a matsayin sakataren BAAS.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A cikin 1925 Arber ta buga littafinta na uku The ''Monocotyledons'' . Editocin ''Jerin Littattafan Botanical na Cambridge'' sun tambayi Ethel Sargant a cikin 1910 don shirya ƙarar a kan monocots don wannan jerin. Koyaya rashin lafiya da ci gaba shekaru sun sa Sargant ya kusan ba zai yiwu ba ya kammala littafin, kuma a cikin 1918 ta ba da shawarar Arber ya kammala aikin. ''Monocotyledons'' ya ci gaba da hanyoyin nazarin Arber da ta gabatar a cikin ''Shuke-shuke na Ruwa''. Ta ba da cikakken nazarin tsire-tsire na monocot daga kwatanta jikin su na ciki da na waje. Koyaya tattaunawarta game da ka'idodin da take amfani da su a cikin bincikenta sun fi bayyane a cikin wannan ƙarar, yayin da take tattauna hanyoyin da falsafar nazarin morphological. Kodayake nazarin jikin mutum kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin ''Monocotyledons'' da Water Plants: Nazarin Angiosperms na Aquatic ya kasance tsakiya ga binciken botanical a farkon karni na 20, akwai bambance-bambance daban-daban tsakanin masu binciken Burtaniya da Turai game da manufofin binciken morphological. Arber ta magance wannan ta hanyar ƙirƙirar bambanci tsakanin "tsarkakewa" da "amfani" yanayin, tare da aikinta yana mai da hankali kan kwatankwacin jikin mutum don bincika tambayoyin da suka shafi batutuwa masu mahimmanci kamar gina phylogenies, maimakon amfani da ra'ayoyin gargajiya na tsarin shuka.<ref name="Hanshaw" /> Wannan ra'ayi ya ci gaba da bunkasa a cikin aikinta na baya. === Ayyukan da suka biyo baya === Bayan rufewar 1927 na dakin gwaje-gwaje na Balfour Arber ta kafa wani karamin dakin gwaje'a a cikin ɗakin baya na gidanta don gudanar da bincikenta, bayan shugaban mazaunin Makarantar Botany Farfesa Albert Seward ya yi iƙirarin cewa babu sarari a Makarantar don Arber don ci gaba da bincikenta ta amfani da kayan aikinta. An gabatar da Arber ga ra'ayin bincike mai zaman kansa daga lokacin da ta yi tare da Ethel Sargant a cikin 1902-1903, kuma daga maganganun da suka biyo baya ga membobin kungiyar Girton College Natural Sciences kuma a cikin wasiƙu ga abokai ta bayyana cewa tana son yin aiki a gida saboda ƙalubalen da bincike mai zaman kanta ta kawo, duk da cewa ba ta fara zabar kanta ba.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Bayan wallafa The ''Monocotyledons'' Arber ta ci gaba da bincikenta a cikin wannan rukuni, ta mai da hankali ga bincikenta a kan iyalin Gramineae na shuke-shuke, musamman hatsi, ciyawa da bamboo. Wannan ya haifar da buga littafinta na ƙarshe game da yanayin shuke-shuke, The ''Gramineae'' a 1934. A cikin wannan littafin Arber ya bayyana sake zagayowar rayuwa, embryology da sake zagayowan haihuwa da kayan lambu na [[Grasses|kitse]]="Cereals">hatsi, ciyawa da bamboo ta amfani da nazarin jikin mutum na waɗannan tsire-tsire. Da yake fahimtar muhimmancin waɗannan tsire-tsire ga ci gaban al'ummomin ɗan adam, Arber ya fara wannan binciken tare da tarihin waɗannan tsire'o'in dangane da mutane, tare da "mafi tsananin fasalin tsire-shuke ana bi da shi kamar yadda yake tasowa daga ɗan adam". Littafin ya riga ya wuce takardu 10 a cikin Annals of Botany wanda ke ba da cikakken bayani game da sakamakon bincikenta. Tsakanin 1930 da 1942 Arber ta gudanar da bincike game da tsarin furanni, inda ta bincika tsarin siffofi daban-daban kuma ta yi amfani da bayanan morphological don fassara wasu tsarin furanni. An buga sakamakon ta a cikin takardu 10 na bita da suka shafi wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 1937 ta wallafa taƙaitaccen ra'ayoyin morphological wanda aka tattauna game da tsarin furanni, wanda aka dauka a matsayin muhimmiyar labarin bita don nazarin morphological. A watan Janairun 1942 Arber ta buga takarda ta ƙarshe da ta shafi binciken botanical na asali. Dukkanin wallafe-wallafen da ta biyo baya sun damu da batutuwan tarihi da falsafa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} [https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/] == Nazarin falsafa == A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu Arber ta sami wahalar kula da ƙaramin dakin gwaje-gwaje, saboda matsalolin kiwon lafiya da kayan aiki sun zama da wuya a samu.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Bugu da ƙari, ba ta yi imani da cewa "yana da kyau ga maƙwabtanta" don samun kayan dakin gwaje-gwaje masu cin wuta a gidanta yayin da akwai haɗarin fashewar bam a lokacin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Wannan ya haifar da shawarar da ta yanke na dakatar da yin aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma mayar da hankali kan batutuwan falsafa da tarihi. Arber ya wallafa aiki a kan masana kimiyyar tarihi, gami da kwatanta tsakanin Nehemiah Grew da Marcello Malpighi a 1942, John Ray a 1943 da Sir Joseph Banks a 1945.<ref name="Flannery">Flannery, M {{Cite web |title=Arber |url=http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=17 February 2010}} 'The Many Sides of Agnes Arber'</ref> An gabatar da Arber ga aikin [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] yayin da yake makaranta kuma ya kasance yana sha'awar ra'ayoyinsa game da [[botany]]. A shekara ta 1946 ta buga Goethe's Botany, fassarar Goethe'tti's Metamorphosis of Plants (1790) da Georg Christoph Tobler's (1757-1812) Die Natur tare da gabatarwa da fassarar matani. The Natural Philosophy of Plant Form, wanda aka buga a 1950 an dauke shi mafi mahimmancin littattafan Arber. An bayyana shi a matsayin "bincike na shekaru dubu biyu na al'adar halittu".<ref name="DeBakcsy">{{Cite web |last=DeBakcsy |first=Dale |date=October 17, 2018 |title=Bringing Teleology Back: Agnes Arber's Neo-Aristotelian Plant Morphology |url=https://womenyoushouldknow.net/bringing-teleology-back-agnes-arbers-neo-aristotelian-plant-morphology/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109234558/https://womenyoushouldknow.net/bringing-teleology-back-agnes-arbers-neo-aristotelian-plant-morphology/ |archive-date=9 November 2018 |access-date=9 November 2018 |website=Women You Should Know}}</ref> Arber ya tattauna hanyoyin da ke bayan samar da ra'ayi daga bincike kuma ya bincika falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke. Arber yana amfani da wannan don bincika tsarin tsire-tsire masu fure, kuma yana ba da shawarar ka'idar tsire-shire na ganye. Dangane da wannan ka'idar, kowane bangare na shuka harbi ne ko harbi na ɓangare. Bishiyoyi ne na ɓangaren da ke nuna raguwar ƙarfin girma. Ta ambaci cewa: "shafi ne mai ɗan gajeren lokaci, yana nuna sha'awar zama harbi gaba ɗaya, amma ba a taɓa cimma wannan burin ba, tunda daidaituwa ta radial da ƙarfin ci gaban apical suna fama da hanawa". Haɗakarwar ganye da harbi sun samo asali ne daga [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], wanda ya fara bayyana ganye masu fili a matsayin "rassan gaskiya, wanda buds ba zai iya bunkasa ba, tunda tsutsa na yau da kullun yana da rauni sosai". Ga Arber, ganyen fili sune tarin ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan. Shaidar ci gaban kwayar halitta ta baya-bayan nan ta goyi bayan fannoni na ka'idar harbi ta ganye, musamman ma a yanayin ganye. Nazarinta a kan falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke ya kai ta ga ɗaukar ra'ayi mai zurfi game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin kimiyya da falsafar. The Mind and the Eye: A Biologist's Standpoint da aka buga a 1954 ya ba da gabatarwa ga binciken halittu kuma ya haɓaka hanyar yin wannan binciken. Arber ya bayyana bincike kamar yadda yake faruwa a matakai shida: gano batun bincike ko batun; tattara bayanai ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje ko kallo; fassarar bayanan; gwada ingancin fassarar; sadarwa da sakamakon; da kuma la'akari da bincike a cikin mahallin. Ga Arber, mahallin ya haɗa da fassara sakamakon dangane da tarihi da falsafar kuma ya rufe rabin littafin. Littafin Arber ya bambanta da cewa an rubuta shi kafin Thomas Kuhn ya nuna cewa ra'ayoyin masanin kimiyya suna rinjayar ra'ayoyi na wasu a fagen su kuma kafin sukar Ernst Mayr na bayyana falsafar ilmin halitta kamar yadda falsafar kimiyyar lissafi ta kasance.<ref name="Flannery">Flannery, M {{Cite web |title=Arber |url=http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=17 February 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm "Arber"]. Archived from [http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm the original] on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite> 'The Many Sides of Agnes Arber'</ref> Littafinta na karshe, The Manifold and the One da aka buga a shekara ta 1957 ya damu da tambayoyin falsafa da suka fi girma. Littafin bincike ne mai zurfi da haɗin kai, wanda ya samo asali ne daga al'adun wallafe-wallafen, kimiyya, addini, asiri da falsafar falsafar, wanda ya haɗa da falsafar Buddha, Hindu da Taoist tare da falsafar Turai., a cikin neman tattaunawa game da kwarewar asiri wanda Arber ya bayyana a matsayin "wannan tunani kai tsaye da ba a shiga tsakani ba wanda ke nunawa da kyakkyawar fahimta game da Dukan abubuwa a matsayin Haɗin kan dukkan abubuwa". == Karramawa da kyaututtuka == A shekara ta 1921 ta karɓi matsayin shekara-shekara a matsayin shugabar sashen botany na Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don Ci gaban Kimiyya, bayan Edith Saunders a shekarar da ta gabata, amma nan da nan ta yi murabus bayan wasu mambobi sun nuna cewa ba sa son shugaban mata biyu a jere. Lokacin da aka sake miƙa ta shugabancin a 1926, ba ta yarda ba.<ref name="BluePlaque">{{Cite web |title=Arber, Agnes (1879-1960) |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=English Heritage}}</ref> [[Fayil:Agnes_Arber_plaque.jpg|alt=blue circular plaque reading "Agnes Arber née Robertson 1879-1960 lived here 1890-1909." At the top it reads "English Heritage"|thumb|Alamar a <dfn>9 Elsworthy Terrace</dfn>, Primrose Hill, London]] A shekara ta 1946 an zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society . Ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara ilimin shuke-shuke kuma mace ta uku da ta karbi wannan girmamawa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1948 an ba ta lambar yabo ta zinare ta Linnean Society na London . == Kyauta == A watan Fabrairun 1961, Muriel Arber ta ba da gudummawar wasu kayan mahaifiyarta ga Cibiyar Hunt don Takaddun Botanical.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} An shigar da Blue Plaque a gidan yarinta (9 Elsworthy Terrace, Primrose Hill, London) a cikin 2018.<ref name="BluePlaque">{{Cite web |title=Arber, Agnes (1879-1960) |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=English Heritage}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ "Arber, Agnes (1879-1960)"]. ''English Heritage''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ Archived] from the original on 6 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2024 an haɗa daya da gidanta na Cambridge inda ta kuma gudanar da yawancin bincikenta.<ref name="BBC2024">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai wani nau'in gin mai suna don girmama ta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agnes Arber Gin |url=https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218233022/https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/ |archive-date=18 December 2021 |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, an kirkiro sabon kyautar rubutun PhD na Agnes Arber a fannin ilmin halitta a Jami'ar Cambridge. Farfesa Sam Brockington, na Jami'ar Cambridge Botanic Gardens, ya ce yana fatan kyautar "za ta goyi bayan ƙarni na gaba na masu ilimin shuke-shuke, suna bin sawun Agnes".<ref name="BBC2024">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/ "Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize"]. 29 May 2024.</cite></ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa ==   == Dubi kuma == * Dorothea Pertz, wanda Agnes Arber ta rubuta masa labarin mutuwarsa == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Agnes Arber}} * Works by Agnes ArberaShirin Gutenberg * Ayyuka ta ko game daAgnes ArberaTushen Wikisource {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Mata]] [[Rukuni:Fassara]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hrzyyd05jxkfav70crhfrv8b3wsub2i 818787 818786 2026-04-05T19:09:32Z Saudarh2 14842 818787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Agnes Arber''' FRS (née Robertson; An haife ta 23 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1879 - Ta mutu 22 ga watan Maris shekarar 1960) ta kasance masanin ilimin shuke-shuke na kasar Birtaniya kuma masanin ilimin jikin mutum, masanin tarihin botany kuma masanin falsafa na ilmin halitta. An haife ta ne a Landan amma ta rayu mafi yawan rayuwarta a Cambridge, gami da shekaru 51 da suka gabata na rayuwarta. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society (21 Maris 1946, tana da shekaru 67) kuma mace ta uku gaba ɗaya. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta karbi lambar yabo ta zinare ta Linnean Society na London Binciken kimiyya ta mayar da hankali kan ƙungiyar monocotyledon na tsire-tsire masu fure. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban nazarin ilimin halittu a cikin botany a farkon karni na 20. Ayyukanta na baya sun mayar da hankali kan batun falsafar a cikin botany, musamman kan yanayin binciken halittu. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Agnes Robertson a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 1879 a Primrose Hill, London.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Ita ce 'yar farko ta Henry Robert Robertson, mai zane, da Agnes Lucy Turner, kuma tana da' yan uwanta uku, Donald Struan Robertson (wanda daga baya ya zama Regius Farfesa na Girkanci a Jami'ar Cambridge), Janet Robertson, wanda daga baya yafuuka mai zane-zane, da Margaret Robertson (mai suna Hills), wanda ya kasance sanannen mai ba da izini kuma ɗan siyasa na gida. Mahaifinta ya ba ta darussan zane na yau da kullun a lokacin yarinta, wanda daga baya ya ba ta ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don kwatanta wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da kanta. A lokacin da yake da shekaru takwas Robertson ya fara halartar Makarantar Kwalejin Arewacin London da Frances Buss ta kafa kuma ke gudanarwa, daya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan ilimin 'yan mata. A karkashin jagorancin malamin kimiyya na makarantar Edith Aitken, Robertson ta gano sha'awar ilimin shuke-shuke, ta buga bincikenta na farko a 1894 a cikin mujallar makarantar kuma daga baya ta zo na farko a cikin jarrabawar ilimin shuke'a ta makarantar, ta lashe tallafin karatu. A nan ne Robertson ya fara saduwa da Ethel Sargant, masanin ilimin shuke-shuke wanda ke ba da gabatarwa na yau da kullun ga kulob din kimiyya na makaranta. Sargant daga baya za ta zama mai ba da shawara da abokin aiki, tana da tasiri sosai a kan abubuwan da Arber ke sha'awa da hanyoyin da yake da su.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1897, Robertson ta fara karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar, London, inda ta sami BSc a shekara ta 1899. Bayan samun tallafin karatu na shiga Arber ya zama memba na Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge kuma ya kara digiri a Kimiyya ta Halitta. Ta sami sakamakon aji na farko a kowane jarrabawa a jami'o'in biyu, tare da kyaututtuka da lambobin yabo da yawa daga Kwalejin Jami'ar, London. Bayan kammala karatunta na Cambridge a 1902 Robertson ta yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje mai zaman kansa na Ethel Sargant na shekara guda, kafin ta koma Kwalejin Jami'ar, London a matsayin mai riƙe da Quain Studentship a Biology. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Science a 1905.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Robertson ya sadu da Edward Alexander Newell Arber (1870-1918) yayin da yake karatu a Kwalejin Newnham . Sun yi aure a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, 1909 kuma suka koma Cambridge, inda za ta kasance har tsawon rayuwarta. An haifi ɗanta kaɗai, Muriel Agnes Arber, a 1913, ta zama masanin ilimin ƙasa, kuma ta mutu a shekara ta 2004. {{Sfn|Friend|2012}} Arber da mijinta suna da sha'awa da yawa, kuma an bayyana aurenta a matsayin 'mai farin ciki'. An ba Arber kyautar Bincike daga Kwalejin Newnham a 1912 kuma ta buga littafinta na farko ''[[doi:10.5962/bhl.title.31068|Herbals, asalin su da juyin halitta]]'' a wannan shekarar. Mijinta Newall Arber ya mutu a shekara ta 1918 bayan wani lokaci na rashin lafiya. Arber ba ta sake yin aure ba, amma ta ci gaba da bincikenta. Ta yi karatu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Balfour Biological Laboratory for Women daga aurenta har zuwa rufe dakin gwaje'a a 1927. Arber ta ci gaba da wani karamin dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin ɗakin baya na gidanta daga wannan lokacin har sai da ta daina yin bincike a kan benci a cikin 1940s kuma ta juya zuwa nazarin falsafa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} == Mutuwa == Agnes Arber ta mutu a ranar 22 ga Maris 1960, tana da shekaru 81, kuma an binne ta a cocin St Andrew, Girton . {{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} == Ayyukan kimiyya == Kafin halartar Kwalejin Jami'ar, London Arber ta shafe lokacin rani na 1897 tana aiki tare da Ethel Sargant a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na sirri a Reigate, inda Sargant ta umurce ta da microtechniques da aka yi amfani da su don shirya samfurori na shuka don gwajin microscopic.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Arber ta koma aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Sargant aƙalla sau ɗaya a lokacin hutun bazara yayin da take karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar London. Sargant ta yi amfani da Arber tsakanin 1902 da 1903 a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike da ke aiki a kan tsarin shuke-shuke, a lokacin da a 1903 ta buga takarda ta farko 'Notes on the anatomy of ''Macrozamia heteromera''' a cikin Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society . Yayinda yake a Kwalejin Jami'ar London Arber ya gudanar da bincike kan rukunin tsire-tsire na gymnosperm, yana samar da takardu da yawa game da yanayin su da jikin su. Nazarin da falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke za su zama babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga aikinta na baya. === Gidan gwaje-gwaje na Balfour, Cambridge === A cikin 1909 an ba Arber sarari a cikin Laboratory na Balfour don Mata ta Kwalejin Newnham. Kwalejin mata biyu na jami'ar sun sayi wannan ginin kuma sun kafa shi a 1884 don amfani da ɗaliban su da masu bincike (mata a wannan lokacin ba a ba su izinin halartar zanga-zangar dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma azuzuwan aiki). Arber ya yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe shi a 1927. [[Fayil:Photo_of_Agnes_Arber_1911.png|alt=Photograph of a woman sitting and reading a newspaper|thumb|Hoton Arber a cikin 1911]] Bayan bayar da kyautar Bincike ta Kwalejin Newnham tsakanin 1912 da 1913 Arber ta buga littafinta na farko a 1912. ''Herbals, asalin su da juyin halitta'' sun bayyana canjin Herbals da aka buga tsakanin 1470 da 1670. Arber ya danganta fitowar da ci gaban botany a matsayin horo a cikin Tarihin halitta tare da juyin halitta na bayanin shuke-shuke, rarrabuwa da ganewa da aka gani a cikin Herbals a wannan lokacin. Arber ta sami damar tuntuɓar babban tarin Herbals da aka buga a cikin ɗakin karatu na Makarantar Botany a Cambridge a matsayin wani ɓangare na bincikenta don wannan aikin. An sake rubuta shi kuma an faɗaɗa shi don fitowar ta biyu da aka buga a 1938, an buga shi a matsayin fitowar ta uku a 1986 kuma har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa aiki ne na tarihin Herbals.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} [[Fayil:Image_of_Limnathemum_from_Water_Plants_A_Study_of_Aquatic_Angiosperms.png|alt=Botanical illustrations of a plant|thumb|Hoton Limnathemum daga Tsire-tsire na Ruwa Nazarin Angiosperms na Ruwa ta Agnes Arber]] Arber ta mayar da hankali ga bincikenta kan jikin mutum da yanayin jinsin tsire-tsire, wanda Ethel Sargant ya gabatar da ita.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1920 ta rubuta littattafai biyu da wasu wallafe-wallafe 94. Littafinta na biyu Water Plants: A Study of Aquatic Angiosperms an buga shi a shekarar 1920. A cikin wannan littafin Arber ya gabatar da nazarin kwatankwacin Tsire-tsire na ruwa ta hanyar nazarin bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin su. Arber kuma tana ba da fassarori game da ka'idodin da ta yi amfani da su don ƙirƙirar bincikenta. Nazarinta shine na farko da ya samar da cikakken bayani da fassarar tsire-tsire na ruwa. Ta kasance mai zane-zane mai kyau kuma sau da yawa tana kwatanta littattafanta kanta; ta zana kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na zane-zane a cikin ''Shuke-shuke na Ruwa.''{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A cikin 1921, "tsarin tsire-tsire" ya hana Arber shugabancin 1921 na Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don ci gaban kimiyya (BAAS) 'sashen Botany (Sashe na K). Frederick Orpen Bower ne ya fara wannan tsari, bisa ga cewa Arber bai kamata ya bi Saunders nan da nan a matsayin shugaban kasa ba saboda duka mata ne daga Cambridge kuma akwai wasu manyan maza masu ilimin shuke-shuke don shugabancin. Wannan ya nuna rashin jin daɗi ga Arber ba kawai a matsayin mace mai ilimin shuke-shuke ba har ma a matsayin masanin shuke-huke na Cambridge. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa Edinburgh (inda aka gudanar da taron) "yana da 'yancin yin tsammanin fiye da wannan... Don neman Balfour [na Edinburgh] ya zauna a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin Mrs. Arber abin ba'a ne!" Albert Seward ya sadu da Arber, wanda ya janye takararsa kuma ya yi murabus a matsayin sakataren BAAS.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A cikin 1925 Arber ta buga littafinta na uku The ''Monocotyledons'' . Editocin ''Jerin Littattafan Botanical na Cambridge'' sun tambayi Ethel Sargant a cikin 1910 don shirya ƙarar a kan monocots don wannan jerin. Koyaya rashin lafiya da ci gaba shekaru sun sa Sargant ya kusan ba zai yiwu ba ya kammala littafin, kuma a cikin 1918 ta ba da shawarar Arber ya kammala aikin. ''Monocotyledons'' ya ci gaba da hanyoyin nazarin Arber da ta gabatar a cikin ''Shuke-shuke na Ruwa''. Ta ba da cikakken nazarin tsire-tsire na monocot daga kwatanta jikin su na ciki da na waje. Koyaya tattaunawarta game da ka'idodin da take amfani da su a cikin bincikenta sun fi bayyane a cikin wannan ƙarar, yayin da take tattauna hanyoyin da falsafar nazarin morphological. Kodayake nazarin jikin mutum kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin ''Monocotyledons'' da Water Plants: Nazarin Angiosperms na Aquatic ya kasance tsakiya ga binciken botanical a farkon karni na 20, akwai bambance-bambance daban-daban tsakanin masu binciken Burtaniya da Turai game da manufofin binciken morphological. Arber ta magance wannan ta hanyar ƙirƙirar bambanci tsakanin "tsarkakewa" da "amfani" yanayin, tare da aikinta yana mai da hankali kan kwatankwacin jikin mutum don bincika tambayoyin da suka shafi batutuwa masu mahimmanci kamar gina phylogenies, maimakon amfani da ra'ayoyin gargajiya na tsarin shuka.<ref name="Hanshaw" /> Wannan ra'ayi ya ci gaba da bunkasa a cikin aikinta na baya. === Ayyukan da suka biyo baya === Bayan rufewar 1927 na dakin gwaje-gwaje na Balfour Arber ta kafa wani karamin dakin gwaje'a a cikin ɗakin baya na gidanta don gudanar da bincikenta, bayan shugaban mazaunin Makarantar Botany Farfesa Albert Seward ya yi iƙirarin cewa babu sarari a Makarantar don Arber don ci gaba da bincikenta ta amfani da kayan aikinta. An gabatar da Arber ga ra'ayin bincike mai zaman kansa daga lokacin da ta yi tare da Ethel Sargant a cikin 1902-1903, kuma daga maganganun da suka biyo baya ga membobin kungiyar Girton College Natural Sciences kuma a cikin wasiƙu ga abokai ta bayyana cewa tana son yin aiki a gida saboda ƙalubalen da bincike mai zaman kanta ta kawo, duk da cewa ba ta fara zabar kanta ba.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Bayan wallafa The ''Monocotyledons'' Arber ta ci gaba da bincikenta a cikin wannan rukuni, ta mai da hankali ga bincikenta a kan iyalin Gramineae na shuke-shuke, musamman hatsi, ciyawa da bamboo. Wannan ya haifar da buga littafinta na ƙarshe game da yanayin shuke-shuke, The ''Gramineae'' a 1934. A cikin wannan littafin Arber ya bayyana sake zagayowar rayuwa, embryology da sake zagayowan haihuwa da kayan lambu na [[Grasses|kitse]]="Cereals">hatsi, ciyawa da bamboo ta amfani da nazarin jikin mutum na waɗannan tsire-tsire. Da yake fahimtar muhimmancin waɗannan tsire-tsire ga ci gaban al'ummomin ɗan adam, Arber ya fara wannan binciken tare da tarihin waɗannan tsire'o'in dangane da mutane, tare da "mafi tsananin fasalin tsire-shuke ana bi da shi kamar yadda yake tasowa daga ɗan adam". Littafin ya riga ya wuce takardu 10 a cikin Annals of Botany wanda ke ba da cikakken bayani game da sakamakon bincikenta. Tsakanin 1930 da 1942 Arber ta gudanar da bincike game da tsarin furanni, inda ta bincika tsarin siffofi daban-daban kuma ta yi amfani da bayanan morphological don fassara wasu tsarin furanni. An buga sakamakon ta a cikin takardu 10 na bita da suka shafi wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 1937 ta wallafa taƙaitaccen ra'ayoyin morphological wanda aka tattauna game da tsarin furanni, wanda aka dauka a matsayin muhimmiyar labarin bita don nazarin morphological. A watan Janairun 1942 Arber ta buga takarda ta ƙarshe da ta shafi binciken botanical na asali. Dukkanin wallafe-wallafen da ta biyo baya sun damu da batutuwan tarihi da falsafa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} [https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/] == Nazarin falsafa == A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu Arber ta sami wahalar kula da ƙaramin dakin gwaje-gwaje, saboda matsalolin kiwon lafiya da kayan aiki sun zama da wuya a samu.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Bugu da ƙari, ba ta yi imani da cewa "yana da kyau ga maƙwabtanta" don samun kayan dakin gwaje-gwaje masu cin wuta a gidanta yayin da akwai haɗarin fashewar bam a lokacin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Wannan ya haifar da shawarar da ta yanke na dakatar da yin aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma mayar da hankali kan batutuwan falsafa da tarihi. Arber ya wallafa aiki a kan masana kimiyyar tarihi, gami da kwatanta tsakanin Nehemiah Grew da Marcello Malpighi a 1942, John Ray a 1943 da Sir Joseph Banks a 1945.<ref name="Flannery">Flannery, M {{Cite web |title=Arber |url=http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=17 February 2010}} 'The Many Sides of Agnes Arber'</ref> An gabatar da Arber ga aikin [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] yayin da yake makaranta kuma ya kasance yana sha'awar ra'ayoyinsa game da [[botany]]. A shekara ta 1946 ta buga Goethe's Botany, fassarar Goethe'tti's Metamorphosis of Plants (1790) da Georg Christoph Tobler's (1757-1812) Die Natur tare da gabatarwa da fassarar matani. The Natural Philosophy of Plant Form, wanda aka buga a 1950 an dauke shi mafi mahimmancin littattafan Arber. An bayyana shi a matsayin "bincike na shekaru dubu biyu na al'adar halittu".<ref name="DeBakcsy">{{Cite web |last=DeBakcsy |first=Dale |date=October 17, 2018 |title=Bringing Teleology Back: Agnes Arber's Neo-Aristotelian Plant Morphology |url=https://womenyoushouldknow.net/bringing-teleology-back-agnes-arbers-neo-aristotelian-plant-morphology/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109234558/https://womenyoushouldknow.net/bringing-teleology-back-agnes-arbers-neo-aristotelian-plant-morphology/ |archive-date=9 November 2018 |access-date=9 November 2018 |website=Women You Should Know}}</ref> Arber ya tattauna hanyoyin da ke bayan samar da ra'ayi daga bincike kuma ya bincika falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke. Arber yana amfani da wannan don bincika tsarin tsire-tsire masu fure, kuma yana ba da shawarar ka'idar tsire-shire na ganye. Dangane da wannan ka'idar, kowane bangare na shuka harbi ne ko harbi na ɓangare. Bishiyoyi ne na ɓangaren da ke nuna raguwar ƙarfin girma. Ta ambaci cewa: "shafi ne mai ɗan gajeren lokaci, yana nuna sha'awar zama harbi gaba ɗaya, amma ba a taɓa cimma wannan burin ba, tunda daidaituwa ta radial da ƙarfin ci gaban apical suna fama da hanawa". Haɗakarwar ganye da harbi sun samo asali ne daga [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], wanda ya fara bayyana ganye masu fili a matsayin "rassan gaskiya, wanda buds ba zai iya bunkasa ba, tunda tsutsa na yau da kullun yana da rauni sosai". Ga Arber, ganyen fili sune tarin ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan. Shaidar ci gaban kwayar halitta ta baya-bayan nan ta goyi bayan fannoni na ka'idar harbi ta ganye, musamman ma a yanayin ganye. Nazarinta a kan falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke ya kai ta ga ɗaukar ra'ayi mai zurfi game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin kimiyya da falsafar. The Mind and the Eye: A Biologist's Standpoint da aka buga a 1954 ya ba da gabatarwa ga binciken halittu kuma ya haɓaka hanyar yin wannan binciken. Arber ya bayyana bincike kamar yadda yake faruwa a matakai shida: gano batun bincike ko batun; tattara bayanai ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje ko kallo; fassarar bayanan; gwada ingancin fassarar; sadarwa da sakamakon; da kuma la'akari da bincike a cikin mahallin. Ga Arber, mahallin ya haɗa da fassara sakamakon dangane da tarihi da falsafar kuma ya rufe rabin littafin. Littafin Arber ya bambanta da cewa an rubuta shi kafin Thomas Kuhn ya nuna cewa ra'ayoyin masanin kimiyya suna rinjayar ra'ayoyi na wasu a fagen su kuma kafin sukar Ernst Mayr na bayyana falsafar ilmin halitta kamar yadda falsafar kimiyyar lissafi ta kasance.<ref name="Flannery">Flannery, M {{Cite web |title=Arber |url=http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=17 February 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm "Arber"]. Archived from [http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm the original] on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite> 'The Many Sides of Agnes Arber'</ref> Littafinta na karshe, The Manifold and the One da aka buga a shekara ta 1957 ya damu da tambayoyin falsafa da suka fi girma. Littafin bincike ne mai zurfi da haɗin kai, wanda ya samo asali ne daga al'adun wallafe-wallafen, kimiyya, addini, asiri da falsafar falsafar, wanda ya haɗa da falsafar Buddha, Hindu da Taoist tare da falsafar Turai., a cikin neman tattaunawa game da kwarewar asiri wanda Arber ya bayyana a matsayin "wannan tunani kai tsaye da ba a shiga tsakani ba wanda ke nunawa da kyakkyawar fahimta game da Dukan abubuwa a matsayin Haɗin kan dukkan abubuwa". == Karramawa da kyaututtuka == A shekara ta 1921 ta karɓi matsayin shekara-shekara a matsayin shugabar sashen botany na Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don Ci gaban Kimiyya, bayan Edith Saunders a shekarar da ta gabata, amma nan da nan ta yi murabus bayan wasu mambobi sun nuna cewa ba sa son shugaban mata biyu a jere. Lokacin da aka sake miƙa ta shugabancin a 1926, ba ta yarda ba.<ref name="BluePlaque">{{Cite web |title=Arber, Agnes (1879-1960) |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=English Heritage}}</ref> [[Fayil:Agnes_Arber_plaque.jpg|alt=blue circular plaque reading "Agnes Arber née Robertson 1879-1960 lived here 1890-1909." At the top it reads "English Heritage"|thumb|Alamar a <dfn>9 Elsworthy Terrace</dfn>, Primrose Hill, London]] A shekara ta 1946 an zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society . Ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara ilimin shuke-shuke kuma mace ta uku da ta karbi wannan girmamawa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1948 an ba ta lambar yabo ta zinare ta Linnean Society na London . == Kyauta == A watan Fabrairun 1961, Muriel Arber ta ba da gudummawar wasu kayan mahaifiyarta ga Cibiyar Hunt don Takaddun Botanical.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} An shigar da Blue Plaque a gidan yarinta (9 Elsworthy Terrace, Primrose Hill, London) a cikin 2018.<ref name="BluePlaque">{{Cite web |title=Arber, Agnes (1879-1960) |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=English Heritage}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ "Arber, Agnes (1879-1960)"]. ''English Heritage''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ Archived] from the original on 6 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2024 an haɗa daya da gidanta na Cambridge inda ta kuma gudanar da yawancin bincikenta.<ref name="BBC2024">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai wani nau'in gin mai suna don girmama ta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agnes Arber Gin |url=https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218233022/https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/ |archive-date=18 December 2021 |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, an kirkiro sabon kyautar rubutun PhD na Agnes Arber a fannin ilmin halitta a Jami'ar Cambridge. Farfesa Sam Brockington, na Jami'ar Cambridge Botanic Gardens, ya ce yana fatan kyautar "za ta goyi bayan ƙarni na gaba na masu ilimin shuke-shuke, suna bin sawun Agnes".<ref name="BBC2024">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/ "Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize"]. 29 May 2024.</cite></ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa ==   == Dubi kuma == * Dorothea Pertz, wanda Agnes Arber ta rubuta masa labarin mutuwarsa == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Agnes Arber}} * Works by Agnes ArberaShirin Gutenberg * Ayyuka ta ko game daAgnes ArberaTushen Wikisource {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Mata]] [[Rukuni:Fassara]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mdgeqd6akfok9bz17dapuz9hbay6w1y 818788 818787 2026-04-05T19:09:51Z Saudarh2 14842 818788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Agnes Arber''' FRS (née Robertson; An haife ta 23 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1879 - Ta mutu 22 ga watan Maris shekarar 1960) ta kasance masanin ilimin shuke-shuke na kasar Birtaniya kuma masanin ilimin jikin mutum, masanin tarihin botany kuma masanin falsafa na ilmin halitta. An haife ta ne a Landan amma ta rayu mafi yawan rayuwarta a Cambridge, gami da shekaru 51 da suka gabata na rayuwarta. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society (21 ga watan Maris 1946, tana da shekaru 67) kuma mace ta uku gaba ɗaya. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta karbi lambar yabo ta zinare ta Linnean Society na London Binciken kimiyya ta mayar da hankali kan ƙungiyar monocotyledon na tsire-tsire masu fure. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban nazarin ilimin halittu a cikin botany a farkon karni na 20. Ayyukanta na baya sun mayar da hankali kan batun falsafar a cikin botany, musamman kan yanayin binciken halittu. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Agnes Robertson a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 1879 a Primrose Hill, London.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Ita ce 'yar farko ta Henry Robert Robertson, mai zane, da Agnes Lucy Turner, kuma tana da' yan uwanta uku, Donald Struan Robertson (wanda daga baya ya zama Regius Farfesa na Girkanci a Jami'ar Cambridge), Janet Robertson, wanda daga baya yafuuka mai zane-zane, da Margaret Robertson (mai suna Hills), wanda ya kasance sanannen mai ba da izini kuma ɗan siyasa na gida. Mahaifinta ya ba ta darussan zane na yau da kullun a lokacin yarinta, wanda daga baya ya ba ta ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don kwatanta wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da kanta. A lokacin da yake da shekaru takwas Robertson ya fara halartar Makarantar Kwalejin Arewacin London da Frances Buss ta kafa kuma ke gudanarwa, daya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan ilimin 'yan mata. A karkashin jagorancin malamin kimiyya na makarantar Edith Aitken, Robertson ta gano sha'awar ilimin shuke-shuke, ta buga bincikenta na farko a 1894 a cikin mujallar makarantar kuma daga baya ta zo na farko a cikin jarrabawar ilimin shuke'a ta makarantar, ta lashe tallafin karatu. A nan ne Robertson ya fara saduwa da Ethel Sargant, masanin ilimin shuke-shuke wanda ke ba da gabatarwa na yau da kullun ga kulob din kimiyya na makaranta. Sargant daga baya za ta zama mai ba da shawara da abokin aiki, tana da tasiri sosai a kan abubuwan da Arber ke sha'awa da hanyoyin da yake da su.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1897, Robertson ta fara karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar, London, inda ta sami BSc a shekara ta 1899. Bayan samun tallafin karatu na shiga Arber ya zama memba na Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge kuma ya kara digiri a Kimiyya ta Halitta. Ta sami sakamakon aji na farko a kowane jarrabawa a jami'o'in biyu, tare da kyaututtuka da lambobin yabo da yawa daga Kwalejin Jami'ar, London. Bayan kammala karatunta na Cambridge a 1902 Robertson ta yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje mai zaman kansa na Ethel Sargant na shekara guda, kafin ta koma Kwalejin Jami'ar, London a matsayin mai riƙe da Quain Studentship a Biology. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Science a 1905.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Robertson ya sadu da Edward Alexander Newell Arber (1870-1918) yayin da yake karatu a Kwalejin Newnham . Sun yi aure a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, 1909 kuma suka koma Cambridge, inda za ta kasance har tsawon rayuwarta. An haifi ɗanta kaɗai, Muriel Agnes Arber, a 1913, ta zama masanin ilimin ƙasa, kuma ta mutu a shekara ta 2004. {{Sfn|Friend|2012}} Arber da mijinta suna da sha'awa da yawa, kuma an bayyana aurenta a matsayin 'mai farin ciki'. An ba Arber kyautar Bincike daga Kwalejin Newnham a 1912 kuma ta buga littafinta na farko ''[[doi:10.5962/bhl.title.31068|Herbals, asalin su da juyin halitta]]'' a wannan shekarar. Mijinta Newall Arber ya mutu a shekara ta 1918 bayan wani lokaci na rashin lafiya. Arber ba ta sake yin aure ba, amma ta ci gaba da bincikenta. Ta yi karatu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Balfour Biological Laboratory for Women daga aurenta har zuwa rufe dakin gwaje'a a 1927. Arber ta ci gaba da wani karamin dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin ɗakin baya na gidanta daga wannan lokacin har sai da ta daina yin bincike a kan benci a cikin 1940s kuma ta juya zuwa nazarin falsafa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} == Mutuwa == Agnes Arber ta mutu a ranar 22 ga Maris 1960, tana da shekaru 81, kuma an binne ta a cocin St Andrew, Girton . {{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} == Ayyukan kimiyya == Kafin halartar Kwalejin Jami'ar, London Arber ta shafe lokacin rani na 1897 tana aiki tare da Ethel Sargant a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na sirri a Reigate, inda Sargant ta umurce ta da microtechniques da aka yi amfani da su don shirya samfurori na shuka don gwajin microscopic.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Arber ta koma aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Sargant aƙalla sau ɗaya a lokacin hutun bazara yayin da take karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar London. Sargant ta yi amfani da Arber tsakanin 1902 da 1903 a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike da ke aiki a kan tsarin shuke-shuke, a lokacin da a 1903 ta buga takarda ta farko 'Notes on the anatomy of ''Macrozamia heteromera''' a cikin Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society . Yayinda yake a Kwalejin Jami'ar London Arber ya gudanar da bincike kan rukunin tsire-tsire na gymnosperm, yana samar da takardu da yawa game da yanayin su da jikin su. Nazarin da falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke za su zama babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga aikinta na baya. === Gidan gwaje-gwaje na Balfour, Cambridge === A cikin 1909 an ba Arber sarari a cikin Laboratory na Balfour don Mata ta Kwalejin Newnham. Kwalejin mata biyu na jami'ar sun sayi wannan ginin kuma sun kafa shi a 1884 don amfani da ɗaliban su da masu bincike (mata a wannan lokacin ba a ba su izinin halartar zanga-zangar dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma azuzuwan aiki). Arber ya yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe shi a 1927. [[Fayil:Photo_of_Agnes_Arber_1911.png|alt=Photograph of a woman sitting and reading a newspaper|thumb|Hoton Arber a cikin 1911]] Bayan bayar da kyautar Bincike ta Kwalejin Newnham tsakanin 1912 da 1913 Arber ta buga littafinta na farko a 1912. ''Herbals, asalin su da juyin halitta'' sun bayyana canjin Herbals da aka buga tsakanin 1470 da 1670. Arber ya danganta fitowar da ci gaban botany a matsayin horo a cikin Tarihin halitta tare da juyin halitta na bayanin shuke-shuke, rarrabuwa da ganewa da aka gani a cikin Herbals a wannan lokacin. Arber ta sami damar tuntuɓar babban tarin Herbals da aka buga a cikin ɗakin karatu na Makarantar Botany a Cambridge a matsayin wani ɓangare na bincikenta don wannan aikin. An sake rubuta shi kuma an faɗaɗa shi don fitowar ta biyu da aka buga a 1938, an buga shi a matsayin fitowar ta uku a 1986 kuma har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa aiki ne na tarihin Herbals.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} [[Fayil:Image_of_Limnathemum_from_Water_Plants_A_Study_of_Aquatic_Angiosperms.png|alt=Botanical illustrations of a plant|thumb|Hoton Limnathemum daga Tsire-tsire na Ruwa Nazarin Angiosperms na Ruwa ta Agnes Arber]] Arber ta mayar da hankali ga bincikenta kan jikin mutum da yanayin jinsin tsire-tsire, wanda Ethel Sargant ya gabatar da ita.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1920 ta rubuta littattafai biyu da wasu wallafe-wallafe 94. Littafinta na biyu Water Plants: A Study of Aquatic Angiosperms an buga shi a shekarar 1920. A cikin wannan littafin Arber ya gabatar da nazarin kwatankwacin Tsire-tsire na ruwa ta hanyar nazarin bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin su. Arber kuma tana ba da fassarori game da ka'idodin da ta yi amfani da su don ƙirƙirar bincikenta. Nazarinta shine na farko da ya samar da cikakken bayani da fassarar tsire-tsire na ruwa. Ta kasance mai zane-zane mai kyau kuma sau da yawa tana kwatanta littattafanta kanta; ta zana kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na zane-zane a cikin ''Shuke-shuke na Ruwa.''{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A cikin 1921, "tsarin tsire-tsire" ya hana Arber shugabancin 1921 na Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don ci gaban kimiyya (BAAS) 'sashen Botany (Sashe na K). Frederick Orpen Bower ne ya fara wannan tsari, bisa ga cewa Arber bai kamata ya bi Saunders nan da nan a matsayin shugaban kasa ba saboda duka mata ne daga Cambridge kuma akwai wasu manyan maza masu ilimin shuke-shuke don shugabancin. Wannan ya nuna rashin jin daɗi ga Arber ba kawai a matsayin mace mai ilimin shuke-shuke ba har ma a matsayin masanin shuke-huke na Cambridge. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa Edinburgh (inda aka gudanar da taron) "yana da 'yancin yin tsammanin fiye da wannan... Don neman Balfour [na Edinburgh] ya zauna a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin Mrs. Arber abin ba'a ne!" Albert Seward ya sadu da Arber, wanda ya janye takararsa kuma ya yi murabus a matsayin sakataren BAAS.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A cikin 1925 Arber ta buga littafinta na uku The ''Monocotyledons'' . Editocin ''Jerin Littattafan Botanical na Cambridge'' sun tambayi Ethel Sargant a cikin 1910 don shirya ƙarar a kan monocots don wannan jerin. Koyaya rashin lafiya da ci gaba shekaru sun sa Sargant ya kusan ba zai yiwu ba ya kammala littafin, kuma a cikin 1918 ta ba da shawarar Arber ya kammala aikin. ''Monocotyledons'' ya ci gaba da hanyoyin nazarin Arber da ta gabatar a cikin ''Shuke-shuke na Ruwa''. Ta ba da cikakken nazarin tsire-tsire na monocot daga kwatanta jikin su na ciki da na waje. Koyaya tattaunawarta game da ka'idodin da take amfani da su a cikin bincikenta sun fi bayyane a cikin wannan ƙarar, yayin da take tattauna hanyoyin da falsafar nazarin morphological. Kodayake nazarin jikin mutum kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin ''Monocotyledons'' da Water Plants: Nazarin Angiosperms na Aquatic ya kasance tsakiya ga binciken botanical a farkon karni na 20, akwai bambance-bambance daban-daban tsakanin masu binciken Burtaniya da Turai game da manufofin binciken morphological. Arber ta magance wannan ta hanyar ƙirƙirar bambanci tsakanin "tsarkakewa" da "amfani" yanayin, tare da aikinta yana mai da hankali kan kwatankwacin jikin mutum don bincika tambayoyin da suka shafi batutuwa masu mahimmanci kamar gina phylogenies, maimakon amfani da ra'ayoyin gargajiya na tsarin shuka.<ref name="Hanshaw" /> Wannan ra'ayi ya ci gaba da bunkasa a cikin aikinta na baya. === Ayyukan da suka biyo baya === Bayan rufewar 1927 na dakin gwaje-gwaje na Balfour Arber ta kafa wani karamin dakin gwaje'a a cikin ɗakin baya na gidanta don gudanar da bincikenta, bayan shugaban mazaunin Makarantar Botany Farfesa Albert Seward ya yi iƙirarin cewa babu sarari a Makarantar don Arber don ci gaba da bincikenta ta amfani da kayan aikinta. An gabatar da Arber ga ra'ayin bincike mai zaman kansa daga lokacin da ta yi tare da Ethel Sargant a cikin 1902-1903, kuma daga maganganun da suka biyo baya ga membobin kungiyar Girton College Natural Sciences kuma a cikin wasiƙu ga abokai ta bayyana cewa tana son yin aiki a gida saboda ƙalubalen da bincike mai zaman kanta ta kawo, duk da cewa ba ta fara zabar kanta ba.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Bayan wallafa The ''Monocotyledons'' Arber ta ci gaba da bincikenta a cikin wannan rukuni, ta mai da hankali ga bincikenta a kan iyalin Gramineae na shuke-shuke, musamman hatsi, ciyawa da bamboo. Wannan ya haifar da buga littafinta na ƙarshe game da yanayin shuke-shuke, The ''Gramineae'' a 1934. A cikin wannan littafin Arber ya bayyana sake zagayowar rayuwa, embryology da sake zagayowan haihuwa da kayan lambu na [[Grasses|kitse]]="Cereals">hatsi, ciyawa da bamboo ta amfani da nazarin jikin mutum na waɗannan tsire-tsire. Da yake fahimtar muhimmancin waɗannan tsire-tsire ga ci gaban al'ummomin ɗan adam, Arber ya fara wannan binciken tare da tarihin waɗannan tsire'o'in dangane da mutane, tare da "mafi tsananin fasalin tsire-shuke ana bi da shi kamar yadda yake tasowa daga ɗan adam". Littafin ya riga ya wuce takardu 10 a cikin Annals of Botany wanda ke ba da cikakken bayani game da sakamakon bincikenta. Tsakanin 1930 da 1942 Arber ta gudanar da bincike game da tsarin furanni, inda ta bincika tsarin siffofi daban-daban kuma ta yi amfani da bayanan morphological don fassara wasu tsarin furanni. An buga sakamakon ta a cikin takardu 10 na bita da suka shafi wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 1937 ta wallafa taƙaitaccen ra'ayoyin morphological wanda aka tattauna game da tsarin furanni, wanda aka dauka a matsayin muhimmiyar labarin bita don nazarin morphological. A watan Janairun 1942 Arber ta buga takarda ta ƙarshe da ta shafi binciken botanical na asali. Dukkanin wallafe-wallafen da ta biyo baya sun damu da batutuwan tarihi da falsafa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} [https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/] == Nazarin falsafa == A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu Arber ta sami wahalar kula da ƙaramin dakin gwaje-gwaje, saboda matsalolin kiwon lafiya da kayan aiki sun zama da wuya a samu.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Bugu da ƙari, ba ta yi imani da cewa "yana da kyau ga maƙwabtanta" don samun kayan dakin gwaje-gwaje masu cin wuta a gidanta yayin da akwai haɗarin fashewar bam a lokacin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Wannan ya haifar da shawarar da ta yanke na dakatar da yin aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma mayar da hankali kan batutuwan falsafa da tarihi. Arber ya wallafa aiki a kan masana kimiyyar tarihi, gami da kwatanta tsakanin Nehemiah Grew da Marcello Malpighi a 1942, John Ray a 1943 da Sir Joseph Banks a 1945.<ref name="Flannery">Flannery, M {{Cite web |title=Arber |url=http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=17 February 2010}} 'The Many Sides of Agnes Arber'</ref> An gabatar da Arber ga aikin [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] yayin da yake makaranta kuma ya kasance yana sha'awar ra'ayoyinsa game da [[botany]]. A shekara ta 1946 ta buga Goethe's Botany, fassarar Goethe'tti's Metamorphosis of Plants (1790) da Georg Christoph Tobler's (1757-1812) Die Natur tare da gabatarwa da fassarar matani. The Natural Philosophy of Plant Form, wanda aka buga a 1950 an dauke shi mafi mahimmancin littattafan Arber. An bayyana shi a matsayin "bincike na shekaru dubu biyu na al'adar halittu".<ref name="DeBakcsy">{{Cite web |last=DeBakcsy |first=Dale |date=October 17, 2018 |title=Bringing Teleology Back: Agnes Arber's Neo-Aristotelian Plant Morphology |url=https://womenyoushouldknow.net/bringing-teleology-back-agnes-arbers-neo-aristotelian-plant-morphology/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109234558/https://womenyoushouldknow.net/bringing-teleology-back-agnes-arbers-neo-aristotelian-plant-morphology/ |archive-date=9 November 2018 |access-date=9 November 2018 |website=Women You Should Know}}</ref> Arber ya tattauna hanyoyin da ke bayan samar da ra'ayi daga bincike kuma ya bincika falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke. Arber yana amfani da wannan don bincika tsarin tsire-tsire masu fure, kuma yana ba da shawarar ka'idar tsire-shire na ganye. Dangane da wannan ka'idar, kowane bangare na shuka harbi ne ko harbi na ɓangare. Bishiyoyi ne na ɓangaren da ke nuna raguwar ƙarfin girma. Ta ambaci cewa: "shafi ne mai ɗan gajeren lokaci, yana nuna sha'awar zama harbi gaba ɗaya, amma ba a taɓa cimma wannan burin ba, tunda daidaituwa ta radial da ƙarfin ci gaban apical suna fama da hanawa". Haɗakarwar ganye da harbi sun samo asali ne daga [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], wanda ya fara bayyana ganye masu fili a matsayin "rassan gaskiya, wanda buds ba zai iya bunkasa ba, tunda tsutsa na yau da kullun yana da rauni sosai". Ga Arber, ganyen fili sune tarin ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan. Shaidar ci gaban kwayar halitta ta baya-bayan nan ta goyi bayan fannoni na ka'idar harbi ta ganye, musamman ma a yanayin ganye. Nazarinta a kan falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke ya kai ta ga ɗaukar ra'ayi mai zurfi game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin kimiyya da falsafar. The Mind and the Eye: A Biologist's Standpoint da aka buga a 1954 ya ba da gabatarwa ga binciken halittu kuma ya haɓaka hanyar yin wannan binciken. Arber ya bayyana bincike kamar yadda yake faruwa a matakai shida: gano batun bincike ko batun; tattara bayanai ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje ko kallo; fassarar bayanan; gwada ingancin fassarar; sadarwa da sakamakon; da kuma la'akari da bincike a cikin mahallin. Ga Arber, mahallin ya haɗa da fassara sakamakon dangane da tarihi da falsafar kuma ya rufe rabin littafin. Littafin Arber ya bambanta da cewa an rubuta shi kafin Thomas Kuhn ya nuna cewa ra'ayoyin masanin kimiyya suna rinjayar ra'ayoyi na wasu a fagen su kuma kafin sukar Ernst Mayr na bayyana falsafar ilmin halitta kamar yadda falsafar kimiyyar lissafi ta kasance.<ref name="Flannery">Flannery, M {{Cite web |title=Arber |url=http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=17 February 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm "Arber"]. Archived from [http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm the original] on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite> 'The Many Sides of Agnes Arber'</ref> Littafinta na karshe, The Manifold and the One da aka buga a shekara ta 1957 ya damu da tambayoyin falsafa da suka fi girma. Littafin bincike ne mai zurfi da haɗin kai, wanda ya samo asali ne daga al'adun wallafe-wallafen, kimiyya, addini, asiri da falsafar falsafar, wanda ya haɗa da falsafar Buddha, Hindu da Taoist tare da falsafar Turai., a cikin neman tattaunawa game da kwarewar asiri wanda Arber ya bayyana a matsayin "wannan tunani kai tsaye da ba a shiga tsakani ba wanda ke nunawa da kyakkyawar fahimta game da Dukan abubuwa a matsayin Haɗin kan dukkan abubuwa". == Karramawa da kyaututtuka == A shekara ta 1921 ta karɓi matsayin shekara-shekara a matsayin shugabar sashen botany na Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don Ci gaban Kimiyya, bayan Edith Saunders a shekarar da ta gabata, amma nan da nan ta yi murabus bayan wasu mambobi sun nuna cewa ba sa son shugaban mata biyu a jere. Lokacin da aka sake miƙa ta shugabancin a 1926, ba ta yarda ba.<ref name="BluePlaque">{{Cite web |title=Arber, Agnes (1879-1960) |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=English Heritage}}</ref> [[Fayil:Agnes_Arber_plaque.jpg|alt=blue circular plaque reading "Agnes Arber née Robertson 1879-1960 lived here 1890-1909." At the top it reads "English Heritage"|thumb|Alamar a <dfn>9 Elsworthy Terrace</dfn>, Primrose Hill, London]] A shekara ta 1946 an zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society . Ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara ilimin shuke-shuke kuma mace ta uku da ta karbi wannan girmamawa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1948 an ba ta lambar yabo ta zinare ta Linnean Society na London . == Kyauta == A watan Fabrairun 1961, Muriel Arber ta ba da gudummawar wasu kayan mahaifiyarta ga Cibiyar Hunt don Takaddun Botanical.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} An shigar da Blue Plaque a gidan yarinta (9 Elsworthy Terrace, Primrose Hill, London) a cikin 2018.<ref name="BluePlaque">{{Cite web |title=Arber, Agnes (1879-1960) |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=English Heritage}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ "Arber, Agnes (1879-1960)"]. ''English Heritage''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ Archived] from the original on 6 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2024 an haɗa daya da gidanta na Cambridge inda ta kuma gudanar da yawancin bincikenta.<ref name="BBC2024">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai wani nau'in gin mai suna don girmama ta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agnes Arber Gin |url=https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218233022/https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/ |archive-date=18 December 2021 |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, an kirkiro sabon kyautar rubutun PhD na Agnes Arber a fannin ilmin halitta a Jami'ar Cambridge. Farfesa Sam Brockington, na Jami'ar Cambridge Botanic Gardens, ya ce yana fatan kyautar "za ta goyi bayan ƙarni na gaba na masu ilimin shuke-shuke, suna bin sawun Agnes".<ref name="BBC2024">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/ "Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize"]. 29 May 2024.</cite></ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa ==   == Dubi kuma == * Dorothea Pertz, wanda Agnes Arber ta rubuta masa labarin mutuwarsa == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Agnes Arber}} * Works by Agnes ArberaShirin Gutenberg * Ayyuka ta ko game daAgnes ArberaTushen Wikisource {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Mata]] [[Rukuni:Fassara]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8631jndef3w6kzl20oclfzvmhw0eydb 818789 818788 2026-04-05T19:10:18Z Saudarh2 14842 818789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Agnes Arber''' FRS (née Robertson; An haife ta 23 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1879 - Ta mutu 22 ga watan Maris shekarar 1960) ta kasance masanin ilimin shuke-shuke na kasar Birtaniya kuma masanin ilimin jikin mutum, masanin tarihin botany kuma masanin falsafa na ilmin halitta. An haife ta ne a Landan amma ta rayu mafi yawan rayuwarta a Cambridge, gami da shekaru 51 da suka gabata na rayuwarta. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society (21 ga watan Maris, shekarar 1946, tana da shekaru 67) kuma mace ta uku gaba ɗaya. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta karbi lambar yabo ta zinare ta Linnean Society na London Binciken kimiyya ta mayar da hankali kan ƙungiyar monocotyledon na tsire-tsire masu fure. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban nazarin ilimin halittu a cikin botany a farkon karni na 20. Ayyukanta na baya sun mayar da hankali kan batun falsafar a cikin botany, musamman kan yanayin binciken halittu. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Agnes Robertson a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 1879 a Primrose Hill, London.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Ita ce 'yar farko ta Henry Robert Robertson, mai zane, da Agnes Lucy Turner, kuma tana da' yan uwanta uku, Donald Struan Robertson (wanda daga baya ya zama Regius Farfesa na Girkanci a Jami'ar Cambridge), Janet Robertson, wanda daga baya yafuuka mai zane-zane, da Margaret Robertson (mai suna Hills), wanda ya kasance sanannen mai ba da izini kuma ɗan siyasa na gida. Mahaifinta ya ba ta darussan zane na yau da kullun a lokacin yarinta, wanda daga baya ya ba ta ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don kwatanta wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da kanta. A lokacin da yake da shekaru takwas Robertson ya fara halartar Makarantar Kwalejin Arewacin London da Frances Buss ta kafa kuma ke gudanarwa, daya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan ilimin 'yan mata. A karkashin jagorancin malamin kimiyya na makarantar Edith Aitken, Robertson ta gano sha'awar ilimin shuke-shuke, ta buga bincikenta na farko a 1894 a cikin mujallar makarantar kuma daga baya ta zo na farko a cikin jarrabawar ilimin shuke'a ta makarantar, ta lashe tallafin karatu. A nan ne Robertson ya fara saduwa da Ethel Sargant, masanin ilimin shuke-shuke wanda ke ba da gabatarwa na yau da kullun ga kulob din kimiyya na makaranta. Sargant daga baya za ta zama mai ba da shawara da abokin aiki, tana da tasiri sosai a kan abubuwan da Arber ke sha'awa da hanyoyin da yake da su.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1897, Robertson ta fara karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar, London, inda ta sami BSc a shekara ta 1899. Bayan samun tallafin karatu na shiga Arber ya zama memba na Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge kuma ya kara digiri a Kimiyya ta Halitta. Ta sami sakamakon aji na farko a kowane jarrabawa a jami'o'in biyu, tare da kyaututtuka da lambobin yabo da yawa daga Kwalejin Jami'ar, London. Bayan kammala karatunta na Cambridge a 1902 Robertson ta yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje mai zaman kansa na Ethel Sargant na shekara guda, kafin ta koma Kwalejin Jami'ar, London a matsayin mai riƙe da Quain Studentship a Biology. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Science a 1905.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Robertson ya sadu da Edward Alexander Newell Arber (1870-1918) yayin da yake karatu a Kwalejin Newnham . Sun yi aure a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, 1909 kuma suka koma Cambridge, inda za ta kasance har tsawon rayuwarta. An haifi ɗanta kaɗai, Muriel Agnes Arber, a 1913, ta zama masanin ilimin ƙasa, kuma ta mutu a shekara ta 2004. {{Sfn|Friend|2012}} Arber da mijinta suna da sha'awa da yawa, kuma an bayyana aurenta a matsayin 'mai farin ciki'. An ba Arber kyautar Bincike daga Kwalejin Newnham a 1912 kuma ta buga littafinta na farko ''[[doi:10.5962/bhl.title.31068|Herbals, asalin su da juyin halitta]]'' a wannan shekarar. Mijinta Newall Arber ya mutu a shekara ta 1918 bayan wani lokaci na rashin lafiya. Arber ba ta sake yin aure ba, amma ta ci gaba da bincikenta. Ta yi karatu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Balfour Biological Laboratory for Women daga aurenta har zuwa rufe dakin gwaje'a a 1927. Arber ta ci gaba da wani karamin dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin ɗakin baya na gidanta daga wannan lokacin har sai da ta daina yin bincike a kan benci a cikin 1940s kuma ta juya zuwa nazarin falsafa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} == Mutuwa == Agnes Arber ta mutu a ranar 22 ga Maris 1960, tana da shekaru 81, kuma an binne ta a cocin St Andrew, Girton . {{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} == Ayyukan kimiyya == Kafin halartar Kwalejin Jami'ar, London Arber ta shafe lokacin rani na 1897 tana aiki tare da Ethel Sargant a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na sirri a Reigate, inda Sargant ta umurce ta da microtechniques da aka yi amfani da su don shirya samfurori na shuka don gwajin microscopic.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Arber ta koma aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Sargant aƙalla sau ɗaya a lokacin hutun bazara yayin da take karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar London. Sargant ta yi amfani da Arber tsakanin 1902 da 1903 a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike da ke aiki a kan tsarin shuke-shuke, a lokacin da a 1903 ta buga takarda ta farko 'Notes on the anatomy of ''Macrozamia heteromera''' a cikin Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society . Yayinda yake a Kwalejin Jami'ar London Arber ya gudanar da bincike kan rukunin tsire-tsire na gymnosperm, yana samar da takardu da yawa game da yanayin su da jikin su. Nazarin da falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke za su zama babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga aikinta na baya. === Gidan gwaje-gwaje na Balfour, Cambridge === A cikin 1909 an ba Arber sarari a cikin Laboratory na Balfour don Mata ta Kwalejin Newnham. Kwalejin mata biyu na jami'ar sun sayi wannan ginin kuma sun kafa shi a 1884 don amfani da ɗaliban su da masu bincike (mata a wannan lokacin ba a ba su izinin halartar zanga-zangar dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma azuzuwan aiki). Arber ya yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe shi a 1927. [[Fayil:Photo_of_Agnes_Arber_1911.png|alt=Photograph of a woman sitting and reading a newspaper|thumb|Hoton Arber a cikin 1911]] Bayan bayar da kyautar Bincike ta Kwalejin Newnham tsakanin 1912 da 1913 Arber ta buga littafinta na farko a 1912. ''Herbals, asalin su da juyin halitta'' sun bayyana canjin Herbals da aka buga tsakanin 1470 da 1670. Arber ya danganta fitowar da ci gaban botany a matsayin horo a cikin Tarihin halitta tare da juyin halitta na bayanin shuke-shuke, rarrabuwa da ganewa da aka gani a cikin Herbals a wannan lokacin. Arber ta sami damar tuntuɓar babban tarin Herbals da aka buga a cikin ɗakin karatu na Makarantar Botany a Cambridge a matsayin wani ɓangare na bincikenta don wannan aikin. An sake rubuta shi kuma an faɗaɗa shi don fitowar ta biyu da aka buga a 1938, an buga shi a matsayin fitowar ta uku a 1986 kuma har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa aiki ne na tarihin Herbals.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} [[Fayil:Image_of_Limnathemum_from_Water_Plants_A_Study_of_Aquatic_Angiosperms.png|alt=Botanical illustrations of a plant|thumb|Hoton Limnathemum daga Tsire-tsire na Ruwa Nazarin Angiosperms na Ruwa ta Agnes Arber]] Arber ta mayar da hankali ga bincikenta kan jikin mutum da yanayin jinsin tsire-tsire, wanda Ethel Sargant ya gabatar da ita.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1920 ta rubuta littattafai biyu da wasu wallafe-wallafe 94. Littafinta na biyu Water Plants: A Study of Aquatic Angiosperms an buga shi a shekarar 1920. A cikin wannan littafin Arber ya gabatar da nazarin kwatankwacin Tsire-tsire na ruwa ta hanyar nazarin bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin su. Arber kuma tana ba da fassarori game da ka'idodin da ta yi amfani da su don ƙirƙirar bincikenta. Nazarinta shine na farko da ya samar da cikakken bayani da fassarar tsire-tsire na ruwa. Ta kasance mai zane-zane mai kyau kuma sau da yawa tana kwatanta littattafanta kanta; ta zana kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na zane-zane a cikin ''Shuke-shuke na Ruwa.''{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A cikin 1921, "tsarin tsire-tsire" ya hana Arber shugabancin 1921 na Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don ci gaban kimiyya (BAAS) 'sashen Botany (Sashe na K). Frederick Orpen Bower ne ya fara wannan tsari, bisa ga cewa Arber bai kamata ya bi Saunders nan da nan a matsayin shugaban kasa ba saboda duka mata ne daga Cambridge kuma akwai wasu manyan maza masu ilimin shuke-shuke don shugabancin. Wannan ya nuna rashin jin daɗi ga Arber ba kawai a matsayin mace mai ilimin shuke-shuke ba har ma a matsayin masanin shuke-huke na Cambridge. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa Edinburgh (inda aka gudanar da taron) "yana da 'yancin yin tsammanin fiye da wannan... Don neman Balfour [na Edinburgh] ya zauna a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin Mrs. Arber abin ba'a ne!" Albert Seward ya sadu da Arber, wanda ya janye takararsa kuma ya yi murabus a matsayin sakataren BAAS.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A cikin 1925 Arber ta buga littafinta na uku The ''Monocotyledons'' . Editocin ''Jerin Littattafan Botanical na Cambridge'' sun tambayi Ethel Sargant a cikin 1910 don shirya ƙarar a kan monocots don wannan jerin. Koyaya rashin lafiya da ci gaba shekaru sun sa Sargant ya kusan ba zai yiwu ba ya kammala littafin, kuma a cikin 1918 ta ba da shawarar Arber ya kammala aikin. ''Monocotyledons'' ya ci gaba da hanyoyin nazarin Arber da ta gabatar a cikin ''Shuke-shuke na Ruwa''. Ta ba da cikakken nazarin tsire-tsire na monocot daga kwatanta jikin su na ciki da na waje. Koyaya tattaunawarta game da ka'idodin da take amfani da su a cikin bincikenta sun fi bayyane a cikin wannan ƙarar, yayin da take tattauna hanyoyin da falsafar nazarin morphological. Kodayake nazarin jikin mutum kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin ''Monocotyledons'' da Water Plants: Nazarin Angiosperms na Aquatic ya kasance tsakiya ga binciken botanical a farkon karni na 20, akwai bambance-bambance daban-daban tsakanin masu binciken Burtaniya da Turai game da manufofin binciken morphological. Arber ta magance wannan ta hanyar ƙirƙirar bambanci tsakanin "tsarkakewa" da "amfani" yanayin, tare da aikinta yana mai da hankali kan kwatankwacin jikin mutum don bincika tambayoyin da suka shafi batutuwa masu mahimmanci kamar gina phylogenies, maimakon amfani da ra'ayoyin gargajiya na tsarin shuka.<ref name="Hanshaw" /> Wannan ra'ayi ya ci gaba da bunkasa a cikin aikinta na baya. === Ayyukan da suka biyo baya === Bayan rufewar 1927 na dakin gwaje-gwaje na Balfour Arber ta kafa wani karamin dakin gwaje'a a cikin ɗakin baya na gidanta don gudanar da bincikenta, bayan shugaban mazaunin Makarantar Botany Farfesa Albert Seward ya yi iƙirarin cewa babu sarari a Makarantar don Arber don ci gaba da bincikenta ta amfani da kayan aikinta. An gabatar da Arber ga ra'ayin bincike mai zaman kansa daga lokacin da ta yi tare da Ethel Sargant a cikin 1902-1903, kuma daga maganganun da suka biyo baya ga membobin kungiyar Girton College Natural Sciences kuma a cikin wasiƙu ga abokai ta bayyana cewa tana son yin aiki a gida saboda ƙalubalen da bincike mai zaman kanta ta kawo, duk da cewa ba ta fara zabar kanta ba.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Bayan wallafa The ''Monocotyledons'' Arber ta ci gaba da bincikenta a cikin wannan rukuni, ta mai da hankali ga bincikenta a kan iyalin Gramineae na shuke-shuke, musamman hatsi, ciyawa da bamboo. Wannan ya haifar da buga littafinta na ƙarshe game da yanayin shuke-shuke, The ''Gramineae'' a 1934. A cikin wannan littafin Arber ya bayyana sake zagayowar rayuwa, embryology da sake zagayowan haihuwa da kayan lambu na [[Grasses|kitse]]="Cereals">hatsi, ciyawa da bamboo ta amfani da nazarin jikin mutum na waɗannan tsire-tsire. Da yake fahimtar muhimmancin waɗannan tsire-tsire ga ci gaban al'ummomin ɗan adam, Arber ya fara wannan binciken tare da tarihin waɗannan tsire'o'in dangane da mutane, tare da "mafi tsananin fasalin tsire-shuke ana bi da shi kamar yadda yake tasowa daga ɗan adam". Littafin ya riga ya wuce takardu 10 a cikin Annals of Botany wanda ke ba da cikakken bayani game da sakamakon bincikenta. Tsakanin 1930 da 1942 Arber ta gudanar da bincike game da tsarin furanni, inda ta bincika tsarin siffofi daban-daban kuma ta yi amfani da bayanan morphological don fassara wasu tsarin furanni. An buga sakamakon ta a cikin takardu 10 na bita da suka shafi wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 1937 ta wallafa taƙaitaccen ra'ayoyin morphological wanda aka tattauna game da tsarin furanni, wanda aka dauka a matsayin muhimmiyar labarin bita don nazarin morphological. A watan Janairun 1942 Arber ta buga takarda ta ƙarshe da ta shafi binciken botanical na asali. Dukkanin wallafe-wallafen da ta biyo baya sun damu da batutuwan tarihi da falsafa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} [https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/] == Nazarin falsafa == A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu Arber ta sami wahalar kula da ƙaramin dakin gwaje-gwaje, saboda matsalolin kiwon lafiya da kayan aiki sun zama da wuya a samu.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Bugu da ƙari, ba ta yi imani da cewa "yana da kyau ga maƙwabtanta" don samun kayan dakin gwaje-gwaje masu cin wuta a gidanta yayin da akwai haɗarin fashewar bam a lokacin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Wannan ya haifar da shawarar da ta yanke na dakatar da yin aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma mayar da hankali kan batutuwan falsafa da tarihi. Arber ya wallafa aiki a kan masana kimiyyar tarihi, gami da kwatanta tsakanin Nehemiah Grew da Marcello Malpighi a 1942, John Ray a 1943 da Sir Joseph Banks a 1945.<ref name="Flannery">Flannery, M {{Cite web |title=Arber |url=http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=17 February 2010}} 'The Many Sides of Agnes Arber'</ref> An gabatar da Arber ga aikin [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] yayin da yake makaranta kuma ya kasance yana sha'awar ra'ayoyinsa game da [[botany]]. A shekara ta 1946 ta buga Goethe's Botany, fassarar Goethe'tti's Metamorphosis of Plants (1790) da Georg Christoph Tobler's (1757-1812) Die Natur tare da gabatarwa da fassarar matani. The Natural Philosophy of Plant Form, wanda aka buga a 1950 an dauke shi mafi mahimmancin littattafan Arber. An bayyana shi a matsayin "bincike na shekaru dubu biyu na al'adar halittu".<ref name="DeBakcsy">{{Cite web |last=DeBakcsy |first=Dale |date=October 17, 2018 |title=Bringing Teleology Back: Agnes Arber's Neo-Aristotelian Plant Morphology |url=https://womenyoushouldknow.net/bringing-teleology-back-agnes-arbers-neo-aristotelian-plant-morphology/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109234558/https://womenyoushouldknow.net/bringing-teleology-back-agnes-arbers-neo-aristotelian-plant-morphology/ |archive-date=9 November 2018 |access-date=9 November 2018 |website=Women You Should Know}}</ref> Arber ya tattauna hanyoyin da ke bayan samar da ra'ayi daga bincike kuma ya bincika falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke. Arber yana amfani da wannan don bincika tsarin tsire-tsire masu fure, kuma yana ba da shawarar ka'idar tsire-shire na ganye. Dangane da wannan ka'idar, kowane bangare na shuka harbi ne ko harbi na ɓangare. Bishiyoyi ne na ɓangaren da ke nuna raguwar ƙarfin girma. Ta ambaci cewa: "shafi ne mai ɗan gajeren lokaci, yana nuna sha'awar zama harbi gaba ɗaya, amma ba a taɓa cimma wannan burin ba, tunda daidaituwa ta radial da ƙarfin ci gaban apical suna fama da hanawa". Haɗakarwar ganye da harbi sun samo asali ne daga [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], wanda ya fara bayyana ganye masu fili a matsayin "rassan gaskiya, wanda buds ba zai iya bunkasa ba, tunda tsutsa na yau da kullun yana da rauni sosai". Ga Arber, ganyen fili sune tarin ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan. Shaidar ci gaban kwayar halitta ta baya-bayan nan ta goyi bayan fannoni na ka'idar harbi ta ganye, musamman ma a yanayin ganye. Nazarinta a kan falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke ya kai ta ga ɗaukar ra'ayi mai zurfi game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin kimiyya da falsafar. The Mind and the Eye: A Biologist's Standpoint da aka buga a 1954 ya ba da gabatarwa ga binciken halittu kuma ya haɓaka hanyar yin wannan binciken. Arber ya bayyana bincike kamar yadda yake faruwa a matakai shida: gano batun bincike ko batun; tattara bayanai ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje ko kallo; fassarar bayanan; gwada ingancin fassarar; sadarwa da sakamakon; da kuma la'akari da bincike a cikin mahallin. Ga Arber, mahallin ya haɗa da fassara sakamakon dangane da tarihi da falsafar kuma ya rufe rabin littafin. Littafin Arber ya bambanta da cewa an rubuta shi kafin Thomas Kuhn ya nuna cewa ra'ayoyin masanin kimiyya suna rinjayar ra'ayoyi na wasu a fagen su kuma kafin sukar Ernst Mayr na bayyana falsafar ilmin halitta kamar yadda falsafar kimiyyar lissafi ta kasance.<ref name="Flannery">Flannery, M {{Cite web |title=Arber |url=http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=17 February 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm "Arber"]. Archived from [http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm the original] on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite> 'The Many Sides of Agnes Arber'</ref> Littafinta na karshe, The Manifold and the One da aka buga a shekara ta 1957 ya damu da tambayoyin falsafa da suka fi girma. Littafin bincike ne mai zurfi da haɗin kai, wanda ya samo asali ne daga al'adun wallafe-wallafen, kimiyya, addini, asiri da falsafar falsafar, wanda ya haɗa da falsafar Buddha, Hindu da Taoist tare da falsafar Turai., a cikin neman tattaunawa game da kwarewar asiri wanda Arber ya bayyana a matsayin "wannan tunani kai tsaye da ba a shiga tsakani ba wanda ke nunawa da kyakkyawar fahimta game da Dukan abubuwa a matsayin Haɗin kan dukkan abubuwa". == Karramawa da kyaututtuka == A shekara ta 1921 ta karɓi matsayin shekara-shekara a matsayin shugabar sashen botany na Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don Ci gaban Kimiyya, bayan Edith Saunders a shekarar da ta gabata, amma nan da nan ta yi murabus bayan wasu mambobi sun nuna cewa ba sa son shugaban mata biyu a jere. Lokacin da aka sake miƙa ta shugabancin a 1926, ba ta yarda ba.<ref name="BluePlaque">{{Cite web |title=Arber, Agnes (1879-1960) |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=English Heritage}}</ref> [[Fayil:Agnes_Arber_plaque.jpg|alt=blue circular plaque reading "Agnes Arber née Robertson 1879-1960 lived here 1890-1909." At the top it reads "English Heritage"|thumb|Alamar a <dfn>9 Elsworthy Terrace</dfn>, Primrose Hill, London]] A shekara ta 1946 an zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society . Ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara ilimin shuke-shuke kuma mace ta uku da ta karbi wannan girmamawa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1948 an ba ta lambar yabo ta zinare ta Linnean Society na London . == Kyauta == A watan Fabrairun 1961, Muriel Arber ta ba da gudummawar wasu kayan mahaifiyarta ga Cibiyar Hunt don Takaddun Botanical.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} An shigar da Blue Plaque a gidan yarinta (9 Elsworthy Terrace, Primrose Hill, London) a cikin 2018.<ref name="BluePlaque">{{Cite web |title=Arber, Agnes (1879-1960) |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=English Heritage}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ "Arber, Agnes (1879-1960)"]. ''English Heritage''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ Archived] from the original on 6 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2024 an haɗa daya da gidanta na Cambridge inda ta kuma gudanar da yawancin bincikenta.<ref name="BBC2024">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai wani nau'in gin mai suna don girmama ta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agnes Arber Gin |url=https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218233022/https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/ |archive-date=18 December 2021 |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, an kirkiro sabon kyautar rubutun PhD na Agnes Arber a fannin ilmin halitta a Jami'ar Cambridge. Farfesa Sam Brockington, na Jami'ar Cambridge Botanic Gardens, ya ce yana fatan kyautar "za ta goyi bayan ƙarni na gaba na masu ilimin shuke-shuke, suna bin sawun Agnes".<ref name="BBC2024">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/ "Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize"]. 29 May 2024.</cite></ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa ==   == Dubi kuma == * Dorothea Pertz, wanda Agnes Arber ta rubuta masa labarin mutuwarsa == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Agnes Arber}} * Works by Agnes ArberaShirin Gutenberg * Ayyuka ta ko game daAgnes ArberaTushen Wikisource {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Mata]] [[Rukuni:Fassara]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] huuwni4jca5p10cwg7ogeqqce83xn7a 818790 818789 2026-04-05T19:10:41Z Saudarh2 14842 818790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Agnes Arber''' FRS (née Robertson; An haife ta 23 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1879 - Ta mutu 22 ga watan Maris shekarar 1960) ta kasance masanin ilimin shuke-shuke na kasar Birtaniya kuma masanin ilimin jikin mutum, masanin tarihin botany kuma masanin falsafa na ilmin halitta. An haife ta ne a Landan amma ta rayu mafi yawan rayuwarta a Cambridge, gami da shekaru 51 da suka gabata na rayuwarta. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society (21 ga watan Maris, shekarar 1946, tana da shekaru 67) kuma mace ta uku gaba ɗaya. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta karbi lambar yabo ta zinare ta Linnean Society na London Binciken kimiyya ta mayar da hankali kan ƙungiyar monocotyledon na tsire-tsire masu fure. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban nazarin ilimin halittu a cikin botany a farkon karni na 20. Ayyukanta na baya sun mayar da hankali kan batun falsafar a cikin botany, musamman kan yanayin binciken halittu. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Agnes Robertson a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu, 1879 a Primrose Hill, London.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Ita ce 'yar farko ta Henry Robert Robertson, mai zane, da Agnes Lucy Turner, kuma tana da' yan uwanta uku, Donald Struan Robertson (wanda daga baya ya zama Regius Farfesa na Girkanci a Jami'ar Cambridge), Janet Robertson, wanda daga baya yafuuka mai zane-zane, da Margaret Robertson (mai suna Hills), wanda ya kasance sanannen mai ba da izini kuma ɗan siyasa na gida. Mahaifinta ya ba ta darussan zane na yau da kullun a lokacin yarinta, wanda daga baya ya ba ta ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don kwatanta wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da kanta. A lokacin da yake da shekaru takwas Robertson ya fara halartar Makarantar Kwalejin Arewacin London da Frances Buss ta kafa kuma ke gudanarwa, daya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan ilimin 'yan mata. A karkashin jagorancin malamin kimiyya na makarantar Edith Aitken, Robertson ta gano sha'awar ilimin shuke-shuke, ta buga bincikenta na farko a 1894 a cikin mujallar makarantar kuma daga baya ta zo na farko a cikin jarrabawar ilimin shuke'a ta makarantar, ta lashe tallafin karatu. A nan ne Robertson ya fara saduwa da Ethel Sargant, masanin ilimin shuke-shuke wanda ke ba da gabatarwa na yau da kullun ga kulob din kimiyya na makaranta. Sargant daga baya za ta zama mai ba da shawara da abokin aiki, tana da tasiri sosai a kan abubuwan da Arber ke sha'awa da hanyoyin da yake da su.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1897, Robertson ta fara karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar, London, inda ta sami BSc a shekara ta 1899. Bayan samun tallafin karatu na shiga Arber ya zama memba na Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge kuma ya kara digiri a Kimiyya ta Halitta. Ta sami sakamakon aji na farko a kowane jarrabawa a jami'o'in biyu, tare da kyaututtuka da lambobin yabo da yawa daga Kwalejin Jami'ar, London. Bayan kammala karatunta na Cambridge a 1902 Robertson ta yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje mai zaman kansa na Ethel Sargant na shekara guda, kafin ta koma Kwalejin Jami'ar, London a matsayin mai riƙe da Quain Studentship a Biology. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Science a 1905.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Robertson ya sadu da Edward Alexander Newell Arber (1870-1918) yayin da yake karatu a Kwalejin Newnham . Sun yi aure a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, 1909 kuma suka koma Cambridge, inda za ta kasance har tsawon rayuwarta. An haifi ɗanta kaɗai, Muriel Agnes Arber, a 1913, ta zama masanin ilimin ƙasa, kuma ta mutu a shekara ta 2004. {{Sfn|Friend|2012}} Arber da mijinta suna da sha'awa da yawa, kuma an bayyana aurenta a matsayin 'mai farin ciki'. An ba Arber kyautar Bincike daga Kwalejin Newnham a 1912 kuma ta buga littafinta na farko ''[[doi:10.5962/bhl.title.31068|Herbals, asalin su da juyin halitta]]'' a wannan shekarar. Mijinta Newall Arber ya mutu a shekara ta 1918 bayan wani lokaci na rashin lafiya. Arber ba ta sake yin aure ba, amma ta ci gaba da bincikenta. Ta yi karatu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Balfour Biological Laboratory for Women daga aurenta har zuwa rufe dakin gwaje'a a 1927. Arber ta ci gaba da wani karamin dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin ɗakin baya na gidanta daga wannan lokacin har sai da ta daina yin bincike a kan benci a cikin 1940s kuma ta juya zuwa nazarin falsafa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} == Mutuwa == Agnes Arber ta mutu a ranar 22 ga Maris 1960, tana da shekaru 81, kuma an binne ta a cocin St Andrew, Girton . {{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} == Ayyukan kimiyya == Kafin halartar Kwalejin Jami'ar, London Arber ta shafe lokacin rani na 1897 tana aiki tare da Ethel Sargant a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na sirri a Reigate, inda Sargant ta umurce ta da microtechniques da aka yi amfani da su don shirya samfurori na shuka don gwajin microscopic.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Arber ta koma aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Sargant aƙalla sau ɗaya a lokacin hutun bazara yayin da take karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar London. Sargant ta yi amfani da Arber tsakanin 1902 da 1903 a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike da ke aiki a kan tsarin shuke-shuke, a lokacin da a 1903 ta buga takarda ta farko 'Notes on the anatomy of ''Macrozamia heteromera''' a cikin Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society . Yayinda yake a Kwalejin Jami'ar London Arber ya gudanar da bincike kan rukunin tsire-tsire na gymnosperm, yana samar da takardu da yawa game da yanayin su da jikin su. Nazarin da falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke za su zama babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga aikinta na baya. === Gidan gwaje-gwaje na Balfour, Cambridge === A cikin 1909 an ba Arber sarari a cikin Laboratory na Balfour don Mata ta Kwalejin Newnham. Kwalejin mata biyu na jami'ar sun sayi wannan ginin kuma sun kafa shi a 1884 don amfani da ɗaliban su da masu bincike (mata a wannan lokacin ba a ba su izinin halartar zanga-zangar dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma azuzuwan aiki). Arber ya yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe shi a 1927. [[Fayil:Photo_of_Agnes_Arber_1911.png|alt=Photograph of a woman sitting and reading a newspaper|thumb|Hoton Arber a cikin 1911]] Bayan bayar da kyautar Bincike ta Kwalejin Newnham tsakanin 1912 da 1913 Arber ta buga littafinta na farko a 1912. ''Herbals, asalin su da juyin halitta'' sun bayyana canjin Herbals da aka buga tsakanin 1470 da 1670. Arber ya danganta fitowar da ci gaban botany a matsayin horo a cikin Tarihin halitta tare da juyin halitta na bayanin shuke-shuke, rarrabuwa da ganewa da aka gani a cikin Herbals a wannan lokacin. Arber ta sami damar tuntuɓar babban tarin Herbals da aka buga a cikin ɗakin karatu na Makarantar Botany a Cambridge a matsayin wani ɓangare na bincikenta don wannan aikin. An sake rubuta shi kuma an faɗaɗa shi don fitowar ta biyu da aka buga a 1938, an buga shi a matsayin fitowar ta uku a 1986 kuma har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa aiki ne na tarihin Herbals.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} [[Fayil:Image_of_Limnathemum_from_Water_Plants_A_Study_of_Aquatic_Angiosperms.png|alt=Botanical illustrations of a plant|thumb|Hoton Limnathemum daga Tsire-tsire na Ruwa Nazarin Angiosperms na Ruwa ta Agnes Arber]] Arber ta mayar da hankali ga bincikenta kan jikin mutum da yanayin jinsin tsire-tsire, wanda Ethel Sargant ya gabatar da ita.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1920 ta rubuta littattafai biyu da wasu wallafe-wallafe 94. Littafinta na biyu Water Plants: A Study of Aquatic Angiosperms an buga shi a shekarar 1920. A cikin wannan littafin Arber ya gabatar da nazarin kwatankwacin Tsire-tsire na ruwa ta hanyar nazarin bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin su. Arber kuma tana ba da fassarori game da ka'idodin da ta yi amfani da su don ƙirƙirar bincikenta. Nazarinta shine na farko da ya samar da cikakken bayani da fassarar tsire-tsire na ruwa. Ta kasance mai zane-zane mai kyau kuma sau da yawa tana kwatanta littattafanta kanta; ta zana kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na zane-zane a cikin ''Shuke-shuke na Ruwa.''{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A cikin 1921, "tsarin tsire-tsire" ya hana Arber shugabancin 1921 na Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don ci gaban kimiyya (BAAS) 'sashen Botany (Sashe na K). Frederick Orpen Bower ne ya fara wannan tsari, bisa ga cewa Arber bai kamata ya bi Saunders nan da nan a matsayin shugaban kasa ba saboda duka mata ne daga Cambridge kuma akwai wasu manyan maza masu ilimin shuke-shuke don shugabancin. Wannan ya nuna rashin jin daɗi ga Arber ba kawai a matsayin mace mai ilimin shuke-shuke ba har ma a matsayin masanin shuke-huke na Cambridge. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa Edinburgh (inda aka gudanar da taron) "yana da 'yancin yin tsammanin fiye da wannan... Don neman Balfour [na Edinburgh] ya zauna a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin Mrs. Arber abin ba'a ne!" Albert Seward ya sadu da Arber, wanda ya janye takararsa kuma ya yi murabus a matsayin sakataren BAAS.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A cikin 1925 Arber ta buga littafinta na uku The ''Monocotyledons'' . Editocin ''Jerin Littattafan Botanical na Cambridge'' sun tambayi Ethel Sargant a cikin 1910 don shirya ƙarar a kan monocots don wannan jerin. Koyaya rashin lafiya da ci gaba shekaru sun sa Sargant ya kusan ba zai yiwu ba ya kammala littafin, kuma a cikin 1918 ta ba da shawarar Arber ya kammala aikin. ''Monocotyledons'' ya ci gaba da hanyoyin nazarin Arber da ta gabatar a cikin ''Shuke-shuke na Ruwa''. Ta ba da cikakken nazarin tsire-tsire na monocot daga kwatanta jikin su na ciki da na waje. Koyaya tattaunawarta game da ka'idodin da take amfani da su a cikin bincikenta sun fi bayyane a cikin wannan ƙarar, yayin da take tattauna hanyoyin da falsafar nazarin morphological. Kodayake nazarin jikin mutum kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin ''Monocotyledons'' da Water Plants: Nazarin Angiosperms na Aquatic ya kasance tsakiya ga binciken botanical a farkon karni na 20, akwai bambance-bambance daban-daban tsakanin masu binciken Burtaniya da Turai game da manufofin binciken morphological. Arber ta magance wannan ta hanyar ƙirƙirar bambanci tsakanin "tsarkakewa" da "amfani" yanayin, tare da aikinta yana mai da hankali kan kwatankwacin jikin mutum don bincika tambayoyin da suka shafi batutuwa masu mahimmanci kamar gina phylogenies, maimakon amfani da ra'ayoyin gargajiya na tsarin shuka.<ref name="Hanshaw" /> Wannan ra'ayi ya ci gaba da bunkasa a cikin aikinta na baya. === Ayyukan da suka biyo baya === Bayan rufewar 1927 na dakin gwaje-gwaje na Balfour Arber ta kafa wani karamin dakin gwaje'a a cikin ɗakin baya na gidanta don gudanar da bincikenta, bayan shugaban mazaunin Makarantar Botany Farfesa Albert Seward ya yi iƙirarin cewa babu sarari a Makarantar don Arber don ci gaba da bincikenta ta amfani da kayan aikinta. An gabatar da Arber ga ra'ayin bincike mai zaman kansa daga lokacin da ta yi tare da Ethel Sargant a cikin 1902-1903, kuma daga maganganun da suka biyo baya ga membobin kungiyar Girton College Natural Sciences kuma a cikin wasiƙu ga abokai ta bayyana cewa tana son yin aiki a gida saboda ƙalubalen da bincike mai zaman kanta ta kawo, duk da cewa ba ta fara zabar kanta ba.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Bayan wallafa The ''Monocotyledons'' Arber ta ci gaba da bincikenta a cikin wannan rukuni, ta mai da hankali ga bincikenta a kan iyalin Gramineae na shuke-shuke, musamman hatsi, ciyawa da bamboo. Wannan ya haifar da buga littafinta na ƙarshe game da yanayin shuke-shuke, The ''Gramineae'' a 1934. A cikin wannan littafin Arber ya bayyana sake zagayowar rayuwa, embryology da sake zagayowan haihuwa da kayan lambu na [[Grasses|kitse]]="Cereals">hatsi, ciyawa da bamboo ta amfani da nazarin jikin mutum na waɗannan tsire-tsire. Da yake fahimtar muhimmancin waɗannan tsire-tsire ga ci gaban al'ummomin ɗan adam, Arber ya fara wannan binciken tare da tarihin waɗannan tsire'o'in dangane da mutane, tare da "mafi tsananin fasalin tsire-shuke ana bi da shi kamar yadda yake tasowa daga ɗan adam". Littafin ya riga ya wuce takardu 10 a cikin Annals of Botany wanda ke ba da cikakken bayani game da sakamakon bincikenta. Tsakanin 1930 da 1942 Arber ta gudanar da bincike game da tsarin furanni, inda ta bincika tsarin siffofi daban-daban kuma ta yi amfani da bayanan morphological don fassara wasu tsarin furanni. An buga sakamakon ta a cikin takardu 10 na bita da suka shafi wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 1937 ta wallafa taƙaitaccen ra'ayoyin morphological wanda aka tattauna game da tsarin furanni, wanda aka dauka a matsayin muhimmiyar labarin bita don nazarin morphological. A watan Janairun 1942 Arber ta buga takarda ta ƙarshe da ta shafi binciken botanical na asali. Dukkanin wallafe-wallafen da ta biyo baya sun damu da batutuwan tarihi da falsafa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} [https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/] == Nazarin falsafa == A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu Arber ta sami wahalar kula da ƙaramin dakin gwaje-gwaje, saboda matsalolin kiwon lafiya da kayan aiki sun zama da wuya a samu.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Bugu da ƙari, ba ta yi imani da cewa "yana da kyau ga maƙwabtanta" don samun kayan dakin gwaje-gwaje masu cin wuta a gidanta yayin da akwai haɗarin fashewar bam a lokacin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Wannan ya haifar da shawarar da ta yanke na dakatar da yin aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma mayar da hankali kan batutuwan falsafa da tarihi. Arber ya wallafa aiki a kan masana kimiyyar tarihi, gami da kwatanta tsakanin Nehemiah Grew da Marcello Malpighi a 1942, John Ray a 1943 da Sir Joseph Banks a 1945.<ref name="Flannery">Flannery, M {{Cite web |title=Arber |url=http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=17 February 2010}} 'The Many Sides of Agnes Arber'</ref> An gabatar da Arber ga aikin [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] yayin da yake makaranta kuma ya kasance yana sha'awar ra'ayoyinsa game da [[botany]]. A shekara ta 1946 ta buga Goethe's Botany, fassarar Goethe'tti's Metamorphosis of Plants (1790) da Georg Christoph Tobler's (1757-1812) Die Natur tare da gabatarwa da fassarar matani. The Natural Philosophy of Plant Form, wanda aka buga a 1950 an dauke shi mafi mahimmancin littattafan Arber. An bayyana shi a matsayin "bincike na shekaru dubu biyu na al'adar halittu".<ref name="DeBakcsy">{{Cite web |last=DeBakcsy |first=Dale |date=October 17, 2018 |title=Bringing Teleology Back: Agnes Arber's Neo-Aristotelian Plant Morphology |url=https://womenyoushouldknow.net/bringing-teleology-back-agnes-arbers-neo-aristotelian-plant-morphology/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109234558/https://womenyoushouldknow.net/bringing-teleology-back-agnes-arbers-neo-aristotelian-plant-morphology/ |archive-date=9 November 2018 |access-date=9 November 2018 |website=Women You Should Know}}</ref> Arber ya tattauna hanyoyin da ke bayan samar da ra'ayi daga bincike kuma ya bincika falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke. Arber yana amfani da wannan don bincika tsarin tsire-tsire masu fure, kuma yana ba da shawarar ka'idar tsire-shire na ganye. Dangane da wannan ka'idar, kowane bangare na shuka harbi ne ko harbi na ɓangare. Bishiyoyi ne na ɓangaren da ke nuna raguwar ƙarfin girma. Ta ambaci cewa: "shafi ne mai ɗan gajeren lokaci, yana nuna sha'awar zama harbi gaba ɗaya, amma ba a taɓa cimma wannan burin ba, tunda daidaituwa ta radial da ƙarfin ci gaban apical suna fama da hanawa". Haɗakarwar ganye da harbi sun samo asali ne daga [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], wanda ya fara bayyana ganye masu fili a matsayin "rassan gaskiya, wanda buds ba zai iya bunkasa ba, tunda tsutsa na yau da kullun yana da rauni sosai". Ga Arber, ganyen fili sune tarin ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan. Shaidar ci gaban kwayar halitta ta baya-bayan nan ta goyi bayan fannoni na ka'idar harbi ta ganye, musamman ma a yanayin ganye. Nazarinta a kan falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke ya kai ta ga ɗaukar ra'ayi mai zurfi game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin kimiyya da falsafar. The Mind and the Eye: A Biologist's Standpoint da aka buga a 1954 ya ba da gabatarwa ga binciken halittu kuma ya haɓaka hanyar yin wannan binciken. Arber ya bayyana bincike kamar yadda yake faruwa a matakai shida: gano batun bincike ko batun; tattara bayanai ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje ko kallo; fassarar bayanan; gwada ingancin fassarar; sadarwa da sakamakon; da kuma la'akari da bincike a cikin mahallin. Ga Arber, mahallin ya haɗa da fassara sakamakon dangane da tarihi da falsafar kuma ya rufe rabin littafin. Littafin Arber ya bambanta da cewa an rubuta shi kafin Thomas Kuhn ya nuna cewa ra'ayoyin masanin kimiyya suna rinjayar ra'ayoyi na wasu a fagen su kuma kafin sukar Ernst Mayr na bayyana falsafar ilmin halitta kamar yadda falsafar kimiyyar lissafi ta kasance.<ref name="Flannery">Flannery, M {{Cite web |title=Arber |url=http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=17 February 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm "Arber"]. Archived from [http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm the original] on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite> 'The Many Sides of Agnes Arber'</ref> Littafinta na karshe, The Manifold and the One da aka buga a shekara ta 1957 ya damu da tambayoyin falsafa da suka fi girma. Littafin bincike ne mai zurfi da haɗin kai, wanda ya samo asali ne daga al'adun wallafe-wallafen, kimiyya, addini, asiri da falsafar falsafar, wanda ya haɗa da falsafar Buddha, Hindu da Taoist tare da falsafar Turai., a cikin neman tattaunawa game da kwarewar asiri wanda Arber ya bayyana a matsayin "wannan tunani kai tsaye da ba a shiga tsakani ba wanda ke nunawa da kyakkyawar fahimta game da Dukan abubuwa a matsayin Haɗin kan dukkan abubuwa". == Karramawa da kyaututtuka == A shekara ta 1921 ta karɓi matsayin shekara-shekara a matsayin shugabar sashen botany na Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don Ci gaban Kimiyya, bayan Edith Saunders a shekarar da ta gabata, amma nan da nan ta yi murabus bayan wasu mambobi sun nuna cewa ba sa son shugaban mata biyu a jere. Lokacin da aka sake miƙa ta shugabancin a 1926, ba ta yarda ba.<ref name="BluePlaque">{{Cite web |title=Arber, Agnes (1879-1960) |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=English Heritage}}</ref> [[Fayil:Agnes_Arber_plaque.jpg|alt=blue circular plaque reading "Agnes Arber née Robertson 1879-1960 lived here 1890-1909." At the top it reads "English Heritage"|thumb|Alamar a <dfn>9 Elsworthy Terrace</dfn>, Primrose Hill, London]] A shekara ta 1946 an zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society . Ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara ilimin shuke-shuke kuma mace ta uku da ta karbi wannan girmamawa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1948 an ba ta lambar yabo ta zinare ta Linnean Society na London . == Kyauta == A watan Fabrairun 1961, Muriel Arber ta ba da gudummawar wasu kayan mahaifiyarta ga Cibiyar Hunt don Takaddun Botanical.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} An shigar da Blue Plaque a gidan yarinta (9 Elsworthy Terrace, Primrose Hill, London) a cikin 2018.<ref name="BluePlaque">{{Cite web |title=Arber, Agnes (1879-1960) |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=English Heritage}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ "Arber, Agnes (1879-1960)"]. ''English Heritage''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ Archived] from the original on 6 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2024 an haɗa daya da gidanta na Cambridge inda ta kuma gudanar da yawancin bincikenta.<ref name="BBC2024">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai wani nau'in gin mai suna don girmama ta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agnes Arber Gin |url=https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218233022/https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/ |archive-date=18 December 2021 |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, an kirkiro sabon kyautar rubutun PhD na Agnes Arber a fannin ilmin halitta a Jami'ar Cambridge. Farfesa Sam Brockington, na Jami'ar Cambridge Botanic Gardens, ya ce yana fatan kyautar "za ta goyi bayan ƙarni na gaba na masu ilimin shuke-shuke, suna bin sawun Agnes".<ref name="BBC2024">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/ "Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize"]. 29 May 2024.</cite></ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa ==   == Dubi kuma == * Dorothea Pertz, wanda Agnes Arber ta rubuta masa labarin mutuwarsa == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Agnes Arber}} * Works by Agnes ArberaShirin Gutenberg * Ayyuka ta ko game daAgnes ArberaTushen Wikisource {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Mata]] [[Rukuni:Fassara]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jofgux6onlua544hom2ftd358hutepe 818791 818790 2026-04-05T19:11:10Z Saudarh2 14842 818791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Agnes Arber''' FRS (née Robertson; An haife ta 23 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1879 - Ta mutu 22 ga watan Maris shekarar 1960) ta kasance masanin ilimin shuke-shuke na kasar Birtaniya kuma masanin ilimin jikin mutum, masanin tarihin botany kuma masanin falsafa na ilmin halitta. An haife ta ne a Landan amma ta rayu mafi yawan rayuwarta a Cambridge, gami da shekaru 51 da suka gabata na rayuwarta. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society (21 ga watan Maris, shekarar 1946, tana da shekaru 67) kuma mace ta uku gaba ɗaya. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta karbi lambar yabo ta zinare ta Linnean Society na London Binciken kimiyya ta mayar da hankali kan ƙungiyar monocotyledon na tsire-tsire masu fure. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban nazarin ilimin halittu a cikin botany a farkon karni na 20. Ayyukanta na baya sun mayar da hankali kan batun falsafar a cikin botany, musamman kan yanayin binciken halittu. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Agnes Robertson a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 1879 a Primrose Hill, London.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Ita ce 'yar farko ta Henry Robert Robertson, mai zane, da Agnes Lucy Turner, kuma tana da' yan uwanta uku, Donald Struan Robertson (wanda daga baya ya zama Regius Farfesa na Girkanci a Jami'ar Cambridge), Janet Robertson, wanda daga baya yafuuka mai zane-zane, da Margaret Robertson (mai suna Hills), wanda ya kasance sanannen mai ba da izini kuma ɗan siyasa na gida. Mahaifinta ya ba ta darussan zane na yau da kullun a lokacin yarinta, wanda daga baya ya ba ta ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don kwatanta wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da kanta. A lokacin da yake da shekaru takwas Robertson ya fara halartar Makarantar Kwalejin Arewacin London da Frances Buss ta kafa kuma ke gudanarwa, daya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan ilimin 'yan mata. A karkashin jagorancin malamin kimiyya na makarantar Edith Aitken, Robertson ta gano sha'awar ilimin shuke-shuke, ta buga bincikenta na farko a 1894 a cikin mujallar makarantar kuma daga baya ta zo na farko a cikin jarrabawar ilimin shuke'a ta makarantar, ta lashe tallafin karatu. A nan ne Robertson ya fara saduwa da Ethel Sargant, masanin ilimin shuke-shuke wanda ke ba da gabatarwa na yau da kullun ga kulob din kimiyya na makaranta. Sargant daga baya za ta zama mai ba da shawara da abokin aiki, tana da tasiri sosai a kan abubuwan da Arber ke sha'awa da hanyoyin da yake da su.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1897, Robertson ta fara karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar, London, inda ta sami BSc a shekara ta 1899. Bayan samun tallafin karatu na shiga Arber ya zama memba na Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge kuma ya kara digiri a Kimiyya ta Halitta. Ta sami sakamakon aji na farko a kowane jarrabawa a jami'o'in biyu, tare da kyaututtuka da lambobin yabo da yawa daga Kwalejin Jami'ar, London. Bayan kammala karatunta na Cambridge a 1902 Robertson ta yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje mai zaman kansa na Ethel Sargant na shekara guda, kafin ta koma Kwalejin Jami'ar, London a matsayin mai riƙe da Quain Studentship a Biology. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Science a 1905.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Robertson ya sadu da Edward Alexander Newell Arber (1870-1918) yayin da yake karatu a Kwalejin Newnham . Sun yi aure a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, 1909 kuma suka koma Cambridge, inda za ta kasance har tsawon rayuwarta. An haifi ɗanta kaɗai, Muriel Agnes Arber, a 1913, ta zama masanin ilimin ƙasa, kuma ta mutu a shekara ta 2004. {{Sfn|Friend|2012}} Arber da mijinta suna da sha'awa da yawa, kuma an bayyana aurenta a matsayin 'mai farin ciki'. An ba Arber kyautar Bincike daga Kwalejin Newnham a 1912 kuma ta buga littafinta na farko ''[[doi:10.5962/bhl.title.31068|Herbals, asalin su da juyin halitta]]'' a wannan shekarar. Mijinta Newall Arber ya mutu a shekara ta 1918 bayan wani lokaci na rashin lafiya. Arber ba ta sake yin aure ba, amma ta ci gaba da bincikenta. Ta yi karatu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Balfour Biological Laboratory for Women daga aurenta har zuwa rufe dakin gwaje'a a 1927. Arber ta ci gaba da wani karamin dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin ɗakin baya na gidanta daga wannan lokacin har sai da ta daina yin bincike a kan benci a cikin 1940s kuma ta juya zuwa nazarin falsafa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} == Mutuwa == Agnes Arber ta mutu a ranar 22 ga Maris 1960, tana da shekaru 81, kuma an binne ta a cocin St Andrew, Girton . {{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} == Ayyukan kimiyya == Kafin halartar Kwalejin Jami'ar, London Arber ta shafe lokacin rani na 1897 tana aiki tare da Ethel Sargant a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na sirri a Reigate, inda Sargant ta umurce ta da microtechniques da aka yi amfani da su don shirya samfurori na shuka don gwajin microscopic.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Arber ta koma aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Sargant aƙalla sau ɗaya a lokacin hutun bazara yayin da take karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar London. Sargant ta yi amfani da Arber tsakanin 1902 da 1903 a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike da ke aiki a kan tsarin shuke-shuke, a lokacin da a 1903 ta buga takarda ta farko 'Notes on the anatomy of ''Macrozamia heteromera''' a cikin Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society . Yayinda yake a Kwalejin Jami'ar London Arber ya gudanar da bincike kan rukunin tsire-tsire na gymnosperm, yana samar da takardu da yawa game da yanayin su da jikin su. Nazarin da falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke za su zama babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga aikinta na baya. === Gidan gwaje-gwaje na Balfour, Cambridge === A cikin 1909 an ba Arber sarari a cikin Laboratory na Balfour don Mata ta Kwalejin Newnham. Kwalejin mata biyu na jami'ar sun sayi wannan ginin kuma sun kafa shi a 1884 don amfani da ɗaliban su da masu bincike (mata a wannan lokacin ba a ba su izinin halartar zanga-zangar dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma azuzuwan aiki). Arber ya yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe shi a 1927. [[Fayil:Photo_of_Agnes_Arber_1911.png|alt=Photograph of a woman sitting and reading a newspaper|thumb|Hoton Arber a cikin 1911]] Bayan bayar da kyautar Bincike ta Kwalejin Newnham tsakanin 1912 da 1913 Arber ta buga littafinta na farko a 1912. ''Herbals, asalin su da juyin halitta'' sun bayyana canjin Herbals da aka buga tsakanin 1470 da 1670. Arber ya danganta fitowar da ci gaban botany a matsayin horo a cikin Tarihin halitta tare da juyin halitta na bayanin shuke-shuke, rarrabuwa da ganewa da aka gani a cikin Herbals a wannan lokacin. Arber ta sami damar tuntuɓar babban tarin Herbals da aka buga a cikin ɗakin karatu na Makarantar Botany a Cambridge a matsayin wani ɓangare na bincikenta don wannan aikin. An sake rubuta shi kuma an faɗaɗa shi don fitowar ta biyu da aka buga a 1938, an buga shi a matsayin fitowar ta uku a 1986 kuma har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa aiki ne na tarihin Herbals.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} [[Fayil:Image_of_Limnathemum_from_Water_Plants_A_Study_of_Aquatic_Angiosperms.png|alt=Botanical illustrations of a plant|thumb|Hoton Limnathemum daga Tsire-tsire na Ruwa Nazarin Angiosperms na Ruwa ta Agnes Arber]] Arber ta mayar da hankali ga bincikenta kan jikin mutum da yanayin jinsin tsire-tsire, wanda Ethel Sargant ya gabatar da ita.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1920 ta rubuta littattafai biyu da wasu wallafe-wallafe 94. Littafinta na biyu Water Plants: A Study of Aquatic Angiosperms an buga shi a shekarar 1920. A cikin wannan littafin Arber ya gabatar da nazarin kwatankwacin Tsire-tsire na ruwa ta hanyar nazarin bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin su. Arber kuma tana ba da fassarori game da ka'idodin da ta yi amfani da su don ƙirƙirar bincikenta. Nazarinta shine na farko da ya samar da cikakken bayani da fassarar tsire-tsire na ruwa. Ta kasance mai zane-zane mai kyau kuma sau da yawa tana kwatanta littattafanta kanta; ta zana kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na zane-zane a cikin ''Shuke-shuke na Ruwa.''{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A cikin 1921, "tsarin tsire-tsire" ya hana Arber shugabancin 1921 na Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don ci gaban kimiyya (BAAS) 'sashen Botany (Sashe na K). Frederick Orpen Bower ne ya fara wannan tsari, bisa ga cewa Arber bai kamata ya bi Saunders nan da nan a matsayin shugaban kasa ba saboda duka mata ne daga Cambridge kuma akwai wasu manyan maza masu ilimin shuke-shuke don shugabancin. Wannan ya nuna rashin jin daɗi ga Arber ba kawai a matsayin mace mai ilimin shuke-shuke ba har ma a matsayin masanin shuke-huke na Cambridge. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa Edinburgh (inda aka gudanar da taron) "yana da 'yancin yin tsammanin fiye da wannan... Don neman Balfour [na Edinburgh] ya zauna a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin Mrs. Arber abin ba'a ne!" Albert Seward ya sadu da Arber, wanda ya janye takararsa kuma ya yi murabus a matsayin sakataren BAAS.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A cikin 1925 Arber ta buga littafinta na uku The ''Monocotyledons'' . Editocin ''Jerin Littattafan Botanical na Cambridge'' sun tambayi Ethel Sargant a cikin 1910 don shirya ƙarar a kan monocots don wannan jerin. Koyaya rashin lafiya da ci gaba shekaru sun sa Sargant ya kusan ba zai yiwu ba ya kammala littafin, kuma a cikin 1918 ta ba da shawarar Arber ya kammala aikin. ''Monocotyledons'' ya ci gaba da hanyoyin nazarin Arber da ta gabatar a cikin ''Shuke-shuke na Ruwa''. Ta ba da cikakken nazarin tsire-tsire na monocot daga kwatanta jikin su na ciki da na waje. Koyaya tattaunawarta game da ka'idodin da take amfani da su a cikin bincikenta sun fi bayyane a cikin wannan ƙarar, yayin da take tattauna hanyoyin da falsafar nazarin morphological. Kodayake nazarin jikin mutum kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin ''Monocotyledons'' da Water Plants: Nazarin Angiosperms na Aquatic ya kasance tsakiya ga binciken botanical a farkon karni na 20, akwai bambance-bambance daban-daban tsakanin masu binciken Burtaniya da Turai game da manufofin binciken morphological. Arber ta magance wannan ta hanyar ƙirƙirar bambanci tsakanin "tsarkakewa" da "amfani" yanayin, tare da aikinta yana mai da hankali kan kwatankwacin jikin mutum don bincika tambayoyin da suka shafi batutuwa masu mahimmanci kamar gina phylogenies, maimakon amfani da ra'ayoyin gargajiya na tsarin shuka.<ref name="Hanshaw" /> Wannan ra'ayi ya ci gaba da bunkasa a cikin aikinta na baya. === Ayyukan da suka biyo baya === Bayan rufewar 1927 na dakin gwaje-gwaje na Balfour Arber ta kafa wani karamin dakin gwaje'a a cikin ɗakin baya na gidanta don gudanar da bincikenta, bayan shugaban mazaunin Makarantar Botany Farfesa Albert Seward ya yi iƙirarin cewa babu sarari a Makarantar don Arber don ci gaba da bincikenta ta amfani da kayan aikinta. An gabatar da Arber ga ra'ayin bincike mai zaman kansa daga lokacin da ta yi tare da Ethel Sargant a cikin 1902-1903, kuma daga maganganun da suka biyo baya ga membobin kungiyar Girton College Natural Sciences kuma a cikin wasiƙu ga abokai ta bayyana cewa tana son yin aiki a gida saboda ƙalubalen da bincike mai zaman kanta ta kawo, duk da cewa ba ta fara zabar kanta ba.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Bayan wallafa The ''Monocotyledons'' Arber ta ci gaba da bincikenta a cikin wannan rukuni, ta mai da hankali ga bincikenta a kan iyalin Gramineae na shuke-shuke, musamman hatsi, ciyawa da bamboo. Wannan ya haifar da buga littafinta na ƙarshe game da yanayin shuke-shuke, The ''Gramineae'' a 1934. A cikin wannan littafin Arber ya bayyana sake zagayowar rayuwa, embryology da sake zagayowan haihuwa da kayan lambu na [[Grasses|kitse]]="Cereals">hatsi, ciyawa da bamboo ta amfani da nazarin jikin mutum na waɗannan tsire-tsire. Da yake fahimtar muhimmancin waɗannan tsire-tsire ga ci gaban al'ummomin ɗan adam, Arber ya fara wannan binciken tare da tarihin waɗannan tsire'o'in dangane da mutane, tare da "mafi tsananin fasalin tsire-shuke ana bi da shi kamar yadda yake tasowa daga ɗan adam". Littafin ya riga ya wuce takardu 10 a cikin Annals of Botany wanda ke ba da cikakken bayani game da sakamakon bincikenta. Tsakanin 1930 da 1942 Arber ta gudanar da bincike game da tsarin furanni, inda ta bincika tsarin siffofi daban-daban kuma ta yi amfani da bayanan morphological don fassara wasu tsarin furanni. An buga sakamakon ta a cikin takardu 10 na bita da suka shafi wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 1937 ta wallafa taƙaitaccen ra'ayoyin morphological wanda aka tattauna game da tsarin furanni, wanda aka dauka a matsayin muhimmiyar labarin bita don nazarin morphological. A watan Janairun 1942 Arber ta buga takarda ta ƙarshe da ta shafi binciken botanical na asali. Dukkanin wallafe-wallafen da ta biyo baya sun damu da batutuwan tarihi da falsafa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} [https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/] == Nazarin falsafa == A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu Arber ta sami wahalar kula da ƙaramin dakin gwaje-gwaje, saboda matsalolin kiwon lafiya da kayan aiki sun zama da wuya a samu.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Bugu da ƙari, ba ta yi imani da cewa "yana da kyau ga maƙwabtanta" don samun kayan dakin gwaje-gwaje masu cin wuta a gidanta yayin da akwai haɗarin fashewar bam a lokacin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Wannan ya haifar da shawarar da ta yanke na dakatar da yin aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma mayar da hankali kan batutuwan falsafa da tarihi. Arber ya wallafa aiki a kan masana kimiyyar tarihi, gami da kwatanta tsakanin Nehemiah Grew da Marcello Malpighi a 1942, John Ray a 1943 da Sir Joseph Banks a 1945.<ref name="Flannery">Flannery, M {{Cite web |title=Arber |url=http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=17 February 2010}} 'The Many Sides of Agnes Arber'</ref> An gabatar da Arber ga aikin [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] yayin da yake makaranta kuma ya kasance yana sha'awar ra'ayoyinsa game da [[botany]]. A shekara ta 1946 ta buga Goethe's Botany, fassarar Goethe'tti's Metamorphosis of Plants (1790) da Georg Christoph Tobler's (1757-1812) Die Natur tare da gabatarwa da fassarar matani. The Natural Philosophy of Plant Form, wanda aka buga a 1950 an dauke shi mafi mahimmancin littattafan Arber. An bayyana shi a matsayin "bincike na shekaru dubu biyu na al'adar halittu".<ref name="DeBakcsy">{{Cite web |last=DeBakcsy |first=Dale |date=October 17, 2018 |title=Bringing Teleology Back: Agnes Arber's Neo-Aristotelian Plant Morphology |url=https://womenyoushouldknow.net/bringing-teleology-back-agnes-arbers-neo-aristotelian-plant-morphology/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109234558/https://womenyoushouldknow.net/bringing-teleology-back-agnes-arbers-neo-aristotelian-plant-morphology/ |archive-date=9 November 2018 |access-date=9 November 2018 |website=Women You Should Know}}</ref> Arber ya tattauna hanyoyin da ke bayan samar da ra'ayi daga bincike kuma ya bincika falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke. Arber yana amfani da wannan don bincika tsarin tsire-tsire masu fure, kuma yana ba da shawarar ka'idar tsire-shire na ganye. Dangane da wannan ka'idar, kowane bangare na shuka harbi ne ko harbi na ɓangare. Bishiyoyi ne na ɓangaren da ke nuna raguwar ƙarfin girma. Ta ambaci cewa: "shafi ne mai ɗan gajeren lokaci, yana nuna sha'awar zama harbi gaba ɗaya, amma ba a taɓa cimma wannan burin ba, tunda daidaituwa ta radial da ƙarfin ci gaban apical suna fama da hanawa". Haɗakarwar ganye da harbi sun samo asali ne daga [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], wanda ya fara bayyana ganye masu fili a matsayin "rassan gaskiya, wanda buds ba zai iya bunkasa ba, tunda tsutsa na yau da kullun yana da rauni sosai". Ga Arber, ganyen fili sune tarin ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan. Shaidar ci gaban kwayar halitta ta baya-bayan nan ta goyi bayan fannoni na ka'idar harbi ta ganye, musamman ma a yanayin ganye. Nazarinta a kan falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke ya kai ta ga ɗaukar ra'ayi mai zurfi game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin kimiyya da falsafar. The Mind and the Eye: A Biologist's Standpoint da aka buga a 1954 ya ba da gabatarwa ga binciken halittu kuma ya haɓaka hanyar yin wannan binciken. Arber ya bayyana bincike kamar yadda yake faruwa a matakai shida: gano batun bincike ko batun; tattara bayanai ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje ko kallo; fassarar bayanan; gwada ingancin fassarar; sadarwa da sakamakon; da kuma la'akari da bincike a cikin mahallin. Ga Arber, mahallin ya haɗa da fassara sakamakon dangane da tarihi da falsafar kuma ya rufe rabin littafin. Littafin Arber ya bambanta da cewa an rubuta shi kafin Thomas Kuhn ya nuna cewa ra'ayoyin masanin kimiyya suna rinjayar ra'ayoyi na wasu a fagen su kuma kafin sukar Ernst Mayr na bayyana falsafar ilmin halitta kamar yadda falsafar kimiyyar lissafi ta kasance.<ref name="Flannery">Flannery, M {{Cite web |title=Arber |url=http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=17 February 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm "Arber"]. Archived from [http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm the original] on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite> 'The Many Sides of Agnes Arber'</ref> Littafinta na karshe, The Manifold and the One da aka buga a shekara ta 1957 ya damu da tambayoyin falsafa da suka fi girma. Littafin bincike ne mai zurfi da haɗin kai, wanda ya samo asali ne daga al'adun wallafe-wallafen, kimiyya, addini, asiri da falsafar falsafar, wanda ya haɗa da falsafar Buddha, Hindu da Taoist tare da falsafar Turai., a cikin neman tattaunawa game da kwarewar asiri wanda Arber ya bayyana a matsayin "wannan tunani kai tsaye da ba a shiga tsakani ba wanda ke nunawa da kyakkyawar fahimta game da Dukan abubuwa a matsayin Haɗin kan dukkan abubuwa". == Karramawa da kyaututtuka == A shekara ta 1921 ta karɓi matsayin shekara-shekara a matsayin shugabar sashen botany na Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don Ci gaban Kimiyya, bayan Edith Saunders a shekarar da ta gabata, amma nan da nan ta yi murabus bayan wasu mambobi sun nuna cewa ba sa son shugaban mata biyu a jere. Lokacin da aka sake miƙa ta shugabancin a 1926, ba ta yarda ba.<ref name="BluePlaque">{{Cite web |title=Arber, Agnes (1879-1960) |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=English Heritage}}</ref> [[Fayil:Agnes_Arber_plaque.jpg|alt=blue circular plaque reading "Agnes Arber née Robertson 1879-1960 lived here 1890-1909." At the top it reads "English Heritage"|thumb|Alamar a <dfn>9 Elsworthy Terrace</dfn>, Primrose Hill, London]] A shekara ta 1946 an zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society . Ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara ilimin shuke-shuke kuma mace ta uku da ta karbi wannan girmamawa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1948 an ba ta lambar yabo ta zinare ta Linnean Society na London . == Kyauta == A watan Fabrairun 1961, Muriel Arber ta ba da gudummawar wasu kayan mahaifiyarta ga Cibiyar Hunt don Takaddun Botanical.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} An shigar da Blue Plaque a gidan yarinta (9 Elsworthy Terrace, Primrose Hill, London) a cikin 2018.<ref name="BluePlaque">{{Cite web |title=Arber, Agnes (1879-1960) |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=English Heritage}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ "Arber, Agnes (1879-1960)"]. ''English Heritage''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ Archived] from the original on 6 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2024 an haɗa daya da gidanta na Cambridge inda ta kuma gudanar da yawancin bincikenta.<ref name="BBC2024">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai wani nau'in gin mai suna don girmama ta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agnes Arber Gin |url=https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218233022/https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/ |archive-date=18 December 2021 |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, an kirkiro sabon kyautar rubutun PhD na Agnes Arber a fannin ilmin halitta a Jami'ar Cambridge. Farfesa Sam Brockington, na Jami'ar Cambridge Botanic Gardens, ya ce yana fatan kyautar "za ta goyi bayan ƙarni na gaba na masu ilimin shuke-shuke, suna bin sawun Agnes".<ref name="BBC2024">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/ "Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize"]. 29 May 2024.</cite></ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa ==   == Dubi kuma == * Dorothea Pertz, wanda Agnes Arber ta rubuta masa labarin mutuwarsa == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Agnes Arber}} * Works by Agnes ArberaShirin Gutenberg * Ayyuka ta ko game daAgnes ArberaTushen Wikisource {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Mata]] [[Rukuni:Fassara]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7n2tvmzo1l27j280lye4d3ww60joaem 818792 818791 2026-04-05T19:11:46Z Saudarh2 14842 818792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Agnes Arber''' FRS (née Robertson; An haife ta 23 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1879 - Ta mutu 22 ga watan Maris shekarar 1960) ta kasance masanin ilimin shuke-shuke na kasar Birtaniya kuma masanin ilimin jikin mutum, masanin tarihin botany kuma masanin falsafa na ilmin halitta. An haife ta ne a Landan amma ta rayu mafi yawan rayuwarta a Cambridge, gami da shekaru 51 da suka gabata na rayuwarta. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society (21 ga watan Maris, shekarar 1946, tana da shekaru 67) kuma mace ta uku gaba ɗaya. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta karbi lambar yabo ta zinare ta Linnean Society na London Binciken kimiyya ta mayar da hankali kan ƙungiyar monocotyledon na tsire-tsire masu fure. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban nazarin ilimin halittu a cikin botany a farkon karni na 20. Ayyukanta na baya sun mayar da hankali kan batun falsafar a cikin botany, musamman kan yanayin binciken halittu. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Agnes Robertson a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 1879 a Primrose Hill, London.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Ita ce 'yar farko ta Henry Robert Robertson, mai zane, da Agnes Lucy Turner, kuma tana da' yan uwanta uku, Donald Struan Robertson (wanda daga baya ya zama Regius Farfesa na Girkanci a Jami'ar Cambridge), Janet Robertson, wanda daga baya yafuuka mai zane-zane, da Margaret Robertson (mai suna Hills), wanda ya kasance sanannen mai ba da izini kuma ɗan siyasa na gida. Mahaifinta ya ba ta darussan zane na yau da kullun a lokacin yarinta, wanda daga baya ya ba ta ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don kwatanta wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da kanta. A lokacin da yake da shekaru takwas Robertson ya fara halartar Makarantar Kwalejin Arewacin London da Frances Buss ta kafa kuma ke gudanarwa, daya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan ilimin 'yan mata. A karkashin jagorancin malamin kimiyya na makarantar Edith Aitken, Robertson ta gano sha'awar ilimin shuke-shuke, ta buga bincikenta na farko a 1894 a cikin mujallar makarantar kuma daga baya ta zo na farko a cikin jarrabawar ilimin shuke'a ta makarantar, ta lashe tallafin karatu. A nan ne Robertson ya fara saduwa da Ethel Sargant, masanin ilimin shuke-shuke wanda ke ba da gabatarwa na yau da kullun ga kulob din kimiyya na makaranta. Sargant daga baya za ta zama mai ba da shawara da abokin aiki, tana da tasiri sosai a kan abubuwan da Arber ke sha'awa da hanyoyin da yake da su.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1897, Robertson ta fara karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar, London, inda ta sami BSc a shekara ta 1899. Bayan samun tallafin karatu na shiga Arber ya zama memba na Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge kuma ya kara digiri a Kimiyya ta Halitta. Ta sami sakamakon aji na farko a kowane jarrabawa a jami'o'in biyu, tare da kyaututtuka da lambobin yabo da yawa daga Kwalejin Jami'ar, London. Bayan kammala karatunta na Cambridge a 1902 Robertson ta yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje mai zaman kansa na Ethel Sargant na shekara guda, kafin ta koma Kwalejin Jami'ar, London a matsayin mai riƙe da Quain Studentship a Biology. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Science a 1905.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Robertson ya sadu da Edward Alexander Newell Arber (1870-1918) yayin da yake karatu a Kwalejin Newnham . Sun yi aure a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, 1909 kuma suka koma Cambridge, inda za ta kasance har tsawon rayuwarta. An haifi ɗanta kaɗai, Muriel Agnes Arber, a 1913, ta zama masanin ilimin ƙasa, kuma ta mutu a shekara ta 2004. {{Sfn|Friend|2012}} Arber da mijinta suna da sha'awa da yawa, kuma an bayyana aurenta a matsayin 'mai farin ciki'. An ba Arber kyautar Bincike daga Kwalejin Newnham a 1912 kuma ta buga littafinta na farko ''[[doi:10.5962/bhl.title.31068|Herbals, asalin su da juyin halitta]]'' a wannan shekarar. Mijinta Newall Arber ya mutu a shekara ta 1918 bayan wani lokaci na rashin lafiya. Arber ba ta sake yin aure ba, amma ta ci gaba da bincikenta. Ta yi karatu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Balfour Biological Laboratory for Women daga aurenta har zuwa rufe dakin gwaje'a a 1927. Arber ta ci gaba da wani karamin dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin ɗakin baya na gidanta daga wannan lokacin har sai da ta daina yin bincike a kan benci a cikin 1940s kuma ta juya zuwa nazarin falsafa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} == Mutuwa == Agnes Arber ta mutu a ranar 22 ga watan Maris 1960, tana da shekaru 81, kuma an binne ta a cocin St Andrew, Girton . {{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} == Ayyukan kimiyya == Kafin halartar Kwalejin Jami'ar, London Arber ta shafe lokacin rani na 1897 tana aiki tare da Ethel Sargant a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na sirri a Reigate, inda Sargant ta umurce ta da microtechniques da aka yi amfani da su don shirya samfurori na shuka don gwajin microscopic.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Arber ta koma aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Sargant aƙalla sau ɗaya a lokacin hutun bazara yayin da take karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar London. Sargant ta yi amfani da Arber tsakanin 1902 da 1903 a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike da ke aiki a kan tsarin shuke-shuke, a lokacin da a 1903 ta buga takarda ta farko 'Notes on the anatomy of ''Macrozamia heteromera''' a cikin Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society . Yayinda yake a Kwalejin Jami'ar London Arber ya gudanar da bincike kan rukunin tsire-tsire na gymnosperm, yana samar da takardu da yawa game da yanayin su da jikin su. Nazarin da falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke za su zama babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga aikinta na baya. === Gidan gwaje-gwaje na Balfour, Cambridge === A cikin 1909 an ba Arber sarari a cikin Laboratory na Balfour don Mata ta Kwalejin Newnham. Kwalejin mata biyu na jami'ar sun sayi wannan ginin kuma sun kafa shi a 1884 don amfani da ɗaliban su da masu bincike (mata a wannan lokacin ba a ba su izinin halartar zanga-zangar dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma azuzuwan aiki). Arber ya yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe shi a 1927. [[Fayil:Photo_of_Agnes_Arber_1911.png|alt=Photograph of a woman sitting and reading a newspaper|thumb|Hoton Arber a cikin 1911]] Bayan bayar da kyautar Bincike ta Kwalejin Newnham tsakanin 1912 da 1913 Arber ta buga littafinta na farko a 1912. ''Herbals, asalin su da juyin halitta'' sun bayyana canjin Herbals da aka buga tsakanin 1470 da 1670. Arber ya danganta fitowar da ci gaban botany a matsayin horo a cikin Tarihin halitta tare da juyin halitta na bayanin shuke-shuke, rarrabuwa da ganewa da aka gani a cikin Herbals a wannan lokacin. Arber ta sami damar tuntuɓar babban tarin Herbals da aka buga a cikin ɗakin karatu na Makarantar Botany a Cambridge a matsayin wani ɓangare na bincikenta don wannan aikin. An sake rubuta shi kuma an faɗaɗa shi don fitowar ta biyu da aka buga a 1938, an buga shi a matsayin fitowar ta uku a 1986 kuma har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa aiki ne na tarihin Herbals.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} [[Fayil:Image_of_Limnathemum_from_Water_Plants_A_Study_of_Aquatic_Angiosperms.png|alt=Botanical illustrations of a plant|thumb|Hoton Limnathemum daga Tsire-tsire na Ruwa Nazarin Angiosperms na Ruwa ta Agnes Arber]] Arber ta mayar da hankali ga bincikenta kan jikin mutum da yanayin jinsin tsire-tsire, wanda Ethel Sargant ya gabatar da ita.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1920 ta rubuta littattafai biyu da wasu wallafe-wallafe 94. Littafinta na biyu Water Plants: A Study of Aquatic Angiosperms an buga shi a shekarar 1920. A cikin wannan littafin Arber ya gabatar da nazarin kwatankwacin Tsire-tsire na ruwa ta hanyar nazarin bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin su. Arber kuma tana ba da fassarori game da ka'idodin da ta yi amfani da su don ƙirƙirar bincikenta. Nazarinta shine na farko da ya samar da cikakken bayani da fassarar tsire-tsire na ruwa. Ta kasance mai zane-zane mai kyau kuma sau da yawa tana kwatanta littattafanta kanta; ta zana kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na zane-zane a cikin ''Shuke-shuke na Ruwa.''{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A cikin 1921, "tsarin tsire-tsire" ya hana Arber shugabancin 1921 na Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don ci gaban kimiyya (BAAS) 'sashen Botany (Sashe na K). Frederick Orpen Bower ne ya fara wannan tsari, bisa ga cewa Arber bai kamata ya bi Saunders nan da nan a matsayin shugaban kasa ba saboda duka mata ne daga Cambridge kuma akwai wasu manyan maza masu ilimin shuke-shuke don shugabancin. Wannan ya nuna rashin jin daɗi ga Arber ba kawai a matsayin mace mai ilimin shuke-shuke ba har ma a matsayin masanin shuke-huke na Cambridge. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa Edinburgh (inda aka gudanar da taron) "yana da 'yancin yin tsammanin fiye da wannan... Don neman Balfour [na Edinburgh] ya zauna a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin Mrs. Arber abin ba'a ne!" Albert Seward ya sadu da Arber, wanda ya janye takararsa kuma ya yi murabus a matsayin sakataren BAAS.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A cikin 1925 Arber ta buga littafinta na uku The ''Monocotyledons'' . Editocin ''Jerin Littattafan Botanical na Cambridge'' sun tambayi Ethel Sargant a cikin 1910 don shirya ƙarar a kan monocots don wannan jerin. Koyaya rashin lafiya da ci gaba shekaru sun sa Sargant ya kusan ba zai yiwu ba ya kammala littafin, kuma a cikin 1918 ta ba da shawarar Arber ya kammala aikin. ''Monocotyledons'' ya ci gaba da hanyoyin nazarin Arber da ta gabatar a cikin ''Shuke-shuke na Ruwa''. Ta ba da cikakken nazarin tsire-tsire na monocot daga kwatanta jikin su na ciki da na waje. Koyaya tattaunawarta game da ka'idodin da take amfani da su a cikin bincikenta sun fi bayyane a cikin wannan ƙarar, yayin da take tattauna hanyoyin da falsafar nazarin morphological. Kodayake nazarin jikin mutum kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin ''Monocotyledons'' da Water Plants: Nazarin Angiosperms na Aquatic ya kasance tsakiya ga binciken botanical a farkon karni na 20, akwai bambance-bambance daban-daban tsakanin masu binciken Burtaniya da Turai game da manufofin binciken morphological. Arber ta magance wannan ta hanyar ƙirƙirar bambanci tsakanin "tsarkakewa" da "amfani" yanayin, tare da aikinta yana mai da hankali kan kwatankwacin jikin mutum don bincika tambayoyin da suka shafi batutuwa masu mahimmanci kamar gina phylogenies, maimakon amfani da ra'ayoyin gargajiya na tsarin shuka.<ref name="Hanshaw" /> Wannan ra'ayi ya ci gaba da bunkasa a cikin aikinta na baya. === Ayyukan da suka biyo baya === Bayan rufewar 1927 na dakin gwaje-gwaje na Balfour Arber ta kafa wani karamin dakin gwaje'a a cikin ɗakin baya na gidanta don gudanar da bincikenta, bayan shugaban mazaunin Makarantar Botany Farfesa Albert Seward ya yi iƙirarin cewa babu sarari a Makarantar don Arber don ci gaba da bincikenta ta amfani da kayan aikinta. An gabatar da Arber ga ra'ayin bincike mai zaman kansa daga lokacin da ta yi tare da Ethel Sargant a cikin 1902-1903, kuma daga maganganun da suka biyo baya ga membobin kungiyar Girton College Natural Sciences kuma a cikin wasiƙu ga abokai ta bayyana cewa tana son yin aiki a gida saboda ƙalubalen da bincike mai zaman kanta ta kawo, duk da cewa ba ta fara zabar kanta ba.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Bayan wallafa The ''Monocotyledons'' Arber ta ci gaba da bincikenta a cikin wannan rukuni, ta mai da hankali ga bincikenta a kan iyalin Gramineae na shuke-shuke, musamman hatsi, ciyawa da bamboo. Wannan ya haifar da buga littafinta na ƙarshe game da yanayin shuke-shuke, The ''Gramineae'' a 1934. A cikin wannan littafin Arber ya bayyana sake zagayowar rayuwa, embryology da sake zagayowan haihuwa da kayan lambu na [[Grasses|kitse]]="Cereals">hatsi, ciyawa da bamboo ta amfani da nazarin jikin mutum na waɗannan tsire-tsire. Da yake fahimtar muhimmancin waɗannan tsire-tsire ga ci gaban al'ummomin ɗan adam, Arber ya fara wannan binciken tare da tarihin waɗannan tsire'o'in dangane da mutane, tare da "mafi tsananin fasalin tsire-shuke ana bi da shi kamar yadda yake tasowa daga ɗan adam". Littafin ya riga ya wuce takardu 10 a cikin Annals of Botany wanda ke ba da cikakken bayani game da sakamakon bincikenta. Tsakanin 1930 da 1942 Arber ta gudanar da bincike game da tsarin furanni, inda ta bincika tsarin siffofi daban-daban kuma ta yi amfani da bayanan morphological don fassara wasu tsarin furanni. An buga sakamakon ta a cikin takardu 10 na bita da suka shafi wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 1937 ta wallafa taƙaitaccen ra'ayoyin morphological wanda aka tattauna game da tsarin furanni, wanda aka dauka a matsayin muhimmiyar labarin bita don nazarin morphological. A watan Janairun 1942 Arber ta buga takarda ta ƙarshe da ta shafi binciken botanical na asali. Dukkanin wallafe-wallafen da ta biyo baya sun damu da batutuwan tarihi da falsafa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} [https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/] == Nazarin falsafa == A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu Arber ta sami wahalar kula da ƙaramin dakin gwaje-gwaje, saboda matsalolin kiwon lafiya da kayan aiki sun zama da wuya a samu.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Bugu da ƙari, ba ta yi imani da cewa "yana da kyau ga maƙwabtanta" don samun kayan dakin gwaje-gwaje masu cin wuta a gidanta yayin da akwai haɗarin fashewar bam a lokacin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Wannan ya haifar da shawarar da ta yanke na dakatar da yin aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma mayar da hankali kan batutuwan falsafa da tarihi. Arber ya wallafa aiki a kan masana kimiyyar tarihi, gami da kwatanta tsakanin Nehemiah Grew da Marcello Malpighi a 1942, John Ray a 1943 da Sir Joseph Banks a 1945.<ref name="Flannery">Flannery, M {{Cite web |title=Arber |url=http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=17 February 2010}} 'The Many Sides of Agnes Arber'</ref> An gabatar da Arber ga aikin [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] yayin da yake makaranta kuma ya kasance yana sha'awar ra'ayoyinsa game da [[botany]]. A shekara ta 1946 ta buga Goethe's Botany, fassarar Goethe'tti's Metamorphosis of Plants (1790) da Georg Christoph Tobler's (1757-1812) Die Natur tare da gabatarwa da fassarar matani. The Natural Philosophy of Plant Form, wanda aka buga a 1950 an dauke shi mafi mahimmancin littattafan Arber. An bayyana shi a matsayin "bincike na shekaru dubu biyu na al'adar halittu".<ref name="DeBakcsy">{{Cite web |last=DeBakcsy |first=Dale |date=October 17, 2018 |title=Bringing Teleology Back: Agnes Arber's Neo-Aristotelian Plant Morphology |url=https://womenyoushouldknow.net/bringing-teleology-back-agnes-arbers-neo-aristotelian-plant-morphology/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109234558/https://womenyoushouldknow.net/bringing-teleology-back-agnes-arbers-neo-aristotelian-plant-morphology/ |archive-date=9 November 2018 |access-date=9 November 2018 |website=Women You Should Know}}</ref> Arber ya tattauna hanyoyin da ke bayan samar da ra'ayi daga bincike kuma ya bincika falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke. Arber yana amfani da wannan don bincika tsarin tsire-tsire masu fure, kuma yana ba da shawarar ka'idar tsire-shire na ganye. Dangane da wannan ka'idar, kowane bangare na shuka harbi ne ko harbi na ɓangare. Bishiyoyi ne na ɓangaren da ke nuna raguwar ƙarfin girma. Ta ambaci cewa: "shafi ne mai ɗan gajeren lokaci, yana nuna sha'awar zama harbi gaba ɗaya, amma ba a taɓa cimma wannan burin ba, tunda daidaituwa ta radial da ƙarfin ci gaban apical suna fama da hanawa". Haɗakarwar ganye da harbi sun samo asali ne daga [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], wanda ya fara bayyana ganye masu fili a matsayin "rassan gaskiya, wanda buds ba zai iya bunkasa ba, tunda tsutsa na yau da kullun yana da rauni sosai". Ga Arber, ganyen fili sune tarin ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan. Shaidar ci gaban kwayar halitta ta baya-bayan nan ta goyi bayan fannoni na ka'idar harbi ta ganye, musamman ma a yanayin ganye. Nazarinta a kan falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke ya kai ta ga ɗaukar ra'ayi mai zurfi game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin kimiyya da falsafar. The Mind and the Eye: A Biologist's Standpoint da aka buga a 1954 ya ba da gabatarwa ga binciken halittu kuma ya haɓaka hanyar yin wannan binciken. Arber ya bayyana bincike kamar yadda yake faruwa a matakai shida: gano batun bincike ko batun; tattara bayanai ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje ko kallo; fassarar bayanan; gwada ingancin fassarar; sadarwa da sakamakon; da kuma la'akari da bincike a cikin mahallin. Ga Arber, mahallin ya haɗa da fassara sakamakon dangane da tarihi da falsafar kuma ya rufe rabin littafin. Littafin Arber ya bambanta da cewa an rubuta shi kafin Thomas Kuhn ya nuna cewa ra'ayoyin masanin kimiyya suna rinjayar ra'ayoyi na wasu a fagen su kuma kafin sukar Ernst Mayr na bayyana falsafar ilmin halitta kamar yadda falsafar kimiyyar lissafi ta kasance.<ref name="Flannery">Flannery, M {{Cite web |title=Arber |url=http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=17 February 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm "Arber"]. Archived from [http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm the original] on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite> 'The Many Sides of Agnes Arber'</ref> Littafinta na karshe, The Manifold and the One da aka buga a shekara ta 1957 ya damu da tambayoyin falsafa da suka fi girma. Littafin bincike ne mai zurfi da haɗin kai, wanda ya samo asali ne daga al'adun wallafe-wallafen, kimiyya, addini, asiri da falsafar falsafar, wanda ya haɗa da falsafar Buddha, Hindu da Taoist tare da falsafar Turai., a cikin neman tattaunawa game da kwarewar asiri wanda Arber ya bayyana a matsayin "wannan tunani kai tsaye da ba a shiga tsakani ba wanda ke nunawa da kyakkyawar fahimta game da Dukan abubuwa a matsayin Haɗin kan dukkan abubuwa". == Karramawa da kyaututtuka == A shekara ta 1921 ta karɓi matsayin shekara-shekara a matsayin shugabar sashen botany na Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don Ci gaban Kimiyya, bayan Edith Saunders a shekarar da ta gabata, amma nan da nan ta yi murabus bayan wasu mambobi sun nuna cewa ba sa son shugaban mata biyu a jere. Lokacin da aka sake miƙa ta shugabancin a 1926, ba ta yarda ba.<ref name="BluePlaque">{{Cite web |title=Arber, Agnes (1879-1960) |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=English Heritage}}</ref> [[Fayil:Agnes_Arber_plaque.jpg|alt=blue circular plaque reading "Agnes Arber née Robertson 1879-1960 lived here 1890-1909." At the top it reads "English Heritage"|thumb|Alamar a <dfn>9 Elsworthy Terrace</dfn>, Primrose Hill, London]] A shekara ta 1946 an zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society . Ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara ilimin shuke-shuke kuma mace ta uku da ta karbi wannan girmamawa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1948 an ba ta lambar yabo ta zinare ta Linnean Society na London . == Kyauta == A watan Fabrairun 1961, Muriel Arber ta ba da gudummawar wasu kayan mahaifiyarta ga Cibiyar Hunt don Takaddun Botanical.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} An shigar da Blue Plaque a gidan yarinta (9 Elsworthy Terrace, Primrose Hill, London) a cikin 2018.<ref name="BluePlaque">{{Cite web |title=Arber, Agnes (1879-1960) |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=English Heritage}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ "Arber, Agnes (1879-1960)"]. ''English Heritage''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ Archived] from the original on 6 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2024 an haɗa daya da gidanta na Cambridge inda ta kuma gudanar da yawancin bincikenta.<ref name="BBC2024">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai wani nau'in gin mai suna don girmama ta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agnes Arber Gin |url=https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218233022/https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/ |archive-date=18 December 2021 |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, an kirkiro sabon kyautar rubutun PhD na Agnes Arber a fannin ilmin halitta a Jami'ar Cambridge. Farfesa Sam Brockington, na Jami'ar Cambridge Botanic Gardens, ya ce yana fatan kyautar "za ta goyi bayan ƙarni na gaba na masu ilimin shuke-shuke, suna bin sawun Agnes".<ref name="BBC2024">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/ "Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize"]. 29 May 2024.</cite></ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa ==   == Dubi kuma == * Dorothea Pertz, wanda Agnes Arber ta rubuta masa labarin mutuwarsa == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Agnes Arber}} * Works by Agnes ArberaShirin Gutenberg * Ayyuka ta ko game daAgnes ArberaTushen Wikisource {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Mata]] [[Rukuni:Fassara]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r5babagde4mr2c51e8pzri2tuunv26f 818793 818792 2026-04-05T19:12:07Z Saudarh2 14842 818793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Agnes Arber''' FRS (née Robertson; An haife ta 23 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1879 - Ta mutu 22 ga watan Maris shekarar 1960) ta kasance masanin ilimin shuke-shuke na kasar Birtaniya kuma masanin ilimin jikin mutum, masanin tarihin botany kuma masanin falsafa na ilmin halitta. An haife ta ne a Landan amma ta rayu mafi yawan rayuwarta a Cambridge, gami da shekaru 51 da suka gabata na rayuwarta. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society (21 ga watan Maris, shekarar 1946, tana da shekaru 67) kuma mace ta uku gaba ɗaya. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta karbi lambar yabo ta zinare ta Linnean Society na London Binciken kimiyya ta mayar da hankali kan ƙungiyar monocotyledon na tsire-tsire masu fure. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban nazarin ilimin halittu a cikin botany a farkon karni na 20. Ayyukanta na baya sun mayar da hankali kan batun falsafar a cikin botany, musamman kan yanayin binciken halittu. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Agnes Robertson a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 1879 a Primrose Hill, London.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Ita ce 'yar farko ta Henry Robert Robertson, mai zane, da Agnes Lucy Turner, kuma tana da' yan uwanta uku, Donald Struan Robertson (wanda daga baya ya zama Regius Farfesa na Girkanci a Jami'ar Cambridge), Janet Robertson, wanda daga baya yafuuka mai zane-zane, da Margaret Robertson (mai suna Hills), wanda ya kasance sanannen mai ba da izini kuma ɗan siyasa na gida. Mahaifinta ya ba ta darussan zane na yau da kullun a lokacin yarinta, wanda daga baya ya ba ta ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don kwatanta wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da kanta. A lokacin da yake da shekaru takwas Robertson ya fara halartar Makarantar Kwalejin Arewacin London da Frances Buss ta kafa kuma ke gudanarwa, daya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan ilimin 'yan mata. A karkashin jagorancin malamin kimiyya na makarantar Edith Aitken, Robertson ta gano sha'awar ilimin shuke-shuke, ta buga bincikenta na farko a 1894 a cikin mujallar makarantar kuma daga baya ta zo na farko a cikin jarrabawar ilimin shuke'a ta makarantar, ta lashe tallafin karatu. A nan ne Robertson ya fara saduwa da Ethel Sargant, masanin ilimin shuke-shuke wanda ke ba da gabatarwa na yau da kullun ga kulob din kimiyya na makaranta. Sargant daga baya za ta zama mai ba da shawara da abokin aiki, tana da tasiri sosai a kan abubuwan da Arber ke sha'awa da hanyoyin da yake da su.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1897, Robertson ta fara karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar, London, inda ta sami BSc a shekara ta 1899. Bayan samun tallafin karatu na shiga Arber ya zama memba na Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge kuma ya kara digiri a Kimiyya ta Halitta. Ta sami sakamakon aji na farko a kowane jarrabawa a jami'o'in biyu, tare da kyaututtuka da lambobin yabo da yawa daga Kwalejin Jami'ar, London. Bayan kammala karatunta na Cambridge a 1902 Robertson ta yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje mai zaman kansa na Ethel Sargant na shekara guda, kafin ta koma Kwalejin Jami'ar, London a matsayin mai riƙe da Quain Studentship a Biology. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Science a 1905.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Robertson ya sadu da Edward Alexander Newell Arber (1870-1918) yayin da yake karatu a Kwalejin Newnham . Sun yi aure a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, 1909 kuma suka koma Cambridge, inda za ta kasance har tsawon rayuwarta. An haifi ɗanta kaɗai, Muriel Agnes Arber, a 1913, ta zama masanin ilimin ƙasa, kuma ta mutu a shekara ta 2004. {{Sfn|Friend|2012}} Arber da mijinta suna da sha'awa da yawa, kuma an bayyana aurenta a matsayin 'mai farin ciki'. An ba Arber kyautar Bincike daga Kwalejin Newnham a 1912 kuma ta buga littafinta na farko ''[[doi:10.5962/bhl.title.31068|Herbals, asalin su da juyin halitta]]'' a wannan shekarar. Mijinta Newall Arber ya mutu a shekara ta 1918 bayan wani lokaci na rashin lafiya. Arber ba ta sake yin aure ba, amma ta ci gaba da bincikenta. Ta yi karatu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Balfour Biological Laboratory for Women daga aurenta har zuwa rufe dakin gwaje'a a 1927. Arber ta ci gaba da wani karamin dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin ɗakin baya na gidanta daga wannan lokacin har sai da ta daina yin bincike a kan benci a cikin 1940s kuma ta juya zuwa nazarin falsafa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} == Mutuwa == Agnes Arber ta mutu a ranar 22 ga watan Maris shekarar 1960, tana da shekaru 81, kuma an binne ta a cocin St Andrew, Girton . {{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} == Ayyukan kimiyya == Kafin halartar Kwalejin Jami'ar, London Arber ta shafe lokacin rani na 1897 tana aiki tare da Ethel Sargant a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na sirri a Reigate, inda Sargant ta umurce ta da microtechniques da aka yi amfani da su don shirya samfurori na shuka don gwajin microscopic.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Arber ta koma aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Sargant aƙalla sau ɗaya a lokacin hutun bazara yayin da take karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar London. Sargant ta yi amfani da Arber tsakanin 1902 da 1903 a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike da ke aiki a kan tsarin shuke-shuke, a lokacin da a 1903 ta buga takarda ta farko 'Notes on the anatomy of ''Macrozamia heteromera''' a cikin Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society . Yayinda yake a Kwalejin Jami'ar London Arber ya gudanar da bincike kan rukunin tsire-tsire na gymnosperm, yana samar da takardu da yawa game da yanayin su da jikin su. Nazarin da falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke za su zama babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga aikinta na baya. === Gidan gwaje-gwaje na Balfour, Cambridge === A cikin 1909 an ba Arber sarari a cikin Laboratory na Balfour don Mata ta Kwalejin Newnham. Kwalejin mata biyu na jami'ar sun sayi wannan ginin kuma sun kafa shi a 1884 don amfani da ɗaliban su da masu bincike (mata a wannan lokacin ba a ba su izinin halartar zanga-zangar dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma azuzuwan aiki). Arber ya yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe shi a 1927. [[Fayil:Photo_of_Agnes_Arber_1911.png|alt=Photograph of a woman sitting and reading a newspaper|thumb|Hoton Arber a cikin 1911]] Bayan bayar da kyautar Bincike ta Kwalejin Newnham tsakanin 1912 da 1913 Arber ta buga littafinta na farko a 1912. ''Herbals, asalin su da juyin halitta'' sun bayyana canjin Herbals da aka buga tsakanin 1470 da 1670. Arber ya danganta fitowar da ci gaban botany a matsayin horo a cikin Tarihin halitta tare da juyin halitta na bayanin shuke-shuke, rarrabuwa da ganewa da aka gani a cikin Herbals a wannan lokacin. Arber ta sami damar tuntuɓar babban tarin Herbals da aka buga a cikin ɗakin karatu na Makarantar Botany a Cambridge a matsayin wani ɓangare na bincikenta don wannan aikin. An sake rubuta shi kuma an faɗaɗa shi don fitowar ta biyu da aka buga a 1938, an buga shi a matsayin fitowar ta uku a 1986 kuma har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa aiki ne na tarihin Herbals.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} [[Fayil:Image_of_Limnathemum_from_Water_Plants_A_Study_of_Aquatic_Angiosperms.png|alt=Botanical illustrations of a plant|thumb|Hoton Limnathemum daga Tsire-tsire na Ruwa Nazarin Angiosperms na Ruwa ta Agnes Arber]] Arber ta mayar da hankali ga bincikenta kan jikin mutum da yanayin jinsin tsire-tsire, wanda Ethel Sargant ya gabatar da ita.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1920 ta rubuta littattafai biyu da wasu wallafe-wallafe 94. Littafinta na biyu Water Plants: A Study of Aquatic Angiosperms an buga shi a shekarar 1920. A cikin wannan littafin Arber ya gabatar da nazarin kwatankwacin Tsire-tsire na ruwa ta hanyar nazarin bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin su. Arber kuma tana ba da fassarori game da ka'idodin da ta yi amfani da su don ƙirƙirar bincikenta. Nazarinta shine na farko da ya samar da cikakken bayani da fassarar tsire-tsire na ruwa. Ta kasance mai zane-zane mai kyau kuma sau da yawa tana kwatanta littattafanta kanta; ta zana kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na zane-zane a cikin ''Shuke-shuke na Ruwa.''{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A cikin 1921, "tsarin tsire-tsire" ya hana Arber shugabancin 1921 na Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don ci gaban kimiyya (BAAS) 'sashen Botany (Sashe na K). Frederick Orpen Bower ne ya fara wannan tsari, bisa ga cewa Arber bai kamata ya bi Saunders nan da nan a matsayin shugaban kasa ba saboda duka mata ne daga Cambridge kuma akwai wasu manyan maza masu ilimin shuke-shuke don shugabancin. Wannan ya nuna rashin jin daɗi ga Arber ba kawai a matsayin mace mai ilimin shuke-shuke ba har ma a matsayin masanin shuke-huke na Cambridge. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa Edinburgh (inda aka gudanar da taron) "yana da 'yancin yin tsammanin fiye da wannan... Don neman Balfour [na Edinburgh] ya zauna a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin Mrs. Arber abin ba'a ne!" Albert Seward ya sadu da Arber, wanda ya janye takararsa kuma ya yi murabus a matsayin sakataren BAAS.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A cikin 1925 Arber ta buga littafinta na uku The ''Monocotyledons'' . Editocin ''Jerin Littattafan Botanical na Cambridge'' sun tambayi Ethel Sargant a cikin 1910 don shirya ƙarar a kan monocots don wannan jerin. Koyaya rashin lafiya da ci gaba shekaru sun sa Sargant ya kusan ba zai yiwu ba ya kammala littafin, kuma a cikin 1918 ta ba da shawarar Arber ya kammala aikin. ''Monocotyledons'' ya ci gaba da hanyoyin nazarin Arber da ta gabatar a cikin ''Shuke-shuke na Ruwa''. Ta ba da cikakken nazarin tsire-tsire na monocot daga kwatanta jikin su na ciki da na waje. Koyaya tattaunawarta game da ka'idodin da take amfani da su a cikin bincikenta sun fi bayyane a cikin wannan ƙarar, yayin da take tattauna hanyoyin da falsafar nazarin morphological. Kodayake nazarin jikin mutum kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin ''Monocotyledons'' da Water Plants: Nazarin Angiosperms na Aquatic ya kasance tsakiya ga binciken botanical a farkon karni na 20, akwai bambance-bambance daban-daban tsakanin masu binciken Burtaniya da Turai game da manufofin binciken morphological. Arber ta magance wannan ta hanyar ƙirƙirar bambanci tsakanin "tsarkakewa" da "amfani" yanayin, tare da aikinta yana mai da hankali kan kwatankwacin jikin mutum don bincika tambayoyin da suka shafi batutuwa masu mahimmanci kamar gina phylogenies, maimakon amfani da ra'ayoyin gargajiya na tsarin shuka.<ref name="Hanshaw" /> Wannan ra'ayi ya ci gaba da bunkasa a cikin aikinta na baya. === Ayyukan da suka biyo baya === Bayan rufewar 1927 na dakin gwaje-gwaje na Balfour Arber ta kafa wani karamin dakin gwaje'a a cikin ɗakin baya na gidanta don gudanar da bincikenta, bayan shugaban mazaunin Makarantar Botany Farfesa Albert Seward ya yi iƙirarin cewa babu sarari a Makarantar don Arber don ci gaba da bincikenta ta amfani da kayan aikinta. An gabatar da Arber ga ra'ayin bincike mai zaman kansa daga lokacin da ta yi tare da Ethel Sargant a cikin 1902-1903, kuma daga maganganun da suka biyo baya ga membobin kungiyar Girton College Natural Sciences kuma a cikin wasiƙu ga abokai ta bayyana cewa tana son yin aiki a gida saboda ƙalubalen da bincike mai zaman kanta ta kawo, duk da cewa ba ta fara zabar kanta ba.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Bayan wallafa The ''Monocotyledons'' Arber ta ci gaba da bincikenta a cikin wannan rukuni, ta mai da hankali ga bincikenta a kan iyalin Gramineae na shuke-shuke, musamman hatsi, ciyawa da bamboo. Wannan ya haifar da buga littafinta na ƙarshe game da yanayin shuke-shuke, The ''Gramineae'' a 1934. A cikin wannan littafin Arber ya bayyana sake zagayowar rayuwa, embryology da sake zagayowan haihuwa da kayan lambu na [[Grasses|kitse]]="Cereals">hatsi, ciyawa da bamboo ta amfani da nazarin jikin mutum na waɗannan tsire-tsire. Da yake fahimtar muhimmancin waɗannan tsire-tsire ga ci gaban al'ummomin ɗan adam, Arber ya fara wannan binciken tare da tarihin waɗannan tsire'o'in dangane da mutane, tare da "mafi tsananin fasalin tsire-shuke ana bi da shi kamar yadda yake tasowa daga ɗan adam". Littafin ya riga ya wuce takardu 10 a cikin Annals of Botany wanda ke ba da cikakken bayani game da sakamakon bincikenta. Tsakanin 1930 da 1942 Arber ta gudanar da bincike game da tsarin furanni, inda ta bincika tsarin siffofi daban-daban kuma ta yi amfani da bayanan morphological don fassara wasu tsarin furanni. An buga sakamakon ta a cikin takardu 10 na bita da suka shafi wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 1937 ta wallafa taƙaitaccen ra'ayoyin morphological wanda aka tattauna game da tsarin furanni, wanda aka dauka a matsayin muhimmiyar labarin bita don nazarin morphological. A watan Janairun 1942 Arber ta buga takarda ta ƙarshe da ta shafi binciken botanical na asali. Dukkanin wallafe-wallafen da ta biyo baya sun damu da batutuwan tarihi da falsafa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} [https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/] == Nazarin falsafa == A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu Arber ta sami wahalar kula da ƙaramin dakin gwaje-gwaje, saboda matsalolin kiwon lafiya da kayan aiki sun zama da wuya a samu.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Bugu da ƙari, ba ta yi imani da cewa "yana da kyau ga maƙwabtanta" don samun kayan dakin gwaje-gwaje masu cin wuta a gidanta yayin da akwai haɗarin fashewar bam a lokacin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Wannan ya haifar da shawarar da ta yanke na dakatar da yin aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma mayar da hankali kan batutuwan falsafa da tarihi. Arber ya wallafa aiki a kan masana kimiyyar tarihi, gami da kwatanta tsakanin Nehemiah Grew da Marcello Malpighi a 1942, John Ray a 1943 da Sir Joseph Banks a 1945.<ref name="Flannery">Flannery, M {{Cite web |title=Arber |url=http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=17 February 2010}} 'The Many Sides of Agnes Arber'</ref> An gabatar da Arber ga aikin [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] yayin da yake makaranta kuma ya kasance yana sha'awar ra'ayoyinsa game da [[botany]]. A shekara ta 1946 ta buga Goethe's Botany, fassarar Goethe'tti's Metamorphosis of Plants (1790) da Georg Christoph Tobler's (1757-1812) Die Natur tare da gabatarwa da fassarar matani. The Natural Philosophy of Plant Form, wanda aka buga a 1950 an dauke shi mafi mahimmancin littattafan Arber. An bayyana shi a matsayin "bincike na shekaru dubu biyu na al'adar halittu".<ref name="DeBakcsy">{{Cite web |last=DeBakcsy |first=Dale |date=October 17, 2018 |title=Bringing Teleology Back: Agnes Arber's Neo-Aristotelian Plant Morphology |url=https://womenyoushouldknow.net/bringing-teleology-back-agnes-arbers-neo-aristotelian-plant-morphology/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109234558/https://womenyoushouldknow.net/bringing-teleology-back-agnes-arbers-neo-aristotelian-plant-morphology/ |archive-date=9 November 2018 |access-date=9 November 2018 |website=Women You Should Know}}</ref> Arber ya tattauna hanyoyin da ke bayan samar da ra'ayi daga bincike kuma ya bincika falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke. Arber yana amfani da wannan don bincika tsarin tsire-tsire masu fure, kuma yana ba da shawarar ka'idar tsire-shire na ganye. Dangane da wannan ka'idar, kowane bangare na shuka harbi ne ko harbi na ɓangare. Bishiyoyi ne na ɓangaren da ke nuna raguwar ƙarfin girma. Ta ambaci cewa: "shafi ne mai ɗan gajeren lokaci, yana nuna sha'awar zama harbi gaba ɗaya, amma ba a taɓa cimma wannan burin ba, tunda daidaituwa ta radial da ƙarfin ci gaban apical suna fama da hanawa". Haɗakarwar ganye da harbi sun samo asali ne daga [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], wanda ya fara bayyana ganye masu fili a matsayin "rassan gaskiya, wanda buds ba zai iya bunkasa ba, tunda tsutsa na yau da kullun yana da rauni sosai". Ga Arber, ganyen fili sune tarin ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan. Shaidar ci gaban kwayar halitta ta baya-bayan nan ta goyi bayan fannoni na ka'idar harbi ta ganye, musamman ma a yanayin ganye. Nazarinta a kan falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke ya kai ta ga ɗaukar ra'ayi mai zurfi game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin kimiyya da falsafar. The Mind and the Eye: A Biologist's Standpoint da aka buga a 1954 ya ba da gabatarwa ga binciken halittu kuma ya haɓaka hanyar yin wannan binciken. Arber ya bayyana bincike kamar yadda yake faruwa a matakai shida: gano batun bincike ko batun; tattara bayanai ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje ko kallo; fassarar bayanan; gwada ingancin fassarar; sadarwa da sakamakon; da kuma la'akari da bincike a cikin mahallin. Ga Arber, mahallin ya haɗa da fassara sakamakon dangane da tarihi da falsafar kuma ya rufe rabin littafin. Littafin Arber ya bambanta da cewa an rubuta shi kafin Thomas Kuhn ya nuna cewa ra'ayoyin masanin kimiyya suna rinjayar ra'ayoyi na wasu a fagen su kuma kafin sukar Ernst Mayr na bayyana falsafar ilmin halitta kamar yadda falsafar kimiyyar lissafi ta kasance.<ref name="Flannery">Flannery, M {{Cite web |title=Arber |url=http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=17 February 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm "Arber"]. Archived from [http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm the original] on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite> 'The Many Sides of Agnes Arber'</ref> Littafinta na karshe, The Manifold and the One da aka buga a shekara ta 1957 ya damu da tambayoyin falsafa da suka fi girma. Littafin bincike ne mai zurfi da haɗin kai, wanda ya samo asali ne daga al'adun wallafe-wallafen, kimiyya, addini, asiri da falsafar falsafar, wanda ya haɗa da falsafar Buddha, Hindu da Taoist tare da falsafar Turai., a cikin neman tattaunawa game da kwarewar asiri wanda Arber ya bayyana a matsayin "wannan tunani kai tsaye da ba a shiga tsakani ba wanda ke nunawa da kyakkyawar fahimta game da Dukan abubuwa a matsayin Haɗin kan dukkan abubuwa". == Karramawa da kyaututtuka == A shekara ta 1921 ta karɓi matsayin shekara-shekara a matsayin shugabar sashen botany na Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don Ci gaban Kimiyya, bayan Edith Saunders a shekarar da ta gabata, amma nan da nan ta yi murabus bayan wasu mambobi sun nuna cewa ba sa son shugaban mata biyu a jere. Lokacin da aka sake miƙa ta shugabancin a 1926, ba ta yarda ba.<ref name="BluePlaque">{{Cite web |title=Arber, Agnes (1879-1960) |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=English Heritage}}</ref> [[Fayil:Agnes_Arber_plaque.jpg|alt=blue circular plaque reading "Agnes Arber née Robertson 1879-1960 lived here 1890-1909." At the top it reads "English Heritage"|thumb|Alamar a <dfn>9 Elsworthy Terrace</dfn>, Primrose Hill, London]] A shekara ta 1946 an zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society . Ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara ilimin shuke-shuke kuma mace ta uku da ta karbi wannan girmamawa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1948 an ba ta lambar yabo ta zinare ta Linnean Society na London . == Kyauta == A watan Fabrairun 1961, Muriel Arber ta ba da gudummawar wasu kayan mahaifiyarta ga Cibiyar Hunt don Takaddun Botanical.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} An shigar da Blue Plaque a gidan yarinta (9 Elsworthy Terrace, Primrose Hill, London) a cikin 2018.<ref name="BluePlaque">{{Cite web |title=Arber, Agnes (1879-1960) |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=English Heritage}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ "Arber, Agnes (1879-1960)"]. ''English Heritage''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ Archived] from the original on 6 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2024 an haɗa daya da gidanta na Cambridge inda ta kuma gudanar da yawancin bincikenta.<ref name="BBC2024">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai wani nau'in gin mai suna don girmama ta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agnes Arber Gin |url=https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218233022/https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/ |archive-date=18 December 2021 |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, an kirkiro sabon kyautar rubutun PhD na Agnes Arber a fannin ilmin halitta a Jami'ar Cambridge. Farfesa Sam Brockington, na Jami'ar Cambridge Botanic Gardens, ya ce yana fatan kyautar "za ta goyi bayan ƙarni na gaba na masu ilimin shuke-shuke, suna bin sawun Agnes".<ref name="BBC2024">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/ "Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize"]. 29 May 2024.</cite></ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa ==   == Dubi kuma == * Dorothea Pertz, wanda Agnes Arber ta rubuta masa labarin mutuwarsa == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Agnes Arber}} * Works by Agnes ArberaShirin Gutenberg * Ayyuka ta ko game daAgnes ArberaTushen Wikisource {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Mata]] [[Rukuni:Fassara]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3jf95hbg9n16ca7jah055p6cr5cyrwq 818794 818793 2026-04-05T19:12:35Z Saudarh2 14842 818794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Agnes Arber''' FRS (née Robertson; An haife ta 23 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1879 - Ta mutu 22 ga watan Maris shekarar 1960) ta kasance masanin ilimin shuke-shuke na kasar Birtaniya kuma masanin ilimin jikin mutum, masanin tarihin botany kuma masanin falsafa na ilmin halitta. An haife ta ne a Landan amma ta rayu mafi yawan rayuwarta a Cambridge, gami da shekaru 51 da suka gabata na rayuwarta. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society (21 ga watan Maris, shekarar 1946, tana da shekaru 67) kuma mace ta uku gaba ɗaya. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta karbi lambar yabo ta zinare ta Linnean Society na London Binciken kimiyya ta mayar da hankali kan ƙungiyar monocotyledon na tsire-tsire masu fure. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban nazarin ilimin halittu a cikin botany a farkon karni na 20. Ayyukanta na baya sun mayar da hankali kan batun falsafar a cikin botany, musamman kan yanayin binciken halittu. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Agnes Robertson a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 1879 a Primrose Hill, London.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Ita ce 'yar farko ta Henry Robert Robertson, mai zane, da Agnes Lucy Turner, kuma tana da' yan uwanta uku, Donald Struan Robertson (wanda daga baya ya zama Regius Farfesa na Girkanci a Jami'ar Cambridge), Janet Robertson, wanda daga baya yafuuka mai zane-zane, da Margaret Robertson (mai suna Hills), wanda ya kasance sanannen mai ba da izini kuma ɗan siyasa na gida. Mahaifinta ya ba ta darussan zane na yau da kullun a lokacin yarinta, wanda daga baya ya ba ta ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don kwatanta wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da kanta. A lokacin da yake da shekaru takwas Robertson ya fara halartar Makarantar Kwalejin Arewacin London da Frances Buss ta kafa kuma ke gudanarwa, daya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan ilimin 'yan mata. A karkashin jagorancin malamin kimiyya na makarantar Edith Aitken, Robertson ta gano sha'awar ilimin shuke-shuke, ta buga bincikenta na farko a 1894 a cikin mujallar makarantar kuma daga baya ta zo na farko a cikin jarrabawar ilimin shuke'a ta makarantar, ta lashe tallafin karatu. A nan ne Robertson ya fara saduwa da Ethel Sargant, masanin ilimin shuke-shuke wanda ke ba da gabatarwa na yau da kullun ga kulob din kimiyya na makaranta. Sargant daga baya za ta zama mai ba da shawara da abokin aiki, tana da tasiri sosai a kan abubuwan da Arber ke sha'awa da hanyoyin da yake da su.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1897, Robertson ta fara karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar, London, inda ta sami BSc a shekara ta 1899. Bayan samun tallafin karatu na shiga Arber ya zama memba na Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge kuma ya kara digiri a Kimiyya ta Halitta. Ta sami sakamakon aji na farko a kowane jarrabawa a jami'o'in biyu, tare da kyaututtuka da lambobin yabo da yawa daga Kwalejin Jami'ar, London. Bayan kammala karatunta na Cambridge a 1902 Robertson ta yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje mai zaman kansa na Ethel Sargant na shekara guda, kafin ta koma Kwalejin Jami'ar, London a matsayin mai riƙe da Quain Studentship a Biology. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Science a 1905.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Robertson ya sadu da Edward Alexander Newell Arber (1870-1918) yayin da yake karatu a Kwalejin Newnham . Sun yi aure a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, 1909 kuma suka koma Cambridge, inda za ta kasance har tsawon rayuwarta. An haifi ɗanta kaɗai, Muriel Agnes Arber, a 1913, ta zama masanin ilimin ƙasa, kuma ta mutu a shekara ta 2004. {{Sfn|Friend|2012}} Arber da mijinta suna da sha'awa da yawa, kuma an bayyana aurenta a matsayin 'mai farin ciki'. An ba Arber kyautar Bincike daga Kwalejin Newnham a 1912 kuma ta buga littafinta na farko ''[[doi:10.5962/bhl.title.31068|Herbals, asalin su da juyin halitta]]'' a wannan shekarar. Mijinta Newall Arber ya mutu a shekara ta 1918 bayan wani lokaci na rashin lafiya. Arber ba ta sake yin aure ba, amma ta ci gaba da bincikenta. Ta yi karatu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Balfour Biological Laboratory for Women daga aurenta har zuwa rufe dakin gwaje'a a 1927. Arber ta ci gaba da wani karamin dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin ɗakin baya na gidanta daga wannan lokacin har sai da ta daina yin bincike a kan benci a cikin 1940s kuma ta juya zuwa nazarin falsafa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} == Mutuwa == Agnes Arber ta mutu a ranar 22 ga watan Maris shekarar 1960, tana da shekaru 81, kuma an binne ta a cocin St Andrew, Girton . {{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} == Ayyukan kimiyya == Kafin halartar Kwalejin Jami'ar, London Arber ta shafe lokacin rani na shekarar 1897 tana aiki tare da Ethel Sargant a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na sirri a Reigate, inda Sargant ta umurce ta da microtechniques da aka yi amfani da su don shirya samfurori na shuka don gwajin microscopic.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Arber ta koma aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Sargant aƙalla sau ɗaya a lokacin hutun bazara yayin da take karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar London. Sargant ta yi amfani da Arber tsakanin 1902 da 1903 a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike da ke aiki a kan tsarin shuke-shuke, a lokacin da a 1903 ta buga takarda ta farko 'Notes on the anatomy of ''Macrozamia heteromera''' a cikin Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society . Yayinda yake a Kwalejin Jami'ar London Arber ya gudanar da bincike kan rukunin tsire-tsire na gymnosperm, yana samar da takardu da yawa game da yanayin su da jikin su. Nazarin da falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke za su zama babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga aikinta na baya. === Gidan gwaje-gwaje na Balfour, Cambridge === A cikin 1909 an ba Arber sarari a cikin Laboratory na Balfour don Mata ta Kwalejin Newnham. Kwalejin mata biyu na jami'ar sun sayi wannan ginin kuma sun kafa shi a 1884 don amfani da ɗaliban su da masu bincike (mata a wannan lokacin ba a ba su izinin halartar zanga-zangar dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma azuzuwan aiki). Arber ya yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe shi a 1927. [[Fayil:Photo_of_Agnes_Arber_1911.png|alt=Photograph of a woman sitting and reading a newspaper|thumb|Hoton Arber a cikin 1911]] Bayan bayar da kyautar Bincike ta Kwalejin Newnham tsakanin 1912 da 1913 Arber ta buga littafinta na farko a 1912. ''Herbals, asalin su da juyin halitta'' sun bayyana canjin Herbals da aka buga tsakanin 1470 da 1670. Arber ya danganta fitowar da ci gaban botany a matsayin horo a cikin Tarihin halitta tare da juyin halitta na bayanin shuke-shuke, rarrabuwa da ganewa da aka gani a cikin Herbals a wannan lokacin. Arber ta sami damar tuntuɓar babban tarin Herbals da aka buga a cikin ɗakin karatu na Makarantar Botany a Cambridge a matsayin wani ɓangare na bincikenta don wannan aikin. An sake rubuta shi kuma an faɗaɗa shi don fitowar ta biyu da aka buga a 1938, an buga shi a matsayin fitowar ta uku a 1986 kuma har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa aiki ne na tarihin Herbals.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} [[Fayil:Image_of_Limnathemum_from_Water_Plants_A_Study_of_Aquatic_Angiosperms.png|alt=Botanical illustrations of a plant|thumb|Hoton Limnathemum daga Tsire-tsire na Ruwa Nazarin Angiosperms na Ruwa ta Agnes Arber]] Arber ta mayar da hankali ga bincikenta kan jikin mutum da yanayin jinsin tsire-tsire, wanda Ethel Sargant ya gabatar da ita.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1920 ta rubuta littattafai biyu da wasu wallafe-wallafe 94. Littafinta na biyu Water Plants: A Study of Aquatic Angiosperms an buga shi a shekarar 1920. A cikin wannan littafin Arber ya gabatar da nazarin kwatankwacin Tsire-tsire na ruwa ta hanyar nazarin bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin su. Arber kuma tana ba da fassarori game da ka'idodin da ta yi amfani da su don ƙirƙirar bincikenta. Nazarinta shine na farko da ya samar da cikakken bayani da fassarar tsire-tsire na ruwa. Ta kasance mai zane-zane mai kyau kuma sau da yawa tana kwatanta littattafanta kanta; ta zana kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na zane-zane a cikin ''Shuke-shuke na Ruwa.''{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A cikin 1921, "tsarin tsire-tsire" ya hana Arber shugabancin 1921 na Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don ci gaban kimiyya (BAAS) 'sashen Botany (Sashe na K). Frederick Orpen Bower ne ya fara wannan tsari, bisa ga cewa Arber bai kamata ya bi Saunders nan da nan a matsayin shugaban kasa ba saboda duka mata ne daga Cambridge kuma akwai wasu manyan maza masu ilimin shuke-shuke don shugabancin. Wannan ya nuna rashin jin daɗi ga Arber ba kawai a matsayin mace mai ilimin shuke-shuke ba har ma a matsayin masanin shuke-huke na Cambridge. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa Edinburgh (inda aka gudanar da taron) "yana da 'yancin yin tsammanin fiye da wannan... Don neman Balfour [na Edinburgh] ya zauna a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin Mrs. Arber abin ba'a ne!" Albert Seward ya sadu da Arber, wanda ya janye takararsa kuma ya yi murabus a matsayin sakataren BAAS.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A cikin 1925 Arber ta buga littafinta na uku The ''Monocotyledons'' . Editocin ''Jerin Littattafan Botanical na Cambridge'' sun tambayi Ethel Sargant a cikin 1910 don shirya ƙarar a kan monocots don wannan jerin. Koyaya rashin lafiya da ci gaba shekaru sun sa Sargant ya kusan ba zai yiwu ba ya kammala littafin, kuma a cikin 1918 ta ba da shawarar Arber ya kammala aikin. ''Monocotyledons'' ya ci gaba da hanyoyin nazarin Arber da ta gabatar a cikin ''Shuke-shuke na Ruwa''. Ta ba da cikakken nazarin tsire-tsire na monocot daga kwatanta jikin su na ciki da na waje. Koyaya tattaunawarta game da ka'idodin da take amfani da su a cikin bincikenta sun fi bayyane a cikin wannan ƙarar, yayin da take tattauna hanyoyin da falsafar nazarin morphological. Kodayake nazarin jikin mutum kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin ''Monocotyledons'' da Water Plants: Nazarin Angiosperms na Aquatic ya kasance tsakiya ga binciken botanical a farkon karni na 20, akwai bambance-bambance daban-daban tsakanin masu binciken Burtaniya da Turai game da manufofin binciken morphological. Arber ta magance wannan ta hanyar ƙirƙirar bambanci tsakanin "tsarkakewa" da "amfani" yanayin, tare da aikinta yana mai da hankali kan kwatankwacin jikin mutum don bincika tambayoyin da suka shafi batutuwa masu mahimmanci kamar gina phylogenies, maimakon amfani da ra'ayoyin gargajiya na tsarin shuka.<ref name="Hanshaw" /> Wannan ra'ayi ya ci gaba da bunkasa a cikin aikinta na baya. === Ayyukan da suka biyo baya === Bayan rufewar 1927 na dakin gwaje-gwaje na Balfour Arber ta kafa wani karamin dakin gwaje'a a cikin ɗakin baya na gidanta don gudanar da bincikenta, bayan shugaban mazaunin Makarantar Botany Farfesa Albert Seward ya yi iƙirarin cewa babu sarari a Makarantar don Arber don ci gaba da bincikenta ta amfani da kayan aikinta. An gabatar da Arber ga ra'ayin bincike mai zaman kansa daga lokacin da ta yi tare da Ethel Sargant a cikin 1902-1903, kuma daga maganganun da suka biyo baya ga membobin kungiyar Girton College Natural Sciences kuma a cikin wasiƙu ga abokai ta bayyana cewa tana son yin aiki a gida saboda ƙalubalen da bincike mai zaman kanta ta kawo, duk da cewa ba ta fara zabar kanta ba.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Bayan wallafa The ''Monocotyledons'' Arber ta ci gaba da bincikenta a cikin wannan rukuni, ta mai da hankali ga bincikenta a kan iyalin Gramineae na shuke-shuke, musamman hatsi, ciyawa da bamboo. Wannan ya haifar da buga littafinta na ƙarshe game da yanayin shuke-shuke, The ''Gramineae'' a 1934. A cikin wannan littafin Arber ya bayyana sake zagayowar rayuwa, embryology da sake zagayowan haihuwa da kayan lambu na [[Grasses|kitse]]="Cereals">hatsi, ciyawa da bamboo ta amfani da nazarin jikin mutum na waɗannan tsire-tsire. Da yake fahimtar muhimmancin waɗannan tsire-tsire ga ci gaban al'ummomin ɗan adam, Arber ya fara wannan binciken tare da tarihin waɗannan tsire'o'in dangane da mutane, tare da "mafi tsananin fasalin tsire-shuke ana bi da shi kamar yadda yake tasowa daga ɗan adam". Littafin ya riga ya wuce takardu 10 a cikin Annals of Botany wanda ke ba da cikakken bayani game da sakamakon bincikenta. Tsakanin 1930 da 1942 Arber ta gudanar da bincike game da tsarin furanni, inda ta bincika tsarin siffofi daban-daban kuma ta yi amfani da bayanan morphological don fassara wasu tsarin furanni. An buga sakamakon ta a cikin takardu 10 na bita da suka shafi wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 1937 ta wallafa taƙaitaccen ra'ayoyin morphological wanda aka tattauna game da tsarin furanni, wanda aka dauka a matsayin muhimmiyar labarin bita don nazarin morphological. A watan Janairun 1942 Arber ta buga takarda ta ƙarshe da ta shafi binciken botanical na asali. Dukkanin wallafe-wallafen da ta biyo baya sun damu da batutuwan tarihi da falsafa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} [https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/] == Nazarin falsafa == A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu Arber ta sami wahalar kula da ƙaramin dakin gwaje-gwaje, saboda matsalolin kiwon lafiya da kayan aiki sun zama da wuya a samu.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Bugu da ƙari, ba ta yi imani da cewa "yana da kyau ga maƙwabtanta" don samun kayan dakin gwaje-gwaje masu cin wuta a gidanta yayin da akwai haɗarin fashewar bam a lokacin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} Wannan ya haifar da shawarar da ta yanke na dakatar da yin aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma mayar da hankali kan batutuwan falsafa da tarihi. Arber ya wallafa aiki a kan masana kimiyyar tarihi, gami da kwatanta tsakanin Nehemiah Grew da Marcello Malpighi a 1942, John Ray a 1943 da Sir Joseph Banks a 1945.<ref name="Flannery">Flannery, M {{Cite web |title=Arber |url=http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=17 February 2010}} 'The Many Sides of Agnes Arber'</ref> An gabatar da Arber ga aikin [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] yayin da yake makaranta kuma ya kasance yana sha'awar ra'ayoyinsa game da [[botany]]. A shekara ta 1946 ta buga Goethe's Botany, fassarar Goethe'tti's Metamorphosis of Plants (1790) da Georg Christoph Tobler's (1757-1812) Die Natur tare da gabatarwa da fassarar matani. The Natural Philosophy of Plant Form, wanda aka buga a 1950 an dauke shi mafi mahimmancin littattafan Arber. An bayyana shi a matsayin "bincike na shekaru dubu biyu na al'adar halittu".<ref name="DeBakcsy">{{Cite web |last=DeBakcsy |first=Dale |date=October 17, 2018 |title=Bringing Teleology Back: Agnes Arber's Neo-Aristotelian Plant Morphology |url=https://womenyoushouldknow.net/bringing-teleology-back-agnes-arbers-neo-aristotelian-plant-morphology/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109234558/https://womenyoushouldknow.net/bringing-teleology-back-agnes-arbers-neo-aristotelian-plant-morphology/ |archive-date=9 November 2018 |access-date=9 November 2018 |website=Women You Should Know}}</ref> Arber ya tattauna hanyoyin da ke bayan samar da ra'ayi daga bincike kuma ya bincika falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke. Arber yana amfani da wannan don bincika tsarin tsire-tsire masu fure, kuma yana ba da shawarar ka'idar tsire-shire na ganye. Dangane da wannan ka'idar, kowane bangare na shuka harbi ne ko harbi na ɓangare. Bishiyoyi ne na ɓangaren da ke nuna raguwar ƙarfin girma. Ta ambaci cewa: "shafi ne mai ɗan gajeren lokaci, yana nuna sha'awar zama harbi gaba ɗaya, amma ba a taɓa cimma wannan burin ba, tunda daidaituwa ta radial da ƙarfin ci gaban apical suna fama da hanawa". Haɗakarwar ganye da harbi sun samo asali ne daga [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], wanda ya fara bayyana ganye masu fili a matsayin "rassan gaskiya, wanda buds ba zai iya bunkasa ba, tunda tsutsa na yau da kullun yana da rauni sosai". Ga Arber, ganyen fili sune tarin ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan. Shaidar ci gaban kwayar halitta ta baya-bayan nan ta goyi bayan fannoni na ka'idar harbi ta ganye, musamman ma a yanayin ganye. Nazarinta a kan falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke ya kai ta ga ɗaukar ra'ayi mai zurfi game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin kimiyya da falsafar. The Mind and the Eye: A Biologist's Standpoint da aka buga a 1954 ya ba da gabatarwa ga binciken halittu kuma ya haɓaka hanyar yin wannan binciken. Arber ya bayyana bincike kamar yadda yake faruwa a matakai shida: gano batun bincike ko batun; tattara bayanai ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje ko kallo; fassarar bayanan; gwada ingancin fassarar; sadarwa da sakamakon; da kuma la'akari da bincike a cikin mahallin. Ga Arber, mahallin ya haɗa da fassara sakamakon dangane da tarihi da falsafar kuma ya rufe rabin littafin. Littafin Arber ya bambanta da cewa an rubuta shi kafin Thomas Kuhn ya nuna cewa ra'ayoyin masanin kimiyya suna rinjayar ra'ayoyi na wasu a fagen su kuma kafin sukar Ernst Mayr na bayyana falsafar ilmin halitta kamar yadda falsafar kimiyyar lissafi ta kasance.<ref name="Flannery">Flannery, M {{Cite web |title=Arber |url=http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=17 February 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223713/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm "Arber"]. Archived from [http://www1.umn.edu/ships/gender/arber.htm the original] on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite> 'The Many Sides of Agnes Arber'</ref> Littafinta na karshe, The Manifold and the One da aka buga a shekara ta 1957 ya damu da tambayoyin falsafa da suka fi girma. Littafin bincike ne mai zurfi da haɗin kai, wanda ya samo asali ne daga al'adun wallafe-wallafen, kimiyya, addini, asiri da falsafar falsafar, wanda ya haɗa da falsafar Buddha, Hindu da Taoist tare da falsafar Turai., a cikin neman tattaunawa game da kwarewar asiri wanda Arber ya bayyana a matsayin "wannan tunani kai tsaye da ba a shiga tsakani ba wanda ke nunawa da kyakkyawar fahimta game da Dukan abubuwa a matsayin Haɗin kan dukkan abubuwa". == Karramawa da kyaututtuka == A shekara ta 1921 ta karɓi matsayin shekara-shekara a matsayin shugabar sashen botany na Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don Ci gaban Kimiyya, bayan Edith Saunders a shekarar da ta gabata, amma nan da nan ta yi murabus bayan wasu mambobi sun nuna cewa ba sa son shugaban mata biyu a jere. Lokacin da aka sake miƙa ta shugabancin a 1926, ba ta yarda ba.<ref name="BluePlaque">{{Cite web |title=Arber, Agnes (1879-1960) |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=English Heritage}}</ref> [[Fayil:Agnes_Arber_plaque.jpg|alt=blue circular plaque reading "Agnes Arber née Robertson 1879-1960 lived here 1890-1909." At the top it reads "English Heritage"|thumb|Alamar a <dfn>9 Elsworthy Terrace</dfn>, Primrose Hill, London]] A shekara ta 1946 an zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society . Ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara ilimin shuke-shuke kuma mace ta uku da ta karbi wannan girmamawa.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} A shekara ta 1948 an ba ta lambar yabo ta zinare ta Linnean Society na London . == Kyauta == A watan Fabrairun 1961, Muriel Arber ta ba da gudummawar wasu kayan mahaifiyarta ga Cibiyar Hunt don Takaddun Botanical.{{Sfn|Schmid|2001}} An shigar da Blue Plaque a gidan yarinta (9 Elsworthy Terrace, Primrose Hill, London) a cikin 2018.<ref name="BluePlaque">{{Cite web |title=Arber, Agnes (1879-1960) |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=English Heritage}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ "Arber, Agnes (1879-1960)"]. ''English Heritage''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132215/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/agnes-arber/ Archived] from the original on 6 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2024 an haɗa daya da gidanta na Cambridge inda ta kuma gudanar da yawancin bincikenta.<ref name="BBC2024">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai wani nau'in gin mai suna don girmama ta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agnes Arber Gin |url=https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218233022/https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/ |archive-date=18 December 2021 |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, an kirkiro sabon kyautar rubutun PhD na Agnes Arber a fannin ilmin halitta a Jami'ar Cambridge. Farfesa Sam Brockington, na Jami'ar Cambridge Botanic Gardens, ya ce yana fatan kyautar "za ta goyi bayan ƙarni na gaba na masu ilimin shuke-shuke, suna bin sawun Agnes".<ref name="BBC2024">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722edzkz2eo/ "Pioneering Cambridge botanist remembered with new PhD prize"]. 29 May 2024.</cite></ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa ==   == Dubi kuma == * Dorothea Pertz, wanda Agnes Arber ta rubuta masa labarin mutuwarsa == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Agnes Arber}} * Works by Agnes ArberaShirin Gutenberg * Ayyuka ta ko game daAgnes ArberaTushen Wikisource {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Mata]] [[Rukuni:Fassara]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6se6lg2ghm8txv9m2eid6ji8bnlov6n 0 96455 818795 746008 2026-04-05T19:19:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ursula Owusu-Ekuful''' (an haife ta 20 Oktoba 1964) lauya ce 'yar Ghana, mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata, kuma 'yar siyasa da ta taka rawar gani a siyasa da hidimar jama'a. Tsohuwar 'yar majalisa ce mai wakiltar mazabar Ablekuma ta yamma a yankin Greater Accra kuma tsohuwar ministar sadarwa da dijital . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of Parliament {{!}} Parliament of Ghana |url=http://www.parliament.gh/parliamentarians/397 |access-date=2015-08-01 |website=parliament of Ghana |archive-date=2016-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130111326/http://www.parliament.gh/parliamentarians/397 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-18 |title=I beg for money each month to survive - Ursula Owusu |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-beg-for-money-each-month-to-survive-Ursula-Owusu-363127 |access-date=2015-08-01 |website=GhanaWeb |archive-date=2015-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818161026/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-beg-for-money-each-month-to-survive-Ursula-Owusu-363127 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Ghanamps">{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Owusu, Ursula G. |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5451 |access-date=2019-03-09 |website=Ghana MPs |archive-date=2019-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224232857/http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5451 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Government will improve GMet Services - Communications Minister - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/government-will-improve-gmet-services-communications-minister/ |access-date=2021-05-19 |website=Myjoyonline |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Glitz top 100 inspirational women – Page 100 – Glitz Africa Magazine |url=https://www.glitzafrica.com/glitz-top-100-inspirational-women/100/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Ursula ta fito ne daga Akim Oda a [[Yankin Gabashi (Ghana)|yankin Gabashin]] [[Ghana]] . <ref name="Ghanamps"/> Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Labone sannan ta wuce Makarantar Sakandaren Mata ta Mfantsiman don yin karatu na shida. Ta ci gaba da zuwa [[Jami'ar Ghana]] da Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana, inda ta sami LLB . An kira ta zuwa mashaya a 1990. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Ursula Owusu-Ekuful – Communications - Government of Ghana |url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/ministers/3426-ursula-owusu-ekuful-communications |access-date=2018-02-07 |website=Government of Ghana |archive-date=2019-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724085443/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/ministers/3426-ursula-owusu-ekuful-communications |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta sami digiri na biyu a kan Rikici, Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro daga Cibiyar Koyar da Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya ta Kofi Annan . <ref name=":02" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ursula Owusu-Ekuful – Communications - Government of Ghana |url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/ministers/3426-ursula-owusu-ekuful-communications |access-date=2019-03-07 |website=Government of Ghana |archive-date=2019-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724085443/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/ministers/3426-ursula-owusu-ekuful-communications |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Parliament of Ghana">{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=6 |access-date=2019-03-07 |website=parliament of ghana |archive-date=2024-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223043216/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=6 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Har ila yau, tana da takardar shaida a cikin Mutuncin Gwamnati daga Cibiyar Shari'a ta Duniya . Ta kuma rike da takardar shedar gudanarwa da tsare-tsare daga [[Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanar da Jama'a ta Ghana|GIMPA]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Minster’s Profile – Ministry of Communications and Digitalisation |url=https://moc.gov.gh/minsters-profile/ |access-date=2023-09-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sana'a == Ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru goma a matsayin lauya a Akufo-Addo, Prempeh & Co. lauyoyi kafin ta shiga harkar sadarwa ta jagoranci kamfanin fasahar sadarwa. Ursula, a cikin ƙwararrun sana'arta ta yi aiki a kan allo daban-daban da kuma ayyuka daban-daban. <ref name="bloomberg.com">{{Cite web |title=Ursula Owusu: Executive Profile & Biography - Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=29973119&privcapId=10530883&previousCapId=10530883&previousTitle=Ghana%2520Telecommunications%2520Company%2520Limited |access-date=2018-05-16 |website=bloomberg.}}</ref> * Gudanar da Mashawarci tare da NU Consult Legal, Gudanarwa da Masu Ba da Shawarar Jinsi, * Memba mai zartarwa na Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Mata ta Duniya (FIDA), Ghana, * Tsohon shugaban FIDA Ghana * Tsohon mataimakin shugaban kungiyar FIDA International na yankin Afirka. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ursula Owusu-Ekuful Awarded by FIDA {{!}} Ministry of Communications |url=https://www.moc.gov.gh/ursula-owusu-ekuful-awarded-fida |access-date=2020-12-27 |website=Ministry of communication Ghana |archive-date=2022-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522230045/https://www.moc.gov.gh/ursula-owusu-ekuful-awarded-fida |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Memba na kungiyar lauyoyin Ghana , * Memba na kungiyar Lauyoyin Mata ta Afirka (AWLA) * Mukaddashin Manajan Darakta na Western Telesystems (Westel) (Satumba 2005 zuwa Mayu 2008) [https://zain.com/en/press/celtel-to-acquire-majority-stake-in-westel-in-ghan/], da kuma * Daraktan Harkokin Kasuwanci da Harkokin Waje, ZAIN Ghana (Afrilu 2008 zuwa Janairu 2009). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-09 |title=Ursula Owusu-Ekuful |url=https://live.worldbank.org/experts/ursula-owusu-ekuful |access-date=2020-12-27 |website=World Bank Live |language=en}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2023, ta halarci babban taron shugabannin Ghana karo na 7 da aka gudanar a otal din Kempinski Gold Coast a Accra. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon. Ursula Owusu-Ekuful |url=https://ghanaceosummit.com/speaker/hon-ursula-owusu-ekuful/ |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Ghana CEO Summit |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Yuni 2024, ta yi jawabi a wajen ƙaddamar da gasar Ms Geek Ghana wadda ke da nufin ƙarfafa mata matasa a fagen ICT . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-20 |title=Govt committed to equipping girls with ICT skills - Ursula Owusu-Ekuful |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2024/06/govt-committed-to-equipping-girls-with-ict-skills-ursula-owusu-ekuful/ |access-date=2024-08-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Siyasa == A shekarar 2012, an zabe ta a matsayin ‘yar majalisa ta farko a sabuwar mazabar Ablekuma ta Yamma . <ref name=":02"/> A shekarar 2015 ta tsaya takara kuma ta lashe zaben fidda gwani na ‘yan majalisar dokoki na NPP a mazabar Ablekuma ta Yamma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ursula Owusu wins controversial Ablekuma West NPP polls - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2016/April-9th/ursula-owusu-wins-controversial-ablekuma-west-npp-polls.php |access-date=2019-03-09 |website=Myjoyonline. |archive-date=2019-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724085439/https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2016/April-9th/ursula-owusu-wins-controversial-ablekuma-west-npp-polls.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta ci gaba da rike kujerarta ta majalisar dokokin Ghana a babban zaben kasar Ghana na 2016, inda ta samu nasara da kuri'u 34,376 daga cikin kuri'u 60,558 da aka kada da kashi 56.96%. <ref name="Ghanamps"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Search |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/component/search/?searchword=ursula%20owusu&ordering=newest&searchphrase=all&limit=25 |access-date=2019-03-09 |website=Graphic Online}}</ref> Ita da wasu 'yan majalisar mata sun fuskanci munanan hare-hare bayan takaddama kan wuraren da aka kebe mata 'yan majalisar. An ruwaito ta na cewa tana la'akari da makomarta a siyasa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Myjoyonline.com |title=Ghana News - "Sad" Ursula Owusu to reassess political future |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2015/march-29th/.php |access-date=2018-02-07 |website=Myjoyonline |archive-date=2019-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724085442/http://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2015/march-29th/.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> amma a cikin 2017, Shugaba [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Akufo-Addo]] ya nada ta Ministar Sadarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2nd batch of ministerial nominees; Ursula, Akoto Osei, Joe Ghartey named |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/2nd-batch-of-ministerial-nominees-ursula-akoto-osei-joe-ghartey-in.html |access-date=2020-12-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Effah |first=K. |date=2017-02-08 |title=Photos: President Akufo-Addo swears in Otiko Djaba, et al as Ministers |url=https://yen.com.gh/88693-president-akufo-addo-swears-otiko-djaba-al-ministers.html |access-date=2020-12-27 |website=Yen- Ghana news. |language=en |archive-date=2017-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080453/https://yen.com.gh/88693-president-akufo-addo-swears-otiko-djaba-al-ministers.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Disambar 2020, ta sake tsayawa takara a matsayin 'yar majalisa. Da ta shiga zaben a matsayin ‘yar majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar yankin Ablekuma ta Yamma (Mazabar majalisar dokokin Ghana), ta ci gaba da zama bayan ta samu kuri’u 37,363 daga cikin kuri’u 69,353. Dan takararta na kusa da ita Rev. Kweku Addo na jam’iyyar NDC ne ya zo na biyu da kuri’u 30,733, yayin da sauran ‘yan takarar da suka fafata daga sauran jam’iyyun GUM da LPG da PNC suka samu kuri’u 359 da 330 da 65. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lamptey |first=Judith Lamiokor |date=8 December 2020 |title=Ursula Owusu retains Ablekuma West seat |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ursula-owusu-retains-ablekuma-west-seat.html |access-date=2020-12-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Ablekuma West Constituency Results - Election 2020 |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/greateraccra/ablekuma_west/ |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2023-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004195440/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/greateraccra/ablekuma_west/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ablekuma West – Election Data Center – The Ghana Report |url=https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/greater-accra-region/ablekuma-west/ |access-date=2023-11-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary Results for Ablekuma West |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/elections.constituency.results.php?ID=138&mode=parliamentary |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=mobile.ghanaweb.com}}</ref> === Kwamitocin majalisa === A halin yanzu tana aiki a cikin kwamitocin Majalisar: # Kwamitin Tsarin Mulki, Shari'a da Majalisar Dokoki (Majalisu ta 7) <ref name="parliament.gh">{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=60 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=parliament of ghana }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> # Kwamitin Nadawa (Majalisa ta 7) <ref name="parliament.gh" /> == Siyasa da zamantakewa == A shekarar 2015, ita da wasu mata ‘yan majalisar sun fuskanci hare-hare na kashin kansu bayan da aka samu takaddama kan wuraren da aka kebe mata ‘yan majalisar. An ruwaito ta na cewa tana tunanin makomarta a siyasa, amma a shekara ta gaba ta zama ministar sadarwa. Kafin mukaminta na ministar sadarwa a yanzu, ta yi aiki a ma’aikatu daban-daban da kuma ayyuka daban-daban a cikin sana’arta. A cikin watan Afrilun 2018, ta fuskanci martani daga wani bangare na al'ummar Ghana a lokacin da ta fito kanun labarai kan yada wani rubutu a shafukan sada zumunta da ke nuna cewa Musulmin Ghana ba su da hakuri. A ranar Asabar, 29 ga Satumba, 2018, sarakunan gargajiya da al'ummar Akem Asuom da ke [[Yankin Gabashi (Ghana)|yankin Gabashin]] Ghana suka nada ta a matsayin Nkosuohemaa (Development Queen). An gudanar da aikin ne a fadar Asuomhene, Osabarima Ofosuhene Apenteng II. <ref name="Ursula Owusu-Ekuful, Biography">{{Cite web |title=Ursula Owusu-Ekuful, Biography |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/person/Ursula-Owusu-Ekuful-3142 |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=GhanaWeb}}</ref> === Anti-LGBT+ Bill === A cikin 2021, lokacin da aka gabatar da kudurin dokar hana LGBT ta Ghana, ta soki sassan daftarin dokar a matsayin abin karfafa gwiwa don inganta lalaci da rashin gaskiya don haka dole ne a sake yin bitar kudirin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-30 |title=Wording of LGBT Bill may lead to criminalisation of laziness, untruthfulness - Ursula Owusu - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/wording-of-lgbt-bill-may-lead-to-criminalisation-of-laziness-untruthfulness-ursula-owusu/ |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=Myjoyonline. |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-12 |title=Anti-gay bill will go through changes – Ursula Owusu Ekuful |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Anti-gay-bill-will-go-through-changes-Ursula-Owusu-Ekuful-1400398 |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921214404/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Anti-gay-bill-will-go-through-changes-Ursula-Owusu-Ekuful-1400398 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Har ila yau, a watan Mayun 2021, ta shawarci mutanen LGBT+ a Ghana da su kiyaye ayyukansu na sirri saboda 'yan Ghana sun kasa yarda da dangantakar jinsi daya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-29 |title=Don't publicise your sexuality - Ursula Owusu-Ekuful tells Ghana LGBT community - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/dont-publicise-your-sexuality-ursula-owusu-ekuful-tells-ghana-lgbt-community/ |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=Myjoyonline |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Abedu-Kennedy |first=Dorcas |date=2021-04-29 |title=Ursula Owusu sends message to LGBT community |url=https://www.adomonline.com/ursula-owusu-sends-message-to-lgbt-community/ |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=Adomonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2023, yayin karatu na biyu na Ƙaddamar da Haƙƙin Jima'i da Ya dace da Dokar Iyali ta Ghana na 2021 wanda aka fi sani da dokar hana LGBT na Ghana a majalisa, ta sami rashin amincewa da Hon. Murtala Mohammed lokacin da ya yi ikirarin cewa ita yar LGBTQ+ ce. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tornyi |first=Emmanuel |date=2023-07-06 |title='He is mad' — Ursula Owusu angrily reacts after being accused as LGBTQ+ practitioner |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/he-is-mad-ursula-owusu-angrily-reacts-after-being-accused-as-lgbtq-practitioner/55rqm80 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=Pulse Ghana |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-06 |title=Ursula Owusu is also known for calling others names without evidence - Kofi Adams - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/ursula-owusu-is-also-known-for-calling-others-names-without-evidence-kofi-adams/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-06 |title=FLASHBACK: I experimented with lesbianism – Ursula Owusu-Ekuful reveals |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/FLASHBACK-I-experimented-with-lesbianism-Ursula-Owusu-Ekuful-reveals-1798853 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin wannan haihuwa, ta sake nanata kasancewar mutane LGBT+ a cikin al'ummar Ghana da iyalai. Ta ci gaba da yin magana kan bukatar samar da dokokin da za su kare da kuma mutunta hakkin kowane dan Ghana. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-06 |title=There is a homosexual in every community in Ghana – Ursula Owusu-Ekuful |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/There-is-a-homosexual-in-every-community-in-Ghana-Ursula-Owusu-Ekuful-1798718 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-05 |title=It's incumbent on MPs to craft legislation that protects the human rights of all Ghanaians –Ursula Owusu-Ekuful - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/its-incumbent-on-mps-to-craft-legislation-that-protects-the-human-rights-of-all-ghanaians-ursula-owusu-ekuful/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=Myjoyonline |language=en-US}}</ref> === Kelni GVG kwangila === A watan Yunin 2024, Franklin Cudjoe ya zargi Owusu-Ekuful da biyan dala miliyan 1.5 ga Kelni GVG ba tare da wani aiki ba tun daga shekarar 2018 bayan Hukumar Sadarwa ta Kasa ta bai wa hukumar kwangilar shekaru 10. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2024 |title=Ursula Owusu-Ekuful has been paying $1.5m every month to Kelni GVG for no work done since 2018 - Franklin Cudjoe |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Ursula-Owusu-Ekuful-has-been-paying-1-5m-every-month-to-Kelni-GVG-for-no-work-done-since-2018-Franklin-Cudjoe-1935756 |access-date=29 August 2024 |website=Ghana Web}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Hon. Ursula Owusu-Ekuful haifaffen Christiana Akua Birago Diawo, <ref>{{Cite web |date=1970-01-01 |title=Ursula Owusu Honours Mother's Legacy with Library and Tech Hub (Photos) |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/region/webbrief/Ursula-Owusu-Honours-Mother-s-Legacy-with-Library-and-Tech-Hub-Photos-75512 |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en |archive-date=2023-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708211106/https://www.ghanaweb.com/region/webbrief/Ursula-Owusu-Honours-Mother-s-Legacy-with-Library-and-Tech-Hub-Photos-75512 |url-status=dead }}</ref> tana da aure da ƴaƴa uku tare da ɗan ƙasar Ghana na [[Birtaniya|ƙasar Burtaniya]], Dr Sam Ekuful. <ref name=":02"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-14 |title=I Want To Give My Husband A Child - Ursula Owusu-Ekuful |url=http://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201707/320589.php |access-date=2019-03-07 |website=peace fm online |archive-date=2023-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504144225/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201707/320589.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zurek |first=Kweku |date=2017-02-01 |title=I would not have been married but for Skype - Ursula Owusu-Ekuful |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/i-would-not-have-been-married-but-for-skype-ursula-owusu-ekuful.html |access-date=2019-03-07 |website=Graphic Online}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=theheraldteam |date=2014-11-07 |title=Ursula Owusu Make Amends With Neglected Son |url=http://theheraldghana.com/ursula-owusu-make-amends-with-neglected-son/ |access-date=2019-03-07 |website=The Herald |archive-date=2019-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308002943/http://theheraldghana.com/ursula-owusu-make-amends-with-neglected-son/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An gano ta a matsayin Kirista. <ref name="Parliament of Ghana"/> === Foundation === A cikin watan Yunin 2024, ta kaddamar da kungiyarta na agaji, The Ursula Foundation, a Dansoman Sahara, unguwar Accra a cikin Greater Accra Region. Manufar gidauniyar ita ce yi wa al’ummar yankin Ablekuma ta Yamma da kewaye ta hanyar ci gaban al’umma, karfafa matasa da mata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-25 |title=Ursula Owusu launches foundation - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/ursula-owusu-launches-foundation/ |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == A ranar Asabar, 29 ga Satumba, 2018, sarakunan gargajiya da mutanen Akyem Asuom da ke gundumar Kwabibirim a [[Yankin Gabashi (Ghana)|yankin Gabashin]] Ghana suka nada ta a matsayin Nkosuohemaa (Development Queen). An gudanar da bikin ne a fadar Asuomhene Osabarima Ofosuhene Apenteng II. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Agyeman |first=Adwoa |date=2018-09-30 |title=Ursula Owusu Ekuful now Nkosuohemaa of Akyem Asuom |url=https://www.adomonline.com/ghana-news/ursula-owusu-ekuful-now-nkosuohemaa-of-akyem-asuom/ |access-date=2019-03-02 |website=AdomOnline.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Starrfmonline |title=Ursula installed devt queenmother at Asuom {{!}} Starr Fm |url=https://starrfmonline.com/2018/09/ursula-installed-devt-queenmother-at-asuom/ |access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-09-30 |title=Communications Minister Ursula Installed As Queen In Akyem Asuom |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/886572/communications-minister-ursula-installed-as-queen-in-akyem-a.html |access-date=2019-03-02 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-30 |title=Akyem Asuom installs Ursula Nkosuohemaa |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Akyem-Asuom-installs-Ursula-Nkosuohemaa-689126 |access-date=2019-03-02 |website=GhanaWeb}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2019 ne kungiyar lauyoyin mata ta kasa da kasa (FIDA) ta karrama ta saboda irin ayyukan da ta yi na kare hakkin mata da kananan yara a babban taron FIDA na Afrika na 2019 da aka gudanar a [[Abuja]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] . <ref name=":1"/> An ba ta lambar yabo ta 'CRANS MONTANA FORUM' S GOLD MEDAL, a Geneva, [[Switzerland]] . <ref name=":2"/> == Nassoshi == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Mata ƴan majalisar dokokin Ghana]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fdtsiukh4lt2usnlkdvh5ys7w1znchc 0 97048 818856 602473 2026-04-06T05:25:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Victoria Nalongo Namusisi''' (wani lokaci ana rubuta sa da '''Victoria Okoth Nalongo Namusisi''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2021 |title=This is not Museveni I knew – Luweero Bush War reporter |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/this-is-not-museveni-i-knew-luweero-bush-war-reporter-1618514 |access-date=9 March 2022 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ) (an haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Janairu 1956) 'yar jarida ce ta Uganda kuma 'yar jarida ce, mai gudanar da siyasa kuma mai ba da taimako. Ana ɗaukar Namusisi mace ta farko 'yar jaridar wasanni 'yar Uganda, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Ma'aikaciyar gundumar Mpigi tsakanin shekarun 1991 da 1997. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Namusisi was Uganda's first female sports journalist |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1335059 |access-date=9 March 2022 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2010, ta kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Nalubaale. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=The National Honours and Awards (Award of National Honours) Notice, 2018 |url=https://gazettes.africa/archive/ug/2018/ug-government-gazette-supplement-dated-2018-04-27-no-20.pdf |access-date=2023-12-28 |archive-date=2022-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412174951/https://gazettes.africa/archive/ug/2018/ug-government-gazette-supplement-dated-2018-04-27-no-20.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi da ilimi == An haifi Namusisi ɗiya ce ga marigayi Paul Mukasa, manomi kuma mai kamun kifi da Miriam Nalunga a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 1956. <ref name=":0"/> Tsawon shekarunta na girma, Namusisi ta yi karatu a makarantar ’yan mata ta Kisubi da ke Entebbe da tsohuwar makarantar sakandare ta Kampala. Daga baya ta shiga Cibiyar Gudanar da Harkokin Jama'a (IPA) don aikin jarida a shekarar 1975 kuma ta kammala karatun a shekarar 1977. <ref name=":0" /> == Sana'a == === Aikin jarida na wasanni === A cikin shekarar 1976, Namusisi ita ce mace ɗaya tilo ta 'yar jaridar wasanni a Uganda Times. Ta kuma yi aiki a Muryar Uganda a shekarar 1984 bayan ta dawo daga gudun hijira a [[Kenya]]. A cikin shekarar 1988, yayin da take aiki a jaridar Ngabo, Namusisi ta ba da labarin wasannin Olympics na shekarar 1988 a Seoul a matsayin 'yar jaridar wasanni ban da kasancewarta shugabar mata ta ƙungiyar <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zziwa |first=Hassan Badru |date=14 June 2009 |title=H.B ZZIWA: Olympic shame |url=https://www.observer.ug/sports/44-sports/3830-hb-zziwa-olympic-shame- |access-date=9 March 2022 |website=The Observer – Uganda |language=en-gb |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309080827/https://www.observer.ug/sports/44-sports/3830-hb-zziwa-olympic-shame- |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Rahoton siyasa === A cikin shekarar 1986, Namusisi ta canza sheka zuwa rahoton siyasa kuma an sanya ta a Majalisa da Majalisar Jiha. Daga nan ne aka naɗa ta Hakimae gundumar Mpigi (Resident District Commissioner (RDC) a gundumar Mpigi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Nabiruma |first=Diana |date=24 June 2009 |title=PEOPLE: Some collect stamps, Nalongo Namusisi collects children |url=https://www.observer.ug/lifestyle/sizzling-faith/3952-people-some-collect-stamps-nalongo-namusisi-collects-children |access-date=9 March 2022 |website=The Observer – Uganda |language=en-gb |archive-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016092414/https://www.observer.ug/lifestyle/sizzling-faith/3952-people-some-collect-stamps-nalongo-namusisi-collects-children |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Gudanar da siyasa === Tsakanin shekarun 1991 zuwa 1998, an naɗa Namusisi kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Hakimar Gundumar Mazauna (RDC) na gundumar Mpigi a lokacin. <ref name=":0"/> Ta kasance mamba a kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙasa a shekarar 1998 saboda matsayinta na ƙananan hukumomi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Steering Committee |url=http://cec.vcn.bc.ca/cmp/uganda/nsc.htm |access-date=9 March 2022 |website=cec.vcn.bc.ca }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tallafawa == Bayan ta yi murabus a matsayin mai bai wa shugaban ƙasa shawara a shekarar 2003, Namusisi ta kafa gidan marayu tare da Manuel Pinto, Bright Kids Uganda <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2013 |title=Changing the World One Child at a Time — Victoria Nalongo Namusisi |url=https://www.carlow.edu/changing-the-world-one-child-at-a-time-victoria-nalongo-namusisi/ |access-date=9 March 2022 |website=Carlow University |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyautattuka == A ranar 1 ga watan Afrilu, 2023, Nalongo Victoria Namusisi ta sami lambar yabo ta 'yan Adam ta Afirka a bikin kaɗe-kaɗe da kyaututtuka na al'adun Afirka a Kigali Rwanda. A cikin shekarar 2010, Namusisi ta kasance wacce ta karɓi lambar yabo ta Nalubaale lambar yabo ga duk masu fafutuka na farar hula waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban siyasar Uganda ko dai ta hanyar gwagwarmayar makami ko rashin biyayya da kuma in ba haka ba tun daga lokacin mulkin mallaka har zuwa yau. <ref name=":2"/> Daga baya a cikin watan Mayu 2019, ta sami Digiri mai Daraja a Likitanci na Haruffa na Humane a Jami'ar Carlow, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, wanda a cewar shafin yanar gizon kungiyarta ta kasance "gane da ayyukan agajin da ta yi tare da masu rauni a Uganda". <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2019 |title=Carlow University Names Three to Receive Honorary Degrees at May Commencement |url=https://www.carlow.edu/carlow-university-names-three-to-receive-honorary-degrees-at-may-commencement/ |access-date=9 March 2022 |website=Carlow University |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Namusisi tayi aure da tsohon babban sakataren hukumar wasanni ta ƙasa, Martin Okoth, har zuwa shekara ta 1984 lokacin da suka rabu. <ref name=":0"/> Tare suka haifi 'ya'ya na halitta guda uku. <ref name=":1"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] t0i301fpclpd0movciw0f90llp7s200 0 97838 818854 788068 2026-04-06T05:13:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Nekesa_Victor.jpg|thumb| Nekesa Victor]] '''Victor Nekesa''' likita ce [[Uganda|'yar ƙasar Uganda]], jami'iyar soja kuma 'yar majalisa. Ta wakilci rundunar sojojin Uganda (UPDF) a majalisar dokokin Uganda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-30 |title=You’re listening posts in Parliament, Museveni tells new UPDF MPs |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/you-re-listening-posts-in-parliament-museveni-tells-new-updf-mps-3274554 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-29 |title=UPDF Elects New Members of Parliament - MODVA |url=https://www.modva.go.ug/UPDF_Elects_New_Members_of_Parliament.php/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=The Uganda Peoples’ Defence Forces Council has elected new representatives to the 11th Parliament. |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619213251/https://modva.go.ug/UPDF_Elects_New_Members_of_Parliament.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-30 |title=LIST: UPDF elects new Members of Parliament |url=https://theinformerug.com/2021/01/30/list-updf-elects-new-members-of-parliament/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=The Informer UG |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016143605/https://theinformerug.com/2021/01/30/list-updf-elects-new-members-of-parliament/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-30 |title=Gen Elly Tumwine awanguddwa mu kalulu {{!}} Dembe FM 90.4 |url=https://www.dembefm.ug/amawulire/gen-elly-tumwine-awanguddwa-mu-kalulu.html |access-date=2022-04-07 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127122706/https://www.dembefm.ug/amawulire/gen-elly-tumwine-awanguddwa-mu-kalulu.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi da ilimi == Nekesa likita ce ta sana'a. Ita kuma jami'ar tsaron jama'ar Uganda (UPDF) ce a matsayin Kanar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Gen. Muhoozi, Museveni doctor get highest votes im army polls |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/88729 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> Majalisar tsaro ta zaɓe ta ne tare da wasu mata biyu jami'an UPDF da suka haɗa da Charity Bainababo da Jennifer Alanyo. Nekasa ta samu mafi yawan kuri'u a ɓangaren mata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UPDF MPS Defend Role in Parliament : |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/updf-members-of-parliament-defend-role-in-parliament |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Uganda Radionetwork |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-30 |title=Muhoozi, Katumba, Elwelu elected to represent UPDF in parliament, Tumwine loses out |url=https://www.matookerepublic.com/2021/01/30/muhoozi-katumba-elwelu-elected-to-represent-updf-in-parliament-tumwine-loses-out/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Matooke Republic |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017191703/https://www.matookerepublic.com/2021/01/30/muhoozi-katumba-elwelu-elected-to-represent-updf-in-parliament-tumwine-loses-out/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Secondopinion |date=2021-01-30 |title=UPDF POLLS! Janet Museveni’s most trusted ADC sent to Parliament |url=https://www.secondopinion.co.ug/updf-polls-janet-musevenis-most-trusted-adc-sent-to-parliament/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=THE SECOND OPINION |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127113742/https://www.secondopinion.co.ug/updf-polls-janet-musevenis-most-trusted-adc-sent-to-parliament/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":1"/> Majalisar tsaron ƙasar ta kuma gabatar da sunayen mutane bakwai da za su wakilci sojojin ƙasar a majalisar dokokin Uganda. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Independent |date=2021-05-20 |title=UPDF MPS defend role in parliament |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/updf-mps-defend-role-in-parliament/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Pearl Times |date=2021-01-30 |title=List: Defence Council declines to nominate top generals; Muhoozi, Elwelu elected UPDF MPs; Tumwine dropped |url=https://pearltimes.co.ug/list-defence-council-declines-to-nominate-top-generals-muhoozi-elwelu-elected-updf-mps-tumwine-dropped/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=The Pearl Times |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522104545/https://pearltimes.co.ug/list-defence-council-declines-to-nominate-top-generals-muhoozi-elwelu-elected-updf-mps-tumwine-dropped/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-29 |title=Gen Tumwiine Dropped as Army Elects CDF Muhoozi, Wamala, Mbadi to Parliament |url=https://chimpreports.com/gen-tumwiine-dropped-as-army-elects-cdf-muhoozi-wamala-mbadi-to-parliament/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=I Want Us to be Best Armed Force in the Region - Museveni Tells New UPDF MPs {{!}} The Kampala Post |url=https://kampalapost.com/index.php/content/arming-our-forces-be-best-region-top-priority-museveni-tells-new-updf-mps |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=kampalapost.com |archive-date=2025-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221195123/https://kampalapost.com/index.php/content/arming-our-forces-be-best-region-top-priority-museveni-tells-new-updf-mps |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-30 |title=VOTED OUT! Army Council ditches Security Minister Tumwine as he is floored in UPDF MPs poll |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2021/01/voted-out-army-council-ditches-security-minister-tumwine-as-he-is-floored-in-updf-mps-poll.html |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=PML Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nekesa Victor - 2021 General Election - Visible Polls |url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/2021-general-election/candidates/nekesa-victor-6763/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=visiblepolls.org |language=en}}</ref> == Sana'a == Nekesa kwararriyar soja ce kuma likita. Ita likita ce ta shugaban [[Yoweri Museveni|Yoweri Kaguta Museveni]] na jamhuriyar Uganda. <ref name=":1"/> A majalisar, Nekesa na aiki a matsayin mamba a kwamitin lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Committee on Health – Parliament Watch |url=https://parliamentwatch.ug/committees/committee-on-health/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=mbwalatum |date=2021-12-08 |title=Doctors to MPs, 'strike will not end until our demands are met' |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/news/5485/doctors-mps-strike-will-not-end-until-our-demands-are-met |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=www.parliament.go.ug |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Sadaka Bainababo == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 1vo051o8j3sagwebr14qe1bxg6vne4p 0 100826 818726 644478 2026-04-05T14:54:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Biard_Abolition_de_l'esclavage_1849.jpg|thumb|250x250px| 27 ga Afrilu 1848, 1849, da François Auguste Biard, Fadar Versailles '', ta sanar da kawar da bautar da bauta a Faransa.'']] '''Soke bautar bayi ya faru''' ne a lokuta daban-daban a ƙasashe daban-daban. Yana faruwa akai-akai a cikin matakai fiye da ɗaya alal misali, a matsayin kawar da cinikin [[Bauta|bayi]] a wata ƙasa, sannan a matsayin kawar da bautar bayi a cikin dauloli. Kowane mataki yawanci ya kasance sakamakon wata doka ko aiki daban. Wannan tsarin lokaci yana nuna dokokin sokewa ko ayyuka da aka jera bisa ga tsarin lokaci. Har ila yau, ya shafi kawar da jima'i. Duk da cewa bautar bayi waɗanda ba fursunoni ba a fasahance ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne a duk ƙasashe a yau, [[Bautar bayi a cikin ƙarni na 21|ana ci gaba da]] yin hakan a wurare da yawa a duniya, musamman a Afirka, Asiya, da Gabashin Turai, galibi tare da tallafin gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maps &#124; Global Slavery Index |url=https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/2018/data/maps/#prevalence}}</ref> == Tsohon zamani == A zamanin d ¯ a, manyan al'ummomi da yawa a Turai da Gabas ta Gabas sun tsara tsarin bautar bayi bashi da alaƙa amma bambancin aikin bautar bashi (wanda mai bin bashi zai iya cire aikin wajibi daga mai bashi don biyan bashin su, amma mai bin bashi ba a bautar da shi ba kuma ba a ƙarƙashin duk sharuɗɗan bautar chattel, irin su zama mallakar kasuwa, ko sayar da shi a kasuwa). Gyara da aka jera a ƙasa kamar dokokin Solon a Athens, da Lex Poetelia Papiria a cikin Republican Rome, ko dokokin da aka bayyana a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci a cikin Littafin Maimaitawar Shari'a gabaɗaya ya kayyade samar da bayi da bayin bashi ta hanyar hana ko daidaita bautar wasu ƙungiyoyi masu gata (don haka, Romawa sun sake yin gyare-gyaren da ke kare ƴan ƙasar Romawa, ƴan ƙasar Atheni sun ba da garantin yanci a cikin Kubawar Shari'a. Ibrananci bayan ƙayyadadden lokacin bautar), amma babu wanda ya kawar da bautar, har ma da irin kariyar da aka kafa bai shafi baƙi ko kuma waɗanda ba ƴan ƙasa ba. {| class="wikitable" !Kwanan wata ! Hukunci ! Bayani |- | Farkon karni na shida BC |[[Fayil:Owl_of_Athena_and_Patron_(from_ancient_coin).png|22x22px]] Polis na Athens | Mai ba da doka na Atheniya Solon ya soke bautar bashi na ’yan ƙasar Atina kuma ya ‘yantar da duk ’yan ƙasar Atina waɗanda a da aka bautar da su. An ci gaba da aiwatar da bautar da ake yi a Athens, kuma asarar bashi a matsayin tushen gasa na aikin dole na iya ma ya sa bautar ta zama mafi mahimmanci a cikin tattalin arzikin Athenia daga yanzu. |- | Karni na 3 BC | Maurya Empire | Sarkin Indiya [[Ashoka]] ya soke cinikin bayi. |- | 326 BC | Jamhuriyar Roman | Lex Poetelia Papiria ya soke kwangilar Nexum, wani nau'i na yin alkawarin ba da bashi ga talakawan Romawa ga masu lamuni a matsayin tsaro ga lamuni. Ba a kawar da [[Bauta|bautar Chattel]] ba, kuma bautar Romawa za ta ci gaba da bunƙasa har tsawon ƙarni. |- | 9-12 AD | Daular Xin | Wang Mang, wanda shi ne sarki na farko na daular Xin, ya kwace karagar mulkin kasar Sin, ya kafa sauye-sauye masu yawa, ciki har da kawar da bauta da gyare-gyaren kasa daga 9 zuwa 12 AD |} == Zamanin tsakiya == : ''NB: Yawancin gyare-gyaren da aka lissafa an juya su a cikin ƙarni masu zuwa.'' {| class="wikitable" !Date !Jurisdiction !Description |- |590–604 |{{Flag|Rome}} |Pope Gregory I bans [[Yahudawa|Jews]] from owning [[Kirista|Christian]] slaves. |- |7th century |Francia |Queen Balthild, a former slave, and the Council of Chalon-sur-Saône (644–655) condemn the enslavement of Christians. Balthild purchases slaves, mostly Saxon, and manumits (frees) them.<ref>Paul Fouracre, Richard A. Gerberding (1996), Late Merovingian France: History and Hagiography, 640–720, Manchester University Press, {{ISBN|0-7190-4791-9}}, p. 97–99 & 111.</ref> |- |741–752 |{{Flag|Rome}} |Pope Zachary bans the sale of Christian slaves to Muslims, purchases all slaves acquired in the city by Venetian slave traders, and sets them free. |- |840 |[[Fayil:Triquetra-Cross.svg|23x23px]] Carolingian Empire<br /><br />{{Flag|Republic of Venice}} |''Pactum Lotharii'': Venice pledges to neither buy Christian slaves in the Empire, nor sell them to Muslims. Venetian slave traders switch to trading Slavs from the East (Balkan slave trade). |- |873 |Christendom |Pope John VIII declares the enslavement of fellow Christians a sin and commands their release.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Heinrich Denzinger}}</ref> |- |~900 |[[Daular Rumawa|Byzantine Empire]] |Emperor Leo VI the Wise prohibits voluntary self-enslavement and commands that such contracts shall be null and void and punishable by flagellation for both parties to the contract. |- |956 |Goryeo Dynasty (Korea) |Slaves were freed on a large scale in 956 by the Goryeo dynasty.<ref>Junius P. Rodriguez (1 January 1997). ''The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery''. ABC-CLIO. pp. 392–393. {{ISBN|978-0-87436-885-7}}.</ref> Gwangjong of Goryeo proclaimed the ''Slave and Land Act (노비안검법, 奴婢按檢法)'', an act that "deprived nobles of much of their manpower in the form of slaves and purged the old nobility, the meritorious subjects and their offspring and military lineages in great numbers".<ref>Breuker, Remco E. ''Establishing a Pluralist Society in Medieval Korea, 918–1170: History, Ideology and Identity in the Koryŏ Dynasty''. BRILL. p. 150. {{ISBN|978-90-04-18325-4}}.</ref> |- |960 |{{Flag|Republic of Venice}} |Slave trade banned in the city under the rule of Doge Pietro IV Candiano (Council of Venice). |- |1080 |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Normandie.svg}} [[Norman England]] |William the Conqueror prohibits the sale of any person to "heathens" (non-Christians) as slaves. |- |1100 |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Normandie.svg}} [[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]] |Serfdom no longer present. |- |1102 |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Normandie.svg}} [[Norman England]] |The Council of London bans the slave trade: "Let no one dare hereafter to engage in the infamous business, prevalent in England, of selling men like animals."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pijper |first=Frederik |year=1909 |title=The Christian Church and Slavery in the Middle Ages |journal=[[The American Historical Review]] |publisher=[[American Historical Association]] |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=681 |doi=10.1086/ahr/14.4.675 |jstor=1837055}}</ref><ref name="sourcebooks.fordham.edu">{{Cite web |title=Internet History Sourcebooks Project |url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/1171latrsale.asp |website=sourcebooks.fordham.edu}}</ref> |- |c. 1160 |{{Flagicon image|Raven Banner.svg}} [[Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)|Norway]] |The Gulating bans the sale of house slaves out of the country.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2018}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> |- |1171 |{{Flag|Lordship of Ireland}} |All English slaves in the island freed by the Council of Armagh.<ref name="sourcebooks.fordham.edu" /> |- |1198 |{{Flagicon image|Flag of France (XII-XIII).svg}} [[France in the Middle Ages|France]] |Trinitarian Order founded with the purpose of redeeming war captives. |- |1214 |Korčula |The Statute of the Town abolishes slavery.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statute of Korcula from 1214 – Large Print |url=http://www.korculainfo.com/history/statute-korcula-town-1214.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316043710/http://www.korculainfo.com/history/statute-korcula-town-1214.html |archive-date=16 March 2013 |access-date=2013-08-28 |publisher=Korculainfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2019-09-12 |title=The Statute of the town and island of Korčula from 1214 |url=https://korcula.net/statute-island-korcula/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Korcula.net |language=en}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=This is wrong – korčula abolished slavery in statute written in first half of 15. Century (Antun Cvitanić: statut grada i otoka korčule. 2002 Korčula. Str. 160.)|date=February 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="This is wrong – korčula abolished slavery in statute written in first half of 15. Century (Antun Cvitanić: statut grada i otoka korčule. 2002 Korčula. Str. 160.) (February 2023)">better&nbsp;source&nbsp;needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> |- |1218 |{{Flagicon|Catalonia}} [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]] |Mercedarians founded in [[Barcelona]] with the purpose of ransoming poor Christians enslaved by Muslims. |- |~1220 |{{Flagicon image|War flag of the Holy Roman Empire (1200-1350).svg}} [[Daular Roma Mai Tsarki|Holy Roman Empire]] |The Sachsenspiegel, the most influential German code of law from the [[Zamanin Tsakiya|Middle Ages]], condemns slavery as a violation of man's likeness to God. |- |1245 |{{Flagicon|Catalonia}} [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]] |James I bans Jews from owning Christian slaves, but allows them to own Muslims and pagans. |- |1256 |{{Flag|Bologna}} |Liber Paradisus promulgated. Slavery and serfdom abolished, all serfs in the commune are released. |- |1315 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_France_(XII-XIII).svg|23x23px]] France |Louis X publishes a decree abolishing [[Bauta|slavery]] and proclaiming that "France signifies freedom", that any slave setting foot on French ground should be freed. However some limited cases of slavery continued until the 17th century in some of France's Mediterranean harbours in Provence, as well as until the 18th century in some of France's overseas territories. Most aspects of serfdom are also eliminated de facto between 1315 and 1318.<ref name="encyclopedia1">{{Cite web |title=Disappearance of Serfdom. France. England. Italy. Germany. Spain. |url=http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/S/SLA/slavery-12.html |access-date=21 March 2018 |website=1902encyclopedia.com}}</ref> |- |1318 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_France_(XII-XIII).svg|23x23px]] France |King Philip V abolishes serfdom in his domain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PITTORESQUE |first=LA FRANCE |date=2018-01-23 |title=23 janvier 1318 : le roi Philippe V affranchit les serfs de ses domaines |url=https://www.france-pittoresque.com/spip.php?article316 |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=La France pittoresque. Histoire de France, Patrimoine, Tourisme, Gastronomie |language=fr-FR}}</ref> |- |1335 |[[Fayil:Royal_Banner_of_Sweden_(14th_Century).svg|27x27px]] Sweden |Slavery abolished (including Sweden's territory in [[Finland]]). However, slaves are not banned entry into the country until 1813. Between 1784 and 1847, slavery was practiced in the Swedish-ruled Caribbean island of Saint Barthélemy. Sweden never practiced serfdom, except in a few territories it later acquired which were ruled under a local legal code. |- |1347 |{{Flagicon image|Alex K Kingdom of Poland-flag.svg}} [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Poland]] |The Statutes of Casimir the Great issued in Wiślica emancipate all non-free people. |- |1368 |[[Fayil:Ming_dynasty_(Chinese_characters).svg|23x23px]] Ming Dynasty |Emperor Hongwu abolished most forms of slavery, limiting even the highest ranks of household to less than 20 household slaves. Later in the dynasty saw a resurgence of debt servitude, primarily in the south, as a result of population growth against the dearth of arable lands, often taking euphemisms like "adoption" to circumvent its still outlawed status.<ref>{{Cite web |title=明代的义男买卖与雇工人 |url=https://wap.cnki.net/touch/web/Journal/Article/SDZS198804016.html}}</ref> |- |1416 |{{Flag|Ragusa}} |Slavery and slave trade abolished. |- |1423 |{{Flagicon image|Alex K Kingdom of Poland-flag.svg}} [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Poland]] |King orders to free all [[Kirista|Christian]] slaves. |- |1435 |{{Flagicon image|Royal banner of Jean de Béthencourt.svg}} [[Kingdom of the Canary Islands|Canary Islands]] |Pope Eugene IV's Sicut Dudum bans enslavement of baptised Christians, "or those freely seeking baptism" in the Canary Islands on pain of excommunication.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 1435 |title=Sicut Dudum Pope Eugene IV – January 13, 1435 – Papal Encyclicals |url=http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Eugene04/eugene04sicut.htm |access-date=21 March 2018 |website=papalencyclicals.net}}</ref> |- |1477 |{{Flagicon|Crown of Castile}} [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] |Isabella I bans slavery in newly conquered territories. |- |1480 |[[Fayil:ArmorialsegarXIII.jpg|26x26px]] Galicia |Remnant serfdom abolished by the Catholic Monarchs. |- |1486 |{{Flagicon|Crown of Aragon}} [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]] |Ferdinand II promulgates the [[:es:Sentencia arbitral de Guadalupe|Sentence of Guadalupe]], abolishing Carolingian-remnant serfdom (''remença'') in Old Catalonia. |- |1490 | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|Crown of Castile}} [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] |After a long court case, the Catholic Monarchs order that all La Gomera natives enslaved in the aftermath of the 1488 rebellion must be freed and returned to the island at Conquistador Pedro de Vera's expense. De Vera is also relieved from his post as Governor of Gran Canaria in 1491. |- |1493 |Queen Isabella bans the enslavement of Native Americans unless they are hostile or cannibalistic.<ref name="Sanchez Galera" /> Native Americans are ruled to be subjects of the Crown. [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]] is preempted from selling Indian captives in [[Sevilla|Seville]] and those already sold are tracked, purchased from their buyers and released. |} == 1500-1700 == {| class="wikitable" !Date !Jurisdiction !Description |- |1503 | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|Crown of Castile}} [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] |Native Americans allowed to travel to Spain only on their own free will. |- |1512 |The Laws of Burgos establish limits to the treatment of natives in the Encomienda system. |- |1518 | rowspan="4" |{{Flagicon|Spanish Empire}} [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]] |Decree of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V establishing the importation of African slaves to the Americas, [[Asiento de Negros|under monopoly]] of Laurent de Gouvenot, in an attempt to discourage enslavement of Native Americans. |- |1528 |Charles V forbids the transportation of Native Americans to Europe, even on their own will, in an effort to curtail their enslavement. Encomiendas are banned from collecting tribute in gold with the reasoning that Natives were selling their children to get it. |- |1530 |Outright slavery of Native Americans under any circumstance is banned under the New laws. |- |1536 |The Welser family is dispossessed of the [[Asiento de Negros|Asiento]] monopoly (granted in 1528) following complaints about their treatment of Native American workers in [[Venezuela]]. |- |1537 |New World |Pope Paul III forbids slavery of the indigenous peoples of the Americas and any other population to be discovered, establishing their right to freedom and property (Sublimis Deus).<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Heinrich Denzinger}}</ref> |- |1542 | rowspan="4" |{{Flagicon|Spanish Empire}} [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]] |The New Laws ban slave raiding in the Americas and abolish the slavery of natives, but replace it with other systems of forced labor like the repartimiento. Slavery of Black Africans continues. New limits are imposed to the Encomienda. |- |1549 |Encomiendas banned from using forced labor. |- |1550-1551 |Valladolid Debate on the innate rights of indigenous peoples of the Americas. |- |1552 |Bartolomé de las Casas, "the first to expose the oppression of indigenous peoples by Europeans in the Americas and to call for the abolition of slavery there."<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2023 |title=Bartolome de las Casas &#124; Biography, Books, Quotes, Significance, & Facts &#124; Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bartolome-de-Las-Casas}}</ref> |- |1562 |[[Fayil:Fictional_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(4).svg|23x23px]] [[Mughal Empire]] |Akbar I restricted enslavement by his soldiery.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bano |first=Shadab |date=2001 |title=Professor J.S. Grewal Prize Essay: SLAVE ACQUISITION IN THE MUGHAL EMPIRE |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44155776 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=62 |pages=317–324 |issn=2249-1937 |jstor=44155776}}</ref> |- |1570 |{{Flag|Portugal|1578}} |King Sebastian of Portugal bans the enslavement of Native Americans under Portuguese rule, allowing only the enslavement of hostile ones. This law was highly influenced by the Society of Jesus, which had missionaries in direct contact with [[Brazil|Brazilian]] tribes. |- | rowspan="2" |1574 |{{Flagcountry|Kingdom of England}} |Last remaining serfs emancipated by [[Elizabeth I]].<ref name="encyclopedia1"/> |- |{{Flag|Philippines|1535}} |Slavery abolished by royal decree. |- |1588 |{{Flagicon image|Alex K Grundwald flags 1410-03.svg}} [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuania]] |The Third Statute of Lithuania abolishes slavery. |- |1590 |{{Flag|Japan|1870}} |Toyotomi Hideyoshi bans slavery except as punishment for criminals. |- |1595 |{{Flag|Portugal|1578}} |Trade of Chinese slaves banned. |- |1602 |{{Flagcountry|Kingdom of England}} |The Clifton Star Chamber Case set a precedent, that impressing / enslaving children to serve as actors was illegal. |- |1609 |{{Flagicon|Spanish Empire}} [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]] |The Moriscos, many of whom are serfs, are expelled from Peninsular Spain unless they become slaves voluntarily (known as ''moros cortados'', "cut [[Moors]]") However, a large proportion avoid expulsion or manage to return. |- |1624 |{{Flag|Portugal|1578}} |Enslavement of Chinese banned. |- |1648 |{{Flagcountry|Cossack Hetmanate}} |The system of serfdom was partially weakened, a part of serfs were freed. Manors of the Polish szlachta and the Catholic Church were given under the government control. |- |1649 |[[Fayil:Russian_coa_1589_grozny.png|24x24px]] Russia |The sale of Russian slaves to Muslims is banned. |- |1652 |[[Fayil:Ensign_of_New_England_(St_George's_Cross).svg|23x23px]] [[Rhode Island|Providence Plantations]] |Roger Williams and Samuel Gorton work to pass legislation abolishing slavery in Providence Plantations, the first attempt of its kind in North America. It does not go into effect.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lemons |first=J. Stanley |date=Fall 2002 |title=Rhode Island and the Slave Trade |url=http://www.rihs.org/assetts/files/publications/2002_Fall.pdf |journal=Rhode Island History |publisher=Rhode Island Historical Society |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=95–104}}</ref> |- |1660 |{{Flagcountry|Kingdom of England}} |Tenures Abolition Act 1660 |- |1677 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg|23x23px]] Maratha Empire |Shivaji I banned, freed and stopped import and export of all slaves under his Empire. |- |1679 |{{Flag|Russia|1668}} |Feodor III converts all Russian field slaves into serfs.<ref>Hellie, Richard (2009). "Slavery and serfdom in Russia". In Gleason, Abbott. A Companion to Russian History. Wiley Blackwell Companions to World History. 10. John Wiley & Sons. p. 110. {{ISBN|9781444308426}}. Retrieved 2015-09-14.</ref> |- |1683 |{{Flagicon|Spanish Empire}} [[Colonial Chile|Spanish Chile]] |Slavery of Mapuche prisoners of war abolished.<ref>{{Cite book|edition=Martín}}</ref> |- |1687 |{{Flagicon|Spanish Empire}} [[Spanish Florida]] |Fugitive slaves from the Thirteen Colonies granted freedom in return for conversion to [[Cocin katolika|Catholicism]] and four years of military service. |- |1688 |[[Fayil:English_Red_Ensign_1620.svg|23x23px]] [[Pennsylvania]] |The Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery is the first religious petition against [[Bauta a Tarihin Mulkin Mallaka na Amurka|African slavery]] in what would become the United States. |} == 1701-1799 == {| class="wikitable" !Date !Jurisdiction !Description |- |1706 |{{Flagcountry|Kingdom of England}} |In ''Smith v. Browne & Cooper'', Sir John Holt, Lord Chief Justice of England, rules that "as soon as a Negro comes into England, he becomes free. One may be a villein in England, but not a slave." |- |1711–1712 |[[Fayil:Banner_of_the_Kingdom_of_Imereti.svg|26x26px]] Imereti |Slave trade banned by Mamia I of Imereti. |- |1712 |{{Flag|Spain|1701}} |''Moros cortados'' expelled. |- |1715 |{{Flagicon image|Red Ensign of Great Britain (1707-1800).svg}} [[Province of North Carolina|North Carolina]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon image|Red Ensign of Great Britain (1707-1800).svg}} [[Province of South Carolina|South Carolina]] |Native American slave trade in the American Southeast reduces with the outbreak of the Yamasee War. |- |1723 |{{Flagcountry|Russian Empire}} |Peter the Great converts all house slaves into house serfs, effectively making slavery illegal in Russia. |- |1723–1730 |[[Fayil:Seal_of_Qing_dynasty.svg|23x23px]] Qing Dynasty |The Yongzheng emancipation seeks to free all slaves to strengthen the autocratic ruler through a kind of social leveling that creates an undifferentiated class of free subjects under the throne. Although these new regulations freed the vast majority of slaves, wealthy families continued to use slave labor into the twentieth century. |- |1732 |{{Flagicon image|Red Ensign of Great Britain (1707-1800).svg}} [[Province of Georgia|Georgia]] |Province established without African slavery in sharp contrast to neighboring colony of Carolina. In 1738, James Oglethorpe warns against changing that policy, which would "occasion the misery of thousands in Africa." Native American slavery is legal throughout Georgia, however, and African slavery is later introduced in 1749. |- |1738 |{{Flagicon|Spain|1701}} [[Spanish Florida]] |Fort Mosé, the first legal settlement of free blacks in what is today the [[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]], is established. Word of the settlement sparks the Stono Rebellion in Carolina the following year. |- | rowspan="2" |1746 | rowspan="2" |{{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}} |Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746 |- |[[Tenures Abolition Act 1746]] |- |1761 |{{Flag|Portugal|1750}} |The Marquis of Pombal bans the importation of slaves to metropolitan Portugal. encouraging instead the trade of African slaves to Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramos |first=Luís O. |date=1971 |title=Pombal e o esclavagismo |url=https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/7680/2/3108.pdf |website=Repositório Aberto da Universidade do Porto}}</ref> |- |1766 |{{Flag|Spain|1701}} |Muhammad III of [[Moroko|Morocco]] purchases the freedom of all Muslim slaves in [[Sevilla|Seville]], Cádiz, and [[Barcelona]]. |- |1770 |{{Flagcountry|Circassia}} |The Circassians of the Abdzakh region started a great revolution in Circassian territory in 1770. Classes such as slaves, nobles and princes were completely abolished. The Abdzakh Revolution coincides with the French Revolution. While many French nobles took refuge in Russia, some of the Circassian nobles took the same path and took refuge in Russia. |- |1771 |{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Sardinia|1720}} [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720-1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]] |Serfdom abolished in the lands ruled by the House of Savoy. |- |1772 |{{Flagcountry|Kingdom of England}} |Somersett's case rules that no slave can be forcibly removed from England. This case was generally taken at the time to have decided that the condition of slavery did not exist under English law in England and Wales.<ref>Heward, Edmund (1979). Lord Mansfield: A Biography of William Murray 1st Earl of Mansfield 1705–1793 Lord Chief Justice for 32 years. p. 141. Chichester: Barry Rose (publishers) Ltd. {{ISBN|0-85992-163-8}}</ref> |- |1773 |{{Flag|Portugal|1750}} |A new decree by the Marquis of Pombal, signed by the king Dom José, emancipates fourth-generation slaves<ref name="Blackburn" /> and every child born to an enslaved mother after the decree was published. |- |1774 |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} [[East India Company]] |Government of Bengal passed regulations 9 and 10 of 1774, prohibiting the trade in slaves without written deed, and the sale of anyone not already enslaved. |- | rowspan="3" |1775 |{{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}} |Colliers and Salters (Scotland) Act 1775 |- |{{Flagicon|United States|1776}} [[Pennsylvania]] |Pennsylvania Abolition Society formed in [[Philadelphia]], the first abolition society within the territory that is now the United States of America. |- |{{Flag|United States|1776}} |[[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|Atlantic slave trade]] banned or suspended in the United Colonies during the Revolutionary War. This was a continuation of the Thirteen Colonies' non-importation agreements against Britain, as an attempt to cut all economic ties with Britain during the war.<ref name="Finkelman, Paul 2007">{{Cite web |last=Finkelman, Paul |date=2007 |title=The Abolition of The Slave Trade |url=http://abolition.nypl.org/print/us_constitution/ |access-date=25 June 2014 |publisher=New York Public Library}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |1777 |{{Flagicon|Portugal|1750}} [[Madeira]] |Slavery abolished. |- |{{Flag|Vermont Republic}} |The Constitution of the Vermont Republic partially bans slavery,<ref name="timeline" /> freeing men over 21 and women older than 18 at the time of its passage.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1777 |title=Constitution of Vermont (1777) |url=https://www.sec.state.vt.us/archives-records/state-archives/government-history/vermont-constitutions/1777-constitution.aspx#ChapterI |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228110403/https://www.sec.state.vt.us/archives-records/state-archives/government-history/vermont-constitutions/1777-constitution.aspx#ChapterI |archive-date=28 December 2019 |access-date=7 June 2014 |publisher=State of Vermont}}</ref> The ban is not strongly enforced.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee Ann |first=Cox |title=UVM historian examines Vermont's mixed history of slavery and abolition |url=https://www.uvm.edu/uvmnews/news/patchwork-freedom}}</ref> |- |1778 |{{Flag|Scotland}} |Joseph Knight successfully argues that Scots law cannot support the status of slavery.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Slavery, freedom or perpetual servitude? – the Joseph Knight case |url=http://www.nas.gov.uk/about/071022.asp |access-date=5 July 2014 |publisher=The National Archives of Scotland}}</ref> |- |1779 |{{Flagicon image|Red Ensign of Great Britain (1707-1800).svg}} [[British America]] |The Philipsburg Proclamation frees all slaves who desert the American rebels, regardless of their willingness to fight for the Crown. |- |1780 |{{Flagicon|United States|1777}} [[Pennsylvania]] |''An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery'' passed, freeing future children of slaves. Those born prior to the Act remain enslaved for life. The Act becomes a model for other Northern states. Last slaves freed 1847. |- |1781 |{{Flagicon|Archduchy of Austria}} [[Archduchy of Austria]] |Joseph II abolishes personal bondage of serfs and allows their freedom of movement with the Serfdom Patent of 1781. |- | rowspan="5" |1783 |{{Flag|Russian Empire}} |Slavery abolished in the recently annexed Crimean Khanate. |- |[[Fayil:Ensign_of_New_England_(pine_only).svg|23x23px]] [[Massachusetts]] |Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court rules slavery unconstitutional, a decision based on the 1780 Massachusetts constitution. All slaves are immediately freed. |- |{{Flag|Austrian Empire}} |Joseph II abolishes slavery in Bukovina.<ref>Viorel Achim, ''The Roma in Romanian History'', Central European University Press, Budapest, 2004. {{ISBN|963-9241-84-9}}, p. 128</ref> |- |[[Fayil:ColonyofNewHampshireSeal.png|20x20px]] [[New Hampshire]] |Gradual abolition of slavery begins. |- |{{Flagicon image|Red Ensign of Great Britain (1707-1800).svg}} [[British America]] |After being settled into by Quakers, Beaver Harbour, New Brunswick becomes the first settlement in British North America to ban slavery, forbidding slave masters from entering. |- | rowspan="2" |1784 |{{Flagicon image|Ensign of New England (pine only).svg}} [[Connecticut]] |Gradual abolition of slavery, freeing future children of slaves, and later all slaves. |- |{{Flagicon image|Ensign of New England (pine only).svg}} [[Rhode Island]] |Gradual abolition of slavery begins. |- |1785 |{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary}} [[Kingdom of Hungary]] |In response to the Revolt of Horea, Joseph II abolishes personal bondage and allows freedom of movement for peasants in Hungary with the urbarium of 22 August 1785. |- |1786 |{{Flagicon image|Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg}} [[New South Wales]] |A policy of completely banning slavery is adopted by governor-designate Arthur Phillip for the soon-to-be established colony. |- | rowspan="3" |1787 |{{Flag|United States|1777}} |The United States in Congress Assembled passes the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, outlawing any new slavery in the Northwest Territories. |- |{{Flagicon image|Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg}} [[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]] |Founded by [[Hadaddiyar Masarautar Burtaniya Mai Girma da Ireland|Great Britain]] as a colony for emancipated slaves. |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}} |Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade founded in Great Britain.<ref name="timeline" /> |- | rowspan="3" |1788 |Sir William Dolben's Act regulating the conditions on British [[Jiragen bayi|slave ships]] enacted. |- |{{Flagcountry|Kingdom of France}} |Abolitionist Society of the Friends of the Blacks founded in [[Faris|Paris]]. |- |{{Flagcountry|Denmark}} |Limits imposed to serfdom under the Stavnsbånd system. |- |1789 |{{Flagcountry|Kingdom of France}} |Last remaining [[Haƙƙin Mallakar filaye|seigneurial privileges]] over peasants abolished. |- |1791 |{{Flag|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth}} |The Constitution of May 3, 1791 introduced elements of political equality between townspeople and nobility, and placed the peasants under the protection of the government; thus, it mitigated the worst abuses of serfdom. |- |1791 |{{Flagcountry|Kingdom of France|1790}} |Emancipation of second-generation slaves in the colonies.<ref name="artic1" /> |- |1792 |{{Flag|Denmark-Norway}} |Transatlantic slave trade declared illegal after 1803, though slavery continues in Danish colonies to 1848. |- |1792 |{{Flagicon|UK|1707}} [[Saint Halena|Saint Helena]] |The importation of slaves to the island of Saint Helena was banned in 1792, but the phased emancipation of over 800 resident slaves did not take place until 1827, which was still some six years before the British parliament passed legislation to ban slavery in the colonies. |- | rowspan="2" |1793 |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Haiti (1791–1798).svg}} [[Saint-Domingue]] |Commissioner [[Léger-Félicité Sonthonax|Leger-Felicite Sonthonax]] abolishes slavery in the northern part of the colony. His colleague Etienne Polverel does the same in the rest of the territory in October. |- |{{Flag|Upper Canada}} |Importation of slaves banned by the [[Act Against Slavery]]. |- | rowspan="3" |1794 |{{Flagcountry|French First Republic}} |Slavery abolished in all French territories and possessions. |- |{{Flag|United States|1777}} |The Slave Trade Act bans both American ships from participating in the slave trade and the export of slaves in foreign ships.<ref name="Finkelman, Paul 2007" /> |- |{{Flag|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth}} |The Proclamation of Połaniec, issued during the Kościuszko Uprising, ultimately abolished serfdom in Poland, and granted substantial [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|civil liberties]] to all peasants. |- |1798 |{{Flagicon|French First Republic}} [[French occupation of Malta|French Malta]] |Slavery banned in the islands after their capture by French forces under the command of [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]].<ref name="wettinger1981">{{Cite journal |last=Wettinger |first=Godfrey |date=1981 |title=The abolition of slavery in Malta |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/42085/1/Archivum_-_A1.pdf |journal=Archivum: the journal of Maltese historical research |volume=1 |pages=1–19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617082959/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/42085/1/Archivum_-_A1.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2024}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |1799 |{{Flag|New York|1778}} |Gradual emancipation act freeing the future children of slaves, and all slaves in 1827. |- |{{Flag|Scotland}} |The Colliers (Scotland) Act 1799 ends the legal servitude or slavery of coal and salt miners that had been established in 1606. |} == 1800-1829 ==   {| class="wikitable" !Date !Jurisdiction !Description |- | rowspan="3" |1800 |[[Fayil:Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseon_Korea.svg|20x20px]] Joseon |State slavery banned in 1800. Private slavery continued until being banned in 1894. |- |{{Flagicon image|Unofficial Flag of Malta (pre-1943).svg}} [[Malta]] |Despite being in rebellion against the French, the National Congress confirms the validity of Napoleon's 1798 abolition of slavery, and Alexander Ball issues a proclamation to this effect.<ref name="wettinger1981"/> |- |{{Flag|United States|1795}} |American citizens banned from investment and employment in the international slave trade in an additional Slave Trade Act. |- | rowspan="2" |1802 |{{Flagcountry|French First Republic}} |[[Napoleon]] re-introduces slavery in sugarcane-growing colonies. |- |{{Flagicon|United States|1795}} [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]] |State constitution abolishes slavery. |- |1803 |{{Flag|Denmark-Norway}} |Abolition of Danish participation in the [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|transatlantic slave trade]] takes effect on 1 January. |- | rowspan="2" |1804 |{{Flag|New Jersey}} |Slavery abolished. |- |{{Flag|Haiti|1803}} |[[Haiti]] declares independence and abolishes slavery. |- |1805 |{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} |A bill for abolition passes in House of Commons but is rejected in the House of Lords. |- |1806 | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|United States|1795}} |In a message to Congress, [[Thomas Jefferson]] calls for criminalizing the international slave trade, asking Congress to "withdraw the citizens of the United States from all further participation in those violations of human rights ... which the morality, the reputation, and the best of our country have long been eager to proscribe." |- | rowspan="5" |1807 |International slave trade made a felony in Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves; this act takes effect on 1 January 1808, the earliest date permitted under the Constitution. |- |{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} |[[Dokar Kasuwancin Bayi ta 1807|Abolition of the Slave Trade Act]] abolishes slave trading throughout the [[Daular Biritaniya|British Empire]]. Captains fined £100 per slave transported. Patrols sent to the African coast to arrest slaving vessels. The West Africa Squadron (Royal Navy) is established to suppress slave trading; by 1865, nearly 150,000 people freed by anti-slavery operations. |- |{{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Duchy of Warsaw|Warsaw]] |Constitution abolishes serfdom.<ref name="Kantowicz1975" /> |- |{{Flag|Prussia|1803}} |The Stein-Hardenberg Reforms abolish serfdom. |- |{{Flagicon|United States|1795}} [[Michigan Territory]] |Judge Augustus Woodward denies the return of two slaves owned by a man in Windsor, Upper Canada. Woodward declares that any man "coming into this Territory is by law of the land a freeman."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woodward |first=Augustus |date=3 August 2006 |title=Slavery in the Northwest Territory |url=http://www.absolutemichigan.com/dig/michigan/slavery-in-the-northwest-territory/ |access-date=10 September 2012 |publisher=Leelanau Communications, Inc |archive-date=6 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006070212/http://www.absolutemichigan.com/dig/michigan/slavery-in-the-northwest-territory/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |1808 |{{Flag|United States|1795}} |Importation and exportation of slaves made a crime. |- |1810 |{{Flagicon image|Bandera de la Nueva España.svg}} [[New Spain]] |Independence leader Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla proclaimed the abolition of slavery three months after the start of the Independence of Mexico from Spain. |- | rowspan="4" |1811 |{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} |Slave trading made a felony punishable by transportation for both British subjects and foreigners. |- |{{Flag|Spain|1785}} |The Cortes of Cádiz abolish the last remaining seigneurial rights. |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} [[East India Company|British East India Company]] |The Company issued regulations 10 of 1811, prohibiting the transport of slaves into Company territory, adding to the 1774 restrictions. |- |{{Flag|Chile|1812}} |The First National Congress approves a proposal of [[:es:Manuel de Salas|Manuel de Salas]] that declares Freedom of Wombs, freeing the children of slaves born in Chilean territory, regardless of their parents' condition. The slave trade is banned and the slaves who stay for more than six months in Chilean territory are automatically declared freedmen. |- | rowspan="2" |1812 |{{Flagicon|UK}} [[Malta Protectorate]] |British protectorate authorities issue a proclamation declaring that "negroes cannot be considered as objects of trade" in response to reports of African slaves being imported into Malta from North Africa, despite slavery having previously been abolished on Malta in 1798.<ref name="wettinger1981" /> |- |{{Flag|Spain|1785}} |The Cortes of Cádiz pass the Spanish Constitution of 1812, giving citizenship and equal rights to all residents in Spain and her territories, excluding slaves. During deliberations, Deputies José Miguel Guridi y Alcocer and Agustín Argüelles unsuccessfully argue for the abolition of slavery.<ref name="artic1" /> |- | rowspan="2" |1813 |{{Flagicon image|Bandera de la Nueva España.svg}} [[New Spain]] |Independence leader José María Morelos y Pavón declares slavery abolished in Mexico in the documents Sentimientos de la Nación. |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Belgrano (1812).svg}} [[United Provinces of the Río de la Plata|United Provinces]] |Law of Wombs passed by the Assembly of Year XIII. Slaves born after 31 January 1813 will be granted freedom when they are married, or on their 16th birthday for women and 20th for men, and upon their manumission will be given land and tools to work it. |- | rowspan="2" |1814 |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Belgrano (1812).svg}} [[United Provinces of the Río de la Plata|United Provinces]] |After the occupation of [[Montevideo]], all slaves born in modern [[Uruguay|Uruguayan]] territory are declared free. |- |{{Flag|Netherlands}} |Slave trade abolished. |- | rowspan="4" |1815 |{{Flagcountry|French First Republic}} |[[Napoleon]] abolishes the slave trade. |- |{{Flag|Portugal|1750}} |Slave trade banned north of the Equator in return for a £750,000 payment by Britain. |- |{{Flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Spanish Florida|Florida]] |British withdrawing after the War of 1812 leave a fully armed fort in the hands of [[maroons]], escaped slaves and their descendants, and their Seminole allies. Becomes known as Negro Fort. |- |{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Portugal|1750}}<br /><br />{{Flagicon image|Swedish and Norwegian merchant flag 1818-1844.svg}} [[Sweden-Norway]]<br /><br />{{Flagcountry|Bourbon Restoration}}<br /><br />{{Flagicon|AUT|empire}} [[Austrian Empire|Austria]]<br /><br />{{Flag|Russia}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Spain|1785}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Prussia|1803}} |The [[Congress of Vienna]] declares its opposition to the slave trade. |- | rowspan="3" |1816 |[[Fayil:Eestimaa_värvid.svg|23x23px]] Estonia |Serfdom abolished. |- |{{Flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Spanish Florida|Florida]] |Negro Fort destroyed in the Battle of Negro Fort by U.S. forces under the command of General [[Andrew Jackson]]. |- |[[Fayil:AlgierRegency2.svg|20x20px]] Algeria |Algiers bombarded by the British and Dutch navies in an attempt to end [[Barbary pirates|North African piracy and slave raiding]] in the Mediterranean. 3,000 slaves freed. |- | rowspan="6" |1817 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_the_Courland_Governorate.svg|23x23px]] Courland |Serfdom abolished. |- |{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Spain|1785}} |Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade. |- |{{Flag|Spain|1785}} |Ferdinand VII signs a cedula banning the importation of slaves in Spanish possessions beginning in 1820,<ref name="artic1" /> in return for a £400,000 payment from Britain.<ref name="britpay" /> However, some slaves are still smuggled in after this date. Both slave ownership and internal commerce in slaves remained legal. |- |{{Flagicon image|Bandera de Angostura (20 de noviembre de 1817).svg}} [[Third Republic of Venezuela|Venezuela]] |[[Simón Bolívar|Simon Bolivar]] calls for the abolition of slavery.<ref name="artic1" /> |- |{{Flag|New York|1778}} |4 July 1827 set as date to free all ex-slaves from indenture. |- |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Argentina_(civil).svg|23x23px]] United Provinces |Constitution supports the abolition of slavery, but does not ban it.<ref name="artic1" /> |- | rowspan="3" |1818 |{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Portugal|1816}} |Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade. |- |{{Flagcountry|Bourbon Restoration}} |Slave trade banned. |- |{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Netherlands}} |Bilateral treaty taking additional measures to enforce the 1814 ban on slave trading.<ref name="britleg" /> |- | rowspan="3" |1819 |[[Fayil:Livonian_colours.svg|23x23px]] Livonia |Serfdom abolished. |- |{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Upper Canada]] |Attorney-General John Robinson declares all black residents free. |- |{{Flag|Hawaii|1816}} |The ancient Hawaiian kapu system is abolished during the ʻAi Noa, and with it the distinction between the kauwā slave class and the maka{{okina}}āinana (commoners).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Levin |first=Stephenie Seto |year=1968 |title=The Overthrow of the Kapu System in Hawaii |url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_77_1968/Volume_77,_No._4/The_overthrow_of_the_kapu_system_in_Hawaii,_by_Stephenie_Seto_Levin,_p_402_-_430/p1 |journal=Journal of the Polynesian Society |location=Wellington, NZ |publisher=Polynesian Society |volume=77 |pages=402–430 |access-date=2025-05-28 |archive-date=2023-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419202518/https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_77_1968/Volume_77,_No._4/The_overthrow_of_the_kapu_system_in_Hawaii,_by_Stephenie_Seto_Levin,_p_402_-_430/p1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |1820 |{{Flag|United States|1820}} |The Compromise of 1820 bans slavery north of the 36º 30' line; the Act to Protect the Commerce of the United States and Punish the Crime of Piracy is amended to consider the maritime slave trade as piracy, making it punishable with death. |- |[[Fayil:Indiana-StateSeal.svg|23x23px]] [[Indiana]] |The supreme court orders almost all slaves in the state to be freed in ''Polly v. Lasselle''. |- |{{Flag|Spain|1785}} |The 1817 abolition of the slave trade takes effect.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC - Liverpool Local History - American Connections - Slavery Timeline |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/localhistory/journey/american_connection/slavery/timeline.shtml |website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |1821 |{{Flag|First Mexican Empire|1821}} |The Plan of Iguala frees the slaves born in Mexico.<ref name="artic1" /> |- |{{Flag|United States|1820}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Spain|1785}} |In accordance with Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, Florida becomes a territory of the United States. A main reason was Spain's inability or unwillingness to capture and return escaped slaves. |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Peru (1821-1822).svg}} [[Peru]] |Abolition of slave trade and implementation of a plan to gradually end slavery.<ref name="artic1" /> |- |{{Flag|Gran Colombia}} |Emancipation for sons and daughters born to slave mothers, program for compensated emancipation set. |- | rowspan="3" |1822 |{{Flagicon|Haiti|1859}} [[Unification of Hispaniola|Haiti]] |Jean Pierre Boyer annexes Spanish Haiti and abolishes slavery there. |- |{{Flagicon|Liberia|1822}} [[Laberiya|Liberia]] |Founded by the American Colonization Society as a colony for emancipated slaves. |- |{{Flagicon|Muscat}} [[Muscat and Oman]]<br /><br />{{Flag|United Kingdom}} |First bilateral treaty limiting the [[Bauta a Zanzibar|slave trade in Zanzibar]] (Moresby Treaty). |- | rowspan="3" |1823 |{{Flag|Chile}} |Slavery abolished.<ref name="timeline" /> |- |{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} |The Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions (Anti-Slavery Society) is founded. |- |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Greece_(1822-1978).svg|22x22px]] Greece |Prohibition of slavery is enshrined in the Greek Constitution of 1823, during the Greek War of Independence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Greek Constitution of 1823, article 9 |url=https://www.hellenicparliament.gr/UserFiles/f3c70a23-7696-49db-9148-f24dce6a27c8/syn07.pdf}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |1824 |{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} |Slave Trade Act 1824 |- |{{Flag|Mexico|1823}} |The new constitution effectively abolishes slavery. |- |{{Flagdeco|Federal Republic of Central America}} [[Federal Republic of Central America|Central America]] |Slavery abolished.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Robert S. |date=1 November 1963 |title=Financing the Central American Federation, 1821–1838 |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/43/4/483/159631/Financing-the-Central-American-Federation-1821 |journal=Hispanic American Historical Review |language=en |location=[[Durham, North Carolina|Durham]], [[North Carolina]] |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |volume=43 |issue=4 |page=510 |doi=10.1215/00182168-43.4.483 |jstor=2509898 |access-date=3 August 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |1825 |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Treinta y Tres.svg}} [[Uruguay]] |Importation of slaves banned. |- |{{Flagicon|Haiti|1859}} [[Haiti]] |France, with warships at the ready, demanded [[Bashin 'yancin kai na Haiti|Haiti compensate France]] for its loss of slaves and its slave colony |- | rowspan="3" |1827 |{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br /><br />{{Flagicon image|Swedish and Norwegian merchant flag 1818-1844.svg}} [[Sweden-Norway]] |Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.<ref name="britleg" /> |- |{{Flag|New York|1778}} |Last vestiges of slavery abolished. Children born between 1799 and 1827 are indentured until age 25 (females) or age 28 (males). |- |{{Flagicon|UK|1801}} [[Saint Halena|Saint Helena]] |Phased emancipation of over 800 resident slaves, some six years before the British parliament passed legislation to ban slavery in all colonies. |- |1829 |{{Flag|Mexico|1823}} |Last slaves freed just as the first president of partial African ancestry (Vicente Guerrero) is elected.<ref name="timeline" /> |} == 1830-1849 ==   {| class="wikitable" !Date !Jurisdiction !Description |- |1830 |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Coahuila y Tejas.svg}} [[Coahuila y Tejas]] |Mexican President Anastasio Bustamante attempts to implement the abolition of slavery. To circumvent the law, Anglo-Texans declare their slaves "indentured servants for life". |- |1830 |{{Flag|Ottoman Empire}} |The Firman of 1830 theoretically emancipates all white slaves in the Ottoman Empire. |- |1830 |{{Flag|Uruguay}} |Slavery abolished. |- | rowspan="2" |1831 |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Bolivia (state, 1826-1851).svg}} [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] |Slavery abolished. |- |{{Flagicon|Empire of Brazil}} [[Empire of Brazil|Brazil]] |Law of 7 November 1831, abolishing the maritime slave trade, banning any importation of slaves, and granting freedom to slaves illegally imported into Brazil. The law was seldom enforced prior to 1850, when Brazil, under British pressure, adopted additional legislation to criminalize the importation of slaves. |- |1832 |{{Flag|Kingdom of Greece|1822}} |Slavery abolished with independence. |- |1832 |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Coahuila y Tejas.svg}} [[Coahuila y Tejas]] |Anahuac Disturbances: Juan Davis Bradburn, American-born Mexican officer at Anahuac, Texas, confronts slave-owning American settlers, enforcing Mexican abolition of slavery and refusing to hand over two escaped slaves. |- | rowspan="2" |1834 |{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} |The [[Dokar Haramta Bautar da Mutane ta 1833|Slavery Abolition Act 1833]] comes into force, abolishing slavery throughout most of the [[Daular Biritaniya|British Empire]] but on a gradual basis over the next six years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oldfield |first=Dr John |date=17 February 2011 |title=British Anti-slavery |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/antislavery_01.shtml |access-date=2 January 2017 |website=BBC History |publisher=BBC |quote=the new legislation called for the gradual abolition of slavery. Everyone over the age of six on August 1, 1834, when the law went into effect, was required to serve an apprenticeship of four years in the case of domestics and six years in the case of field hands}}</ref> Legally frees 700,000 in the West Indies, 20,000 in [[Moris|Mauritius]], and 40,000 in [[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]]. The exceptions are the territories controlled by the East India Company and [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]]. |- |{{Flagcountry|July Monarchy}} |French Society for the Abolition of Slavery founded in Paris. |- | rowspan="4" |1835 |{{Flag|Principality of Serbia}} |Freedom granted to all slaves in the moment they step on Serb soil.<ref>Serbian: {{Cite web |title=Сретењски устав – Устав Књажества Сербије |trans-title=Sretenski Constitution – Constitution of the Principality of Serbia |url=http://serbum.com/?p%3D1253 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213301/http://serbum.com/?p=1253 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=2013-06-10}}</ref> |- |{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br /><br />{{Flagcountry|July Monarchy}} | rowspan="2" |Bilateral treaties abolishing the slave trade. |- |{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Denmark}} |- |{{Flag|Peru|1825}} |A decree of Felipe Santiago Salaverry re-legalizes the importation of slaves from other Latin American countries. The line "no slave shall enter Peru without becoming free" is taken out of the Constitution in 1839. |- |1836 |{{Flag|Portugal|1830}} |Prime Minister Sá da Bandeira bans the transatlantic slave trade and the importation and exportation of slaves to or from the Portuguese colonies south of the equator. |- |1837 |{{Flag|Spain|1785}} |Slavery abolished outside of the colonies. |- |1838 |{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} |Most slaves in the colonies become free after a period of forced apprenticeship following the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions (now London Anti-Slavery Society) winds up. |- | rowspan="3" |1839 |{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} |The [[Anti-Slavery International|British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society]] (after several changes, now known as Anti-Slavery International) is founded. |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} [[East India Company]] |The Indian indenture system is abolished in territories controlled by the company, but this is reversed in 1842. |- |{{Flagicon|Papal States}} [[Cocin katolika|Catholic Church]] |Pope Gregory XVI's ''In supremo apostolatus'' resoundingly condemns slavery and the slave trade. |- | rowspan="3" |1840 |{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Venezuela|1836}} |Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade. |- |{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} |First World Anti-Slavery Convention meets in [[Landan|London]]. |- |{{Flagcountry|New Zealand|1834}} |Taking slaves banned by Treaty of Waitangi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Slavery in Colonial Times |url=http://www.theprow.org.nz/maori/slavery-in-colonial-times/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |archive-date=2023-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521000057/https://www.theprow.org.nz/maori/slavery-in-colonial-times |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |1841 |{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br /><br />{{Flagcountry|July Monarchy}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Russia}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Prussia|1803}}<br /><br />{{Flagicon|Austrian Empire}} [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] |Quintuple Treaty agreeing to suppress the slave trade.<ref name="timeline" /> |- |{{Flag|United States|1837}} |''United States v. The Amistad'' finds that the slaves of ''La Amistad'' were illegally enslaved and were legally allowed, as free men, to fight their captors by any means necessary. |- | rowspan="2" |1842 |{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Portugal|1830}} |Bilateral treaty extending the enforcement of the slave trade ban to Portuguese ships south of the Equator. |- |{{Flag|Paraguay|1842}} |Law for the gradual abolition of slavery passed.<ref name="artic1" /> |- | rowspan="6" |1843 |{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} |Slave Trade Act 1843 |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} [[East India Company]] |The Indian Slavery Act, 1843, Act V abolishes slavery in territories controlled by the company. |- |{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Uruguay}} | rowspan="4" |Bilateral treaties abolishing the slave trade.<ref name="britleg" /> |- |{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Mexico|1824}} |- |{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Chile}} |- |{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br /><br />[[Fayil:Flag_of_Bolivia_(state,_1826-1851).svg|23x23px]] [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] |- | rowspan="4" |1844 |{{Flag|Moldavia}} |Mihail Sturdza abolishes slavery in Moldavia. |- |{{Flag|Kingdom of Hungary}} |The serfs were given the [[Haƙƙin mallakar ƙasa|Right to Property]]. But until the April Laws, they were subject to different taxes and legal procedures (jus gladii) than burghers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A jobbágyfelszabadítás |url=https://rubicon.hu/cikkek/a-jobbagyfelszabaditas |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=Rubicon |language=hu}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Paraguay|1844}} |Slave trade abolished.<ref name="artic1" /> |- |{{Flag|Dominican Republic|1844}} |[[Jamhuriyar Dominika|Dominican Republic]] declares independence from [[Haiti]]; abolition of slavery reinforced.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pérez Vargas |first=Amaurys |date=3 September 2022 |title=La abolición de la esclavitud en la independencia dominicana y de las Américas |url=https://hoy.com.do/la-abolicion-de-la-esclavitud-en-la-independencia-dominicana-y-de-las-americas/ |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=Hoy |language=es}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |1845 |{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} |36 Royal Navy ships assigned to the Anti-Slavery Squadron, making it one of the largest fleets in the world. |- |[[Fayil:Seal_of_Illinois.svg|23x23px]] [[Illinois]] |In ''Jarrot v. Jarrot,'' the Illinois Supreme Court frees the last indentured ex-slaves in the state who were born after the Northwest Ordinance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dexter |first=Darrel |date=2004 |title=Slavery in Illinois: How and Why the Underground Railroad Existed |url=http://www.freedomtrails2legacies.org/slavery.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204033514/http://freedomtrails2legacies.org/slavery.htm |archive-date=4 February 2016 |access-date=6 February 2016 |website=Freedom Trails: Legacies of Hope |publisher=Illinois Freedom Trail Commission}}</ref> |- |1846 |{{Flag|Tunisia}} |Slavery abolished in Tunisia under Ahmed Bey rule.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Abolition of Slavery in Tunisia 1841–1846 &#124; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/memory-of-the-world/register/full-list-of-registered-heritage/registered-heritage-page-1/the-abolition-of-slavery-in-tunisia-1841-1846/ |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |1847 |{{Flag|Ottoman Empire}} |[[Rushe cinikin bayi a cikin Tekun Fasha|Suppression of the slave trade in the Persian Gulf]]: slave trade from Africa (via the Persian Gulf route) abolished. |- |{{Flagicon image|Swedish norwegian union flag.svg}} [[Swedish colony of Saint Barthélemy|Saint Barthélemy]] |Last slaves freed. |- |{{Flag|Pennsylvania}} |The last indentured ex-slaves, born before 1780 (fewer than 100 in the 1840 census) are freed. |- |{{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Danish West Indies]] |Royal edict ruling the freedom of children born from female slaves and the total abolition of slavery after 12 years. Dissatisfaction causes a slave rebellion in Saint Croix the next year. |- | rowspan="6" |1848 |{{Flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hungariya|Hungary]] |The April laws completely abolished serfdom in Hungary (excluding Transylvania) and Croatia. |- |{{Flagicon|Austrian Empire}} [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] |Serfdom abolished. |- |{{Flagcountry|French Second Republic}} |Slavery abolished in the colonies. [[Gabon]] is founded as a settlement for emancipated slaves. |- |{{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Danish West Indies]] |Governor Peter von Scholten declares the immediate and total emancipation of all slaves in an attempt to end the slave revolt. For this he is recalled and tried for treason, but the charges are later dropped.<ref name="timeline" /><ref name="nordic" /> |- |{{Flag|Denmark}} |Last remains of the Stavnsbånd effectively abolished. |- |{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br /><br />{{Flagicon|Muscat}} [[Muscat and Oman]] | rowspan="2" |Bilateral treaties abolishing the slave trade.<ref name="britleg" /> |- | rowspan="2" |1849 |{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Trucial States}} |- |{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]] |The Royal Navy destroys the slave factory of Lomboko. |} == 1850-1899 ==   {| class="wikitable" !Date !Jurisdiction !Description |- | rowspan="2" |1850 |{{Flag|United States|1848}} |The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 requires the return of escaped slaves to their owners regardless of the state they are in. |- |{{Flagicon|Empire of Brazil}} [[Empire of Brazil|Brazil]] |Eusébio de Queirós Law (Law 581 of 4 September 1850) criminalizing the maritime slave trade as piracy, and imposing other criminal sanctions on the importation of slaves (already banned in 1831). |- | rowspan="5" |1851 |{{Flagicon|Empire of Brazil}} [[Brazil]] {{Flag|Uruguay}} |Bilateral treaty of 12 October, Uruguay accepts returning to Brazil the escaped slaves from that country. Brazilians who owned land in Uruguay were allowed to have slaves in their properties. |- |Taiping Heavenly Kingdom |Slavery nominally abolished along with opium, gambling, polygamy and foot binding.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinese Cultural Studies: The Taiping Rebellion, 1851–1864 |url=http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/taiping.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201013616/http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/taiping.html |archive-date=1 December 2015 |access-date=2015-11-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hays |first=Jeffrey |title=TAIPING REBELLION – Facts and Details |url=http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat2/sub4/item54.html |access-date=21 March 2018 |website=factsanddetails.com}}</ref> |- |[[Fayil:Flag_of_New_Granada.svg|23x23px]] New Granada |Slavery abolished. After years of laws that only purported a partial advancement towards abolition, President José Hilario López pushed Congress to pass total abolition on 21 May. Former owners were compensated with government issued bonds. |- |{{Flag|Ecuador|1845}} |Slavery abolished in the country by José María Urvina.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2016 |title=Esclavitud – Historia del Ecuador – Enciclopedia Del Ecuador |url=http://www.enciclopediadelecuador.com/historia-del-ecuador/esclavitud/ |access-date=21 March 2018 |website=enciclopediadelecuador.com}}</ref> |- |[[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] |Reduction of Lagos: The British capture the city of [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] and replace King [[Kosoko]] with Akitoye because of the former's refusal to ban the [[Bautar da Mutane a Afrika|slave trade]]. |- | rowspan="2" |1852 |{{Flagicon|Hawaii}} [[Kingdom of Hawaii|Hawaii]] |1852 Constitution officially declared slavery illegal. |- |{{Flag|United Kingdom}}<br /><br />[[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] |Bilateral treaty banning the slave trade and human sacrifice. |- |1853 |{{Flagicon|Argentine Confederation}} [[Argentine Confederation|Argentina]] |Slavery abolished with the sanction of a new federal Constitution. |- | rowspan="3" |1854 |{{Flag|Peru|1825}} |Slavery abolished by Ramón Castilla. |- |{{Flag|Ottoman Empire}} |The Firman of 1854 prohibit the Circassian slave trade. |- |{{Flag|Venezuela|1836}} |Slavery abolished.<ref name="timeline" /><ref name="aguilera" /> |- |1855 |{{Flag|Moldavia}} | rowspan="2" |Slavery abolished. |- |1856 |{{Flag|Wallachia}} |- | rowspan="2" |1857 |{{Flag|United States|1851}} |''Dred Scott v. Sandford'' rules that black slaves and their descendants cannot gain American citizenship and are not entitled to freedom even if they live in a free state for years. |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Egypt (1844-1867).svg}} [[Egypt Eyalet|Egypt]] |[[Hana Kasuwancin Bayi Baƙaƙen fata|Firman of 1857]] banning the trade of Black African (Zanj) slaves.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2018}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> |- |1857 |{{Flag|Ottoman Empire}} |The [[Hana Kasuwancin Bayi Baƙaƙen fata|Firman of 1857]] prohibit the African slave trade.<ref name="Global Slavery Throughout History 2023 p536" /> |- |1858 |{{Flag|United Kingdom}} |British government takes direct control of all land owned by the East India Company, making previously East India Company directly managed territory subject to the slavery laws applicable in the rest of the British Empire. |- | rowspan="3" |1859 |[[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantic Ocean]] |Definitive suppression of the [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|transatlantic slave trade]]. |- |{{Flag|United States|1859}} |The Wyandotte Constitution establishes the future state of [[Kansas]] as a free state, after four years of armed conflict between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups in the territory. Southern dominance in the U.S. Senate delays the admission of Kansas as a state until 1861. |- |{{Flag|Russia}} |[[Kazakhs]] banned from having slaves, although slavery persists in some areas through the rest of the century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Traditional Institutions in Modern Kazakhstan |url=http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/97summer/galiev.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904124830/http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/97summer/galiev.html |archive-date=4 September 2019 |access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2018}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (July 2018)">better&nbsp;source&nbsp;needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> |- |1860 |{{Flag|United States|1859}} |Last known [[Jiragen bayi|slave ship]] to unload illegally on U.S. territory, the ''Clotilda''. |- | rowspan="3" |1861 |{{Flag|Russia}} |The Emancipation reform of 1861 abolishes serfdom. |- |{{Flag|United States|1861}} |The election of [[Abraham Lincoln]] leads to the attempted secession of eleven slaveholding states and the American Civil War. |- |{{Flag|United Kingdom}}<br /><br />[[British India]] | Indian Penal Code explicitly prohibits slavery in British administered territory. |- | rowspan="4" |1862 |{{Flag|United States|1861}} |Congress passes the District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act, freeing all slaves in the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-06 |title=The District of Columbia Emancipation Act |url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/dc-emancipation-act |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|United States|1861}}<br /><br />{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} |Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade (African Slave Trade Treaty Act). |- |{{Flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Spanish Cuba]] |Slave trade abolished.<ref name="timeline" /> |- |{{Flag|United States|1861}} |Nathaniel Gordon becomes the only person hanged in U.S. history "for being engaged in the slave trade". |- | rowspan="4" |1863 |{{Flag|Netherlands}} |Slavery abolished in the colonies, emancipating 33,000 slaves in Surinam, 12,000 in Curaçao and Dependencies, and an indeterminate number in the East Indies. |- |{{Flag|United States|1863}} |Lincoln issues the [[Shelar 'Yanci|Emancipation Proclamation]], freeing all slaves in Confederate-controlled areas. Most slaves in "border states" are freed by state action, and a separate law frees the slaves in [[Washington, D.C.]] |- |{{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Ayislan|Iceland]] |Exemptions introduced to serfdom under the Vistarband system. |- |{{Flag|Chatham Islands}} |Slavery abolished. |- |1864 |{{Flagicon image|Military ensign of Vistula Flotilla of Congress Poland.svg}} [[Congress Poland]] |Serfdom abolished. |- | rowspan="3" |1865 |{{Flag|United States|1865}} |Slavery and involuntary servitude abolished, except as punishment for crime, by the [[Gyaran Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka na 13|Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]]. It frees all remaining slaves, about 40,000, in the border slave states that did not secede. Thirty out of thirty-six states vote to ratify it; [[New Jersey]], [[Delaware]], [[Kentucky]], and [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]] vote against. Mississippi does not officially ratify it until 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ben Waldron |date=18 February 2013 |title=Mississippi Officially Abolishes Slavery, Ratifies 13th Amendment |url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2013/02/mississippi-officially-abolishes-slavery-ratifies-13th-amendment/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627203637/https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2013/02/mississippi-officially-abolishes-slavery-ratifies-13th-amendment/ |archive-date=27 June 2013 |access-date=23 April 2013 |publisher=ABC News}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Republic of Texas|1839}} |Juneteenth: U.S. General Gordon Granger proclaims the end of slavery in [[Galveston, Texas|Galveston]]. |- |{{Flag|Spain|1785}} |Spanish Abolitionist Society founded in [[Madrid]] by Julio Vizcarrondo, José Julián Acosta and [[:ca:Joaquim Maria Sanromà|Joaquín Sanromá]]. |- | rowspan="3" |1866 |{{Flagicon|Oklahoma|1925}} [[Oklahoma]] |Slavery abolished. U.S. government treaties with the Five Tribes that governed the Indian Territory, which previously allied with the Confederacy, required them to abolish slavery for renewed U.S. recognition of their continued independence. |- |[[Fayil:Iowa-StateSeal.svg|20x20px]] [[Iowa]] | rowspan="2" |Thirteenth Amendment ratified. |- |{{Flag|New Jersey}} |- | rowspan="2" |1867 |{{Flag|Spain|1785}} |Law of Repression and Punishment of the Slave Trade.<ref name="artic1" /> |- |{{Flag|United States|1865}} |Peonage Act of 1867, mostly targeting use of Native American peons in New Mexico Territory. Slavery among native tribes in Alaska was abolished after the purchase from Russia in 1867. |- |1868 |{{Flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Spanish Cuba]] |Carlos Manuel de Céspedes and other independence leaders free their slaves and proclaim the independence of Cuba, starting the Ten Years War. |- | rowspan="2" |1869 |{{Flag|Portugal|1830}} |Louis I abolishes slavery in all Portuguese territories and colonies. |- |{{Flag|Paraguay}} |Slavery abolished. |- | rowspan="2" |1870 |{{Flag|Spain|1785}} |Amidst great opposition from the Cuban and Puerto Rican planters, Segismundo Moret drafts a "Law of Free Wombs" that frees children of slaves, slaves older than 65 years, and slaves serving in the Spanish Army, beginning in 1872.<ref name="artic1" /> |- |{{Flag|Republic of Texas|1839}} |Thirteenth Amendment ratified. |- | rowspan="2" |1871 |{{Flagicon|Empire of Brazil}} [[Empire of Brazil|Brazil]] |Rio Branco Law (Law of Free Birth) declares the children born to slave mothers free. |- |{{Flag|Japan|1870}} |Abolition of the han system or Japanese feudalism. |- | rowspan="3" |1873 |{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} |Slave Trade Act 1873 |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Puerto Rico (1873–1875).svg}} [[Puerto Rico]] |Slavery abolished. |- |{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br /><br />{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Sultanate of Zanzibar.svg}} [[Sultanate of Zanzibar|Zanzibar]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon image|Merina Kingdom flag.svg}} [[Merina Kingdom|Madagascar]] |Triple treaty abolishing the slave trade.<ref name="britleg" /> |- |1874 |{{Flag|Gold Coast}} |Slavery abolished. |- |1877 |{{Flagicon|Khedivate of Egypt}} [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egypt]] |The [[Yarjejeniyar Cinikin Bautar da bayi ta Ingila da Masar|Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention]] abolishes the slave trade gradually in 1877–1884. This also gradually abolishes [[Bauta a Misira|slavery itself]] over the next decades. |- |1879 |{{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Principality of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] |Slavery abolished with independence. The Constitution states that any slave that enters Bulgarian territory is immediately freed. |- |1880 |{{Flag|Ottoman Empire}} |The [[Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Ottoman ta 1880|Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1880]] prohibit the [[Cinikin bayi na Bahar Maliya|Red Sea slave trade]] and give the British the right to stop all slave ships in Ottoman waters.<ref name="Global Slavery Throughout History 2023 p536" /> |- |1882 |{{Flag|Ottoman Empire}} |A firman emancipates all slaves, white and black. |- |1884 |{{Flag|Cambodia|1863}} |Slavery abolished. |- |1885 |{{Flagicon|Empire of Brazil}} [[Empire of Brazil|Brazil]] |Saraiva-Cotegipe Law passed, freeing all slaves over the age of 60 and creating other measures for the gradual abolition of slavery, such as a Manumissions Fund administered by the State. |- |1886 |{{Flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Spanish Cuba]] |Slavery abolished.<ref name="timeline" /> |- |1888 |{{Flagicon|Empire of Brazil}} [[Empire of Brazil|Brazil]] |[[Dokar Zinariya|Slavery abolished]]. |- |1889 |{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] |An Italian court finds that Josephine Bakhita was never legally enslaved according to Italian, British, or Egyptian law and is a free woman. |- |1889 |{{Flag|Ottoman Empire}} |The [[Kanunname na 1889|Kanunname of 1889]] prohibit the African slavery and slave trade in the Ottoman Empire. |- |1890 |{{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br /><br />{{Flag|France}}<br /><br />{{Flagicon|Germany|empire}} [[German Empire|Germany]]<br /><br />{{Flag|Portugal|1830}}<br /><br />{{Flagicon|Congo Free State}} [[Congo Free State|Congo]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]<br /><br />{{Flag|Spain|1785}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Netherlands}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Belgium}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Russia}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Austria-Hungary}}<br /><br />{{Flagicon image|Union Jack of Sweden and Norway (1844-1905).svg}} [[Union between Sweden and Norway|Sweden-Norway]]<br /><br />{{Flag|Denmark}}<br /><br />{{Flag|United States|1890}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Ottoman Empire}}<br /><br />{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Sultanate of Zanzibar.svg}} [[Sultanate of Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] {{Flagicon image|Tricolour Flag of Iran (1886).svg}} [[Qajar dynasty|Persia]] |Brussels Conference Act – a collection of anti-slavery measures to put an end to the slave trade on land and sea, especially in the [[Kongo Basin|Congo Basin]], the Ottoman Empire, and the [[Gabashin Afirka|East African]] coast. |- | rowspan="2" |1894 |{{Flagicon|Korean Empire}} [[Joseon|Korea]] |Slavery abolished, but it survives in practice until 1930. |- |{{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Ayislan|Iceland]] |Vistarband effectively abolished (but not de jure). |- |1895 |{{Flagicon|Taiwan|japan}} [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Taiwan]] |Taiwan is annexed by Japan, where slavery has been abolished. |- | rowspan="2" |1895 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg|23x23px]] Egypt |Slavery abolished.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Convention between Great Brittain and Egypt |url=http://treaties.fco.gov.uk/docs/fullnames/pdf/1895/TS0016%20(1895)%201895%2021%20NOV,%20CAIRO%3B%20CONVENTION%20BETWEEN%20GB%20AND%20EGYPT%20FOR%20THE%20SUPPRESSION%20OF%20SLAVERY%20AND%20THE%20SLAVE%20TRADE.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709170319/http://treaties.fco.gov.uk/docs/fullnames/pdf/1895/TS0016%20(1895)%201895%2021%20NOV,%20CAIRO%3B%20CONVENTION%20BETWEEN%20GB%20AND%20EGYPT%20FOR%20THE%20SUPPRESSION%20OF%20SLAVERY%20AND%20THE%20SLAVE%20TRADE.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2017 |access-date=6 March 2017}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Kingdom of Italy}} |First slaves freed<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Somali Bantu Their History and Culture |url=http://www.hartfordinfo.org/issues/wsd/immigrants/somali_bantu.pdf}}</ref> |- |1896 |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Madagascar Protectorate (1885-1896).svg}} [[Malagasy Protectorate|Madagascar]] |Slavery abolished. |- | rowspan="3" |1897 |[[Fayil:Flag_of_Zanzibar_Under_British_Rule.svg|23x23px]] Zanzibar |Slavery abolished<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-10-17 |title=Swahili Coast |url=http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051001033344/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html |archive-date=1 October 2005 |access-date=2013-08-28 |website=National Geographic}}</ref> except in the case of concubines (abolished in 1909). |- |{{Flagicon|Thailand|1855}} [[Tailan|Siam]] |Slave trade abolished. |- |{{Flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Basra|Bassora]] |Children of freedmen issued separate certificates of liberation to avoid enslavement and separation from their parents.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2018}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> |- |1899 |{{Flagicon|France|1794}} [[Ndzuwani]] |Slavery abolished. |} == 1900-1949 == {| class="wikitable" !Date !Jurisdiction !Description |- |1900 |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Guam]] |Slavery abolished 22 February 1900, by proclamation of Richard P. Leary.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1901 |title=Affairs in America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZU4DAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA54 |journal=CyclopeReview of Current History |publisher=Current History Co |volume=10: 1900 |page=54}}</ref> |- |1901 |{{Flag|Delaware}} |Thirteenth Amendment ratified. |- |1902 |{{flagicon image|Reichskolonialflagge.svg}} [[German Cameroon|Cameroon]] |Gradual abolition of slavery.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Slavery in Colonial Cameroon, 1880s to 1930s |url=https://www.cecult.ifch.unicamp.br/pf-cecult/public-files/projetos/9585/eckert._slavery_in_colonial_cameroon_1998.pdf}}</ref> |- |1903 |{{Flag|French Sudan}} |"[[Bauta a Mali|Slave]]" no longer used as an administrative category. |- | rowspan="2" |1904 |{{Flag|United Kingdom}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Germany|empire}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Denmark}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Spain|1785}}<br /><br />{{Flag|France}}<br /><br />{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]<br /><br />{{Flag|Netherlands}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Portugal|1830}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Russia}} |[[Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa don dakile safarar fararen bayi|International Agreement for the suppression of the White Slave Traffic]] signed in Paris. Only France, the Netherlands and Russia extend the treaty to the whole extent of their colonial empires with immediate effect, and Italy extends it to [[Eritrea]] but not to Italian Somaliland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Minnesota Human Rights Library |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/whiteslavetraffic1904.html |access-date=21 March 2018 |website=hrlibrary.umn.edu}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Kenya_(1895–1921).svg}} [[British East Africa]] |Slavery abolished.<ref name="afr">{{Cite web |title=SLAVERY AND THE SLAVE TRADE IN EASTERN AFRICA |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283055675 |website=ResearchGate}}</ref> |- |1905 |{{Flag|French West Africa}} |[[Bauta a Mali|Slavery formally abolished]]. Though up to one million slaves gain their freedom, slavery continues to exist in practice for decades afterward. |- | rowspan="2" |1906 |{{Flag|Qing Dynasty}} |Slavery abolished beginning on 31 January 1910. Adult slaves are converted into hired laborers and the minors freed upon reaching age 25. |- |{{Flag|Barotseland}} |Slavery abolished. |- | rowspan="2" |1908 |{{Flag|Ottoman Empire}} |The Young Turk Revolution eradicates the open trade of Zanj and Circassian women from Constantinople. |- |{{Flag|Congo Free State}} |[[Beljik|Belgium]] annexes the Congo Free State, ending the practice of slavery there. |- |1912 |{{Flagicon|Thailand|1855}} [[Tailan|Siam]] |Slavery abolished. |- |1915 |{{Flagicon|Malaysia|1895}} [[British Malaya]] |Slavery abolished.<ref name="dat">{{Cite web |title=International Abolition and Anti-Slavery Timeline American Abolitionists and Antislavery Activists |url=http://www.americanabolitionists.com/international-abolition-and-anti-slavery-timeline.html |website=americanabolitionists.com}}</ref> |- |1917 |{{Flag|British Raj}} |Indian indenture system abolished. |- |1918 |{{Flag|United States}} |Supreme Court rules in ''Arver v. United States'' that the 13th Amendment prohibition against involuntary servitude does not apply to conscription. The government can constitutionally force people to serve in the military against their will. |- |1919 |{{Flag|Tanganyika}} |Slavery abolished.<ref name="afr" /> |- |1922 |{{Flag|Morocco}} |Slave trade abolished, slave holding remained legal. |- | rowspan="3" |1923 |{{Flag|Afghanistan|1919}} |Slavery abolished.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghan Constitution: 1923 |url=http://www.afghangovernment.com/Constitution1923.htm |access-date=2013-08-28 |publisher=Afghangovernment.com}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Florida}} |Convict lease abolished after the death of Martin Tabert, who was whipped for being too ill to work.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> |- |{{Flag|British Hong Kong|1876}} |Slavery of Mui tsai abolished. |- | rowspan="4" |1924 |{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Iraq}} [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]] |Slavery abolished. |- |{{flagicon image|Flag of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.svg}} [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] |Slavery abolished<ref>{{Cite web |last=Department of State. The Office of Electronic Information |first=Bureau of Public Affairs |title=Slavery, Abduction and Forced Servitude in Sudan |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/af/rls/rpt/2002/10445.htm |website=2001-2009.state.gov}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|League of Nations}} |Temporary Slavery Commission appointed. |- |{{Flag|Turkey}} |Slavery abolished |- | rowspan="4" |1926 |{{Flag|Nepal|old}} |Slavery abolished. |- |{{Flag|League of Nations}} |[[Yarjejeniyar Bauta 1926|Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery]]. |- |{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[British Burma]] |Slavery abolished.<ref name="dat" /> |- |{{Flag|United Kingdom}} |Law of Property Act 1925. |- | rowspan="2" |1927 |{{Flag|Spain|1785}} |[[Yarjejeniyar Bauta 1926|1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- |{{Flag|United Kingdom}}<br /><br />{{Flagicon|Nejd}} [[Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz|Nejd]]<br /><br />{{Flag|Kingdom of Hejaz|1920}} |Treaty of Jeddah (1927) abolishing the slave trade. |- | rowspan="2" |1928 |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Sierra Leone 1916-1961.gif}} [[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]] |Abolition of domestic slavery practised by local African elites.<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Committee Office, House of Commons |date=2006-03-06 |title=House of Commons – International Development – Memoranda |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmintdev/923/923m21.htm |access-date=2013-08-28 |publisher=Publications.parliament.uk}}</ref> Although established as a place for freed slaves, a study found practices of domestic slavery still widespread in rural areas in the 1970s.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2016}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> |- |{{Flag|Alabama}} |Convict lease abolished, the last state in the Union to do so. |- |1929 |{{Flag|Persia|1910}} |Slavery abolished and criminalized. |- | rowspan="3" |1930 | rowspan="3" |{{Flag|League of Nations}} |Forced Labour Convention. |- |Forced Labour (Indirect Compulsion) Recommendation |- |Forced Labour (Regulation) Recommendation |- |1932 |{{Flag|League of Nations}} |Committee of Experts on Slavery appointed. |- |1934 |{{Flag|League of Nations}} |Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery appointed. |- |1935 |{{Flagicon|Ethiopian Empire}} [[Ethiopian Empire|Ethiopia]] |The invading Italian General Emilio De Bono claims to have abolished slavery in the Ethiopian Empire. |- |1936 |{{Flag|League of Nations}} |Elimination of Recruiting Recommendation |- | rowspan="2" |1936 |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Northern Nigeria Protectorate (1900–1914).svg}} [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Northern Nigeria]] |Slavery abolished.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The End of Slavery |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/9chapter8.shtml |access-date=2013-08-28 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> |- |{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Bechuanaland Protectorate|Bechuanaland]] |Slavery abolished.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Russell |first=Margo |date=1 April 1976 |title=Slaves or workers? Relations between Bushmen, Tswana, and Boers in the Kalahari |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03057077608707953 |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=178–197 |doi=10.1080/03057077608707953 |url-access=subscription |via=Taylor and Francis+NEJM}}</ref> |- |1937 |{{flagicon image|Flag of Bahrain (1932–1972).svg}} [[Baharen|Bahrain]] |Slavery abolished.<ref name="key">{{Cite web |title=Key dates in chronology of abolitions |url=http://memorial.nantes.fr/en/key-dates-in-the-chronology-of-abolitions/ |access-date=3 May 2019}}</ref> |- |1937 |{{Flag|League of Nations}} |Public Works (International Co-operation) Recommendation |- |1941 |{{Flag|United States|1912}} |Franklin D. Roosevelt signs Circular 3591 abolishing all forms of convict leasing. |- | rowspan="2" |1945 |{{Flagicon image|Merchant Flag of Germany (1946-1949).svg}} [[Occupied Germany]] |Millions of forced labourers and slaves are freed after the fall of the Third Reich; see forced labour under German rule during World War II. |- |{{Flag|Japanese Empire}} |Millions of forced labourers and sex slaves are freed after the defeat of the Japanese Empire; see comfort women, ''rōmusha'', East Asia Development Board. |- | rowspan="2" |1946 |{{Flagicon image|Merchant Flag of Germany (1946-1949).svg}} [[Occupied Germany]] |Fritz Sauckel, Nazi official responsible for procuring forced labor in occupied Europe during [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|World War II]], is convicted of crimes against humanity and hanged.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The trial of German major war criminals : proceedings of the International Military Tribunal sitting at Nuremberg Germany |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/05-28-46.asp#sauckel |access-date=21 March 2018 |website=avalon.law.yale.edu}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|French Sudan}} |Beginning of large slave defections encouraged by the French Fourth Republic and the Sudanese Union – African Democratic Rally party. |- |1948 |{{Flag|United Nations}} |Article 4 of the [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] declares slavery contrary to human rights.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 1948 |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights |url=https://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html |access-date=13 December 2007 |publisher=United Nations |quote=Adopted and proclaimed by [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution|General Assembly resolution]] 217 A (III) of 10 December 1948 ... Article 4.&nbsp;No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.}} </ref> |- |1949 |{{Flag|Kuwait|1940}} |Slavery abolished.<ref name="key" /> |} == 1950-1999 == {| class="wikitable" !Date !Jurisdiction !Description |- |1950 |{{Flag|United Nations}} |Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery. |- |1952 |{{Flag|Qatar|1949}} |Slavery abolished.<ref name="1962abolition">{{Cite web |title=BBC – Religions – Islam: Slavery in Islam |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml |access-date=21 March 2018 |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Rupert Hay}}</ref> |- |1953 |{{Flag|Australia}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Canada|1921}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Liberia}}<br /><br />{{Flag|New Zealand}}<br /><br />{{Flag|South Africa|1928}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Switzerland}}<br /><br />{{Flag|United Kingdom}} | rowspan="3" |[[Yarjejeniyar Bauta 1926|1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- |1954 |{{Flag|Afghanistan|1930}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Austria}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Cuba}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Denmark}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Egypt|1922}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Finland}}<br /><br />{{Flag|India}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Italy}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Mexico}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Monaco}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Sweden}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Syria|1932}} |- |1955 |{{Flag|Ecuador}}<br /><br />{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Greece}} [[Girka (ƙasa)|Greece]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Iraq}} [[Iraƙi|Iraq]]<br /><br />{{Flag|Israel}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Netherlands}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Pakistan}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Philippines|1936}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Republic of China}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Turkey}} |- | rowspan="2" |1956 |{{Flag|United Nations}} |[[Ƙarin Yarjejeniya game da kawar da bautar Bayi|Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery]]. |- |{{Flagicon|Byelorussian SSR}} [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussia]]<br /><br />{{Flag|Soviet Union}}<br /><br />{{Flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]]<br /><br />{{Flag|South Vietnam}} |[[Yarjejeniyar Bauta 1926|1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- | rowspan="2" |1957 |{{Flag|United Nations}} |The Abolition of Forced Labour Convention eliminates some exceptions admitted in the 1930 Forced Labour Convention. |- |{{Flag|Albania|1946}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Libya}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Burma|1948}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Norway}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Romania|1952}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Sudan|1956}} |[[Yarjejeniyar Bauta 1926|1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- | rowspan="2" |1958 |{{Flag|Bhutan}} |Slavery abolished. |- |{{Flag|Hungary}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Ceylon|1951}} | rowspan="2" |[[Yarjejeniyar Bauta 1926|1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- |1959 |{{Flag|Jordan}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Morocco}}<br /><br />{{Flagicon|Ukrainian SSR}} [[Ukrainian SSR|Ukraine]] |- | rowspan="2" |1960 |{{Flag|Niger}} |Slavery abolished.<ref name="NigerSlavery">{{Cite web |last=Anti-Slavery International |date=28 October 2008 |title=Niger slavery: Background |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/27/humanrights1 |access-date=7 October 2014 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Mali|1959}} |First president [[Modibo Keïta|Modibo Keita]] makes the effective abolition of slavery a prominent goal of the government. However, his efforts are largely abandoned during the dictatorship of [[Moussa Traoré]] (1968–1991). |- |1961 |{{Flag|Nigeria}} |[[Yarjejeniyar Bauta 1926|1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- |1961 |{{Flag|Morocco}} |Slavery abolished under Moroccan Constitution, although domestic slave practices continued. |- | rowspan="3" |1962 |{{Flag|Saudi Arabia|1938}} | rowspan="2" |Slavery abolished.<ref name="1962abolition" /> |- |{{Flag|North Yemen}} |- |{{Flag|Belgium}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Sierra Leone}}<br /><br />{{Flagcountry|Tanganyika (1961–1964)}} | rowspan="2" |[[Yarjejeniyar Bauta 1926|1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- |1963 |{{Flag|Algeria}}<br /><br />{{Flag|France}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Guinea}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Kuwait}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Nepal}} |- | rowspan="2" |1964 |{{Flag|Trucial States}} |Slavery abolished.{{Efn|Except [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi|Abu Dhabi]], the rest of [[Slavery in the Trucial States|the Trucial States]] officially abolished slavery by a joint declaration in 1956. Abu Dhabi officially abolished it in 1963.<ref>{{cite book |last1=T. F. |first1=Brenchley |author1-link=Frank Brenchley |title=FO 371/179785: Slavery in the Persian Gulf |date=27 May 1965 |page=8 |url=https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fo/371/179785/n/8 |access-date=4 July 2022 |chapter=The Trucial States |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704065225/https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fo/371/179785/n/8 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} |- |{{Flag|Jamaica}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Madagascar}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Niger}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Uganda}} | rowspan="3" |[[Yarjejeniyar Bauta 1926|1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- |1965 |{{Flag|Malawi}} |- |1966 |{{Flag|Brazil|1960}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Malta}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Tunisia}} |- | rowspan="2" |1966 | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|United Nations}} |International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. |- |First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. |- |1967 |{{Flag|South Yemen}} |Slavery abolished. |- |1968 |{{Flag|Mongolia|1945}} | rowspan="2" |[[Yarjejeniyar Bauta 1926|1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- |1969 |{{Flagicon|Ethiopian Empire}} [[Empire of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]<br /><br />{{Flag|Mauritius}} |- |1970 |{{Flag|Oman|1970}} |Slavery abolished. |- |1972 |{{Flag|Fiji}} | rowspan="4" |[[Yarjejeniyar Bauta 1926|1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- |1973 |{{Flag|West Germany}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Mali}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Zambia}} |- |1974 |{{Flag|Lesotho|1966}} |- | rowspan="2" |1976 |{{Flag|Bahamas}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Barbados}} |- |{{Flag|Kentucky}} |Thirteenth Amendment ratified. |- | rowspan="2" |1981 |{{Flag|Mauritania|1959}} |Slavery abolished, though the ban was not enforced and many people continued to be held as slaves. |- |{{Flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|1979}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Solomon Islands}} | rowspan="12" |[[Yarjejeniyar Bauta 1926|1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- |1982 |{{Flag|Papua New Guinea}} |- |1983 |{{Flag|Bolivia}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Guatemala}} |- |1984 |{{Flag|Cameroon}} |- |1985 |{{Flag|Bangladesh}} |- |1986 |{{Flag|Cyprus|1960}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Mauritania|1959}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Nicaragua}} |- |1987 |{{Flag|North Yemen}} |- |1990 |{{Flag|Bahrain|1972}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Saint Lucia}} |- |1992 |{{Flag|Croatia}} |- |1993 |{{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina|1992}} |- |1994 |{{Flag|Dominica}} |- | rowspan="2" |1995 |{{Flag|Chile}} |- |{{Flag|Mississippi|2001}} |The Mississippi Legislature unanimously votes to ratify the [[Gyaran Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka na 13|Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] after a clerk discovers it never had. It is the last eligible state in the union to do so. However, state officials fail to send the required documentation to the state register.<ref name="calendar.eji.org">{{Cite web |title=Mar. 16, 1995 &#124; Mississippi Ratifies Abolition of Slavery, 130 Years After its Adoption |url=https://calendar.eji.org/racial-injustice/mar/16 |website=calendar.eji.org}}</ref> |- |1996 |{{Flag|Azerbaijan}} |[[Yarjejeniyar Bauta 1926|1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- |1997 |{{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Turkmenistan}} |[[Yarjejeniyar Bauta 1926|1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- | rowspan="2" |1998 |{{Flag|Ghana}} |Forced [[ritual servitude]] of girls in Ewe shrines banned. |- |{{Flag|United Nations}} |Rome Statute |} == 2000 - yanzu == {| class="wikitable" !Date !Jurisdiction !Description |- |2001 |{{Flagicon|Serbia and Montenegro}} [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]<br /><br />{{Flag|Uruguay}} |[[Yarjejeniyar Bauta 1926|1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- |2003 |{{Flag|Niger}} |Slavery criminalized.<ref name="NigerSlavery"/> |- | rowspan="2" |2006 |{{Flag|Montenegro}} |[[Yarjejeniyar Bauta 1926|1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- |{{Flag|Mali}} |''Temedt'', an organization against slavery and the discrimination of former slaves, is founded in Essakane. |- | rowspan="2" |2007 |{{Flag|Mauritania|1959}} |Slavery criminalized. |- |{{Flag|Paraguay}} | rowspan="2" |[[Yarjejeniyar Bauta 1926|1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- |2008 |{{Flag|Kazakhstan}} |- |2009 |{{Flag|United Kingdom}} |Section 71 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coroners and Justice Act 2009 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2009/25/section/71}}</ref> |- |2010 |{{Flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}} |Slavery criminalized.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Tindouf refugee camp |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/algeria1014web.pdf}}</ref> |- |2013 |{{Flag|Mississippi|2001}} |Ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment legally recorded.<ref name="calendar.eji.org"/> |- | rowspan="2" |2014 | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|United Nations}} |Protocol of 2014 to the Forced Labour Convention |- |Forced Labour (Supplementary Measures) Recommendation |- |2015 |{{Flag|United Kingdom}} |[[Dokar Bautar Zamani ta 2015|Modern Slavery Act 2015]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modern Slavery Act 2015 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2015/30/contents/enacted?view=plain}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |Navajo Nation |Criminalization of [[Safarar Mutane|human trafficking]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navajo Sign Law Criminalizing Human Trafficking – Indian Country Media Network |url=https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/news/politics/navajo-sign-law-criminalizing-human-trafficking/?mqsc=ED3903095 |access-date=21 March 2018 |website=indiancountrymedianetwork.com}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Chad}} |Slavery criminalized.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld &#124; 2018 Trafficking in Persons Report – Chad |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/5b3e0b7aa.html |website=Refworld}}</ref> |- |2018 |{{Flag|Colorado}} |Prison exception removed from Colorado's constitutional ban on slavery.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2018 |title=Colorado Abolishes Prison Slavery in Huge Win for Prisoners Rights |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/crime/colorado-abolishes-prison-slavery-in-huge-win-for-prisoners-rights/ar-BBPsem4?ocid=spartanntp |website=Microsoft News}}</ref> |- |2019 |{{Flag|Iraq}} <br /><br />{{Flag|Syria}} |Defeat and ''debellatio'' of the [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] leads to the freeing of thousands of slaves, including Yazidi and Christian sex slaves.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2019 |title=Life Under Islamic State: Child Slaves |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_life-under-islamic-state-child-slaves/6179266.html |website=Voice of America}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Five years a slave of Islamic State |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/world/middle-east/2019/06/five-years-slave-islamic-state |website=newstatesman.com}}</ref> |- |2020 |{{Flag|Utah|2020}} <br /><br />{{Flag|Nebraska}} |Prison exception removed from both states' constitutional ban on slavery. |- |2022 |{{Flag|Alabama}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Oregon}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Tennessee}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Vermont}} |Prison exception removed from the states' constitutional ban on slavery. |- |Present |Worldwide |Although slavery is now abolished ''de jure'' in all countries, ''de facto'' [[Bautar bayi a cikin ƙarni na 21|practices akin to it]] continue today in many places throughout the world,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Alexander |date=17 October 2013 |title=30 million people still live in slavery, human rights group says |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/30-million-people-still-live-slavery-human-rights-group-says-f8C11409499 |access-date=7 October 2014 |publisher=[[NBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Annie |date=3 April 2013 |title=Modern-day slavery: an explainer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/apr/03/modern-day-slavery-explainer |access-date=7 October 2014 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethics – Slavery: Modern Slavery |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/slavery/modern/modern_1.shtml |access-date=7 October 2014 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> almost exclusively in [[Asiya|Asia]] and [[Afirka|Africa]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> |} == Duba kuma == * [[Kau da Bautan Bayi|Abolitionism]] * Tarihin bauta * Jerin na gaba-gaba na sokewar (na Thomas Clarkson) * [[Sakamako na bauta|Sakamako don bauta]] * [[Dokar cinikin bayi|Ayyukan Kasuwancin Bayi]] * [[Bautar Jima'i|Bautar jima'i]] * Bauta a gama gari * [[Bautar a Afirka ta zamani|Bauta a Afirka ta zamani]] * [[Bautar bayi a cikin ƙarni na 21|Bauta a karni na 21]] * Timeline na ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == 9zq8yfrup7qr87kmuxakysy4ee6ucka 0 100908 818750 703149 2026-04-05T17:49:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tushen mulkin mallaka na rashin daidaiton jinsi a Afrika''' yana nufin rashin daidaiton siyasa, ilimi, da tattalin arziki tsakanin maza da [[Mata A Afrika|mata a Afirka]]. A cewar wani rahoto na Global Gender Gap Index <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Global Gender Gap Report 2018 |url=https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-gender-gap-report-2018/ |access-date=2019-05-11 |website=World Economic Forum}}</ref> da aka wallafa a cikin shekarar 2018, zai ɗauki shekaru 135 don rufe gibin jinsi a yankin Saharar [[Afirka]] da kusan shekaru 153 a Arewacin Afirka. Duk da yake an san da yawa game da illolin mulkin mallaka ga dukan mutanen Afirka, ba a san komai ba game da tasirin mulkin mallaka ga musamman mata. Akwai ra'ayoyi masu gasa game da dalilin rashin daidaiton jinsi a Afirka. Wasu malaman sun ce asalinsa yana cikin [[bauta]] na 'yan mulkin mallaka. Ga yawancin mata, mulkin mallaka ya haifar da lalacewar al'adu da haƙƙoƙin da a da ke baiwa mata dai-daito da kima. <ref name="Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung">{{Cite web |title=A Critique of Africa's Post-Colonial Freedoms Through a Feminist Lens: Challenging Patriarchy and Assessing the Gains {{!}} Heinrich Böll Stiftung {{!}} Cape Town. South Africa {{!}} Namibia {{!}} Zimbabwe |url=https://za.boell.org/en/2021/07/07/critique-africas-post-colonial-freedoms-through-feminist-lens-challenging-patriarchy |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung |language=en}}</ref> Wasu mata a Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka sun riƙe muƙamai kuma suna da tasiri a ɓangarori da dama na al'ummominsu. Wasu mata sun kasance bayi a cikin al'ummomin Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka. Duk wannan ya canza a lokacin mulkin mallaka. Tare da ɓullo da sabbin nau'ikan rashin daidaiton jinsi, yawancin al'adun al'ummomin Afirka sun lalace, kuma wannan cutar ta kasance ƙalubale don gyarawa. Tsarin ka'idar da ke taimakawa wajen bayyana tushen mulkin mallaka na rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi sun haɗa da mulkin mallaka na iko da mulkin mallaka na jinsi. <ref name="Bertolt-2018">{{Cite journal |last=Bertolt |first=Boris |date=2018 |title=Thinking otherwise: theorizing the colonial/modern gender system in Africa. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90023843 |journal=African Sociological Review / Revue Africaine de Sociologie |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=2–17 |issn=1027-4332 |jstor=90023843}}</ref> Waɗannan ra'ayoyi na mulkin mallaka sun ba da bayanin yadda rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi ya kasance a cikin yanayin Afirka kuma yana taimakawa wajen bayyana dalilin da yasa rashin daidaito a yau, gami da rashin wakilcin mata na siyasa, ya kasance manyan ƙalubale ga Afirka. A gefe guda kuma, bautar da ake yi kafin mulkin mallaka a Afirka ya haɗa da masarautu, irin su daular Yarbawa, mallakar eunuch, wato bayi da aka yi wa al’aurar yankan [[rago]]. Akwai kuma mata da aka yi wa al’aurarsu yankan rago, da bayi mata a Afirka kafin Turawan mulkin mallaka. A cewar masanin ilimin ɗan adam na Yarbawa Daniel Fadipe, matan Yarbawa zai iya yi wa mijinta bulala tun kafin mulkin mallaka. Bauta kafin Turawan mulkin mallaka ana iya danganta su da al’adun ’yan asalin Afirka (ciki har da ƙabilaun) da kuma faɗaɗa addinin Musulunci, tun daga ƙarni na 7 zuwa gaba, Musuluncin Larabawa ya faɗaɗa zuwa Afirka kuma ya bautar da yawancin mutanen Afirka. Miliyoyin su, ciki har da mata, an kai su bayi zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya, wasu kuma sun kasance a cikin nahiyar. == Tarihi == Rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a nahiyar Afirka ya ta'azzara sakamakon mulkin mallaka, wanda ya kawo cikas ga tsarin tattalin arziki, al'adu, da siyasa kafin mulkin mallaka a nahiyar Afirka. Mulkin mallaka ya gabatar da ka'idoji na ubanni, rushewar matsayin jinsin Afirka na al'ada, da kuma aikata laifuka na 'yan asali. <ref name="Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung"/> A tsawon lokacin mulkin mallaka, ƙasashen Turai sun canza al'ummomin Afirka tare da ƙa'idodin ubanninsu. Hakan ya sa aka watsar da mata a gefe aka ba su muƙamai na ƙasa a cikin gida da cikin al’umma. Turawan mulkin mallaka ya kafa ra'ayin cewa mata suna ƙarƙashin maza ne kuma maza su riƙe dukkan muƙamai da muƙamai. <ref name="King 1998 880">{{Cite journal |last=King |first=Adele |last2=Oyěwùmí |first2=Oyèrónké |date=1998 |title=The Invention of Women: Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40154419 |journal=World Literature Today |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=880 |doi=10.2307/40154419 |issn=0196-3570 |jstor=40154419 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kaciyar mata na haifar da raɗaɗi ga 'yan mata da mata a lokacin al'ada da kuma daga baya lokacin [[fitsari]] ko jinin haila, raunin hankali, ciwo mai tsanani da rashin jin daɗin yayin jima'i, cututtuka da kuma mutuwa a wasu lokuta. <ref name="Rushwan">Hamid Rushwan, [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110570413000520 "Female genital mutilation: A tragedy for women's reproductive health"], ''African Journal of Urology'', 19(3), September 2013, pp.&nbsp;130–133. {{Doi|10.1016/j.afju.2013.03.002}}</ref> Tsohuwar al'adar Afirka ce wacce ta samo asali tun daga Afirka sama da shekaru 2,000. Ba Turawan Yamma suka gabatar da shi ba. Turawan Burtaniya sun yi kokarin hana ta a [[Kenya]], amma ba su yi nasara ba. Sakamakon haka, an canza matsayin jinsi na al'ada na Afirka: a cikin ƙasashen Afirka, mulkin mallaka ya canza matsayin jinsi na gargajiya. A yawancin al'ummomin Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka, mata suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a aikin noma da sauran ayyukan tattalin arziki. <ref name="Sheldon">{{Cite web |last=Sheldon |first=Kathleen |date=2013-08-26 |title=Women and Colonialism |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199846733-0067 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets |doi=10.1093/obo/9780199846733-0067}}</ref> Alal misali, a yammacin Afirka, mata sun yi tasiri sosai kan rigingimu a kasuwanni da noma. Ko da yake tare da kafa tsarin shari'a na mulkin mallaka, an samar da dokoki da ke ba maza fifiko a kan mata a al'amuran aure da saki. Don haka, yawancin ayyukan da mata suka yi kafin mulkin mallaka, jami'an mulkin mallaka ne suka yi watsi da su, waɗanda kawai ke naɗa maza a muƙaman siyasa na cikin gida. Masana sun yi nuni ga gadon mulkin mallaka na rashin ci gaban Afirka don bayyana rashin daidaiton jinsi da rashin iya mata. <ref name="Bertolt-2018"/> Lokacin da Turawa suka zauna a Uganda ya haifar da canji na tsawon ƙarni na [[Kampala]] wanda ya haifar da yanayin Kuznets na jinsi. Mutanen Afirka sun yi karatu kuma sun yi aiki a cikin tattalin arzikin farar fata (high-status) wanda Turawa suka gina. Su kuma mata sun yi tafiyar hawainiya wajen samun ilimi da aikin yi a cikin tattalin arzikin farar fata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Selhausen |first=Felix Meier Zu |last2=Weisdorf |first2=Jacob |date=2016 |title=A colonial legacy of African gender inequality? Evidence from Christian Kampala, 1895–2011 |url=http://www.cgeh.nl/sites/default/files/WorkingPapers/CGEHWP60_meierzuzelhausenweisdorf.pdf |journal=The Economic History Review |language=en |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=229–257 |doi=10.1111/ehr.12120 |issn=1468-0289 |s2cid=142749154 |access-date=2025-05-29 |archive-date=2024-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619194512/http://www.cgeh.nl/sites/default/files/WorkingPapers/CGEHWP60_meierzuzelhausenweisdorf.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan rarrabuwar kawuna ya ba da gudummawa ga rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a farkon zamanin mulkin mallaka, duk da haka, tazarar jinsi ta ragu a hankali a ƙarshen zamanin mulkin mallaka. Masanin tattalin arziki ya yi imanin cewa gibin jinsi na iya kasancewa ya samo asali ne daga ka'idojin zamantakewa na asali. Mata da ba su da ilimi sukan yi aiki a cikin tattalin arzikin gargajiya na yau da kullum maimakon aiki na yau da kullum. Sakamakon haka, an fuskanci rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsin auratayya idan aka kwatanta da matan da suka yi aiki a cikin tsarin tattalin arzikin da Turawa suka kirkiro. Adabi galibi suna bayyana matan Afirka a matsayin masu biyayya ga ubanninsu da mazajensu. Amma a [[Tarihin Afirka|Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka]], mata sun kasance sarauniya-mata, sarauniya- mata; sarakuna, sarakuna da masu riƙe da ofisoshi da ƙauyuka, mayaka lokaci-lokaci, kuma a cikin wani sanannen lamarin, Lovedu, babban sarki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sudarkasa |first=Niara |date=1986 |title="The Status of Women" in Indigenous African Societies |journal=Feminist Studies |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=91–103 |doi=10.2307/3177985 |issn=0046-3663 |jstor=3177985 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Amma duk da haka, dokoki da ka'idojin mulkin mallaka sun hana mata damar samun filaye da sauran albarkatu, wanda ya haifar da keɓe su. A yawancin al'ummomin Afirka, mulkin mallaka ya kori mata daga matsayinsu na al'ada a cikin al'umma, yana zubar da martabarsu tare da iyakance su ga masu cin gajiyar tallafi. <ref name="Oluwole-1997">{{Cite journal |last=Oluwole |first=Sophie B. |date=1997 |title=Culture, Gender, and Development Theories in Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24482785 |journal=Africa Development / Afrique et Développement |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=95–121 |issn=0850-3907 |jstor=24482785}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari kuma, al'adun ƴan asalin Afirka da yawa, kamar gadon gwauruwa, ko dai sun zama haramun gaba ɗaya ko kuma hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun hana su, ma'ana cewa mata ba za su amfana ba kamar yadda suke yi a lokacin mulkin mallaka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kameri-Mbote |first=Patricia G. |date=2002 |title=Gender Dimensions of Law, Colonialism and Inheritance in East Africa: Kenyan women's experiences |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0506-7286-2002-3-373 |journal=Verfassung in Recht und Übersee |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=373–398 |doi=10.5771/0506-7286-2002-3-373 |issn=0506-7286 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Laifi na hanyoyin rayuwa na asali akai-akai yana haifar da lalata al'adun Afirka. Ta hanyar aiwatar da nasu dokoki da manufofinsu, waɗanda suka haɗa da akidar jinsin Yammacin Turai waɗanda suka haramta ayyukan al'adu na asali, hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun yi niyyar canza al'ummomin Afirka "marasa wayewa". <ref name="Stichproben - Vienna Journal of African Studies-2007">{{Cite journal |date=2007 |editor-last=Goerg |editor-first=Odile |editor2-last=Rodet |editor2-first=Marie |editor3-last=Vince |editor3-first=Natalya |title=Fracturing Binarisms: Gender and Colonialisms in Africa |url=https://stichproben.univie.ac.at/en/all-issues/stichproben-no-122007/ |journal=Stichproben - Vienna Journal of African Studies |publisher=Department of African Studies, University of Vienna}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, ba a ko da yaushe a kare mata a Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka daga wasu cin zarafi saboda ikonsu na al'umma ko na siyasa yana da iyaka. Masana da yawa sun yi imanin cewa matan Afirka sun zama marasa murya, sun kasa samun daidaiton tattalin arziki da siyasa. <ref name="Bertolt-2018"/> == Manazarta == p8lv5uvcd5wfj5q8frvinijdjc39dcb 0 104195 818936 654779 2026-04-06T08:44:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818936 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox infobox-table vcard" style="line-height: 1.2em; max-width: 420px !important;" |+ class="infobox-title fn" id="4" style="line-height: 1.2em; font-size: 125%" |Gidan lambu na Welber ! colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de; line-height: 1.5em" |Bayani na mutum |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |Cikakken suna | colspan="3" class="infobox-data nickname" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;;white-space: normal;" |Welberlieskott na Halim Jardim <ref><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="189">[https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce115/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf "FIFA U-17 World Cup Indonesia 2023™ – Squad List: Indonesia (IDN)"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="190">[[FIFA]]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="192">3 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="193"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</span></cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |Ranar haihuwar | colspan="3" class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;;white-space: normal;" | <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">2007-04-25</span>)</span> 25 Afrilu 2007 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (shekara 18) &nbsp;</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |Wurin haihuwar | colspan="3" class="infobox-data birthplace" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;;white-space: normal;" |[[Banjarmasin]], Indonesia |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |Tsawon | colspan="3" class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;;white-space: normal;" |1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) <ref>[https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/welber-jardim/#wac_660x40_top Welber Jardim] at WorldFootball.net</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |Matsayi (s) | colspan="3" class="infobox-data role" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;;white-space: normal;" |[[Central midfielder|Dan wasan tsakiya na tsakiya]], [[Defender (association football)#Full-back|dama-baya]] |- ! colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de; line-height: 1.5em" |Bayanan ƙungiyar |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kungiyar yanzu</div> | colspan="3" class="infobox-data org" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;;white-space: normal;" |[[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]] |- ! colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de; line-height: 1.5em" |Ayyukan matasa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2014–2017</span> | colspan="3" class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" |[[SE Palmeiras|Itacen dabino]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2017–2018</span> | colspan="3" class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" |Cibiyar Kor'a |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2018–</span> | colspan="3" class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" |[[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]] |- ! colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de; line-height: 1.5em" |Ayyukan kasa da kasa^‡ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |Shekaru | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" |'''Kungiyar''' | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" |'''<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;National team appearances</nowiki&gt;">Apps</abbr>''' | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | '''(<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;National team goals</nowiki&gt;">Gls</abbr>)''' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2023</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" |[[Indonesia national under-17 football team|Indonesia U17]] | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | 3 | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | (0) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2024–</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" |[[Indonesia national under-20 football team|Indonesia U20]] | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | 16 | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | (0) |- ! colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de; line-height: 1.5em" |<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="line-height:1.6em; font-size:105%; "><div style="margin:0 4em;">Rubuce-rubucen lambar yabo</div></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size:105%"><templatestyles src="infobox/mobileviewfix.css" /> {| class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; background-color:#f9f9f9; color:#000000; font-weight:normal" | colspan="2" style="padding:0" | |- ! colspan="3" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#eeeeee;color:inherit;" |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] na maza |- ! colspan="3" class="adr" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#eeeeee;color:inherit;" |Wakilin <span class="country-name"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[Fayil:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>Indonesia</span></span> |- ! colspan="3" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#cccccc;color:inherit;" |Gasar Cin Kofin Yara ta U-19 ta ASEAN |- | style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;color:inherit;background-color:gold" |'''Wanda ya ci nasara''' | style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" |<span class="nowrap">2024 Indonesia</span> | style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" |Kungiyar |} </div></div> |- | colspan="4" class="infobox-below" style="color:darkslategray; font-size:95%" |‡ Ƙungiyar Ƙasa da burin, daidai a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 2025 |} '''Welberlieskott na Halim Jardim''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 2007), wanda aka fi sani da Welber Jardim ko Well, <ref>{{Cite web |first= |date=12 November 2023 |title=From Bali to Brazil: Meet Indonesia star Welber Jardim |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments/mens/u17worldcup/indonesia-2023/articles/indonesia-brazil-welber-jardim |website=FIFA |quote=At first Welber, known simply as 'Well' in Sao Paulo, did not know what to make of the invite.}}</ref> ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Indonesiya wanda ke taka leda ' a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ko kuma na dama na kulob din ' São Paulo . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife shi a [[Banjarmasin]], Jardim ɗan tsohon ' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Brazil ne Elisangelo Jardim de ' Jesus, wanda kuma ya buga wa Persekaba Badung da Persiba Balikpapan a Indonesia kuma mahaifiyar Indonesiya ce ta ' zuriyar Sinanci, Lielyana Halim, kuma daga Banjarmasin . <ref name="cnn1">{{Cite web |date=20 July 2023 |title=Welber Jardim, Pemain Keturunan Brasil Bela Timnas Indonesia U-17 |trans-title=Welber Jardim, Player of Brazilian Descent Defends the U-17 Indonesian National Team |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/olahraga/20230720145013-142-975678/welber-jardim-pemain-keturunan-brasil-bela-timnas-indonesia-u-17 |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=cnnindonesia.com |language=id}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == A lokacin da yake da shekaru biyar, iyalinsa sun koma Brazil, kuma an ruwaito cewa ya shafe shekaru uku tare ' da kungiyar Palmeiras kafin ya shiga ƙungiyar Centro da Corôa a shekarar 2017.<ref name="cnn1"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2017 |title=Associação Paulista de Futebol |trans-title=Paulista Football Association |url=https://apfutebol.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Art.CSP10.2017.pdf |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=apfutebol.com.br |language=pt}}</ref><ref name="lib">{{Cite web |date=9 March 2023 |title=Profil Welberlieskott de Halim Jardim, Anak Mantan Pemain Persiba Balikpapan yang Siap Bela Timnas Indonesia |trans-title=Profile of Welberlieskott de Halim Jardim, Son of the Former Persiba Balikpapan Player who is Ready to Defend the Indonesian National Team |url=https://www.libero.id/detail/23664/profil-welberlieskott-de-halim-jardim-anak-mantan-pemain-persiba-balikpapan-yang-siap-bela-timnas-indonesia-1.html |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=libero.id |language=id}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, ya shiga makarantar kimiyya ta kungiyar kwararru ta São Paulo, kuma ya ci gaba da lashe gasar cin Kofin Gothia ta ' 2019, Kofin Dana da Kofin Madewis da aka gudanar a Sweden, Denmark da Faransa, bi da bi. A ranar 7 ga Maris 2025, Jardim ya sanya hannu ' kan kwangilar kwararru tare da kulob din.<ref name="cnn1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2020 |title=Dijuluki Neymar dari Indonesia, Welber Jardim Jadi Incaran Brasil |trans-title=Nicknamed Neymar from Indonesia, Welber Jardim is the Target of Brazil |url=https://minews.id/news/dijuluki-neymar-dari-indonesia-welber-jardim-jadi-incaran-brasil |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=minews.id |language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2020 |title=Conhecemos o menino Welberlieskott, considerado o Neymar indonésio |trans-title=We met the boy Welberlieskott, considered the Indonesian Neymar |url=https://afon.org.br/acoes-concluidas/conhecemos-o-menino-welberlieskott-considerado-o-neymar-indonesio-kzRfw |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=afon.org.br |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2025 |title=Welber Jardim teken kontrak profesional dengan Sao Paulo FC |trans-title=Welber Jardim signs professional contract with São Paulo FC |url=https://bola.kompas.com/read/2025/03/08/05133028/welber-jardim-teken-kontrak-profesional-dengan-sao-paulo-fc |access-date=8 March 2025 |website=Kompas |language=id}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Jardim ya cancanci wakiltar Brazil da Indonesia ' a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, mahaifinsa ya bayyana cewa, idan 'gwagwagwalada Indonesia ta kusanci shi, Jardim zai yarda da kiransu.<ref name="lib"/> Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Indonesia (PSSI) ta yi ƙoƙari ta ' kira Jardim zuwa ƙungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 ta Indonesia, amma ta kasa aika wasiku tana neman kasancewarsa ga kulob dinsa, São Paulo, kuma a maimakon haka ' kawai ta tambayi iyayensa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ula |first=Najmul |date=1 July 2023 |title=Surat Salah Alamat, Orang Tua Welber Jardim Ajari PSSI Cara Memanggil Pemain Indonesia di Liga Brasil |trans-title=Wrong Address Letter, Welber Jardim's Parents Teach PSSI How to Call Indonesian Players in the Brazilian League |url=https://bolanas.juara.net/read/493826992/surat-salah-alamat-orang-tua-welber-jardim-ajari-pssi-cara-memanggil-pemain-indonesia-di-liga-brasil?page=all |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=bolanas.juara.net |language=id |archive-date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818172954/https://bolanas.juara.net/read/493826992/surat-salah-alamat-orang-tua-welber-jardim-ajari-pssi-cara-memanggil-pemain-indonesia-di-liga-brasil?page=all |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kocin Indonesia na kasa da shekaru 17, Bima Sakti, daga baya ya bayyana cewa PSSI ta tuntubi iyayen Jardim don ' tabbatar da kasancewarsa ga tawagar kasar Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasetya |first=Mochamad Hary |date=10 July 2023 |title=Klarifikasi Bima Sakti Terkait Pemanggilan Welberlieskott de Halim Jardim ke Timnas U-17 Indonesia, Sempat Salah Paham |trans-title=Bima Sakti's Clarification Regarding Welberlieskott de Halim Jardim's Call to the Indonesian U-17 National Team, Had a Misunderstanding |url=https://www.bolasport.com/read/313833569/klarifikasi-bima-sakti-terkait-pemanggilan-welberlieskott-de-halim-jardim-ke-timnas-u-17-indonesia-sempat-salah-paham |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=bolasport.com |language=id}}</ref> Bayan ya ' tabbatar da kasancewarsa, Sakti ya kira Jardim zuwa tawagar don wasannin horo a watan Agustan shekarar 2023. Ya fito a cikin nasara 3-0 a kan kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 ta Persis Solo, kafin ya koma São Paulo, wanda ya sake shi na makonni biyu kawai don halartar sansanin horo.<ref name="cnn2">{{Cite web |date=15 August 2023 |title=Bima Sakti Puji Kualitas Oke Welber Jardim |trans-title=Bima Sakti Praises Quality Okay Welber Jardim |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/olahraga/20230815200408-142-986533/bima-sakti-puji-kualitas-oke-welber-jardim |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=cnnindonesia.com |language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pratama |first=Ilham Sigit |date=16 August 2023 |title=Welber Jardim Balik ke Sao Paulo, Bisa Bela Timnas Indonesia U-17 di Piala Dunia U-17 2023? |trans-title=Welber Jardim Returns to Sao Paulo, Can Indonesian U-17 National Team Play for the 2023 U-17 World Cup? |url=https://bola.okezone.com/read/2023/08/16/51/2865515/welber-jardim-balik-ke-sao-paulo-bisa-bela-timnas-indonesia-u-17-di-piala-dunia-u-17-2023 |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=bola.okezone.com |language=id}}</ref> Bayan sansanin, Sakti ya ce game da ' Jardim: "Abin da ya samu ya dace da ingancinsa. Za mu iya ganinsa a horo. Ya bambanta idan kun riga kun sami inganci. Wataƙila za mu kawo shi ' Jamus [don wani sansanin horo].<ref name="cnn2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2023 |title=Bima Sakti Terkesima dengan Permainan Welber Jardim, Mau Dibawa ke Jerman |trans-title=Bima Sakti Impressed by Welber Jardim's Play, Wants to Be Brought to Germany |url=https://www.bolasport.com/read/313866037/bima-sakti-terkesima-dengan-permainan-welber-jardim-mau-dibawa-ke-jerman |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=bolasport.com |language=id}}</ref> A watan ' Satumbar 2023, kocin 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 Bima Sakti ya tabbatar da cewa Jardim ya karbi fasfo dinsa na ' Indonesia, wanda ya ba shi damar wakiltar kasar a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-17 ta 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Yaksa |first=Muhammad Adi |date=9 September 2023 |title=Mantap! Sudah Punya Paspor, Welber Jardim Dipastikan Bela Timnas Indonesia U-17 di Piala Dunia U-17 2023 |trans-title=Excellent! Already Having a Passport, Welber Jardim is Confirmed to Defend the Indonesian U-17 National Team in the 2023 U-17 World Cup |url=https://www.bola.com/piala-dunia/read/5393388/mantap-sudah-punya-paspor-welber-jardim-dipastikan-bela-timnas-indonesia-u-17-di-piala-dunia-u-17-2023?page=4 |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=bola.com |language=id}}</ref> Daga baya a cikin wannan ' watan, bayan ya lashe kofin 'yan kasa da shekara 17 a Brazil tare da São Paulo, ya yi tafiya zuwa Jamus don ' yin gasa a wasannin sada zumunci ga ƙungiyar' yan kasa da shekara 17.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasetya |first=Mochamad Hary |date=29 September 2023 |title=Usai Juara di Brasil, Welber Jardim Berangkat ke Jerman Susul Timnas U-17 Indonesia |trans-title=After winning in Brazil, Welber Jardim left for Germany following the Indonesian U-17 national team |url=https://www.bolasport.com/read/313903910/usai-juara-di-brasil-welber-jardim-berangkat-ke-jerman-susul-timnas-u-17-indonesia |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=bolasport.com |language=id}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba ' 2023, Jardim ya fara bugawa tawagar kasa ' da shekaru 17 a kan Ecuador U-17 a wasan farko na gasar cin kofin duniya ta ' FIFA U-17 ta 2023, wanda ya ƙare a 1-1 draw. A ranar 13 ga ' watan Maris na shekara ta 2024, an kira Jardim zuwa ' kungiyar Indonesia U-20 don wasannin sada zumunci biyu da China U-20. A watan Yunin shekarar ta 2024, ya shiga Gasar Maurice Revello a kasar Faransa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Festival International Espoirs Football Tournoi Maurice Revello Toulon |url=https://www.tournoimauricerevello.com/smartphone/festival/archives/joueurs.php?annee=2024 |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=tournoimauricerevello.com |publisher=Maurice Revello Tournament |language=fr}}</ref> tare da Indonesia. == Hanyar wasa == Mafi yawa ' a hannun dama, Jardim ya kuma yi aiki a saman filin wasa a matsayin mai tsakiya na dama, kuma kafofin watsa labarai na gida a Brazil sun ba shi lakabi da [[Neymar]] daga ' Indonesia.<ref name="cnn1"/> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Duk da barin Indonesia ' yana da shekaru biyar, Jardim yana ' da ƙwarewa a cikin Indonesian.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2023 |title=Reaksi Ibu Welber Jardim Usai sang Anak Fasih Bahasa Indonesia |trans-title=Mrs. Welber Jardim's reaction after her child became fluent in Indonesian |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/olahraga/20231022185044-142-1014541/reaksi-ibu-welber-jardim-usai-sang-anak-fasih-bahasa-indonesia |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=cnnindonesia.com |language=id}}</ref> == Daraja == '''Indonesia U19''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Yara ta U-19 ta ASEAN: 2024 == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gjejf5thuwlykz2q2313wixteki2nup 0 104419 818886 653961 2026-04-06T07:01:59Z BnHamid 12586 818886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A daren ranar 31 ga watan Disamba, 2018 zuwa 1 ga watan Junairu, 2019, wasu da ake zargin mayakan jihadi na Ansarul Islam sun kai hari a kauyen Yirgou, dake Sashen Barsalogho a kasar Burkina Faso. Yayin da rahotannin farko suka ce harin ya kashe mutane shida da suka hada da sarkin kauyen da dansa, daga baya rahotanni da bincike sun nuna an kashe mutane 210. Bayan kai harin, mayakan ‘yan kabilar Mossi na farar hula na Koglweogo sun kaddamar da hare-haren ramuwar gayya a yankunan Fulani na yankin Barsalogho, inda suka kashe fararen hula da dama tare da kara zafafa rikicin Fulani da Mossi. == Gabatarwa == Tun daga shekara ta 2015 arewacin Burkina Faso ke fama da tashe tashen hankula na jihadi tare da manyan kungiyoyin jihadi guda uku - Ansarul Islam, Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM), da Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (ISGS).<ref>Burkina Faso's war against militant Islamists". BBC News. 2017-04-03. Retrieved 2023-03-24.</ref> Daga 2015 zuwa 2018, yawancin hare-hare sun kasance 'yan kwanton bauna a arewacin kasar, tare da wasu manyan hare-hare a Ouagadougou babban birnin kasar Burkina Faso. Bayan harin Loroni a ranar 27 ga Disamba, 2018, Shugaba Roch Marc Christian Kaboré ya kaddamar da dokar ta-baci.<ref>Burkina Faso : le bilan de l'attaque de Yirgou s'alourdit et passe de 13 à 46 morts – Jeune Afrique". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). Retrieved 2023-03-24.</ref> == Kisa == Harin farko ya fara ne a daren ranar 31 ga watan Disamba, lokacin da wasu mayaka dauke da makamai da ba a san ko su wanene ba suka bayyana a matsayin ‘yan ta’adda da gwamnatin Burkina Faso suka kai hari a garin Yirgou. A harin, 'yan ta'addar sun isa garin Yirgou a kan babura, inda suka yi ta harbe-harbe a iska kafin su kashe mutane goma sha biyu, ciki har da sarkin kauyen da dansa. Daga nan ne maharan suka koma arewa, zuwa lardin Soum.<ref>Burkina Faso: Witness testimony confirms armed group perpetrated mass killings". Amnesty International. 2020-03-20. Retrieved 2023-03-27</ref> Rikicin da aka yi a Yirgou ya biyo bayan harin ramuwar gayya daga 'yan kungiyar Koglweogo, kungiyar 'yan tawayen Mossi.<ref>LEPAYS, Editions (2019-02-04). "DRAME DE YIRGOU". Editions Le Pays (in French). Retrieved 2023-03-27.</ref> Koglweogo sun far wa Fulani makiyaya da mutanen kauye, inda suka zarge su da taimakon masu jihadi. A cewar wata kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasar Burkina Faso, kungiyar ta Collective Against the Impunity and Stigmatization of Communities, Koglweogo sun kai hari kan kauyuka goma sha bakwai a harin ramuwar gayya. Mazauna garin Yirgou da ke zantawa da Muryar Amurka sun yi ikirarin cewa Koglweogo sun koma Yirgou, inda suka fara kona gidajen Fulani fararen hula sannan suka kashe su.<ref>Nouveau bilan d'au moins 48 morts dans les violences intercommunautaires". VOA (in French). 3 January 2019. Retrieved 2023-03-28</ref> An fara kashe-kashen ramuwar gayya ne a ranar 2 ga watan Janairu, kuma galibin garuruwan suna kusa da wajen birnin Barsalogho. A cikin hare-haren, gwamnatin Burkinabe ta yi zargin cewa an kashe fararen hula 46, ko da yake mazauna yankin da CISC sun yi iƙirarin cewa adadin waɗanda suka mutu ya kai kusan 210-216.<ref>2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Burkina Faso". United States Department of State. 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2023</ref> Hare-haren sun raba dubban fararen hula da muhallansu a watan Afrilun 2019, kuma yawancin sojojin Burkina Faso na kokarin dakile kashe-kashen sun kare ne kawai suna taimakawa Koglweogo. Garin farko da wannan ramuwar gayya ya shafa shi ne Koulpagre, inda aka yi garkuwa da wani mai suna Diallo Alaye tare da azabtar da shi daga Koglweogo a ranar 28 ga Janairu. Daga nan ne ‘yan Koglweogo suka kashe wasu 22 a garin. Biguel-Kassaye ya fuskanci matsala ta biyu, inda aka kashe fararen hula goma sha tara, sannan akasarin garin suka tsere zuwa babban birnin Barsalogho. Sauran kauyukan sun hada da Sagho da Guiendbila, inda aka kashe farar hula goma sha takwas, Boundussi, inda aka kashe 13, Madou, inda aka kashe 7, Dakhan, inda aka kashe 17, Sago a karo na biyu, ya kashe tara, Kougri Koulga, ya kashe 19, Toekedogo, ya kashe 19, Taate, kashe 15, biyar, da kuma kisan 1, da kuma kisan gilla, da Boundossi, da kuma 1, da kuma wasu kauyuka. Margou, Palal Sambo, da Talelgo, sun kashe daya kowanne.<ref>rtb.bf (2019-01-16). "Région du Centre-Nord: Le bilan humain de l'attaque terroriste et des violences communautaires meurtrières connu dans sa répartition géographique (communiqué)". Radiodiffusion Télévision du Burkina (in French). Retrieved 2023-03-28.</ref> Wadannan hare-haren ramuwar gayya sun ci gaba har zuwa ranar 22 ga Yuni, 2019.<ref>Burkina Faso: Witness testimony confirms armed group perpetrated mass killings". Amnesty International. 2020-03-20. Retrieved 2023-03-28.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kashe-kashe]] 3qxwwcvl6adlxkjnuhwfffi6ltuq6o4 0 106893 818855 691637 2026-04-06T05:16:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Victor Ochei Onyekachi''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 1969) tsohon ɗan Majalisar Dokokin [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ne daga Ogbekenu a [[Onicha-Olona|Onicha Olona]], [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] . Ya kasance tsohon kakakin majalisar dokokin [[Delta (jiha)|jihar Delta]] a ranar 6 ga watan Yuni, 2011, mai wakiltar mazaɓar [[Aniocha ta Arewa|Aniocha ta arewa]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vanguardngr |date=2014-01-14 |title=Delta 2015: Yes, I support power shift — Ochei |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/01/delta-2015-yes-support-power-shift-ochei/ |access-date=2014-01-14 |website=Vanguardngr}}</ref> wanda ke nuna an fara zama na biyar na majalisar dokokin jihar Delta. Ya rike mukamin ''Primus Inter Pares'' na Majalisar Jihar Delta na tsawon shekaru biyu da watanni tara kafin ya yi murabus a ranar 18 ga Maris 2014. == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Victor Ochei Onyekachi a ranar 25 ga Fabrairun 1969, a Jihar [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]], kuma ya fito daga [[Onicha-Olona|Onicha Olona]] a karamar Hukumar [[Aniocha ta Arewa]] a Jihar Delta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=MSN News |date=2014-08-02 |title=Victor Ochei tourney set for Lagos |url=http://sport.ng.msn.com/local-sport/victor-ochei-tourney-set-for-lagos |access-date=2014-08-02 |website=MSN News}}{{Dead link|date=November 2019}}</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Methodist da Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Thomas da ke Kano sannan ya wuce [[Jami'ar Benin]] da ke [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], inda ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai. Daga nan ya kammala aikin yi wa matasa hidima na kasa na shekara daya a jihar [[Ondo (jiha)|Ondo]] . Ochei ya sami takaddun shaida a cikin kyakkyawan shugabanci, ingantaccen doka, da haɓaka ilimin sakandare daga manyan manyan cibiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Jami'ar Oxford]], Jami'ar California, da Makarantar Ilimi ta Harvard Graduate School . Ya yi digirin digirgir a fannin shari'a a [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta]], ya samu digiri na MBA a shekarar 1996. <ref>{{Cite web |last=thetimesofnigeria |date=2014-03-10 |title=Delta Speaker, Victor Ochei, Escapes Bomb Blast |url=http://www.thetimesofnigeria.com/ton/Article.aspx?id=14071 |access-date=2014-11-01 |website=thetimesofnigeria |archive-date=2014-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721131335/http://thetimesofnigeria.com//TON/Article.aspx?id=14071 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Pointer Newspaper |date=2014-03-10 |title=Victor Ochei: A Blend Of Intellect And Service |url=http://thepointernewsonline.com/?p=8522 |access-date=2014-03-10 |website=The Pointer Newspaper |archive-date=2014-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302203628/http://thepointernewsonline.com/?p=8522 |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma abokin aiki ne a Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka (IAS) a [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Pointer Newspaper |date=2014-03-04 |title=When Hon Ochei Bagged NSE's Professional Fellowship Award |url=http://thepointernewsonline.com/?p=2094 |access-date=2014-03-10 |website=The Pointer Newspaper }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ochei ya koma [[Asaba (Najeriya)|Asaba]], babban birnin jihar Delta inda ya fara sana’ar sa ta hanyar buga kalanda da sauran abubuwan tunawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Pointer Newspaper |date=2014-11-04 |title=Victor Ochei: A Blend Of Intellect And Service |url=http://thepointernewsonline.com/?p=8522 |access-date=2014-11-04 |website=The Pointer Newspaper }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Daga baya ya kafa DavNotch Nigeria Limited, kamfanin tuntuɓar injiniya. A cikin 2011, Ochei ya sami Fellowship of the [[Nigerian Society of Engineers]] (FNSE) don gudummawar da ya bayar ga ayyuka da haɓaka aikin injiniya a cikin ƙasa .<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Pointer Newspaper |date=2014-11-04 |title=Victor Ochei: A Blend Of Intellect And Service |url=http://thepointernewsonline.com/?p=8522 |access-date=2014-11-04 |website=The Pointer Newspaper }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sana'ar siyasa == A shekara ta 2003, Ochei ya zama wakilin mazaɓar [[Aniocha ta Arewa]] sannan kuma ya zama mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye na [[Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Delta|majalisar dokokin jihar Delta]] a dandalin [[Jam'iyyar United Nigeria People's Party|jam'iyyar United Nigerian People's Party]] (UNPP); wani matsayi da aka yi har zuwa 2006. A takara na biyu na neman mukami, ya zabi jam’iyyar [[Peoples Democratic Party|People’s Democratic Party]] (PDP) sannan ya sake zaɓensa a dandalin jam’iyyar zuwa majalisar dokokin jihar. Ya zama shugaban kwamitin majalisar kan harkokin ilimi har zuwa ƙarshen majalissar ta huɗu na majalisar dokokin jihar Delta. Ya tsaya takarar zaben ranar 26 ga watan Afrilun 2011 kuma aka sake zaɓe shi a matsayin dan majalisar dokokin jihar a karo na uku. A tsawon wa’adinsa uku a jere a matsayin wakilin mazabar Aniocha ta Arewa a majalisar dokokin jihar Delta, Ochei ya jagoranci ayyukan ci gaban ilimi da ababen more rayuwa da dama a yankin. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan da aka yi a cikin waɗannan tsare-tsare shi ne, gyara, zamani, da samar da kayan tallafin ilimi ga [https://web.archive.org/web/20140407070504/http://victorochei.ng/index.php/constituency/projects cibiyoyi 19 na asali, da sakandare da manyan makarantu a mazabar Aniocha ta Arewa] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Projects |url=http://victorochei.ng/index.php/constituency/projects |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407070504/http://victorochei.ng/index.php/constituency/projects |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=5 April 2014}}</ref> Abokan aikinsa ne suka zabe shi a matsayin Kakakin [[Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Delta]] (DTHA), wanda ya yi shekaru 2 da watanni 9 (6 Yuni 2011 zuwa 18 ga Maris 2014) wanda ya sa ya zama Shugaban Majalisar Dokoki mafi dadewa a tarihin Majalisar Jihar Delta. A matsayinsa na dan majalisar, an zabe shi sau uku a matsayin wakilin mazabar [[Aniocha ta Arewa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=VICTOR OCHEI - Deltans want Victor Ochei - A Viable Delta State in 2015 with Victor Ochei |url=http://deltanswantochei.com/about-victor-o-ochei/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407071020/http://deltanswantochei.com/about-victor-o-ochei/ |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=5 April 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=dailyindependentnig |date=2013-12-23 |title=Emulating Victor Ochei |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/12/emulating-victor-ochei/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204143242/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/12/emulating-victor-ochei/ |archive-date=4 December 2013 |access-date=2013-12-23 |website=dailyindependentnig}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=thenigerianvoice |date=2011-08-06 |title=Delta Assembly elects Victor Ochei as Speaker, Ganagana Returns as Deputy |url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvnews/53404/1/delta-assembly-elects-victor-ochei-as-speaker-gana.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611103227/http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvnews/53404/1/delta-assembly-elects-victor-ochei-as-speaker-gana.html |archive-date=2011-06-11 |access-date=2011-08-06 |website=thenigerianvoice}}</ref> == Kyauta == Ochei ya samu kyautuka daban-daban da suka hada da lambar yabo daga kungiyoyi irin su Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Delta (DTHA), [[Kungiyar 'Yan Jaridu ta Najeriya|Kungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya]] (NUJ), da kuma "Award of Merit" da Majalisar Shawarwari ta Kasa ta Najeriya (Reshen Jihar Delta) ta bayar. A matsayinsa na Kakakin Majalisar Jiha, Ochei shi ne Shugaban Majalisar da ya fi dadewa a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Delta (DTHA). Ya samu kyaututtuka daga Anioma Trends: Legislator of the Year a 2011–2012; Dandalin Ci gaban Warri: Mafi kyawun Kakakin Majalisa a Najeriya; Mujallar Internationalasashen Duniya ta Musamman: Babban Mai Magana na Shekara; kuma an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Jiha na Shekarar 2013 don lambar yabo ta Nigerian Legislative Excellence Awards. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shortlisted Nominees emerge for the Nigerian Legislative Excellence Awards 2013 &#124; Prime Lawmakers |url=http://www.primelawmakers.com/?p=290 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407072316/http://www.primelawmakers.com/?p=290 |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=5 April 2014}}</ref> A yayin taron Injiniya na ƙasa na 2011 da taron shekara-shekara a Tinapa Business Resort, Calabar, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Distinguished Fellow Nigerian Society of Engineers (FNSE), wanda ya sa ya zama injiniya mafi karancin shekaru da ya samu irin wannan lambar yabo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-22 |title=Welcome to Olikeze Forum: RT HON VICTOR OCHEI BEING DECORATED AS A FELLOW OF THE NIGERIAN SOCIETY OF ENGINEERS |url=http://olikezeforum.blogspot.com/2013/03/rt-hon-victor-ochei-being-decorated-as.html |access-date=2020-07-03 |website=Welcome to Olikeze Forum}}</ref> An kuma san Victor Ochei saboda nasarorin da ya samu a fannin ilimi, inda ya mai da hankali kan ƙarfafawa da samar wa matasa kayan aikin samun nasara. Wasu daga cikin lambobin yabo da aka samu a wannan fanni sun haɗa da lambar yabo ta ƙungiyar ɗalibai ta ƙasa (NANS), lambar yabo ta kyautatuwa, da haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka a Jami'ar [[Najeriya]], Nsukka; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.deltafrontiers.com/dtfrontiers/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=21%3Adelta-speaker-advocates-state-police&catid=6%3Apress-release&Itemid=22&tmpl=component&type=raw |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407082716/http://www.deltafrontiers.com/dtfrontiers/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=21%3Adelta-speaker-advocates-state-police&catid=6%3Apress-release&Itemid=22&tmpl=component&type=raw |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=5 April 2014}}</ref> da kuma lambar yabo ta manyan ɗaliban jami'ar Benin (UBAA), wadda aka gabatar a wajen bikin cika shekaru 41 da kafa kungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-11-28 |title=Ochei Honoured With UNIBEN's Most Distinguished Alumnus Award |url=http://thepointernewsonline.com/?p=1194 |access-date=2020-07-03 |website=The Pointer News Online |language=en-US |archive-date=2017-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519113146/http://thepointernewsonline.com/?p=1194 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya samu kyautar karramawa daga ƙungiyar ci gaban matasa ta Ogwashi-Uku, an zaɓe shi ubangidan ƙungiyar wasanni ta matasa ta [[Najeriya]] (Delta State), sannan kuma aka nada shi Grand Patron na ƙungiyar kwallon kwando ta Najeriya (NWBF).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ikeji |first=Linda |date=2014-03-24 |title=Nigeria Wheelchair Basketball 2014 Ends in Grand Style {{!}} Welcome to Linda Ikeji's Blog |url=http://lindaikeji.blogspot.com/2014/03/nigeria-wheelchair-basketball-2014-ends.html |access-date=2020-07-03 |website=Nigeria Wheelchair Basketball 2014 Ends in Grand Style {{!}} Welcome to Linda Ikeji's Blog}}</ref> == Tallafawa == Ochei majibincin ƙungiyar kwallon kwando ta [[Najeriya]] ne kuma shugaban ƙungiyar kokawa ta jihar Delta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=TheEagleOnline |date=2014-01-14 |title=Ochei: Attaining heights from a humble beginning |url=http://theeagleonline.com.ng/news/ochei-attaining-heights-from-a-humble-beginning/ |access-date=2014-03-10 |website=TheEagleOnline}}</ref> A cikin sabis na al'umma, Ochei mai ba da gudummawa ne ga Rotary International kuma memba na De Saints International Club. <ref>{{Cite web |last=TheGazelleNews |date=2014-01-14 |title=Delta Assembly Speaker, Victor Ochei's Passion For Charity And Good Governance |url=http://www.thegazellenews.com/2013/10/01/delta-assembly-speaker-victor-ocheis-passion-for-charity-and-good-governance/ |access-date=2014-03-10 |website=TheGazelleNews }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya kuma bayar da gudunmawar sabbin motocin bas ga dukkan makarantun sakandire da ke karamar hukumar Aniocha ta Arewa, da bayar da tallafin litattafai ga makarantun da ke Aniocha ta Arewa da kuma bayar da tallafin litattafai ga jami’ar Jihar Delta, Abraka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-10-24 |title=Ochei: Manifesting courage and confidence |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/10/ochei-manifesting-courage-confidence/ |access-date=2020-07-03 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] knlvr4zyxfjr9wdjp73ytiyomomvfaw 0 108018 818879 673897 2026-04-06T06:58:58Z BnHamid 12586 818879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Climate chart|[[Nottingham, United Kingdom]]|1.65|6.91|59.06|1.67|7.66|49.82|2.96|10.06|45.51|4.75|13.19|47.63|7.45|16.38|49.84|10.38|19.18|66.68|12.39|21.49|65.20|12.30|21.09|63.65|10.22|18.12|57.35|7.43|13.90|71.73|4.24|9.78|69.49|1.99|7.17|69.61}} [[Fayil:University_Park_MMB_«B7_Trent_Building.jpg|alt=|right|thumb|230x230px|Jami'ar Jami'ar Park bayan dusar ƙanƙara a watan Janairun 2013.]] '''Yanayi a [[Nottingham]]''' yana da yanayin yanayi na ruwa (Köppen: Cfb) tare da ƙarancin lokacin rani, sanyin sanyi da yawan ruwan sama a cikin shekara.  Tun daga 1960, ana adana bayanan ruwan sama da yanayin zafin birni a Cibiyar Weather Nottingham a Watnall.  Hakanan akwai wata tashar yanayi da ke aiki a harabar aikin gona ta Jami'ar Nottingham a Sutton Bonington. Tun lokacin da aka fara rikodin, mafi girman zafin jiki da aka rubuta a Nottingham shine {{Convert|39.8|C|F}} ° C (103.6 ° F) a ranar 19 ga Yuli 2022, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Synop Report Summary 19/07/2022 Watnall |url=https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?lang=en&ind=03354&decoded=yes&ndays=2&ano=2022&mes=7&day=19&hora=18 |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=Ogimet}}</ref> kuma mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki wanda aka rubuta shine -13.3 ° C (8.1 ° F) A ranar 13 ga Janairu 1987 <ref>{{Cite web |title=January 1987 |url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/indicesmapdetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1987&indexid=TNn&stationid=2118 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200152/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/indicesmapdetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1987&indexid=TNn&stationid=2118 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=12 September 2015 |website=Ecs.knmi.nl}}</ref> da 23 ga Janairu 1963. <ref>{{Cite web |title=January 1963 |url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/indicesmapdetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1963&indexid=TNn&stationid=2118 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305110509/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/indicesmapdetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1963&indexid=TNn&stationid=2118 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=12 September 2015 |website=Ecs.knmi.nl}}</ref> Kodayake a lokacin hunturu na 1947, an rubuta zafin jiki na -17.8 ° C (0.0 ° F) a Sutton Bonington a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1947. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2019 |title=Where's our snow? The truth about whether we really get less of the white stuff than the rest of the country |url=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local-news/wheres-snow-truth-whether-really-2494991 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201141633/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local-news/wheres-snow-truth-whether-really-2494991 |archive-date=1 February 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019 |website=nottinghampost.com}}</ref> == Rarrabawar == [[Fayil:Arboretum_Nottingham_Autumn_3.jpg|alt=|right|thumb|230x230px|Arboretum, Nottingham a cikin kaka.]] {{Schemebox|city=Nottingham|source_k=<ref>{{cite web |title=Nottingham, England Köppen Climate Classification |url= https://en.climate-data.org/europe/united-kingdom/england/nottingham-128/ |website=Climate-Data.org|access-date=7 September 2020}}</ref>|initial_k={{KoppenClimate|Cfb}}|description_k=[[Oceanic climate]]{{Efn|Also called marine west coast.|name=|group=}}|source_t=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kkh.ltrr.arizona.edu/kkh/climate/trewartha_maps.htm|title=Trewartha maps|website=kkh.ltrr.arizona.edu|access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref>|initial_t={{TrewarthaClimate|Do}}|description_t=Temperate [[oceanic climate]]|source_a=<ref>{{Citation|last=Cmapm|first=Kliimavöötmed svg: Urmasderivative work|title=Русский: Климатические пояса Земли по Б. П. Алисову.|date=2011-06-16|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alisov%27s_classification_of_climate_ru.jpg|access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref>|initial_a={{n/a}}|description_a=[[Temperate climate]]{{Efn|Mid-latitude temperate maritime climate|name=|group=}}|source_s=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://i.pinimg.com/originals/c5/16/b8/c516b8c463fa99df0da778f768c85965.jpg|title=World Strahler Climate Map|access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref>|initial_s={{n/a}}|description_s=[[Oceanic climate|Marine west-coast]]|source_tw=<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Feddema|first=Johannes J.|date=January 2005|title=A Revised Thornthwaite-Type Global Climate Classification|journal=Physical Geography|language=en|volume=26|issue=6|pages=442–466|doi=10.2747/0272-3646.26.6.442|issn=0272-3646}}</ref>|initial_tw={{center|''C2 B'1''}}|description_tw=Moist subhumid|source_n=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/geographie/klimaklassifikation/4159|title=Klimaklassifikation|website=www.spektrum.de|language=de|access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref>|initial_n={{n/a}}|description_n=West side/maritime climate}} == Yanayin zafi == Matsakaicin babban zafin shekara a Nottingham shine 13.8 °C (56.8 °F) kuma matsakaicin ƙarancin shekara shine 6.5 °C (43.7 °F).  Matsakaicin matsakaicin yau da kullun shine 10.1 °C (50.2 °F).  Ana yin rikodin duk matsakaita da wuce gona da iri a Cibiyar Yanayi ta Nottingham a Watnall. === Matsakaicin matsakaicin === {{Weather box}}{{Weather box}} === Mafi girman yanayin zafi na yau da kullun ===   == Ruwan sama == [[Fayil:Wollaton_hall_from_front.jpg|thumb|Autumn a Wollaton Hall, Oktoba 2012.]] Tare da yanayin teku, Nottingham yana ganin ruwan sama akai-akai a duk shekara, ba tare da rigar ko lokacin bushewa ba. Wannan yafi yawa ruwan sama tare da matsakaicin 709.4 millimeters (27.93 in) a kowace shekara. Ta hanyar matsakaicin girma, Oktoba shine watan da ya fi ruwan sama, yayin da Fabrairu shine mafi bushewa. Nottingham kuma tana ganin dusar ƙanƙara, da farko a lokacin hunturu, duk da haka dusar ƙara mai nauyi ba ta da yawa.{{Weather box}} === Hasken rana, UV da hasken rana === 23o5djy4xsjenbks5bogueiw3df8dsr 818880 818879 2026-04-06T06:59:41Z BnHamid 12586 818880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Climate chart|[[Nottingham, United Kingdom]]|1.65|6.91|59.06|1.67|7.66|49.82|2.96|10.06|45.51|4.75|13.19|47.63|7.45|16.38|49.84|10.38|19.18|66.68|12.39|21.49|65.20|12.30|21.09|63.65|10.22|18.12|57.35|7.43|13.90|71.73|4.24|9.78|69.49|1.99|7.17|69.61}} [[Fayil:University_Park_MMB_«B7_Trent_Building.jpg|alt=|right|thumb|230x230px|Jami'ar Jami'ar Park bayan dusar ƙanƙara a watan Janairun 2013.]] '''Yanayi a [[Nottingham]]''' yana da yanayin yanayi na ruwa (Köppen: Cfb) tare da ƙarancin lokacin rani, sanyin sanyi da yawan ruwan sama a cikin shekara.  Tun daga 1960, ana adana bayanan ruwan sama da yanayin zafin birni a Cibiyar Weather Nottingham a Watnall.  Hakanan akwai wata tashar yanayi da ke aiki a harabar aikin gona ta Jami'ar Nottingham a Sutton Bonington. Tun lokacin da aka fara rikodin, mafi girman zafin jiki da aka rubuta a Nottingham shine {{Convert|39.8|C|F}} ° C (103.6 ° F) a ranar 19 ga Yuli 2022, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Synop Report Summary 19/07/2022 Watnall |url=https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?lang=en&ind=03354&decoded=yes&ndays=2&ano=2022&mes=7&day=19&hora=18 |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=Ogimet}}</ref> kuma mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki wanda aka rubuta shine -13.3 ° C (8.1 ° F) A ranar 13 ga Janairu 1987 <ref>{{Cite web |title=January 1987 |url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/indicesmapdetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1987&indexid=TNn&stationid=2118 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200152/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/indicesmapdetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1987&indexid=TNn&stationid=2118 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=12 September 2015 |website=Ecs.knmi.nl}}</ref> da 23 ga Janairu 1963. <ref>{{Cite web |title=January 1963 |url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/indicesmapdetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1963&indexid=TNn&stationid=2118 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305110509/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/indicesmapdetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1963&indexid=TNn&stationid=2118 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=12 September 2015 |website=Ecs.knmi.nl}}</ref> Kodayake a lokacin hunturu na 1947, an rubuta zafin jiki na -17.8 ° C (0.0 ° F) a Sutton Bonington a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1947. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2019 |title=Where's our snow? The truth about whether we really get less of the white stuff than the rest of the country |url=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local-news/wheres-snow-truth-whether-really-2494991 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201141633/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local-news/wheres-snow-truth-whether-really-2494991 |archive-date=1 February 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019 |website=nottinghampost.com}}</ref> == Rarrabawar == [[Fayil:Arboretum_Nottingham_Autumn_3.jpg|alt=|right|thumb|230x230px|Arboretum, Nottingham a cikin kaka.]] {{Schemebox|city=Nottingham|source_k=<ref>{{cite web |title=Nottingham, England Köppen Climate Classification |url= https://en.climate-data.org/europe/united-kingdom/england/nottingham-128/ |website=Climate-Data.org|access-date=7 September 2020}}</ref>|initial_k={{KoppenClimate|Cfb}}|description_k=[[Oceanic climate]]{{Efn|Also called marine west coast.|name=|group=}}|source_t=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kkh.ltrr.arizona.edu/kkh/climate/trewartha_maps.htm|title=Trewartha maps|website=kkh.ltrr.arizona.edu|access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref>|initial_t={{TrewarthaClimate|Do}}|description_t=Temperate [[oceanic climate]]|source_a=<ref>{{Citation|last=Cmapm|first=Kliimavöötmed svg: Urmasderivative work|title=Русский: Климатические пояса Земли по Б. П. Алисову.|date=2011-06-16|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alisov%27s_classification_of_climate_ru.jpg|access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref>|initial_a={{n/a}}|description_a=[[Temperate climate]]{{Efn|Mid-latitude temperate maritime climate|name=|group=}}|source_s=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://i.pinimg.com/originals/c5/16/b8/c516b8c463fa99df0da778f768c85965.jpg|title=World Strahler Climate Map|access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref>|initial_s={{n/a}}|description_s=[[Oceanic climate|Marine west-coast]]|source_tw=<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Feddema|first=Johannes J.|date=January 2005|title=A Revised Thornthwaite-Type Global Climate Classification|journal=Physical Geography|language=en|volume=26|issue=6|pages=442–466|doi=10.2747/0272-3646.26.6.442|issn=0272-3646}}</ref>|initial_tw={{center|''C2 B'1''}}|description_tw=Moist subhumid|source_n=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/geographie/klimaklassifikation/4159|title=Klimaklassifikation|website=www.spektrum.de|language=de|access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref>|initial_n={{n/a}}|description_n=West side/maritime climate}} == Yanayin zafi == Matsakaicin babban zafin shekara a Nottingham shine 13.8 °C (56.8 °F) kuma matsakaicin ƙarancin shekara shine 6.5 °C (43.7 °F).  Matsakaicin matsakaicin yau da kullun shine 10.1 °C (50.2 °F).  Ana yin rikodin duk matsakaita da wuce gona da iri a Cibiyar Yanayi ta Nottingham a Watnall. === Matsakaicin matsakaicin === {{Weather box}}{{Weather box}} === Mafi girman yanayin zafi na yau da kullun ===   == Ruwan sama == [[Fayil:Wollaton_hall_from_front.jpg|thumb|Autumn a Wollaton Hall, Oktoba 2012.]] Tare da yanayin teku, Nottingham yana ganin ruwan sama akai-akai a duk shekara, ba tare da rigar ko lokacin bushewa ba. Wannan yafi yawa ruwan sama tare da matsakaicin 709.4 millimeters (27.93 in) a kowace shekara. Ta hanyar matsakaicin girma, Oktoba shine watan da ya fi ruwan sama, yayin da Fabrairu shine mafi bushewa. Nottingham kuma tana ganin dusar ƙanƙara, da farko a lokacin hunturu, duk da haka dusar ƙara mai nauyi ba ta da yawa.{{Weather box}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} h9xjgcwzg9gov8uzi4vejl665xmivsc 0 108180 818729 682236 2026-04-05T15:32:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818729 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:UPEACE-view.jpg|right|thumb|Ra'ayi na Cibiyar Costa Rica]] '''[[jami'a|jami'an]] Zaman Lafiya''' (UPEACE) jami'a ce ta kasa da kasa da kuma haɗe da Ƙungiyar gwamnati da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kafa a matsayin kungiyar yarjejeniya a shekarar 1980. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Charter of the University for Peace annexed to the International Agreement Establishing the University for Peace |url=http://www.upeace.org/pdf/charter.pdf |access-date=2025-07-27 |archive-date=2017-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011233157/http://www.upeace.org/pdf/charter.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jami'ar tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri, digiri, da zartarwa da suka shafi nazarin zaman lafiya da rikici, muhalli da ci gaba, da dokar kasa da kasa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Institute |first=Amani |date=2016-08-31 |title=Amani Institute partners with the United Nations mandated University for Peace |url=https://amaniinstitute.org/amani-institute-partners-with-the-united-nations-mandated-university-for-peace/ |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=Amani Institute}}</ref> Hedikwatar Jami'ar Zaman Lafiya tana cikin wani yanki na halitta kusa da Ciudad Colón, [[Costa Rica]] . Koyaya, jami'ar tana da kasancewar a wasu ƙasashe, musamman Somalia <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us - Institute for Peace, Security & Development (IPSED) |url=https://ipsed.org/about-us/ |access-date=2022-10-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> da Netherlands. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Upeace The Hague - Welcome |url=https://www.upeace.nl/ |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=www.upeace.nl |language=NL}}</ref> Yarjejeniyar Jami'ar Zaman Lafiya, wadda Majalisar Dattijai ta karɓa a cikin ƙuduri 35/55 a cikin 1980, ta bayyana manufar jami'ar kamar haka:<blockquote>"don samar da bil'adama tare da cibiyar ilimi mafi girma ta duniya don zaman lafiya tare da manufar inganta tsakanin dukkan 'yan adam ruhun fahimta, haƙuri da zaman lafiya, don ƙarfafa hadin kai tsakanin mutane da kuma taimakawa rage cikas da barazanar zaman lafiya da ci gaba a duniya, daidai da burin da aka ayyana a cikin [[Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]. "<ref name=":0"/></blockquote>Kungiyar tana da Matsayi mai lura a [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma tana da ofishin dindindin a hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkinobho a New York.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nations |first=United |title=Intergovernmental and Other Organizations |url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/intergovernmental-and-other-organizations |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi da dangantaka da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya == [[Fayil:UPEACE-campus.jpg|alt=|thumb|250x250px|UPEACE Rodrigo Carazo Campus, Costa Rica]] Jami'ar zaman lafiya ta fara aiki ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da amince wada ita ta hanyar ƙuduri 34/111 na 14 ga Disamba 1979 na [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]. Wannan ƙuduri ya kuma kafa kwamiti na kasa da kasa wanda, tare da haɗin gwiwar gwamnatin Costa Rica, an nemi ya shirya tsarin jami'ar da aka tsara - ya fara kirkirar Jami'ar zaman lafiya. Bayan haka, ta hanyar ƙuduri 35/55 na 5 ga Disamba 1980, <ref>{{Cite web |title=UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/35/55 on the Establishment of UPEACE |url=http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/35/55 |website=United Nations Official Document |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da yarjejeniyar kafa Jami'ar Zaman Lafiya ta hanyar karɓar Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa don Kafa Jami'ar zaman lafiya tare da Yarjejeniyar Jami'ar Salama. <ref name=":0"/> d A cikin 1999, Sakatare Janar [[Kofi Annan]] ya ɗauki ƙarin matakai don sake farfado da Jami'ar zaman lafiya ta hanyar canza mayar da hankali daga na gida da na yanki zuwa hangen nesa na duniya. Tare da wannan canjin mayar da hankali shine canjin harshen aiki na jami'ar, daga Mutanen Espanya zuwa Turanci, da kuma ƙaddamar da shirin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sainz |first=Juan |title=Overview of the University for Peace |url=https://www.facebook.com/watch/live/?ref=watch_permalink&v=808768699770288 |access-date=28 June 2024 |website=Preamble to Conversation with Ambassador Jacquelin O'Neill (Canada) |publisher=Facebook Live}}</ref> Jami'ar zaman lafiya wani bangare ne na bangaren ilimi na tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma tana da matsayin mai lura a Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkinobho, <ref>See "Other Resources" at {{Cite web |title=UN Bodies |url=https://www.un.org/en/peace/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112174113/https://www.un.org/en/peace/ |archive-date=12 January 2012 |access-date=16 September 2020 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2009 |title=Observer status for the University for Peace in the General Assembly : resolution / adopted by the General Assembly |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/643196?ln=en |access-date=16 September 2020 |publisher=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> yayin da take kula da 'yancin kanta a cikin al'amuran ilimi, kudi da gudanarwa. Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya shine shugaban girmamawa na UPEACE. Kamar yadda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da umarnin jami'ar, Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkinobho yana ba da rahoto lokaci-lokaci game da ayyukan Jami'ar Zaman Lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/64/83 |url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/466/81/PDF/N0946681.pdf?OpenElement |publisher=United Nations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Report of the UN Secretary General on the University for Peace, A/64/281, dated 11 August 2009. |url=http://www.upeace.org/PDF/SG%27s%20Report%20-%202009%20%28English%29.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011234537/http://www.upeace.org/PDF/SG%27s%20Report%20-%202009%20%28English%29.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2017 |access-date=3 September 2012}}</ref> Babban hukumar gudanar da jami'ar ita ce Majalisar Jami'ar Zaman Lafiya . Ya ƙunshi mambobi 17, goma daga cikinsu Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Darakta Janar na [[UNESCO]] ne suka nada su, biyu da gwamnatin Costa Rica ta zaba, wasu kuma manyan ma'aikatan Jami'ar Zaman Lafiya, Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkinobho, da Majalisar Dinkin duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=University for Peace |url=https://www.upeace.org/pages/upeace-council |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=www.upeace.org |archive-date=2022-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001020825/https://www.upeace.org/pages/upeace-council |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hedikwatar da babban harabar == Babban harabar jami'ar, Rodrigo Carazo Campus, yana da nisan kilomita 30 kudu maso yammacin San José, Costa Rica. Yawancin shirye-shiryen masters da doctoral ana gudanar da su daga wannan wuri. Jami'ar tana da haɗin mazauna da masu ziyara. Garin da ya fi kusa da dutsen da jami'ar ta kasance shine Ciudad Colón, wanda shine inda yawancin ɗalibai, ma'aikata, da ma'aikatan jami'ar ke zaune.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ciudad Colón, Costa Rica - City Guide |url=https://www.govisitcostarica.com/region/city.asp?cID=227 |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=Go Visit Costa Rica |language=en}}</ref> === Shirin Yarjejeniyar Duniya === Babban harabar jami'ar zaman lafiya ta karbi bakuncin sakatariyar kasa da kasa na shirin Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya, wanda manufarsa ita ce " inganta sauye-sauye zuwa hanyoyin rayuwa masu dorewa da kuma al'ummar duniya da aka kafa bisa tsarin da'a daya wanda ya hada da girmamawa da kulawa ga al'ummar rayuwa, mutuncin muhalli, 'yancin ɗan adam na duniya, mutunta bambancin, adalci na tattalin arziki, dimokiradiyya, da al'adun zaman lafiya."  Ana aiwatar da wannan manufa ta hanyar amfani da Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya a matsayin babban tsarin jagora. A cikin shekara ta 2012, an ba da shirin Yarjejeniyar Duniya da Jami'ar Zaman Lafiya tare da haɗin gwiwar Shugaban UNESCO kan Ilimi don Ci gaba mai dorewa da Yarjejeniyar Kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Corporate Sustainability Reporting Project Description on the Earth Charter Center on Education For Sustainable Development |url=https://sdgs.un.org/partnerships/corporate-sustainability-reporting |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs}}</ref> Ana gudanar da aikin da ya shafi wannan kujerar UNESCO a Cibiyar Yarjejeniyar Duniya don Ilimi don Ci gaba mai dorewa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Center for Education for Sustainable Development (UPEACE) renews EDU Accreditation |url=https://www.edu.int/edu-news/earth-charter-center-for-education-for-sustainable-development-upeace-renews-edu-accreditation}}</ref> wanda aka buɗe a babban harabar UPEACE a cikin 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Short History of the Earth Charter Initiative |url=http://www.earthcharterchina.org/eng/history2.html |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=www.earthcharterchina.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 1, 2014 |title=Earth Charter International: Inauguration and International Conference |url=https://earthcharter.org/earth-charter-international-inauguration-and-international-conference/ |access-date=June 1, 2023 |website=Earth Charter International}}</ref> [[Fayil:Peace_Park.jpg|thumb|Gidan shakatawa na zaman lafiya a Jami'ar zaman lafiya]] === Gidan shakatawa na zaman lafiya da ajiyar yanayi === Harabar tana kewaye da wurin yanayi mai kyau(Peace Park) wanda ya ƙunshi gandun daji na biyu da ragowar dajin farko (ha200) a tsakiyar kwarin Costa Rica.  Tana ba da mafaka ga dabbobi masu shayarwa irin su birai da barewa, dabbobi masu rarrafe, da nau'ikan tsuntsaye sama da 300, da kuma nau'ikan bishiyoyi kusan 100.  Wuraren da jami'ar ta ke da su da kuma yankin da aka karewa sun kai hekta 303.  Wurin shakatawa yana ƙunshe da hanyoyin tafiye-tafiye da yawa da abubuwan tarihi ga masu gina zaman lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=The Tico |date=2016-07-25 |title=University for Peace brings a global community to Ciudad Colón |url=https://ticotimes.net/2016/07/25/university-peace |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=The Tico Times {{!}} Costa Rica News {{!}} Travel {{!}} Real Estate |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Baya ga ayyukan da ke harabar Costa Rica, Jami'ar Zaman Lafiya tana da ofisoshin kasa da kasa da yawa da abokan tarayya. === Afirka === Jami'ar zaman lafiya ta kafa shirin ta na Afirka a shekara ta 2002. Shirin yana da niyyar motsawa da ƙarfafa iyawa a Afirka don koyarwa, horarwa da gudanar da bincike a fannonin zaman lafiya da nazarin rikici. A matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin, jami'ar ta kafa yarjejeniyar haɓaka ƙwarewa tare da cibiyoyi 27 a Afirka, galibi jami'o'i.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UPEACE- IPSED launches a New MA and PhD Programmes in the Puntland State of Somalia. - Institute for Peace, Security & Development (IPSED) |url=https://ipsed.org/upeace-ipsed-launches-a-new-ma-and-phd-programmes-in-the-puntland-state-of-somalia/ |access-date=2023-12-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> Shekaru biyar na farko na shirin sun mayar da hankali ne kan samar da manhajoji da kayayyakin koyarwa da bayar da gajerun kwasa-kwasai da tarurrukan bita da tarurruka da karawa juna sani a sassa daban-daban na Afirka.  A cikin wannan lokacin, shirin ya jawo kusan mahalarta dubu ɗaya daga masana ilimi, masu tsara manufofi da ƙungiyoyin jama'a Tun daga 2007, shirin na Afirka ya yi aiki tare da wasu jami'o'in haɗin gwiwa don haɓaka shirye-shiryen digiri na biyu da za su kasance a jami'o'in Afirka.  Babban manufar wannan yunƙurin ita ce ƙara ƙarfafa ƙarfin Afirka da gina ƙwararrun ƙwararru don ƙarin fahimtar rikice-rikice a Afirka, rigakafin su da samar da yanayin da zai samar da dawwamammen zaman lafiya da ci gaba a yankin. Tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya, Tsaro da Ci gaba, UPEACE tana ba da shirye-shiryen masters da PhD da suka shafi bayanan ilimi na jami'a a Somalia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UPEACE- IPSED launches a New MA and PhD Programmes in the Puntland State of Somalia. - Institute for Peace, Security & Development (IPSED) |url=https://ipsed.org/upeace-ipsed-launches-a-new-ma-and-phd-programmes-in-the-puntland-state-of-somalia/ |access-date=2023-12-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2022, dalibai 166 sun kammala karatu daga shirin Somaliya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=More than 100 Somali students graduate from University for Peace, including country's president {{!}} Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs |url=https://dppa.un.org/en/more-100-somali-students-graduate-university-peace-including-countrys-president |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=dppa.un.org |archive-date=2023-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226164634/https://dppa.un.org/en/more-100-somali-students-graduate-university-peace-including-countrys-president |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shugaban kasar Somalia na yanzu, Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, ya kare takardar jarabawarsa ta Ph.D. a Jami'ar zaman lafiya.<ref name=":1" /> Jami'ar ta sanar da niyyar fara shirin karatun Ph.D. mai suna bayan Hassan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aweys |first=Khadar |date=2023-05-28 |title=Historic agreement signed for presidential PhD Scholarship in Somalia |url=https://sonna.so/en/historic-agreement-signed-for-presidential-phd-scholarship-in-somalia/ |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=Somali National News Agency |language=en-US}}</ref> === Turai === A watan Janairun 2012, UPEACE ta bude cibiyar a The [[Hague]], Netherlands, wanda ke zaune a Ginin Kwalejin Fadar Zaman Lafiya. Yana inganta ayyukan jami'ar a Turai kuma yana aiki a kan ilimi da bincike a cikin nazarin zaman lafiya, yana aiki tare da cibiyoyin ilimi da manufofi a yankin Hague.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Upeace The Hague - UPEACE Centre The Hague |url=https://www.upeace.nl/index.php?page=who-we-are&pid=286 |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=www.upeace.nl |language=NL}}</ref> An kafa Ofishin Geneva na Jami'ar Zaman Lafiya a shekara ta 2001. Manufar ofishin Geneva ita ce ta ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban ayyukan shirye-shiryen jami'a a Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya, shiga tare da al'ummar ilimi a Geneva, da kuma sauƙaƙe dangantakar ma'aikata a cikin Turai da kuma tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University for Peace {{!}} The United Nations Office at Geneva |url=https://www.ungeneva.org/en/blue-book/missions/intergovernmental/university-peace |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=www.ungeneva.org |language=en}}</ref> === Asiya === Har zuwa 2023, Jami'ar Zaman Lafiya ta shirya hadin gwiwa Shirin Nazarin Masu Zaman Lafiya na Asiya (APS) tare da Gidauniyar Nippon da Jami'ar Ateneo de Manila. Masu karatun APS sun sami digiri na Master of Arts daga Jami'ar zaman lafiya da kuma digiri na biyu a cikin Ci gaban Jama'a na Transdisciplinary daga Jami'an Ateneo de Manila . <ref>{{Cite web |title=University for Peace |url=https://www.upeace.org/departments/asian-peacebuilders-scholarships |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=www.upeace.org }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Peacebuilders Scholarship {{!}} Ateneo Global |url=https://global.ateneo.edu/dual-degree |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=global.ateneo.edu}}</ref> == Malamai == Jami'ar Aminci tana ba da digiri na biyu, digiri na uku, da shirye-shiryen zartarwa a fagen zaman lafiya, muhalli da dokokin duniya.  Ayyukan ilimi da bincike an tsara su a sassa hudu: dokokin kasa da kasa, nazarin zaman lafiya da rikici, yanayi da ci gaba, da kuma nazarin yanki.  Sashen na ƙarshe yana ba da ilimi cikin Mutanen Espanya maimakon Ingilishi.  Baya ga shirye-shiryenta, jami'ar tana ba da shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa tare da Jami'ar Amurka, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Jami'ar Pace, UNITAR, Jami'ar Ateneo de Manila da sauran ƙungiyoyi da yawa. === Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Duniya === * MA a cikin Dokar Kasa da Kasa da Sarraba Rikici * MA a cikin Dokar Kasa da Kasa da 'Yancin Dan Adam '' (an samo shi a cikin Turanci da Mutanen Espanya) '' * MA a cikin Shari'ar Kasa da Kasa da diflomasiyya === Ma'aikatar Nazarin Zaman Lafiya da Rikicin === * MA a cikin Rushewar Rikicin, Zaman Lafiya da Ci gaba '' (koyarwa a cikin Mutanen Espanya) '' * MA a cikin Jima'i da Zaman Lafiya * MA a cikin Kimiyyar 'Yan asalin ƙasar da Nazarin Zaman Lafiya * MA a cikin Nazarin Zaman Lafiya na Duniya * MA a cikin Ilimi na Zaman Lafiya * MA a cikin Addini, Al'adu da Nazarin Zaman Lafiya * MA a cikin Zaman Lafiya mai dorewa a Duniya ta zamani (online) '' (a kan layi) '' === Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ci Gaban === * MA a cikin Muhalli, Ci gaba da Zaman Lafiya '' (an samo shi a cikin Turanci da Mutanen Espanya) '' * MA a cikin Gudanar da Hakki da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki mai dorewa * MSc a cikin Muhalli da Al'umma === Ma'aikatar Nazarin Yankin === * MA a cikin Shari'ar Kasa da Kasa ta 'Yancin Dan Adam * MA a cikin warware rikice-rikice, zaman lafiya da ci gaba * MA a cikin Muhalli, Ci gaba da Zaman Lafiya === Digiri na biyu da haɗin gwiwa === * Shawarwarin rikice-rikice da Haɗin Kai da Dokar Kasa da Kasa da 'Yancin Dan Adam (MA biyu tare da Jami'ar Brandeis, Amurka) * Cybercrime, Cybersecurity da Dokar Kasa da Kasa (haɗin LL.M. tare da Cibiyar Nazarin Laifuka da Adalci ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Turin, Italiya) * Nazarin Ci Gaban da diflomasiyya (tare da MA tare da UNITAR) * Dokar Muhalli da Dokar Kasa da Kasa & 'Yancin Dan Adam (LLM / MA tare da Jami'ar Pace) * 'Yancin Dan Adam da Al'adu don Zaman Lafiya (haɗin MA tare da Jami'ar Pontifical Xavierian, Colombia) * Shari'ar Kasa da Kasa da 'Yancin Dan Adam (MA biyu tare da Jami'ar Hankuk ta Nazarin Kasashen Waje, Seoul, Koriya) * Media, Peace and Conflict Studies (MA biyu tare da Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul, Koriya) * Albarkatun Halitta da Ci gaba mai dorewa (MA biyu tare da Jami'ar Amurka, Washington DC, Amurka) <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |title=International Affairs: Natural Resources & Sustainable Development |url=https://www.american.edu/sis/nrsd/ |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=American University |language=en}}</ref> * Ci gaba mai ɗorewa (MA biyu tare da Jami'ar Hankuk ta Nazarin Kasashen Waje, Seoul, Koriya) * Transnational Crime and Justice (haɗin LL.M. tare da Cibiyar Nazarin Laifuka da Adalci ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Turin, Italiya) * Haɗin gwiwar Ruwa da diflomasiyya (ma'a / MSc / MS sau uku tare da Cibiyar IHE Delft don Ilimi na Ruwa, Netherlands da Jami'ar Jihar Oregon, Amurka) === Shirin Doctoral === Jami'ar zaman lafiya tana da shirin digiri a cikin nazarin zaman lafiya da rikici tun shekarar 2012. Shirin yana ba da hanyar bincike da kuma hanyar sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UPEACE Doctoral Programme in Peace and Conflict Studies |url=http://www.upeace.org/academic/doctorate/ |publisher=University for Peace}}</ref> === Takaddun shaida === Jami'ar ta kasance memba na kungiyar SINAES ta Costa Rican tun shekara ta 2008. <ref name=":2"/> SINAES ta kimanta kuma ta amince da manyan shirye-shiryen digiri a jami'ar, yayin da sauran shirye-shiryenta ke cikin aiwatar da takardar shaidar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Universidad para la Paz |url=https://www.sinaes.ac.cr/universidades/universidad-para-la-paz/ |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=SINAES |language=es}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, digiri da jami'ar ta bayar an amince da su a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa, kamar yadda Yarjejeniyar Jami'ar Zaman Lafiya ta ba da iko ga "ba da digiri na biyu da digiri". Kamar yadda aka yanke shawarar kafa Jami'ar Zaman Lafiya ta hanyar yarjejeniya a cikin Babban Taron, izinin bayar da digiri a ka'idar doka ce a duk ƙasashe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About University for Peace Accreditation |url=https://www.upeace.org/pages/accreditation |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=University for Peace (upeace.org)}}</ref> Jami'ar don Zaman Lafiya ta tabbatar da ita ta Ƙungiyar Jami'o'i ta Duniya / UNESCO. == Bayar da haƙƙin ɗan adam == Jami'ar zaman lafiya ta kuma kafa Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta UPEACE wacce aka kirkira a cikin tsarin aikin jami'ar. Ayyukan Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta UPEACE suna neman inganta fahimta, girmamawa da jin daɗin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya. Cibiyar tana aiwatar da wannan manufar ta hanyar ilimin haƙƙin ɗan adam, horo, bincike, gina iyawa, da ayyukan wayar da kan jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UPeace Human Rights Centre – University for Peace Human Rights Centre |url=https://hrc.upeace.org/ |access-date=2023-12-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> Jami'ar zaman lafiya ta dauki bakuncin Ofishin Taimako na Shari'a kyauta ga 'yan jarida a Costa Rica. A cikin 2023, ofishin ya gabatar da wani rahoto mai mahimmanci game da samun dama ga bayanai da kafofin watsa labarai a lokacin zaben 2022. == Shahararrun ma'aikata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sq3ru5m5licapw0w9v4cpd2w1elqj8g 0 108474 818892 677055 2026-04-06T07:05:17Z BnHamid 12586 818892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Climate Vulnerability Monitor ('''CVM''') wani bincike ne na duniya mai zaman kansa game da [[tasirin canjin yanayi]] a kan jama'ar duniya [[Landan]] bangarorin manyan hukumomin duniya suka tattara. An ƙaddamar da Monitor a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010 a London da [[Cancun]] don ya dace da taron koli na Cancun na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan canjin yanayi (COP-16). <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |last=BCS s.c. |title=High Commission of the Republic of MALDIVES &#124; President Nasheed Launches Climate Vulnerable Monitor 2010 |url=http://www.maldiveshighcommission.org/?s=10&id=1571&new=ok&grupa=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304220915/http://www.maldiveshighcommission.org/?s=10&id=1571&new=ok&grupa=1 |archive-date=2012-03-04 |access-date=2013-06-26 |publisher=Maldiveshighcommission.org}}</ref> DARA da Climate Vulnerable Forum ne suka haɓaka rahoton, an yi niyyar zama sabon kayan aiki don tantance matsalar duniya ga tasirin sauyin yanayi daban-daban a cikin kasashe daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Black |first=Richard |date=2010-12-03 |title=BBC News - Poorer nations 'need carbon cuts', urges The Maldives |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11912566 |access-date=2013-06-26 |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Rahoton ya bayyana manyan kimiyya da bincike don bayani dalla-dalla game da yadda kuma inda sauyin yanayi ke shafar jama'a a yau (2010) da kuma nan gaba (2030), yayin da yake nuna mahimman ayyukan da ke rage waɗannan tasirin.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=New report: 5 million climate deaths predicted by 2020 &#124; MNN - Mother Nature Network |url=http://www.mnn.com/green-tech/research-innovations/blogs/new-report-5-million-climate-deaths-predicted-by-2020 |access-date=2013-06-26 |publisher=MNN}}</ref> DARA da Climate Vulnerable Forum sun ƙaddamar da bugu na 2 na Climate Vul vulnerability Monitor a ranar 26 ga Satumba 2012 a Asia Society, New York . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-30 |title=Launch of the 2nd Edition of the Climate Vulnerability Monitor |url=http://daraint.org/2012/07/30/3824/launch-of-the-2nd-edition-of-the-climate-vulnerability-monitor-sept-26-new-york/ |access-date=2013-06-26 |publisher=Daraint.org}}</ref> == Manufofin == The Climate Vulnerability Monitor yayi ƙoƙari ya nuna yadda kowace ƙasa ke da rauni ga canjin yanayi (don dalilai na kiwon lafiya, yanayin yanayi mai tsanani, abubuwan tattalin arziki, asarar ƙasa daga fadada hamada ko hauhawar matakin teku). Ya lissafa matakan sama da 50 waɗanda marubutan suka ce suna samuwa don iyakance kusan duk wani lahani da canjin yanayi ya haifar. == Hanyar da za a bi == An bayar da rahoton cewa mai kula da yanayin yanayi yana ɗaukar sabon tsari don tantance yanayin yanayi na duniya da yankunanta, ƙasashe da al'ummomi. Mai sa ido yana kallon halaye na al'umma waɗanda sauyin yanayi ya shafa kuma yana tsara matakin rauni da tasirin da ake tsammani kamar yadda tasirin da ke faruwa a cikin yanayi ya nuna. An gina binciken ne a kusa da "yanki masu tasiri", da kuma "matakan rauni", suna mai da hankali kan shekarun 2010 da 2030. A cewar rahoton, an samo ƙididdigar tasirin da aka kiyasta daga takamaiman hanyar Monitor kuma suna wakiltar ƙarin tasiri saboda canjin yanayi. Suna ba da "snapshot" na abin da ake sa ran ya riga ya faru da kuma abin da zai iya faruwa a nan gaba. A cewar marubutan, mai sa ido yana wakiltar hanya ɗaya kawai ta iya auna yanayin da suke sa ran za a iya inganta shi. '''4 Yankunan Tasirin Yanayi da aka Tattaunawa''' * Tasirin Lafiya - ƙarin Mutuwa daga cututtukan da ke fama da yanayi * Bala'o'in yanayi - ƙarin guguwa da lalacewa a cikin hadari, [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] da gobarar dajiWutar daji * Rashin mazaunin - ƙarin asarar mazaunin ɗan adam zuwa hauhawar matakin teku, hamada * Matsalar Tattalin Arziki - ƙarin asarar a bangarorin farko / noma na tattalin arziki da mahimman [[Kadarorin muhalli|albarkatun kasa]] '''5 Abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi''' * Mai tsanani (mafi rauni) * Mai tsanani * Babba * Matsakaici * Ƙananan (ƙananan rukunin da ke da rauni) == Abubuwan da aka gano == === Mai saukin Yanayi na Yanayi 2010 === [[Fayil:Mohamed_Nasheed,_President_of_the_Maldives,_at_the_launch_of_the_Climate_Vulnerability_Monitor.jpg|thumb|[[Mohamed Nasheed]], Shugaban [[Maldives]], a gabatarwar mai kula da yanayin yanayi a London, Disamba 3, 2010]] Rahoton ya yi iƙirarin cewa canjin yanayi wanda ayyukan ɗan adam suka haifar ya riga ya tsoma baki cikin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da tasirin da ke da haɗari ga mutane da duniya. A cewar rahoton, yawan canji da tasirin zafi, iska, ruwan sama, hamada, [[Sea level|matakin teku]], da sauran tasirin suna haifar da mutuwar 350,000 a kowace shekara. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa tasirin canjin yanayi na iya taimakawa ga mutuwar mutane miliyan 5 a shekarar 2020 kuma ya haifar da mutuwar mutane miliyan 1 a kowace shekara a shekarar 2030 idan ba a rage yawan [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]] ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Science News &#124; Technology News - ABC News |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=12307753&page=2 |access-date=2013-06-26 |publisher=Abcnews.go.com}}</ref> Rashin zafi, iska, da karancin ruwa sun sanya matsin lamba a kan mazaunin kusan mutane miliyan 2.5. An kiyasta guguwa, ambaliyar ruwa, da gobarar daji za su bar ƙarin dala biliyan 5 a cikin lalacewa a kowace shekara, yayin da hawan teku ke biyan 1% na GDP ga ƙasashe masu karamin karfi - 4% a cikin [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] - tare da dala biliyan 65 a kowace shekara daga tattalin arzikin duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Climate vulnerability monitor 2010: the state of the climate crisis - Documents & Publications - Professional Resources |url=http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/publications/v.php?id=17016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311074817/http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/publications/v.php?id=17016 |archive-date=2012-03-11 |access-date=2013-06-26 |publisher=PreventionWeb.net}}</ref> Rahoton ya ci gaba da bayyana cewa mafi yawan tasirin yana mai da hankali sosai ga yara kuma matalauta tare da mafi yawan adadin wadanda suka mutu suna mai da hankali ga yara da ke zaune a Afirka ta Kudu ko Asiya ta Kudu, kuma cewa sannu a hankali, ba kwatsam ba, tasirin canjin yanayi yana haifar da fiye da 90% na duk lalacewar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jen Quraishi |date=2010-12-10 |title=How Children Suffer From Climate Change |url=http://motherjones.com/blue-marble/2010/12/children-hit-hard-climate-change |access-date=2013-06-26 |publisher=Mother Jones}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuang |first=Cliff |date=2010-12-15 |title=Infographics of the Day: Amid Climate Change, Some Countries Luck Out |url=http://www.fastcompany.com/1710037/infographics-of-the-day-amid-climate-change-some-countries-luck-out |access-date=2013-06-26 |publisher=Fast Company}}</ref> Fiye da kashi 80% na mutanen da ke cikin haɗari daga hamada da ke haifar da yanayi suna zaune a cikin tattalin arzikin da ke tasowa kamar [[Sin|China]] da [[Indiya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-12-13 |title=Deaths from climate change will triple in next two decades if inaction continues « Access to Health Information |url=http://access2healthinfo.wordpress.com/2010/12/13/deaths-from-climate-change-will-triple-in-next-two-decades-if-inaction-continues/ |access-date=2013-06-26 |publisher=Access2healthinfo.wordpress.com}}</ref> Rahoton ya kuma bayyana cewa, ana samun rabin tasirin tattalin arzikin da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa a kasashe masu arzikin masana'antu.  Duk da haka, ƙasashe masu tasowa suna fama da matsananciyar damuwa ga tattalin arzikinsu, musamman saboda girma, ƙarancin fagagen noma.  Kasashe 15 kacal ana daukarsu a matsayin masu saurin kamuwa da sauyin yanayi a yau, tare da fama da kusan rabin duk tasirin yanayi.  Jihohin da aka amince da su ko kuma jahohin da suka gaza kamar Afghanistan, Haiti, Myanmar, Saliyo, da Somaliya na cikin wadanda lamarin ya fi shafa.  Matsakaicin ƙasashe 24 ne kawai aka ƙididdige su a matsayin waɗanda ke da mafi girman yanayin rashin lahani ga kowane yanki mai tasiri na lafiya, matsanancin yanayi, asarar muhalli, da matsin tattalin arziki.  A kowane hali, kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na jimillar tasirin duniya yana kan ƙasashe 10 ne kawai Rahoton ya bayyana cewa wasu shekaru 20 na rashin aiki na iya haifar da kusan mutuwar mutane miliyan 1 da ke da alaƙa da yanayi a kowace shekara ta 2030. Adadin kasashe masu matukar damuwa na iya wucewa sau uku a wannan lokacin. Kudin tattalin arziki na iya ƙaruwa zuwa dala biliyan 100 na damuwa a bakin teku duniya, dala biliyan 150 na asarar bangaren farko da albarkatun kasa, da dala biliyan 10 a cikin guguwa, ambaliyar ruwa, da lalacewar gobarar daji - kashi ɗaya bisa uku na [[Tattalin arzikin duniya|Rikicin tattalin arziki]] shekara-shekara na dala tiriliyan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-24 |title=Findings - DARA |url=http://www.daraint.org/climate-vulnerability-monitor/climate-vulnerability-monitor-2010/findings/ |access-date=2013-06-26 |publisher=Daraint.org}}</ref> == Tarihi == DARA da Climate Vulnerable Forum sun kirkiro Climate Vul vulnerability Monitor don inganta fahimtar tasirin tasirin canjin yanayi a kan al'umma da kuma gano mahimman zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban don fuskantar wannan sabon ƙalubalen.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |last=BCS s.c. |title=High Commission of the Republic of MALDIVES &#124; President Nasheed Launches Climate Vulnerable Monitor 2010 |url=http://www.maldiveshighcommission.org/?s=10&id=1571&new=ok&grupa=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304220915/http://www.maldiveshighcommission.org/?s=10&id=1571&new=ok&grupa=1 |archive-date=2012-03-04 |access-date=2013-06-26 |publisher=Maldiveshighcommission.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBCS_s.c.">BCS s.c. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120304220915/http://www.maldiveshighcommission.org/?s=10&id=1571&new=ok&grupa=1 "High Commission of the Republic of MALDIVES &#x7C; President Nasheed Launches Climate Vulnerable Monitor 2010"]. Maldiveshighcommission.org. Archived from [http://www.maldiveshighcommission.org/?s=10&id=1571&new=ok&grupa=1 the original] on 2012-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Dandalin masu fama da yanayi, haɗin gwiwa ne na duniya na shugabannin ƙasashen da suka fi fuskantar sauyin yanayi da ke neman tsauri da gaggawa wajen warware rikicin yanayi.  Shugaba Mohamed Nasheed na Maldives ne ya kafa shi kuma ya fara ganawa a watan Nuwamba na 2009. Sanarwar Majalisar masu fama da yanayi da aka amince da ita sannan ta nuna fargaba kan sauye-sauye da hatsarori da ake gani a duniya sakamakon illar dumamar yanayi a duniya tare da yin kira da a gaggauta yin hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasa da kasa don tunkarar kalubalen.  Kasashen sun hada da Bangladesh, Barbados, Bhutan, Kiribati, Ghana, Kenya, Nepal, Rwanda, Tanzania, Vietnam da Maldives.<ref>{{Cite web |last=staff |date=2009-11-10 |title=Climate Vulnerable Nations Go Carbon Neutral, Plead for Help |url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/nov2009/2009-11-10-01.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716182646/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/nov2009/2009-11-10-01.html |archive-date=2012-07-16 |access-date=2013-06-26 |publisher=Ens-newswire.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Climate Vulnerable Forum - DARA |url=http://www.daraint.org/climate-vulnerability-monitor/climate-vulnerability-monitor-2010/climate-vulnerable-forum/ |access-date=2013-06-26 |publisher=Daraint.org}}</ref> DARA kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa da ke zaune a [[Madrid]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], kuma Silvia Hidalgo ce ta kafa ta a shekara ta 2003. A cewar shafin yanar gizon, kungiyar tana da niyyar inganta inganci da tasirin taimako ga mutanen da ke fama da rikici, bala'o'i, da canjin yanayi.   ==Duba Kuma== * Tattaunawar Yanayi * Ƙididdigar Rashin Muhalli == Takardun == Mai sa ido kan yanayin yanayi 2010: Yanayin Rikicin Yanayi * [http://www.daraint.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/CVM2-Low.pdf CVM 2012 Cikakken rubutu] * [http://daraint.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/CVM_Complete-1-August-2011.pdf CVM 2010 Cikakken rubutu] * [http://daraint.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/CVM-exec-sum-01072011.pdf CVM 2010 Executive Summary - Turanci] * [http://daraint.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/CVM-exec-sum-ESPANOL-05072011.pdf CVM 2010 Executive Summary - Mutanen Espanya] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 57sao6qimidd3yfipogj4mf1xmysi7q 0 108999 818920 680693 2026-04-06T07:20:42Z BnHamid 12586 818920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marc Etienne Angelucci''' {{IPA|it|andʒeˈluttʃi|}} (Maris 30, 1968 - Yuli 11, 2020) [[lauya]] ne na Amurka, mai fafutukar kare hakkin maza, kuma mataimakin shugaban kungiyar National Coalition for Men (NCFM). <ref name="AbaJournal">{{Cite web |last=Cassens Weiss |first=Debra |date=July 14, 2020 |title=Prominent men's rights lawyer is shot and killed outside his home |url=https://www.abajournal.com/news/article/prominent-mens-rights-lawyer-is-shot-and-killed-outside-his-home |access-date=July 22, 2020 |website=[[ABA Journal]] |quote=}}</ref> A matsayinsa na lauya, ya wakilci shari'o'i da dama da suka shafi al'amuran 'yancin maza, kuma mafi mahimmanci, National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System, inda alkali na tarayya ya ayyana tsarin zabe na maza kawai ya sabawa kundin tsarin mulki. An same shi an kashe shi a gidansa a ranar 11 ga Yuli, 2020. == Tarihin rayuwa == Marc Angelucci graduated from Eagle Rock High School in [[Los Angeles]] in 1986 and UCLA School of Law sometime before 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marc Etienne Angelucci #211291 - Attorney Licensee Search |url=http://members.calbar.ca.gov/fal/Licensee/Detail/211291 |access-date=August 6, 2020 |website=members.calbar.ca.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Media's representation of gender issues misleading |url=https://dailybruin.com/2001/05/10/medias-representation-of-gende/ |access-date=August 6, 2020 |website=Daily Bruin}}</ref> He stated that he joined the National Coalition for Men while he was in law school after his friend had suffered from [[Tashin hankali na gida|domestic violence]], but was denied aid or support in 1997.<ref name="DailyBeast">{{Cite web |last=Connor |first=Tracy |date=July 13, 2020 |title=Men's Rights Activist Marc Angelucci Shot Dead at His California Home |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/mens-rights-activist-marc-angelucci-shot-dead-at-his-california-home |access-date=July 22, 2020 |website=[[The Daily Beast]] |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=January 19, 2002 |title=Expand Outreach and Shelter to Include Males |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-jan-19-vo-angel19-story.html |access-date=October 17, 2020 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> He was admitted to the State Bar of California in 2000. He founded the [[Los Angeles]] chapter of the NCFM in 2001.<ref name="AbaJournal">{{Cite web |last=Cassens Weiss |first=Debra |date=July 14, 2020 |title=Prominent men's rights lawyer is shot and killed outside his home |url=https://www.abajournal.com/news/article/prominent-mens-rights-lawyer-is-shot-and-killed-outside-his-home |access-date=July 22, 2020 |website=[[ABA Journal]] |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCassens_Weiss2020">Cassens Weiss, Debra (July 14, 2020). </cite></ref> Wani labarin 2001 a cikin Los Angeles Times ya bayyana Angelucci a matsayin "dan jam'iyyar Green Party tare da tausayin gurguzu". Yana da ɗan'uwa autistic. A cikin 2008, ya ci nasara a shari'ar Woods v. Horton a wata kotun daukaka kara ta California, wadda ta yanke hukuncin cewa Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California ta cire maza daga cikin shirye-shiryen kare tashin hankalin gida.<ref name="SBSun">{{Cite web |last=Licas |first=Eric |date=July 12, 2020 |title=Men's rights activist fatally shot in front of home in San Bernardino Mountains |url=https://www.sbsun.com/2020/07/12/mens-rights-activist-fatally-shot-in-front-of-home-in-san-bernardino-mountains/ |access-date=July 22, 2020 |website=[[The San Bernardino Sun]] |quote=}}</ref><ref name="NBC">{{Cite web |last=Aviles |first=Gwen |date=July 13, 2020 |title=Men's rights attorney Marc Angelucci's fatal shooting prompts investigation |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/pop-culture-news/men-s-rights-attorney-marc-angelucci-s-fatal-shooting-prompts-n1233680 |access-date=July 22, 2020 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |quote=}}</ref> === ''Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Maza v. Tsarin Sabis na Zaɓuɓɓuka'' === A cikin 2013, Angelucci ya kai karar Zaɓin Sabis na Zaɓuɓɓuka a madadin NCFM bisa tushen cewa babu wani dalili na ware mata daga cikin takardar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Welna |first=David |date=March 1, 2019 |title=Court Ruling Renews Debate On Women And The Draft |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/03/01/699481953/court-ruling-renews-debate-on-women-and-the-draft?t=1595401472847 |access-date=July 22, 2020 |publisher=[[NPR]] |quote=}}</ref> Alkalin gwamnatin tarayya Gray H. Miller ya yanke hukuncin cewa daftarin na maza kawai ya sabawa kundin tsarin mulki a watan Fabrairun 2019, yana mai cewa "hana tarihi a kan mata a cikin sojoji na iya tabbatar da wariya da aka yi a baya" amma dalilin ba zai sake amfani ba yayin da mata ke aiki a fagen fama.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biskupic |first=Joan |author-link=Joan Biskupic |date=February 25, 2019 |title=Federal judge rules male-only draft is unconstitutional |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/02/25/politics/male-only-draft-unconstitutional/index.html |access-date=July 22, 2020 |website= |publisher=[[CNN]] |quote=}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2020, Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka ta Fifth Circuit ta amince da tsarin mulki na rubutun namiji kawai, ta yi kira ga {{Lang|la|stare decisis}} dangane da hukuncin Kotun Koli na baya da na baya Rostker v. Goldberg . Angelucci ya bayyana a cikin shirin 2016 The Red Pill, wanda yayi cikakken bayani game da batun 'yancin maza.<ref name="DailyBeast">{{Cite web |last=Connor |first=Tracy |date=July 13, 2020 |title=Men's Rights Activist Marc Angelucci Shot Dead at His California Home |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/mens-rights-activist-marc-angelucci-shot-dead-at-his-california-home |access-date=July 22, 2020 |website=[[The Daily Beast]] |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFConnor2020">Connor, Tracy (July 13, 2020). </cite></ref> === Kisan kai === An harbe Angelucci har lahira a ƙofar gaba a Cedarpines Park, California, a ranar 11 ga Yuli, 2020. <ref name="SBSun">{{Cite web |last=Licas |first=Eric |date=July 12, 2020 |title=Men's rights activist fatally shot in front of home in San Bernardino Mountains |url=https://www.sbsun.com/2020/07/12/mens-rights-activist-fatally-shot-in-front-of-home-in-san-bernardino-mountains/ |access-date=July 22, 2020 |website=[[The San Bernardino Sun]] |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLicas2020">Licas, Eric (July 12, 2020). </cite></ref> Wani mutum da ya fito a matsayin mai bayarwa ya buga kararrawa, lokacin da wani daga gidan ya bude kofar, maharin ya yi ikirarin yana da kunshin na Angelucci. Bayan da Angelucci ya zo bakin kofa ya sa hannu a kai, sai aka harbe shi, kuma mai harbin ya gudu a cikin mota.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barraclough |first=Corrine |date=July 20, 2020 |title=Who killed Red Pill lawyer Marc Angelucci – and why? |url=https://www.spectator.com.au/2020/07/who-killed-red-pill-lawyer-marc-angelucci-and-why/ |access-date=July 22, 2020 |website=[[The Spectator Australia]] |quote=}}</ref> An sanar da Angelucci ya mutu a wurin bayan da likitocin suka iso.<ref name="SBSun" /> [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|FBI]] ta binciki kisan da kuma yiwuwar alakarsa da Roy Den Hollander, wanda ake zargi da harbi dan alƙalin gundumar Esther Salas da mijinta a [[New Jersey]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Atagi |first=Colin |date=July 20, 2020 |title=Killing of men's rights lawyer in California probed for link to shooting at federal judge's home |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/2020/07/21/killing-mens-rights-attorney-marc-angelucci-may-linked-esther-salas-case/5483731002/ |access-date=July 22, 2020 |website=[[USA Today]] |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Winton |first=Richard |date=July 21, 2020 |title=FBI investigates whether suspect in judge family attack is behind California lawyer's slaying |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-07-21/fbi-deliveryman-suspect-new-jersey-judge-family-attack-california-lawyer-killing |access-date=July 22, 2020 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |quote=}}</ref> A wannan harin na baya-bayan nan, kwanaki takwas bayan kisan Angelucci, wanda ya yi kisan ya kuma bayyana a matsayin mai kawo kayan. Den Hollander, a cewar Harry Crouch, shugaban NCFM, an kori shi daga kungiyar shekaru 5-6 kafin Den Hollander ya kasance "aikin goro". A cewar Crouch, an kuma cire Den Hollander daga kwamitin hadin gwiwa saboda barazana ga Crouch. Den Hollander dai ya sha kaye a kan Esther Salas saboda yana jin cewa ta dauki lokaci mai tsawo kafin ta yanke hukunci kan karar da ya shigar na nuna wariyar launin fata, wanda hakan ya sa Angelucci ya yi nasara a irin wannan shari'ar a Texas kafin a yanke hukunci kan Den Hollander, wanda hakan ya sa Den Hollander ya samu nasara. Daga baya an gano Den Hollander ya kashe ransa a cikin motarsa, inda aka kuma samu wasu takardu da aka ambata Angelucci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daly |first=Michael |date=July 21, 2020 |title=Professional Jealousy? Cops Probe Whether Lawyer Who Shot Judge's Family Killed Rival Attorney |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/did-anti-feminist-lawyer-roy-den-hollander-also-kill-rival-attorney-marc-angelucci |access-date=July 22, 2020 |website=[[The Daily Beast]] |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=De Atley |first=Richard K. |date=July 21, 2020 |title=Lawyer linked to California and New Jersey slayings described as jealous and angry |url=https://www.sbsun.com/2020/07/12/mens-rights-activist-fatally-shot-in-front-of-home-in-san-bernardino-mountains/ |access-date=July 22, 2020 |website=[[The San Bernardino Sun]] |quote=}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin kisan da ba a warware su ba == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] fapkuf6556vr0x9koxv9icdqe3gucqp 0 111589 818713 692955 2026-04-05T14:05:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818713 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Milankovitch cycles ya bayyana tasirin sauye-sauye a cikin motsi na Duniya akan [[Climate|yanayi]] ta a cikin dubban shekaru. An kirkiro kalmar kuma an sanya masa suna ne bayan masanin ilimin ƙasa da masanin taurari na Serbia Milutin Milanković . A cikin shekarun 1920, ya ba da cikakken bincike da yawa fiye da ra'ayin James Croll na baya cewa bambance-bambance a cikin eccentricity, axial tilt, da precession sun haɗu don haifar da bambance-bucen cyclical a cikin rarrabawar intra-annual da latitudinal na Hasken rana a farfajiyar Duniya, kuma wannan tilastawar ta rinjayi yanayin duniya sosai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kerr |first=Richard A. |date=14 July 1978 |title=Climate Control: How Large a Role for Orbital Variations? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1746691 |journal=Science |volume=201 |issue=4351 |pages=144–146 |bibcode=1978Sci...201..144K |doi=10.1126/science.201.4351.144 |jstor=1746691 |pmid=17801827 |url-access=subscription |access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Buis |first=Alan |date=27 February 2020 |title=Why Milankovitch (Orbital) Cycles Can't Explain Earth's Current Warming |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/ask-nasa-climate/2949/why-milankovitch-orbital-cycles-cant-explain-earths-current-warming/ |access-date=29 July 2022 |publisher=NASA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Edwards |first=Kevin J. |date=2022 |title='The most remarkable man': James Croll, Quaternary scientist |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jqs.3420 |journal=Journal of Quaternary Science |language=en |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=400–419 |doi=10.1002/jqs.3420 |issn=0267-8179 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Motsi na Duniya == Juyawa na Duniya a kusa da axis dinsa, da juyin juya hali a kusa da Sun, sun samo asali ne a tsawon lokaci saboda hulɗar nauyi tare da wasu abubuwa a cikin Tsarin Hasken [[Rana]]. Bambance-bambance suna da rikitarwa, amma 'yan zagaye suna da rinjaye.   Hanyar duniya ta bambanta tsakanin kusan zagaye da ɗan ƙaramin elliptical (ƙayyadaddensa ya bambanta). Lokacin da zagaye ya fi tsayi, akwai ƙarin bambanci a cikin nesa tsakanin Duniya da Rana, da kuma yawan Hasken rana, a lokuta daban-daban a cikin shekara. Bugu da ƙari, juyawa na duniya (ƙaddamarwa) yana canzawa dan kadan. Babban karkatawa yana sa lokutan su fi tsanani. A ƙarshe, shugabanci a cikin Taurari masu tsayayyu da aka nuna ta hanyar canje-canje na duniya (Axial precession), yayin da yanayin duniya na elliptical kewaye da Rana ke juyawa (apsidal precession). Sakamakon haɗuwa da precession tare da eccentricity shine cewa kusanci da Sun yana faruwa a lokuta daban-daban na astronomical.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=[[Grove Karl Gilbert|G. K. Gilbert]] |date=February–March 1895 |title=Sedimentary Measurement of Cretaceous Time |journal=[[The Journal of Geology]] |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=121–127 |bibcode=1895JG......3..121G |doi=10.1086/607150 |jstor=30054556 |s2cid=129629329 |quote=As the earth's axis slowly describes its circle on the celestial sphere the relation of the seasons to perihelion is steadily shifted. |doi-access=}} Note: It is intuitive that if equinoxes and solstices occur in shifting positions on an eccentric orbit, then these astronomical seasons must occur at shifting proximities; and as either eccentricity and tilt vary, the intensities of the effects of these shifts also vary.'l</ref> Milankovitch ya yi nazarin canje-canje a cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin Duniya, waɗanda ke canza adadin da wurin hasken rana da ke isa Duniya. Wannan an san shi da ''tilasta hasken rana'' (misali na tilasta haskakawa). Milankovitch ya jaddada canje-canjen da aka samu a 65 ° arewa saboda yawan ƙasa a wannan latitude. Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa suna canza zafin jiki da sauri fiye da teku, galibi saboda haɗuwa tsakanin ruwa mai zurfi da mai zurfi yana kiyaye yanayin teku da ya fi sanyi. Hakazalika, babban yanayin zafi na teku na duniya yana jinkirta canje-canje ga matsakaicin zafin jiki na Duniya lokacin da wasu abubuwan tilasta ke motsa shi a hankali.<ref name="Scott06">{{Cite web |last=Michon Scott |date=24 April 2006 |title=Earth's Big Heat Bucket |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/HeatBucket/heatbucket.php |publisher=NASA Earth Observatory}}</ref> === Rashin daidaituwa na sararin samaniya === Hanyar duniya tana kusa da ellipse. Eccentricity yana auna tashiwar wannan ellipse daga zagaye. Siffar da kewayon duniya ya bambanta tsakanin kusan zagaye (a ka'idar eccentricity na iya kaiwa sifili) da kuma dan kadan elliptical (mafi girman eccentriccy ya kasance 0.0679 a cikin shekaru miliyan 250 da suka gabata). Matsayinta na lissafi ko logarithmic shine 0.0019. Babban bangare na waɗannan bambance-bambance yana faruwa tare da tsawon shekaru 405,000 (bambance-bambancen bambance-mbance na ±0.012).[2] Sauran abubuwan suna da shekaru 95,000 da kuma shekaru 124,000 (tare da lokacin bugawa na shekaru 400,000).[2] Sun haɗu cikin sake zagayowar shekaru 100,000 (canjin -0.03 zuwa +0.02). Matsayin yanzu shine 0.0167 kuma yana raguwa Eccentricity ya bambanta da farko saboda janyewar Jupiter da Saturn. Babban jigon ɓangaren ɓangaren ɓangare, duk da haka, bai canza ba; bisa ga Ka'idar rikice-rikice, wanda ke ƙididdige juyin halitta na ɓangaren, babban jigon ɓangare ba ya canzawa. Lokacin orbital (tsawon shekara ta sidereal) ma ba ya canzawa, saboda bisa ga dokar ta uku ta Kepler, an ƙayyade shi ta hanyar rabin-Babban axis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vijaya |first=G. K. |date=2019 |title=Original form of Kepler's Third Law and its misapplication in Propositions XXXII-XXXVII in Newton's Principia (Book I) |journal=Heliyon |volume=5 |issue=2 |bibcode=2019Heliy...501274V |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01274 |pmc=6395789 |pmid=30886926 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bambance-bambance na dogon lokaci suna haifar da hulɗar da ta shafi perihelia da nodes na taurari Mercury, Venus, Duniya, Mars, da Jupiter.<ref name="Laskar2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Laskar J, Fienga A, Gastineau M, Manche H |year=2011 |title=La2010: A New Orbital Solution for the Long-term Motion of the Earth |url=http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2011/08/aa16836-11.pdf |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=532 |issue=A889 |pages=A89 |arxiv=1103.1084 |bibcode=2011A&A...532A..89L |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201116836 |s2cid=10990456 }} See specifically [http://vo.imcce.fr/insola/earth/online/earth/La2010/La2010d_ecc3.dat the downloadable data file]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> == Manazarta == q56aq326lxk5cmzuob7czdnivno0m0s 0 112409 818921 695045 2026-04-06T07:21:21Z BnHamid 12586 /* 2023-2025 Yaƙin Gaza */ 818921 wikitext text/x-wiki Garkuwar ɗan adam a cikin rikici na Isra'ila da Falasdinu tana nufin dabarun da aka yi amfani da su a cikin rikice-rikicen Isra'ila-Palestina inda aka sanya wadanda ba masu yaƙi ba cikin layin wuta don hana manufofin soja daga zama manufa ba tare da cutar da wanda ba yaƙi ba. Zargin yin amfani da Garkuwar mutum batu ne na yau da kullun a cikin rikici. Amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam ta Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila an rubuta su ta ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam. Har ila yau, an zargi Hamas da amfani da garkuwar mutum daga Isra'ila da kawayenta. Bugu da kari, masu gwagwarmayar kasa da kasa da Isra'ila sun yi amfani da kansu a matsayin garkuwar mutum don dakatar da tashin hankali na Isra'ila akan Palasdinawa. == Tarihi == [[Dokar jin kai ta kasa da kasa|dokar rikici]]-rikicen makamai ta buƙaci cewa ƙungiyoyin da ke yaƙi su bambanta tsakanin mayakan da waɗanda ba mayakan ba - ana iya kashe tsohon bisa ka'ida, kuma ana kare ƙarshen.{{Sfn|Gordon|Perugini|2020}}{{Sfn|Ezra|2015}} Garkuwar ɗan adam tana nufin sanya wanda ba yaƙi a cikin layin wuta, don haka hana manufa ta soja ta halal daga zama manufa ba tare da cutar da wanda ba ya yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Gordon|Perugini|2020}} == Amfani da sojojin Isra'ila == Amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam ta Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila an rubuta su ta ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam ciki har da Human Rights Watch, [[B'Tselem]] da [[Amnesty International]], <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=26 November 2010 |title=Israel: Soldiers' Punishment for Using Boy as 'Human Shield' Inadequate |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/11/26/israel-soldiers-punishment-using-boy-human-shield-inadequate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721213822/https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/11/26/israel-soldiers-punishment-using-boy-human-shield-inadequate |archive-date=21 July 2025 |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> <ref name="tt2">{{Cite web |date=2 July 2009 |title=Israel/Gaza: Operation "Cast Lead": 22 days of death and destruction |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/015/2009/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720235128/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/015/2009/en/ |archive-date=20 July 2025 |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> <ref name="bt2">{{Cite web |title=Human Shields |url=https://www.btselem.org/topic/human_shields |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[B'Tselem]]}}</ref> tare da wasu malamai a yankin da suka yi imanin cewa IDF na iya zama kawai rundunar soja da ke shiga cikin wannan aikin a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A cewar B'Tselem, sojojin IDF sun sanya fararen hula na Palasdinawa a gaban su ko kuma sun sanya farar hula a cikin [[Line of fire|layin wuta]], kuma sun tilasta wa Palasdinawa su cire abubuwan da ake zargi (mai yiwuwa fashewa). <ref name="bt2" /> Sojojin IDF sun kuma tilasta fararen hula na Palasdinawa su yi tafiya a cikin gine-ginen da ake zargi da bindigogi. Har ila yau, Isra'ila ta yi amfani da "hanyar makwabta" inda aka tilasta fararen hula na Palasdinawa su yi ƙoƙari su shawo kan mutanen da ake so su mika kansu ga IDF.{{Sfn|Otto|2004}} Ma'aikatar tsaro ta Isra'ila ce ta kare wannan aikin, amma [[Israeli Supreme Court|Kotun Koli ta Isra'ila]] ta haramta shi a shekara ta 2005, kodayake akwai zarge-zargen aikinsa har ma bayan hukuncin. {{Sfn|Schmitt|2008}} A lokacin mamayewar Gaza ta 2009, an ruwaito IDF ta yi amfani da iyalai na Palasdinawa (babba da yara) a matsayin garkuwar mutum. Binciken Haaretz ya gano cewa Palasdinawa, da suka yi ado kamar sojojin Isra'ila, IDF ta yi amfani da su sosai a [[Gaza war|Yaƙin Gaza]] a matsayin garkuwar mutum don bincika bututun ruwa a yankin Gaza. Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila (IDF) sun yi amfani da fararen hula a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam sau da yawa don hana mayakan Palasdinawa daga kai farmaki da yin ayyukan barazana ga rayuwa.{{Sfn|Schmitt|2008}} === 1948–1967 === A lokacin da Isra'ila ta mamaye Gaza a 1956-1957 (a matsayin wani ɓangare na Rikicin Suez), sojojin Isra'ila za su bincika gidajen wadanda ake zargi da Fedayeen na Palasdinawa don makamai, ɓoyewa ko ɓoyayyun mayakan. Saboda wadannan gidaje na iya samun tarkon ko masu harbi da ke jiran sojojin Isra'ila, za su yi amfani da yara Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum. === Intifada ta Biyu === Jami'an Isra'ila sun ba da rahoton cewa Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila suka yi amfani da tsarin "garkuwar mutum" a lokuta 1,200 a lokacin Intifada ta Biyu (2000-2005). Wannan tsari ya haifar da akalla misali daya na kashe farar hula na Palasdinawa: wani dan shekara 19 mai suna Nidal Abu-Mohsen. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2004, an dauki hoton wani yaro dan Palasdinawa mai shekaru 13 bayan an ɗaure shi da motar makamai ta Isra'ila don manufar da aka bayyana na hana masu zanga-zangar Palasdinawa jefa dutse.<ref name="BT" /> A cewar kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam [[Amnesty International]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2002 |title=Israel and the Occupied Territories Shielded from scrutiny: IDF violations in Jenin and Nablus |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/143/2002/en/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=9 September 2007 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> da Human Rights Watch, Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila (IDF) sun yi amfani da fararen hula na [[Falasdinawa|Palasdinawa]] a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam a lokacin Yaƙin Jenin na 2002. Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Isra'ila B'Tselem ta ce "na dogon lokaci bayan barkewar Intifada ta Biyu, musamman a lokacin Operation Defensive Shield, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2002, IDF ta yi amfani da fararen hula na Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam, ta tilasta musu aiwatar da ayyukan soja wanda ya yi barazana ga rayukansu".<ref name="B'Tselem">{{Cite web |date=20 July 2006 |title=Israeli Soldiers use civilians as Human Shields in Beit Hanun |url=http://www.btselem.org/english/Human_Shields/20060720_Human_Shields_in_Beit_Hanun.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604232204/http://www.btselem.org/english/Human_Shields/20060720_Human_Shields_in_Beit_Hanun.asp |archive-date=4 June 2011 |website=[[B'Tselem]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2002 |title=Chronological Review of Events Relating to the Question of Palestine |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-196914/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |quote=A military court in Israel sentenced two junior officers to 28 days imprisonment because they had used Palestinian civilians as 'human shields', Israel Radio reported. A platoon sergeant who had made a navigation error and ended up in a Palestinian village with his soldiers had forced a villager to drive them to a safe place, the radio said. During the sergeant's investigation, a similar incident had come to light in the same battalion, during which a squad commander had made a Palestinian drive him and his soldiers to safety.}}</ref> [[Cibiyar Al Mezan don 'Yancin Dan Adam|Al Mezan]] ya ba da rahoton yin amfani da garkuwar ɗan adam a lokacin mamayewar Beit Hanoun a shekara ta 2004. <ref name="mezan-paper">{{Cite web |title=A paper on the IOF Invasion of the town of Beit Hanoun (29 June – 5 August 2004) |url=http://www.mezan.org/upload/2619.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021163100/http://www.mezan.org/upload/2619.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2013 |access-date=21 October 2013 |quote=Another 36 homes were occupied by Israeli soldiers and used as watch posts. In every case of home occupation the IOF detained the inhabitants inside one room of the house}}</ref> Sojojin Isra'ila sun kuma yi amfani da garkuwar mutum don murkushe zanga-zangar da aka jefa dutse a Hebron a shekara ta 2003. Amnesty ta ba da misali mai zuwa: a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2002, wani jami'in IDF ya ɗauki wani mutumin Palasdinawa daga gidansa ya nemi ya zo tare da su. Lokacin da mutumin Palasdinawa, wanda 'ya'yansa ke kewaye da shi, ya ki sau da yawa, jami'in IDF ya ce "Zan fi so kada in yi amfani da karfi". Jami'in IDF ya kama mutumin Palasdinawa da wuyan hannu kuma ya tilasta masa tafiya a gaban sojojin IDF. Jami'in IDF ya durƙusa a bayan mutumin Palasdinawa kuma ya fara harbi. A cikin sa'o'i da yawa, sojojin IDF sun sa ya tsaya a gaban su akai-akai yayin da suke harbi wadanda ake zargi da mayakan Palasdinawa. A wannan lokacin mutumin Palasdinawa ya nemi a sake shi amma IDF ta ki. A ƙarshe a lokacin wani abin da ya faru mutumin Palasdinawa ya sami harsashi a kafafunsa kuma a ƙarshe IDF ta sake shi.<ref name="ai">{{Cite web |title=Shielded from scrutiny: IDF violations in Jenin and Nablus |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/mde151432002en.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |website=[[Amnesty International]] |page=25 |quote=The officer, Eitan, said to me: 'Come with us'...the officer looked left and right and then grabbed me by the collar and put me in front of him as we exited and went towards the neighbour's house. There was no firing at the time, but Eitan crouched down just below me and began firing to the left while the other soldiers moved towards the neighbour's house...He said that during this period he or another detainee would be placed in front of soldiers during house-to-house searches. On three separate occasions he stated that a soldier placed his gun near or on his body and in one case, he was made to stand in front of a soldier when he opened fire.}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002 Kotun Koli ta Isra'ila ta ba da umarni na wucin gadi wanda ya haramta aikin bayan mutuwar Nidal Abu Mohsen mai shekaru 19, wanda aka harbe shi lokacin da IDF ta tilasta masa ya ƙwanƙwasa ƙofar maƙwabcinsa, mai fafutukar Hamas Nasser Jarrar, a ƙauyen Tubes na Yammacin Kogin Yamma kuma ya sanar da shi game da bukatun sojojin Isra'ila cewa ya mika wuya . A shekara ta 2004, an dauki hoton wani yaro mai shekaru 13, Muhammed Badwan, a ɗaure shi da motar 'yan sanda ta Isra'ila a ƙauyen Biddu na Yammacin Kogin Yamma ana amfani da shi azaman garkuwa don hana masu zanga-zangar da ke jefa dutse.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The day Israel used a boy aged 13 as a human shield |url=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-X_yEHXXxK00/UH3HG_uGwEI/AAAAAAAAKBw/L4IhER5Gz40/s1600/The+day+Israel+used+a+boy+aged+13+as+a+human+shield.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920055606/http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-X_yEHXXxK00/UH3HG_uGwEI/AAAAAAAAKBw/L4IhER5Gz40/s1600/The+day+Israel+used+a+boy+aged+13+as+a+human+shield.jpg |archive-date=20 September 2014 |access-date=12 September 2014}}</ref> An kama Rabbi Arik Ascherman bayan ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga tsakani. A shekara ta 2005, Babban Kotun Shari'a ta Isra'ila ta haramta aikin, tare da Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Isra'ila daukaka kara kan shawarar. Yayinda yake amincewa da kare "amfani da Palasdinawa don isar da gargadi ga maza da ake nema game da ayyukan kamawa da ke gabatowa", wani aikin da aka sani a Isra'ila ta hanyar "hanyar makwabta", IDF ta musanta rahotanni na "amfani le Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam game da hare-haren kan sojojin IDF", tana mai cewa ta riga ta haramta wannan aikin. <ref name="haaretz.com" /> A shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, binciken farko na B'Tselem ya nuna cewa IDF ta yi amfani da fararen hula a matsayin garkuwar mutum a [[Beit Hanoun|Beit Hanun]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2006 |title=Human shields |url=http://www.btselem.org/human_shields/20060720_human_shields_in_beit_hanun |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808233139/http://www.btselem.org/human_shields/20060720_human_shields_in_beit_hanun |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=21 November 2023 |website=[[B'tselem]]}}</ref> Defence for Children International ta kuma gano cewa, daga cikin shari'o'i 26 na yara Palasdinawa da sojojin Isra'ila ke amfani da su a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam da ta rubuta tun daga shekara ta 2004, yawancin sun faru ne bayan haramcin Kotun Koli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Shields |url=https://www.dci-palestine.org/human_shields |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=26 June 2024 |website=[[Defence for Children International]]}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2007, an fitar da hoton wani abin da ya faru da Sameh Amira, ɗan Falasdinawa mai shekaru 24, wanda bidiyon ya nuna yana aiki a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam ga ƙungiyar sojojin Isra'ila, yana shiga cikin gidajen da ake zargi da kasancewa na mayakan Palasdinawa a gaban sojoji. Wani dan uwan Amira mai shekaru 15 da wata yarinya mai shekaru 11 a Yammacin Kogin Yamma sun gaya wa B'Tselem a watan Fabrairun 2007 cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun tilasta wa kowannensu a cikin abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban su buɗe ƙofar wani ɗakin makwabta na wanda ake zargi da yaƙi, su shiga ciki a gaban su, kuma su buɗe ƙofofi da windows. Sojojin Isra'ila sun kaddamar da bincike kan lamarin da ya shafi Amira.<ref name="CBS">{{cite news |date=11 April 2007 |title=Israel Probes "Human Shield" Allegations" |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-probes-human-shield-allegations/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216010506/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/04/11/world/main2674604.shtml |archive-date=16 February 2010 |work=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007, sojojin Isra'ila sun dakatar da kwamandan bayan an zargi ƙungiyar da yake jagoranta da amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum a cikin aikin West Bank. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007, CBS News ta ruwaito cewa, a cewar kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, IDF ba ta dakatar da amfani da garkuwar ɗan adam ba, amma abin da ya faru ya ragu. <ref name="B'Tselem">{{Cite web |date=20 July 2006 |title=Israeli Soldiers use civilians as Human Shields in Beit Hanun |url=http://www.btselem.org/english/Human_Shields/20060720_Human_Shields_in_Beit_Hanun.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604232204/http://www.btselem.org/english/Human_Shields/20060720_Human_Shields_in_Beit_Hanun.asp |archive-date=4 June 2011 |website=[[B'Tselem]]}}</ref> === "Hanyar makwabta" === Ayyukan IDF na "Hanyar Makwabta", wanda aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin Intifada ta Biyu, ya yi amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum. A karkashin wannan tsari, IDF ta tilasta wa mutanen da aka zaɓa ba zato ba tsammani su kusanci gidajen wadanda ake zargi da 'yan ta'adda kuma su rinjayi su mika wuya, aikin da ya sanya rayuwar tsohon cikin haɗari. Kungiyar ba da agaji ta Isra'ila Adalah ta kalubalanci aikin a gaban Babban Kotun Shari'a ta Isra'ilawa a shekara ta 2002. Koyaya, IDF ta ci gaba da amfani da Palasdinawa a cikin 'hanyar maƙwabcinta', inda aka sanya mutanen da aka zaɓa ba zato ba tsammani su kusanci gidajen waɗanda ake zargi kuma su rinjayi su mika wuya, aikin da za a iya sanya rayuwar tsohon cikin haɗari. Kotun ta yanke hukunci a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2005 "cewa duk wani amfani da fararen hula na Palasdinawa a lokacin ayyukan soja an haramta shi, gami da 'hanyar gargadi ta gaba'. " A cewar B'tselem, rahotanni sun nuna cewa aikin ya ci gaba duk da haka, a cikin ayyukan soja kamar Operation Cast Lead, da Operation Protective Edge, kuma "mafi yawan waɗannan rahotanni ba a bincika su ba, kuma wadanda suka haifar da wani mataki ba".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2017 |title=Human Shields |url=https://www.btselem.org/human_shields |archive-url= |archive-date= |website=[[B'tselem]]}}</ref> === Yaƙin Gaza na 2008-2009 === A lokacin yakin Gaza na 2008-09 da aka fi sani da Operation Cast Lead, an zargi sojojin Isra'ila da ci gaba da amfani da farar hula a matsayin garkuwar mutane ta Amnesty International da kuma karya Shiru.[1] A cewar shaidun da wadannan kungiyoyi biyu suka wallafa, sojojin Isra'ila sun yi amfani da Falasdinawa marasa makami ciki har da yara wajen kare wuraren soji, suna tafiya a gaban sojoji masu dauke da makamai; shiga cikin gine-gine don bincika tarko ko 'yan bindiga; da kuma bincika abubuwan da ake tuhuma don abubuwan fashewa.[1][2] Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Amnesty International ta bayyana cewa, ta gano kararrakin da sojojin Isra'ila suka tilastawa Falasdinawa zama a daki daya na gidansu, yayin da suke mayar da sauran gidajen zuwa wani sansani da maharbi, tare da yin amfani da iyalai, manya da yara yadda ya kamata, a matsayin garkuwar dan Adam tare da jefa su cikin hatsari[3]. Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kuma zargi Isra'ila da yin amfani da garkuwar dan Adam a lokacin rikicin Gaza na 2008-09.[4][5] ''[[The Guardian]]'' ta tattara bidiyo uku da shaidu daga fararen hula game da zargin Laifukan yaki da sojoji na Isra'ila suka aikata a lokacin yakin Gaza na 2008-09, gami da amfani da yara Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum. A cikin bidiyon, 'yan'uwa matasa uku daga dangin al-Attar sun ce an tilasta musu da bindiga su durƙusa a gaban tankuna don hana mayakan Hamas harbe su kuma an yi amfani da su don "tsarkake" gidaje ga sojojin Isra'ila. Shaidar sojan IDF don karya shiru ya ce kwamandansa ya ba da umarnin cewa ga kowane gida da IDF ta mamaye, sun aika da "makwabci" don shiga gaban soja, wani lokacin yayin da soja ya sanya bindigarsa a kafadar makwabcin; a cewar soja, "kwamanda sun ce waɗannan umarni ne kuma dole ne mu yi hakan". Har ila yau, fararen hula na Gaza sun ba da shaida cewa sojoji na Isra'ila sun yi amfani da su a matsayin garkuwar mutum. Wani jami'in sojan Isra'ila ya amsa wadannan zarge-zargen: "IDF ta yi aiki daidai da ka'idojin yaki kuma ta yi iya kokari don rage lahani ga fararen hula da ba su da hannu a yaƙi. Amfani da makamai na IDF ya dace da dokar kasa da kasa. " Wani mai magana da yawun ofishin jakadancin Isra'ila ta yi zargin Hamas ya matsa wa mutanen Gaza su yi waɗannan zarge-korafe. A ranar 12 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2010, masu gabatar da kara na Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila sun gabatar da tuhuma a kan ma'aikatan sajan biyu na Givati Brigade saboda tilasta wa wani yaro dan Palasdinawa mai shekaru 9 ya bude jaka da yawa da suka yi tunanin zai iya dauke da fashewa a watan Janairun shekara ta 2009. Yaron ya gaya masa cewa sojoji sun buge shi kuma sun tilasta musu yin aiki a kansu da bindiga. IDF ta ce ta bude binciken bayan [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta kawo hankalinta ga lamarin. A ranar 3 ga Oktoba 2010, kotun soja ta yanke hukunci a kan wadanda ake tuhuma, tare da saukewa da dakatar da hukuncin, duk da cewa ba a da wani soja da aka daure ba. Human Rights Watch <ref name="hit" /> da mahaifiyar yaron sun soki hukuncin da yawa. === 2009 zuwa Yakin Gaza na 2014 === Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, [[Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Yara]], ta zargi sojojin Isra'ila a watan Yunin 2013 da "ci gaba da amfani da yara Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam da masu ba da labari", suna nuna damuwa mai zurfi 14 irin waɗannan shari'o'in an ruwaito tsakanin Janairu 2010 da Maris 2013. Ya ce kusan dukkanin sojoji da ake zargi da ke cikin abubuwan da suka faru ba a hukunta su ba. A wata hira da Breaking the Silence, wani tsohon sojan Isra'ila ya ba da labarin cewa kwamandan ƙungiyarsa ya yi amfani da manufofin, na tilasta fararen hula na Palasdinawa su shiga gidajen da ake zargi da mayakan da ake zarginsu a gaban sojojin Isra'ila, duk da amincewa da haramtacciyar ta, kamar yadda kwamandan zai fi son a kashe fararen hula Palasdinawa yana aiwatar da aikin fiye da ɗaya daga cikin mutanensa. Ya gaya wa matasa 'yan Palasdinawa kuma an yi amfani da su ta wannan rukunin don aiwatar da ayyukan soja ga sojojin Isra'ila.<ref name="French" /> Tsaro don Yara na Duniya-Palestine ya ba da rahoton cewa mai shekaru 17, Ahmad Abu Raida (kuma: "Reeda"), sojojin Isra'ila ne suka sace shi, wadanda, bayan sun buge shi kuma suka yi masa barazana, suka yi amfani da shi azaman garkuwar mutum na kwanaki biyar, suka tilasta masa tafiya a gaban su tare da karnukan 'yan sanda a kan bindiga, gidajen bincike da kuma tonowa a wuraren da sojoji da ake zargi da cewa akwai bututun ruwa. ''Jaridar New York Times'' ta bayyana cewa ba za a iya tabbatar da ikirarinsa ba; Sojojin Isra'ila sun tabbatar da cewa an tsare shi, suna lura da alaƙar mahaifinsa da Hamas, wanda ya kasance babban jami'in Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido ta Gaza.<ref name="Akram & Rudoren" /> Babu wata shaida ta zahiri game da tashin hankali na jiki da ake zargin Raida ya sha, misali hotuna, rahotanni na likita ko raunin da ya haifar da bugawa akai-akai. Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Yuro-Mediterranean ta gudanar da bincike a lokacin da kuma bayan aikin soja. Binciken ya gano cewa, a lokacin yakin Gaza na 2014, sojojin Isra'ila sun yi amfani da fararen hula na Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwa a Khuza'a. Wata iyali ta gaya wa kungiyar cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun kashe uban iyali bayan ya dauki mataki zuwa gare su, sannan ya ci gaba da sanya wadanda suka tsira daga cikin dangin, ciki har da yara, a tagogin gidan yayin da sojoji suka fara harbi a kusa da su. === 2021–2023 === A watan Yulin 2021, sojojin Isra'ila sun tsare mai daukar hoto na Associated Press Majdi Mohammed ba tare da son zuciyarsa ba yayin da yake aiki a kafofin watsa labarai yayin wani aiki a Yammacin Kogin Yamma kuma masu zanga-zangar Palasdinawa sun jefa duwatsu a kan sojoji. Mohammed ya ba da labarin wani jami'in ya gaya masa cewa ana riƙe shi don hana ci gaba da jefa dutse, a wannan lokacin ya gaya wa jami'in cewa wannan ya zama amfani da shi a matsayin garkuwar mutum. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, an zargi sojojin Isra'ila da amfani da yarinya mai shekaru 16 a matsayin garkuwar mutum yayin da aka yi yaƙi da mayakan Palasdinawa a Jenin. Yarinyar ta gaya wa Defence for Children International a cikin wata hira cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun tilasta mata ta tsaya a gaban motar soja ta Isra'ila na tsawon sa'o'i biyu. Lokacin da Amira Hass daga Ha'aretz ta tuntubi 'yan sanda na Isra'ila game da wannan lamarin, sun ki yin sharhi game da takamaiman bayani, suna mai cewa kawai rundunar ta nuna "da kyau da sana'a". Wani rahoto na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya sami misalai uku na Isra'ila ta amfani da yara Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum a cikin 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children and armed conflict: Report of the Secretary-General |url=https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/S_2023_363.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2023, kafin farawar Yaƙin Gaza, Defence for Children International - Palestine (DCIP) ya riga ya rubuta cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun yi amfani da yara biyar a matsayin garkuwar mutum tun farkon wannan shekarar, tare da biyu daga cikin wadanda abin ya shafa tagwaye ne masu shekaru 2. === 2023-2025 Yaƙin Gaza === Cin zarafin Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum da sojojin Isra'ila suka yi ya zama ruwan dare a ''Lokaci'' yakin. Ya zuwa Oktoba 2024, akalla rundunonin sojojin Isra'ila 11 sun tura garkuwar mutum a biranen Gaza guda biyar, sau da yawa tare da goyon bayan jami'an leken asiri na Isra'ila. An yi amfani da fursunonin Palasdinawa, gami da fararen hula da yara, don bincika hanyoyin da Hamas ta gina da sauran wuraren da sojojin Isra'ila suka yi imanin cewa mayakan Palasdinawa na iya kafa kwanton bauna ko tarko.<ref name="nytimes-idf-human-shields">{{Cite news |last1=Odenheimer |first1=Natan |last2=Shbair |first2=Bilal |last3=Kingsley |first3=Patrick |date=14 October 2024 |title=How Israel's Army Uses Palestinians as Human Shields in Gaza |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/14/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-military-human-shields.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=16 October 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Binciken da New York Times ya yi ya kiyasta cewa wannan aikin ya zama ruwan dare a lokacin yakin.<ref name="nytimes-idf-human-shields" /> A cewar sojoji da suka shiga ko kuma suka shaida shi, aikin na yau da kullun ne.<ref name="nytimes-idf-human-shields" /> Masanin Isra'ila Amos Harel ya rubuta wa Haaretz cewa amfani da IDF na Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam ya yadu a cikin yakin Gaza, yana sanya shi a cikin mahallin rushewar tsari da horo tsakanin sojojin Isra'ila wanda ya haɗa da kashe fararen hula, ƙone gidaje ba tare da dalili ba, da cin zarafin jima'i da azabtar da fursunonin yaƙi. Masanin shari'a na kasa da kasa Michael N. Schmitt, wanda Times ta yi hira da shi, ya ce bai san wani rundunar soja da ta yi amfani da fararen hula ko fursunonin yaki a matsayin garkuwar mutum a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ba.<ref name="nytimes-idf-human-shields" /> Philippe Lazzarini, shugaban UNRWA, hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke da alhakin tabbatar da haƙƙin 'yan gudun hijirar Palasdinawa, wanda ya kasance makasudin hare-haren tashin hankali da ayyukan da Isra'ila ta yi, ya kuma zargi sojojin Isra'ila da amfani da ma'aikatanta a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam a yayin wannan yaƙin. Neve Gordon, farfesa na Isra'ila na Shari'ar Kasa da Kasa a Jami'ar Sarauniya Maryamu ta London, ya bayyana cewa amfani da garkuwar ɗan adam shine "laifukan yaƙi guda biyu a cikin mataki ɗaya". Binciken da DCIP ta yi ya ba da cikakken bayani cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun yi amfani da yara da yawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum a yankin Al-Tuffah na birnin Gaza a ranar 27 ga Disamba, 2023. A wannan lokacin, an tsare Palasdinawa 50, ciki har da yara. 'Yan'uwa biyu, masu shekaru 12 da 13, sun gaya wa masu bincike cewa sojoji sun tilasta musu su cire, suka ɗaure hannayensu kuma suka tilasta musu tafiya a gaban tankunan Isra'ila tare da sauran Palasdinawa. Har ila yau, ɗan'uwan ya ba da rahoton cewa Isra'ilawa sun buge shi, sun kifarsa kuma sun buge shi. A ranar 16 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2024, wani mai shagon Palasdinawa a kauyen Dura na Yammacin Kogin Yamma ya zargi sojoji na IDF da amfani da shi a matsayin garkuwar mutum. Hoton bidiyon wayar hannu ya nuna wani sojan Isra'ila yana tafiya a kan titi tare da mutumin da ke gabansa, yayin da soja ya sanya bindiga a kafadar wanda aka azabtar. DCIP ta ruwaito cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun yi amfani da yara maza uku masu shekaru 12 zuwa 14 a matsayin garkuwar mutum a cikin abubuwan da suka faru a Tulkarem a farkon Mayu 2024. Wani rahoto na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da cin zarafin yara da aka aikata a lokacin yakin Gaza ya tabbatar da shari'o'i biyar tun daga Oktoba 7 inda sojojin Isra'ila suka yi amfani da yara maza na Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum a lokacin "ayyukan tilasta doka" a Yammacin Kogin. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, Brigade na Nahal na Isra'ila ya yi amfani da wani ɗan Palasdinawa mai shekaru 80 a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam ta hanyar ɗaure igiya mai fashewa a wuyansa kuma yana barazanar a hura kansa. Tsohon mutumin ya kasance a arewacin Gaza saboda matsalolin motsi ga kansa da matarsa. Duk da cewa yana iya motsawa ne kawai da taimakon sandar, Isra'ilawa sun tilasta masa aiki a matsayin garkuwa na awanni 8, yana tafiya a gaban sojoji yayin da suke bincika yankin, yayin da matarsa ta kasance a tsare a gida. Bayan da wahalar ta ƙare, sojoji sun umarci wanda aka azabtar da matarsa su gudu zuwa "yanki na jin kai" a kudancin Gaza. Wadannan sojoji, duk da haka, ba su yi ƙoƙari su tuntubi wasu ƙungiyoyi game da ma'auratan ba, waɗanda, lokacin da wasu kungiyoyin Isra'ila suka hango su a hanyarsu, an kashe su.<ref name="aljfeb" /> A ranar 22 ga Yuni, 2024, an sanya bidiyon wani mutumin Palasdinawa da ya ji rauni, Mujahed Abbadeh mai shekaru 23, wanda aka ɗaure shi a kan murfin motar Isra'ila da ke tukawa ta Jenin. Wani mai shaida ya tabbatar da cewa IDF ta gabatar da mutumin da ya ji rauni a kan hoton, ta ajiye wanda aka azabtar a ƙarƙashin rana mai zafi na mintuna da yawa, har sai da ta mika shi ga motar asibiti ta Red Cross na Palasdinawa wacce aka ajiye a kusa. Wannan, tushen ya yi jayayya, shaida ce cewa mutumin da ya ji rauni ba wanda ake zargi ba ne, kamar yadda IDF ta ci gaba da kiyayewa. Wani gwani na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ce lamarin ya kai ga karbar garkuwar mutum. Wani dan uwan Abbadeh ya gaya wa manema labarai cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun yi haka ga wasu mutane uku kwanan nan. Sauran Palasdinawa biyu daga baya sun fito suka shaida wa BBC, suna nuna shaidar bidiyo, cewa an harbe su ma kuma an ɗaure su da jeep a wani aiki daban. A daren 28 ga watan Agusta 2024, yayin da aka kai hari a Tulkarm, an ruwaito cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun yi amfani da yarinya mai shekaru 10, Malak Shihab, a matsayin garkuwar mutum a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Nur Shams. An tilasta wata mace da yara huɗu su bar gidansu yayin da aka tsare yarinya ɗaya kuma, saboda tsoratar da wani kare na soja da ba a taɓa shi ba don ya yi mata wari, an umarce ta da ta buɗe ƙofofin gidan kawunta. Dangane da binciken ''Haaretz'' wanda ya danganci shaidar sojoji da yawa na Isra'ila, ana amfani da matasa da manya na Palasdinawa a kai a kai a matsayin garkuwar mutum wajen bincika hanyar sadarwa a cikin Gaza. Sojojin Isra'ila sun kira su "shawashim", an yi musu ado, ban da takalma, don su yi kama da sojojin Isra'ila, an ɗaure su da hannu, an rufe su da idanu kuma, tare da kyamarar bidiyo da aka haɗe da jikinsu, an aika su cikin gidaje inda ake zargin mayakan Hamas su ɓoye, ko kuma a cikin bututun da za a iya kama su. A wasu lokuta har ma da tsofaffin Palasdinawa an tilasta su gudanar da wannan aikin. An ce aikin ya zama sananne ga kwamandojin filin IDF. Za su yi amfani da Palasdinawa lokacin da babu Karnuka masu numfashi ko drones.<ref name="nytimes-idf-human-shields" /> Binciken da [[CNN]] ta yi a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024 ya gano cewa yayin da ba a san sikelin da girman aikin ba, shaidar fararen hula da sojan Isra'ila sun nuna yadda Isra'ila ke amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum ya yadu a fadin Gaza. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024, binciken da The Washington Post ya yi ya kara tabbatar da wadannan binciken, tare da shaidu, wadanda abin ya shafa, da kuma sojan Isra'ila da ke cewa ana amfani da fararen hula a matsayin garkuwar mutum don hana cutar da sojojin Isra'ila. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024, Tsaro na Yara na kasa da kasa ya ba da rahoton abubuwan da suka faru guda uku, a cikin Oktoba 15-20, 2024, na iyalai da ke da yara ƙanana ana amfani da su azaman garkuwar ɗan adam don kare Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila a hare-hare a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Jabalia da Asibitin Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israeli forces use Palestinian children as human shields in Jabalia refugee camp |url=https://www.dci-palestine.org/israeli_forces_use_palestinian_children_as_human_shields_in_jabalia_refugee_camp |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=[[Defense for Children Palestine]]}}</ref> Hotunan tauraron dan adam sun nuna cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun kuma yi amfani da makaranta a ƙauyen Juhor ad Dik da Asibitin Abokantaka na Turkiyya da Palasdinawa a matsayin tushe don ayyukan soja, wanda ya haifar da tsawata daga gwamnatin Turkiyya. CNN ta ruwaito a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024 cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun yi amfani da wani aiki da ake kira "tsarin sauro" a arewacin Gaza, Gaza City, Khan Younis, da Rafah, inda aka tura Palasdinawa zuwa wurare masu haɗari kafin sojojin Isra'ilawa su shiga. IDF a watan Maris na shekara ta 2025 ta ce "Sashen Binciken Laifuka na 'yan sanda na Soja ya bude bincike bayan zargin da ya dace ya tashi game da amfani da Palasdinawa don ayyukan soja a lokacin ayyukan". A wannan watan, CBS News ta wallafa wata hira da wani sojan Isra'ila wanda ba a san sunansa ba wanda ya yarda cewa an umarce shi da ya yi amfani da Palasdinawa maimakon karnuka da aka horar don bincika gine-gine kuma cewa ƙungiyarsa ta kuma aikata wasu laifukan yaki, kamar fashewa da gine-gine ba tare da dalili ba. Har ila yau, cibiyar sadarwa ta ji daga wani ɗan Falasdinawa mai shekaru 14 mai suna Omri Salem cewa sojojin Isra'ila a Yammacin Kogin Yamma sun yi amfani da shi da dan uwansa mai shekaru tara a matsayin garkuwar mutum kuma sojoji sun doke su lokacin da suka yi ƙoƙarin tsayayya da umarni. Jaridar Associated Press a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2025 ta ba da rahoton cewa sojojin Isra'ila suna amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum a Gaza, suna ambaton asusun daga sojoji biyu na Isra'ila da suka yarda da yin hakan, da kuma zarge-zarge daga Falasdinawa bakwai cewa an yi amfani da su a matsayin garkuwa ta mutum a Gaza da West Bank. Wuraren da aka ruwaito sun kasance sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Jenin na West Bank, [[Khan Yunis]] na Gaza, Shuja'iyya, Asibitin Nasser, Asibityar Al Amal, Asibitin Kamal Adwan, da sansanin' yan gudun hijira ta Jabaliya.<ref name="Mednick" /> An bayyana aikin a matsayin "tsarin sauro", tare da Palasdinawa da aka lakafta su a matsayin "wasps", Associated Press ta ruwaito.<ref name="Mednick" /> A cewar Associated Press, wani jami'in soja na Isra'ila ya yi zargin cewa umarni don amfani da garkuwar mutum sau da yawa ya fito ne daga babban umurni, kuma wannan aikin "an kama shi kamar wuta a filin" bayan sojoji sun ga "yadda yake da tasiri da sauƙi", kamar yadda a ƙarshen watanni tara da ya yi a Gaza, kowane rukunin sojan ƙasa ya yi amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam don share gidaje kafin ƙungiyar ta shiga. Jami'in ya bayyana taron da aka yi a shekarar 2024 inda kwamandan brigade ya ba da shawarar ga kwamandan sashen cewa "suna sauro" kuma "suna kama daya daga tituna". <ref name="Mednick" /> Jami'in sun ce sau biyu ya ba da rahoton amfani da garkuwar mutum ga kwamandan brigadinsa, kuma ya kamata a tura rahotanni ga kwamandan division, yayin da Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila suka ki yin sharhi ga Associated Press kan ko suna da rahotanni. Wani sajan sojan Isra'ila ya ce ƙungiyarsa ta ki amincewa da amfani da garkuwar ɗan adam a 2024, amma an soke su, tare da wani jami'in da ya gaya musu su yi watsi da dokar jin kai ta duniya, kuma ta haka ne ƙungiyarsa ta yi amfani da ɗan shekara 16 da ɗan shekara 30 a matsayin garkuwar mutum na 'yan kwanaki, waɗanda suka bayyana suna kuka don' yancinsu.<ref name="Mednick" /><ref name="Mednick" /> ==== Matattu ==== A watan Agustan 2024 a garin Rafah, wanda aka azabtar ya kasance mutumin da aka tilasta ya bincika gine-gine a Khan Younis lokacin da kwamandan daga Nahal Brigade na Isra'ila ya isa wanda bai san wanda aka azabta ba. Kwamandan nan da nan ya gano wanda aka azabtar a matsayin Palasdinawa kuma, ba tare da sanin cewa yana aiki ga sojojin Isra'ila ba, ya ci gaba da fitar da bindiga ya kashe shi nan da nan. Wani jami'in Isra'ila ya gaya wa kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press cewa Palasdinawa biyu sun mutu yayin da sojojin Isra'ila suka yi amfani da su a matsayin garkuwar - na farko ya rasa hankali a cikin rami, kuma na biyu sojojin Isra'ilawa ne suka harbe shi yayin da suke gudu zuwa cikin gida, saboda sojoji ba su san cewa wani rukunin Isra'ila yana amfani da wannan mutumin a matsayin garkuwa ba. == Amfani da sojojin Palasdinawa == Zarge-zargen da aka yi wa kungiyoyin mayakan Palasdinawa <ref name="craig2">{{Cite web |last=Mokhiber |first=Craig |author-link=Craig Mokhiber |date=21 September 2024 |title=Every accusation a confession: Israel and the double lie of 'human shields' |url=https://mondoweiss.net/2024/09/every-accusation-a-confession-israel-and-the-double-lie-of-human-shields/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |website=[[Mondoweiss]]}}</ref> ciki har da [[Hamas]] cewa suna amfani da fararen hula na Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar Isra'ila da kasashe masu alaƙa sun saba yi amma bincike mai zaman kansa ya kalubalanci su; [1] amfani da farar hula na Isra'ila a matsayin garkuwa a harin 7 ga Oktoba, duk da haka, an tabbatar da shi ta hanyar shaidar wanda aka azabtar.{{Sfn|Gordon|Perugini|2020}} Tun a farkon shekara ta 2004 Amos Harel ya rubuta a Haaretz cewa a lokacin Intifada ta Biyu (2000-2005) 'yan bindigar Palasdinawa "daidaitawa" suna amfani da fararen hula da yara a matsayin garkuwar mutum kuma sun yi iƙirarin cewa akwai shaidar daukar hoto game da shi. A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 2006, Human Rights Watch ([[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|HRW]]) ta zargi Muhammad Wail Baroud, kwamandan soja a cikin Kwamitin Tsayayya na Jama'a, da amfani da fararen hula don kare gidaje daga hare-haren soja amma daga baya ya bayyana cewa sun yi kuskure. Babu wata shaida cewa ana amfani da gidan don dalilai na soja a lokacin da aka shirya harin, kuma IDF ba ta bayyana wane manufa ta soja ba. Sun yi la'akari da lalacewa a cikin hasken manufofin Isra'ila na lalata gidaje a matsayin matakan azabtarwa maimakon a matsayin manufofi na soja. HRW ta yarda cewa ba su yi la'akari da dalilan fararen hula ba, kamar ko sun taru da yardar rai ko a'a, kuma sun jaddada cewa ba sa so su soki juriya mara tashin hankali ko wani nau'i na zanga-zangar zaman lafiya, gami da fararen hula da ke kare gidajensu. Tsohon jami'in kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Craig Mokhiber ya ce binciken Majalisar Dinkinobho game da yaƙe-yaƙe na Isra'ila na 2008 da 2014 a Gaza ya gano cewa mayakan Palasdinawa sun yi amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam, kuma a maimakon haka ya ci gaba da cewa Isra'ila ta yi amfani da irin waɗannan zarge-zargen don tabbatar da kisan fararen hula na Palasdinawa da gangan.<ref name="craig">{{Cite web |last=Mokhiber |first=Craig |author-link=Craig Mokhiber |date=21 September 2024 |title=Every accusation a confession: Israel and the double lie of 'human shields' |url=https://mondoweiss.net/2024/09/every-accusation-a-confession-israel-and-the-double-lie-of-human-shields/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |website=[[Mondoweiss]]}}</ref> Har ila yau, Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zargi Hamas da amfani da garkuwar ɗan adam, <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="263" href="./Gaza_war" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gaza war">2023-11-06/secretary-generals-press-conference-the-middle-east<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;access-date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;14 November 2023<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;website<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;www.un.org<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwBzc\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt325\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwBzg\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2023-11-06/secretary-generals-press-conference-the-middle-east\" id=\"mwBzk\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Secretary-General's press conference on the Middle East | United Nations Secretary-General\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwBzo\">www.un.org</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwBzs\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwBzw\">14 November</span></nowiki> 2023<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-:2_90-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Human_shields_in_the_Israeli–Palestinian_conflict#cite_note-:2-90 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Tarayyar Turai, <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2023 |title=EU nations condemn Hamas for what they describe as use of hospitals, civilians as 'human shields' |url=https://apnews.com/article/european-union-condemn-hamas-human-shields-2c0d1c04cb38fc4acce37d8d624e1a3f |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> Amurka, tare da Isra'ila. An lura da kaddamar da rokoki daga da kuma sanya kayan aikin soja a yankunan farar hula a cikin rikice-rikice daban-daban, gami da yaƙe-yaƙe na 2008, 2014, 2021, da 2023, kodayake ba a dauke shi a matsayin kariya ta ɗan adam ba bisa ga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam.<ref name="tt">{{Cite web |date=2 July 2009 |title=Israel/Gaza: Operation "Cast Lead": 22 days of death and destruction |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/015/2009/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720235128/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/015/2009/en/ |archive-date=20 July 2025 |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> Wadannan ayyukan sun soki kungiyoyi daban-daban na kasa da kasa, ciki har da Amnesty International, wanda ya rubuta lokuta inda mayakan Palasdinawa suka adana makamai kuma suka kaddamar da rokoki daga ko gine-ginen farar hula da ke kusa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-12 |title=Israel: Palestinian armed groups must be held accountable for deliberate civilian killings, abductions and indiscriminate attacks |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/israel-palestinian-armed-groups-must-be-held-accountable-for-deliberate-civilian-killings-abductions-and-indiscriminate-attacks/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ackerman |first=Daniel |date=2021-06-23 |title=Hold Hamas Accountable for Human-Shields Use During the May 2021 Gaza War |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2021/06/23/hold-hamas-accountable-for-human-shields-use-during-the-may-2021-gaza-war/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=FDD |language=en}}</ref> An ambaci wannan a matsayin hujja ga hare-haren Isra'ila kan ababen more rayuwa.{{Sfn|Gordon|Perugini|2020}}{{Sfn|Zanotti|Sharp|Migdalovitz|Addis|2010}}{{Sfn|Baconi|2018}} Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, gami da Amnesty International, ba su sami wata shaida game da kariya ta mutum ta Hamas a cikin rikice-rikicen da suka gabata ba, yayin da masanin kare hakkin dan Adam da shari'a Neve Gordon suka yi jayayya cewa ikirarin Isra'ila ya zama "tsaron shari'a na farko" game da zarge-zargen aikata laifukan yaki.<ref name="cast lead">Amnesty International Report "Operation Cast Lead": 22 Days of Death and Destruction pp. 48–50, {{Cite web |date=2 July 2009 |title=Document |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/015/2009/en/ |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-25 |title=Israel/Gaza conflict: Questions and Answers |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2014/07/israelgaza-conflict-questions-and-answers/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=[[Amnesty International]] |language=en |quote=Amnesty International...does not have evidence at this point that Palestinian civilians have been intentionally used by Hamas or Palestinian armed groups during the current hostilities to "shield" specific locations or military personnel or equipment from Israeli attacks.}}</ref> {{Reflist}}  == Masu fafutuka a matsayin garkuwar mutum == Masu gwagwarmayar kasa da kasa da Isra'ila sun yi amfani da kansu a matsayin garkuwar mutum don dakatar da tashin hankali na Isra'ila akan Palasdinawa.{{Sfn|Gordon|Perugini|2020}} Rachel Corrie da Tom Hurndall, masu sa kai na Yammacin Duniya Solidarity Movement (ISM) a [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|Yankunan Palasdinawa]], waɗanda suka mutu a shekara ta 2003 da 2004 bi da bi an bayyana su a matsayin "garkuwar ɗan adam" da ke kamfen don rushe gida. ISM, duk da haka, yana da ƙarfi a yi amfani da kalmar "garkuwar ɗan adam" don bayyana aikinsu, ya fi son a yi amfani dashi kawai don komawa lokacin da mayakan da ke dauke da makamai ke amfani da fararen hula a matsayin garkuwar. Amnesty International ta kuma ki amincewa da ma'anar ayyukan masu fafutuka na sa kai ko ayyukan masu fafatawa don dukiyar da ba ta soja ba a matsayin "garkuwar ɗan adam", kuma suna la'akari da jagorancin "takamaiman fararen hula su kasance a cikin gidajensu a matsayin "gamuwar ɗan adam" ga mayakan, harsashi, ko kayan aikin soja" a matsayin "Garkuwar ɗan Adam". A cikin 2008, Rabbis for Human Rights sun bayyana cewa za su yi aiki a matsayin "garkuwar ɗan adam" na son rai a lokacin girbi na zaitun na shekara-shekara don kare ƙauyukan Palasdinawa daga mazauna. == Dubi kuma == * Laifukan yaki a cikin yakin Isra'ila da Hamas na 2023 == Manazarta ==   === Tushen === ==== Littattafai ==== {{Gaza war|state=collapsed}} ==== Labaran jarida ==== {{Authority control}}{{Gaza war|state=collapsed}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 211qqi1s6n966nblqcfdwogf5li5wx2 818922 818921 2026-04-06T07:22:04Z BnHamid 12586 /* Amfani da sojojin Palasdinawa */ 818922 wikitext text/x-wiki Garkuwar ɗan adam a cikin rikici na Isra'ila da Falasdinu tana nufin dabarun da aka yi amfani da su a cikin rikice-rikicen Isra'ila-Palestina inda aka sanya wadanda ba masu yaƙi ba cikin layin wuta don hana manufofin soja daga zama manufa ba tare da cutar da wanda ba yaƙi ba. Zargin yin amfani da Garkuwar mutum batu ne na yau da kullun a cikin rikici. Amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam ta Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila an rubuta su ta ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam. Har ila yau, an zargi Hamas da amfani da garkuwar mutum daga Isra'ila da kawayenta. Bugu da kari, masu gwagwarmayar kasa da kasa da Isra'ila sun yi amfani da kansu a matsayin garkuwar mutum don dakatar da tashin hankali na Isra'ila akan Palasdinawa. == Tarihi == [[Dokar jin kai ta kasa da kasa|dokar rikici]]-rikicen makamai ta buƙaci cewa ƙungiyoyin da ke yaƙi su bambanta tsakanin mayakan da waɗanda ba mayakan ba - ana iya kashe tsohon bisa ka'ida, kuma ana kare ƙarshen.{{Sfn|Gordon|Perugini|2020}}{{Sfn|Ezra|2015}} Garkuwar ɗan adam tana nufin sanya wanda ba yaƙi a cikin layin wuta, don haka hana manufa ta soja ta halal daga zama manufa ba tare da cutar da wanda ba ya yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Gordon|Perugini|2020}} == Amfani da sojojin Isra'ila == Amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam ta Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila an rubuta su ta ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam ciki har da Human Rights Watch, [[B'Tselem]] da [[Amnesty International]], <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=26 November 2010 |title=Israel: Soldiers' Punishment for Using Boy as 'Human Shield' Inadequate |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/11/26/israel-soldiers-punishment-using-boy-human-shield-inadequate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721213822/https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/11/26/israel-soldiers-punishment-using-boy-human-shield-inadequate |archive-date=21 July 2025 |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> <ref name="tt2">{{Cite web |date=2 July 2009 |title=Israel/Gaza: Operation "Cast Lead": 22 days of death and destruction |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/015/2009/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720235128/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/015/2009/en/ |archive-date=20 July 2025 |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> <ref name="bt2">{{Cite web |title=Human Shields |url=https://www.btselem.org/topic/human_shields |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[B'Tselem]]}}</ref> tare da wasu malamai a yankin da suka yi imanin cewa IDF na iya zama kawai rundunar soja da ke shiga cikin wannan aikin a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A cewar B'Tselem, sojojin IDF sun sanya fararen hula na Palasdinawa a gaban su ko kuma sun sanya farar hula a cikin [[Line of fire|layin wuta]], kuma sun tilasta wa Palasdinawa su cire abubuwan da ake zargi (mai yiwuwa fashewa). <ref name="bt2" /> Sojojin IDF sun kuma tilasta fararen hula na Palasdinawa su yi tafiya a cikin gine-ginen da ake zargi da bindigogi. Har ila yau, Isra'ila ta yi amfani da "hanyar makwabta" inda aka tilasta fararen hula na Palasdinawa su yi ƙoƙari su shawo kan mutanen da ake so su mika kansu ga IDF.{{Sfn|Otto|2004}} Ma'aikatar tsaro ta Isra'ila ce ta kare wannan aikin, amma [[Israeli Supreme Court|Kotun Koli ta Isra'ila]] ta haramta shi a shekara ta 2005, kodayake akwai zarge-zargen aikinsa har ma bayan hukuncin. {{Sfn|Schmitt|2008}} A lokacin mamayewar Gaza ta 2009, an ruwaito IDF ta yi amfani da iyalai na Palasdinawa (babba da yara) a matsayin garkuwar mutum. Binciken Haaretz ya gano cewa Palasdinawa, da suka yi ado kamar sojojin Isra'ila, IDF ta yi amfani da su sosai a [[Gaza war|Yaƙin Gaza]] a matsayin garkuwar mutum don bincika bututun ruwa a yankin Gaza. Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila (IDF) sun yi amfani da fararen hula a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam sau da yawa don hana mayakan Palasdinawa daga kai farmaki da yin ayyukan barazana ga rayuwa.{{Sfn|Schmitt|2008}} === 1948–1967 === A lokacin da Isra'ila ta mamaye Gaza a 1956-1957 (a matsayin wani ɓangare na Rikicin Suez), sojojin Isra'ila za su bincika gidajen wadanda ake zargi da Fedayeen na Palasdinawa don makamai, ɓoyewa ko ɓoyayyun mayakan. Saboda wadannan gidaje na iya samun tarkon ko masu harbi da ke jiran sojojin Isra'ila, za su yi amfani da yara Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum. === Intifada ta Biyu === Jami'an Isra'ila sun ba da rahoton cewa Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila suka yi amfani da tsarin "garkuwar mutum" a lokuta 1,200 a lokacin Intifada ta Biyu (2000-2005). Wannan tsari ya haifar da akalla misali daya na kashe farar hula na Palasdinawa: wani dan shekara 19 mai suna Nidal Abu-Mohsen. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2004, an dauki hoton wani yaro dan Palasdinawa mai shekaru 13 bayan an ɗaure shi da motar makamai ta Isra'ila don manufar da aka bayyana na hana masu zanga-zangar Palasdinawa jefa dutse.<ref name="BT" /> A cewar kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam [[Amnesty International]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2002 |title=Israel and the Occupied Territories Shielded from scrutiny: IDF violations in Jenin and Nablus |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/143/2002/en/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=9 September 2007 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> da Human Rights Watch, Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila (IDF) sun yi amfani da fararen hula na [[Falasdinawa|Palasdinawa]] a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam a lokacin Yaƙin Jenin na 2002. Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Isra'ila B'Tselem ta ce "na dogon lokaci bayan barkewar Intifada ta Biyu, musamman a lokacin Operation Defensive Shield, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2002, IDF ta yi amfani da fararen hula na Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam, ta tilasta musu aiwatar da ayyukan soja wanda ya yi barazana ga rayukansu".<ref name="B'Tselem">{{Cite web |date=20 July 2006 |title=Israeli Soldiers use civilians as Human Shields in Beit Hanun |url=http://www.btselem.org/english/Human_Shields/20060720_Human_Shields_in_Beit_Hanun.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604232204/http://www.btselem.org/english/Human_Shields/20060720_Human_Shields_in_Beit_Hanun.asp |archive-date=4 June 2011 |website=[[B'Tselem]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2002 |title=Chronological Review of Events Relating to the Question of Palestine |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-196914/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |quote=A military court in Israel sentenced two junior officers to 28 days imprisonment because they had used Palestinian civilians as 'human shields', Israel Radio reported. A platoon sergeant who had made a navigation error and ended up in a Palestinian village with his soldiers had forced a villager to drive them to a safe place, the radio said. During the sergeant's investigation, a similar incident had come to light in the same battalion, during which a squad commander had made a Palestinian drive him and his soldiers to safety.}}</ref> [[Cibiyar Al Mezan don 'Yancin Dan Adam|Al Mezan]] ya ba da rahoton yin amfani da garkuwar ɗan adam a lokacin mamayewar Beit Hanoun a shekara ta 2004. <ref name="mezan-paper">{{Cite web |title=A paper on the IOF Invasion of the town of Beit Hanoun (29 June – 5 August 2004) |url=http://www.mezan.org/upload/2619.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021163100/http://www.mezan.org/upload/2619.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2013 |access-date=21 October 2013 |quote=Another 36 homes were occupied by Israeli soldiers and used as watch posts. In every case of home occupation the IOF detained the inhabitants inside one room of the house}}</ref> Sojojin Isra'ila sun kuma yi amfani da garkuwar mutum don murkushe zanga-zangar da aka jefa dutse a Hebron a shekara ta 2003. Amnesty ta ba da misali mai zuwa: a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2002, wani jami'in IDF ya ɗauki wani mutumin Palasdinawa daga gidansa ya nemi ya zo tare da su. Lokacin da mutumin Palasdinawa, wanda 'ya'yansa ke kewaye da shi, ya ki sau da yawa, jami'in IDF ya ce "Zan fi so kada in yi amfani da karfi". Jami'in IDF ya kama mutumin Palasdinawa da wuyan hannu kuma ya tilasta masa tafiya a gaban sojojin IDF. Jami'in IDF ya durƙusa a bayan mutumin Palasdinawa kuma ya fara harbi. A cikin sa'o'i da yawa, sojojin IDF sun sa ya tsaya a gaban su akai-akai yayin da suke harbi wadanda ake zargi da mayakan Palasdinawa. A wannan lokacin mutumin Palasdinawa ya nemi a sake shi amma IDF ta ki. A ƙarshe a lokacin wani abin da ya faru mutumin Palasdinawa ya sami harsashi a kafafunsa kuma a ƙarshe IDF ta sake shi.<ref name="ai">{{Cite web |title=Shielded from scrutiny: IDF violations in Jenin and Nablus |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/mde151432002en.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |website=[[Amnesty International]] |page=25 |quote=The officer, Eitan, said to me: 'Come with us'...the officer looked left and right and then grabbed me by the collar and put me in front of him as we exited and went towards the neighbour's house. There was no firing at the time, but Eitan crouched down just below me and began firing to the left while the other soldiers moved towards the neighbour's house...He said that during this period he or another detainee would be placed in front of soldiers during house-to-house searches. On three separate occasions he stated that a soldier placed his gun near or on his body and in one case, he was made to stand in front of a soldier when he opened fire.}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002 Kotun Koli ta Isra'ila ta ba da umarni na wucin gadi wanda ya haramta aikin bayan mutuwar Nidal Abu Mohsen mai shekaru 19, wanda aka harbe shi lokacin da IDF ta tilasta masa ya ƙwanƙwasa ƙofar maƙwabcinsa, mai fafutukar Hamas Nasser Jarrar, a ƙauyen Tubes na Yammacin Kogin Yamma kuma ya sanar da shi game da bukatun sojojin Isra'ila cewa ya mika wuya . A shekara ta 2004, an dauki hoton wani yaro mai shekaru 13, Muhammed Badwan, a ɗaure shi da motar 'yan sanda ta Isra'ila a ƙauyen Biddu na Yammacin Kogin Yamma ana amfani da shi azaman garkuwa don hana masu zanga-zangar da ke jefa dutse.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The day Israel used a boy aged 13 as a human shield |url=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-X_yEHXXxK00/UH3HG_uGwEI/AAAAAAAAKBw/L4IhER5Gz40/s1600/The+day+Israel+used+a+boy+aged+13+as+a+human+shield.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920055606/http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-X_yEHXXxK00/UH3HG_uGwEI/AAAAAAAAKBw/L4IhER5Gz40/s1600/The+day+Israel+used+a+boy+aged+13+as+a+human+shield.jpg |archive-date=20 September 2014 |access-date=12 September 2014}}</ref> An kama Rabbi Arik Ascherman bayan ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga tsakani. A shekara ta 2005, Babban Kotun Shari'a ta Isra'ila ta haramta aikin, tare da Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Isra'ila daukaka kara kan shawarar. Yayinda yake amincewa da kare "amfani da Palasdinawa don isar da gargadi ga maza da ake nema game da ayyukan kamawa da ke gabatowa", wani aikin da aka sani a Isra'ila ta hanyar "hanyar makwabta", IDF ta musanta rahotanni na "amfani le Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam game da hare-haren kan sojojin IDF", tana mai cewa ta riga ta haramta wannan aikin. <ref name="haaretz.com" /> A shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, binciken farko na B'Tselem ya nuna cewa IDF ta yi amfani da fararen hula a matsayin garkuwar mutum a [[Beit Hanoun|Beit Hanun]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2006 |title=Human shields |url=http://www.btselem.org/human_shields/20060720_human_shields_in_beit_hanun |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808233139/http://www.btselem.org/human_shields/20060720_human_shields_in_beit_hanun |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=21 November 2023 |website=[[B'tselem]]}}</ref> Defence for Children International ta kuma gano cewa, daga cikin shari'o'i 26 na yara Palasdinawa da sojojin Isra'ila ke amfani da su a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam da ta rubuta tun daga shekara ta 2004, yawancin sun faru ne bayan haramcin Kotun Koli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Shields |url=https://www.dci-palestine.org/human_shields |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=26 June 2024 |website=[[Defence for Children International]]}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2007, an fitar da hoton wani abin da ya faru da Sameh Amira, ɗan Falasdinawa mai shekaru 24, wanda bidiyon ya nuna yana aiki a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam ga ƙungiyar sojojin Isra'ila, yana shiga cikin gidajen da ake zargi da kasancewa na mayakan Palasdinawa a gaban sojoji. Wani dan uwan Amira mai shekaru 15 da wata yarinya mai shekaru 11 a Yammacin Kogin Yamma sun gaya wa B'Tselem a watan Fabrairun 2007 cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun tilasta wa kowannensu a cikin abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban su buɗe ƙofar wani ɗakin makwabta na wanda ake zargi da yaƙi, su shiga ciki a gaban su, kuma su buɗe ƙofofi da windows. Sojojin Isra'ila sun kaddamar da bincike kan lamarin da ya shafi Amira.<ref name="CBS">{{cite news |date=11 April 2007 |title=Israel Probes "Human Shield" Allegations" |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-probes-human-shield-allegations/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216010506/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/04/11/world/main2674604.shtml |archive-date=16 February 2010 |work=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007, sojojin Isra'ila sun dakatar da kwamandan bayan an zargi ƙungiyar da yake jagoranta da amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum a cikin aikin West Bank. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007, CBS News ta ruwaito cewa, a cewar kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, IDF ba ta dakatar da amfani da garkuwar ɗan adam ba, amma abin da ya faru ya ragu. <ref name="B'Tselem">{{Cite web |date=20 July 2006 |title=Israeli Soldiers use civilians as Human Shields in Beit Hanun |url=http://www.btselem.org/english/Human_Shields/20060720_Human_Shields_in_Beit_Hanun.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604232204/http://www.btselem.org/english/Human_Shields/20060720_Human_Shields_in_Beit_Hanun.asp |archive-date=4 June 2011 |website=[[B'Tselem]]}}</ref> === "Hanyar makwabta" === Ayyukan IDF na "Hanyar Makwabta", wanda aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin Intifada ta Biyu, ya yi amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum. A karkashin wannan tsari, IDF ta tilasta wa mutanen da aka zaɓa ba zato ba tsammani su kusanci gidajen wadanda ake zargi da 'yan ta'adda kuma su rinjayi su mika wuya, aikin da ya sanya rayuwar tsohon cikin haɗari. Kungiyar ba da agaji ta Isra'ila Adalah ta kalubalanci aikin a gaban Babban Kotun Shari'a ta Isra'ilawa a shekara ta 2002. Koyaya, IDF ta ci gaba da amfani da Palasdinawa a cikin 'hanyar maƙwabcinta', inda aka sanya mutanen da aka zaɓa ba zato ba tsammani su kusanci gidajen waɗanda ake zargi kuma su rinjayi su mika wuya, aikin da za a iya sanya rayuwar tsohon cikin haɗari. Kotun ta yanke hukunci a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2005 "cewa duk wani amfani da fararen hula na Palasdinawa a lokacin ayyukan soja an haramta shi, gami da 'hanyar gargadi ta gaba'. " A cewar B'tselem, rahotanni sun nuna cewa aikin ya ci gaba duk da haka, a cikin ayyukan soja kamar Operation Cast Lead, da Operation Protective Edge, kuma "mafi yawan waɗannan rahotanni ba a bincika su ba, kuma wadanda suka haifar da wani mataki ba".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2017 |title=Human Shields |url=https://www.btselem.org/human_shields |archive-url= |archive-date= |website=[[B'tselem]]}}</ref> === Yaƙin Gaza na 2008-2009 === A lokacin yakin Gaza na 2008-09 da aka fi sani da Operation Cast Lead, an zargi sojojin Isra'ila da ci gaba da amfani da farar hula a matsayin garkuwar mutane ta Amnesty International da kuma karya Shiru.[1] A cewar shaidun da wadannan kungiyoyi biyu suka wallafa, sojojin Isra'ila sun yi amfani da Falasdinawa marasa makami ciki har da yara wajen kare wuraren soji, suna tafiya a gaban sojoji masu dauke da makamai; shiga cikin gine-gine don bincika tarko ko 'yan bindiga; da kuma bincika abubuwan da ake tuhuma don abubuwan fashewa.[1][2] Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Amnesty International ta bayyana cewa, ta gano kararrakin da sojojin Isra'ila suka tilastawa Falasdinawa zama a daki daya na gidansu, yayin da suke mayar da sauran gidajen zuwa wani sansani da maharbi, tare da yin amfani da iyalai, manya da yara yadda ya kamata, a matsayin garkuwar dan Adam tare da jefa su cikin hatsari[3]. Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kuma zargi Isra'ila da yin amfani da garkuwar dan Adam a lokacin rikicin Gaza na 2008-09.[4][5] ''[[The Guardian]]'' ta tattara bidiyo uku da shaidu daga fararen hula game da zargin Laifukan yaki da sojoji na Isra'ila suka aikata a lokacin yakin Gaza na 2008-09, gami da amfani da yara Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum. A cikin bidiyon, 'yan'uwa matasa uku daga dangin al-Attar sun ce an tilasta musu da bindiga su durƙusa a gaban tankuna don hana mayakan Hamas harbe su kuma an yi amfani da su don "tsarkake" gidaje ga sojojin Isra'ila. Shaidar sojan IDF don karya shiru ya ce kwamandansa ya ba da umarnin cewa ga kowane gida da IDF ta mamaye, sun aika da "makwabci" don shiga gaban soja, wani lokacin yayin da soja ya sanya bindigarsa a kafadar makwabcin; a cewar soja, "kwamanda sun ce waɗannan umarni ne kuma dole ne mu yi hakan". Har ila yau, fararen hula na Gaza sun ba da shaida cewa sojoji na Isra'ila sun yi amfani da su a matsayin garkuwar mutum. Wani jami'in sojan Isra'ila ya amsa wadannan zarge-zargen: "IDF ta yi aiki daidai da ka'idojin yaki kuma ta yi iya kokari don rage lahani ga fararen hula da ba su da hannu a yaƙi. Amfani da makamai na IDF ya dace da dokar kasa da kasa. " Wani mai magana da yawun ofishin jakadancin Isra'ila ta yi zargin Hamas ya matsa wa mutanen Gaza su yi waɗannan zarge-korafe. A ranar 12 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2010, masu gabatar da kara na Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila sun gabatar da tuhuma a kan ma'aikatan sajan biyu na Givati Brigade saboda tilasta wa wani yaro dan Palasdinawa mai shekaru 9 ya bude jaka da yawa da suka yi tunanin zai iya dauke da fashewa a watan Janairun shekara ta 2009. Yaron ya gaya masa cewa sojoji sun buge shi kuma sun tilasta musu yin aiki a kansu da bindiga. IDF ta ce ta bude binciken bayan [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta kawo hankalinta ga lamarin. A ranar 3 ga Oktoba 2010, kotun soja ta yanke hukunci a kan wadanda ake tuhuma, tare da saukewa da dakatar da hukuncin, duk da cewa ba a da wani soja da aka daure ba. Human Rights Watch <ref name="hit" /> da mahaifiyar yaron sun soki hukuncin da yawa. === 2009 zuwa Yakin Gaza na 2014 === Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, [[Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Yara]], ta zargi sojojin Isra'ila a watan Yunin 2013 da "ci gaba da amfani da yara Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam da masu ba da labari", suna nuna damuwa mai zurfi 14 irin waɗannan shari'o'in an ruwaito tsakanin Janairu 2010 da Maris 2013. Ya ce kusan dukkanin sojoji da ake zargi da ke cikin abubuwan da suka faru ba a hukunta su ba. A wata hira da Breaking the Silence, wani tsohon sojan Isra'ila ya ba da labarin cewa kwamandan ƙungiyarsa ya yi amfani da manufofin, na tilasta fararen hula na Palasdinawa su shiga gidajen da ake zargi da mayakan da ake zarginsu a gaban sojojin Isra'ila, duk da amincewa da haramtacciyar ta, kamar yadda kwamandan zai fi son a kashe fararen hula Palasdinawa yana aiwatar da aikin fiye da ɗaya daga cikin mutanensa. Ya gaya wa matasa 'yan Palasdinawa kuma an yi amfani da su ta wannan rukunin don aiwatar da ayyukan soja ga sojojin Isra'ila.<ref name="French" /> Tsaro don Yara na Duniya-Palestine ya ba da rahoton cewa mai shekaru 17, Ahmad Abu Raida (kuma: "Reeda"), sojojin Isra'ila ne suka sace shi, wadanda, bayan sun buge shi kuma suka yi masa barazana, suka yi amfani da shi azaman garkuwar mutum na kwanaki biyar, suka tilasta masa tafiya a gaban su tare da karnukan 'yan sanda a kan bindiga, gidajen bincike da kuma tonowa a wuraren da sojoji da ake zargi da cewa akwai bututun ruwa. ''Jaridar New York Times'' ta bayyana cewa ba za a iya tabbatar da ikirarinsa ba; Sojojin Isra'ila sun tabbatar da cewa an tsare shi, suna lura da alaƙar mahaifinsa da Hamas, wanda ya kasance babban jami'in Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido ta Gaza.<ref name="Akram & Rudoren" /> Babu wata shaida ta zahiri game da tashin hankali na jiki da ake zargin Raida ya sha, misali hotuna, rahotanni na likita ko raunin da ya haifar da bugawa akai-akai. Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Yuro-Mediterranean ta gudanar da bincike a lokacin da kuma bayan aikin soja. Binciken ya gano cewa, a lokacin yakin Gaza na 2014, sojojin Isra'ila sun yi amfani da fararen hula na Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwa a Khuza'a. Wata iyali ta gaya wa kungiyar cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun kashe uban iyali bayan ya dauki mataki zuwa gare su, sannan ya ci gaba da sanya wadanda suka tsira daga cikin dangin, ciki har da yara, a tagogin gidan yayin da sojoji suka fara harbi a kusa da su. === 2021–2023 === A watan Yulin 2021, sojojin Isra'ila sun tsare mai daukar hoto na Associated Press Majdi Mohammed ba tare da son zuciyarsa ba yayin da yake aiki a kafofin watsa labarai yayin wani aiki a Yammacin Kogin Yamma kuma masu zanga-zangar Palasdinawa sun jefa duwatsu a kan sojoji. Mohammed ya ba da labarin wani jami'in ya gaya masa cewa ana riƙe shi don hana ci gaba da jefa dutse, a wannan lokacin ya gaya wa jami'in cewa wannan ya zama amfani da shi a matsayin garkuwar mutum. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, an zargi sojojin Isra'ila da amfani da yarinya mai shekaru 16 a matsayin garkuwar mutum yayin da aka yi yaƙi da mayakan Palasdinawa a Jenin. Yarinyar ta gaya wa Defence for Children International a cikin wata hira cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun tilasta mata ta tsaya a gaban motar soja ta Isra'ila na tsawon sa'o'i biyu. Lokacin da Amira Hass daga Ha'aretz ta tuntubi 'yan sanda na Isra'ila game da wannan lamarin, sun ki yin sharhi game da takamaiman bayani, suna mai cewa kawai rundunar ta nuna "da kyau da sana'a". Wani rahoto na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya sami misalai uku na Isra'ila ta amfani da yara Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum a cikin 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children and armed conflict: Report of the Secretary-General |url=https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/S_2023_363.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2023, kafin farawar Yaƙin Gaza, Defence for Children International - Palestine (DCIP) ya riga ya rubuta cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun yi amfani da yara biyar a matsayin garkuwar mutum tun farkon wannan shekarar, tare da biyu daga cikin wadanda abin ya shafa tagwaye ne masu shekaru 2. === 2023-2025 Yaƙin Gaza === Cin zarafin Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum da sojojin Isra'ila suka yi ya zama ruwan dare a ''Lokaci'' yakin. Ya zuwa Oktoba 2024, akalla rundunonin sojojin Isra'ila 11 sun tura garkuwar mutum a biranen Gaza guda biyar, sau da yawa tare da goyon bayan jami'an leken asiri na Isra'ila. An yi amfani da fursunonin Palasdinawa, gami da fararen hula da yara, don bincika hanyoyin da Hamas ta gina da sauran wuraren da sojojin Isra'ila suka yi imanin cewa mayakan Palasdinawa na iya kafa kwanton bauna ko tarko.<ref name="nytimes-idf-human-shields">{{Cite news |last1=Odenheimer |first1=Natan |last2=Shbair |first2=Bilal |last3=Kingsley |first3=Patrick |date=14 October 2024 |title=How Israel's Army Uses Palestinians as Human Shields in Gaza |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/14/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-military-human-shields.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=16 October 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Binciken da New York Times ya yi ya kiyasta cewa wannan aikin ya zama ruwan dare a lokacin yakin.<ref name="nytimes-idf-human-shields" /> A cewar sojoji da suka shiga ko kuma suka shaida shi, aikin na yau da kullun ne.<ref name="nytimes-idf-human-shields" /> Masanin Isra'ila Amos Harel ya rubuta wa Haaretz cewa amfani da IDF na Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam ya yadu a cikin yakin Gaza, yana sanya shi a cikin mahallin rushewar tsari da horo tsakanin sojojin Isra'ila wanda ya haɗa da kashe fararen hula, ƙone gidaje ba tare da dalili ba, da cin zarafin jima'i da azabtar da fursunonin yaƙi. Masanin shari'a na kasa da kasa Michael N. Schmitt, wanda Times ta yi hira da shi, ya ce bai san wani rundunar soja da ta yi amfani da fararen hula ko fursunonin yaki a matsayin garkuwar mutum a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ba.<ref name="nytimes-idf-human-shields" /> Philippe Lazzarini, shugaban UNRWA, hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke da alhakin tabbatar da haƙƙin 'yan gudun hijirar Palasdinawa, wanda ya kasance makasudin hare-haren tashin hankali da ayyukan da Isra'ila ta yi, ya kuma zargi sojojin Isra'ila da amfani da ma'aikatanta a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam a yayin wannan yaƙin. Neve Gordon, farfesa na Isra'ila na Shari'ar Kasa da Kasa a Jami'ar Sarauniya Maryamu ta London, ya bayyana cewa amfani da garkuwar ɗan adam shine "laifukan yaƙi guda biyu a cikin mataki ɗaya". Binciken da DCIP ta yi ya ba da cikakken bayani cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun yi amfani da yara da yawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum a yankin Al-Tuffah na birnin Gaza a ranar 27 ga Disamba, 2023. A wannan lokacin, an tsare Palasdinawa 50, ciki har da yara. 'Yan'uwa biyu, masu shekaru 12 da 13, sun gaya wa masu bincike cewa sojoji sun tilasta musu su cire, suka ɗaure hannayensu kuma suka tilasta musu tafiya a gaban tankunan Isra'ila tare da sauran Palasdinawa. Har ila yau, ɗan'uwan ya ba da rahoton cewa Isra'ilawa sun buge shi, sun kifarsa kuma sun buge shi. A ranar 16 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2024, wani mai shagon Palasdinawa a kauyen Dura na Yammacin Kogin Yamma ya zargi sojoji na IDF da amfani da shi a matsayin garkuwar mutum. Hoton bidiyon wayar hannu ya nuna wani sojan Isra'ila yana tafiya a kan titi tare da mutumin da ke gabansa, yayin da soja ya sanya bindiga a kafadar wanda aka azabtar. DCIP ta ruwaito cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun yi amfani da yara maza uku masu shekaru 12 zuwa 14 a matsayin garkuwar mutum a cikin abubuwan da suka faru a Tulkarem a farkon Mayu 2024. Wani rahoto na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da cin zarafin yara da aka aikata a lokacin yakin Gaza ya tabbatar da shari'o'i biyar tun daga Oktoba 7 inda sojojin Isra'ila suka yi amfani da yara maza na Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum a lokacin "ayyukan tilasta doka" a Yammacin Kogin. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, Brigade na Nahal na Isra'ila ya yi amfani da wani ɗan Palasdinawa mai shekaru 80 a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam ta hanyar ɗaure igiya mai fashewa a wuyansa kuma yana barazanar a hura kansa. Tsohon mutumin ya kasance a arewacin Gaza saboda matsalolin motsi ga kansa da matarsa. Duk da cewa yana iya motsawa ne kawai da taimakon sandar, Isra'ilawa sun tilasta masa aiki a matsayin garkuwa na awanni 8, yana tafiya a gaban sojoji yayin da suke bincika yankin, yayin da matarsa ta kasance a tsare a gida. Bayan da wahalar ta ƙare, sojoji sun umarci wanda aka azabtar da matarsa su gudu zuwa "yanki na jin kai" a kudancin Gaza. Wadannan sojoji, duk da haka, ba su yi ƙoƙari su tuntubi wasu ƙungiyoyi game da ma'auratan ba, waɗanda, lokacin da wasu kungiyoyin Isra'ila suka hango su a hanyarsu, an kashe su.<ref name="aljfeb" /> A ranar 22 ga Yuni, 2024, an sanya bidiyon wani mutumin Palasdinawa da ya ji rauni, Mujahed Abbadeh mai shekaru 23, wanda aka ɗaure shi a kan murfin motar Isra'ila da ke tukawa ta Jenin. Wani mai shaida ya tabbatar da cewa IDF ta gabatar da mutumin da ya ji rauni a kan hoton, ta ajiye wanda aka azabtar a ƙarƙashin rana mai zafi na mintuna da yawa, har sai da ta mika shi ga motar asibiti ta Red Cross na Palasdinawa wacce aka ajiye a kusa. Wannan, tushen ya yi jayayya, shaida ce cewa mutumin da ya ji rauni ba wanda ake zargi ba ne, kamar yadda IDF ta ci gaba da kiyayewa. Wani gwani na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ce lamarin ya kai ga karbar garkuwar mutum. Wani dan uwan Abbadeh ya gaya wa manema labarai cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun yi haka ga wasu mutane uku kwanan nan. Sauran Palasdinawa biyu daga baya sun fito suka shaida wa BBC, suna nuna shaidar bidiyo, cewa an harbe su ma kuma an ɗaure su da jeep a wani aiki daban. A daren 28 ga watan Agusta 2024, yayin da aka kai hari a Tulkarm, an ruwaito cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun yi amfani da yarinya mai shekaru 10, Malak Shihab, a matsayin garkuwar mutum a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Nur Shams. An tilasta wata mace da yara huɗu su bar gidansu yayin da aka tsare yarinya ɗaya kuma, saboda tsoratar da wani kare na soja da ba a taɓa shi ba don ya yi mata wari, an umarce ta da ta buɗe ƙofofin gidan kawunta. Dangane da binciken ''Haaretz'' wanda ya danganci shaidar sojoji da yawa na Isra'ila, ana amfani da matasa da manya na Palasdinawa a kai a kai a matsayin garkuwar mutum wajen bincika hanyar sadarwa a cikin Gaza. Sojojin Isra'ila sun kira su "shawashim", an yi musu ado, ban da takalma, don su yi kama da sojojin Isra'ila, an ɗaure su da hannu, an rufe su da idanu kuma, tare da kyamarar bidiyo da aka haɗe da jikinsu, an aika su cikin gidaje inda ake zargin mayakan Hamas su ɓoye, ko kuma a cikin bututun da za a iya kama su. A wasu lokuta har ma da tsofaffin Palasdinawa an tilasta su gudanar da wannan aikin. An ce aikin ya zama sananne ga kwamandojin filin IDF. Za su yi amfani da Palasdinawa lokacin da babu Karnuka masu numfashi ko drones.<ref name="nytimes-idf-human-shields" /> Binciken da [[CNN]] ta yi a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024 ya gano cewa yayin da ba a san sikelin da girman aikin ba, shaidar fararen hula da sojan Isra'ila sun nuna yadda Isra'ila ke amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum ya yadu a fadin Gaza. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024, binciken da The Washington Post ya yi ya kara tabbatar da wadannan binciken, tare da shaidu, wadanda abin ya shafa, da kuma sojan Isra'ila da ke cewa ana amfani da fararen hula a matsayin garkuwar mutum don hana cutar da sojojin Isra'ila. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024, Tsaro na Yara na kasa da kasa ya ba da rahoton abubuwan da suka faru guda uku, a cikin Oktoba 15-20, 2024, na iyalai da ke da yara ƙanana ana amfani da su azaman garkuwar ɗan adam don kare Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila a hare-hare a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Jabalia da Asibitin Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israeli forces use Palestinian children as human shields in Jabalia refugee camp |url=https://www.dci-palestine.org/israeli_forces_use_palestinian_children_as_human_shields_in_jabalia_refugee_camp |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=[[Defense for Children Palestine]]}}</ref> Hotunan tauraron dan adam sun nuna cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun kuma yi amfani da makaranta a ƙauyen Juhor ad Dik da Asibitin Abokantaka na Turkiyya da Palasdinawa a matsayin tushe don ayyukan soja, wanda ya haifar da tsawata daga gwamnatin Turkiyya. CNN ta ruwaito a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024 cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun yi amfani da wani aiki da ake kira "tsarin sauro" a arewacin Gaza, Gaza City, Khan Younis, da Rafah, inda aka tura Palasdinawa zuwa wurare masu haɗari kafin sojojin Isra'ilawa su shiga. IDF a watan Maris na shekara ta 2025 ta ce "Sashen Binciken Laifuka na 'yan sanda na Soja ya bude bincike bayan zargin da ya dace ya tashi game da amfani da Palasdinawa don ayyukan soja a lokacin ayyukan". A wannan watan, CBS News ta wallafa wata hira da wani sojan Isra'ila wanda ba a san sunansa ba wanda ya yarda cewa an umarce shi da ya yi amfani da Palasdinawa maimakon karnuka da aka horar don bincika gine-gine kuma cewa ƙungiyarsa ta kuma aikata wasu laifukan yaki, kamar fashewa da gine-gine ba tare da dalili ba. Har ila yau, cibiyar sadarwa ta ji daga wani ɗan Falasdinawa mai shekaru 14 mai suna Omri Salem cewa sojojin Isra'ila a Yammacin Kogin Yamma sun yi amfani da shi da dan uwansa mai shekaru tara a matsayin garkuwar mutum kuma sojoji sun doke su lokacin da suka yi ƙoƙarin tsayayya da umarni. Jaridar Associated Press a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2025 ta ba da rahoton cewa sojojin Isra'ila suna amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum a Gaza, suna ambaton asusun daga sojoji biyu na Isra'ila da suka yarda da yin hakan, da kuma zarge-zarge daga Falasdinawa bakwai cewa an yi amfani da su a matsayin garkuwa ta mutum a Gaza da West Bank. Wuraren da aka ruwaito sun kasance sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Jenin na West Bank, [[Khan Yunis]] na Gaza, Shuja'iyya, Asibitin Nasser, Asibityar Al Amal, Asibitin Kamal Adwan, da sansanin' yan gudun hijira ta Jabaliya.<ref name="Mednick" /> An bayyana aikin a matsayin "tsarin sauro", tare da Palasdinawa da aka lakafta su a matsayin "wasps", Associated Press ta ruwaito.<ref name="Mednick" /> A cewar Associated Press, wani jami'in soja na Isra'ila ya yi zargin cewa umarni don amfani da garkuwar mutum sau da yawa ya fito ne daga babban umurni, kuma wannan aikin "an kama shi kamar wuta a filin" bayan sojoji sun ga "yadda yake da tasiri da sauƙi", kamar yadda a ƙarshen watanni tara da ya yi a Gaza, kowane rukunin sojan ƙasa ya yi amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam don share gidaje kafin ƙungiyar ta shiga. Jami'in ya bayyana taron da aka yi a shekarar 2024 inda kwamandan brigade ya ba da shawarar ga kwamandan sashen cewa "suna sauro" kuma "suna kama daya daga tituna". <ref name="Mednick" /> Jami'in sun ce sau biyu ya ba da rahoton amfani da garkuwar mutum ga kwamandan brigadinsa, kuma ya kamata a tura rahotanni ga kwamandan division, yayin da Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila suka ki yin sharhi ga Associated Press kan ko suna da rahotanni. Wani sajan sojan Isra'ila ya ce ƙungiyarsa ta ki amincewa da amfani da garkuwar ɗan adam a 2024, amma an soke su, tare da wani jami'in da ya gaya musu su yi watsi da dokar jin kai ta duniya, kuma ta haka ne ƙungiyarsa ta yi amfani da ɗan shekara 16 da ɗan shekara 30 a matsayin garkuwar mutum na 'yan kwanaki, waɗanda suka bayyana suna kuka don' yancinsu.<ref name="Mednick" /><ref name="Mednick" /> ==== Matattu ==== A watan Agustan 2024 a garin Rafah, wanda aka azabtar ya kasance mutumin da aka tilasta ya bincika gine-gine a Khan Younis lokacin da kwamandan daga Nahal Brigade na Isra'ila ya isa wanda bai san wanda aka azabta ba. Kwamandan nan da nan ya gano wanda aka azabtar a matsayin Palasdinawa kuma, ba tare da sanin cewa yana aiki ga sojojin Isra'ila ba, ya ci gaba da fitar da bindiga ya kashe shi nan da nan. Wani jami'in Isra'ila ya gaya wa kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press cewa Palasdinawa biyu sun mutu yayin da sojojin Isra'ila suka yi amfani da su a matsayin garkuwar - na farko ya rasa hankali a cikin rami, kuma na biyu sojojin Isra'ilawa ne suka harbe shi yayin da suke gudu zuwa cikin gida, saboda sojoji ba su san cewa wani rukunin Isra'ila yana amfani da wannan mutumin a matsayin garkuwa ba. == Amfani da sojojin Palasdinawa == Zarge-zargen da aka yi wa kungiyoyin mayakan Palasdinawa <ref name="craig2">{{Cite web |last=Mokhiber |first=Craig |author-link=Craig Mokhiber |date=21 September 2024 |title=Every accusation a confession: Israel and the double lie of 'human shields' |url=https://mondoweiss.net/2024/09/every-accusation-a-confession-israel-and-the-double-lie-of-human-shields/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |website=[[Mondoweiss]]}}</ref> ciki har da [[Hamas]] cewa suna amfani da fararen hula na Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar Isra'ila da kasashe masu alaƙa sun saba yi amma bincike mai zaman kansa ya kalubalanci su; [1] amfani da farar hula na Isra'ila a matsayin garkuwa a harin 7 ga Oktoba, duk da haka, an tabbatar da shi ta hanyar shaidar wanda aka azabtar.{{Sfn|Gordon|Perugini|2020}} Tun a farkon shekara ta 2004 Amos Harel ya rubuta a Haaretz cewa a lokacin Intifada ta Biyu (2000-2005) 'yan bindigar Palasdinawa "daidaitawa" suna amfani da fararen hula da yara a matsayin garkuwar mutum kuma sun yi iƙirarin cewa akwai shaidar daukar hoto game da shi. A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 2006, Human Rights Watch ([[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|HRW]]) ta zargi Muhammad Wail Baroud, kwamandan soja a cikin Kwamitin Tsayayya na Jama'a, da amfani da fararen hula don kare gidaje daga hare-haren soja amma daga baya ya bayyana cewa sun yi kuskure. Babu wata shaida cewa ana amfani da gidan don dalilai na soja a lokacin da aka shirya harin, kuma IDF ba ta bayyana wane manufa ta soja ba. Sun yi la'akari da lalacewa a cikin hasken manufofin Isra'ila na lalata gidaje a matsayin matakan azabtarwa maimakon a matsayin manufofi na soja. HRW ta yarda cewa ba su yi la'akari da dalilan fararen hula ba, kamar ko sun taru da yardar rai ko a'a, kuma sun jaddada cewa ba sa so su soki juriya mara tashin hankali ko wani nau'i na zanga-zangar zaman lafiya, gami da fararen hula da ke kare gidajensu. Tsohon jami'in kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Craig Mokhiber ya ce binciken Majalisar Dinkinobho game da yaƙe-yaƙe na Isra'ila na 2008 da 2014 a Gaza ya gano cewa mayakan Palasdinawa sun yi amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam, kuma a maimakon haka ya ci gaba da cewa Isra'ila ta yi amfani da irin waɗannan zarge-zargen don tabbatar da kisan fararen hula na Palasdinawa da gangan.<ref name="craig">{{Cite web |last=Mokhiber |first=Craig |author-link=Craig Mokhiber |date=21 September 2024 |title=Every accusation a confession: Israel and the double lie of 'human shields' |url=https://mondoweiss.net/2024/09/every-accusation-a-confession-israel-and-the-double-lie-of-human-shields/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |website=[[Mondoweiss]]}}</ref> Har ila yau, Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zargi Hamas da amfani da garkuwar ɗan adam, Tarayyar Turai, <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2023 |title=EU nations condemn Hamas for what they describe as use of hospitals, civilians as 'human shields' |url=https://apnews.com/article/european-union-condemn-hamas-human-shields-2c0d1c04cb38fc4acce37d8d624e1a3f |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> Amurka, tare da Isra'ila. An lura da kaddamar da rokoki daga da kuma sanya kayan aikin soja a yankunan farar hula a cikin rikice-rikice daban-daban, gami da yaƙe-yaƙe na 2008, 2014, 2021, da 2023, kodayake ba a dauke shi a matsayin kariya ta ɗan adam ba bisa ga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam.<ref name="tt">{{Cite web |date=2 July 2009 |title=Israel/Gaza: Operation "Cast Lead": 22 days of death and destruction |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/015/2009/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720235128/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/015/2009/en/ |archive-date=20 July 2025 |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> Wadannan ayyukan sun soki kungiyoyi daban-daban na kasa da kasa, ciki har da Amnesty International, wanda ya rubuta lokuta inda mayakan Palasdinawa suka adana makamai kuma suka kaddamar da rokoki daga ko gine-ginen farar hula da ke kusa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-12 |title=Israel: Palestinian armed groups must be held accountable for deliberate civilian killings, abductions and indiscriminate attacks |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/israel-palestinian-armed-groups-must-be-held-accountable-for-deliberate-civilian-killings-abductions-and-indiscriminate-attacks/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ackerman |first=Daniel |date=2021-06-23 |title=Hold Hamas Accountable for Human-Shields Use During the May 2021 Gaza War |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2021/06/23/hold-hamas-accountable-for-human-shields-use-during-the-may-2021-gaza-war/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=FDD |language=en}}</ref> An ambaci wannan a matsayin hujja ga hare-haren Isra'ila kan ababen more rayuwa.{{Sfn|Gordon|Perugini|2020}}{{Sfn|Zanotti|Sharp|Migdalovitz|Addis|2010}}{{Sfn|Baconi|2018}} Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, gami da Amnesty International, ba su sami wata shaida game da kariya ta mutum ta Hamas a cikin rikice-rikicen da suka gabata ba, yayin da masanin kare hakkin dan Adam da shari'a Neve Gordon suka yi jayayya cewa ikirarin Isra'ila ya zama "tsaron shari'a na farko" game da zarge-zargen aikata laifukan yaki.<ref name="cast lead">Amnesty International Report "Operation Cast Lead": 22 Days of Death and Destruction pp. 48–50, {{Cite web |date=2 July 2009 |title=Document |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/015/2009/en/ |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-25 |title=Israel/Gaza conflict: Questions and Answers |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2014/07/israelgaza-conflict-questions-and-answers/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=[[Amnesty International]] |language=en |quote=Amnesty International...does not have evidence at this point that Palestinian civilians have been intentionally used by Hamas or Palestinian armed groups during the current hostilities to "shield" specific locations or military personnel or equipment from Israeli attacks.}}</ref> {{Reflist}}  == Masu fafutuka a matsayin garkuwar mutum == Masu gwagwarmayar kasa da kasa da Isra'ila sun yi amfani da kansu a matsayin garkuwar mutum don dakatar da tashin hankali na Isra'ila akan Palasdinawa.{{Sfn|Gordon|Perugini|2020}} Rachel Corrie da Tom Hurndall, masu sa kai na Yammacin Duniya Solidarity Movement (ISM) a [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|Yankunan Palasdinawa]], waɗanda suka mutu a shekara ta 2003 da 2004 bi da bi an bayyana su a matsayin "garkuwar ɗan adam" da ke kamfen don rushe gida. ISM, duk da haka, yana da ƙarfi a yi amfani da kalmar "garkuwar ɗan adam" don bayyana aikinsu, ya fi son a yi amfani dashi kawai don komawa lokacin da mayakan da ke dauke da makamai ke amfani da fararen hula a matsayin garkuwar. Amnesty International ta kuma ki amincewa da ma'anar ayyukan masu fafutuka na sa kai ko ayyukan masu fafatawa don dukiyar da ba ta soja ba a matsayin "garkuwar ɗan adam", kuma suna la'akari da jagorancin "takamaiman fararen hula su kasance a cikin gidajensu a matsayin "gamuwar ɗan adam" ga mayakan, harsashi, ko kayan aikin soja" a matsayin "Garkuwar ɗan Adam". A cikin 2008, Rabbis for Human Rights sun bayyana cewa za su yi aiki a matsayin "garkuwar ɗan adam" na son rai a lokacin girbi na zaitun na shekara-shekara don kare ƙauyukan Palasdinawa daga mazauna. == Dubi kuma == * Laifukan yaki a cikin yakin Isra'ila da Hamas na 2023 == Manazarta ==   === Tushen === ==== Littattafai ==== {{Gaza war|state=collapsed}} ==== Labaran jarida ==== {{Authority control}}{{Gaza war|state=collapsed}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sxe9wxmosnim6b9ss3zag0diyoc5wby 818923 818922 2026-04-06T07:22:43Z BnHamid 12586 818923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Garkuwar ɗan adam a cikin rikici na Isra'ila da Falasdinu tana nufin dabarun da aka yi amfani da su a cikin rikice-rikicen Isra'ila-Palestina inda aka sanya wadanda ba masu yaƙi ba cikin layin wuta don hana manufofin soja daga zama manufa ba tare da cutar da wanda ba yaƙi ba. Zargin yin amfani da Garkuwar mutum batu ne na yau da kullun a cikin rikici. Amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam ta Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila an rubuta su ta ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam. Har ila yau, an zargi Hamas da amfani da garkuwar mutum daga Isra'ila da kawayenta. Bugu da kari, masu gwagwarmayar kasa da kasa da Isra'ila sun yi amfani da kansu a matsayin garkuwar mutum don dakatar da tashin hankali na Isra'ila akan Palasdinawa. == Tarihi == [[Dokar jin kai ta kasa da kasa|dokar rikici]]-rikicen makamai ta buƙaci cewa ƙungiyoyin da ke yaƙi su bambanta tsakanin mayakan da waɗanda ba mayakan ba - ana iya kashe tsohon bisa ka'ida, kuma ana kare ƙarshen.{{Sfn|Gordon|Perugini|2020}}{{Sfn|Ezra|2015}} Garkuwar ɗan adam tana nufin sanya wanda ba yaƙi a cikin layin wuta, don haka hana manufa ta soja ta halal daga zama manufa ba tare da cutar da wanda ba ya yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Gordon|Perugini|2020}} == Amfani da sojojin Isra'ila == Amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam ta Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila an rubuta su ta ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam ciki har da Human Rights Watch, [[B'Tselem]] da [[Amnesty International]], <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=26 November 2010 |title=Israel: Soldiers' Punishment for Using Boy as 'Human Shield' Inadequate |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/11/26/israel-soldiers-punishment-using-boy-human-shield-inadequate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721213822/https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/11/26/israel-soldiers-punishment-using-boy-human-shield-inadequate |archive-date=21 July 2025 |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> <ref name="tt2">{{Cite web |date=2 July 2009 |title=Israel/Gaza: Operation "Cast Lead": 22 days of death and destruction |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/015/2009/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720235128/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/015/2009/en/ |archive-date=20 July 2025 |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> <ref name="bt2">{{Cite web |title=Human Shields |url=https://www.btselem.org/topic/human_shields |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[B'Tselem]]}}</ref> tare da wasu malamai a yankin da suka yi imanin cewa IDF na iya zama kawai rundunar soja da ke shiga cikin wannan aikin a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A cewar B'Tselem, sojojin IDF sun sanya fararen hula na Palasdinawa a gaban su ko kuma sun sanya farar hula a cikin [[Line of fire|layin wuta]], kuma sun tilasta wa Palasdinawa su cire abubuwan da ake zargi (mai yiwuwa fashewa). <ref name="bt2" /> Sojojin IDF sun kuma tilasta fararen hula na Palasdinawa su yi tafiya a cikin gine-ginen da ake zargi da bindigogi. Har ila yau, Isra'ila ta yi amfani da "hanyar makwabta" inda aka tilasta fararen hula na Palasdinawa su yi ƙoƙari su shawo kan mutanen da ake so su mika kansu ga IDF.{{Sfn|Otto|2004}} Ma'aikatar tsaro ta Isra'ila ce ta kare wannan aikin, amma [[Israeli Supreme Court|Kotun Koli ta Isra'ila]] ta haramta shi a shekara ta 2005, kodayake akwai zarge-zargen aikinsa har ma bayan hukuncin. {{Sfn|Schmitt|2008}} A lokacin mamayewar Gaza ta 2009, an ruwaito IDF ta yi amfani da iyalai na Palasdinawa (babba da yara) a matsayin garkuwar mutum. Binciken Haaretz ya gano cewa Palasdinawa, da suka yi ado kamar sojojin Isra'ila, IDF ta yi amfani da su sosai a [[Gaza war|Yaƙin Gaza]] a matsayin garkuwar mutum don bincika bututun ruwa a yankin Gaza. Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila (IDF) sun yi amfani da fararen hula a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam sau da yawa don hana mayakan Palasdinawa daga kai farmaki da yin ayyukan barazana ga rayuwa.{{Sfn|Schmitt|2008}} === 1948–1967 === A lokacin da Isra'ila ta mamaye Gaza a 1956-1957 (a matsayin wani ɓangare na Rikicin Suez), sojojin Isra'ila za su bincika gidajen wadanda ake zargi da Fedayeen na Palasdinawa don makamai, ɓoyewa ko ɓoyayyun mayakan. Saboda wadannan gidaje na iya samun tarkon ko masu harbi da ke jiran sojojin Isra'ila, za su yi amfani da yara Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum. === Intifada ta Biyu === Jami'an Isra'ila sun ba da rahoton cewa Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila suka yi amfani da tsarin "garkuwar mutum" a lokuta 1,200 a lokacin Intifada ta Biyu (2000-2005). Wannan tsari ya haifar da akalla misali daya na kashe farar hula na Palasdinawa: wani dan shekara 19 mai suna Nidal Abu-Mohsen. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2004, an dauki hoton wani yaro dan Palasdinawa mai shekaru 13 bayan an ɗaure shi da motar makamai ta Isra'ila don manufar da aka bayyana na hana masu zanga-zangar Palasdinawa jefa dutse.<ref name="BT" /> A cewar kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam [[Amnesty International]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2002 |title=Israel and the Occupied Territories Shielded from scrutiny: IDF violations in Jenin and Nablus |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/143/2002/en/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=9 September 2007 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> da Human Rights Watch, Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila (IDF) sun yi amfani da fararen hula na [[Falasdinawa|Palasdinawa]] a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam a lokacin Yaƙin Jenin na 2002. Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Isra'ila B'Tselem ta ce "na dogon lokaci bayan barkewar Intifada ta Biyu, musamman a lokacin Operation Defensive Shield, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2002, IDF ta yi amfani da fararen hula na Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam, ta tilasta musu aiwatar da ayyukan soja wanda ya yi barazana ga rayukansu".<ref name="B'Tselem">{{Cite web |date=20 July 2006 |title=Israeli Soldiers use civilians as Human Shields in Beit Hanun |url=http://www.btselem.org/english/Human_Shields/20060720_Human_Shields_in_Beit_Hanun.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604232204/http://www.btselem.org/english/Human_Shields/20060720_Human_Shields_in_Beit_Hanun.asp |archive-date=4 June 2011 |website=[[B'Tselem]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2002 |title=Chronological Review of Events Relating to the Question of Palestine |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-196914/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |quote=A military court in Israel sentenced two junior officers to 28 days imprisonment because they had used Palestinian civilians as 'human shields', Israel Radio reported. A platoon sergeant who had made a navigation error and ended up in a Palestinian village with his soldiers had forced a villager to drive them to a safe place, the radio said. During the sergeant's investigation, a similar incident had come to light in the same battalion, during which a squad commander had made a Palestinian drive him and his soldiers to safety.}}</ref> [[Cibiyar Al Mezan don 'Yancin Dan Adam|Al Mezan]] ya ba da rahoton yin amfani da garkuwar ɗan adam a lokacin mamayewar Beit Hanoun a shekara ta 2004. <ref name="mezan-paper">{{Cite web |title=A paper on the IOF Invasion of the town of Beit Hanoun (29 June – 5 August 2004) |url=http://www.mezan.org/upload/2619.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021163100/http://www.mezan.org/upload/2619.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2013 |access-date=21 October 2013 |quote=Another 36 homes were occupied by Israeli soldiers and used as watch posts. In every case of home occupation the IOF detained the inhabitants inside one room of the house}}</ref> Sojojin Isra'ila sun kuma yi amfani da garkuwar mutum don murkushe zanga-zangar da aka jefa dutse a Hebron a shekara ta 2003. Amnesty ta ba da misali mai zuwa: a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2002, wani jami'in IDF ya ɗauki wani mutumin Palasdinawa daga gidansa ya nemi ya zo tare da su. Lokacin da mutumin Palasdinawa, wanda 'ya'yansa ke kewaye da shi, ya ki sau da yawa, jami'in IDF ya ce "Zan fi so kada in yi amfani da karfi". Jami'in IDF ya kama mutumin Palasdinawa da wuyan hannu kuma ya tilasta masa tafiya a gaban sojojin IDF. Jami'in IDF ya durƙusa a bayan mutumin Palasdinawa kuma ya fara harbi. A cikin sa'o'i da yawa, sojojin IDF sun sa ya tsaya a gaban su akai-akai yayin da suke harbi wadanda ake zargi da mayakan Palasdinawa. A wannan lokacin mutumin Palasdinawa ya nemi a sake shi amma IDF ta ki. A ƙarshe a lokacin wani abin da ya faru mutumin Palasdinawa ya sami harsashi a kafafunsa kuma a ƙarshe IDF ta sake shi.<ref name="ai">{{Cite web |title=Shielded from scrutiny: IDF violations in Jenin and Nablus |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/mde151432002en.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |website=[[Amnesty International]] |page=25 |quote=The officer, Eitan, said to me: 'Come with us'...the officer looked left and right and then grabbed me by the collar and put me in front of him as we exited and went towards the neighbour's house. There was no firing at the time, but Eitan crouched down just below me and began firing to the left while the other soldiers moved towards the neighbour's house...He said that during this period he or another detainee would be placed in front of soldiers during house-to-house searches. On three separate occasions he stated that a soldier placed his gun near or on his body and in one case, he was made to stand in front of a soldier when he opened fire.}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002 Kotun Koli ta Isra'ila ta ba da umarni na wucin gadi wanda ya haramta aikin bayan mutuwar Nidal Abu Mohsen mai shekaru 19, wanda aka harbe shi lokacin da IDF ta tilasta masa ya ƙwanƙwasa ƙofar maƙwabcinsa, mai fafutukar Hamas Nasser Jarrar, a ƙauyen Tubes na Yammacin Kogin Yamma kuma ya sanar da shi game da bukatun sojojin Isra'ila cewa ya mika wuya . A shekara ta 2004, an dauki hoton wani yaro mai shekaru 13, Muhammed Badwan, a ɗaure shi da motar 'yan sanda ta Isra'ila a ƙauyen Biddu na Yammacin Kogin Yamma ana amfani da shi azaman garkuwa don hana masu zanga-zangar da ke jefa dutse.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The day Israel used a boy aged 13 as a human shield |url=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-X_yEHXXxK00/UH3HG_uGwEI/AAAAAAAAKBw/L4IhER5Gz40/s1600/The+day+Israel+used+a+boy+aged+13+as+a+human+shield.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920055606/http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-X_yEHXXxK00/UH3HG_uGwEI/AAAAAAAAKBw/L4IhER5Gz40/s1600/The+day+Israel+used+a+boy+aged+13+as+a+human+shield.jpg |archive-date=20 September 2014 |access-date=12 September 2014}}</ref> An kama Rabbi Arik Ascherman bayan ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga tsakani. A shekara ta 2005, Babban Kotun Shari'a ta Isra'ila ta haramta aikin, tare da Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Isra'ila daukaka kara kan shawarar. Yayinda yake amincewa da kare "amfani da Palasdinawa don isar da gargadi ga maza da ake nema game da ayyukan kamawa da ke gabatowa", wani aikin da aka sani a Isra'ila ta hanyar "hanyar makwabta", IDF ta musanta rahotanni na "amfani le Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam game da hare-haren kan sojojin IDF", tana mai cewa ta riga ta haramta wannan aikin. <ref name="haaretz.com" /> A shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, binciken farko na B'Tselem ya nuna cewa IDF ta yi amfani da fararen hula a matsayin garkuwar mutum a [[Beit Hanoun|Beit Hanun]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2006 |title=Human shields |url=http://www.btselem.org/human_shields/20060720_human_shields_in_beit_hanun |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808233139/http://www.btselem.org/human_shields/20060720_human_shields_in_beit_hanun |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=21 November 2023 |website=[[B'tselem]]}}</ref> Defence for Children International ta kuma gano cewa, daga cikin shari'o'i 26 na yara Palasdinawa da sojojin Isra'ila ke amfani da su a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam da ta rubuta tun daga shekara ta 2004, yawancin sun faru ne bayan haramcin Kotun Koli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Shields |url=https://www.dci-palestine.org/human_shields |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=26 June 2024 |website=[[Defence for Children International]]}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2007, an fitar da hoton wani abin da ya faru da Sameh Amira, ɗan Falasdinawa mai shekaru 24, wanda bidiyon ya nuna yana aiki a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam ga ƙungiyar sojojin Isra'ila, yana shiga cikin gidajen da ake zargi da kasancewa na mayakan Palasdinawa a gaban sojoji. Wani dan uwan Amira mai shekaru 15 da wata yarinya mai shekaru 11 a Yammacin Kogin Yamma sun gaya wa B'Tselem a watan Fabrairun 2007 cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun tilasta wa kowannensu a cikin abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban su buɗe ƙofar wani ɗakin makwabta na wanda ake zargi da yaƙi, su shiga ciki a gaban su, kuma su buɗe ƙofofi da windows. Sojojin Isra'ila sun kaddamar da bincike kan lamarin da ya shafi Amira.<ref name="CBS">{{cite news |date=11 April 2007 |title=Israel Probes "Human Shield" Allegations" |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-probes-human-shield-allegations/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216010506/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/04/11/world/main2674604.shtml |archive-date=16 February 2010 |work=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007, sojojin Isra'ila sun dakatar da kwamandan bayan an zargi ƙungiyar da yake jagoranta da amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum a cikin aikin West Bank. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007, CBS News ta ruwaito cewa, a cewar kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, IDF ba ta dakatar da amfani da garkuwar ɗan adam ba, amma abin da ya faru ya ragu. <ref name="B'Tselem">{{Cite web |date=20 July 2006 |title=Israeli Soldiers use civilians as Human Shields in Beit Hanun |url=http://www.btselem.org/english/Human_Shields/20060720_Human_Shields_in_Beit_Hanun.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604232204/http://www.btselem.org/english/Human_Shields/20060720_Human_Shields_in_Beit_Hanun.asp |archive-date=4 June 2011 |website=[[B'Tselem]]}}</ref> === "Hanyar makwabta" === Ayyukan IDF na "Hanyar Makwabta", wanda aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin Intifada ta Biyu, ya yi amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum. A karkashin wannan tsari, IDF ta tilasta wa mutanen da aka zaɓa ba zato ba tsammani su kusanci gidajen wadanda ake zargi da 'yan ta'adda kuma su rinjayi su mika wuya, aikin da ya sanya rayuwar tsohon cikin haɗari. Kungiyar ba da agaji ta Isra'ila Adalah ta kalubalanci aikin a gaban Babban Kotun Shari'a ta Isra'ilawa a shekara ta 2002. Koyaya, IDF ta ci gaba da amfani da Palasdinawa a cikin 'hanyar maƙwabcinta', inda aka sanya mutanen da aka zaɓa ba zato ba tsammani su kusanci gidajen waɗanda ake zargi kuma su rinjayi su mika wuya, aikin da za a iya sanya rayuwar tsohon cikin haɗari. Kotun ta yanke hukunci a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2005 "cewa duk wani amfani da fararen hula na Palasdinawa a lokacin ayyukan soja an haramta shi, gami da 'hanyar gargadi ta gaba'. " A cewar B'tselem, rahotanni sun nuna cewa aikin ya ci gaba duk da haka, a cikin ayyukan soja kamar Operation Cast Lead, da Operation Protective Edge, kuma "mafi yawan waɗannan rahotanni ba a bincika su ba, kuma wadanda suka haifar da wani mataki ba".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2017 |title=Human Shields |url=https://www.btselem.org/human_shields |archive-url= |archive-date= |website=[[B'tselem]]}}</ref> === Yaƙin Gaza na 2008-2009 === A lokacin yakin Gaza na 2008-09 da aka fi sani da Operation Cast Lead, an zargi sojojin Isra'ila da ci gaba da amfani da farar hula a matsayin garkuwar mutane ta Amnesty International da kuma karya Shiru.[1] A cewar shaidun da wadannan kungiyoyi biyu suka wallafa, sojojin Isra'ila sun yi amfani da Falasdinawa marasa makami ciki har da yara wajen kare wuraren soji, suna tafiya a gaban sojoji masu dauke da makamai; shiga cikin gine-gine don bincika tarko ko 'yan bindiga; da kuma bincika abubuwan da ake tuhuma don abubuwan fashewa.[1][2] Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Amnesty International ta bayyana cewa, ta gano kararrakin da sojojin Isra'ila suka tilastawa Falasdinawa zama a daki daya na gidansu, yayin da suke mayar da sauran gidajen zuwa wani sansani da maharbi, tare da yin amfani da iyalai, manya da yara yadda ya kamata, a matsayin garkuwar dan Adam tare da jefa su cikin hatsari[3]. Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kuma zargi Isra'ila da yin amfani da garkuwar dan Adam a lokacin rikicin Gaza na 2008-09.[4][5] ''[[The Guardian]]'' ta tattara bidiyo uku da shaidu daga fararen hula game da zargin Laifukan yaki da sojoji na Isra'ila suka aikata a lokacin yakin Gaza na 2008-09, gami da amfani da yara Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum. A cikin bidiyon, 'yan'uwa matasa uku daga dangin al-Attar sun ce an tilasta musu da bindiga su durƙusa a gaban tankuna don hana mayakan Hamas harbe su kuma an yi amfani da su don "tsarkake" gidaje ga sojojin Isra'ila. Shaidar sojan IDF don karya shiru ya ce kwamandansa ya ba da umarnin cewa ga kowane gida da IDF ta mamaye, sun aika da "makwabci" don shiga gaban soja, wani lokacin yayin da soja ya sanya bindigarsa a kafadar makwabcin; a cewar soja, "kwamanda sun ce waɗannan umarni ne kuma dole ne mu yi hakan". Har ila yau, fararen hula na Gaza sun ba da shaida cewa sojoji na Isra'ila sun yi amfani da su a matsayin garkuwar mutum. Wani jami'in sojan Isra'ila ya amsa wadannan zarge-zargen: "IDF ta yi aiki daidai da ka'idojin yaki kuma ta yi iya kokari don rage lahani ga fararen hula da ba su da hannu a yaƙi. Amfani da makamai na IDF ya dace da dokar kasa da kasa. " Wani mai magana da yawun ofishin jakadancin Isra'ila ta yi zargin Hamas ya matsa wa mutanen Gaza su yi waɗannan zarge-korafe. A ranar 12 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2010, masu gabatar da kara na Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila sun gabatar da tuhuma a kan ma'aikatan sajan biyu na Givati Brigade saboda tilasta wa wani yaro dan Palasdinawa mai shekaru 9 ya bude jaka da yawa da suka yi tunanin zai iya dauke da fashewa a watan Janairun shekara ta 2009. Yaron ya gaya masa cewa sojoji sun buge shi kuma sun tilasta musu yin aiki a kansu da bindiga. IDF ta ce ta bude binciken bayan [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta kawo hankalinta ga lamarin. A ranar 3 ga Oktoba 2010, kotun soja ta yanke hukunci a kan wadanda ake tuhuma, tare da saukewa da dakatar da hukuncin, duk da cewa ba a da wani soja da aka daure ba. Human Rights Watch <ref name="hit" /> da mahaifiyar yaron sun soki hukuncin da yawa. === 2009 zuwa Yakin Gaza na 2014 === Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, [[Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Yara]], ta zargi sojojin Isra'ila a watan Yunin 2013 da "ci gaba da amfani da yara Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam da masu ba da labari", suna nuna damuwa mai zurfi 14 irin waɗannan shari'o'in an ruwaito tsakanin Janairu 2010 da Maris 2013. Ya ce kusan dukkanin sojoji da ake zargi da ke cikin abubuwan da suka faru ba a hukunta su ba. A wata hira da Breaking the Silence, wani tsohon sojan Isra'ila ya ba da labarin cewa kwamandan ƙungiyarsa ya yi amfani da manufofin, na tilasta fararen hula na Palasdinawa su shiga gidajen da ake zargi da mayakan da ake zarginsu a gaban sojojin Isra'ila, duk da amincewa da haramtacciyar ta, kamar yadda kwamandan zai fi son a kashe fararen hula Palasdinawa yana aiwatar da aikin fiye da ɗaya daga cikin mutanensa. Ya gaya wa matasa 'yan Palasdinawa kuma an yi amfani da su ta wannan rukunin don aiwatar da ayyukan soja ga sojojin Isra'ila.<ref name="French" /> Tsaro don Yara na Duniya-Palestine ya ba da rahoton cewa mai shekaru 17, Ahmad Abu Raida (kuma: "Reeda"), sojojin Isra'ila ne suka sace shi, wadanda, bayan sun buge shi kuma suka yi masa barazana, suka yi amfani da shi azaman garkuwar mutum na kwanaki biyar, suka tilasta masa tafiya a gaban su tare da karnukan 'yan sanda a kan bindiga, gidajen bincike da kuma tonowa a wuraren da sojoji da ake zargi da cewa akwai bututun ruwa. ''Jaridar New York Times'' ta bayyana cewa ba za a iya tabbatar da ikirarinsa ba; Sojojin Isra'ila sun tabbatar da cewa an tsare shi, suna lura da alaƙar mahaifinsa da Hamas, wanda ya kasance babban jami'in Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido ta Gaza.<ref name="Akram & Rudoren" /> Babu wata shaida ta zahiri game da tashin hankali na jiki da ake zargin Raida ya sha, misali hotuna, rahotanni na likita ko raunin da ya haifar da bugawa akai-akai. Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Yuro-Mediterranean ta gudanar da bincike a lokacin da kuma bayan aikin soja. Binciken ya gano cewa, a lokacin yakin Gaza na 2014, sojojin Isra'ila sun yi amfani da fararen hula na Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwa a Khuza'a. Wata iyali ta gaya wa kungiyar cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun kashe uban iyali bayan ya dauki mataki zuwa gare su, sannan ya ci gaba da sanya wadanda suka tsira daga cikin dangin, ciki har da yara, a tagogin gidan yayin da sojoji suka fara harbi a kusa da su. === 2021–2023 === A watan Yulin 2021, sojojin Isra'ila sun tsare mai daukar hoto na Associated Press Majdi Mohammed ba tare da son zuciyarsa ba yayin da yake aiki a kafofin watsa labarai yayin wani aiki a Yammacin Kogin Yamma kuma masu zanga-zangar Palasdinawa sun jefa duwatsu a kan sojoji. Mohammed ya ba da labarin wani jami'in ya gaya masa cewa ana riƙe shi don hana ci gaba da jefa dutse, a wannan lokacin ya gaya wa jami'in cewa wannan ya zama amfani da shi a matsayin garkuwar mutum. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, an zargi sojojin Isra'ila da amfani da yarinya mai shekaru 16 a matsayin garkuwar mutum yayin da aka yi yaƙi da mayakan Palasdinawa a Jenin. Yarinyar ta gaya wa Defence for Children International a cikin wata hira cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun tilasta mata ta tsaya a gaban motar soja ta Isra'ila na tsawon sa'o'i biyu. Lokacin da Amira Hass daga Ha'aretz ta tuntubi 'yan sanda na Isra'ila game da wannan lamarin, sun ki yin sharhi game da takamaiman bayani, suna mai cewa kawai rundunar ta nuna "da kyau da sana'a". Wani rahoto na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya sami misalai uku na Isra'ila ta amfani da yara Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum a cikin 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children and armed conflict: Report of the Secretary-General |url=https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/S_2023_363.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2023, kafin farawar Yaƙin Gaza, Defence for Children International - Palestine (DCIP) ya riga ya rubuta cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun yi amfani da yara biyar a matsayin garkuwar mutum tun farkon wannan shekarar, tare da biyu daga cikin wadanda abin ya shafa tagwaye ne masu shekaru 2. === 2023-2025 Yaƙin Gaza === Cin zarafin Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum da sojojin Isra'ila suka yi ya zama ruwan dare a ''Lokaci'' yakin. Ya zuwa Oktoba 2024, akalla rundunonin sojojin Isra'ila 11 sun tura garkuwar mutum a biranen Gaza guda biyar, sau da yawa tare da goyon bayan jami'an leken asiri na Isra'ila. An yi amfani da fursunonin Palasdinawa, gami da fararen hula da yara, don bincika hanyoyin da Hamas ta gina da sauran wuraren da sojojin Isra'ila suka yi imanin cewa mayakan Palasdinawa na iya kafa kwanton bauna ko tarko.<ref name="nytimes-idf-human-shields">{{Cite news |last1=Odenheimer |first1=Natan |last2=Shbair |first2=Bilal |last3=Kingsley |first3=Patrick |date=14 October 2024 |title=How Israel's Army Uses Palestinians as Human Shields in Gaza |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/14/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-military-human-shields.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=16 October 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Binciken da New York Times ya yi ya kiyasta cewa wannan aikin ya zama ruwan dare a lokacin yakin.<ref name="nytimes-idf-human-shields" /> A cewar sojoji da suka shiga ko kuma suka shaida shi, aikin na yau da kullun ne.<ref name="nytimes-idf-human-shields" /> Masanin Isra'ila Amos Harel ya rubuta wa Haaretz cewa amfani da IDF na Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam ya yadu a cikin yakin Gaza, yana sanya shi a cikin mahallin rushewar tsari da horo tsakanin sojojin Isra'ila wanda ya haɗa da kashe fararen hula, ƙone gidaje ba tare da dalili ba, da cin zarafin jima'i da azabtar da fursunonin yaƙi. Masanin shari'a na kasa da kasa Michael N. Schmitt, wanda Times ta yi hira da shi, ya ce bai san wani rundunar soja da ta yi amfani da fararen hula ko fursunonin yaki a matsayin garkuwar mutum a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ba.<ref name="nytimes-idf-human-shields" /> Philippe Lazzarini, shugaban UNRWA, hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke da alhakin tabbatar da haƙƙin 'yan gudun hijirar Palasdinawa, wanda ya kasance makasudin hare-haren tashin hankali da ayyukan da Isra'ila ta yi, ya kuma zargi sojojin Isra'ila da amfani da ma'aikatanta a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam a yayin wannan yaƙin. Neve Gordon, farfesa na Isra'ila na Shari'ar Kasa da Kasa a Jami'ar Sarauniya Maryamu ta London, ya bayyana cewa amfani da garkuwar ɗan adam shine "laifukan yaƙi guda biyu a cikin mataki ɗaya". Binciken da DCIP ta yi ya ba da cikakken bayani cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun yi amfani da yara da yawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum a yankin Al-Tuffah na birnin Gaza a ranar 27 ga Disamba, 2023. A wannan lokacin, an tsare Palasdinawa 50, ciki har da yara. 'Yan'uwa biyu, masu shekaru 12 da 13, sun gaya wa masu bincike cewa sojoji sun tilasta musu su cire, suka ɗaure hannayensu kuma suka tilasta musu tafiya a gaban tankunan Isra'ila tare da sauran Palasdinawa. Har ila yau, ɗan'uwan ya ba da rahoton cewa Isra'ilawa sun buge shi, sun kifarsa kuma sun buge shi. A ranar 16 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2024, wani mai shagon Palasdinawa a kauyen Dura na Yammacin Kogin Yamma ya zargi sojoji na IDF da amfani da shi a matsayin garkuwar mutum. Hoton bidiyon wayar hannu ya nuna wani sojan Isra'ila yana tafiya a kan titi tare da mutumin da ke gabansa, yayin da soja ya sanya bindiga a kafadar wanda aka azabtar. DCIP ta ruwaito cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun yi amfani da yara maza uku masu shekaru 12 zuwa 14 a matsayin garkuwar mutum a cikin abubuwan da suka faru a Tulkarem a farkon Mayu 2024. Wani rahoto na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da cin zarafin yara da aka aikata a lokacin yakin Gaza ya tabbatar da shari'o'i biyar tun daga Oktoba 7 inda sojojin Isra'ila suka yi amfani da yara maza na Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum a lokacin "ayyukan tilasta doka" a Yammacin Kogin. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, Brigade na Nahal na Isra'ila ya yi amfani da wani ɗan Palasdinawa mai shekaru 80 a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam ta hanyar ɗaure igiya mai fashewa a wuyansa kuma yana barazanar a hura kansa. Tsohon mutumin ya kasance a arewacin Gaza saboda matsalolin motsi ga kansa da matarsa. Duk da cewa yana iya motsawa ne kawai da taimakon sandar, Isra'ilawa sun tilasta masa aiki a matsayin garkuwa na awanni 8, yana tafiya a gaban sojoji yayin da suke bincika yankin, yayin da matarsa ta kasance a tsare a gida. Bayan da wahalar ta ƙare, sojoji sun umarci wanda aka azabtar da matarsa su gudu zuwa "yanki na jin kai" a kudancin Gaza. Wadannan sojoji, duk da haka, ba su yi ƙoƙari su tuntubi wasu ƙungiyoyi game da ma'auratan ba, waɗanda, lokacin da wasu kungiyoyin Isra'ila suka hango su a hanyarsu, an kashe su.<ref name="aljfeb" /> A ranar 22 ga Yuni, 2024, an sanya bidiyon wani mutumin Palasdinawa da ya ji rauni, Mujahed Abbadeh mai shekaru 23, wanda aka ɗaure shi a kan murfin motar Isra'ila da ke tukawa ta Jenin. Wani mai shaida ya tabbatar da cewa IDF ta gabatar da mutumin da ya ji rauni a kan hoton, ta ajiye wanda aka azabtar a ƙarƙashin rana mai zafi na mintuna da yawa, har sai da ta mika shi ga motar asibiti ta Red Cross na Palasdinawa wacce aka ajiye a kusa. Wannan, tushen ya yi jayayya, shaida ce cewa mutumin da ya ji rauni ba wanda ake zargi ba ne, kamar yadda IDF ta ci gaba da kiyayewa. Wani gwani na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ce lamarin ya kai ga karbar garkuwar mutum. Wani dan uwan Abbadeh ya gaya wa manema labarai cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun yi haka ga wasu mutane uku kwanan nan. Sauran Palasdinawa biyu daga baya sun fito suka shaida wa BBC, suna nuna shaidar bidiyo, cewa an harbe su ma kuma an ɗaure su da jeep a wani aiki daban. A daren 28 ga watan Agusta 2024, yayin da aka kai hari a Tulkarm, an ruwaito cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun yi amfani da yarinya mai shekaru 10, Malak Shihab, a matsayin garkuwar mutum a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Nur Shams. An tilasta wata mace da yara huɗu su bar gidansu yayin da aka tsare yarinya ɗaya kuma, saboda tsoratar da wani kare na soja da ba a taɓa shi ba don ya yi mata wari, an umarce ta da ta buɗe ƙofofin gidan kawunta. Dangane da binciken ''Haaretz'' wanda ya danganci shaidar sojoji da yawa na Isra'ila, ana amfani da matasa da manya na Palasdinawa a kai a kai a matsayin garkuwar mutum wajen bincika hanyar sadarwa a cikin Gaza. Sojojin Isra'ila sun kira su "shawashim", an yi musu ado, ban da takalma, don su yi kama da sojojin Isra'ila, an ɗaure su da hannu, an rufe su da idanu kuma, tare da kyamarar bidiyo da aka haɗe da jikinsu, an aika su cikin gidaje inda ake zargin mayakan Hamas su ɓoye, ko kuma a cikin bututun da za a iya kama su. A wasu lokuta har ma da tsofaffin Palasdinawa an tilasta su gudanar da wannan aikin. An ce aikin ya zama sananne ga kwamandojin filin IDF. Za su yi amfani da Palasdinawa lokacin da babu Karnuka masu numfashi ko drones.<ref name="nytimes-idf-human-shields" /> Binciken da [[CNN]] ta yi a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024 ya gano cewa yayin da ba a san sikelin da girman aikin ba, shaidar fararen hula da sojan Isra'ila sun nuna yadda Isra'ila ke amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum ya yadu a fadin Gaza. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024, binciken da The Washington Post ya yi ya kara tabbatar da wadannan binciken, tare da shaidu, wadanda abin ya shafa, da kuma sojan Isra'ila da ke cewa ana amfani da fararen hula a matsayin garkuwar mutum don hana cutar da sojojin Isra'ila. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024, Tsaro na Yara na kasa da kasa ya ba da rahoton abubuwan da suka faru guda uku, a cikin Oktoba 15-20, 2024, na iyalai da ke da yara ƙanana ana amfani da su azaman garkuwar ɗan adam don kare Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila a hare-hare a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Jabalia da Asibitin Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israeli forces use Palestinian children as human shields in Jabalia refugee camp |url=https://www.dci-palestine.org/israeli_forces_use_palestinian_children_as_human_shields_in_jabalia_refugee_camp |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=[[Defense for Children Palestine]]}}</ref> Hotunan tauraron dan adam sun nuna cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun kuma yi amfani da makaranta a ƙauyen Juhor ad Dik da Asibitin Abokantaka na Turkiyya da Palasdinawa a matsayin tushe don ayyukan soja, wanda ya haifar da tsawata daga gwamnatin Turkiyya. CNN ta ruwaito a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024 cewa sojojin Isra'ila sun yi amfani da wani aiki da ake kira "tsarin sauro" a arewacin Gaza, Gaza City, Khan Younis, da Rafah, inda aka tura Palasdinawa zuwa wurare masu haɗari kafin sojojin Isra'ilawa su shiga. IDF a watan Maris na shekara ta 2025 ta ce "Sashen Binciken Laifuka na 'yan sanda na Soja ya bude bincike bayan zargin da ya dace ya tashi game da amfani da Palasdinawa don ayyukan soja a lokacin ayyukan". A wannan watan, CBS News ta wallafa wata hira da wani sojan Isra'ila wanda ba a san sunansa ba wanda ya yarda cewa an umarce shi da ya yi amfani da Palasdinawa maimakon karnuka da aka horar don bincika gine-gine kuma cewa ƙungiyarsa ta kuma aikata wasu laifukan yaki, kamar fashewa da gine-gine ba tare da dalili ba. Har ila yau, cibiyar sadarwa ta ji daga wani ɗan Falasdinawa mai shekaru 14 mai suna Omri Salem cewa sojojin Isra'ila a Yammacin Kogin Yamma sun yi amfani da shi da dan uwansa mai shekaru tara a matsayin garkuwar mutum kuma sojoji sun doke su lokacin da suka yi ƙoƙarin tsayayya da umarni. Jaridar Associated Press a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2025 ta ba da rahoton cewa sojojin Isra'ila suna amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar mutum a Gaza, suna ambaton asusun daga sojoji biyu na Isra'ila da suka yarda da yin hakan, da kuma zarge-zarge daga Falasdinawa bakwai cewa an yi amfani da su a matsayin garkuwa ta mutum a Gaza da West Bank. Wuraren da aka ruwaito sun kasance sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Jenin na West Bank, [[Khan Yunis]] na Gaza, Shuja'iyya, Asibitin Nasser, Asibityar Al Amal, Asibitin Kamal Adwan, da sansanin' yan gudun hijira ta Jabaliya.<ref name="Mednick" /> An bayyana aikin a matsayin "tsarin sauro", tare da Palasdinawa da aka lakafta su a matsayin "wasps", Associated Press ta ruwaito.<ref name="Mednick" /> A cewar Associated Press, wani jami'in soja na Isra'ila ya yi zargin cewa umarni don amfani da garkuwar mutum sau da yawa ya fito ne daga babban umurni, kuma wannan aikin "an kama shi kamar wuta a filin" bayan sojoji sun ga "yadda yake da tasiri da sauƙi", kamar yadda a ƙarshen watanni tara da ya yi a Gaza, kowane rukunin sojan ƙasa ya yi amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam don share gidaje kafin ƙungiyar ta shiga. Jami'in ya bayyana taron da aka yi a shekarar 2024 inda kwamandan brigade ya ba da shawarar ga kwamandan sashen cewa "suna sauro" kuma "suna kama daya daga tituna". <ref name="Mednick" /> Jami'in sun ce sau biyu ya ba da rahoton amfani da garkuwar mutum ga kwamandan brigadinsa, kuma ya kamata a tura rahotanni ga kwamandan division, yayin da Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila suka ki yin sharhi ga Associated Press kan ko suna da rahotanni. Wani sajan sojan Isra'ila ya ce ƙungiyarsa ta ki amincewa da amfani da garkuwar ɗan adam a 2024, amma an soke su, tare da wani jami'in da ya gaya musu su yi watsi da dokar jin kai ta duniya, kuma ta haka ne ƙungiyarsa ta yi amfani da ɗan shekara 16 da ɗan shekara 30 a matsayin garkuwar mutum na 'yan kwanaki, waɗanda suka bayyana suna kuka don' yancinsu.<ref name="Mednick" /><ref name="Mednick" /> ==== Matattu ==== A watan Agustan 2024 a garin Rafah, wanda aka azabtar ya kasance mutumin da aka tilasta ya bincika gine-gine a Khan Younis lokacin da kwamandan daga Nahal Brigade na Isra'ila ya isa wanda bai san wanda aka azabta ba. Kwamandan nan da nan ya gano wanda aka azabtar a matsayin Palasdinawa kuma, ba tare da sanin cewa yana aiki ga sojojin Isra'ila ba, ya ci gaba da fitar da bindiga ya kashe shi nan da nan. Wani jami'in Isra'ila ya gaya wa kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press cewa Palasdinawa biyu sun mutu yayin da sojojin Isra'ila suka yi amfani da su a matsayin garkuwar - na farko ya rasa hankali a cikin rami, kuma na biyu sojojin Isra'ilawa ne suka harbe shi yayin da suke gudu zuwa cikin gida, saboda sojoji ba su san cewa wani rukunin Isra'ila yana amfani da wannan mutumin a matsayin garkuwa ba. == Amfani da sojojin Palasdinawa == Zarge-zargen da aka yi wa kungiyoyin mayakan Palasdinawa <ref name="craig2">{{Cite web |last=Mokhiber |first=Craig |author-link=Craig Mokhiber |date=21 September 2024 |title=Every accusation a confession: Israel and the double lie of 'human shields' |url=https://mondoweiss.net/2024/09/every-accusation-a-confession-israel-and-the-double-lie-of-human-shields/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |website=[[Mondoweiss]]}}</ref> ciki har da [[Hamas]] cewa suna amfani da fararen hula na Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar Isra'ila da kasashe masu alaƙa sun saba yi amma bincike mai zaman kansa ya kalubalanci su; [1] amfani da farar hula na Isra'ila a matsayin garkuwa a harin 7 ga Oktoba, duk da haka, an tabbatar da shi ta hanyar shaidar wanda aka azabtar.{{Sfn|Gordon|Perugini|2020}} Tun a farkon shekara ta 2004 Amos Harel ya rubuta a Haaretz cewa a lokacin Intifada ta Biyu (2000-2005) 'yan bindigar Palasdinawa "daidaitawa" suna amfani da fararen hula da yara a matsayin garkuwar mutum kuma sun yi iƙirarin cewa akwai shaidar daukar hoto game da shi. A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 2006, Human Rights Watch ([[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|HRW]]) ta zargi Muhammad Wail Baroud, kwamandan soja a cikin Kwamitin Tsayayya na Jama'a, da amfani da fararen hula don kare gidaje daga hare-haren soja amma daga baya ya bayyana cewa sun yi kuskure. Babu wata shaida cewa ana amfani da gidan don dalilai na soja a lokacin da aka shirya harin, kuma IDF ba ta bayyana wane manufa ta soja ba. Sun yi la'akari da lalacewa a cikin hasken manufofin Isra'ila na lalata gidaje a matsayin matakan azabtarwa maimakon a matsayin manufofi na soja. HRW ta yarda cewa ba su yi la'akari da dalilan fararen hula ba, kamar ko sun taru da yardar rai ko a'a, kuma sun jaddada cewa ba sa so su soki juriya mara tashin hankali ko wani nau'i na zanga-zangar zaman lafiya, gami da fararen hula da ke kare gidajensu. Tsohon jami'in kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Craig Mokhiber ya ce binciken Majalisar Dinkinobho game da yaƙe-yaƙe na Isra'ila na 2008 da 2014 a Gaza ya gano cewa mayakan Palasdinawa sun yi amfani da Palasdinawa a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam, kuma a maimakon haka ya ci gaba da cewa Isra'ila ta yi amfani da irin waɗannan zarge-zargen don tabbatar da kisan fararen hula na Palasdinawa da gangan.<ref name="craig">{{Cite web |last=Mokhiber |first=Craig |author-link=Craig Mokhiber |date=21 September 2024 |title=Every accusation a confession: Israel and the double lie of 'human shields' |url=https://mondoweiss.net/2024/09/every-accusation-a-confession-israel-and-the-double-lie-of-human-shields/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |website=[[Mondoweiss]]}}</ref> Har ila yau, Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zargi Hamas da amfani da garkuwar ɗan adam, Tarayyar Turai, <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2023 |title=EU nations condemn Hamas for what they describe as use of hospitals, civilians as 'human shields' |url=https://apnews.com/article/european-union-condemn-hamas-human-shields-2c0d1c04cb38fc4acce37d8d624e1a3f |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> Amurka, tare da Isra'ila. An lura da kaddamar da rokoki daga da kuma sanya kayan aikin soja a yankunan farar hula a cikin rikice-rikice daban-daban, gami da yaƙe-yaƙe na 2008, 2014, 2021, da 2023, kodayake ba a dauke shi a matsayin kariya ta ɗan adam ba bisa ga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam.<ref name="tt">{{Cite web |date=2 July 2009 |title=Israel/Gaza: Operation "Cast Lead": 22 days of death and destruction |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/015/2009/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720235128/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/015/2009/en/ |archive-date=20 July 2025 |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> Wadannan ayyukan sun soki kungiyoyi daban-daban na kasa da kasa, ciki har da Amnesty International, wanda ya rubuta lokuta inda mayakan Palasdinawa suka adana makamai kuma suka kaddamar da rokoki daga ko gine-ginen farar hula da ke kusa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-12 |title=Israel: Palestinian armed groups must be held accountable for deliberate civilian killings, abductions and indiscriminate attacks |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/israel-palestinian-armed-groups-must-be-held-accountable-for-deliberate-civilian-killings-abductions-and-indiscriminate-attacks/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ackerman |first=Daniel |date=2021-06-23 |title=Hold Hamas Accountable for Human-Shields Use During the May 2021 Gaza War |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2021/06/23/hold-hamas-accountable-for-human-shields-use-during-the-may-2021-gaza-war/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=FDD |language=en}}</ref> An ambaci wannan a matsayin hujja ga hare-haren Isra'ila kan ababen more rayuwa.{{Sfn|Gordon|Perugini|2020}}{{Sfn|Zanotti|Sharp|Migdalovitz|Addis|2010}}{{Sfn|Baconi|2018}} Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, gami da Amnesty International, ba su sami wata shaida game da kariya ta mutum ta Hamas a cikin rikice-rikicen da suka gabata ba, yayin da masanin kare hakkin dan Adam da shari'a Neve Gordon suka yi jayayya cewa ikirarin Isra'ila ya zama "tsaron shari'a na farko" game da zarge-zargen aikata laifukan yaki.<ref name="cast lead">Amnesty International Report "Operation Cast Lead": 22 Days of Death and Destruction pp. 48–50, {{Cite web |date=2 July 2009 |title=Document |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/015/2009/en/ |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-25 |title=Israel/Gaza conflict: Questions and Answers |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2014/07/israelgaza-conflict-questions-and-answers/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=[[Amnesty International]] |language=en |quote=Amnesty International...does not have evidence at this point that Palestinian civilians have been intentionally used by Hamas or Palestinian armed groups during the current hostilities to "shield" specific locations or military personnel or equipment from Israeli attacks.}}</ref> == Masu fafutuka a matsayin garkuwar mutum == Masu gwagwarmayar kasa da kasa da Isra'ila sun yi amfani da kansu a matsayin garkuwar mutum don dakatar da tashin hankali na Isra'ila akan Palasdinawa.{{Sfn|Gordon|Perugini|2020}} Rachel Corrie da Tom Hurndall, masu sa kai na Yammacin Duniya Solidarity Movement (ISM) a [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|Yankunan Palasdinawa]], waɗanda suka mutu a shekara ta 2003 da 2004 bi da bi an bayyana su a matsayin "garkuwar ɗan adam" da ke kamfen don rushe gida. ISM, duk da haka, yana da ƙarfi a yi amfani da kalmar "garkuwar ɗan adam" don bayyana aikinsu, ya fi son a yi amfani dashi kawai don komawa lokacin da mayakan da ke dauke da makamai ke amfani da fararen hula a matsayin garkuwar. Amnesty International ta kuma ki amincewa da ma'anar ayyukan masu fafutuka na sa kai ko ayyukan masu fafatawa don dukiyar da ba ta soja ba a matsayin "garkuwar ɗan adam", kuma suna la'akari da jagorancin "takamaiman fararen hula su kasance a cikin gidajensu a matsayin "gamuwar ɗan adam" ga mayakan, harsashi, ko kayan aikin soja" a matsayin "Garkuwar ɗan Adam". A cikin 2008, Rabbis for Human Rights sun bayyana cewa za su yi aiki a matsayin "garkuwar ɗan adam" na son rai a lokacin girbi na zaitun na shekara-shekara don kare ƙauyukan Palasdinawa daga mazauna. == Dubi kuma == * Laifukan yaki a cikin yakin Isra'ila da Hamas na 2023 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ===Tushen=== ==== Littattafai ==== {{Gaza war|state=collapsed}} ==== Labaran jarida ==== {{Authority control}}{{Gaza war|state=collapsed}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4ry53otwoebcvqjkdkpew39kmikb704 0 112522 818904 695439 2026-04-06T07:13:43Z BnHamid 12586 818904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mutanen Kukatja, kuma an rubuta Gugadja, ƴan asalin Ostiraliya ne na yankin Kimberley na Yammacin Ostiraliya. == Kasar == Yankunan gargajiya na Kukatja a koda yaushe sun kasance, a cewar, kusan murabba'in kilomita 11,900 (31,000 ), suna kewaye da Tafkin Gregory, kuma suna gudana zuwa gabas har zuwa Balgo. Yankin arewa ya kasance ne Billiluna, da ruwa a Ngaimangaima, alamar iyaka tsakanin maƙwabtansu a arewa Dyaru, da Ngardi daga gabashin su. Sun kasance a yamma a kan Canning Stock Route, daga Koninara (Godfrey Tank) zuwa Marawuru (Well 40). A kan iyakokinsu na yamma sune al'ummar Nangatara, tare da su suna da dangantaka ta ƙiyayya.{{Sfn|Tindale|1974}} === Da'awar ƙasa ta hadin gwiwa === A ranar 21 ga Agusta 1980 masu suka fada 90 sun gabatar da da'awar filaye a madadin al'ummar Warlpiri, Kukatja da Ngarti, a matsayin masu mallakar gargajiya, a ƙarƙashin Dokar 'Yancin Ƙasar Aboriginal (Yankin Arewa) 1976, don yanki mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 2,340 (900 sq mi). Shi ne da'awar filaye na gargajiya na 11 da Majalisar Tsakiya ta gabatar a madadin masu mallakar gargajiya na Aborigin. Ƙasar ta yi iyaka da yankunan da kowane harshe - Ngarti, Warlpiri, da Kukatja - ya mamaye. Mutanen da suka fito daga ƙungiyoyin yare daban-daban sun sami tasiri a junansu yayin da suke zaune a Balgo, Western Australia da Lajamanu, yankin Arewa. An gabatar da da'awar a Balgo Mission. Shawarar da Mai Shari'a Sir William Kearney ya bayar a ranar 23 ga Agusta 1985 [1] kuma aka gabatar a ranar 19 ga Agusta 1986 shine cewa "dukkan yankin da'awar za a ba da shi ga Amintacciyar ƙasa don amfanin Aboriginan da ke da haƙƙin al'ada don amfani da shi ko sana'a, ko haƙƙin gargajiya ya cancanci wuri, lokaci, ko dalili.". Mutanen Kukatja suna magana da [[Kukatja dialect (Western Australia)|Yaren Kukatja]] na yaren Yammacin Ostiraliya. A zuwa 2019, masana kimiyya daga [[Jami'ar Queensland]] suna gudanar da aikin bincike kan yaren Kukatja a garin [[Balgo, Yammacin Ostiraliya|Balgo]], harshen da ake magana da shi "ta mazauna kowane zamani kuma a fadin akalla kungiyoyi bakwai". Masu bincike suna yin rikodin tattaunawa da taswirar harshe, suna gaskata cewa Kukatja na iya samar da alamomi game da yadda harsuna ke yaduwa a duniya. Dokta Luis Miguel Rojas Berscia ya yi imanin cewa aikin, kamar yadda yake a wasu wurare kamar [[Yankin Amazon|Amazon]] da [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] na iya zama zaren gama gari, yana kawo kabilun daban-daban tare a wurare masu nisa. Berscia, tare da matar Balgo Melissa Sunfly da sauran mazauna, suna aiki a kan haɓaka ƙamus na harshe da jagorar malami, kafin ƙaramin ƙarni ya ɗauki Turanci sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bamford |first=Matt |date=28 December 2019 |title=Researchers map ancient language in West Australian outback |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-12-29/researchers-map-ancient-languages-in-west-australian-outback/11760406 |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=ABC News (ABC Kimberley) |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> == Nazarin Ethnographic == Sylvie Poirier ya rubuta wani littafi mai suna wanda aka sadaukar don nazarin mafarkai (kapukurri) a cikin al'adun Gugadja. Yawancin Kukatja yanzu suna zaune a cikin al'ummar Mulan {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup>   == Dubi kuma == * Ngururrpa, rukunan na mutane na kungiyoyin harsuna ciki har da Kukatja ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|20em}}  h0nj7nquij2m3oe9bx516wzy2tkav5a 0 113408 818885 697831 2026-04-06T07:01:33Z BnHamid 12586 818885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Armen Shurayi Harutyunyan''' (Armenian; an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1964) tsohon mai ba da shawara ne na Armenia kuma wakilin yanki na [[Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Ƴancin Dan Adam|Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam]] a Asiya ta Tsakiya . Ya hau mulki a watan Fabrairun 2011. A shekara ta 2015, an zabe shi Alkalin Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai kuma alƙali ne tun daga ranar 17 ga Disamba 2015. Armen Harutyunyan shine marubucin ayyukan kimiyya sama da 70. Ya yi aure kuma yana da 'ya'ya biyu. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Harutyunyan a shekara ta 1964 a Yerevan. Yana da digiri na shari'a daga Jami'ar Jihar Yerevan, Cibiyar Nazarin Jiha da Dokokin Kwalejin USSR da Cibiyar Harkokin Gudanar da Jama'a na Tarayyar Rasha. Tsakanin 1989-2002 ya yi karatun lauya a Jami'ar Jihar Yerevan; daga 1993 zuwa 1997 karatu Doctoral Studies a Academy of Public Administration, adjunct zuwa shugaban kasar Rasha da kuma samu digiri na Doctor of Law (daidai da Senior Juris Doctor). Tun daga 1997, ya ci gaba da karatunsa a jami'o'in Turai daban-daban ciki har da Jami'ar Turai ta Tsakiya, Jami'ar Paris 12, Jami'ar Nottingham (Makarantar Shari'a, Cibiyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam), da kuma Kotun Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Turai tare da babban mai da hankali kan Dokar Tsarin Mulki, Dokokin Turai da 'Yancin Dan Adam. Daga 1989 zuwa yanzu Armen Harutyunyan yana koyarwa a Sashen Shari'a na Jami'ar Jihar Yerevan. Daga 1997-2005 yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan shari'a a Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Armeniya. Har ila yau daga 1997 ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan shari'a a Kotun Tsarin Mulki, kuma a cikin sake fasalin tsarin mulki na 2005 ya kasance wakilin tsohon shugaban kasa Robert Kocharyan. Tsakanin 2002-06 ya kasance shugaban Kwalejin Gudanar da Jama'a. A shekara ta 2000 ya zama memba na Hukumar da aka kafa don tantance daidaiton dokokin Armeniya tare da buƙatun Yarjejeniyar Turai kan ’Yancin Bil Adama (ECHR) a lokacin da Armeniya ta shiga Majalisar Turai. Daga 2002 zuwa yanzu, Armen Harutyunyan shi ne Mataimakin Wakilin Armeniya a Hukumar Dimokuradiyya ta Turai ta hanyar Doka (Memba na Hukumar Venice ta Venice) Wakilin Armenia Gagik Harutyunyan. Shi memba ne na Tarayyar Turai a Ƙungiyar Shari'a. == Mai ba da shawara == A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2006, an zaɓi Harutyunyan na tsawon shekaru shida a matsayin mai kare hakkin bil adama (ombudsman) na Armeniya, tare da fiye da 3/5 na kuri'un wakilai a Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa. Shi ne mutum na farko da aka zaba a matsayin mai rike da mukamin kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya tanada mai lamba 83.1, inda ya gaji Larisa Alaverdyan da aka nada a ofishin ta hanyar dokar shugaban kasa a shekara ta 2004. A cikin wani babban rahoto a cikin watan Afrilun 2008, Harutyunyan ya nuna shakku kan sahihancin ka'idar hukuma (gwamnati) kan yin amfani da muggan makamai kan dubban magoya bayan madugun 'yan adawa Levon Ter-Petrosian wadanda suka yi katangar ofishin magajin garin Yerevan sa'o'i bayan watsewar zamansu na kwanaki 10 a dandalin 'yanci na birnin a ranar 1 ga Maris. A ranar 7 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2008, Harutyunyan ya nemi Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa (NSS) da ta sanya masa da 'yan uwansa masu tsaron gida. Karen Andreasyan ce ta gaje shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara, wanda Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta zaba a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011. A cikin 2008, Armen Harutyunyan ya shiga ƙungiyar masu magana da harshen Faransanci da masu shiga tsakani. A cikin 2009, ya zama Memba na Hukumar Kula da Ombudsman na Turai. == Dubi kuma == * Armenia a cikin Majalisar Turai == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] f9ukaw74arf42yrj720w635gwk02d6c 0 114025 818919 699550 2026-04-06T07:20:23Z BnHamid 12586 818919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dangantakar [[Ghana]] da [[Hungariya|Hungary]]''' ita ce dangantakar yanzu da ta tarihi tsakanin Ghana da Hungary. == Tarihi == === Zamanin kwaminisanci === Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Hungary na daya daga cikin kasashen farko da suka amince Ghana ta samu 'yancin kai, tawagar kasuwanci ta farko ta kasar Hungary ta ziyarci kasar Afirka a watan Agustan shekarar 1959. A lokacin yakin cacar baka, shugaban kasar Ghana Kwame Nkrumah a hankali ya hade da Tarayyar Soviet bayan da akidarsa ta karkata zuwa ga " gurguzun Afrika" da kuma arangamar da ya yi da kasashen yammacin Afirka a rikicin Kongo.  Nkrumah ya yi tattaki na tsawon watanni biyu a Tarayyar Soviet da yankin Gabas (ciki har da Yugoslavia da Sin ma) a lokacin bazara na shekarar 1961, inda ya ziyarci kasar Hungary daga ranar 28 zuwa 31 ga watan Yuli.  Nkrumah ya gana da shugaban kasar Hungarian István Dobi, a lokacin babban sakatare János Kádár.  Nkrumah ya kuma ziyarci masana'antar Kayan Wutar Lantarki ta Beloiannisz (BHG).  A can, ɗan siyasan ƙasar Hungary Károly Kiss ya jaddada kamanceceniya da tarihin ƙasashen biyu da yaƙi da 'yan mulkin mallaka.{{Sfn|Francz|2016}} A lokaci guda da ziyarar Nkrumah, Hungary ta bude ofishin jakadancinta a [[Accra]] a ranar 29 ga Yuli 1961. Jakadan farko, [[Péter Kós]], ya gabatar da takardunsa ga Nkrumah a ranar 13 ga Disamba 1961.{{Sfn|Baráth|Gecsényi|2015}} Ghana kuma ta kafa ofishin jakadancinta a [[Budapest]], mai kula da harkokin kasuwanci R. N. N. Laryea ya isa Hungary a watan Janairun 1962. Jakadan farko [[J. G. Amamoo]] ya gabatar da takardunsa ga István Dobi a ranar 7 ga Maris. A lokacin nadinsa, jami'in diflomasiyya mai shekaru 28 shi ne jakadan mafi ƙanƙanta a duniya.{{Sfn|Francz|2016}} An gayyaci tawagar masana tattalin arziki ta Hungary, karkashin jagorancin [[József Bognár]], tsohon Magajin garin Budapest, zuwa Ghana don yin aiki a kan Shirin Shekaru Bakwai na Farko. Kungiyar ta kwashe watanni biyu a Ghana a farkon 1962. {{Sfn|Francz|2016}} Bayan juyin mulkin 1966 a Ghana, dangantakar ta lalace a hankali tsakanin kasashen biyu. Hungary ta rufe ofishin jakadancinta a ranar 15 ga Disamba 1987.{{Sfn|Baráth|Gecsényi|2015}} === Karni na 21 === Hungary ta sake buɗe ofishin jakadancinta a Accra a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2016 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin manufofin kasashen waje na gwamnatin Orbán na "Kudancin Budewa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magyarország Nagykövetsége Accra |url=https://accra.mfa.gov.hu/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=accra.mfa.gov.hu |language=en}}</ref> Ofishin jakadancin kuma yana aiki da wasu kasashe takwas na Yammacin Afirka wato [[Togo]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Laberiya]], [[Gini|Guinea]], [[Saliyo]], [[Gambiya]], da [[Senegal]]. Bayan sake farfado da dangantakar kasashen biyu, Hungary ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnatin Ghana a kan ayyukan da yawa kuma ta saka hannun jari na miliyoyin euro a kasar. Tsohon Jakadan András Szabó ya ba da sanarwar dala miliyan 70 na saka hannun jari na samar da wutar lantarki a matsayin wani ɓangare na 400+ megawatt Bridge Power Project.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of Hungary in Accra |url=https://accra.mfa.gov.hu/eng/news/unveiling-of-70-million-worth-of-power-generation-investment-from-hungary-for-the-bridge-power-project#:~:text=The%20Ambassador%20of%20Hungary%20to,Power%20Project%20(the%20Project). |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=accra.mfa.gov.hu |language=en}}</ref> An yi amfani da kudaden don siyan uku daga cikin biyar na turbines na gas na GE da aka yi amfani da su a lokacin matakin farko na tashar r. Dangane da sabon manufofin kasashen waje na Hungary, Ministan Harkokin Waje na Hungary Péter Szijjártó ya ziyarci Ghana a cikin 2017 kuma ya sanar da sabbin ayyukan da yawa da kafa Majalisar Kasuwancin Ghana-Hungary da ke da alhakin kula da gudanar da daidaita kasuwancin da ke aiki a kasashen biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Szijjártó: Ghána az egyik legdinamikusabban növekedő ország Afrikában {{!}} Híradó |url=https://hirado.hu/kulfold/kulgazdasag/cikk/2017/12/01/szijjarto-ghana-az-egyik-legdinamikusabban-novekedo-orszag-afrikaban# |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=hirado.hu |language=hu-HU}}</ref> A lokacin ziyararsa ta kwana biyu, Ministan Harkokin Waje ya inganta ayyukan kamar gina masana'antar tsabtace ruwa a [[Kumasi]], gina masana'antun sarrafa abinci, gina gadoji, da saka hannun jari a cikin masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki da aka ambata a sama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-21 |title=Jospong Group, Hungary Government build liquid waste treatment plant in Kumasi [Photos] |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2021/05/jospong-group-hungary-government-build-liquid-waste-treatment-plant-in-kumasi-photos/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2022, Shugaban Hungary, János Áder ya ziyarci Ghana. Shi ne shugaban Hungary na farko da ya yi hakan tun daga shekara ta 1989.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HUNGARY today |url=https://hungarytoday.hu/ader-first-hungarian-president-to-visit-ghana-since-1989/ |access-date=2024-10-28}}</ref> Ofishin jakadancin kuma yana gudanar da mako na al'adun Hungary na shekara-shekara a Accra don inganta dangantakar kasashen biyu da kuma ilimantar da 'yan Ghana game da Hungary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magyar Kulturális Hét Ghánában |url=https://2015-2019.kormany.hu/hu/kulgazdasagi-es-kulugyminiszterium/parlamenti-allamtitkarsag/hirek/magyar-kulturalis-het-ghanaban |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=Kormányzat}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Dangantakar kasashen waje ta Ghana * Dangantakar kasashen waje ta Hungary == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} f7p0z4kx84atjn58zd8ssvl33ibhe3s 0 117887 818731 788003 2026-04-05T16:03:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818731 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tsibirin Bonny''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bonny Island Archives |url=https://guardian.ng/tag/bonny-island/ |access-date=2021-09-10 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> karamar hukuma ce da ke gefen kudancin Jihar Rivers a yankin Neja Delta na [[Najeriya]] kusa da Port Harcourt . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bonny {{!}} Map, River, & History {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bonny |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Jiragen ruwa sune babban hanyar sufuri, kodayake kwanan nan an gina filin jirgin sama kuma yana aiki sosai - tare da jiragen sama daga Legas, Abuja da Port Harcourt bi da bi zuwa da kuma daga tsibirin. Yaren yankin da ake magana a tsibirin Bonny shine harshen Ibani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-21 |title=Rising Voices Microgrants 2013 - Nigeria: Ibani Language Orthography Workshop |url=https://rising.globalvoices.org/microgrants2013/nigeria-ibani-language-orthography-workshop/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=Rising Voices Microgrants 2013 |language=en-US}}</ref> Masarautar Grand Bonny tana da nisan kilomita arba'in kudu maso yammacin Fatakwal, babban birnin jihar Rivers ta Najeriya. Tana cikin latitude 40° 278°, tsayin 7° 1000° kuma tana iyaka da gaɓar Kudancin Tekun Atlantika inda babban koginsa, Bonny Estuary, ya shiga.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Tana da iyaka da Billes da Kalabaris a Yamma, Andonis a Gabas, Okirikans da Ogonis a Arewa da Tekun Atlantika sun yi iyaka a Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Bonny Kingdom – Bonny Kingdom Historical Society Official Website |url=http://bonnyhistoricalsociety.com/about-bonny-kingdom/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502134855/http://bonnyhistoricalsociety.com/about-bonny-kingdom/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == Da yake a gefen [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] a kan [[Stuburi na Biafra|Bight na Bonny]], tsibirin Bonny yana aiki a matsayin wurin zama na jihar gargajiya da aka sani da Masarautar Bonny . === Kafawa === An bayyana kafuwar Bonny ta hanyoyi daban-daban tsawon shekaru. Daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru ya bayyana cewa Bonny ya samo asali ne daga bangaren Ngwa na kabilar Igbo. An ce wani Alagbariya, mafarauci, ya yi hijira zuwa rafin Azumini a wani balaguron farauta, kuma ya zauna tare da iyalinsa a tsibirin budurwa. Asalin sunan da aka ba mazauni na farko, wanda ya fara a matsayin ƙaramin gari ana kiransa Okuloma, sunan da aka yi wa Okulo (lit. Curlews) wanda ya mamaye tsibirin da yawa. Wani fassarar kuma ya nuna cewa wadanda suka kafa masarautar tsibirin asalinsu ’yan kabilar Ijaw ne daga Ebeni ​​a Jihar Bayelsa ta zamani. Wanda ya kafa, Okpara Ndoli, wani mutum daga zuriyar Isedani na Kolokuma a yankin Ebeni-toru (a karamar hukumar Kolokuma/Opokuma ta Bayelsa a yau), ya yi mulki na tsawon rayuwarsa. Ya kafa masarautan kafin ko wajen 1000 AD. Ubani da kansu suna kiransu ijaw a yau amma akwai ‘yan asalin igbo, wani dan Ngwa daga yankin igbo ne ya taba samo shi a ranar Abia jihar ijaw ya zo ya kafa igbo a wadannan yankuna kafin a yi musu aure, yaren bonny shine yaren igbo.<ref> {{Cite web |title=Attractions, Activities and History of Bonny Island |url=https://www.finelib.com/about/places-and-attractions/attractions-activities-and-history-of-bonny-island/667 |access-date=July 22, 2023 |website=finelib.com}} </ref> don haka wannan sigar ƙarshe na abubuwan da suka faru ne ke ɗaukar mafi nauyi tare da su. == Tsarin mulkin == Daular Pepple ne ke ba da sarauta, ko Amanyanabo (lit. mai ƙasar), kuma yana jagorantar tsarin sarauta wanda ya ƙunshi "Ase-Alapu" (ko manyan sarakunan jinin sarauta) da "Amadapu" (ko shugabannin gundumomi). Dukkanin tsoffin suna aiki ne a matsayin membobin majalisar sarakunan Bonny, majalisar sirri ta amanyanabo.. Tsibirin Bonny yana da rukunin sassa talatin da biyar (wanda aka sani da Gidaje). Duk suna wakiltar zuriyar tsarar da suka kafa mulkinta. Wasu fitattun gidaje ne (i) Gidan [[Fubara Manilla Pepple]], (ii) Gidan Wilcox, (iii) Gidan [[Oko Jumbo|Jumbo]], (iv) Gidan Awusa Halliday, (v) Gidan Kyaftin Hart, da (vi) Gidan Banigo. An san gidaje daban-daban da samun ɗaiɗaikun hedkwatar kakanni da manyan sarakuna == Abubuwan da suka faru == Tsibirin Bonny ya kasance matattarar ayyukan tattalin arziki tun daga karni na 15. Portuguese sun isa a wannan lokacin, kuma mulkin tsibirin daga baya ya kulla kyakkyawar dangantaka da su. Ta aika jakadanta na farko, Prince Abagy, zuwa Portugal a kusan 1450AD. A cikin karni na 19 AD, tsibirin Bonny ya karɓi [[Kiristanci]] ta hanyar hidimar Bishop [[Samuel Ajayi Crowther]] . Kafin wannan taron, totem na masarautar ya kasance mai kula da lizard. Haka kuma a wannan karnin ne aka gwabza yakin basasa tsakanin masu biyayya ga Cif Oko Jumbo na gidan Manilla Pepple da kuma masu biyayya ga Cif Jaja na gidan Anne Pepple. Wannan yaki daga karshe ya kai ga kafa Masarautar Opobo == Bonny a yau == Cibiyar gargajiya ta Bonny tana karkashin jagorancin Sarki Edward William Asimini Dappa Pepple III, Perekule XI, wanda ke aiki a matsayin amanyanabo kuma mai mulkin halitta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chamber |first=Bonny |date=2019-03-29 |title=Bonny Chamber |url=https://bonnychamber.com/bonny-kingdom/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111201442/https://bonnychamber.com/bonny-kingdom/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Majalisar Sarakunan dai tana karkashin jagorancin Cif Reginald Abbey-Hart, wanda shi ne babban hafsa kuma shugaban gidan Captain Hart. Kowane babban sarki yana mulkin gidansa da kansa domin kuwa a al'adance ana kallon majalisar sarakuna a matsayin wata gamayya ta kasashe masu cin gashin kai wadanda suka hadu domin kare masarautar baki daya. An raba al'umma zuwa manyan sassa biyu - babban ƙasa da ƙasa. Babban yankin ya ƙunshi tsibirin Bonny da sassansa, wato Babban Tsibirin (Gari), Sandfield, Iwoama, Orosikiri, Aganya, Ayambo, Akiama, Sabuwar Titin, Wilbross Pipeline, Campers Camp, da wasu ƙauyukan kamun kifi da ke kwance a bakin kogin Bonny. Ƙauyen ya haɗa da ƙauyen kamar Kuruma, Ayama, Kalaibiama da Oloma. A halin yanzu, Masarautar Bonny tana da gidajen sarauta talatin da biyar. Akwai manyan gidajen sarauta goma sha huɗu (biyar daga cikinsu akwai Duawaris); kananan gidaje ashirin; sannan kuma zuriyar George Pepple na gidan sarauta na Perekule wanda kwanan nan ke samar da sarakunan masarautar. Zuriyar gidan sarauta na Perekule na iya kasancewa ga Duawaris da kansu. Kafafen Bonny ne suka kafa wayewar masarautar da mulkin gama gari. Duk gidajen sarauta, da mutanen da ke nasu, suna samun ikonsu a Bonny daga zuriyarsu daga waɗanda suka kafa ta. Gwamnatin tarayya ta Najeriya ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da Najeriya LNG Limited tana gina hanyar kilomita 39 wacce za ta haɗa tsibirin Bonny zuwa yankin [[Mutanen Ogoni|Ogoni]] na Bodo a cikin babban yankin Jihar Rivers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bodo-Bonny Road - Julius Berger Nigeria Plc |url=https://www.julius-berger.com/references/bodo-bonny-road-rivers-state |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=Julius Berger Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Naku |first=Dennis |date=2021-09-12 |title=Wike blames FG for N120bn Bodo-Bonny Road delay |url=https://punchng.com/wike-blames-fg-for-n120bn-bodo-bonny-road-delay/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> Hanyar za ta rage haɗari da lokacin tafiye-tafiye zuwa tsibirin da aka kashe akan tafiya ta iska da kuma bunkasa yawon bude ido da tattalin arziki a tsibirin. [[Babatunde Fashola]], ministan ayyukan Najeriya da gidaje, ya tabbatar a wani aikin da aka ba da umurni cewa hanyar za ta kasance a shirye a ƙarshen 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Osadolor |first=John |date=2022-12-15 |title=Bodo-Bonny Road to be completed in Dec. 2023 - Fashola |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/bodo-bonny-road-to-be-completed-in-dec-2023-fashola/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}</ref> Mataimakin shugaban Najeriya, Farfesa [[Yemi Osinbajo|Yemi Osibanjo]] ne ya kaddamar da hanyar a shekarar 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tide |first=The |date=2017-10-13 |title=Osinbajo Flags Off N120bn Bonny-Bodo Road …Denies NNPC Contract Approval Report |url=https://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2017/10/13/osinbajo-flags-off-n120bn-bonny-bodo-road-denies-nnpc-contract-approval-report/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=:::...The Tide News Online:::... |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ada |first=Ada |date=2017-10-14 |title=Gov Wike absent at Bodo-Bonny Road flag off |url=https://dailytimesng.com/gov-wike-absent-bodo-bonny-road-flag-off/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=DAILY TIMES Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tide |first=The |date=2017-10-16 |title=Rivers Patriots Laud Wike Over Bonny-Bodo Road |url=https://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2017/10/16/rivers-patriots-laud-wike-over-bonny-bodo-road/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=:::...The Tide News Online:::... |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tattalin Arziki == A farkon shekarun 1990 gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya tare da hadin gwiwar wasu kamfanoni na kasa da kasa 3, Shell Gas BV., CLEAG Limited [ELF] da AGIP International BV. ya fara aikin samar da biliyoyin daloli na Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas Limited (Nigeria LNG. Saboda matsayinta na dabarun, tsibirin Bonny, musamman yankin Finima tare da tsibirin Bonni, yana karbar bakuncin kamfanonin mai daban-daban ciki har da [[Shell|Royal Dutch Shell]], Mobil, [[Chevron]], Agip, da [[Total|TotalEnergies]]. == Ilimi == Makarantun sakandare na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a tsibirin Bonny sun haɗa da: * Makarantar Grammar ta Kasa ta Bonny * Cibiyar Ilimi ta tsibirin STEM * Ƙungiyar Makarantu ta Spring * Kwalejin Kasa da Kasa da aka fi so * Kwalejin St.Paul * Makarantar Sakandare ta 'yan mata ta gwamnati, Finima * Makarantar Sakandare ta Jama'a * Cibiyar Ilimi ta Lucille * Tarihin Mulki * Makarantar Sakandare ta Sarki da Sarauniya * Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta RA * Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Logos * Makarantar Kula da Yara da Makarantar Firamare Cibiyar: * Makarantar Fasaha ta Tarayya ta Man Fetur da Gas, Bonny <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-03 |title=Federal Polytechnic of Oil and Gas Bonny: School, Courses, Logo, Recruitment, and More |url=https://educated.com.ng/federal-polytechnic-of-oil-and-gas-bonny-school-courses-logo-recruitment-and-more/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=School Reviews by Real Students. |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Abubuwan jan hankali na yawon bude ido == Tsibirin Bonny yana kewaye da yamma da kudu da dogayen rairayin bakin teku masu. A ranakun 26 da 31 ga Disamba na kowace shekara, dubban mutane suna ziyartar rairayin bakin teku na Finima don bukukuwan rairayin bakin teku. Akwai kuma filin shakatawa na Finima, wanda muhimmin yanki ne na yawon bude ido dake gefen dama na zagaye. == Bayanan da aka ambata == hj4sbga4b6762mrteq4tn7kovvp9c2e 0 118047 818737 723015 2026-04-05T16:43:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Tarin fuka|Cutar tarin fuka]] (TB) babbar matsalar kiwon lafiya ce a [[Najeriya]], tana daga cikin ƙasashen da ke da yawan masu fama da tarin fuka a duniya. Ƙwayar cutar ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' ce ke haddasa ta, kuma tana fi shafar huhu, ko da yake tana iya kama sassan jiki daban-daban. Najeriya na da kaso mai yawa na masu cutar tarin fuka a nahiyar Afirka, kuma ana ci gaba da gudanar da ƙoƙari don shawo kan wannan cuta..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glossary of Linguistic Terms |url=https://glossary.sil.org/term/contrast-analogous-environmentshttps%3A//pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10782364 |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=Glossary of Linguistic Terms |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-31 |title=Nigeria is among the 14 high burden countries for TB - KNCV Nigeria |url=https://kncvnigeria.org/nigeria-is-among-the-14-high-burden-countries-for-tb/ |access-date=2025-03-28 |language=en}}</ref> == Yaduwar cututtuka == [[Najeriya]] tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe 30 masu fama da tarin fuka da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta gano. Dangane da kimantawar WHO, [[Najeriya]] tana da ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙimar kamuwa da tarin fuka a duk duniya, tare da dubban sabbin shari'o'in da aka ruwaito a kowace shekara. Yaduwar tarin fuka mai tsayayya da magunguna (MDR-TB) shima damuwa ce mai girma, yana sa magani ya fi ƙalubale.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tbassessment.stoptb.org/Nigeria.html |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=tbassessment.stoptb.org}}</ref> [[Fayil:Tuberculosis-x-ray-1.jpg|thumb|Cutar tarin fuka-x-ray-1]] == Dalilai da abubuwan haɗari na tarin fuka == Tuberculosis (TB) ya samo asali ne daga ƙwayar cuta Mycobacterium tuberculosis <ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2025-02-05 |title=Tuberculosis: Causes and How It Spreads |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/causes/index.html |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=Tuberculosis (TB) |language=en-us}}</ref> kuma ana yaduwa da farko ta hanyar ɗigon iska. Lokacin da mutum da ke fama da tarin fuka na huhu, ya yi gumi, ko kuma yayi magana, ana fitar da ƙananan ɗigon kamuwa da cuta a cikin iska. Shan waɗannan ɗigon yana ba da damar ƙwayoyin cuta su shiga huhu, inda za su iya ninkawa kuma su bazu zuwa wasu sassan jiki ta hanyar jini ko tsarin lymphatic. * Yawan jama'a a cikin yankunan birane: Yanayin rayuwa mai yawa a manyan birane kamar Legas, Kano, da Abuja suna sauƙaƙe yaduwar cututtukan iska, gami da tarin fuka. A cikin mahalli masu yawan jama'a, kusanci tsakanin mutane yana ƙara yiwuwar shan ɗigon kamuwa da cuta, wanda ke haifar da ƙimar yaduwa mafi girma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boyce |first=Matthew R. |last2=Katz |first2=Rebecca |last3=Standley |first3=Claire J. |date=2019-09-29 |title=Risk Factors for Infectious Diseases in Urban Environments of Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Critical Appraisal of Evidence |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |volume=4 |issue=4 |page=123 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed4040123 |issn=2414-6366 |pmc=6958454 |pmid=31569517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Kyakkyawan Kayan Kiwon Lafiya: Najeriya tana fuskantar manyan ƙalubale a cikin isar da kiwon lafiya, gami da wuraren bincike marasa isasshen, ƙwararrun masu kiwon lafiya da ƙarancin kudade don shirye-shiryen kula da tarin fuka. Mutane da yawa, musamman a yankunan karkara, ba su da damar gano cutar tarin fuka da magani, suna ba da damar yaduwar cutar ba tare da an sarrafa ta ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rosapep |first=Lauren A. |last2=Faye |first2=Sophie |last3=Johns |first3=Benjamin |last4=Olusola-Faleye |first4=Bolanle |last5=Baruwa |first5=Elaine M. |last6=Sorum |first6=Micah K. |last7=Nwagagbo |first7=Flora |last8=Adamu |first8=Abdu A. |last9=Kwan |first9=Ada |last10=Obanubi |first10=Christopher |last11=Atobatele |first11=Akinyemi Olumuyiwa |date=2022 |title=Tuberculosis care quality in urban Nigeria: A cross-sectional study of adherence to screening and treatment initiation guidelines in multi-cadre networks of private health service providers |journal=PLOS Global Public Health |volume=2 |issue=1 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgph.0000150 |issn=2767-3375 |pmc=10021846 |pmid=36962145 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oga-Omenka |first=Charity |last2=Boffa |first2=Jody |last3=Kuye |first3=Joseph |last4=Dakum |first4=Patrick |last5=Menzies |first5=Dick |last6=Zarowsky |first6=Christina |date=December 2020 |title=Understanding the gaps in DR-TB care cascade in Nigeria: A sequential mixed-method study |journal=Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases |volume=21 |doi=10.1016/j.jctube.2020.100193 |issn=2405-5794 |pmc=7578750 |pmid=33102811}}</ref> * Ƙayyadadden Samun Kula da Lafiya mai inganci: Yawancin 'yan Najeriya, musamman waɗanda ke cikin al'ummomin da ke nesa ko marasa galihu, suna gwagwarmaya don samun damar sabis na kiwon lafiya saboda matsalolin kuɗi, tafiye-tafiye masu tsawo, da wuraren kiwon lafiya masu yawa. A sakamakon haka, lokuta na tarin fuka sau da yawa ba a gano su ba ko kuma ba a kula da su ba, suna ƙara yaduwar al'umma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adedini |first=Sunday A. |last2=Odimegwu |first2=Clifford |last3=Bamiwuye |first3=Olusina |last4=Fadeyibi |first4=Opeyemi |last5=De Wet |first5=Nicole |date=2014 |title=Barriers to accessing health care in Nigeria: implications for child survival |journal=Global Health Action |volume=7 |doi=10.3402/gha.v7.23499 |issn=1654-9880 |pmc=3957799 |pmid=24647128}}</ref> * Haɗuwa da kamuwa da cutar kanjamau / AIDS: HIV / AIDS yana ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da tarin fuka. Kwayar cutar ta raunana tsarin rigakafi, yana sa jiki ya yi wuya a yaki da ''Cutar tarin fuka ta Mycobacterium''. Najeriya tana da daya daga cikin nauyin HIV / AIDS mafi girma a Afirka, kuma hulɗar tsakanin tarin fuka da HIV ta haifar da yawan mace-mace tsakanin mutanen da suka kamu da cutar. * Rashin abinci mai gina jiki da talauci: Rashin abinci mara gina jiki yana raunana tsarin rigakafi, yana sa mutane su fi kamuwa da tarin fuka da ci gabanta daga latent zuwa aiki. Talauci kuma yana iyakance samun damar samun kiwon lafiya, abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma yanayin rayuwa mai tsabta, wanda ke kara tsananta yaduwar tarin fuka da tsananin cutar. * Rashin Sanarwar Jama'a da jinkirin Diagnosis: Mutane da yawa a Najeriya suna da iyakantaccen ilimi game da alamun tarin fuka, yaduwa, da kuma muhimmancin neman kulawar likita da wuri. Ra'ayoyi marasa kyau da kuma zargi da ke kewaye da cutar sau da yawa suna haifar da jinkirin ganewar asali da magani. Ba tare da ganowa da wuri ba, mutanen da ke fama da tarin fuka ba tare da saninsu ba sun yada cutar ga wasu. * Magungunan tarin fuka masu tsayayya da miyagun ƙwayoyi da Magunguna marasa daidaituwa: Fitowar tarin fuka mai tsayayya le miyagun ƙwalwa (MDR-TB) yana haifar da mummunar barazana ga kokarin kula da tarin fuka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oga-Omenka |first=Charity |last2=Boffa |first2=Jody |last3=Kuye |first3=Joseph |last4=Dakum |first4=Patrick |last5=Menzies |first5=Dick |last6=Zarowsky |first6=Christina |date=December 2020 |title=Understanding the gaps in DR-TB care cascade in Nigeria: A sequential mixed-method study |journal=Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases |volume=21 |doi=10.1016/j.jctube.2020.100193 |issn=2405-5794 |pmc=7578750 |pmid=33102811}}</ref> MDR-TB ya taso ne lokacin da marasa lafiya ba su kammala tsarin maganin da aka tsara ba, suna ba da damar ƙwayoyin cuta su haɓaka juriya ga maganin rigakafi na farko. Rashin bin magani sau da yawa saboda rashin isasshen kula da kiwon lafiya, matsalolin kudi, ko tasirin magungunan tarin fuka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koch |first=Anastasia |last2=Cox |first2=Helen |last3=Mizrahi |first3=Valerie |date=October 2018 |title=Drug-resistant tuberculosis: challenges and opportunities for diagnosis and treatment |journal=Current Opinion in Pharmacology |volume=42 |pages=7–15 |doi=10.1016/j.coph.2018.05.013 |issn=1471-4973 |pmc=6219890 |pmid=29885623}}</ref> == Gwamnati da martani na kasa da kasa == [[Gwamnatin Najeriya]] tare da haɗin gwiwar kungiyoyin kasa da kasa kamar WHO, Asusun Duniya, da Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Duniya ta Amurka (USAID), sun aiwatar da dabaru daban-daban don yaki da tarin fuka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National strategic plan for tuberculosis control |url=https://ntblcp.org.ng/content/uploads/2023/06/NSP-For-TB-CONTROL-2021-2025-compressed.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716032846/https://ntblcp.org.ng/content/uploads/2023/06/NSP-For-TB-CONTROL-2021-2025-compressed.pdf |archive-date=2024-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=fundsforNGOs |date=2024-09-16 |title=USAID integrated Delivery of Tuberculosis Service (iDOTS) Activity Program – Nigeria - fundsforNGOs |url=https://www2.fundsforngos.org/health/usaid-integrated-delivery-of-tuberculosis-service-idots-activity-program-nigeria/ |access-date=2025-03-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == nh867baeg3fmhxb93awhm0v1p63mr2h 0 118497 818721 725219 2026-04-05T14:42:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Tsarin darajar aikin gona shine haɗin kaya da ayyuka (sashin darajar) da ake buƙata don samfurin aikin gona don motsawa daga mai samarwa zuwa mabukaci na ƙarshe. An yi amfani da manufar tun farkon karni, da farko daga waɗanda ke aiki a ci gaban [[noma]] a Kasashe masu tasowa, kodayake babu ma'anar kalmar da aka yarda da ita a duniya. [[Fayil:Typical-value-Chain.png|right|thumb|340x340px|Bayyanawa na sarkar darajar]] Kalmar darajar ta fara shahara ne a cikin wani littafi da Michael Porter ya buga a shekarar 1985, wanda ya yi amfani da shi don kwatanta yadda kamfanoni zasu iya cimma abin da ya kira "amfanin gasa" ta hanyar ƙara darajar a cikin ƙungiyar su. Daga baya, an karɓi kalmar don dalilai na ci gaban noma <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaplinsky, R. |last2=Morris, M. |title=A Handbook for Value Chain Analysis |url=http://www.value-chains.org/dyn/bds/docs/395/Handbook%20for%20Value%20Chain%20Analysis.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301073327/http://www.value-chains.org/dyn/bds/docs/395/Handbook%20for%20Value%20Chain%20Analysis.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014 |publisher=IDRC}}</ref> kuma yanzu ya zama abin sha'awa sosai tsakanin waɗanda ke aiki a wannan fagen, tare da yawancin kungiyoyin agaji na biyu da na ƙasashe da yawa suna amfani da shi don jagorantar sa hannun ci gaban su. A cikin zuciyar ma'anar sarkar darajar noma shine ra'ayin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da aka haɗa tare da sarkar samarwa da isar da kayayyaki ga masu amfani ta hanyar jerin ayyukan.<ref name="Riisgaard">{{Cite web |last=Henriksen, L. |last2=L. Riisgaard |last3=S. Ponte |last4=F. Hartwich |last5=P. Kormawa |title=Agro-Food Value Chain Interventions in Asia: A review and analysis of case studies. Working Paper |url=http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Publications/Pub_free/WorkingPaper_VC_AsiaFinal.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301042030/http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Publications/Pub_free/WorkingPaper_VC_AsiaFinal.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014 |publisher=UNIDO}}</ref> Koyaya, wannan sarkar "ta tsaye" ba za ta iya aiki a warewa ba kuma wani muhimmin bangare na tsarin sarkar darajar shi ne cewa yana la'akari da tasirin "horizontal" a kan sarkar, kamar shigarwa da samar da kuɗi, tallafin tsawo da yanayin da ke ba da damar gaba ɗaya. An sami hanyar da amfani, musamman daga masu ba da gudummawa, saboda ya haifar da la'akari da duk waɗannan abubuwan da ke tasiri ga ikon manoma don samun damar kasuwanni da riba, wanda ke haifar da manyan hanyoyin shiga tsakani. Ana amfani da shi don inganta sarƙoƙi da ke akwai da kuma masu ba da gudummawa don gano damar kasuwa ga ƙananan manoma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Editorial: Adding Value, by Michael Hailu, ‘’Spore’’ No 157 |url=http://spore.cta.int/en/component/content/article?id=3173:2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226160104/http://spore.cta.int/en/component/content/article?id=3173:2020 |archive-date=2021-02-26 |access-date=2014-02-25}}</ref> == Ma'anar == Babu ma'anar da aka yarda da ita game da abin da ke nufi da sarkar ƙimar noma. Lalle ne, wasu hukumomi suna amfani da kalmar ba tare da samun ma'anar aiki ko ma'anoni ba kuma kawai sake bayyana ayyukan da ke gudana a matsayin aikin "daraja" lokacin da kalmar ta shiga cikin vogue. Ma'anar da aka buga sun haɗa da Bankin Ƙungiya "kalmar "'value chain"" ta bayyana cikakken ayyukan ƙara ƙimar da ake buƙata don kawo samfurin ko sabis ta hanyar matakai daban-daban na samarwa, gami da sayen albarkatun kasa da sauran abubuwan shigarwa", UNIDO's "masu wasan kwaikwayo da aka haɗa tare da sarkar samarwa, canzawa da kawo kayayyaki da aiyuka ga masu amfani da ƙarshen ta hanyar jerin ayyukan", <ref>{{Cite web |last=Webber, C. M. |last2=P. Labaste |title=Building competitiveness in Africa's agriculture: A guide to value chain concepts and applications. |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTARD/Resources/Building_Competitiveness_in_Africa_Ag.pdf |access-date=25 February 2014 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> da CIAT's "cibiyar sadarwa ta dabarun tsakanin ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci da Ciyawa.<ref name="Riisgaard, L and S. Ponte">{{Cite web |last=Riisgaard, L |last2=S. Ponte |title=Pro-poor value chain development: 25 guiding questions for designing and implementing agroindustry projects. |url=http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Services/Agro-Industries/Pro-poor_value_chain_development_2011.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031035120/http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Services/Agro-Industries/Pro-poor_value_chain_development_2011.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2014 |access-date=25 February 2014 |publisher=UNIDO}}</ref><ref name="Lundy, M., M. V. Gottret, C. Ostertag, R. Best, and S. Ferris">{{Cite web |last=Lundy, M. |last2=M. V. Gottret |last3=C. Ostertag |last4=R. Best |last5=S. Ferris |title=Participatory market chain analysis for smallholder producers |url=http://webapp.ciat.cgiar.org/agroempresas/ingles/good_practice_guide_4.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225234337/http://webapp.ciat.cgiar.org/agroempresas/ingles/good_practice_guide_4.htm |archive-date=2009-12-25 |publisher=CIAT}}</ref> Ba tare da ma'anar duniya ba, ana amfani da kalmar "sarkar darajar" yanzu don nunawa ga nau'ikan sarkar, gami da: * Kasuwar kayayyaki ta kasa da kasa, ko kuma ta yanki. Misalan na iya haɗawa da "sashin darajar auduga na duniya", "sashin ƙimar masara na kudancin Afirka" ko "sashin farashin kofi na Brazil"; * Kasuwar kayayyaki ta ƙasa ko ta gida ko tsarin talla kamar "sashin darajar tumatir na Ghana" ko ""sashin darafar tumatir na Accra"; * Tsarin samarwa, wanda zai iya rufe duka biyun da ke sama; * Wani tsawo samar da kayayyaki ko tashar tallace-tallace, wanda ya kunshi duk ayyukan da ake buƙata don samar da samfurin, gami da bayanai / faɗaɗa, tsarawa, shigarwa da kuɗi. Wataƙila ita ce mafi yawan amfani da kalmar sarkar darajar; * Wani sarkar sadaukarwa da aka tsara don biyan bukatun daya ko iyakantaccen adadin masu siye. Wannan amfani, wanda ya fi aminci ga ra'ayin Porter, yana jaddada cewa an tsara sarkar darajar don kama darajar ga duk 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar aiwatar da ayyukan don biyan bukatun masu amfani ko na wani mai siyarwa, mai sarrafawa ko kamfanin sabis na abinci wanda ke samar da waɗannan masu amfani. An sanya jaddadawa sosai a kan buƙata a matsayin tushen darajar. == Hanyoyin sarkar darajar == Masu ba da gudummawa da sauransu da ke tallafawa ci gaban noma, kamar su FAO, Bankin Ƙungiya, GIZ, DFID, ILO, IIED da UNIDO, sun samar da takardu da yawa da aka tsara don taimakawa ma'aikatan su da sauransu don kimanta sarkar darajar don yanke shawara kan abubuwan da suka fi dacewa don sabunta sarkar da ke akwai ko inganta sabbin.<ref name="Riisgaard, L and S. Ponte"/><ref name="Lundy, M., M. V. Gottret, C. Ostertag, R. Best, and S. Ferris"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Springer-Heinze |first=A. |title=Valuelinks: The methodology of value chain promotion. |url=http://www2.gtz.de/wbf/lred/library/detail.asp?number=3721 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301193637/http://www2.gtz.de/wbf/lred/library/detail.asp?number=3721 |archive-date=1 March 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014 |publisher=GIZ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DFID |title=The operational guide for the making markets work for the poor (M4P) |url=http://www.setoolbelt.org/resources/1836 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116220202/http://www.setoolbelt.org/resources/1836 |archive-date=2018-11-16 |access-date=2014-02-25 |publisher=DFID}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vermeulen, S. |last2=J. Woodhill |last3=F. Proctor |last4=R. Delnoye |title=Chain-wide learning for inclusive agrifood market development |url=http://www.regoverningmarkets.org/en/articles/global/chain_wide_learning_guide_for_inclusive_agrifood_market_development_a_guide.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006002859/http://www.regoverningmarkets.org/en/articles/global/chain_wide_learning_guide_for_inclusive_agrifood_market_development_a_guide.html |archive-date=6 October 2008 |access-date=25 February 2014 |publisher=IIED}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Herr, M. L. |last2=T. J. Muzira |title=Value chain development for decent work. |url=http://www.ilo.org/empent/areas/value-chain-development-vcd/WCMS_115490/lang--en/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513123705/http://www.ilo.org/empent/areas/value-chain-development-vcd/WCMS_115490/lang--en/index.htm |archive-date=13 May 2013 |access-date=25 February 2014 |publisher=ILO}}</ref> Koyaya, an fassara aikace-aikacen nazarin sarkar darajar daban-daban ta ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, tare da yiwuwar tasirin tasirin ci gaban su. Yaduwar jagororin ya faru ne a cikin wani yanayi inda mahimman abubuwan da suka shafi ra'ayi da hanyoyin bincike da ci gaba har yanzu suna tasowa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=J. Donovan |last2=M. Cunha |last3=S. Franzel |last4=A. Gyau |last5=D. Mithöfer |title=Guides for value chain development: A comparative review |url=http://publications.cta.int/media/publications/downloads/1746_PDF.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002182010/http://publications.cta.int/media/publications/downloads/1746_PDF.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014 |publisher=CTA and ICRAF}}</ref> Yawancin waɗannan jagororin sun haɗa da ba kawai cikakkun hanyoyin da ke buƙatar masana su gudanar da bincike ba har ma suna amfani da cikakkun hanyoyin ilimi.<ref name="Riisgaard"/> Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan hanyar shine kwatanta wannan sarkar darajar a tsawon lokaci (bincike na kwatankwacin ko kwamitin) don tantance canje-canje a cikin haya, shugabanci, ingantaccen tsarin da tsarin ma'aikata. == Haɗakar da manoma zuwa kasuwanni == Babban sashi na aikin ci gaban sarkar darajar ya damu da hanyoyin haɗa masu samarwa zuwa kamfanoni, sabili da haka cikin sarkar darajoji.<ref name="Shepherd">{{Cite web |last=Shepherd, Andrew |title=Approaches to linking producers to markets |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/3c8d3a02-4425-418a-8520-bcb7a1c70d5c/content |access-date=11 September 2025 |publisher=FAO}}</ref> Duk da yake akwai misalai na cikakkun sarkar darajar da ba su haɗa da ƙananan masu mallakar ba (misali [[Unilever]] tana aiki da wuraren shayi da wuraren sarrafa shayi a Kenya sannan ta haɗu da kuma shirya shayi a Turai kafin sayar da shi a matsayin Lipton, Brooke Bond ko PG Tips), babban ɓangaren darajar noma sun haɗa da tallace-tallace ga kamfanoni daga manoma masu zaman kansu. Irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen galibi sun haɗa da aikin gona na kwangila wanda manomi ya yi alkawarin samar da adadin amfanin gona ko kayan dabbobi, bisa ga ƙa'idodin inganci da bukatun isar da mai siye, sau da yawa a farashin da aka kafa a gaba. Kamfanoni sau da yawa sun yarda su tallafa wa manomi ta hanyar samar da shigarwa, shirye-shiryen ƙasa, shawarwarin tsawaitawa da jigilar kayan zuwa gidansu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eaton, C |last2=Shepherd, A |title=Contract farming: Partnerships for Growth |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/y0937e/y0937e00.pdf |access-date=25 February 2014 |publisher=FAO}}</ref> == Sashin darajar hadawa == Aiki don inganta haɗin kasuwa a kasashe masu tasowa galibi ya dogara ne akan manufar "ƙididdigar ƙima", wanda yawanci ke mai da hankali kan gano hanyoyin da za a iya haɗa ƙananan manoma cikin sarkar da ke akwai ko sabbin ƙimar ko kuma za su iya cire ƙima mafi girma daga sarkar, ko dai ta hanyar ƙara inganci ko kuma ta hanyar aiwatar da ƙarin ayyuka tare da sarkar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haggblade, S. |last2=Theriault, V. |last3=Staatz,J. |last4=Dembele, N. |last5=Diallo, B. |title=A conceptual framework for promoting inclusive agricultural value chains |url=http://fsg.afre.msu.edu/IFAD-WA/conceptual_framework.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810130142/http://fsg.afre.msu.edu/IFAD-WA/conceptual_framework.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2013 |access-date=25 February 2014 |publisher=Michigan State University and IFAD}}</ref> A cikin wallafe-wallafe daban-daban a kan batun ma'anar "haɗewa" sau da yawa ba daidai ba ne saboda sau da yawa babu tabbas ko manufar ci gaba ita ce ta haɗa da dukkan manoma ko kuma wadanda suka fi dacewa da damar. Littattafai masu tasowa a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata suna ƙara ambaton darajar samar da alhakin ko abin da ake kira "sadarwar wadata mai dorewa". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kaplinsky |first=Raphael |year=2000 |title=Globalisation and unequalisation: what can be learned from value chain analysis? |journal=Journal of Development Studies |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=117–146 |doi=10.1080/713600071 |s2cid=154941945}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gereffi; Kaplinsky |first=Raphael; Gary |year=2001 |title=Introduction: Globalisation, value chains and development. |url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/8560/1/fulltext.pdf |journal=IDS Bulletin |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1111/j.1759-5436.2001.mp32003001.x}}</ref> == Ci gaba a cikin sarkar darajar noma == Matsayin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu wajen cimma dorewa an kara gane shi tun lokacin da aka buga Our Common Future (Brundtland Report) a cikin 1987 ta Hukumar Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci Gaban. Kwanan nan, rawar da sarkar darajar ke takawa ta zama sananne sosai kuma kasuwancin suna fitowa a matsayin babban abin da ke haifar da dorewa. Kevin Dooley, Babban Masanin Kimiyya na Ci gaba, ya yi jayayya cewa irin waɗannan hanyoyin da ke cikin kasuwa sune hanya mafi inganci da tasiri don haifar da karɓar ayyukan ɗorewa. Duk da haka, akwai damuwa game da ko sarkar darajar da gaske tana motsa dorewa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lyon |first=Thomas P. |last2=Maxwell |first2=John W. |year=2011 |title=Greenwash: Corporate environmental disclosure under threat of audit. |journal=Journal of Economics & Management Strategy |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=3–41 |doi=10.1111/j.1530-9134.2010.00282.x |s2cid=2593420}}</ref> ko kawai wanke kore. Wadannan ra'ayoyin kuma ana iya fadada su ko fahimta a matsayin ƙarfin iko. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata ko haka, nau'ikan shugabanci sun fito ne inda kasuwanci, jama'a da masu wasan kwaikwayo na jama'a suka yi hulɗa, kuma waɗannan hanyoyin masu ruwa da tsaki da yawa suna da'awar sababbin ra'ayoyi na halattacce har ma da yiwuwar dorewa. [1]  Masana ciki har da Michael Schmidt (Dean da Shugaban Sashen, Jami'ar Brandenburg da Daniele Giovannucci (Shugaban Kwamitin Binciken Ci gaba) sun yi la'akari da cewa shaidar tana fitowa akan abin da ke sa sarkar darajar ta ci gaba. Har ila yau, akwai shaidar cewa ana iya auna sarkar darajar duniya da ke da tasiri a kan muhalli da al'ummomin da suke aiki kamar manoma da masu samarwa yadda ya kamata. Bankin Duniya kuma yana tallafawa hangen nesa cewa GVCs na iya zama mai mahimmanci don ci gaba mai ɗorewa kuma yana ba da misalai da bayanai da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trading for Development in the Age of Global Value Chains |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/32437/211457ov.pdf |website=[[Open Knowledge Repository]]}}</ref> == Kudin sarkar ƙimar noma == Kudin sarkar kayan aikin gona yana damuwa da kwararar kudade zuwa da kuma cikin sarkar darajar don biyan bukatun masu wasan sarkar don kudi, don tabbatar da tallace-tallace, don siyan shigarwa ko samarwa, ko don inganta inganci. Binciken yiwuwar samun kudi na sarkar darajar ya haɗa da tsarin cikakke don nazarin sarkar, waɗanda ke aiki a ciki, da haɗin su. Wadannan alaƙa suna ba da damar samun kuɗi ta hanyar sarkar. Misali, ana iya ba da gudummawa ga manoma kuma ana iya biyan kuɗin kai tsaye lokacin da aka isar da samfurin, ba tare da buƙatar manoma su karɓi rance daga banki ko makamancin haka ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FAO |title=Value chain finance |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/ags/agricultural-finance-and-investment/value-chain-finance/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108030256/http://www.fao.org/ag/ags/agricultural-finance-and-investment/value-chain-finance/en/ |archive-date=8 November 2013 |access-date=25 February 2014}}</ref> Wannan ya zama ruwan dare a karkashin shirye-shiryen noma na kwangila. Nau'o'in tsabar kudi sun haɗa da samar da kudade ta hanyar dillali da masu ba da kuɗi ko bashi wanda kamfanin talla ko kamfanin jagora ya bayar. Sauran kayan aikin kudi na kasuwanci sun haɗa da kudaden karɓa inda bankin ke ci gaba da kudade game da sanya kayan karɓa na gaba daga mai siye, da kuma ƙaddamar da abin da kasuwanci ke sayar da asusun da za a iya karɓa a ragi. Har ila yau, faɗuwa a ƙarƙashin kuɗin sarkar kuɗi shine jinginar dukiya, kamar bisa ga takardun ajiya, da rage haɗari, kamar kwangila na gaba, makomar da inshora.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller, C. |last2=Jones, L. |title=Agricultural Value Chain Finance: Tools and Lessons |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/017/i0846e/i0846e.pdf |access-date=25 February 2014 |publisher=FAO and Practical Action}}</ref> == Amfani da ICTs a cikin sarkar darajar == Fasahar Bayanai da Sadarwa, ko ICTs, sun zama muhimmiyar kayan aiki wajen inganta ingancin darajar aikin gona. An sami fadadawa cikin sauri a cikin amfani da fasahar wayar hannu, musamman. Farashin ayyukan ICT yana fadowa kuma fasahar tana zama mafi araha ga mutane da yawa a kasashe masu tasowa. Aikace-aikacen na iya tallafawa manoma kai tsaye ta hanyar saƙonnin SMS. Misalan sun haɗa da {{Not a typo|iCow}}, wanda aka haɓaka a Kenya, wanda ke ba da bayani game da lokacin daukar ciki, game da insemination na wucin gadi na shanu, da kuma yadda za a kula da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is iCOW? |url=http://icow.co.ke/ |access-date=11 March 2014}}</ref> Aikace-aikacen irin su M-Pesa na iya tallafawa samun damar yin amfani da sabis na biyan kuɗi na hannu don yawancin waɗanda ba su da bankuna, don haka sauƙaƙe ma'amaloli a cikin sarkar darajar. An haɓaka wasu aikace-aikace don inganta samar da inshorar amfanin gona ta hanyar dillalan shigarwa, alal misali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Innovative insurance by mobile |url=http://www.new-ag.info/en/developments/devItem.php?a=1956 |access-date=11 March 2014 |publisher=New Internationalist |archive-date=11 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311193331/http://www.new-ag.info/en/developments/devItem.php?a=1956 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana kuma amfani da ICTs don ƙarfafa ikon jami'an fadada aikin gona da ma'aikatan filin NGO don isa ga manoma tare da bayanai masu dacewa da daidaito kuma, a lokaci guda, taimakawa kama bayanai daga filin. Shirin Ma'aikacin Ilimi na Al'umma (CKW) na Gidauniyar Grameen ƙaramin misali ne.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Community knowledge worker |url=http://www.grameenfoundation.org/what-we-do/agriculture/community-knowledge-worker |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311195535/http://www.grameenfoundation.org/what-we-do/agriculture/community-knowledge-worker |archive-date=11 March 2014 |access-date=11 March 2014 |publisher=Grameen Foundation}}</ref> Ana horar da wakilan manoma don amfani da aikace-aikacen ICT a kan wayar salula don samar da bayanan noma da tallafin tsawo. Sauran kokarin sun hada da Lutheran World Relief's Mobile Farmer da kuma kokarin da aka samu daga Bill da Melinda Gates Foundation a Afirka. Yawancin Bayanan farashin kasuwa yanzu ana isar da su ga manoma ta hanyar SMS. Bugu da ƙari tare da sarkar, fasahohi suna ba da dama mai yawa don haɓaka ganowa, wanda ya dace musamman yayin da takaddun shaida ke girma cikin mahimmanci. Inda ya cancanta masu fitarwa da yawa yanzu zasu iya gano kayan aiki ga kowane manoma kuma su dauki matakan da suka dace don magance matsalolin. A ƙarshe, tsarin kamar ''{{Not a typo|eRails}}'', wanda Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa ya inganta, suna tallafawa masu binciken noma ta hanyar tattara bayanai da bincike da kuma samun dama ga wallafe-wallafen bincike na zamani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The African Portal on Agriculture |url=http://www.erails.net/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313062536/http://www.erails.net/ |archive-date=13 March 2014 |access-date=11 March 2014}}</ref> == Sabuntawa na sarkar darajar == Ana ci gaba da inganta sarkar darajar noma. Baya ga ICTs, sababbin abubuwa sun faru a matakin sayarwa ta hanyar, alal misali, sabis na isar da abinci a kan layi; da kuma samarwa, sarrafawa, da rarraba, kamar ta hanyar amfani da drones na noma da aikin gona, ingantaccen gudanar da sarkar samarwa, da kuma gano abinci. A sakamakon ƙididdigar bayanai, manoma yanzu suna iya samun bayanai akan ƙasa, yanayi, ban ruwa, kwari da cututtuka, da farashin kasuwa. Kasuwancin isar da abinci suna amfani da bayanai don kara wayar da kan jama'a game da abubuwan da abokan ciniki suka fi so, kuma ana iya amfani da bayanai wajen rage asarar abinci da sharar gida.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ayamgaa |first=Matthew |last2=Kassahuna |first2=Ayalew |last3=Tekinerdogana |first3=Bedir |last4=Rambaldi |first4=Giacomo |date=2021 |title=Developing a policy framework for adoption and management of drones for agriculture in Africa |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2020.1858047 |journal=Technology, Analysis and Strategic Management |volume=3 |issue=8 |access-date=13 September 2025}}</ref> Ga ƙananan masu fama, duk da haka, kirkire-kirkire na iya haifar da manyan ƙalubale. Hakazalika, ƙananan masana'antun noma sun kasance masu jinkiri don karɓar sarrafa kansa da ƙira idan aka kwatanta da manyan kamfanoni da kamfanoni masu yawa. Digitalization na aikin gona yana da tsada, kuma yana buƙatar wadatar ƙwarewar da ta dace, don haka ƙananan manoma a cikin tattalin arzikin da ke tasowa a halin yanzu suna amfani da irin waɗannan fasahohi ko, idan sun yi, sun kasa amfani da cikakken damar su. Kodayake ƙananan kamfanoni sun haɓaka don yin aikin gona na bayanai ga ƙananan masu mallakar, suna gwagwarmaya don samun kuɗin ayyukansu, waɗanda galibi ana tallafawa da masu ba da gudummawa kuma ana ba da su ga manoma a ƙarami ko babu farashi. A gefe guda, manyan manoma yawanci masu amfani da fasahar dijital ne. Wannan yana da tasirin fadada gibin inganci tsakanin manyan gonaki ko shuke-shuke da kananan manoma, wanda ke haifar da karuwar rashin daidaito a cikin tsarin abinci. Innovation a matakin karamin mai shi ne ke aiki mafi kyau lokacin da yanayin manufofi ke fa'ida ci gaban sarkar darajar kuma sarkar tana ba da babbar damar ƙara darajar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Horton |first=Douglas |last2=Devaux |first2=André |last3=Bernet |first3=Thomas |last4=Ordinola |first4=Miguel |last5=Thiele |first5=Graham |date=17 May 2022 |title=Inclusive innovation in agricultural value chains: lessons from use of a systems approach in diverse settings |url=https://orgprints.org/44287/1/horton-etal-2022-Innovation_and_Development-Volxx-p1-23.pdf |journal=Innovation and Development |access-date=13 September 2025}}</ref> == Yanayi mai ba da damar == Kamar yadda yake tare da duk ci gaban noma, abubuwa biyu sun bayyana suna da mahimmanci don ci gaban sarkar darajar nasara: ƙirƙirar yanayin da ya dace don noma da saka hannun jari a cikin kayan jama'a na karkara. Yanayi mai ba da damar yana nufin zaman lafiya da tsari na jama'a, kwanciyar hankali na tattalin arziki, hauhawar farashi a ƙarƙashin iko, farashin musayar da ya danganci tushen kasuwa maimakon rabon kuɗin waje na gwamnati, haraji mai yiwuwa wanda aka sake sakawa a cikin kayan jama'a da haƙƙin mallaka. Akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa da ci gaban noma tare da saka hannun jari a cikin ban ruwa, ababen more rayuwa na sufuri da sauran fasahohi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiggins |first=Steve |title=African agriculture in a changing global context: lessons learned |url=http://brusselsbriefings.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/br33_steve_wiggins.pdf |access-date=16 March 2014 |publisher=CTA}}</ref> Gwamnatoci suna da alhakin samar da kayayyaki da ayyuka masu mahimmanci, ababen more rayuwa, kamar hanyoyin karkara, da bincike da fadada aikin gona. Ci gaban sarkar darajar sau da yawa yana ƙuntata ta hanyar cin hanci da rashawa, a matakin da ya fi girma da kuma hanyoyin da aka samu a kasashe da yawa, musamman a Afirka. Matakai da yawa don inganta sarkar darajar suna buƙatar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ma'aikatu daban-daban, kuma wannan na iya zama da wahala a cimma. == Dubi kuma ==   * Kasuwancin noma * Tallace-tallace na noma * Bambancin noma * Yarjejeniyar noma * Tsarin darajar == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] iccgkoe5hahq0lnwvjy6g94n5rznz90 0 120628 818748 788012 2026-04-05T17:09:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Databox}} '''''Turbe giovanili''''' shine [[Albom|kundi na farko na solo studio]] na mawakin Italiya Fabri Fibra . An sake shi a watan Fabrairun 2002 ta Teste Mobili Records, kuma abokin rap ɗin [[Neffa]] ne ya shirya, sai dai waƙar "Ma che persona", wanda DJ Lato ya shirya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Turbe Giovanili |url=https://hotmc.com/intervista-a-fabri-fibra/&ved=2ahUKEwihxbDdo6znAhVBwcQBHXoGDB0QFjAFegQIAxAB&usg=AOvVaw2XQ7Zx0tMzr_KKRUWPQxSJ }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2021 |title=La collaborazione con Neffa |url=https://www.corriere.it/spettacoli/cards/fabri-fibra-compie-45-anni-primo-nome-d-arte-rapporto-il-fratello-nesli-altri-6-segreti-di-lui/collaborazione-neffa_mobile.shtml |access-date=21 January 2022 |website=[[Corriere della Sera]] |language=it}}</ref> ''Turbe giovanili'' wani kundi ne na kud-da-kud kuma mai duhu, wanda aka mayar da hankali kan jigo da ke da alaka da unguwannin bayan gari da kuma rashin tabbas na matasa game da nan gaba, amma kuma yana kunshe da wakokin soyayya, da kuma wasu kalmomi masu tsokana da jayayya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nicolò Falchi |date=3 December 2018 |title=Focus Fabri Fibra: dal 1994 ad oggi |url=https://www.essemagazine.it/news/focus-fabri-fibra-dal-1994-ad-oggi |access-date=21 January 2022 |website=Esse Magazine |language=it}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Turbe Giovanili è finalmente disco d’oro |url=https://bugzine.it/turbe-giovanili-e-finalmente-disco-doro/ |access-date=21 January 2022 |publisher=Bugzine.it |language=it }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An sake buga shi sau da yawa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Michele Bisceglia |date=28 November 2019 |title=Prezzi pazzi: viaggio nel collezionismo hip hop |url=https://www.rollingstone.it/musica/prezzi-pazzi-viaggio-nel-collezionismo-hip-hop/488784/ |access-date=21 January 2022 |website=[[Rolling Stone (magazine)|Rolling Stone]] |language=it}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyrone Nigretti |date=16 September 2016 |title=Turbe giovanili: ristampato in vinile il disco d’esordio di Fabri Fibra |url=https://www.spettakolo.it/2016/09/16/turbe-giovanili-lesordio-fabri-fibra-la-volta-vinile/ |publisher=Spettakolo.it |language=it}}</ref> kundin ya fara tasowa a kan Chart na Albums na Italiyanci a watan Mayu 2010, bayan sakin - a karkashin Universal Music - na sabon sigar rikodin, wanda Fabri Fibra da Marco Zangirolami suka sake sarrafawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Esce il 4 maggio Turbe giovanili (Remaster 2010) il primo disco solista di Fabri Fibra completamente rimasterizzato |url=https://www.universalmusic.it/popular-music/news/esce-il-4-maggio-turbe-giovanili-remaster-2010-il-primo-disco-solista-di-fabri-fibra-completamente-rimasterizzato_2825/ |publisher=[[Universal Music]] |language=it}}</ref> A cikin 2019, ta sami takardar shaidar zinariya daga Tarayyar Masana'antar Kiɗa ta Italiya, don tallace-tallace na cikin gida wanda ya wuce raka'a 25,000 tun daga shekara ta 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2019 |title=Turbe Giovanili di Fabri Fibra diventa disco d’oro dopo 17 anni |url=https://www.rapologia.it/2019/05/07/turbe-giovanili-di-fabri-fibra-disco-oro/ |access-date=21 January 2022 |publisher=Rapologia.it |language=it}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Satumba 2016, an saki wani kundin da aka ƙidaya zuwa 1,500, a kan LP, tare da kwafin farko 700 da aka buga a kan faifan azurfa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2016 |title=Turbe giovanili: ristampato in vinile il disco d'esordio di Fabri Fibra |url=https://www.spettakolo.it/2016/09/16/turbe-giovanili-lesordio-fabri-fibra-la-volta-vinile/ |access-date=24 July 2023 |publisher=Spettakolo.it}}</ref> A cikin 2022, an sake buga shi a kan vinyl a cikin daidaitattun da kuma bugu masu kyau. Wannan na ƙarshe ya haɗa da cassette na bonus wanda ke dauke da sassan kayan aiki na kundin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carlo Antini |date=6 May 2022 |title=Fabri Fibra ristampa Turbe giovanili e svela le hit di Neffa |url=https://www.iltempo.it/blog/carlo-antini/2022/05/06/news/fabri-fibra-ristampa-turbe-giovanili-svela-hit-esordi-rap-neffa-31481731/ |access-date=24 July 2023 |website=[[Il Tempo]] |language=it}}</ref>  == Shafuka == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" ! scope="col" |Shafin (2022) ! scope="col" |Matsayi mafi girma<br /> |-{{album chart|Italy|6|artist=Fabri Fibra|album=Turbe Giovanili|rowheader=true|refname=itacharts|access-date=24 July 2023}} |} == Manazarta == 3tkrzrg8mlnn7rxntj2fxjzmks0b06s 0 120968 818725 787999 2026-04-05T14:52:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818725 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:SANITATION_WORKERS_COLLECT_GARBAGE_ON_172ND_STREET_IN_MANHATTAN_-_NARA_-_549844.jpg|thumb|Ma'aikatan Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Birnin New York (DSNY) suna tattara shara a titin 172 a Manhattan a cikin 1973]] Tsarin kula da sharar gida na birnin New York shine tsarin kawar da shara da farko wanda Ma'aikatar Tsabtace ta Birnin New York (DSNY) ke gudanarwa. Sashen yana kula da abubuwan tattara sharar kuma yana daukar hayar ƴan kwangilar gwamnati da masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke kwashe sharar birnin. Ga al'ummar birnin fiye da miliyan takwas, DSNY na tattara kusan ton dubu goma sha ɗaya na sharar rana, gami da kayan taki da sake amfani da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About DSNY |url=https://www.nyc.gov/assets/dsny/site/about |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=www1.nyc.gov |quote=DSNY collects 24 million pounds of trash, recycling, and compostable material every day.}}</ref> Gudanar da sharar gida ya kasance matsala ga birnin New York tun kwanakin New Amsterdam. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Goodyear |first=Sarah |title=Life Inside the Drunk, Rowdy World of New Amsterdam |url=http://www.citylab.com/crime/2014/12/life-inside-the-drunk-rowdy-world-of-new-amsterdam/383427/ |access-date=2020-04-04 |website=CityLab |language=en}}</ref> Kamar yadda dokar New Amsterdam ta 1657 ta ce, "An gano, cewa a cikin wannan birnin Amsterdam na New Netherland da yawa masu burgewa da mazauna suna jefa shara, ƙazanta, toka, matattun dabbobi da makamantansu a cikin titunan jama'a don tsananin rashin jin daɗi na al'umma". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-09 |title=Talking Trash: A History of New York City Sanitation |url=https://www.boweryboyshistory.com/2019/08/talking-trash-a-history-of-new-york-city-sanitation.html |access-date=2020-04-04 |website=The Bowery Boys: New York City History |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":0" /> == Tarin == === Jirgin da ke gefen hanya === [[Fayil:Monday_must_be_garbage_day_(2116462531).jpg|thumb|Wani tarin jaka da aka sanya a gefen hanya don tarawa]] DSNY tana ba da ɗaukar sharar gefe da sake yin amfani da su sau da yawa a mako don kowane ginin zama a cikin birni. Dole ne a sanya sharar cikin baƙaƙen jakunkuna kuma a sake yin amfani da su a cikin jakunkuna masu haske ko shuɗi. Wannan yana haifar da korafe-korafe game da filin gefen titi da shara ke ɗauka, musamman yadda manyan gine-ginen zama ke samar da 'dutsen jakar shara' kullun.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paybarah |first=Azi |date=13 March 2020 |title=Finally, a Plan for New York's Sidewalk Trash Bag Mountains |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/13/nyregion/ny-garbage-recycling.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Wasu gine-gine suna sanya shararsu a cikin kwantena na musamman. === Kasuwanci === Sashen tsaftar mahalli ba sa hidimar kasuwanci kuma a maimakon haka ana buƙatar siyan sabis ɗin tattara sharar daga ma'aikaci mai zaman kansa. Masana'antar kera motoci masu zaman kansu na birni suna da dogon tarihi na kasancewa ƙarƙashin ikon Mafia na Amurka, tare da tuhumi 1996 na kamfanoni da yawa wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Hukumar Haƙƙin Kasuwancin Birnin New York. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About BIC - BIC |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/bic/about/about-bic.page |website=nyc.gov}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003, cinikin kasuwanci ya kai tan 7,248 na datti, tan 2,641 na sake yin amfani da su, tan 8,626 na sharar gini da rushewa, da tan 19,069 na tsaftataccen cika kowace rana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solid Waste Management Plan - ATTACHMENT IV - COMMERCIAL WASTE QUANTITIES AND PROJECTIONS FOR PLAN PERIOD |url=https://dsny.cityofnewyork.us/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/about_swmp_attach4_0815.pdf |publisher=DSNY}}</ref> === Kwando na datti === [[Fayil:Trash_Can_DSNY.JPG|thumb|Kwando na Birnin New York]] DSNY na tattara zuriyar dabbobi daga kwandunan darar da aka ajiye a kan tituna a wuraren kasuwanci a cikin birni. Yin amfani da kwandunan datti don sharar gida ko kasuwanci ba daidai ba yana ɗaukar tara, kuma sau da yawa idan wannan ya faru ana cire kwandon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2018 |title=As The Sanitation Department Gets Rid Of Trash Baskets, Find Out How Many Are Left In Your Neighborhood |url=https://gothamist.com/news/as-the-sanitation-department-gets-rid-of-trash-baskets-find-out-how-many-are-left-in-your-neighborhood |website=Gothamist |language=en}}</ref> A wasu gundumomin inganta harkokin kasuwanci, masu ɗaukar nauyin gunduma ko ƴan kwangilar su ne ke kula da kwandunan kwanduna, tare da da yawa suna yin kwangilar wannan aikin ga Asusun Doe, wanda ke ɗaukar maza marasa matsuguni yayin samar da gidaje, damar ilimi, shawarwari, da horar da sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=New York City Council |date=13 January 2015 |title=Speaker Melissa Mark-Viverito Partners with Doe Fund to Bring Cleanup NYC Initiative to East Harlem and South Bronx |url=https://council.nyc.gov/press/2015/01/13/280/ |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=New York City Council |language=en-US}}</ref> === Tsabtace tituna === A cikin shekarun 1890, birnin New York ya aiwatar da wani shiri na tsaftace tituna wanda ya taso bayan yawan dattin da aka samu a tituna, da kuma tsaftace bayan zirga-zirgar dawaki na birnin. A cikin 1895, Birnin New York ya zama birni na farko na Amurka tare da sarrafa sharar jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oatman-Stanford |first=Hunter |title=A Filthy History: When New Yorkers Lived Knee-Deep in Trash |url=https://www.collectorsweekly.com/articles/when-new-yorkers-lived-knee-deep-in-trash/ |access-date=2021-01-08 |website=Collectors Weekly |language=en}}</ref> Injiniyan tsaftar muhalli George E. Waring Jr. ya shirya “fararen fukafukai” don tsaftace tituna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From the History Books: How the White Wings Cleaned up New York City – ManageMen |url=https://managemen.com/from-the-history-books-how-the-white-wings-cleaned-up-new-york-city/ |access-date=2021-09-27 |website=managemen.com |archive-date=2021-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927144736/https://managemen.com/from-the-history-books-how-the-white-wings-cleaned-up-new-york-city/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Masu share tituna na DSNY suna tattara fiye da tan 100 na ƙura, datti, da datti daga tituna kowace rana.<ref name="stats">{{Cite web |title=Annual Report: New York City Municipal Refuse and Recycling Statistics FY 2019 |url=https://dsny.cityofnewyork.us/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/about_dsny-non-dsny-collections-FY2019-1.pdf}}</ref> Titunan kasuwanci waɗanda ba sa ba da izinin yin parking na dare ana share su da daddare ko da sassafe, yayin da a kan titin mazaunin dole ne masu motocin su motsa motocin su sau ɗaya ko sau biyu a mako don yin fakin daban-daban don ba da izinin share kowane gefen titi. Ana buƙatar masu mallakar dukiya don tsabtace tituna da tituna a cikin inci 18 na ƙuntata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sidewalk Cleaning |url=https://portal.311.nyc.gov/article/?kanumber=KA-02443 |access-date=2022-04-22 |publisher=NYC311}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2020, yawan zubar da ruwa ya kasance matsala a duk gundumomin NYC, musamman Brooklyn, da Bronx, da Queens.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-04 |title=Sick of the stink: Sunset Park locals implore BP to help fix trash overflow |url=https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2019/09/04/sick-of-the-stink-sunset-park-locals-implore-bp-to-help-fix-trash-overflow/ |access-date=2020-04-22 |website=Brooklyn Eagle |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-09 |title=Bronx Litter Hotspots are Stains Where, Often, no One's to Blame |url=https://citylimits.org/2017/02/09/bronx-litter-hotspots-are-stains-where-often-no-ones-to-blame/ |access-date=2020-04-22 |website=City Limits |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Salinger |first=Tobias |date=January 27, 2014 |title=Persistent 'epidemic' of littering, dumping continues to plague Southeast Queens |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/queens/field-day-litterbugs-jamaica-article-1.1590860 |access-date=2020-04-22 |website=nydailynews.com}}</ref> == Sake amfani == [[Fayil:Cycle_sorters.jpg|thumb|Injinan da ke cikin Sunset Park Material Recovery FacilityGidan shakatawa na Sunset]] Birnin New York ya fara sake amfani da shi a ƙarshen shekarun 1980. Babban wurin sake amfani shine Sunset Park Material Recovery Facility a Brooklyn.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Yakas |first=Ben |date=2016-10-17 |title=Photos, Videos: The Beautiful Trash Graveyard At The Sunset Park Recycling Plant |url=http://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/photos-videos-the-beautiful-trash-graveyard-at-the-sunset-park-recycling-plant |access-date=2021-04-23 |website=Gothamist |language=en}}</ref> === Ajiyewar kwantena === Birnin New York ya kasance wurin da ake yawan yin gwangwani musamman saboda yawan jama'ar birnin da ya gauraye da dokokin ajiyar kwantena na jihar New York. Canning ya kasance batun cece-kuce a NYC tare da masu yin gwangwani sau da yawa suna fuskantar koma baya daga gwamnatin birni, Sashen tsaftar muhalli na birnin New York, da sauran kamfanonin tattara kayan sake amfani da su. Tabbas Zamu Iya, cibiyar fansa wacce uwargida Ana Martinez de Luco ta kafa, ita ce kawai cibiyar fansa ta canner a cikin birni, tana ba da kabad da sarari na gama gari ga masu gwangwani don tsara tarin abubuwan da za a iya fansa. [[Fayil:Recyclables_at_Sure_We_Can_Aug_2021.jpg|thumb|NYC recyclables, raba ta hanyar nau'i da masana'anta, suna jiran karɓar a cibiyar fansa ta kwantena Tabbas Za Mu Iya]] === Takarda === Kusan rabin takarda da kwali da DSNY ya tattara ana sanya su a kan jiragen ruwa a tashar Canja wurin ruwa ta Titin West 59th kuma an kai shi wani injin takarda na masana'antu na Pratt a tsibirin Staten inda ake sake yin fa'ida zuwa sabbin samfuran takarda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2015 |title=How NYC Works: City's Paper Recycling Program Saves Thousands of Trees Every Day |url=http://www.ny1.com/content/news/how_nyc_works/213904/how-nyc-works--city-s-paper-recycling-program-saves-thousands-of-trees-every-day |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120164050/http://www.ny1.com/content/news/how_nyc_works/213904/how-nyc-works--city-s-paper-recycling-program-saves-thousands-of-trees-every-day |archive-date=2015-01-20 |website=NY1}}</ref> === Karfe, gilashi, da filastik === Karfe, gilashi, robobi, da katunan da aka tattara a duk faɗin birni ana kai su zuwa Wurin Farfadowa na Sunset Park a Brooklyn.<ref name=":10"/> Ana ɗaukar abubuwan sake amfani da su daga Bronx da Queens a can ta jirgin ruwa. A can ana jera abubuwan sake yin amfani da su ta hanyar masu raba halin yanzu da na'urar daukar hoto na gani, sannan an ba da izinin siyarwa. Ana siyar da gilashin haske ga kwalabe kuma ana siyar da gilashin launi azaman jimillar ginin. Kusan kashi 15% na kayan da ke shiga wurin suna ƙarewa a cikin rumbun ƙasa, ko dai saboda ba za a iya raba su ba ko kuma ba za a iya sake yin amfani da su ta hanyar tattalin arziki ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2015 |title=Ars tours the Sims Municipal Recycling facility in Brooklyn, NY |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGaJIITLYsE&list=PLCF08231wtMehQOTwjiNQ0jezng5RdVqD&index=9 |website=YouTube |language=en}}</ref> == Kasuwanci == [[Fayil:NYC_Compost_Bin.jpg|alt=small household compost bin for individual use.|thumb|Gidan da aka rarraba ta DSNY]] Birnin New York ya fara yin composting a cikin garin Staten Island a cikin 2012. Shirin ya kafa shi ne ta hanyar magajin gari na lokacin Michael Bloomberg. A shekara ta 2017, shirin ya fadada ya hada da gidaje 300,000, makarantu 722, hukumomi, da cibiyoyi, da kuma wuraren saukarwa 80, a fadin birnin. A cikin 2019 birnin ya tattara tan 50,000 na compostables daga sabis na gefen hanya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=staff/audrey-carleton |date=2021-01-12 |title=NYC's Ambitious Composting Initiative Has Decomposed |url=http://gothamist.com/food/nycs-ambitious-composting-initiative-has-decomposed |access-date=2021-04-22 |website=Gothamist |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2020, da yake ambaton raguwar kasafin kuɗi da ke da alaƙa da annobar COVID-19, Birnin New York ya dakatar da yin amfani da kwayoyin halitta a gefen hanya da sake amfani da kwayoyi don makarantu.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-03 |title=As Food Scrap Collection Peaks, NYC Community Compost Sites Face Evictions |url=https://civileats.com/2021/03/03/as-food-scrap-collection-peaks-nyc-community-compost-sites-face-evictions/ |access-date=2021-04-22 |website=Civil Eats |language=en}}</ref> Ta hanyar kokarin hadin gwiwar al'umma da ake kira "Save Our Compost", an riƙe isasshen kudade a cikin kasafin kudin birni don ba da damar shafukan hada-hadar al'umma guda huɗu su kasance a buɗe.<ref name=":3" /> Har ila yau, birnin ya kirkiro taswirar mu'amala don nuna duk wuraren da ake amfani da su a fili.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Food Scrap Drop-off - DSNY |url=https://www.nyc.gov/site/dsny/collection/residents/food-scrap-drop-off.page |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.nyc.gov}}</ref> A cikin 2021, takin birni a cikin birnin New York ya kasance mai wahala. Sashen kula da wuraren shakatawa na birnin New York ya yi ƙoƙarin mayar da biyu daga cikin sauran wuraren da ake yin takin a ƙasar da ake sarrafa Parks, wanda Big Reuse da Cibiyar Muhalli ta LES ke gudanarwa a halin yanzu, yana ƙara damuwa a tsakanin masu fafutukar yin takin.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/> A cikin 2024, Birnin New York yana faɗaɗa shirinta na takin ƙasa a duk faɗin gundumomi don rage sharar yanayi da samar da takin ko gas. An kaddamar da shirin a matakai, wanda ya fara da Queens, wanda ya gwada shirin cikin nasara. Brooklyn ya fara cikakken takin ƙasa a kan Oktoba 2, 2023, tare da Bronx da Staten Island a cikin Maris 2024. An shirya fitar da Manhattan zuwa Oktoba 7, 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-01 |title=Mayor Adams Announces Roadmap for Nation's Largest Compost Collection Program, Including Achieving Decades-Long Goal of Providing Curbside Service to Every New York City Resident |url=https://www.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/084-23/mayor-adams-roadmap-nation-s-largest-compost-collection-program-including-achieving#/0 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=nyc.gov}}</ref> Wannan yunƙurin yana da nufin madubi nasarar shirye-shiryen takin tilas a birane kamar San Francisco ta hanyar ba da fifikon shiga kan hukunci. Yayin da ba za a fara biyan tara na rashin bin doka ba har sai Maris 2025, ana ci gaba da ƙoƙarin ilimi don tabbatar da mazauna yankin sun fahimci fa'idodi da dabaru na takin kafin a fara aiwatar da aikin. A cikin 2025, Cibiyar Sadarwar Takin Al'umma ta NYC ta maido da Koyarwar Takaddun Takaddun Jagora wanda ya haɗu da tarurrukan bita, balaguron fage, da damar sa kai ta ƙungiyoyin takin al'umma a kusa da gundumomi biyar na NYC. Majalisar birnin New York ce ta dauki nauyin shirin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bierend |first=Doug |date=2024-07-15 |title=Can New York City Treat Its Food Scraps As More Than Trash? |url=https://civileats.com/2024/07/15/can-new-york-city-treat-its-food-scraps-as-more-than-trash/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Civil Eats |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Master Composter |url=https://nyccommunitycompostnetwork.org/mastercomposter |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=NYC Community Compost Network |language=en-US}}</ref> Tun daga ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2025 takin ya zama wajibi a duk NYC. Rashin raba sharar ganye/yadi da tarkacen abinci yana haifar da ƙarin tara tarar laifuffuka da girman ginin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trash Collection Laws |url=https://www.nyc.gov/site/dsny/collection/residents/collection-laws-residents.page#plant-food-waste/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=NYC.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Kashewa == [[Fayil:HOUSEHOLD_TRASH_HAS_BEEN_DUMPED_IN_FRONT_OF_THE_NEW_YORK_CITY_INCINERATOR_PLANT_AT_GRAVESEND_BAY_-_NARA_-_547868_-_restored.jpg|thumb|Rushewar gida, an zubar da ita a gaban incinerator na NYC a Gravesend Bay]] [[Fayil:Bottle_Beach,_Dead_Horse_Bay_jeh.jpg|thumb|Bottle Beach, a kan Dead Horse Bay]] A cikin 1930s birnin ya kawo karshen al'adar zubar da shara a cikin teku, maimakon haka ta kona sharar a na'urorin ƙonawa na birni 11 da zubar da tokar da ta haifar a cikin matsugunan shara da suka warwatse a cikin gundumomi biyar. === Ƙone sharar gida === A shekara ta 1885, Birnin New York ya buɗe incinerator na farko na ƙasa a Tsibirin Gwamnoni.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=March 2017 |title=Where NYC garbage goes? |url=https://streeteasy.com/blog/where-nyc-garbage-goes/ |access-date=2020-04-24 |website=streeteasy.com}}</ref> Har zuwa shekarun 1960, masu cinye shara goma sha ɗaya da ba a tace su ba suna aiki a NYC, suna ƙone shara ba tare da tsari ba.<ref name=":1" /> Gidan konewa na karshe a cikin birni ya rufe a cikin shekarun 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Douglas |date=16 November 1998 |title=Boroughs Battle Over Trash As Last Landfill Nears Close |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/16/nyregion/boroughs-battle-over-trash-as-last-landfill-nears-close.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> A halin yanzu, ana aika shara daga Manhattan zuwa Essex County Resource Recovery Facility, tashar wutar lantarki mai ƙonewa. Ana aika ash daga incinerator zuwa wuraren zubar da shara, bayan an cire ƙarfe mai dawowa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2012 |title=Covanta to Upgrade Essex County WtE Facility |url=http://www.energymanagertoday.com/covanta-to-upgrade-essex-county-wte-facility-084489/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917082612/http://www.energymanagertoday.com/covanta-to-upgrade-essex-county-wte-facility-084489/ |archive-date=September 17, 2016 |access-date=29 December 2014 |website=Energy Manager Today}}</ref> === Gidajen shara === [[Fayil:DUMPING_LANDFILL_AT_FRESH_KILLS,_ON_THE_WEST_SHORE_OF_STATEN_ISLAND_-_NARA_-_548348.jpg|thumb|Fresh Kills Landfill (1948-2001) wani wuri ne na zubar da shara na tsarin kula da sharar gida na NYC wanda ke gefen yammacin Staten IslandTsibirin Staten]] A cikin ƙarni na 18 da 19, an ƙarfafa mazauna New York su jefa shararsu cikin Kogin Gabas don haɓaka ƙananan sassan Lower Manhattan.<ref name=":1"/> A cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960, mai tsara birni Robert Moses ya ƙarfafa mazauna su zubar da shara don cika tafkuna da koguna da yawa da ke kewaye da birni don sanya su mafi karɓar baƙi ga ci gaban filin shakatawa, wuraren baje kolin, da filayen jirgin sama.<ref name=":1" /> Misalan sun hada da Pelham Bay Park da Flushing Meadows Park . A lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi, filin Fresh Kills na Staten Island shine mafi girma a duniya, yana shimfiɗa a fadin kadada 2,200. Fresh Kills ya fara buɗewa a 1948 <ref name=":1" /> a matsayin wurin zubar da shara na wucin gadi kuma an rufe shi a shekara ta 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-23 |title=Garbage Gridlock |url=https://www.city-journal.org/html/garbage-gridlock-12673.html |access-date=2020-04-04 |website=City Journal |language=en}}</ref> Farawa a ƙarshen karni na 20, NYC tana ƙoƙari ta juya tsoffin wuraren zubar da shara zuwa wuraren shakatawa. Shahararrun misalai na wannan sune Freshkills Park a Staten Island da Shirley Chisholm State Park a Brooklyn. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobs |first=Karrie |date=2016-09-13 |title=How the world's largest landfill became New York's biggest new park |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2016/9/13/12891320/freshkills-park-nyc-staten-island-engineering-design |access-date=2020-04-22 |website=Curbed NY |language=en |archive-date=2020-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822031048/https://ny.curbed.com/2016/9/13/12891320/freshkills-park-nyc-staten-island-engineering-design |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2, 2019 |title=Shirley Chisholm State Park opens on former landfill in East New York, Brooklyn |url=https://www.crainsnewyork.com/real-estate/cuomo-debuts-brooklyn-state-park-named-iconic-congresswoman |access-date=July 3, 2019 |website=Crain's New York Business}}</ref> Yawancin sharar NYC sun ƙare a cikin wuraren zubar da shara a waje da birni. A cikin 2017, DSNY ta zubar da tan miliyan 3.2 na sharar gida a wajen Birnin New York.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dinapoli |first=Thomas |title=Local Governments and the Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Business |journal=Office of the New York State Comptroller}}</ref> === Fitar da sharar gida === [[Fayil:Oak_Point_Link_triboro_jeh.jpg|thumb|Jirgin kasa na kwantena masu tsayi na gari a kan Oak Point Link a cikin Bronx]] Tun lokacin da birnin New York na ƙarshe na incinerator ya rufe a cikin 1990 kuma an rufe sharar gida na ƙarshe a cikin 2001 duk sharar garin an fitar da su zuwa wuraren sharar ƙasa da incinerators mai nisa a wajen birnin. Ana sanya sharar a cikin kwantena a ɗaya daga cikin tashoshi uku na jigilar ruwa, ana ɗaukar kwantenan ta jirgin ruwa zuwa tashar canja wurin sharar tsibirin Staten kuma a sanya su a cikin jiragen ƙasa da ke daure don zubar da ƙasa da kuma incinerators a wajen birni. {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Rashin ruwa == [[Fayil:NYC_DEP_sludgeboat_BB_jeh.jpg|thumb|Ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa na NYC DEP da ke ɗauke da datti]] Tsarin najasa na birnin New York yana ɗaukar fiye da tan 1,000 na daskararru <ref name="stats"/> (ciki har da ganye, datti, da najasa) a kowace rana zuwa masana'antar sarrafa ruwan sha guda 17, inda ake fitar da mafi yawan sharar ruwan, a yi musu magani, da kuma fitar da su cikin magudanan ruwa. Sannan ana ɗaukar sauran sludge na najasa a cikin wani jirgin ruwa mai ɗauke da ruwa zuwa Tsibirin Wards Island Water Control Plant a tsibirin Randalls. A can ake zubar da sludge kuma sauran daskararrun ana ajiye su a cikin kwantena da aka rufe ana kai su zuwa wuraren da ke nesa da birnin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poop Train - Radiolab |url=https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/radiolab/articles/poop-train |website=WNYC Studios |language=en}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Cibiyar Maido da Kudancin Delaware * Cibiyar Maido da albarkatun yankin Essex * Tashar Jirgin Ruwa ta Kudu ta Brooklyn == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Ƙarin karantawa == *  Nagle, Robin (2013). Daukewa: A kan tituna da bayan manyan motoci tare da ma'aikatan tsaftar muhalli na birnin New York (ed  na farko). New York: Farrar, Straus da Giroux. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-374-29929-3</nowiki>. OCLC 795174388. 5z8kqswomutoa89ecvjudki8fe839hr 0 121188 818872 738786 2026-04-06T06:56:44Z BnHamid 12586 818872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Zubewar man dizal na Norilsk wani bala'i ne na masana'antu kusa da Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Rasha. Ya fara ne a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2020 lokacin da tankin ajiyar mai a Norilsk-Taimyr Energy's Thermal Power Plant No. 3 (mallakar Nornickel) ya gaza, ya mamaye kogunan cikin gida tare da ton 17,500 na man dizal. Shugaba [[Vladimir Putin]] ya ayyana dokar ta baci a farkon watan Yuni. An bayyana lamarin a matsayin malalar mai na biyu mafi girma a tarihin Rasha na zamani, bayan malalar bututun Komi na 1994, inda aka saki tan 400,000 na danyen mai zuwa muhalli tsakanin Agusta 1994 da Janairu 1995. == Dalilin da ya sa == [[Fayil:Txu-oclc-6654394-nr-45-46-2nd-ed.jpg|left|thumb|Taswirar Norilsk (mai suna NORIL'SK) da yankin da ke kewaye da shi (AMS, 1964) ]] Ana amfani da man diesel a matsayin man fetur na ajiya don Norilsk-Taimyr Energy coal-fired hadin zafi da wutar lantarki. Tankar ajiyar man fetur Tank 5 ta gaza saboda ramuka a kasan tanki, wanda ya haifar da lalacewar ulcerative. A cikin 2014, kamfanin da aka ba da umarnin da Rasha regulatory hukumar na albarkatun kasa Rostekhnadzor zuwa, ta 2015, tsaftace m surface na ganuwar da rufin tankuna daga tsatsa da kuma mayar da anticorrosion shafi, da kuma Oktoba 2016, don gudanar da maras lalacewa dubawa na tanki kasa. Duk da waɗannan buƙatun daga Gwamnatin Rasha, Norilsk-Taimyr Energy bai ɗauki matakan da ake buƙata don gujewa gazawar Tank 5 ba. == Yaduwa da tsaftacewa == Har zuwa 21,000 cubic mita (17,500 ton) na man diesel ya zubo a ƙasa da koguna na gida, wanda ya shafi wani yanki mai fadin hekta 18 (kadada 44), kogin Daldykan na kusa, wani rafi na kogin Ambarnaya, da gurɓata yanki mai girman murabba'in kilomita 350 (mil murabba'in 140). An yi hasashen cewa aikin tsaftace muhalli zai yi wahala domin babu hanyoyi kuma kogunan suna da karancin ruwa da jiragen ruwa. An kiyasta farashin ayyukan agajin gaggawa na gaggawa zai kai biliyan 10 (dalar Amurka miliyan 146), tare da jimillar kuɗin tsaftacewa na 100  biliyan rubles (US $1.5 biliyan), wanda zai ɗauki shekaru biyar zuwa goma; Norilsk Nickel shine ya biya farashin.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A ranar 4 ga watan Yunin 2020 gidan talabijin na kasar Rasha ya ba da rahoton cewa an zubar da ruwan ta hanyar amfani da jerin gine-gine na musamman a kogin Ambarnaya. Koyaya, kankara mai laushi ya karya haɓakawa kuma zubarwar ta kai Tafkin Pyasino, yana barazanar Kogin Pyasina, wanda ke gudana cikin [[Tekun Arewa Mai Sanyi|Tekun Arctic]]. == Sakamakon haka == [[File:Putin_fuel_spill.jpg|left|thumb|Shugaba Putin yana jagorantar taron game da zubar da man fetur a ranar 3 ga Yuni 2020 <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2020 |title=Meeting on cleaning up diesel fuel leak in Krasnoyarsk Territory |url=http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/63450 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605094529/http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/63450 |archive-date=5 June 2020 |access-date=7 June 2020 |publisher=Kremlin}}</ref>]] Kwamitin Bincike na Rasha ya kaddamar da bincike na aikata laifuka game da zubarwar. An sanya shugaban bitar turbine na tashar wutar lantarki a cikin tsare-tsare kafin a yi masa shari'a, an tuhume shi da keta ka'idojin muhalli da sakaci. Yevgeny Zinichev, shugaban Ma'aikatar Yanayi ta Gaggawa ta Rasha, ya bayyana cewa tashar wutar lantarki ba ta bayar da rahoton lamarin ba har kwana biyu, yayin da suke ƙoƙarin hana halin da ake ciki da kansu. Shugaba Vladimir Putin ya ayyana dokar ta baci ta yanki bayan zubar da ruwa, kuma ya soki hukumomin yankin saboda jinkirin amsawa.<ref name="WaPoJune4" /> Ya kuma soki Vladimir Potanin, shugaban kuma babban mai hannun jari na Norilsk Nickel, saboda rashin kiyaye lafiyar tankunan mai a tashar yadda ya kamata. Putin ya umarci jami'ai da su gyara dokar Rasha don hana irin wannan hatsari a nan gaba. A cikin wani taron talabijin na 3 Yuni 2020 wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga kula da bala'i, Putin ya tambayi Sergei Lipin, shugaban NTEK: "Me ya sa hukumomin gwamnati suka gano game da wannan kwanaki biyu bayan gaskiyar? Za mu koyi game da Yanayin gaggawa daga kafofin sada zumunta?" Bayan da hukumar kula da muhalli ta jihar Rosprirodnadzor ta gaya wa ma’aikacinta Vasily Ryabinin ya daina gudanar da bincike kan bala’in, ya bar aikinsa a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni kuma ya shiga bainar jama’a a matsayin mai fallasa. Bayan malalar ruwan Norilsk, ofishin mai gabatar da kara na Rasha ya ba da umarnin a duba lafiyarsa a duk wani cibiyoyi masu hadari da aka gina a kan tudun ruwa a yankin Arctic na Rasha. [[Greenpeace|Greenpeace Rasha]] ta kwatanta yiwuwar tasirin muhalli na zubar da Norilsk da na zubar mai na Exxon Valdez na 1989. Sakamakon wannan lamarin, Oleg Deripaska, wanda ya kafa Rusal, wanda a cikin 2019 ya mallaki 28% na Nornickel, ya bukaci canje-canjen gudanarwa a Nornickel, wanda kashi 35% mallakar Potanin's Olderfrey Holdings Ltd. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Annual Report 2019 - Share Capital |url=https://ar2019.nornickel.com/shareholders/share-capital |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913073644/https://ar2019.nornickel.com/shareholders/share-capital |archive-date=13 September 2020 |access-date=5 September 2020 |publisher=Nornickel}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2020, Rosprirodnadzor ya nemi Norilsk ta biya rubles biliyan 148 don rufe lalacewar da babbar zubar ta haifar, amma Norilsk bai yarda da darajar ba.<ref name="bloomberg fine" /> A watan Fabrairun 2021, wata kotun ta umarci Norilsk da ta biya dala biliyan 2 (rubles biliyan 146) don zubar da ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2021 |title=Nornickel ordered to pay $2.6b fine for Arctic fuel spill |url=https://www.afr.com/markets/commodities/nornickel-ordered-to-pay-2-6b-fine-for-arctic-fuel-spill-20210206-p5704f |website=[[Australian Financial Review]] |language=en}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin man fetur da aka zubar == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline}} c3nag78divl35auxb9gc81domwalsot 0 121241 818747 739357 2026-04-05T17:05:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tunji Oyelana''' Listenⓘ (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1939) mawaƙiya ce ta Najeriya da ta lashe lambobin yabo da yawa, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, mawaƙan gargajiya, mawaƙiya <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2019 |title=Buhari greets Tunji Oyelana at 80 |url=https://punchng.com/buhari-greets-tunji-oyelana-at-80/ |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma sau ɗaya malami ne a [[Jami'ar Ibadan]], Najeriya . Tunji Oyelana ta fito ne daga kabilun Yoruba kuma 'yar asalin Najeriya ce. Yawancin waƙoƙin Tunji Oyelana suna cikin Yoruba. A farkon shekarun 1980s, ya haɗu da wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel ta farko kuma kawai a Najeriya, [[Wole Soyinka]], don yin rikodin kundin kiɗa wanda ya yi watsi da cin hanci da rashawa na manyan 'yan siyasa [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]]. Ya kasance mawaƙi na fim din Stéphane Breton na 1994 Un dieu au bord de la route . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Un dieu au bord de la route (1994) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2174211/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> Oyelana an yaba da sayar da mafi yawan kundin da mawaƙa na High Life na Najeriya suka yi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2012 |title=Dusted Reviews: Tunji Oyelana - A Nigerian Retrospective 1966-79 |url=http://www.dustedmagazine.com/reviews/7467 |access-date=21 March 2022 |website=Dusted Magazine |archive-date=28 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128122135/http://dustedmagazine.com/reviews/7467 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2012 ya fitar da A Nigerian Retrospective 1966-79, wani kundi daga Soundway Records . Baya ga [[Fela Kuti]] da [[Sunny Ade|Sarki Sunny Ade]], Oyelana an dauke shi daya daga cikin mawaƙa na Yoruba da aka fi bugawa. Shi da Soyinka sun kirkiro I Love My Country kuma, a cikin 1996, [[Sani Abacha]] ya zarge su da cin amana kuma ya tilasta musu gudun hijira yayin da suke yawon shakatawa a duniya tare da wasan Soyinka The ''Beatification na Area Boy'' . Oyelana, shugaban The Benders a halin yanzu yana zaune a Ƙasar Ingila. == Ayyukan kiɗa da fim == '''Masks na Orisun''' A cikin shekarun 1960, Tunji Oyelana na ɗaya daga cikin mambobi na asali na Wole Soyinka na 1960 Orisun Masks . Ya kira Soyinka "Ọ̀gá", ma'ana "shugaba" a Yoruba. Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Soyinka na asali da ke tafiya a duk faɗin duniya don fassara rawar da ya taka a cikin irin waɗannan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Kongi's Harvest, The Road, Madmen and Specialists da Opera Wonyosi, ga farin ciki ga masu sauraro. '''Masu Benders''' Daga baya ya fashe da kansa a matsayin [[Ethnomusicology|masanin ilimin kabilanci]], yana samar da kiɗa na gargajiya wanda ya mallaki iska a cikin 70s da 80s tare da ƙungiyar da aka sani da Tunji Oyelana da The Benders . Yawancin kundin sa za su cancanci zama na gargajiya a cikin jinsinsu, suna nuna hikimar asali, al'adun gargajiya da basira, gauraye da ƙarancin haɗin kai da antiphony, suna dogaro da muryar ɗan adam da sauye-sauyen ta don ɗaga ruhun. Tashoshin rediyo suna son kunna kiɗansa kuma masu sauraro sun sami farin ciki sosai daga gare su. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] ==manazarta == 8t8s35dp7jekqh4b044r013p968vcit 0 123287 818901 747889 2026-04-06T07:11:54Z BnHamid 12586 818901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kisan Praveen''' ya faru ne a jihar da ke jihar [[Tamil Nadu]] ta Kudancin Indiya. An kashe Praveen a cikin kisan girmamawa kamar yadda Praveen, Dalit (wanda ba a taɓa shi ba), ya auri Sharmila, yarinya mai daraja. Dan uwan Sharmila Dinesh da abokansa huɗu ne suka kashe shi. Sharmila ta kashe kanta.<ref name="Chandrababu 2024 k001">{{Cite web |last=Chandrababu |first=Divya |date=24 April 2024 |title=Chennai woman, 21, dies by suicide after her kin kill her husband in hate crime |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chennai-woman-21-dies-by-suicide-after-her-kin-kill-her-husband-in-hate-crime-101713957368805.html |access-date=24 April 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu Bureau 2024 g300">{{Cite web |last=The Hindu Bureau |date=23 April 2024 |title=Woman ends life, months after her husband was murdered in Pallikaranai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/woman-ends-life-months-after-her-husband-was-murdered-in-pallikaranai/article68097634.ece |access-date=24 April 2024 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="Sriram 2024 x149">{{Cite web |last=Sriram |first=Varsha |date=23 April 2024 |title=Chennai Caste Killing: Two Months After Dalit Man's Murder, Wife Dies by Suicide |url=https://www.thequint.com/south-india/chennai-caste-killing-pallikaranai-victim-wife-dies-by-suicide |access-date=24 April 2024 |website=TheQuint}}</ref><ref name="Sriram 2024 f015">{{Cite web |last=Sriram |first=Varsha |date=27 February 2024 |title=Dalit Man Hacked to Death in Chennai Over Inter-Caste Marriage: 'Is Caste Pride Worth Taking Someone's Life?' Ask Wife, Mother |url=https://www.thequint.com/south-india/chennai-caste-dalit-man-killed-intercaste-tamil-nadu-wife-mother-speak |access-date=24 April 2024 |website=TheQuint}}</ref><ref name="Nidharshana Raju 2024 c745">{{Cite web |last=Nidharshana Raju |first=Korah Abraham |date=23 April 2024 |title=Chennai Caste killing: After husband's murder, wife dies by suicide |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/chennai-caste-killing-after-husbands-murder-wife-dies-by-suicide |access-date=24 April 2024 |website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref name="Nidharshana Raju 2024 h034">{{Cite web |last=Nidharshana Raju |first=Ragamalika Karthikeyan |date=1 March 2024 |title=Praveen-Sharmila's Chennai intercaste love story that ended in his gory murder |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/praveen-sharmilas-chennai-intercaste-love-story-that-ended-in-his-gory-murder |access-date=24 April 2024 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> == Tarihi == Sharmila, dalibi na kwaleji na shekara ta ƙarshe, ta ƙaunaci Praveen, injiniya, kuma ta auri shi a watan Oktoba 2023 ba tare da sanin iyayenta ba. Wannan ya fusata iyayenta da ɗan'uwanta. Praveen ya yi aiki a shagon mahaifinsa mai ƙafa biyu a Pallikaranai . Sharmila ta zauna a Jalladiampet kusa da Pallikaranai . Praveen ya zauna a titin Ambedkar a Pallikaranai . == Kisan kai == Dinesh tare da abokai Stephen, Vishnuraj, Sriram, da Jothilingam sun kashe Praveen kuma suka gudu. 'Yan sanda sun kama su duka biyar. == Kashe kansa == Sharmila ta yi ƙoƙari ta kashe kanta a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2024, kuma an kwantar da ita a Babban Asibitin Gwamnatin Rajiv Gandhi kuma ta mutu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu. A cikin bayanin kashe kansa ta rubuta "Duk inda RC (Praveen) ya tafi, ina zuwa. Ba na son wannan rayuwa ba tare da shi ba. " <ref name="The Hindu Bureau 2024 h050">{{Cite web |last=The Hindu Bureau |date=25 February 2024 |title=Five men arrested for the murder of Dalit youth in Pallikaranai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/mechanic-murdered-by-five-persons-in-pallikaranai/article67884472.ece |access-date=24 April 2024 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> <ref name="The New Indian Express 2024 a743">{{Cite web |date=23 April 2024 |title=Wife of Dalit youth, murdered in a case of honour killing, dies by suicide in Chennai |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Apr/23/wife-of-dalit-youth-murdered-in-a-case-of-honour-killing-dies-by-suicide-in-chennai |access-date=24 April 2024 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="BBC News தமிழ் 2024 a090">{{Cite web |date=25 February 2024 |title=சென்னை பள்ளிக்கரணை: சுயமரியாதை திருமணம் செய்த நான்கு மாதத்தில் பட்டியல் சாதி இளைஞர் ஆணவக் கொலை, ஐவர் கைது |url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/articles/c9e8z7y12pzo |access-date=24 April 2024 |website=BBC News தமிழ் |language=ta}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kashe-kashe]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ryxkoaihbafsk1d7hkv2zr0vj47fvx4 0 123520 818696 748794 2026-04-05T12:17:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tom Okia Okurut''' (6 ga watan Janairun 1960 - 14 ga watan Afrilu 2024) ya kasance [[Ayyukan mutum game da canjin yanayi|Mai fafutukar canjin yanayi]] na Uganda, mai kiyaye muhalli, marubuci, kuma mai tsara manufofi.<ref name=":5"/><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-22 |title=Experts urge farmers to embrace one-acre model farming |url=https://www.kfm.co.ug/news/experts-urge-farmers-to-embrace-one-acre-model-farming.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=93.3 KFM }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya kasance tsohon darektan zartarwa na Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Kasa na tsawon shekaru 10 tun daga 2011 zuwa 2021,<ref name=":5" /> <ref name=":6" /> kuma tsohon darektar zartarwa Climate Change Action Gabashin Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-14 |title=Former NEMA boss, Dr Tom Okurut dies after brain surgery |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/former-nema-boss-dr-tom-okurut-dies-after-brain-surgery-4590530 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=Monitor}}</ref><ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=apofeed |date=2024-04-18 |title=Uganda: Plant trees in memory of fallen Ex - National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) Boss, Among urges public |url=https://african.business/2024/04/apo-newsfeed/uganda-plant-trees-in-memory-of-fallen-ex-national-environment-management-authority-nema-boss-among-urges-public |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=African Business}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=18 April 2024 |title=IHE Delft alumnus Tom Okurut Okia passes away |url=https://www.un-ihe.org/news/ihe-delft-alumnus-tom-okurut-okia-dies |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=www.un-ihe.org}}</ref> == Tarihi da Ilimi == Okurut ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Akadot daga 1967 zuwa 1973, makarantar sakandare ta Gulu tsakanin 1974 da 1977, Kwalejin Teso Aloet daga 1978 har zuwa 1979. <ref name=":5"/> Okurut ya shiga Jami'ar Makerere a 1980 kuma ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na kimiyya a fannin ilmin sunadarai a 1983. <ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6"/> Ya sami difloma na digiri na biyu a fannin injiniya mai sabuntawa daga Cibiyar Eni-Sogesta ta Urbino a Italiya.<ref name=":5" /> Tsakanin shekara ta 1987 zuwa shekara ta 1988, ya ci gaba da karatun Master of Science a Jami'ar Ibadan a Najeriya, <ref name=":5" /> kuma ya halarci Cibiyar IHE Delft don Ilimi na Ruwa a Netherlands inda ya yi PhD a Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Muhalli daga 1995 zuwa 2000 <ref name=":6" /> <ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/> Okurut ya mutu a ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2024 a asibitin Platinum da ke Nakasero, Kampala saboda ƙuƙwalwar kai da ta kai kwakwalwarsa wanda ya haifar da tiyata a kai.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=14 April 2024 |title=Former NEMA boss Dr Okurut dead |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_185877 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=New Vision}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Ex NEMA Boss Dr Tom Okurut Succumbs to Brain Clot |url=https://chimpreports.com/ex-nema-boss-dr-tom-okurut-succumbs-to-brain-clot/ |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=ChimpReports}}</ref><ref name=":4"/><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Enuru |first=Eddy |date=2024-04-15 |title=Former NEMA Executive Director Dr. Tom Okurut, dies |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/news/195659/former-nema-executive-director-dr-tom-okurut-dies |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Nilepost News}}</ref> Ya mutu a cikin Sashin Kulawa mai tsanani saboda zargin rashin yaduwar iskar oxygen a cikin kwakwalwa bayan tiyata a kai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gapany |first=M. |date=January 2007 |title=Is Lack of Placement of Drains After Thyroidectomy With Central Neck Dissection Safe? A Prospective, Randomized Study |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1041-892x(07)70194-4 |journal=Yearbook of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery |volume=2007 |pages=227–228 |doi=10.1016/s1041-892x(07)70194-4 |issn=1041-892X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An binne shi a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 2024 a ƙauyen Akadot, yankin Mukongoro a gundumar Kumi. <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2024 |title=Agriculture ministry, NEMA mourn climate change icon |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_186285 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=New Vision}}</ref><ref name=":6"/> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Okurut ta auri Ademun Anna Rose Okurut wanda ke aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Lafiya na Dabbobi a Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona, Masana'antar Dabbobi da Kifi. Suna da 'ya'ya 3.<ref name=":5"/><ref name=":3"/> == Ayyuka == Okurut ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mataimakin malami a sashen ilmin sunadarai a Jami'ar Makerere daga 1989 zuwa 1994 bayan digiri na farko.<ref name=":5"/> Ya shiga Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Kasa a shekara ta 2000 a matsayin jami'in ingancin Ruwa har zuwa shekara ta 2001 a sashen inganci, horo, bincike da ci gaba <ref name=":5" /> kuma ya kasance babban sakatare na Hukumar Lake Victoria Basin a Kisumu, Kenya daga shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2011 kuma an inganta shi zuwa jami'in shirin shirin Lake Victoria, Sakatariyar Gabashin Afirka wacce ke zaune a Arusha, Tanzania.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":1"/> gAn nada Okurut a matsayin babban darakta na NEMA <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gapany |first=M. |date=January 2007 |title=Is Lack of Placement of Drains After Thyroidectomy With Central Neck Dissection Safe? A Prospective, Randomized Study |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1041-892x(07)70194-4 |journal=Yearbook of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery |volume=2007 |pages=227–228 |doi=10.1016/s1041-892x(07)70194-4 |issn=1041-892X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> a cikin 2011 har zuwa 1 ga Satumba 2021 lokacin da Akankwasah Barirega ya gaje shi bayan ya yi mulki biyu. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2024 |title=Agriculture ministry, NEMA mourn climate change icon |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_186285 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=New Vision}}</ref> <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-14 |title=Former NEMA boss, Dr Tom Okurut dies after brain surgery |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/former-nema-boss-dr-tom-okurut-dies-after-brain-surgery-4590530 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=Monitor}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=14 April 2024 |title=Former NEMA boss Dr Okurut dead |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_185877 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=New Vision}}</ref><ref name=":72">{{Cite web |last=Enuru |first=Eddy |date=2024-04-15 |title=Former NEMA Executive Director Dr. Tom Okurut, dies |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/news/195659/former-nema-executive-director-dr-tom-okurut-dies |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Nilepost News}}</ref> Yayinda yake a NEMA, an yi zargin cewa ya ba da gudummawa ga labarin nasarar mahaɗin inda mahaɗin ya sami nasarar samun karuwar kasafin kuɗi na 500% da 100% a cikin shekaru 5, ya rage yawan gurɓata zuwa 50% sakamakon dabarun mataimakin aikin injiniya, ya yi kira ga ci gaban jagororin ƙasa da ka'idoji don ingancin iska a wurin aiki kuma ya tsara dokar kuɗi don amfani da filastik guda ɗaya.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Ex NEMA Boss Dr Tom Okurut Succumbs to Brain Clot |url=https://chimpreports.com/ex-nema-boss-dr-tom-okurut-succumbs-to-brain-clot/ |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=ChimpReports}}</ref> Okurut ya kasance babban darakta na Climate Change Action for East Africa daga 2021 har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2024. <ref name=":5"/> Okurut ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin nadawa da memba na majalisar [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Makerere]] . <ref name=":2"/> == Daraja == Don girmama aikin Okurut, Anita Among ta nemi memba na majalisa ya dasa akalla bishiyoyi biyar.<ref name=":4"/> == Kyaututtuka == Okurut shi ne mai karɓar kyautar UNESCO - IHE Alumni ta 2014 wanda aka ba wa tsofaffin ɗaliban IHE Delft waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa sosai ga gudanar da ruwa da hidimarsa a matsayin abin koyi ga abokan aikin ruwa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] nha7pr3eusqictx7qp01qi241n3dngo 0 124513 818908 751619 2026-04-06T07:15:13Z BnHamid 12586 818908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rikicin cikin gida a Lithuania''' matsala ce ta zamantakewa. ''Dokar Karewa daga Rikicin Cikin Gida'' ta fara aiki a cikin 2011.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2011-05-26 |title=Lietuvos Respublikos Seimas - Dokumento tekstas |url=http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=410975 |access-date=2016-04-14 |website=3.lrs.lt}}</ref> A cikin watanni huɗu bayan dokar ta fara aiki, 'yan sanda na Lithuania sun karɓi rahotanni sama da 10,000 na tashin hankali na cikin gida kuma sun fara bincike 3,300.<ref name="stopvaw1">{{Cite web |title=Lithuania |url=http://www.stopvaw.org/lithuania2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007193017/http://www.stopvaw.org/Lithuania2 |archive-date=2018-10-07 |access-date=2016-04-14 |website=Stopvaw.org}}</ref> == Tsarin shari'a == Ayyukan tashin hankali a cikin iyali za a iya tuhumar su a karkashin ''Dokar Karewa daga Rikicin Cikin Gida''. Kafin dokar 2011, ana iya gurfanar da tashin hankali na cikin gida (DV) ne kawai a karkashin dokoki na gaba ɗaya (kamar laifuka da suka danganci hari daga Dokar Laifuka). <ref name="stopvaw1">{{Cite web |title=Lithuania |url=http://www.stopvaw.org/lithuania2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007193017/http://www.stopvaw.org/Lithuania2 |archive-date=2018-10-07 |access-date=2016-04-14 |website=Stopvaw.org}}</ref> Dokar DV ta 2011 ta rufe mutanen da ke zaune a cikin "yanayin gida". Dokar ta bayyana cewa: "Matsayin gida zai nufin yanayin da ya kunshi mutanen da ke cikin aure a yanzu ko a baya, haɗin kai, dangantaka ko wasu dangantaka ta kusa, har ma da mutanen da ke da gida ɗaya da iyali ɗaya. "<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2011-05-26 |title=Lietuvos Respublikos Seimas - Dokumento tekstas |url=http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=410975 |access-date=2016-04-14 |website=3.lrs.lt}}</ref> == Takamaiman batutuwa == === Cin zarafin yara === Cin zarafin yara a Lithuania sau da yawa ana haifar da shan giya ta iyaye.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sebre |first=S. |last2=Sprugevica |first2=I. |last3=Novotni |first3=A. |last4=Bonevski |first4=D. |last5=Pakalniskiene |first5=V. |last6=Popescu |first6=D. |last7=Turchina |first7=T. |last8=Friedrich |first8=W. |last9=Lewis |first9=O. |date=Jan 2004 |title=Cross-cultural comparisons of child-reported emotional and physical abuse: rates, risk factors and psychosocial symptoms |journal=Child Abuse |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=113–127 |doi=10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.06.004 |pmid=15019442}}</ref> Bayan samun 'yancin kai, Lithuania ta yi jinkirin magance batun cin zarafin yara, tare da kasar da ke jinkirin canza hanyoyin tsohon mulkin Soviet, da kuma akidar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya game da matsayin yara a cikin iyali da al'umma sun kasance masu ƙarfi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kabašinskaitė |first=Dalė |last2=Bak |first2=Maren |year=2006 |title=Lithuania's children's policy in the period of transition |journal=International Journal of Social Welfare |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=247–256 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2397.2006.00428.x}}</ref> Ana kare yara daga cin zarafi bisa doka. A karkashin dokar 2011, ma'anar "wanda aka azabtar da tashin hankali na gida" ya haɗa da "yaro wanda ya zama shaida na tashin hankali na cikin gida ko rayuwa a cikin yanayin da ke fuskantar tashin hankali".<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2011-05-26 |title=Lietuvos Respublikos Seimas - Dokumento tekstas |url=http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=410975 |access-date=2016-04-14 |website=3.lrs.lt}}</ref> === Rikicin jima'i a cikin iyali === Rikicin jima'i a cikin iyali ya haɗa da tilasta jima'i da Cin zarafin yara (CSA). CSA ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a Lithuania, kuma a cikin 2010 kasar ta karfafa hukunci don cin zarafin yara kuma ta ɗaga [[Shekarar yarda|shekarun yarda]] daga 14 zuwa 16.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sebre |first=S. |last2=Sprugevica |first2=I. |last3=Novotni |first3=A. |last4=Bonevski |first4=D. |last5=Pakalniskiene |first5=V. |last6=Popescu |first6=D. |last7=Turchina |first7=T. |last8=Friedrich |first8=W. |last9=Lewis |first9=O. |date=Jan 2004 |title=Cross-cultural comparisons of child-reported emotional and physical abuse: rates, risk factors and psychosocial symptoms |journal=Child Abuse |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=113–127 |doi=10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.06.004 |pmid=15019442}}</ref> Ma'anar fyade (Mataki na 149) za a iya amfani da ita ga fyade a aure saboda doka ba ta ware fyade na auren ba kuma ba ta ba da izinin aure a matsayin kariya ga fyade, don haka ana iya fassara wannan don haɗawa da fyade a cikin aure.<ref name="stopvaw1">{{Cite web |title=Lithuania |url=http://www.stopvaw.org/lithuania2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007193017/http://www.stopvaw.org/Lithuania2 |archive-date=2018-10-07 |access-date=2016-04-14 |website=Stopvaw.org}}</ref> Dokar DV ta 2011 ta tanadi cewa tashin hankali ga 'yan uwa na iya zama jima'i (tare da jiki, tunani, tattalin arziki) amma ba ta bayyana abin da tashin hankali na jima'i a cikin iyali yake ba, kuma ba ta yin wani takamaiman ambaton fyade na aure ba. Duk da yake, a ka'idar, ana iya gina dokar fyade da dokar DV don haɗawa da jima'i na tilasta tsakanin ma'aurata, akwai rahotanni cewa kotuna ba su tilasta waɗannan dokoki ta wannan hanyar ba, kuma al'ummar Lithuania ba su fahimci manufar fyade ta aure ba wanda yake mai ra'ayin mazan jiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sebre |first=S. |last2=Sprugevica |first2=I. |last3=Novotni |first3=A. |last4=Bonevski |first4=D. |last5=Pakalniskiene |first5=V. |last6=Popescu |first6=D. |last7=Turchina |first7=T. |last8=Friedrich |first8=W. |last9=Lewis |first9=O. |date=Jan 2004 |title=Cross-cultural comparisons of child-reported emotional and physical abuse: rates, risk factors and psychosocial symptoms |journal=Child Abuse |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=113–127 |doi=10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.06.004 |pmid=15019442}}</ref> === Ra'ayoyin Jama'a === A cikin binciken Eurobarometer na 2010 game da tashin hankali a kan mata, kashi 28% na masu amsawa na Lithuania sun ce sun yi tunanin DV a cikin ƙasarsu "ya zama ruwan dare gama gari", kashi 52% "ya zama sananne", kashi 15% "ba sananne ba", kashi 1% "ba san komai ba", kuma kashi 4% ba su san / ba su amsa ba. Binciken ya gano cewa a Lithuania yawan jama'a suna da halin zargi mai karfi: kashi 86% na masu amsawa na Lithuania sun yarda cewa "halayyar mata" ya haifar da tashin hankali ga mata - mafi girman kashi na duk ƙasashen da aka bincika, wanda ya fi girma fiye da matsakaicin Turai na 52%.[1] A cikin wannan binciken, kashi 48% na masu amsawa na Lithuania sun ce sun san mata daga cikin abokai da dangi waɗanda suka kamu da DV - kuma mafi girman kashi na duk ƙasashen da aka bincika (Matsakaicin Turai 25%). [1] == Tarihin zamantakewa == Bayan samun 'yancin kai, Lithuania ta yi gwagwarmaya, tana fuskantar talauci, rashin aikin yi, da rikice-rikicen zamantakewa; kuma wannan ya yi mummunar tasiri ga rayuwar iyali da jin daɗin mutum.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sebre |first=S. |last2=Sprugevica |first2=I. |last3=Novotni |first3=A. |last4=Bonevski |first4=D. |last5=Pakalniskiene |first5=V. |last6=Popescu |first6=D. |last7=Turchina |first7=T. |last8=Friedrich |first8=W. |last9=Lewis |first9=O. |date=Jan 2004 |title=Cross-cultural comparisons of child-reported emotional and physical abuse: rates, risk factors and psychosocial symptoms |journal=Child Abuse |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=113–127 |doi=10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.06.004 |pmid=15019442}}</ref> Kisan kai a Lithuania ya zama babbar matsala ta kasa, saboda yawan yaduwarsa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kabašinskaitė |first=Dalė |last2=Bak |first2=Maren |year=2006 |title=Lithuania's children's policy in the period of transition |journal=International Journal of Social Welfare |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=247–256 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2397.2006.00428.x}}</ref> A lokacin 2005-2007/2008-2010 Lithuania kuma tana da mafi girman kisan kai a Tarayyar Turai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sebre |first=S. |last2=Sprugevica |first2=I. |last3=Novotni |first3=A. |last4=Bonevski |first4=D. |last5=Pakalniskiene |first5=V. |last6=Popescu |first6=D. |last7=Turchina |first7=T. |last8=Friedrich |first8=W. |last9=Lewis |first9=O. |date=Jan 2004 |title=Cross-cultural comparisons of child-reported emotional and physical abuse: rates, risk factors and psychosocial symptoms |journal=Child Abuse |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=113–127 |doi=10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.06.004 |pmid=15019442}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru a duniya == A cikin 2013, wata mace ta Lithuania wacce aka azabtar da DV ta lashe shari'arta a kan Jihar Lithuania a Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai, wacce ta yanke hukuncin cewa Lithuania ta kasa samar mata da isasshen kariya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sebre |first=S. |last2=Sprugevica |first2=I. |last3=Novotni |first3=A. |last4=Bonevski |first4=D. |last5=Pakalniskiene |first5=V. |last6=Popescu |first6=D. |last7=Turchina |first7=T. |last8=Friedrich |first8=W. |last9=Lewis |first9=O. |date=Jan 2004 |title=Cross-cultural comparisons of child-reported emotional and physical abuse: rates, risk factors and psychosocial symptoms |journal=Child Abuse |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=113–127 |doi=10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.06.004 |pmid=15019442}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kabašinskaitė |first=Dalė |last2=Bak |first2=Maren |year=2006 |title=Lithuania's children's policy in the period of transition |journal=International Journal of Social Welfare |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=247–256 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2397.2006.00428.x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sebre |first=S. |last2=Sprugevica |first2=I. |last3=Novotni |first3=A. |last4=Bonevski |first4=D. |last5=Pakalniskiene |first5=V. |last6=Popescu |first6=D. |last7=Turchina |first7=T. |last8=Friedrich |first8=W. |last9=Lewis |first9=O. |date=Jan 2004 |title=Cross-cultural comparisons of child-reported emotional and physical abuse: rates, risk factors and psychosocial symptoms |journal=Child Abuse |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=113–127 |doi=10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.06.004 |pmid=15019442}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rhret7qxpxdmks9pz8jx11lwqbii4g7 0 124649 818933 752024 2026-04-06T08:30:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wayne Dunn''' masanin kimiyya ne kuma mai ba da shawara na Kanada wanda aikinsa ke mai da hankali kan alhakin zamantakewar kamfanoni (CSR), muhalli, zamantakewa, da tsarin mulki (ESG), da Ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Shi ne wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Horar da CSR da Cibiyar CSR ESG, kuma a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Farfesa na Ayyuka a [[Jami'ar McGill]]. == Ilimi da aikin ilimi == Dunn yana da Jagoran Kimiyya a Gudanarwa daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Stanford, inda ya kasance Sloan Fellow . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Prof.Wayne Dunn – Professional Profile |url=http://centreforresponsiblebusiness.blogspot.com/2015/01/profwayne-dunn-professional-profile.html |access-date=2025-07-20}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |others=Stanford Graduate School of Business School |title=Harvesting an Underwater Forest Sloan Fellows find a triple-bottom-line business in West Africa. |url=http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/news/bmag/sbsm0711/feature-harvest.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304011055/http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/news/bmag/sbsm0711/feature-harvest.html |archive-date=2012-03-04 |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=www.gsb.stanford.edu}}</ref> Daga baya ya shiga [[Jami'ar McGill]] a matsayin Farfesa na Ayyuka kuma ya yi aiki a Majalisar Jagora a Cibiyar McGill don Nazarin Ci gaban Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-23 |title=With Wayne Dunn, corporate social responsibility advocate |url=https://reporter.mcgill.ca/with-wayne-dunn-corporate-social-responsibility-advocate/ |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=McGill Reporter |language=en-CA}}</ref> Ya ba da gudummawa ga shirye-shiryen ilimi a Arewacin Amurka, Turai, Afirka, da Asiya.<ref name=":0"/> Ya yi aiki tare da [[Jami'ar Nazarin Ci Gaban]] a Ghana don bunkasa shirye-shiryen ilimi na CSR.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title='Make CSR more beneficial to local communities' |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Make-CSR-more-beneficial-to-local-communities-318244 |access-date=2025-07-20}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite web |last=Boateng |first=Kojo Akoto |date=2014-07-23 |title=Make CSR more beneficial to local communities – UDS Vice Chancellor |url=https://citifmonline.com/2014/07/make-csr-more-beneficial-to-local-communities-uds-vice-chancellor/ |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-23 |title=With Wayne Dunn, corporate social responsibility advocate |url=https://reporter.mcgill.ca/with-wayne-dunn-corporate-social-responsibility-advocate/ |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=McGill Reporter |language=en-CA}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2012, ya sauƙaƙa Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) tsakanin Jami'ar Winnipeg da UDS don inganta bincike na hadin gwiwa kan ilimin 'yan asalin ƙasar da kula da muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Communications |date=2012-05-04 |title=Axworthy Meets President of Ghana |url=https://news.uwinnipeg.ca/axworthy-meets-president-of-ghana/ |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=University of Winnipeg News |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2013, Dunn ya bi dalibai daga Jami'ar Winnipeg ta Master's in Development Practice program a ziyarar Ghana don shiga tare da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa kan batutuwan dorewa.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=UWinnipeg Students Take Part In Official State Visit To Ghana {{!}} MDP {{!}} The University of Winnipeg |url=https://www.uwinnipeg.ca/mdp/news/2013/05/2013-05-17.html |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=www.uwinnipeg.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MDP Student attends Executive Briefing Summary on CSR {{!}} MDP {{!}} The University of Winnipeg |url=https://www.uwinnipeg.ca/mdp/news/2015/06/mdp-student-attends-executive-briefing-summary-on-csr.html |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=www.uwinnipeg.ca}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Dunn ya fara aiki a cikin alhakin zamantakewar kamfanoni a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, da farko yana mai da hankali kan aikin 'yan asalin ƙasar a bangaren albarkatun Kanada. Daga baya ya kafa Wayne Dunn & Associates, Cibiyar Horar da CSR da Cibiyar CSR ESG, suna aiki a kan ayyukan a fannoni ciki har da hakar ma'adinai, makamashi, da gandun daji.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Wayne Dunn profile |url=https://www.truevaluemetrics.org/DBpdfs/People/WayneDunn/Wayne-Dunn-Linkedin-profile.pdf |access-date=2025-07-20}}</ref><ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-23 |title=With Wayne Dunn, corporate social responsibility advocate |url=https://reporter.mcgill.ca/with-wayne-dunn-corporate-social-responsibility-advocate/ |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=McGill Reporter |language=en-CA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-23 |title=With Wayne Dunn, corporate social responsibility advocate |url=https://reporter.mcgill.ca/with-wayne-dunn-corporate-social-responsibility-advocate/ |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=McGill Reporter |language=en-CA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Communications |date=2012-05-04 |title=Axworthy Meets President of Ghana |url=https://news.uwinnipeg.ca/axworthy-meets-president-of-ghana/ |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=University of Winnipeg News |language=en}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga kungiyoyi kamar Bankin Duniya, [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], da Bankin Ci Gaban Amurka, da kuma cibiyoyin gwamnatin Ghana ciki har da Kamfanin Man Fetur na Ghana, Hukumar Ma'adanai ta Ghana, da Ma'aikatar Lands da albarkatun kasa.<ref name=":7"/> Ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban manufofin CSR na Ghana kuma ya kasance memba na Kungiyar Kwararrun Aboriginal ta Kanada a kan Dokar Matakan Bayyanawa ta Sashen Cirewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-23 |title=With Wayne Dunn, corporate social responsibility advocate |url=https://reporter.mcgill.ca/with-wayne-dunn-corporate-social-responsibility-advocate/ |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=McGill Reporter |language=en-CA}}</ref> == Ayyukan da aka zaɓa == Dunn ya jagoranci aikin Placer Dome CARE a Afirka ta Kudu, <ref name=":0"/> wani shiri na tallafi ga ma'aikatan da aka sallama, wanda Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Stanford ta tsara kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Bankin Duniya. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Golden Opportunity (SSIR) |url=https://ssir.org/articles/entry/golden_opportunity |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=ssir.org |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-23 |title=With Wayne Dunn, corporate social responsibility advocate |url=https://reporter.mcgill.ca/with-wayne-dunn-corporate-social-responsibility-advocate/ |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=McGill Reporter |language=en-CA}}</ref> == Littattafai da gabatarwa == Dunn ya wallafa labarai game da CSR da dorewa a cikin hanyoyin da suka hada da ''Stanford Social Innovation Review'' <ref name=":3"/> da TriplePundit . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-23 |title=With Wayne Dunn, corporate social responsibility advocate |url=https://reporter.mcgill.ca/with-wayne-dunn-corporate-social-responsibility-advocate/ |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=McGill Reporter |language=en-CA}}</ref> Ya haɓaka abubuwan ilimi da darussan kan layi akan CSR da ESG. == Sanarwa == Dunn ya sami lambar yabo ta Ci gaban Innovation na Bankin Duniya, <ref name=":3"/> lambar yabo ta Nexen don Kwarewa a cikin Kasuwancin Jama'a da Hakki na Da'a, da kuma Kyautar Zaɓin Jama'a a Kasuwar Ci gaban Bankin Duniya.<ref name=":3" /> A cikin 2024, an amince da shi ta Stellar Performance CEO Awards saboda aikinsa a CSR da kasuwanci mai ɗorewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-23 |title=With Wayne Dunn, corporate social responsibility advocate |url=https://reporter.mcgill.ca/with-wayne-dunn-corporate-social-responsibility-advocate/ |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=McGill Reporter |language=en-CA}}</ref> Dunn ya kuma kasance mai suna Ingilishi a matsayin shugaban ci gaba na al'ummar Konjeihi a arewacin Ghana, yana karɓar taken girmamawa ''Tengmaale Naa'' don nuna godiya ga goyon bayansa ga ayyukan tattalin arzikin mata.<ref name=":102">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-02 |title=Konjeihi Women's Enterprise Centre inaugurated to enhance shea butter processing |url=https://accessagric.com/konjeihi-womens-enterprise-centre-inaugurated-to-enhance-shea-butter-processing/ |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=Access Agric |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":172">{{Cite web |last=Awal |first=Mohammed |date=2024-02-14 |title=Baraka Impact: using shea butter to empower communities |url=https://thebftonline.com/2024/02/14/baraka-impact-using-shea-butter-to-empower-communities/ |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=The Business & Financial Times |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-23 |title=With Wayne Dunn, corporate social responsibility advocate |url=https://reporter.mcgill.ca/with-wayne-dunn-corporate-social-responsibility-advocate/ |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=McGill Reporter |language=en-CA}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] auxr9vwze6p2ztaph4w6o9qmuje25ze 0 124713 818694 752245 2026-04-05T12:05:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thomas Gallaher''' (Afrilu 1840 - 3 Mayu 1928) shi ne wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Gallaher, daya daga cikin manyan masana'antun sigari a Ingila. == Ayyuka == An haife shi a Templemoyle a Derry kuma ya koyi aiki a kamfanin kasuwanci na ''Osborne & Allen'' yana da shekaru 14, Tom Gallaher ya kafa kasuwanci don kansa a 1857 a cikin ɗaki ɗaya inda zai karkatar da taba kuma ya rufe shi kafin ya isar da shi ga abokan cinikinsa.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Tom Gallaher: Biography at the Ulster-Scots Agency |url=http://www.ulsterscotsagency.com/UlsterScotMar06no4.asp |access-date=2025-12-26 |archive-date=2008-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704063258/http://www.ulsterscotsagency.com/UlsterScotMar06no4.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 1863 ya koma [[Belfast]] inda ya sami damar samun damar kasuwa mafi girma don samfurinsa.<ref name="bio2">{{Cite web |title=Tom Gallaher: Biography at the Ulster-Scots Agency |url=http://www.ulsterscotsagency.com/UlsterScotMar06no4.asp |access-date=2025-12-26 |archive-date=2008-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704063258/http://www.ulsterscotsagency.com/UlsterScotMar06no4.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 1896 ya bude babban masana'anta a titin York.<ref name="bio2" /> Ya sami shuke-shuke a [[Kentucky]] da [[Virginia]] don samar da taba don kasuwancinsa mai girma wanda yanzu ake kira Gallaher Group . <ref name="bio2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2008 |title=Top 100 Companies |url=http://prod.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/business/top-100-companies/55-gallaher-13881141.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517001359/http://prod.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/business/top-100-companies/55-gallaher-13881141.html |archive-date=17 May 2011 |website=Belfast Telegraph}}</ref> Ya mutu a 1928 kuma an binne shi a Kabari na Birnin Belfast . <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2008 |title=Top 100 Companies |url=http://prod.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/business/top-100-companies/55-gallaher-13881141.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517001359/http://prod.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/business/top-100-companies/55-gallaher-13881141.html |archive-date=17 May 2011 |website=Belfast Telegraph}}</ref> == Iyali == A shekara ta 1873 ya auri Robina Mitchell Bell kuma tare suka ci gaba da samun ɗa ɗaya da 'ya'ya mata biyar.<ref name="bio"/> ==manazarta == byry83q76cq1h1720uc070jqb97oowv 0 125127 818915 753430 2026-04-06T07:18:44Z BnHamid 12586 818915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Eleanor Oliphant Is Completely Fine shine Littafin farko na Gail Honeyman na 2017, kuma wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Costa Debut Novel ta 2017. Labarin ya ta'allaka ne akan Eleanor Oliphant, wanda ba shi da kyau a cikin jama'a tare da abin da ya faru a baya wanda ya ƙaunaci mawaƙa, wanda ta yi imanin cewa an ƙaddara ta kasance tare da shi. Littafin yana magana ne game da jigogi na warewa da kaɗaici, kuma yana nuna tafiyar canjin Eleanor zuwa ga fahimtar kai da rayuwa. == Makirci == Eleanor Oliphant, mai ba da labari da mai ba da labarin, yana zaune a [[Glasgow]], Scotland, kuma yana aiki a matsayin magatakarda na kudi don kamfanin zane-zane. A farkon littafin, tana da shekaru 29. Tana da basira a ilimi, tare da digiri a cikin Classic da kuma manyan ka'idojin karatu da rubutu. Kowace rana a lokacin hutun abincin rana ta kammala rubutun Daily Telegraph. Koyaya, ba ta da kyau ga jama'a kuma tana rayuwa mai zaman kanta. Ba ta da abokai ko hulɗa, kuma kowane karshen mako tana shan kwalabe biyu na vodka. Ba ta da sha'awar bayyanarta, tun da ta tafi ba tare da aski ba tun tana 'yar shekara 13. Ba tare da la'akari da cewa tana da matsala ba, Eleanor sau da yawa ta bayyana kanta a matsayin "mai kyau sosai", kuma koda lokacin da a bayyane yake lokutan rashin jin daɗi sun taso a cikin hulɗarta da wasu, tana zargin "ƙwarewar zamantakewar da ba a inganta ba" na ɗayan. Abokan aikinta suna ɗaukar ta a matsayin ɗan wasa, kuma suna magana da ita a matsayin "[[Michael Jackson|Wacko Jacko]]" ko "Harry Potter"; yayin da take ɗaukar su a matsayin "shirkers da wawaye". Alamomi a hankali suna fitowa ga matsalolin da suka gabata na Eleanor. Tana da fuska mai rauni; ba ta san komai game da mahaifinta ba; ta shafe yawancin yarinta a cikin kula da yara da Gidajen yara; kuma, a matsayin dalibi, ta shafe shekaru biyu tana zaune tare da wani saurayi mai cin zarafi wanda ke cin zarafin ta a kai a kai. Sau biyu a kowace shekara tana karɓar ziyarar yau da kullun daga ma'aikacin zamantakewa don saka idanu kan ci gabanta. Mahaifiyarta yanzu ta bayyana a cikin wata hukuma da ba a san ta ba: ta kira Eleanor don tattaunawa ta minti 15 a daren Laraba. A bayyane yake cewa mahaifiyar Eleanor tana da fansa da kuma sarrafawa. Abubuwa da yawa sun ci gaba da labarin. Eleanor ta ci gaba da sha'awar Johnnie Lomond, jagorar mawaƙa a cikin ƙungiyar gida, bayan ta lashe tikiti zuwa kide-kide a cikin aikin raffle. Ta gamsu cewa shi ne "ƙaunar rayuwarta" da kuma "abin mijinta".[her] Ta fara bin abincinsa na [[Twitter]], ta gano inda yake zaune, kuma ta ziyarci gininsa. A cikin tsammanin saduwa da shi, ta fara tsarin da ba a taɓa gani ba na gyaran kanta: tana da bikini wax, kuma daga baya ta yi manicure da gyaran gashi, ta sayi sabbin tufafi, kuma ta ziyarci kantin sayar da kayan kwalliya na Bobbi Brown don shawarar kayan shafawa. Bayan barin aiki wata rana tare da sabon abokin aiki, Raymond Gibbons, sun ga wani dattijo, Sammy Thom, ya fadi a kan titi. A kan nacewar Raymond, sun kira motar asibiti, kuma sun taimaka wajen ceton ransa. Daga baya an jawo su cikin jerin gamuwa da Sammy da danginsa masu godiya, kuma a cikin tsari abokantaka ta farko ta girma tsakanin Eleanor da Raymond. Eleanor ta halarci wani wasan kwaikwayo na Johnnie Lomond da aka daɗe ana jira, tabbas wannan shine lokacin da za su hadu, kuma ɓangarorin rayuwarta za su fara fadawa cikin wuri. Maimakon haka, ta gano cewa ta ɓoye a cikin taron, kuma Johnnie bai san kasancewarta ba. Lokacin da, don cika rata a cikin wasan kwaikwayon, ya rataye masu sauraro, sai ta fahimci cewa shi ba abokin rai ne da ta yi tunaninsa ba. Sakamakon matakin kankara mai bushewa yana haifar da abubuwan tunawa da wuta mai rauni a baya. Ta koma gidanta cikin fidda rai, ta koma cikin shan giya mai tsanani na kwana uku da kuma tara kayan aiki don yunkurin kashe kanta - tarin magungunan ciwo; wuka na burodi; da kwalban mai tsabta. Raymond ne ya sami Eleanor, wanda shugabansu ya aiko don bincika rashin aikinta. Ya taimaka mata ya tsabtace ta, ya sanya ta a kan hanyar warkewa, kuma ya ci gaba da ziyartar ta a kai a kai a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa. Har ma ya kawo mata wani kyanwa da aka watsar don tarayya, wanda Eleanor ke godiya. A kan shawarar Raymond, ta ziyarci GP dinta, wanda ya tura ta ga Mai ba da shawara kan lafiyar kwakwalwa. Eleanor daga ƙarshe ta koma aiki, inda aka gaishe ta da kyau. A hankali, tare da taimakon mai ba da shawara da Raymond, ta ƙare hulɗarta ta mako-mako da mahaifiyarta, kuma cikakken labarin yarinta ya fito, gami da cikakkun bayanai da ta hana. Lokacin da take da shekaru 10, mahaifiyarta ta fara gobarar gida tare da niyyar kashe Eleanor da 'yar'uwarta mai shekaru hudu, Marianne. Kodayake Eleanor ta tsira, mahaifiyarta da Marianne sun mutu. Eleanor Oliphant ba sunan haihuwarta ba ne, amma sabon sunan doka ne da aka ba ta bayan lamarin don kare asalinta. Tattaunawar waya ta mako-mako tare da mahaifiyarta ta kasance gaba ɗaya a cikin tunanin Eleanor. == Jigogi da sautin == Littafin yana magana ne game da jigogi na kaɗaici, nuna bambanci, farfadowa da rauni, ƙananan ayyukan alheri, da abota. A wata hira da Costa, Honeyman ya ce: <blockquote>Na karanta wani labarin jarida game da kaɗaici kuma ba a saba da shi ba wannan labarin ya ƙunshi hira da wata budurwa kuma ta ce sau da yawa za ta bar aiki a daren Jumma'a da karfe 5 kuma ba za ta yi magana da wani ɗan adam ba har sai ta koma aiki a safiyar Litinin. Wannan ya burge ni da gaske saboda ban ji labarin hangen nesa na saurayi a kai ba kuma ya saba wa yadda kafofin watsa labarai ke nuna mutane a cikin shekaru ashirin sau da yawa cewa rayuwa babbar ƙungiya ce kawai - dare ɗaya, zamantakewa sosai. Don haka daga wannan ƙaramin iri, halin da kuma labarin Eleanor Oliphant ya fito.</blockquote>An rubuta shi daga hangen nesa na mai ba da labari marar aminci, kodayake ba wanda aka motsa shi da mugunta ko sha'awar yaudara ba - kamar yadda sau da yawa yake - amma a matsayin nuna rashin sanin kansa na halin da ya haifar da alamun tunanin mutum daga abin da ya faru a baya. Ana amfani da ban dariya don haskakawa da bambanci da jigogi masu duhu.[1] An gano littafin a matsayin sanannen misali na "up lit", yana nufin wallafe-wallafen da ke da kyawawan halaye wanda ke nuna labarun alheri, tausayi, da bege.[2][3][4] An kuma yaba da shi tare da haɓaka shahararren wallafe-wallafen da ke tasowa a tsakanin jama'a, kamar yadda tun lokacin da aka buga shi an lura da hauhawar da aka yi a cikin yawan litattafan da ke yin jerin sunayen mafi kyawun sayarwa.[5] == Karɓar baƙi == Jenny Colgan, ta sake dubawa ga ''[[The Guardian]]'', ta bayyana littafin a matsayin "labari cike da dumi da zurfi da baƙin ciki" tare da saƙo "mai ban mamaki, mai farin ciki". Allan Massie na The Scotsman ya lura da yadda littafin ya fi mayar da hankali kan "muhimmancin alheri", kuma ya gano cewa yana tunatar da wani labari na [[Jane Austen]] a cikin kwatancinsa na " ilimantar da halin kirki na jaruminta": ya ce, da kuma "wani labari mai basira da tausayi". Sarah Gilmartin na The Irish Times ta kira halin taken "ɗaya daga cikin jarumai masu ban mamaki da ke haifar da tunani na almara na zamani na baya-bayan nan". == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] to0yohyde821kvk9i7cj2jviksp0akb 0 126206 818897 756605 2026-04-06T07:10:03Z BnHamid 12586 818897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sokin zafi''' wani nau'in mahaɗi ne na ƙarƙashin teku wanda aka tsara musamman don a saka shi cikin sauƙi kuma a cire shi ta hannun mai sarrafa ruwa na ƙarƙashin ruwa (ROV). Sokin zafi shine mahaɗin da ke samar da kayan aiki na nesa. Yawanci ana saka shi cikin tashar jiragen ruwa bayan cire sokin toshewa, wanda ake barinsa a tashar jiragen ruwa lokacin da aka cire sokin zafi, don kiyaye tashar jiragen ruwa ta tsabta kuma ba ta da lahani lokacin da ba a amfani da shi. Daidaito gabaɗaya ba shi da mahimmanci don sakawa, kuma sokin yana jagorantar tashar jiragen ruwa ta hanyar yanayin tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda galibi yana kama da sassan silinda da mazugi masu daidaituwa, suna raguwa daga ƙarshen hannun zuwa ƙarshen, tare da jerin hatimin O-ring waɗanda ke raba tashoshin jiragen ruwa ko hulɗa tare da tsawon. Ana iya kulle sokin a wurin ko kuma yana iya buƙatar ROV ya riƙe shi a wurin yayin da ake amfani da shi. == Manufa == Haɗakar zafi tana ba da haɗin matsi na ɗan lokaci tsakanin sabis na waje da [[Subsea installation|shigarwa na ƙarƙashin teku]], wanda za'a iya amfani da shi don aikace-aikace iri-iri. Wasu ayyuka suna buƙatar ƙarancin kwarara zuwa matsakaici na ɗan gajeren lokaci don gudanar da wani tsari daga wani matsayi zuwa wani. Waɗannan ana iya kiransu aikace-aikacen da ba sa canzawa. Sauran ayyuka suna buƙatar matsakaicin kwarara ko babban kwarara mai ci gaba. == Aikace-aikace == * Na'urar Hydraulic - Ana amfani da ita don sarrafa ruwa mai amfani da wutar lantarki don sarrafa bawuloli, masu haɗawa, masu kunna wutar lantarki, maƙallan wuta, famfo da sauran tsarin. * Allurar sinadarai. * Haɗin wutar lantarki da sadarwa. * Yankunan zafi masu aiki da yawa suna haɗa waɗannan ayyuka biyu ko fiye a cikin na'urar haɗawa ɗaya. * Ayyukan cibiya na Bell na iya amfani da mahaɗin zafi irin na soka don ayyukan gaggawa. Wannan yana iya haɗawa da ruwan zafi, iskar gas mai numfashi, da masu amfani da wutar lantarki don wutar lantarki da sadarwa. * Akwai nau'ikan da aka ayyana ta hanyar yanayin lissafi da ƙayyadaddun tashoshin jiragen ruwa. == Sassan == * Farantin soka wani ɓangare ne da aka daidaita a kan tsarin ƙarƙashin teku * Ma'ajiyar ita ce ɓangaren da ke kan tsarin da aka saka mashi mai zafi. Yana karɓa kuma yana ɗaure mashi mai zafi kuma yana ɗauke da saitin tashoshin ko hulɗa marasa motsi. * Sokin shine bangaren motsi wanda ROV ko mai nutsewa ke sakawa cikin akwatin. Sokin da ke ɗauke da ayyukan shine sokin zafi (ko sokin kai tsaye), kuma sokin toshe wani bangare ne da ba a yi masa aiki ba wanda yake da irin wannan tsari na asali da ake amfani da shi don rufe akwatin lokacin da ba a amfani da shi, don hana ɓarna da kuma hana haɓakar gurɓataccen ruwa, da kuma hana ruwa shiga tsarin hydraulic. * Hatimin yana hana zubewa zuwa muhalli da kuma tsakanin tashoshin jiragen ruwa a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba mai yawa. Hatimin na iya daidaita matsin lamba don hana ƙarfin rabuwa. * Kayan taimakon daidaitawa na iya haɗawa da hancin jagora, mazurari, bokiti, da maƙulli, don sauƙaƙe daidaita soka da maƙura daidai. * Ana haɗa sokin da bututu da/ko kebul don samar da ruwa ko wutar lantarki ko sigina zuwa tashoshin ko hulɗar da suka dace na wurin ajiyar. * Makullin yana bawa ROV ko mai nutsewa damar riƙewa, sarrafa shi da kuma motsa wukar. * Ana iya amfani da bawuloli marasa dawowa a cikin soka ko wurin ajiye kaya don hana asarar ruwa ga muhalli. Cibiyar Man Fetur ta Amurka (API) ta buga "Ayyukan da aka ba da shawarar API 17H don tsarin samar da ruwa a ƙarƙashin teku", wanda ke ba da takamaiman bayanai game da nau'ikan soka mai zafi na hydraulic tare da ramukan hanyar kwarara daga {{Convert|0.25 to 3.5|in|mm}} . == Kalmomi == * Ana amfani da kalmar "stab" don ɓangaren da za a iya sakawa (fil), haɗin fil da akwati (receptacle), da kuma aikin saka fil ɗin cikin akwatin. * "Zafi soki" na iya nufin bangaren da za a iya sakawa tare da ayyuka, ko kuma fasahar gabaɗaya. * "Rashin ƙarfi kai tsaye" ko "rashin ƙarfi kai tsaye" yana nufin ɓangaren da za a iya sakawa tare da ayyuka. * "Tsagewar toshewa", "tsagewar duny", "tsagewar makafi" ko "tsagewar ajiye motoci" su ne kayan da za a iya sakawa ba tare da ayyukan da ake amfani da su don ɓoye akwatin ba. * Ana iya kiran akwatin da "akwatin". == Girman girma == Ana iya ƙayyade hot sock ta hanyar diamita na ciki na ma'ajiyar, ramin da adadin tashoshin jiragen ruwa da kuma nau'in makullin. Takamaiman API/ISO suna gano skeps ta nau'i, girma, da yanayin tashar jiragen ruwa kuma ana iya musanya su idan API/ISO, girman da bayanin tashar jiragen ruwa sun dace. == Aiki == Cire sandar toshewa (wanda aka fi sani da sandar ajiye motoci) daga wurin ajiyewa ana biyo bayan saka sandar zafi a cikin tashar. Ana iya yin wannan aikin ta hanyar mai nutsewa ko ROV mai hannun sarrafawa. Sokar ba hanyar kulle kanta ba ce, kuma kodayake ƙarfin ciki na iya daidaitawa, ana buƙatar ƙarfin waje don tabbatar da sandar a wurin. == Ma'auni == * ISO 13624-1:2009, Masana'antar mai da iskar gas - Kayan aikin haƙowa da samarwa - Kashi na 1: Tsarawa da sarrafa kayan aikin haƙowa na ruwa. == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Majiyoyi == *  {{cite thesis|last1=Schimmel|first1=Daniël|title=Improvement of a Subsea Hot Stab Operation|date=2018|publisher=[[TU Delft]]|pages=11-14|url=https://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:7fae8f76-316d-4c17-89a5-ca35c77a76ca|chapter=Hot Stab|degree=Master}} [[Rukuni:Fasaha]] 8zs3ms4me20qmk85fvf2blrlbmx8duh 0 126244 818761 756716 2026-04-05T18:38:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Makabartar Yahudawa ta Ulus Sephardi (Turkiyya: Ulus Sefarad Musevi Mezarlığı) ko makabartar Yahudawa ta Arnavutköy (Turkiyya: Arnavutköy Musevi Mezarlığı) wani wurin binne al'ummar Yahudawa Sephardi ne a birnin Istanbul na kasar Turkiyya. An kafa ta a shekara ta 1901 a lokacin daular Usmaniyya a unguwar Arnavutköy da ke gundumar Beşiktaş a bangaren Turai na birnin.[1] Kabarin yana cikin wani yanki a yau, wanda ya bunkasa a tarihi daga karkara zuwa wani yanki mai daraja da ake kira Ulus. Sunan farko na Arnavutköy yana amfani da shi a yau. An ba da rahoton cewa saboda wurin makabartar a cikin ɗayan wuraren da suka fi tsada a cikin birni, ana binne masu arziki ne kawai a cikin makabartar Ulus mai tsada yayin da mutane, waɗanda ba za su iya biyan kuɗin da aka nema don wurin hutawa ba, ana tura su zuwa makabartar da ke Kilyos, wanda ke kusa da kilomita 40 kilometres (25 mi) (25 nesa da tsakiyar birnin a arewacin Istanbul.[1] Gidauniyar Majami'ar Neve Shalom ce ke ba da sabis na jana'izar addini a shafin, wanda kuma ke kula da makabarta.[2] There exist another Jewish cemetery in Ulus, the Ulus Ashkenazi Jewish Cemetery (Turkish: Ulus Eşkenaz Musevi Mezarlığı), which is reserved for Ashkenazi Jews. It is about {{Convert|500|m|ft}} south of the Sephardi Jewish Cemetery on the same street.<ref>{{cite news |date=2012-09-02 |title=Mezar yerinde zengin-fakir Yahudi ayrımı |url=http://www.sondevir.com/gundem/90757/mezar-yerinde-zengin-fakir-yahudi-ayrimi.html |access-date=2013-10-28 |language=tr |newspaper=Son Devir |archive-date=2013-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103015647/http://www.sondevir.com/gundem/90757/mezar-yerinde-zengin-fakir-yahudi-ayrimi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wasu sauran makabarta na Yahudawa a Istanbul sune: <ref>{{cite news |date=2012-09-02 |title=Mezar yerinde zengin-fakir Yahudi ayrımı |url=http://www.sondevir.com/gundem/90757/mezar-yerinde-zengin-fakir-yahudi-ayrimi.html |access-date=2013-10-28 |language=tr |newspaper=Son Devir |archive-date=2013-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103015647/http://www.sondevir.com/gundem/90757/mezar-yerinde-zengin-fakir-yahudi-ayrimi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2012-09-02 |title=Mezar yerinde zengin-fakir Yahudi ayrımı |url=http://www.sondevir.com/gundem/90757/mezar-yerinde-zengin-fakir-yahudi-ayrimi.html |access-date=2013-10-28 |language=tr |newspaper=Son Devir }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Kabarin Bağlarbaşı na Yahudawa (Bağlarbaşı Musevi Mezarlığı) * Kabarin Yahudawa na Hasköy Karaite (Hasköy Karaim Musevi Mezarlığı) * Kabarin Yahudawa na Hasköy Sephardi (Hasköy Sefarad Musevi Mezarlığı) * Kabari na Jama'ar Yahudawa da Italiya (İtalyan Musevi Cemaati Mezarlığı * Kabarin Yahudawa na Kilyos (Kilyos Musevi Mezarlığı) * Kabarin Yahudawa na Kuzguncuk Nakkaştepe (Kuzguncuk Nak kaştepe Musevi Mezarlığı) * Kabarin Yahudawa na Ortaköy (Ortaköy Musevi Mezarlığı) == Abubuwan da aka sani da binnewa == * Rav İsak Haleva Rabbi na 3 (HHakham Bahi na Jamhuriyar Turkiyya . [1] * David Asseo (1914-2002), Hakham Bashi (ko Babban Rabbi) na [[Turkiyya|Jamhuriyar Turkiyya]] daga 1960 har zuwa mutuwarsa * Monik Benardete (1950-2010), sananne kuma mai ba da agaji * Üzeyir Garih (1929-2001), ɗan kasuwa kuma wanda ya kafa Alarko Holding * Vitali Hakko (1913-2007), ɗan kasuwa kuma wanda ya kafa kasuwancin tufafin Vakko == Dubi kuma == * Jerin makabarta a Turkiyya * Tarihin Yahudawa a Turkiyya == Manazarta == ivkj6ocrshp8496cs7xmyajpzr73r1b 0 127626 818702 760396 2026-04-05T12:44:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tony Rampton''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga Mayu 1976) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ne na New Zealand. == Rayuwa ta farko da kwaleji == An haifi Rampton a New Plymouth, New Zealand, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tony Rampton |url=http://www.nbl.com.au/default.aspx?s=hawks_playerprofile&profile=24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416025141/http://www.nbl.com.au/default.aspx?s=hawks_playerprofile&profile=24 |archive-date=16 April 2007 |website=NBL.com.au}}</ref> kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta New Plymus. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2016 |title=1993 The Taranakian Vol. 82 |url=https://issuu.com/newplymouthboyshighschool/docs/1993/30 |access-date=27 March 2021 |website=issuu.com/newplymouthboyshighschool}}</ref> Rampton ya bar New Zealand a matsayin mai shekaru 17 mai basira don buga wasan kwando na makarantar sakandare na shekaru biyu a Amurka.<ref name="retired">{{Cite web |last=McNae |first=Pete |date=24 November 2010 |title=Ex-Tall Black Rampton no longer centre stage |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/4372842/Ex-Tall-Black-Rampton-no-longer-centre-stage |access-date=27 March 2021 |website=Stuff.co.nz}}</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Waseca a Waseca, Minnesota, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tony Rampton |url=http://www.nbl.com.au/default.aspx?s=hawks_playerprofile&profile=24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416025141/http://www.nbl.com.au/default.aspx?s=hawks_playerprofile&profile=24 |archive-date=16 April 2007 |website=NBL.com.au}}</ref> kafin ya kwashe shekaru hudu a Jihar Iowa tsakanin 1995 da 1999, inda ya samu maki 2.2 da sakewa 2.1 a wasanni 80.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2016 |title=1993 The Taranakian Vol. 82 |url=https://issuu.com/newplymouthboyshighschool/docs/1993/30 |access-date=27 March 2021 |website=issuu.com/newplymouthboyshighschool}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tony Rampton College Stats |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/tony-rampton-1.html |access-date=27 March 2021 |website=Sports-Reference.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == Rampton ya buga shekara ta farko a New Zealand NBL tare da Taranaki Oilers a 1999 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tony Rampton |url=http://www.nbl.com.au/default.aspx?s=hawks_playerprofile&profile=24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416025141/http://www.nbl.com.au/default.aspx?s=hawks_playerprofile&profile=24 |archive-date=16 April 2007 |website=NBL.com.au}}</ref> kuma ya lashe Rookie na shekara. Ya shiga Nelson Giants a shekara ta 2000 kuma ya ci gaba da taimaka musu su kai ga babban karshe, inda suka rasa Auckland Rebels. An kira shi Kiwi MVP, mafi kyawun dan wasan gaba na league, an yi masa kambin zakarun da aka yi da 14.6 a wasa kuma an haɗa shi a cikin All-Star Five na league.<ref name="40in40">{{Cite web |last=Hinton |first=Marc |date=27 March 2021 |title=NBL 40in40: Giant strides as Tony Rampton recalls early years in Kiwi hoops league |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/300262992/nbl-40in40-giant-strides-as-tony-rampton-recalls-early-years-in-kiwi-hoops-league |access-date=27 March 2021 |website=Stuff.co.nz}}</ref> Rampton ya fara kakar 2000-01 a Finland <ref name="40in40"/> kafin ya gama tare da Cairns Taipans na NBL ta Australiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tony Rampton |url=http://www.nbl.com.au/default.aspx?s=hawks_playerprofile&profile=24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416025141/http://www.nbl.com.au/default.aspx?s=hawks_playerprofile&profile=24 |archive-date=16 April 2007 |website=NBL.com.au}}</ref> Bayan rauni ya gan shi kawai ya buga rabin kakar tare da Taipans a 2001-02, ya ci gaba da tare da Cairns tsakanin 2002 da 2005.<ref name="nbl-stats">{{Cite web |title=Player statistics for Tony Rampton |url=https://websites.sportstg.com/team_info.cgi?action=PSTATS&pID=190395400&client=0-189-88243-125714-11144829 |access-date=27 March 2021 |website=NBL }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tsakanin 2005 da 2007, ya buga wa Wollong Hawks wasa. Daga nan sai ya buga wasanni biyu ga West Sydney Razorbacks / Sydney Spirit . Lokacinsa na karshe a cikin NBL na Australiya ya zo ne a kakar 2009-10 tare da Taipans . <ref name="nbl-stats" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2016 |title=1993 The Taranakian Vol. 82 |url=https://issuu.com/newplymouthboyshighschool/docs/1993/30 |access-date=27 March 2021 |website=issuu.com/newplymouthboyshighschool}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tony Rampton |url=http://www.nbl.com.au/default.aspx?s=hawks_playerprofile&profile=24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416025141/http://www.nbl.com.au/default.aspx?s=hawks_playerprofile&profile=24 |archive-date=16 April 2007 |website=NBL.com.au}}</ref> A cikin New Zealand NBL, Rampton ya koma Taranaki a shekara ta 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tony Rampton |url=http://www.nbl.com.au/default.aspx?s=hawks_playerprofile&profile=24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416025141/http://www.nbl.com.au/default.aspx?s=hawks_playerprofile&profile=24 |archive-date=16 April 2007 |website=NBL.com.au}}</ref> Ya sake buga wa Taranaki wasa a shekara ta 2006 amma bai dawo a shekara ta 2007 ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2016 |title=1993 The Taranakian Vol. 82 |url=https://issuu.com/newplymouthboyshighschool/docs/1993/30 |access-date=27 March 2021 |website=issuu.com/newplymouthboyshighschool}}</ref> Ya sake buga wa Taranaki wasa a shekara ta 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tony Rampton |url=http://www.nbl.com.au/default.aspx?s=hawks_playerprofile&profile=24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416025141/http://www.nbl.com.au/default.aspx?s=hawks_playerprofile&profile=24 |archive-date=16 April 2007 |website=NBL.com.au}}</ref> A cikin 2009 da 2010, ya buga wa Nelson Giants wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2016 |title=1993 The Taranakian Vol. 82 |url=https://issuu.com/newplymouthboyshighschool/docs/1993/30 |access-date=27 March 2021 |website=issuu.com/newplymouthboyshighschool}}</ref> Ya yi ritaya saboda raunin da ya faru a idon sa wanda ya dame shi tun shekara ta 2000.<ref name="retired"/> A watan Maris na 2021, an ambaci Rampton a cikin manyan 'yan wasan NBL 40 na New Zealand a kowane lokaci, wanda ya kasance a No. 36 a cikin zabin NBL na '40in40' don' yan wasa mafi kyau a cikin tarihin shekaru 40 na gasar.<ref name="40in40"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tony Rampton |url=http://www.nbl.com.au/default.aspx?s=hawks_playerprofile&profile=24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416025141/http://www.nbl.com.au/default.aspx?s=hawks_playerprofile&profile=24 |archive-date=16 April 2007 |website=NBL.com.au}}</ref> == Ayyukan ƙungiyar ƙasa == Rampton ya fara wakiltar New Zealand a shekarar 1997 a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Maza '22 da Kasa'. Ya fara bugawa Tall Blacks wasa a shekarar 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tony Rampton |url=http://www.nbl.com.au/default.aspx?s=hawks_playerprofile&profile=24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416025141/http://www.nbl.com.au/default.aspx?s=hawks_playerprofile&profile=24 |archive-date=16 April 2007 |website=NBL.com.au}}</ref> A shekara ta 2000, ya buga wa Tall Blacks wasa a gasar Olympics ta Sydney . Ya ci gaba da buga wa Tall Blacks wasa a gasar cin kofin FIBA Oceania ta 2003, 2004 Summer Olympics, 2005 FIBA Oceanya Championship, 2006 Commonwealth Games, 2006 FIBA World Championship, da 2007 FIBA Oceanian Championship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tony Rampton |url=http://www.nbl.com.au/default.aspx?s=hawks_playerprofile&profile=24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416025141/http://www.nbl.com.au/default.aspx?s=hawks_playerprofile&profile=24 |archive-date=16 April 2007 |website=NBL.com.au}}</ref> == Ayyukan horarwa == Tsakanin 2011 da 2013, Rampton ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin kocin tare da Nelson Giants . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tony Rampton |url=http://www.nbl.com.au/default.aspx?s=hawks_playerprofile&profile=24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416025141/http://www.nbl.com.au/default.aspx?s=hawks_playerprofile&profile=24 |archive-date=16 April 2007 |website=NBL.com.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2016 |title=1993 The Taranakian Vol. 82 |url=https://issuu.com/newplymouthboyshighschool/docs/1993/30 |access-date=27 March 2021 |website=issuu.com/newplymouthboyshighschool}}</ref> A cikin 2014 da 2015, ya horar da Nelson Sparks a gasar kwallon kwando ta mata ta kasa.<ref name="sparks1">{{Cite web |last=McNae |first=Pete |date=16 May 2015 |title=Sparks can take control of their fate |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/nelson-mail/sport/68603732/sparks-can-take-control-of-their-fate |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=Stuff.co.nz}}</ref><ref name="sparks2">{{Cite web |last=McNae |first=Pete |date=3 June 2015 |title=Nelson Sparks set to farewell coach and centre |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/69054234/nelson-sparks-set-to-farewell-coach-and-centre |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=Stuff.co.nz}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Rampton shi ne dan wasan kwallon kwando na Taranaki Brian Rampton . Ɗan'uwan Tony, Damon, shi ma ya taka leda a New Zealand NBL kuma biyun sun taka leda tare da juna tare da Taranaki . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tony Rampton |url=http://www.nbl.com.au/default.aspx?s=hawks_playerprofile&profile=24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416025141/http://www.nbl.com.au/default.aspx?s=hawks_playerprofile&profile=24 |archive-date=16 April 2007 |website=NBL.com.au}}</ref> Matar Rampton Nicki (née Thompson) ita ma ta buga wasan kwando a New Zealand . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tony Rampton |url=http://www.nbl.com.au/default.aspx?s=hawks_playerprofile&profile=24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416025141/http://www.nbl.com.au/default.aspx?s=hawks_playerprofile&profile=24 |archive-date=16 April 2007 |website=NBL.com.au}}</ref> Tony ne ya horar da ita a Nelson Sparks . <ref name="sparks2"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2016 |title=1993 The Taranakian Vol. 82 |url=https://issuu.com/newplymouthboyshighschool/docs/1993/30 |access-date=27 March 2021 |website=issuu.com/newplymouthboyshighschool}}</ref> Ya zuwa Maris 2021, Rampton yana zaune a China tare da matarsa da yara biyu, kuma yana koyarwa a wata makarantar Turanci ta duniya a [[Shanghai]] a makarantar Shanghai Singapore International School . <ref name="40in402">{{Cite web |last=Hinton |first=Marc |date=27 March 2021 |title=NBL 40in40: Giant strides as Tony Rampton recalls early years in Kiwi hoops league |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/300262992/nbl-40in40-giant-strides-as-tony-rampton-recalls-early-years-in-kiwi-hoops-league |access-date=27 March 2021 |website=Stuff.co.nz}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] opn7v5yd7r6kwi77sz2lk87jobe2yp3 0 127932 818700 761329 2026-04-05T12:38:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tony Gallagher''' (wanda aka fi sani da "The Undertaker;" an haife shi a shekara ta 1948) ɗan jarida ne ɗan ƙasar Kanada. Ya kasance marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo na ''[[The Province]] ,'' yana mai da hankali sosai kan wasan hockey, ƙwallon kwando, da wasan tennis har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya. A shekara ta 2020, ya sami [[Elmer Ferguson Memorial Award|kyautar tunawa da Elmer Ferguson]] saboda ƙwarewa a aikin jarida na hockey. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Gallagher a shekarar 1948. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gallagher, Tony, 1948- |url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n86822355.html |access-date=August 30, 2020 |website=id.loc.gov}}</ref> Ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Vancouver a shekarar 1966 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alumni In The News |url=https://www.vc.bc.ca/alumni/alumni-in-the-news |access-date=August 31, 2020 |website=vc.bc.ca }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kuma ya halarci Jami'ar British Columbia (UBC) don samun digirinsa na farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa da tattalin arziki. <ref name="COF">{{Cite web |title=Canada One Foundation: Tony Gallagher |url=http://canadaonefoundation.com/tony-gallagher/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715044157/http://canadaonefoundation.com/tony-gallagher/ |archive-date=July 15, 2016 |access-date=August 31, 2020 |website=canadaonefoundation.org}}</ref> Yayin da yake karatu a UBC, Gallagher ya yi aiki a jaridar makarantar, ''The Ubyssey ,'' inda ya rubuta labaran wasanni na gida. A shekarar 1967, ya tuntubi editan wasanni ''na The Province'' Don Brown ya tambaye shi ko zai iya rubuta labaran wasanni a kan ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta maza ta UBC Thunderbirds ; Brown ya amince ya biya shi dala 10 a kowane labari. <ref name="bcsportshall">{{Cite web |title=Tony Gallagher BC Sports Hall of Fame |url=https://bcsportshall.com/honoured_member/tony-gallagher-2/ |access-date=August 31, 2020 |website=bcsportshall.com}}</ref> == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga UBC, nan take aka ɗauke Gallagher aiki daga ''The Province'' a matsayin ɗan jaridar wasanni na gida, yana ba da rahoto game da New Westminster Bruins na WHL da Vancouver Blazers . A shekarar 1976, ya zama ɗan jarida na Vancouver Canucks na National Hockey League (NHL) kuma ya sami nasa labarin wasanni a 1987 yayin da kuma ya faɗaɗa labaransa zuwa wasan tennis, wasannin motsa jiki da ƙwallon kwando. A lokacin da yake aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida, Gallagher ya sami laƙabin "The Undertaker" daga Babban Manajan Canucks Jake Milford saboda "biɗan labari mai tsauri da kuma son binne wani idan aka kira shi." <ref name="Kurial" /> Ya ba da labarin rashin nasarar Canucks a gasar cin kofin Stanley ta 1982 ga New York Islanders, wanda daga baya ya buga a cikin littafinsa na farko da aka rubuta tare mai taken ''Towels, Triumph and Tears: The Vancouver Canucks and Their Amazing Drive to the 1982 Stanley Cup Final.'' A matsayinsa na mai sharhi kan wasanni, Gallagher ya shiga cikin takaddama tsakaninsa da manyan manajojin Canucks Pat Quinn, daga baya kuma Brian Burke . A lokacin da Quinn ya zama shugaban GM, Gallagher ya gano cewa ya aika da mai horarwa da cekin dala $100,000 zuwa wani wasan tsere na safe na Los Angeles Kings a Coliseum, kuma ya sanya hannu kan wata kari ba bisa ka'ida ba lokacin da ya zama sabon babban manajan ƙungiyar. Lokacin da ya mutu a shekarar 2014, Gallagher ya ce "Na canza ra'ayina game da Pat a ƙarshen rayuwa. Na fahimci cewa mutane da yawa suna ƙaunarsa. Kuma idan akwai mutane da yawa waɗanda darajarsu da hukuncinsu da kuke amincewa da su suna son mutum, to lallai yana lafiya." Ya kuma gano yadda Quinn ya kasa biyan kuɗin canja wurin zuwa Rasha, wanda masu binciken giciye suka yi amfani da shi a kan Quinn. Gallagher ya bar Lardin don yin aiki a rediyon wasanni a CKWX sannan ya ɗauki hutun shekaru biyu. Bayan dawowarsa, Burke ya yi ƙoƙarin hana Gallagher da marubutan Lardin shiga ɗakin shiryawa kuma ya rubuta wa babban editan Brian Butters wasiƙa yana umurtansa da ya kori Gallagher. Butters ya ƙi kuma ya buga wasiƙar a shafin farko cikin rashin amincewa. Burke ya yi wa wasiƙarsa bayani ta hanyar zargin Gallagher da "harin edita mai ban tsoro." <ref name="Botchford" /> Burke ya yi jayayya cewa ƙiyayya tsakaninsa da Gallagher ta samo asali ne daga ƙin bai wa Gallagher "kwarin gwiwa kan naɗin da ya yi a Vancouver" a 1998. === Lambobin yabo da girmamawa === A shekarar 2013, an shigar da Gallagher cikin Zauren Girmamawa na Kwalejin Vancouver. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gallagher, Tony, 1948- |url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n86822355.html |access-date=August 30, 2020 |website=id.loc.gov}}</ref> Yayin da yake hutu tare da matarsa a Hawaii a shekarar 2018, an sanar da shi cewa an shigar da shi cikin Zauren Wasannin BC kuma ya dawo gida da wuri don halartar bikin karramawa. Bayan shekaru biyu, an nada Gallagher wanda ya lashe kyautar tunawa da Elmer Ferguson saboda ƙwarewa a aikin jarida na hockey. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alumni In The News |url=https://www.vc.bc.ca/alumni/alumni-in-the-news |access-date=August 31, 2020 |website=vc.bc.ca |archive-date=September 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926042329/https://www.vc.bc.ca/alumni/alumni-in-the-news |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] eer0o4f0sdygia1te5t1oqiy1q1axe5 0 128197 818732 762115 2026-04-05T16:10:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tsibirin East Sister''' [[Tsibirin|tsibiri]] ne mai fadin hekta 15 a [[Ontario]], Kanada, wanda ke cikin [[Lake Erie|Tafkin Erie]] . Ba shi da yawan mutane na dogon lokaci kuma ana kula da shi a matsayin wurin ajiyar yanayi na lardin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=East Sister Island (Ontario Parks) |url=http://www.ontarioparks.com/english/planning_pdf/east_ToR.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107022204/http://www.ontarioparks.com/english/planning_pdf/east_ToR.pdf |archive-date=2007-11-07 |access-date=2009-03-22}}</ref> Tsibirin wani ɓangare ne na Tsibirin Pelee wanda ya haɗa da Tsibirin West Sister (a [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]], Amurka) da Tsibirin Middle Sister . == Flora da fauna == Tsibirin ya zama gidan dajin da ke da nau'ikan tsuntsayen cormorants masu siffar ƙwallo biyu . Ragowarsu ta yi barazana ga dajin, wani yanki na dajin Carolinian a kudancin Ontario. <ref>{{Cite web |title=East Sister Island (Ontario Parks) |url=http://www.ontarioparks.com/english/planning_pdf/east_ToR.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107022204/http://www.ontarioparks.com/english/planning_pdf/east_ToR.pdf |archive-date=2007-11-07 |access-date=2009-03-22}}</ref> Dazuzzukan tsibirin suna da rinjayen itacen hackberry da itacen kofi na Kentucky . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Parks Ontario |title=East Sister Island Provincial Park Management Plan |url=https://www.ontario.ca/page/east-sister-island-provincial-park-management-plan |access-date=14 February 2020 |website=Ontario.ca |publisher=Queen's Printer for Ontario}}</ref> Nau'ikan da ba a saba gani ba a tsibirin sun haɗa da hyacinth na daji <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wild Hyacinth |url=http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/CW69-14-299-2003E.pdf |access-date=2009-03-23 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> da macijin ruwa na tafkin Erie, Nerodia sipedon insularum . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=King |first=Richard B. |last2=Alejandro Queral-Regil |last3=Kristin M. Stanford |year=2006 |title=Population Size and Recovery Criteria of the Threatened Lake Erie Watersnake: Integrating Multiple Methods of Population Estimation |journal=[[Herpetological Monographs]] |volume=20 |pages=83–104 |doi=10.1655/0733-1347(2007)20[83:PSARCO]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> [[Fayil:Pelee_and_nearby_islands_in_Lake_Erie.jpg|left|thumb|Tsibirin East Sister yana cikin yankin arewa maso yamma na wannan taswirar.]] == Manazarta == 2jq4u4khziw5vhsxf4q7b24h5fjwpfq 0 128478 818720 762795 2026-04-05T14:41:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818720 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Sigma-z-coordinates.svg|right|thumb|Sashe na sararin samaniya a kan ƙasa tare da wakilcin sigma-daidaita da aka nuna. Misalai na Mesoscale sun raba yanayi a tsaye ta amfani da wakilci kamar wanda aka nuna a nan.]] '''Tsarin daidaitawa na sigma''' shine tsarin daidaitawa na yau da kullun da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin samfuran lissafi don ilimin teku, yanayin yanayi da sauran fannoni inda yanayin ruwa ya dace.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Janjic |first=Zavisa |last2=Gall, Robert |last3=Pyle, Matthew E. |date=February 2010 |title=Scientific Documentation for the NMM Solver |url=http://nldr.library.ucar.edu/collections/technotes/asset-000-000-000-845.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823082059/http://nldr.library.ucar.edu/collections/technotes/asset-000-000-000-845.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-23 |access-date=2011-01-03 |publisher=[[National Center for Atmospheric Research]] |pages=12–13}}</ref> Wannan tsarin daidaitawa yana karɓar sunansa daga mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa σ {\displaystyle \sigma } An yi amfani da shi don wakiltar matakin matsin lamba. Misalai da ke amfani da tsarin daidaita sigma sun haɗa da Tsarin Princeton Ocean (POM), tsarin COupled Hydrodynamical Ecological don tekun REgioNal Shelf (COHERENS) [http://www2.mumm.ac.be/coherens/index.php]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, tsarin hasashen ECMWF, da sauran samfuran hasashen yanayi daban-daban. == Bayyanawa == Matsi a tsawo p {\displaystyle p} ana iya daidaita shi tare da matsin lamba p 0 {\displaystyle p_{0}} , ko kuma sau da yawa tare da matsin lamba a saman yankin da aka ayyana p T {\displaystyle p_{T}} . Darajar sigma a ma'auni shine ta hanyar ma'anar 1: watau, idan an daidaita shi, σ 0 <nowiki/>= 1 {\displaystyle \sigma _{0}=1} . A cikin tsarin daidaita sigma, idan an raba sikelin sigma daidai, to a kowane batu a saman, kowane layi a kwance a sama da wannan batu yana da kauri iri ɗaya dangane da sigma, kodayake dangane da mita kowane layi na gaba daidai da kauri ya fi kauri fiye da na baya. Girman sigma na kowane Layer yana raguwa tare da tsawo na farfajiyar, ana matse matakan sigma tare (a cikin mita) yayin da aka rage jimlar kewayon tsaye. Tsarin daidaitawa na sigma yana ba da damar sigma-surfaces don bin samfurin ƙasa; inda ƙasa ke da gangara sosai, haka kuma sigma surface. Wannan yana ba da damar ci gaba da filayen, kamar zafin jiki, don a wakilce su musamman a hankali a mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin samfurin. Bugu da ƙari, tare da yanayin lalacewa na yawa a cikin yanayi, daidaitattun sigma suna ba da ƙuduri mafi girma a tsaye (a cikin mita) kusa da farfajiya. Yanayin karkatawar sassan daidaitawa yana buƙatar ƙarin haɗuwa da ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin matsa lamba, kuma sassauci na ƙasa na iya haifar da shi ya wuce iyakokin ƙasa na gaskiya. == Sigma mai daidaitawa == === Haɗin sigma-matsi === Wasu samfurori na yanayi suna amfani da tsarin daidaitawa sigma-matsin lamba, haɗakar da yadudduka masu suna sigma a kasa (ƙasa mai biyo baya) tare da [[wiktionary:isobaric|isobaric]] (matsin lamba) yadudduka a sama. Layer na sama na isobaric gabaɗaya sun fi dacewa da lambobi (tun da yake sun fi dacewa), kuma musamman sun fi dacewa don lissafin canja wurin radiative (mai mahimmanci don daidaita abubuwan lura da hasken tauraron dan adam). Wasu samfurori (misali, NAM na 2009) suna da yanki mai tsabta na sigma a kasa da kuma matakin canji, sama da shi duk yadudduka daidai ne isobaric. Sauran samfuran (misali, GFS) sannu a hankali suna canzawa daga sigma zuwa isobaric. === Hybrid sigma-ƙuƙwalwa === Wasu samfuran oceanographic suna amfani da daidaitattun abubuwan da suka sauya daga yawa (isopycnic) zuwa daidaitattun sigma a cikin yankuna masu zurfi na bakin teku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Janjic |first=Zavisa |last2=Gall, Robert |last3=Pyle, Matthew E. |date=February 2010 |title=Scientific Documentation for the NMM Solver |url=http://nldr.library.ucar.edu/collections/technotes/asset-000-000-000-845.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823082059/http://nldr.library.ucar.edu/collections/technotes/asset-000-000-000-845.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-23 |access-date=2011-01-03 |publisher=[[National Center for Atmospheric Research]] |pages=12–13}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} fntmx1fc9u8m3oqls9vedb80n3mbjkf 0 129562 818709 765446 2026-04-05T13:23:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 8 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tramore Eco Group''' ([[Harshen Irish|Irish]]: ''Grúpa Éice Trá Mhór'') ƙungiyar [[Kare Muhalli|kare muhalli]] ce ta son rai wacce ke cikin [[Tramore]], [[County Waterford]], [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]], mai sadaukar da kai ga kiyayewa da kariyar yanayin muhallin Tramore da wuraren zama na namun daji.<ref name="Munster Express2">{{Cite web |title=Keeping an eco-friendly eye on Tramore |url=http://www.munster-express.ie/community-notes/tramore/keeping-an-eco-friendly-eye-on-tramore/ |access-date=4 July 2019 |publisher=munster-express.ie |archive-date=4 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704204404/http://www.munster-express.ie/community-notes/tramore/keeping-an-eco-friendly-eye-on-tramore/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Alamar == An tsara tambarin ƙungiyoyin ne ta hannun mai zane Samuel Capper na [[Waterford Institute of Technology|Cibiyar Fasaha ta Waterford]], bayan an zaɓi ƙirar tambarin ganyensa ta hanyar gasa daga wasu shigarwa da dama. Tsakiyar ganyen yana nuna siffar tuddai na yashi na Tramore da yashi, tare da launuka masu launin rawaya da shuɗi waɗanda ke nuna yanayin ƙasa da teku na Tramore. An ƙaddamar da tambarin a farkon watan Yunin 2018 a Lafcadio Hearn Japanese Gardens, Tramore, wanda Jam'iyyar [[Green Party (Ireland)|Green Party]] da [[South (European Parliament constituency)|Jam'iyyar Ireland South MEP]], [[Grace O'Sullivan]] suka halarta. <ref name="ME-1906182" /> == Haɗin gwiwa == Kamfanin Tramore Eco Group ya haɗu da Cibiyar Bayanai ta Ƙasa ta Ireland don ƙara haɓaka Shirin Masu Gurɓatar Furen Duk-Ireland a Tramore da kuma ƙirƙirar hanyoyin da za su dace da masu gurɓatar fure a cikin garin. <ref name="Glór Na Mara">{{Cite web |title=Pollinator Plans |url=https://glornamara.scoilnet.ie/blog/2017/12/17/pollinator-plans/ |access-date=4 July 2019 |publisher=glornamara.scoilnet.ie }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ƙungiyar tana cikin ƙungiyar Waterford Public Participation Network da Waterford Area Partnership kuma ta shirya wasu bukukuwan al'umma a yankin tare da haɗin gwiwar sauran ƙungiyoyin al'umma na gida. <ref name="Waterford Public Participation Network">{{Cite web |title=Tramore – Waterford City West |url=https://www.waterfordppn.ie/municipal-districts/tramore-waterford-city-west/ |access-date=5 July 2019 |publisher=waterfordppn.ie}}</ref> <ref name="Waterford area partnership">{{Cite web |title=Tramore – Community Health and Service Information Fair |url=https://wap.ie/tramore-community-health-service-information-fair/ |access-date=4 July 2019 |publisher=wap.ie |archive-date=4 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704204407/https://wap.ie/tramore-community-health-service-information-fair/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ƙungiyar sau da yawa tana shirya jawabai masu ba da labari game da namun daji da kuma rangadin jagora a duk faɗin County Waterford. <ref name="National Biodiversity Data Centre">{{Cite web |title=Butterfly Atlas Talks |url=http://www.biodiversityireland.ie/record-biodiversity/butterflyatlas/news-events/2018-news-events/ |access-date=4 July 2019 |publisher=biodiversityireland.ie |archive-date=4 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704205629/http://www.biodiversityireland.ie/record-biodiversity/butterflyatlas/news-events/2018-news-events/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="NBDC">{{Cite web |title=NBDC Summer Workshops |url=http://www.biodiversityireland.ie/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/Summer-2018-Workshop-Programme.pdf |access-date=4 July 2019 |publisher=biodiversityireland.ie |archive-date=5 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705040156/http://www.biodiversityireland.ie/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/Summer-2018-Workshop-Programme.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Suna kuma shirya tsaftace bakin teku da bita kan muhalli tsakanin membobinsu da ƙungiyoyin al'umma da ke Tramore da kewaye. <ref name="Clean Coasts">{{Cite web |date=30 September 2017 |title=Keeping Our Beaches Safe and Clean |url=https://cleancoasts.org/event/think-before-you-flush-at-tramore-maritime-festival/ |access-date=12 April 2021 |publisher=cleancoasts.org}}</ref> <ref name="Waterford In Your Pocket">{{Cite web |title=Waterford Garden Trail Easy to Access |url=http://www.waterfordinyourpocket.com/waterford-garden-trail-easy-to-access/ |access-date=4 July 2019 |publisher=waterfordinyourpocket.com |archive-date=4 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704205631/http://www.waterfordinyourpocket.com/waterford-garden-trail-easy-to-access/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Irish Ramsar Wetlands Committee">{{Cite web |title=World Wetlands Day, 2nd February 2019 - Events |url=http://irishwetlands.ie/index.php/wetlands-climate-change/wwd-2019-events/ |access-date=4 July 2019 |publisher=irishwetlands.ie |archive-date=4 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704205928/http://irishwetlands.ie/index.php/wetlands-climate-change/wwd-2019-events/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ƙungiyar tana shiga cikin yin jawabai kan mahimmancin sake amfani da marufi don nade-nade masu aminci da dorewa da kuma bayar da kyaututtuka. <ref name="Mezze Middle Eastern Restaurant - Going Green">{{Cite web |date=25 November 2019 |title=Going Green |url=https://www.mideastmezze.com/single-post/2019/11/25/going-greening |access-date=12 April 2021 |publisher=mideastmezze.com |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412174615/https://www.mideastmezze.com/single-post/2019/11/25/going-greening |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == [[Fayil:Plastic_Bottle_Recycling_Bin.jpg|thumb|An ƙera kwandon shara mai siffar kwalbar roba don ƙarfafa sake amfani da shi ga jama'a]] Ƙungiyar ta kuma yi aiki tare da majalisar yankin wajen ƙirƙirar kwantena na musamman na sake amfani da kwalbar filastik, waɗanda aka ƙara biyu daga cikinsu zuwa wurin shakatawa na Tramore da nufin ƙarfafa jama'a su raba robobi da za a iya sake amfani da su daga sharar gida. Kamfanin Tramore Eco Group ya kuma yi haɗin gwiwa da Refill Ireland wajen haɓaka wani shiri na sake cika ruwan kwalba na filastik a garin bakin teku tare da haɗin gwiwar 'yan kasuwa 100 na gida waɗanda suka yi alƙawarin samar da sake cika ruwan kwalba kyauta ga jama'a. Ƙungiyar tana da burin zama gari na farko na bakin teku na "Green" a Ireland kuma ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen da aka yi, tare da haɗin gwiwar Majalisar Birnin Waterford da Gundumar, shine faɗaɗa bambancin halittu na mazauna a cikin layin baya na Tramore. == Tramore Nature Park == Tramore Nature Park, wanda aka fi sani da Lark Park saboda yawan mutanen Larks da ke zaune a wurin shakatawa, Tramore Eco Group tare da hadin gwiwar Waterford City da County Council ne suka samar da shi a 'yan shekarun nan. Sun samar da siffofi na muhalli da namun daji a Tramore Nature Park kuma suna shirin hada da fatar tsuntsaye, otal-otal na kwari da gadajen fure goma sha biyu masu dacewa da zuma. An kafa wasu alamu a kusa da wurin shakatawa da ke nuna nau'ikan namun daji da ake iya gani a bayan Tramore wanda yake wani yanki na musamman na Kare Muhalli . <ref name="Waterford City & County Council Planning Report 2021">{{Cite web |title=Waterford City & County Council Planning Report to Dungarvan Lismore Meeting – February 2021 |url=https://waterfordcouncil.ie/media/meetings/2021/dungarvan-lismore/february/3c).%20Planning%20Report%20Dungarvan%20Lismore%208th%20February%202021.pdf#page=5 |access-date=12 April 2021 |publisher=Waterford City & County Council |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412160157/https://waterfordcouncil.ie/media/meetings/2021/dungarvan-lismore/february/3c).%20Planning%20Report%20Dungarvan%20Lismore%208th%20February%202021.pdf#page=5 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Tramore Back Strand Special Protection Area">{{Cite web |title=Tramore Back Strand Special Protection Area (Site Code 4027) ≡ Conservation Objectives Supporting Document VERSION 1 |url=https://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/publications/pdf/004027_Tramore%20Back%20Strand%20SPA%20Supporting%20Doc_V1.pdf |access-date=12 April 2021 |publisher=National Parks & Wildlife Service}}</ref> Kungiyar ta fadada shirinta na hanyar kudan zuma a wurin shakatawa ta hanyar dasa wasu tsire-tsire masu dacewa da kudan zuma da kuma aiwatar da otal-otal na kwari tare da taimakon majalisar yankin. An kara kujerun dutse na Indiya a duk fadin wurin shakatawa. Kamfanin Tramore Eco ya yi fafutukar samar da fatar tsuntsaye a wurin shakatawa na Tramore Nature Park tsawon shekaru da dama kuma ya gudanar da kamfen na tara kuɗi don samun kuɗi don ba da damar aikin ya faru. Ƙungiyar ta kuma yi haɗin gwiwa da makarantar firamare ta Glor Na Mara wadda ta taimaka wajen tattara kuɗi, kafin annobar COVID-19 a Jamhuriyar Ireland, wadda ta yi aiki don gina fatar tsuntsaye a wurin shakatawa. == Aikin Banksy Tramore == Aikin Banksy Project Tramore wani gasa ne na zane-zane na Graffito wanda Tramore Eco Group ta shirya don girmama Banksy . Taron ya gudana tsakanin 26 ga Oktoba 2019 da 28 ga Oktoba 2019 a garin Tramore . <ref name="Creative Ireland Programme 2017-2022">{{Cite web |title=Tramore Banksy Project |url=https://www.creativeireland.gov.ie/en/waterford/tramore-banksy-project |access-date=27 October 2019 |publisher=creativeireland.gov.ie}}</ref> Masu fasaha talatin da aka zaba daga cikin masu neman shiga a duk fadin kasar sun fafata don samun jimillar kyautar €7,000. An dauki nauyin masu zane-zanen ne da kirkirar wani abu mai asali wanda ya shafi muhalli a kan bango talatin a kusa da garin Tramore na tsawon awanni shida. <ref name="ME-271019">{{Cite web |title=Open Call - The Banksy Project Graffiti Art Competition, Tramore |url=https://visualartists.ie/jobs-ops/competitions/open-call-the-banksy-project-graffiti-art-competition-tramore/ |access-date=27 October 2019 |publisher=visualartists.ie}}</ref> Wani kwamitin alkalai ya zabi wadanda suka yi nasara, inda wanda ya yi nasara ya samu €3,000, wanda ya zo na biyu ya sami €2,000 sannan na uku ya sami €1,000. An kuma bayar da karin kyautar €1,000 ga wanda ya yi nasara a kuri'ar jama'a, wanda jama'a suka sami damar kaɗa ƙuri'a a kai. <ref name="ME-271019" /> Wanda ya fara lashe wannan gasar ita ce Kathrin Greif-Maher. == Yaɗa labarai == Ƙungiyar ta kuma sami rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai daga Raidió Teilífís Éireann (RTÉ), kafofin watsa labarai na gwamnati na ƙasa na [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]], bayan da ɗaya daga cikin membobinsu ya ɗauki bidiyon wani daji mai cin nama. Daga nan aka nuna Tramore Eco Group a shirin Nationwide (shirin talabijin na Irish), inda Bláthnaid Ní Chofaigh ya yi tafiya zuwa Tramore ya yi magana da ƙungiyar game da nasarar da suka samu da kuma shirye-shiryensu na gaba kan kiyayewa da haɓaka bambancin halittu a yankin. Ƙungiyar ta kuma sami kulawar kafofin watsa labarai da yawa lokacin da ɗaya daga cikin membobinta ya gano wani kifin kifin Baleen mai tsawon ƙafa 45 da ya nutse a bakin tekun Kilfarrasy. An ba da rahoton gano wannan ga [[Irish Whale da Dolphin Group|ƙungiyar kifin Irish Whale and Dolphin]] kuma ya biyo bayan wani babban teku da ya yi ambaliya da kifin whale kusan 400 a Ostiraliya a lokaci guda. An binne gawarwakin waɗanda aka binne a wuraren kare lafiyar jama'a sakamakon binciken. Ƙungiyar ta kuma yi ta tattara bayanai game da wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa da namun daji da suka nutse a rairayin bakin teku na yankin, ciki har da wani kifin dolphin na kowa wanda ɗaya daga cikin membobin ƙungiyar ya gano. == Manazarta == i7iw187rezxwkusp1vh8i13nyqr9eje 0 129572 818887 765489 2026-04-06T07:02:23Z BnHamid 12586 818887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ilimin harshen Koriya a Indiya''' ya haɗa da koyo a kwalejoji da jami'o'i na Indiya, makarantu, da cibiyoyi. A cikin 2022, jimlar ɗaliban Indiya 2,342 sun koyi yaren Koriya. A cikin wannan lokacin, fiye da makarantu 20 sun gudanar da azuzuwan yaren Koriya na yau da kullun kuma makarantu 25 sun gudanar da azuzuwan sha'awa na Koriya. Tun lokacin da aka sake fasalin Tsarin Ilimi na Ƙasa na Indiya ya gabatar da Koriya a matsayin ɗayan batutuwan da aka zaɓa don yare na biyu, karɓar azuzuwan yaren Koriya a makarantu a Indiya yana ƙaruwa akai-akai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=April 28, 2023 |title=Korean Fastest Growing Foreign Language in India: 50 percent hike in language learners in 2022 |url=https://www.asiancommunitynews.com/korean-fastest-growing-foreign-language-in-india-50-percent-hike-in-language-learners-in-2022/ |work=Asian Community News}}</ref> == Halin Yanxu == Tun daga Afrilu 2023, kusan ɗalibai 2,500 sun yi rajista a cikin koyon yaren Koriya, gami da azuzuwan 21 na yau da kullun da azuzuwan sha'awa 17. A cikin manyan makarantu, azuzuwan yaren Koriya yawanci ana samun su don maki 6-8. Koyaya, ɗaliban da suka kammala digiri na 8 ba za su iya ci gaba da karatunsu na Koriya ba saboda manufofin ilimin harshen waje na gida.<ref name=":02" /> Ga Indiyawan masu shekaru 17 zuwa 25, Koriya ta Kudu ta zo ta biyar akan ginshiƙi Mafi Shahararrun Harsuna na Duolingo.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 9, 2021 |title=Korean was the most popular language to learn for Indians in 2021: Duolingo report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/korean-was-the-most-popular-language-to-learn-for-indians-in-2021-duolingo-report-314994-2021-12-09 |work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[ilimin harshe]] [[King Sejong Cibiyar|King]] * [[King Sejong Cibiyar|Sejong Cibiyar]] * [[Yaren Koriya a matsayin harshen waje]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 2277c78f01p8szftt8hpc7midqv1nhd 818888 818887 2026-04-06T07:03:55Z BnHamid 12586 BnHamid moved page [[Korean language education in India]] to [[Ilimin harshen Koriya a Indiya]] 818887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ilimin harshen Koriya a Indiya''' ya haɗa da koyo a kwalejoji da jami'o'i na Indiya, makarantu, da cibiyoyi. A cikin 2022, jimlar ɗaliban Indiya 2,342 sun koyi yaren Koriya. A cikin wannan lokacin, fiye da makarantu 20 sun gudanar da azuzuwan yaren Koriya na yau da kullun kuma makarantu 25 sun gudanar da azuzuwan sha'awa na Koriya. Tun lokacin da aka sake fasalin Tsarin Ilimi na Ƙasa na Indiya ya gabatar da Koriya a matsayin ɗayan batutuwan da aka zaɓa don yare na biyu, karɓar azuzuwan yaren Koriya a makarantu a Indiya yana ƙaruwa akai-akai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=April 28, 2023 |title=Korean Fastest Growing Foreign Language in India: 50 percent hike in language learners in 2022 |url=https://www.asiancommunitynews.com/korean-fastest-growing-foreign-language-in-india-50-percent-hike-in-language-learners-in-2022/ |work=Asian Community News}}</ref> == Halin Yanxu == Tun daga Afrilu 2023, kusan ɗalibai 2,500 sun yi rajista a cikin koyon yaren Koriya, gami da azuzuwan 21 na yau da kullun da azuzuwan sha'awa 17. A cikin manyan makarantu, azuzuwan yaren Koriya yawanci ana samun su don maki 6-8. Koyaya, ɗaliban da suka kammala digiri na 8 ba za su iya ci gaba da karatunsu na Koriya ba saboda manufofin ilimin harshen waje na gida.<ref name=":02" /> Ga Indiyawan masu shekaru 17 zuwa 25, Koriya ta Kudu ta zo ta biyar akan ginshiƙi Mafi Shahararrun Harsuna na Duolingo.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 9, 2021 |title=Korean was the most popular language to learn for Indians in 2021: Duolingo report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/korean-was-the-most-popular-language-to-learn-for-indians-in-2021-duolingo-report-314994-2021-12-09 |work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[ilimin harshe]] [[King Sejong Cibiyar|King]] * [[King Sejong Cibiyar|Sejong Cibiyar]] * [[Yaren Koriya a matsayin harshen waje]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 2277c78f01p8szftt8hpc7midqv1nhd 0 129782 818910 765977 2026-04-06T07:16:20Z BnHamid 12586 818910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''{{Lang|de|Die Ermordung Cäsars}}''''' (The Murder of Caesar), Op. 32, wani wasan kwaikwayo ne a cikin wani mataki na Giselher Klebe wanda kuma ya rubuta Littafin da ya danganci fassarar da Agusta Wilhelm von Schlegel ya yi na wasan kwaikwayon [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] ''Julius Kaisar'' . An shi ne a ranar 20 ga Satumba 1959 a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Grillo, Essen, tare da Gustav König yana jagorantar. An sadaukar da shi ga mawaki na Jamus Wilhelm Maler [de] [de] . [1] An zira kwallaye na opera don flauta na piccolo; soprano, alto, tenor da baritone saxophones; contrabassoon; bass trumpet; tenor tuba; timpani; Piano; cellos; bass biyu; kaset da yawa. Ayyuka suna ɗaukar kimanin minti 50. == Matsayi == * [[Julius Caesar|Kaisar]] (baritone) * Mark Antony (baritone) * Publius da Popilius Lena, sanatoci (sprechgesang, rawar magana) * Masu makirci a kan Kaisar: Brutus (bariton) Cassius (tenor buffo) Casca (bass) Decius (aikin magana) Metellus Cimber (aikin da aka yi) ** [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] (bariton) ** Cassius (tenor buffo) ** Casca (bass) ** Decius (aikin magana) ** Metellus Cimber (aikin magana) * Mai duba (bass) * Cinna, mawaki (tenor) * Mutanen Roma Lokaci da Wuri: Tsohon Roma, 15 Maris 44 BC (Ides na Maris) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 7q3yhuiz2yr9vl5jwfyj7hy7pqu1f1u 0 130045 818868 766797 2026-04-06T06:55:17Z BnHamid 12586 818868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Servilia''' ({{Circa}} 100 BC - bayan 42 BC) ta kasance mace ce ta Roma daga wani dangi mai daraja, Servilii Caepiones .{{Sfn|Flower|2021}} Ita 'yar Quintus Servilius Caepio ce da [[Cato the Younger]])">Livia, saboda haka 'yar uwar Cato the Younger ce. Ta auri Marcus Junius Brutus, tare da wanda ta haifi ɗa, Brutus wanda, tare da wasu a Majalisar Dattijai, suka kashe [[Julius Caesar|Julius Kaisar]] . Bayan rasuwar mijinta na farko a shekara ta 77 BC, ta auri Decimus Junius Silanus, kuma tare da shi suna da ɗa da 'ya'ya mata uku.{{Sfn|Tempest|2017}}{{Sfn|Flower|2021}} Ta sami shahara a matsayin uwargidan Julius Kaisar, wanda ɗanta Brutus da surukinsa Gaius Cassius Longinus za su kashe a 44 BC.[1] Al'amarin da ta yi da Kaisar da alama an san shi a fili a Roma a lokacin.[1] Plutarch ta bayyana cewa ita ma tana da ƙauna mai tsanani ga Kaisar.[1] Dangantakar da ke tsakanin su biyu mai yiwuwa ta fara ne a shekara ta 59 BC, bayan mutuwar mijinta na biyu na Servilia kodayake Plutarch ya nuna cewa ya fara ne lokacin da suke matasa. [1][1] == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === Servilia ta kasance mai tsattsauran ra'ayi wanda zai iya gano layinta zuwa Gaius Servilius Ahala, kuma ita ce ɗan fari na Livia da [[Quintus Servilius Caepio (uncle of Brutus)|Quintus Servilius Caepio]] (quaestor 103 BC)">Quintus Servilius Caepio .{{Sfn|Flower|2021}} Iyayenta suna da wasu 'ya'ya biyu, ƙarami Servilia da Gnaeus Servilius Caepio; mahaifinta kuma mai yiwuwa yana da wani ɗa mai suna Quintus ServiliusCaepio daga auren da ya gabata. Sun sake aure lokacin da take 'yar shekara uku ko hudu, kuma mahaifiyarta ta auri [[Cato the Younger]])">Marcus Porcius Cato.{{Sfn|Flower|2021}} Daga wannan haɗin, an haifi ɗan'uwan Servilia, Cato the Younger, da 'yar'uwarta, Porcia. Bayan da Octavian ya tilasta wa mijinta daga mulki, Junia ta rasa yawancin matsayinta. Bayan yaƙin Actium ta zama wani ɓangare na makircin kashe Octavian, wanda ɗanta Lepidus the Younger ya kafa. Koyaya Gaius Maecenas ne ya rushe shi.[undefined] An kashe ɗanta bayan an tura shi zuwa Octavian, wanda har yanzu yana gabas a lokacin. An kira ta ta ta bi shi don bayyana a gaban Octavian. Mijinta ya roki tsohon abokin gaba Lucius Saenius Balbinus da ya ba ta belin don ta kasance tare da shi har sai Octavian ya dawo.[1] Servilia da gaske tana da babban tasiri ga ɗan'uwanta Cato the Younger . <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last3=Judith P. Hallett}}</ref> An dauke shi mai tsananin gaske da daji tun yana yaro, wanda ya tsara Servilia a matsayin daidai da shi a waɗannan batutuwa.{{Sfn|Treggiari|2019}} Yayinda take yarinya daga cikin masu mulkin Romawa, Servilia za ta sami ilimi sosai. Wataƙila an koya mata karatu, rubutu, raira waƙa, rawa, da kuma kunna kayan kida.{{Sfn|Treggiari|2019}} Da ta karanta shayari, epics, da tarihi.{{Sfn|Treggiari|2019}} === Aure da yara === [[Fayil:Brutus_Eid_Mar.jpg|thumb|Wani dinari na Marcus Junius Brutus wanda aka bayar bayan kisan Julius Kaisar, ɗan Servilia da kuma masoyi, bi da bi.]] A lokacin da take da shekaru 13 ko 14, ta auri Marcus Junius Brutus a farkon 80s, wanda daga baya ya zama tribune na plebs (83 BC) kuma ya kafa mulkin mallaka a Capua . Suna da ɗa ɗaya, mai kisan kai na gaba Marcus Junius Brutus, wanda aka haifa a kusa da 85 BC.{{Sfn|Flower|2021}} Wannan aure ne mai fa'ida ga Brutus, wanda zai sami wadata, kwanciyar hankali, da kuma siyasa ta hanyar Servilia.{{Sfn|Treggiari|2019}} Kodayake dattijo Brutus ya tsira daga haramcin Sulla, Pompey ya kashe shi da cin amana bayan ya mika wuya a Mutina a cikin 77 BC.{{Sfn|Tempest|2017}}{{Sfn|Flower|2021}}{{Sfn|Plut. ''Pomp.''}} Bayan mutuwar dattijo Brutus, dangantakar Servilia da ɗanta ta girma.{{Sfn|Treggiari|2019}} Ta kuma shirya cewa a karɓi ɗanta a cikin iyalinta, yana ba da damar adana sunan Servilii Caepiones.{{Sfn|Flower|2021}}{{Sfn|Tempest|2017}} [[Fayil:Retrato_de_Julio_César_(26724093101).jpg|thumb|Hoton Tusculum, siffar Roman ta zamani ta Julius Kaisar .]] == Dubi kuma == * Mutane da ke zaune a cikin garin * Jerin matan Romawa == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3zde4ze78vzi1ixkgbglemyjumfy9g9 0 130541 818884 767840 2026-04-06T07:01:04Z BnHamid 12586 818884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Hugh Segal (13 ga Oktoba, 1950 - 9 ga Agusta, 2023) ya kasance masanin dabarun siyasa na Kanada, marubuci, mai sharhi, masanin kimiyya, kuma sanata. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ma'aikata ga Firayim Minista na Ontario Bill Davis sannan daga babba ga Firayimministan Kanada Brian Mulroney . Segal ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Dattijai ta Kanada a ranar 15 ga Yuni, 2014, sakamakon nadin da aka nada shi a matsayin maigidan (daga baya shugaban) na Toronto" id="mwFA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Massey College, Toronto">Kwalejin Massey a Toronto.[1] == Rayuwa da aiki == === Jarida === A cikin 1980s da 1990s, Segal ya zama masanin talabijin da marubucin jarida. A cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, Segal ya kasance mai zartarwa a cikin tallace-tallace, giya, da masana'antun sabis na kuɗi. === Ayyukan ilimi === An nada Segal a matsayin Jagora na Kwalejin Massey a Jami'ar Toronto (wanda ya fara aiki a ƙarshen Yuni 2014) kuma ya yi ritaya daga Majalisar Dattijai don karɓar matsayin. Ya yi ritaya daga matsayin Kwalejin Massey daga ranar 30 ga Yuni, 2019, shekaru biyar cikin wa'adinsa na shekaru bakwai, kuma Nathalie Des Rosiers ne ya gaje shi.<ref>{{cite news |last=Delacourt |first=Susan |date=December 12, 2013 |title=Senator Hugh Segal leaving Senate for Massey College post |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2013/12/12/senator_hugh_segal_leaving_senate_for_massey_college_post.html |access-date=June 22, 2014 |newspaper=Toronto Star}}</ref> == Rayuwa da mutuwarsa == Segal was born in [[Montréal|Montreal]] into what he described as a "very low-end, working-class family in what is now called Le Plateau". However richer relatives ensured that he and his brothers received a good education.<ref>{{cite news |last=Delacourt |first=Susan |date=December 12, 2013 |title=Senator Hugh Segal leaving Senate for Massey College post |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2013/12/12/senator_hugh_segal_leaving_senate_for_massey_college_post.html |access-date=June 22, 2014 |newspaper=Toronto Star}}</ref> He was Jewish.<ref>{{cite news |last=Delacourt |first=Susan |date=December 12, 2013 |title=Senator Hugh Segal leaving Senate for Massey College post |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2013/12/12/senator_hugh_segal_leaving_senate_for_massey_college_post.html |access-date=June 22, 2014 |newspaper=Toronto Star}}</ref> Ya kasance ɗan'uwan babban jami'in kamfanoni kuma tsohon mai kula da jami'a Brian Segal, da kuma mai zane Seymour Segal . Ya auri Donna Armstrong Segal, tsohon jami'in ma'aikatar lafiya ta Ontario. Suna da 'yar daya, Jacqueline . Segal ya mutu a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, 2023, a Kingston, Ontario, yana da shekaru 72. == Karramawa == * A shekara ta 2003, an sanya Segal memba na Order of Canada wanda daga baya aka inganta shi zuwa matsayin Jami'in.<ref>{{cite news |last=Delacourt |first=Susan |date=December 12, 2013 |title=Senator Hugh Segal leaving Senate for Massey College post |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2013/12/12/senator_hugh_segal_leaving_senate_for_massey_college_post.html |access-date=June 22, 2014 |newspaper=Toronto Star}}</ref> *Segal ta gudanar da digirin digirin girmamawa daga Kwalejin Soja ta Royal na Kanada, Jami'ar Ottawa da Jami'ar Sarauniya. * Kodayake bai taba aiki a cikin Sojojin Kanada ba, a shekara ta 2004 an sanya wa Segal suna a matsayin kyaftin din girmamawa a cikin Royal Canadian Navy . [http://www.navy-marine.forces.gc.ca/en/about/in-depth-hcapts.page] A sakamakon wannan nadin girmamawa, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Sojojin Kanada a shekarar 2017. * An sanya shi shugaban Kungiyar NATO ta Kanada a shekarar 2013. <ref>{{cite news |last=Delacourt |first=Susan |date=December 12, 2013 |title=Senator Hugh Segal leaving Senate for Massey College post |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2013/12/12/senator_hugh_segal_leaving_senate_for_massey_college_post.html |access-date=June 22, 2014 |newspaper=Toronto Star}}</ref> * A cikin 2013, Segal ya sami lambar yabo ta Peace Patron daga Cibiyar Mosaic, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke zaune a Toronto da ke aiki don inganta jam'iyya da ke rage rikice-rikice a Kanada da kasashen waje.<ref>{{cite news |last=Delacourt |first=Susan |date=December 12, 2013 |title=Senator Hugh Segal leaving Senate for Massey College post |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2013/12/12/senator_hugh_segal_leaving_senate_for_massey_college_post.html |access-date=June 22, 2014 |newspaper=Toronto Star}}</ref> * A shekara ta 2016, an sanya shi memba na Order of Ontario . <ref>{{cite news |last=Delacourt |first=Susan |date=December 12, 2013 |title=Senator Hugh Segal leaving Senate for Massey College post |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2013/12/12/senator_hugh_segal_leaving_senate_for_massey_college_post.html |access-date=June 22, 2014 |newspaper=Toronto Star}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mu0om1bzkip0b8iu8y8ahwyzc5re657 0 130653 818909 768057 2026-04-06T07:15:55Z BnHamid 12586 818909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rafael D. Palacios''' (1905-1993) ya kasance mai zane-zane na Puerto Rican-Amurka kuma mai zane-zanen da ke ƙwarewa a cikin jaket da taswira ga manyan masu wallafa Amurka a tsakiyar da ƙarshen karni na 20. Daga cikin sanannun taswirar aikinsa mai yawa da nasara sosai sune wadanda ke cikin mafi yawan littattafan tarihin [[Isaac Asimov]] da kuma littattafan Yaƙin basasa Bruce Catton. == Tarihin rayuwa == Daga iyayen Mutanen Espanya-Puerto Rican, an haifi Palacios a [[Santo Domingo]], babban birnin [[Jamhuriyar Dominika|Jamhuriyar Dominica]]. Lokacin da yake da watanni biyar iyalinsa suka koma [[Puerto Rico]]. Ya yi karatu a makarantun Puerto Rican, amma a matsayin mai zane ya fi koyar da kansa. A shekara ta 1928 ya yi zane-zane na farko yayin da yake San Juan. Ya yi wani abu na musamman na hotunan Afro-Caribbean. Palacios ya koma Birnin New York a cikin shekarun 1930 kuma ya kasance a can har sai ya koma Puerto Rico a kusa da 1980. A shekara ta 1937 an zaba shi, tare da wasu biyu, don wakiltar Puerto Rico a baje kolin shekara-shekara na biyu na Fasaha ta Amurka a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]]. A cikin 1938 ya kuma nuna a [[Delphic Studios]] a New York, inda ya gabatar da nune-nunen farko na [[Afro-Antillean art|Fasahar Afro-Antillean]] (nunawar mutum ɗaya na gouaches). A wannan shekarar ya kuma nuna a baje kolin 'yan jarida na farko a New York, kuma a cikin mutane da yawa a [[Athenaeum (San Juan)|Athenaeum]] a San Juan da Jami'ar Puerto Rico. Da farko a 1938 Palacios ya yi aiki ga jaridu na Amurka a matsayin mai zane-zane da mai fassara na zane-zane. A tsakiyar shekarun 1940, ya raba ɗakin karatu tare da wasu masu zane-zane masu zaman kansu da yawa kuma ya yi murfin da takardu da yawa don Littattafan Bantam. Takardunsa na ƙarshe suna da ingancin zane-zane mai ƙarfi kuma sun yi irin wannan manufar tare da taswirar Dell Books. A cikin 1948, an zaɓi Palacios don samar da taswirar tarihin Janar Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe . Palacios daga baya ya samar da taswira don tarihin Eisenhower guda biyu na lokacinsa a Fadar White House, Mandate for Change [undefined] da Waging Peace (wanda ya haɗa da "Map Portfolio by Rafael Palacios). [1] Tsakanin ƙarshen 1940s da farkon 1990s, Palacios ya buga dubban taswira a cikin ɗaruruwan littattafai, da yawa daga cikinsu don Doubleday. Palacios sun ƙware a cikin taswirar takarda da tarihin soja, musamman taswirar Yaƙin Duniya na II da Yaƙin basasar Amurka. Palacios ya zama mai zane-zane daga George Annand don jerin Rivers of America a shekarar 1956. Littattafai 13 na ƙarshe a cikin jerin (1956-74) suna dauke da taswirar da ya yi. A cikin aikinsa, Palacios ya yi taswira don littattafai da yawa daga 'yan siyasa, janar, da kuma marubuta, ciki har da: Lyndon Johnson, [[Winston Churchill]], Herman Wouk, Leon Uris, Cornelius Ryan, [[Gabriel García Márquez|Gabriel Garcia Marquez]], Dean Acheson, [[Omar Bradley]], Dee Brown, John Dos Passos, da John Toland. Hanyar yin taswirar Palacios ta kasance sananne ne saboda son layin hannu, alamun hannu, da juriya ga samar da inji da rubutun rubutu. Takardun Palacios, gami da taswirar asali, wasiƙu, da littattafan da marubuta suka rubuta yanzu ana gudanar da su a [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Laburaren Majalisa]].<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1993]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1905]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tdzutynzr76tlio3ujefg4n5748r0b2 0 130742 818918 768234 2026-04-06T07:19:49Z BnHamid 12586 818918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ralf Johan Gustaf Törngren (1 ga Maris 1899 - 16 ga Mayu 1961) ɗan siyasa Finland ne, an haife shi a Oulu . Ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Swedish People's Party (1945-1955), memba na majalisar dokokin Finland kuma Firayim Minista na Finland 5 ga Mayu - 20 ga Oktoba 1954 . [1] A zaben shugaban kasar Finland na 1956, ya lashe kuri'u 20 na zaɓe. Ya mutu a [[Turku]], yana da shekaru 62. An kafa lambar yabo don girmama shi a 2003 a Jami'ar Åbo Akademi da ke [[Turku]], [[Finland]] . == Ayyuka == * 1944-1945 Ministan zamantakewa * 1945-1948 Ministan Kudi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministerikortisto |url=http://www.valtioneuvosto.fi/hakemisto/ministerikortisto/ministeritiedot.asp?nro=413 |publisher=Valtioneuvosto}}{{Dead link|date=April 2018}}</ref> * 1950-1951 Ministan zamantakewa * 1951 Ministan Kudi na Biyu * 1951-1952 Ministan zamantakewa * 1952-1953 Ministan Harkokin Waje na biyu * 1953-1954 Ministan Harkokin Waje <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland - Ministers of Foreign Affairs |url=http://formin.finland.fi/public/?contentid=41366&contentlan=1&culture=fi-FI |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240525200708/https://www.webcitation.org/66e71Jwd5?url=http://formin.finland.fi/public/%3Fcontentid=41366 |archive-date=2024-05-25 |access-date=30 January 2018 |publisher=Valtioneuvosto.fi}}</ref> * 1954 Firayim Minista * 1956-1957 Ministan Harkokin Waje * 1959-1961 Ministan Harkokin Waje * 1959-1961 Mataimakin Firayim Minista == Ofisoshin == * Ma'aikatar Törngren == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 1961]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dfh2gv9q1rtv6q41co3xgnci0jbxr0f 0 131107 818940 781013 2026-04-06T09:09:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Choi Whee-sung''' ( Korean ; Fabrairu 5, 1982 - {{Circa}} Maris 10, 2025), wanda aka fi sani da '''Wheesung''' ko kuma sunan da aka sani da '''Realslow''', mawaki ne kuma mawaƙi kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na R&amp;amp;B na Koriya ta Kudu, mai shirya rikodin rikodi kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa. == Sana'a == === 1982-: Rayuwar Farko da Ilimi === An haifi Wheesung a ranar 5 ga Fabrairun shekarar 1982 a Seoul. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=I-seul |date=June 21, 2016 |script-title=ko:[인터뷰] '올슉업' 휘성 "두 번째 도전, 이제는 상대배우가 눈에 보이네요" |url=http://newsculture.heraldcorp.com/sub_read.html?uid=83501 |access-date=October 13, 2016 |website=NewsCulture |publisher=[[Herald Corporation]] |language=ko |archive-date=November 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104205447/http://newsculture.heraldcorp.com/sub_read.html?uid=83501 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kakansa na uba likitan haƙori ne wanda ya gudu daga Koriya ta Arewa kuma ya tallafa wa iyalinsa da kuɗi har sai da ya yi rashin lafiya mai tsanani tsawon shekaru da yawa. Lokacin da mahaifin Wheesung ya yi aure, ba su da kuɗi kuma Wheesung ya sha wahala a fannin kuɗi a tsawon lokacin ƙuruciya da makaranta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Seo |first=Byung-ki |date=December 24, 2004 |script-title=ko:휘성ㆍ수애, 택시기사ㆍ수선공 아버지 "자랑스러워요" |url=https://m.entertain.naver.com/home/article/016/0000158791 |website=Naver |publisher=[[Herald Corporation]] |language=ko}}</ref> Ya kasance mai son rawa a makarantar sakandare inda ya kasance ɓangare na ƙungiyar mawakan rock mai suna Zenesis, kuma ya fara waƙa a shekararsa ta ƙarshe. <ref name="TKH">{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Krista |date=October 29, 2003 |script-title=ko:[번역]This R&B is for 'real' 휘성, R&B 가수로 변신 |url=http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=108&oid=044&aid=0000037854 |access-date=October 13, 2016 |website=[[The Korea Herald]] |language=ko |via=[[Naver]]}}</ref> Ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Mapo kuma ya halarci azuzuwan Ahyeon Polytechnic School shi ma na ɗan lokaci, inda ya kasance abokin aji tare da fitattun mawaƙa kamar Park Hyo-shin da Hwanhee daga ƙungiyar R&amp;amp;B biyu Fly to the Sky . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Eun-ae |date=January 24, 2018 |script-title=ko:'주간아이돌' 휘성 "환희·박효신, 동갑내기 동창..각자 데뷔 준비" |url=https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2018/01/24/2018012402610.html |website=[[The Chosun Ilbo]] |language=ko}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance mai himma a cikin wata ƙungiyar hip-hop da ake kira SNP, wadda ta ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar farkon hip-hop ta Koriya . Membobinta sun haɗa da mawakan hip-hop kamar Verbal Jint, P-Type da Jung-in . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Young-dae |date=March 19, 2025 |script-title=ko:한국형 R&B 보컬의 혁명 ‘휘성’ |url=https://www.khan.co.kr/article/202503192123015 |website=[[Kyunghyang Shinmun]] |language=ko}}</ref> === 1997–1999: Ƙungiyar Rawa da kuma farawar rukuni === Ya fara aikinsa a shekarar 1997 a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar rawa ta ING. [1] Wheesung ya fara aikinsa a shekarar 1999 da ƙungiyar samarin Koriya ta ɗan gajeren lokaci, A4. Ya tafi bayan fitowar kundin farko na ƙungiyar, yana ambaton bambance-bambancen kiɗa tsakaninsa da sauran membobin ƙungiyar. Bayan haka, ya shiga ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta rock, MAME, a matsayin mawaƙi na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Ya kuma halarci bikin kiɗa na Kwalejin MBC (MBC 강변가요제) a shekarar 2000. === 2009–2011: Nishaɗin POP/UP === [[Fayil:비욘드_더_드림_자선콘서트_-_휘성_02.jpg|thumb|Whesung yana rawa a Beyond the Dream Concert]] A watan Afrilun 2009, an sanar da Wheesung a matsayin MC na wani sabon shirin talabijin na Mnet mai suna "Pre-Star-1 Show". Shirin ya ba wa sabbin mawaka masu hazaka damar gabatar da kansu, wani dandali da za su iya isa ga ƙarin magoya baya. Kowace wata za a gabatar da kusan ƙungiyoyi tara ko goma a Mnet.com kuma ƙungiyar da ta sami mafi yawan martani daga masu amfani da intanet za a zaɓi ta a cikin shirin. Ƙungiyar/mawaƙin da aka zaɓa kuma za a ba su damar yin wasa tare da taurarin da suka shahara. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=I-seul |date=June 21, 2016 |script-title=ko:[인터뷰] '올슉업' 휘성 "두 번째 도전, 이제는 상대배우가 눈에 보이네요" |url=http://newsculture.heraldcorp.com/sub_read.html?uid=83501 |access-date=October 13, 2016 |website=NewsCulture |publisher=[[Herald Corporation]] |language=ko |archive-date=November 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104205447/http://newsculture.heraldcorp.com/sub_read.html?uid=83501 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 'Pre-Show 1 Show' na Wheesung ya fara watsa shirye-shirye a ranar 24 ga Afrilu a tashar Mnet Cable. == Rayuwa ta sirri == === Aikin soja === A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 2011, ya shiga aikin soja na tilas . Ya yi watanni 21 yana aiki tukuru bayan kammala horo na tsawon makonni biyar a sansanin sojoji da ke Nonsan, lardin Chungcheong ta Kudu. A ranar 11 ga Yuli, 2012, an ba Whesung izinin kwana 9, kwana 10 na hutun wucin gadi daga sojoji don yin tiyata don raunin diski da kuma wasu matsalolin lafiya kamar nakasa kafadu biyu, psoriasis, da alopecia . A ranar 9 ga Agusta, 2013, an kori Whesung daga aikin soja. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. See reliable sources list on WP:KO/RS (December 2024)">Tushen da ba shi da tabbas?</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A shekarar 2013, an zargi mawakin da amfani da propofol daga shekarar 2011 zuwa farkon 2013 a wurare daban-daban, ciki har da asibitocin fata a Gangnam, Seoul. Whesung ya yi ikirarin cewa ya yi amfani da shi wajen magance matsalar fata da kuma asarar gashi. Daga baya kotu ta wanke shi daga zarge-zargen. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=I-seul |date=June 21, 2016 |script-title=ko:[인터뷰] '올슉업' 휘성 "두 번째 도전, 이제는 상대배우가 눈에 보이네요" |url=http://newsculture.heraldcorp.com/sub_read.html?uid=83501 |access-date=October 13, 2016 |website=NewsCulture |publisher=[[Herald Corporation]] |language=ko |archive-date=November 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104205447/http://newsculture.heraldcorp.com/sub_read.html?uid=83501 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Maris, 2025, an sami Whesung a mace a gidansa da ke Gundumar Gwangjin da ke Seoul, yana da shekaru 43. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=I-seul |date=June 21, 2016 |script-title=ko:[인터뷰] '올슉업' 휘성 "두 번째 도전, 이제는 상대배우가 눈에 보이네요" |url=http://newsculture.heraldcorp.com/sub_read.html?uid=83501 |access-date=October 13, 2016 |website=NewsCulture |publisher=[[Herald Corporation]] |language=ko |archive-date=November 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104205447/http://newsculture.heraldcorp.com/sub_read.html?uid=83501 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Seo |first=Byung-ki |date=December 24, 2004 |script-title=ko:휘성ㆍ수애, 택시기사ㆍ수선공 아버지 "자랑스러워요" |url=https://m.entertain.naver.com/home/article/016/0000158791 |website=Naver |publisher=[[Herald Corporation]] |language=ko}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Eun-ae |date=January 24, 2018 |script-title=ko:'주간아이돌' 휘성 "환희·박효신, 동갑내기 동창..각자 데뷔 준비" |url=https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2018/01/24/2018012402610.html |website=[[The Chosun Ilbo]] |language=ko}}</ref> Yan sanda sun ce babu wata alama ta aikata laifi. Binciken farko da aka yi daga gawarwakin ya nuna cewa ba a san musabbabin mutuwar ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Young-dae |date=March 19, 2025 |script-title=ko:한국형 R&B 보컬의 혁명 ‘휘성’ |url=https://www.khan.co.kr/article/202503192123015 |website=[[Kyunghyang Shinmun]] |language=ko}}</ref> An binne Whesung a ranar 16 ga Maris. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=I-seul |date=June 21, 2016 |script-title=ko:[인터뷰] '올슉업' 휘성 "두 번째 도전, 이제는 상대배우가 눈에 보이네요" |url=http://newsculture.heraldcorp.com/sub_read.html?uid=83501 |access-date=October 13, 2016 |website=NewsCulture |publisher=[[Herald Corporation]] |language=ko |archive-date=November 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104205447/http://newsculture.heraldcorp.com/sub_read.html?uid=83501 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] ===MANAZARTA=== 1v39lvxzz2b5tihqen919krwozpbvet 0 132578 818911 772400 2026-04-06T07:16:50Z BnHamid 12586 818911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jamir Uddin Nanupuri''' (1936 - 5 Fabrairu 2011) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na Bangladesh wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na uku na Jamia Islamia Obaidia Nanupur kuma yana aiki a cikin waz mahfils na gargajiya.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=A F M Khalid Hossain}}</ref> Ya kasance magajin ruhaniya na Sultan Ahmad Nanupuri a cikin al'adar Sufi. Ya kuma kafa Al Manahil Welfare Foundation Bangladesh, kuma an kafa madrasas sama da 500 da aka sani da 'Jamiria madrasa' a ƙarƙashin sunansa ko tasirinsa. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Jamir Uddin Nanupur a 1936 a ƙauyen Nanupur, wanda ke cikin Fatikchhari, Gundumar Chittagong, ga Abdul Gafur da Amena Begum . Ya fara karatunsa na farko a gida da kuma makarantar firamare ta gida, inda ya yi karatun [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] da batutuwa na asali. Ya kuma karanta matani na Islama kamar ''Bahishti Zewar'' da ''Rahe Najat'' a karkashin wani imam na gida, Abdus Salam . Ziyarar da ya kai gidan kakanninsa na uwa a Patiya ta fallasa shi ga wa'azin da Azizul Haque ya yi, wanda ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ya bi ilimin Islama na yau da kullun.<ref name=":1" /> Daga baya ya shiga [[Darul Uloom Hathazari]], inda ya kammala Dawra-e-Hadith a shekarar 1960. A lokacin karatunsa, malaman da suka hada da Ahmadul Haque (''Panj Ganj'', ''Ilm al-Sigha''), Abdul Aziz (''Nahw-e-Mir'', ''Hidayat al-Nahw'', ''Kafiyah''), Muhammad Hamed (''Mirqat''), da Shah Abdul Wahhab (''Quduri'') sun koya masa. Ya kuma yi karatu a karkashin Muhammad Faizullah kuma daga baya ya sami ijazah a ''[[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' daga [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri|Yusuf Banuri]] . <ref name=":1" /> == Shekaru na baya == [[Fayil:Sultan_Ahmad_and_Jamir_Uddin_Nanupuri's_Burial_Site.jpg|thumb|Kabarin Nanupuri, wanda ke cikin Jamia Islamia Obaidia Nanupur]] Nanupuri ya fara aikin koyarwa a 1960 a Bathua Madrasa a Chittagong, inda ya koyar da batutuwa kamar ''Sharh-e-Jami'', ''Sullamul Uloom'', ''Maibuzi'', da ''Tafsir al-Jalalayn'' . A shekara ta 1965, ya shiga Jamia Islamia Obaidia Nanupur a matsayin babban malami kuma an nada shi Darakta Janar a shekara ta 1985. A lokacin jagorancinsa, madrasa ta ga ci gaba tare da gabatar da sabbin sassan, karuwar yawan ɗalibai, da inganta kayan aikin.<ref name=":1" /> Kafin wannan, ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren ilimi na madrasa.<ref name=":1" /> A shekara ta 1998, ya kafa Gidauniyar Al Manahil Welfare ta Bangladesh . A shekara ta 2011, mabiyansa sun kafa madrasas sama da 113 da ake kira 'Jamiria madrasa', kuma kimanin wasu madrasas da makarantun Hifz 400 suna aiki a karkashin jagorancinsa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hossain |first=A F M Khalid |author-link=A F M Khalid Hossain |date=March 2011 |title=Maulana Shah Jamir Uddin Nanupuri Rah. |url=https://www.alkawsar.com/bn/article/366/ |journal=Monthly AlKawsar |volume=7 |issue=3}}</ref> Nanupuri ta sami maye gurbin ruhaniya (khilafat) daga Sultan Ahmad Nanupuri, Yusuf Rafai na Qatar, da Shah Ahmad Shafi. An san wa'azinsa da suka hada da waƙoƙin Urdu da Farisa da suka mayar da hankali kan ƙaunar allahntaka, <ref name=":2" /> kuma a lokacin Ramadan, yana kiyaye itikaf a kai a kai tare da dubban almajiran. Nanupuri ya mutu a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 2011. An gudanar da addu'ar jana'izarsa washegari a filin Jamia Islamia Obaidia Nanupur, karkashin jagorancin Shah Ahmad Shafi, kuma an binne shi a makabartar madrasa.<ref name=":0" /> Ya bar 'ya'ya maza bakwai da mace daya.<ref name=":0" /> Ya zuwa 2019, kusan madrasas 500 a duk faɗin Bangladesh suna aiki a ƙarƙashin sunan 'Jamiria madrasa'. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2011]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] nd4p1c5tskut65um0vcpu8zwk13r1s4 0 132661 818891 772573 2026-04-06T07:04:42Z BnHamid 12586 818891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hukumar Ilimi ta Bangladesh Qawmi Madrasa''' kwamiti ne da Gwamnatin Bangladesh ta kafa a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 2012 don ba da amincewar hukuma ga takardar shaidar ilimi ta Qawmi Madrasas . Hukumar tana da mambobi 17 tare da Shah Ahmad Shafi a matsayin shugabanta. Bayan kafa hukumar, ayyukan hukumar sun tsaya saboda dalilai daban-daban ciki har da rashin jituwa da motsi na Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh. A halin yanzu, ba za a iya aiwatar da Dokar Kula da Ilimi ta Bangladesh Qawmi Madrasa ba, 2013" a fuskar adawa. A ranar 27 ga Satumba 2016, gwamnati ta sake daukar mataki na amincewa da takardar shaidar ilimi ta Qawmi Madrasa. Don wannan an kafa kwamitin bita mai mambobi 9. Daga baya, an tsawaita wa'adin hukumar ta hanyar kunna kwamitin da ya gabata na mambobi 17. A kan shawarwarin hukumar, an ba da 'Kamar da Digirin Jagora (Ilimin Islama da Larabci) a cikin Takardar shaidar Dawra-e Hadith (Takmil) na Qawmi Madrasas a ƙarƙashin 'Al-Haiatul Ulya Lil-Jamiatil Qawmia Bangladesh', 2018' a cikin 2018. == Mambobin == Kwamitin farko na mambobi 17 sun hada da Shah Ahmad Shafi, Farid Uddin Masood, Ruhul Amin, [[Sultan Zauq Nadwi]], Abdul Halim Bukhari, Ashraf Ali, Azhar Ali Anwar Shah, Abdul Jabbar Jahanabadi, Abdul Baset Barkatpuri, Muhammad Abdul Malek, Abdul Quddus, Mahfuzul Haque, Enamul Haque, Nurul Islam Olipuri, Hifzur Rahman, Abdul Haque Haque, da Mushtaq. Ahmed Daga baya aka kafa kwamitin bita na mambobi tara, wanda ya hada da Sultan Zauq Nadwi, Farid Uddin Masood, Abdul Halim Bukhari, Azhar Ali Anwar Shah, Abdul Baset Barkatpuri, Abdul Quddus, Enamul Haque, Imdadullah Qasemi, da Ruhul Amin. == Dubi kuma == * Befaqul Madarisil Arabiya Bangladesh * Al-Haiatul Ulya Lil-Jamiatil Qawmia Bangladesh == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-1263.html Dokar Madrasa ta Qawmi" 2018] {{Authority control}} p9uyp7x9eekc9x66wldfx97lwj3vryn 0 132695 818727 772623 2026-04-05T15:16:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818727 wikitext text/x-wiki   Motiv Power Systems wani masana'anta ne na Amurka na duk-wutan lantarki don motocin kasuwanci na matsakaici, wanda ke zaune a Foster City, California . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Motiv Power Systems |url=https://growjo.com/company/Motiv_Power_Systems |website=Growjo.com}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Motiv_Power_Systems_charging_connection.gk.jpg|thumb|Haɗin caji a kan abin hawa tare da motsawar Motsawar Power Systems.]] [[Fayil:Mountain_View_community_shuttle_charging.gk.jpg|thumb|Ɗaya daga cikin al'ummar Mountain View yana caji a filin ajiye motoci na Google.]] Jim Castelaz ya kafa Motiv a shekara ta 2009, yana aiki daga gidansa a Mountain View, California . <ref name="sjmn">{{Cite web |last=Parr |first=Rebecca |date=2016-08-12 |title=Hayward manufacturer turns diesel-burning trucks into all-electric vehicles |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2015/06/04/hayward-manufacturer-turns-diesel-burning-trucks-into-all-electric-vehicles/ |access-date=2016-09-22 |website=San Jose Mercury News}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2012, kamfanin ya sami tallafi daga Hukumar Makamashi ta California don bincike da gina kayan aikin masana'antu don tsarin motsi, tare da burin da aka bayyana don "de-risk" tsarin sauya motoci zuwa tsarin lantarki.<ref name="gtm">{{Cite web |last=Trabish |first=Herman |date=2012-02-28 |title=Motiv Power's Electric Drive Kit Could Electrify US Truck Fleet |url=http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/Motiv-Powers-Electric-Drive-Kit-Could-Electrify-U.S.-Truck-Fleet |access-date=2016-09-22 |website=Greentech Media}}</ref> Babban kwangilar farko ta Motiv ita ce tare da birnin [[Chicago]] don canza motocin shara 20 don amfani da wutar lantarki kawai, fara aiki a cikin 2012, tare da motar farko da aka tura a tsakiyar 2014. Dalilin ya kiyasta cewa Chicago na iya hana sakin tan 10,000 na hayakin carbon a kowace shekara ta hanyar canza kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na motocin shara ta wannan hanyar. Chicago ta biya motocin a kan sikelin zamewa, tare da sayar da motocin farko a dala miliyan 1.3, da kuma motoci goma na ƙarshe a $ 500,000. <ref name="sfbt">{{Cite web |last=Riddell |first=Lindsay |date=2012-11-26 |title=Startup Motiv lands $13.4 million to electrify garbage trucks |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/blog/2012/11/startup-motiv-lands-134m-to.html |access-date=2016-09-22 |website=San Francisco Business Times}}</ref> <ref name="torontoist">{{Cite web |last=Macrae |first=Emily |date=2016-08-30 |title=What Toronto Can Learn from Chicago's Electric Garbage Truck |url=http://torontoist.com/2016/08/what-toronto-can-learn-from-chicago/ |access-date=2016-09-22 |website=Torontoist}}</ref><ref name="sjmn"/> Sa'an nan, a cikin 2013, Motiv ya haɗu da kamfanin New York Trans Tech don ƙirƙirar bas din makaranta na lantarki don Gundumar Makarantar Kings Canyon Unified, wanda ya fara aiki a watan Maris na shekara ta 2014. Gundumar makarantar ta biya Motiv $ 230,000 don bas din "SST-e" guda biyu, tare da wasu biyu da za su biyo baya. Buses na iya tafiya 80-100 mil, kuma suna ɗaukar ɗalibai 18-25 kowannensu.<ref name="thinkprog">{{Cite web |last=Breiner |first=Andrew |date=2014-03-04 |title=First Electric School Bus Hits The Road In California |url=https://thinkprogress.org/first-electric-school-bus-hits-the-road-in-california-9c8abc3532d0#.ddwajhszw |access-date=2016-09-22 |website=ThinkProgress}}</ref><ref name="wapo">{{Cite web |last=McFarland |first=Matt |date=2015-01-23 |title=Your neighborhood garbage truck is a gas-guzzler. Here's why. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2015/01/23/the-quest-to-find-a-place-for-electric-trucks-on-u-s-roads/ |access-date=2016-09-22 |website=Washington Post Innovations}}</ref><ref name="sjmn"/><ref name="huffpo">{{Cite web |last=McLendon |first=Russell |date=2013-11-11 |title=An Electric School Bus Could Be Coming To A School Near You |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/09/electric-school-bus_n_4243181.html |access-date=2016-09-22 |website=Huffington Post}}</ref> Motiv kuma ya yi aiki tare da Google a farkon 2015 don tallafawa shuttuka na lantarki a Mountain View, bisa ga ƙirar motoci na yanzu.<ref name="sjmn"/><ref name="ngtn">{{Cite web |last=Tyler |first=Lauren |date=2016-05-03 |title=Motiv Power Systems All-Electric Powertrain Integrated into Electric Truck Offerings |url=http://ngtnews.com/motiv-power-systems-all-electric-powertrain-integrated-into-electric-truck-offerings/ |access-date=2016-09-22 |website=NGT News |archive-date=2016-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923172212/http://ngtnews.com/motiv-power-systems-all-electric-powertrain-integrated-into-electric-truck-offerings/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="wapo"/> Wadannan motoci har yanzu ana amfani da su sosai a Mountain View, California kuma suna da kyauta don hawa ga jama'a Sa'an nan, a cikin 2016, Motiv ya haɗu da California Truck Equipment Co. da Rockport Commercial Vehicles don bayar da manyan motocin aiki na lantarki da manyan motoci, bi da bi. An kawo motar aiki ta CTEC ta farko ta lantarki zuwa Santa Ana a wannan shekarar.<ref name="ngtn"/> A cikin 2017 an amince da Motiv a matsayin Ford Qualified Vehicle Modifier (eQVM) don wutar lantarki don motocin aiki na kasuwanci da bas. A cikin 2018 Motiv ta ƙaddamar da dangin EPIC (Electric Powered Intelligent Chassis) na duk kayan lantarki.[1] Kayan EPIC ya sami takardar shaidar CARB E.O. don 2018/2019 a watan Maris na shekara ta 2018. [2] Wannan takardar shaidar CARB masana'antu ce ta farko don ginin abin hawa mara cikakke kuma jagorancin Daraktan Ci gaban Kasuwanci na Motiv Urvi Nagrani.[3] Kafin wannan takardar shaidar, duk motocin lantarki da aka tabbatar don sayarwa a California an gina su tare da masana'anta guda ɗaya da ke tabbatar da abin hawa na ƙarshe a aikace-aikace kamar bas din sufuri ko motocin fasinja. Motocin aiki waɗanda ake gina su a kan takaddun shaida na chassis daga manyan masana'antun kamar Ford, Freightliner, Volvo, da kuma ƙarin dogaro da hanyoyin wucewa waɗanda ba su samuwa a cikin motocin lantarki ba har zuwa 2018. Bayan Motiv ya sami wannan takardar shaidar, tsarin a CARB ya ci gaba da canzawa ta hanyar rukunin aiki na Zero Emission Powertrain Certification.[4] Wadannan ƙungiyoyin aiki waɗanda Motiv suka ci gaba da shiga cikin su har zuwa 2018 da 2019 a ƙarshe sun haifar da CARB ta bayyana ƙa'idodinta da kuma wuce takamaiman takaddun shaida don motocin iska da motsi don motocin lantarki da na man fetur a cikin 2020.[5] Har ila yau, a cikin 2018 Motiv ta ƙaddamar da sabon haɗin gwiwa tare da masana'antar RV Winnebago wanda ya fara da ƙaddamar da duk asibitin gwajin huhu na lantarki a taron Global Climate Action Summit a San Francisco. [6] An gina all-electric Mobile Lung Unit (eMLU) a kan Ford F-53 tushen EPI6 all-electric chassis daga Motiv Power Systems, tare da Samsung's NeuroLogica BodyTom Elite mai ɗaukar hoto, cikakken jiki, 32-slice CT scanner. Wadannan motoci na musamman sun riga sun kasance da sanarwar duk motar lantarki.[7]  A cikin 2019 wanda ya kafa Motiv kuma Shugaba Jim Castelaz ya sauka zuwa matsayin CTO kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Motiv Matt O'Leary ya zama Shugaba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2019 |title=Motiv Names Matt O'Leary as New CEO |url=https://www.oemoffhighway.com/drivetrains/press-release/21048224/motiv-power-systems-motiv-names-matt-oleary-as-new-ceo}}</ref> Matt O'Leary ya yi aiki a Ford na tsawon shekaru 38, gami da ƙaddamar da Ford F150 a cikin 2015 lokacin da suka koma jikin aluminum don saduwa da ka'idodin fitarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2019 |title=Motiv Appoints New CEO with 38 Years' Experience at Ford |url=https://ngtnews.com/motiv-appoints-new-ceo-with-38-years-experience-at-ford |access-date=7 January 2026 |archive-date=18 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118160426/https://ngtnews.com/motiv-appoints-new-ceo-with-38-years-experience-at-ford |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, Motiv ya tara dala miliyan 60 a cikin zagaye tare da saka hannun jari daga kamfanin RV Winnebago <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2019 |title=Winnebago behind $60M funding of Motiv: Is the future of RVS fully electric? |url=https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1125617_winnebago-behind-60m-funding-of-motiv-is-the-future-of-rvs-fully-electric}}</ref> A cikin 2021 Motiv ya tara dala miliyan 20 don fadada masana'antu <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2021 |title=Motiv Power Systems secures $20M |url=https://www.freightwaves.com/news/motiv-raises-20m }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Matt O'Leary ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba har zuwa 2021 lokacin da aka kawo Tim Krauskopf kuma O'Leario ya ci gaba da aikinsa a cikin kwamitin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2021 |title=Motiv Names Tim Krauskopf New CEO - RV PRO |url=https://rv-pro.com/news/motiv-names-tim-krauskopf-new-ceo/}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website}} jiswbm08qm6u6r8o6htz25yr6kyh5j8 0 133148 818898 773610 2026-04-06T07:10:26Z BnHamid 12586 818898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Edward Gough Whitlam''' (11 ga Yulin 1916 - 21 ga Oktoba 2014) shi ne Firayim Minista na 21 na Ostiraliya, yana aiki daga Disamba 1972 zuwa Nuwamba 1975.{{Efn|Pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɒ|f|_|ˈ|w|ɪ|t|l|əm}} {{respell|GOF|_|WIT|ləm}}.}} Har zuwa yau shugaban tarayya mafi tsawo na Jam'iyyar Labor Party (ALP), ya kasance sananne ne saboda kasancewa shugaban gwamnati mai gyarawa da ci gaban zamantakewa wanda ya ƙare tare da korarsa mai rikitarwa daga gwamnan-janar na Australia na lokacin, Sir John Kerr, a ƙarshen rikicin tsarin mulki na 1975. Whitlam ya kasance Firayim Minista na Australiya wanda gwamnan janar ya cire shi daga mukaminsa.{{Spaced en dash}} Whitlam ya kasance Mai ba da jirgin sama a cikin Royal Australian Air Force na tsawon shekaru hudu a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwKw">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin [[Barrister|lauya]] bayan yakin. An fara zabarsa a Majalisar Wakilai ta Australiya a 1952, ya zama memba na majalisa (MP) don ƙungiyar Werriwa . Whitlam ya zama mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Labor a shekarar 1960, kuma a shekarar 1967, bayan da Arthur Calwell ya yi ritaya, an zabe shi shugaban jam'iyya kuma ya zama Shugaban Jam'iyyar adawa. Bayan da aka rasa Zaben tarayya na 1969 ga [[John Gorton]], Whitlam ya jagoranci Labour zuwa nasara a Zaben 1972, bayan shekaru 23 na gwamnatin hadin gwiwa. [[Fayil:Ngara,_Gough_Whitlam's_birthplace.jpg|left|thumb|"Ngara", wurin haihuwar Whitlam (yanzu an rushe shi) ]] An haifi Edward Gough Whitlam a ranar 11 ga Yuli, 1916 a gidan danginsa 'Ngara', 46 Rowland Street,[1] Kew, wani yanki na Melbourne, babban 'ya'ya biyu (an haifi 'yar'uwarsa, Freda, shekaru huɗu bayansa),[2][3] ga Martha (née Maddocks) da Fred Whitlam.[4] Mahaifinsa ma'aikacin gwamnati ne na tarayya wanda daga baya ya zama Lauyan Commonwealth Crown, kuma shigar da babban Whitlam ya yi a harkokin kare hakkin dan adam ya kasance babban tasiri ga ɗansa.[1] Tunda kakansa na uwa shi ma an sanya masa suna Edward, tun yana ƙarami ana kiransa da sunansa na tsakiya, Gough, wanda ya fito daga kakansa na uba wanda aka sanya masa suna bayan sojan Birtaniya Field-Marshal Hugh Gough, Viscount Gough na 1.[1] A shekara ta 1918, an kara Fred Whitlam zuwa mataimakin lauyan Crown kuma an tura shi Sydney. Iyalin sun fara zama a yankin Mosman na Arewacin Shore sannan kuma a Turramurra. A lokacin da yake da shekaru shida, Gough ya fara karatunsa a makarantar 'yan mata ta Chatswood Church of England (kayan karatun firamare a makarantar' yan mata ba sabon abu ba ne ga kananan yara maza a lokacin). Bayan shekara guda a can, ya halarci Makarantar Mowbray House da Makarantar Grammar ta Knox a cikin unguwar Sydney.[1] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] ssvyrqy7zd5cmayapow2wsq1nh8vlk1 818899 818898 2026-04-06T07:10:53Z BnHamid 12586 818899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Edward Gough Whitlam''' (11 ga Yulin 1916 - 21 ga Oktoba 2014) shi ne Firayim Minista na 21 na Ostiraliya, yana aiki daga Disamba 1972 zuwa Nuwamba 1975.{{Efn|Pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɒ|f|_|ˈ|w|ɪ|t|l|əm}} {{respell|GOF|_|WIT|ləm}}.}} Har zuwa yau shugaban tarayya mafi tsawo na Jam'iyyar Labor Party (ALP), ya kasance sananne ne saboda kasancewa shugaban gwamnati mai gyarawa da ci gaban zamantakewa wanda ya ƙare tare da korarsa mai rikitarwa daga gwamnan-janar na Australia na lokacin, Sir John Kerr, a ƙarshen rikicin tsarin mulki na 1975. Whitlam ya kasance Firayim Minista na Australiya wanda gwamnan janar ya cire shi daga mukaminsa.{{Spaced en dash}} Whitlam ya kasance Mai ba da jirgin sama a cikin Royal Australian Air Force na tsawon shekaru hudu a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwKw">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin [[Barrister|lauya]] bayan yakin. An fara zabarsa a Majalisar Wakilai ta Australiya a 1952, ya zama memba na majalisa (MP) don ƙungiyar Werriwa . Whitlam ya zama mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Labor a shekarar 1960, kuma a shekarar 1967, bayan da Arthur Calwell ya yi ritaya, an zabe shi shugaban jam'iyya kuma ya zama Shugaban Jam'iyyar adawa. Bayan da aka rasa Zaben tarayya na 1969 ga [[John Gorton]], Whitlam ya jagoranci Labour zuwa nasara a Zaben 1972, bayan shekaru 23 na gwamnatin hadin gwiwa. [[Fayil:Ngara,_Gough_Whitlam's_birthplace.jpg|left|thumb|"Ngara", wurin haihuwar Whitlam (yanzu an rushe shi) ]] An haifi Edward Gough Whitlam a ranar 11 ga Yuli, 1916 a gidan danginsa 'Ngara', 46 Rowland Street,[1] Kew, wani yanki na Melbourne, babban 'ya'ya biyu (an haifi 'yar'uwarsa, Freda, shekaru huɗu bayansa),[2][3] ga Martha (née Maddocks) da Fred Whitlam.[4] Mahaifinsa ma'aikacin gwamnati ne na tarayya wanda daga baya ya zama Lauyan Commonwealth Crown, kuma shigar da babban Whitlam ya yi a harkokin kare hakkin dan adam ya kasance babban tasiri ga ɗansa.[1] Tunda kakansa na uwa shi ma an sanya masa suna Edward, tun yana ƙarami ana kiransa da sunansa na tsakiya, Gough, wanda ya fito daga kakansa na uba wanda aka sanya masa suna bayan sojan Birtaniya Field-Marshal Hugh Gough, Viscount Gough na 1.[1] A shekara ta 1918, an kara Fred Whitlam zuwa mataimakin lauyan Crown kuma an tura shi Sydney. Iyalin sun fara zama a yankin Mosman na Arewacin Shore sannan kuma a Turramurra. A lokacin da yake da shekaru shida, Gough ya fara karatunsa a makarantar 'yan mata ta Chatswood Church of England (kayan karatun firamare a makarantar' yan mata ba sabon abu ba ne ga kananan yara maza a lokacin). Bayan shekara guda a can, ya halarci Makarantar Mowbray House da Makarantar Grammar ta Knox a cikin unguwar Sydney.[1] ==Bayanan Kula== {{Notelist}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] 6y5t3xjk5agv1kg77gzzxkh6vt1klv0 0 133193 818870 773707 2026-04-06T06:56:09Z BnHamid 12586 818870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Timothy Andrew Fischer''' {{Small|{{postnominals|country=AUS|size=100|AC|FTSE}}}} (3 ga Mayu 1946 - 22 ga Agusta 2019) ɗan siyasan Australiya ne kuma ɗan diflomasiyya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Jam'iyyar National daga 1990 zuwa 1999. Ya kasance mataimakin Firayim Minista na goma a Gwamnatin Howard daga 1996 zuwa 1999. An haifi Fischer a Lockhart, New South Wales . Ya yi aiki tare da Sojojin Australiya a Yaƙin Vietnam . Lokacin da ya dawo ya sayi gonar gona a Boree Creek . Ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dokokin New South Wales daga 1971 zuwa 1984. An zabi Fischer a Majalisar Wakilai a Zaben 1984, yana wakiltar Sashen Farrer har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 2001. Ya maye gurbin Charles Blunt a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar National Party a shekarar 1990, kuma a gwamnatin Howard ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Firayim Minista da Ministan Kasuwanci. Bayan barin siyasa, Fischer ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban yawon bude ido na Australia daga 2004 zuwa 2007, kuma daga baya ya zama Jakada a Babban See daga 2009 zuwa 2012. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Fischer a ranar 3 ga Mayu 1946 a Lockhart, New South Wales . Shi ne na huɗu cikin yara biyar da aka haifa wa Barbara Mary (née van Cooth) da Julius Ralph Fischer; wani ɗan'uwa ne ya mutu daga meningitis tun yana jariri.{{Sfn|Rees|2001}} Iyayensa sun kasance "daga iyalai masu arziki na Melbourne waɗanda kasuwancin su ya rushe tare da farawar Babban Mawuyacin hali".{{Sfn|Rees|2001}} Mahaifin Fischer ya yi aiki a matsayin jackaroo, ya zauna a Boree Creek, New South Wales, a 1936, inda ya gudanar da kantin sayar da kayayyaki da tashar kuma daga baya ya sayi karamin gona.{{Sfn|Rees|2001}} An haifi kakan mahaifinsa a Kleve, Jamus, kuma an dakatar da dukiyarsa saboda rashin jin daɗin Jamus a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na I. Kakar mahaifinsa 'yar wani jirgin ruwa ne na Faransa.{{Sfn|Rees|2001}} Mahaifiyar Fischer ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya kafin aurenta. Kakan mahaifiyarsa baƙo ne na Dutch wanda ya auri 'yar Francis Mason, baƙo na Irish wanda ya zama kakakin Majalisar Dokokin Victoria . {{Sfn|Rees|2001}} == Ayyuka == === Siyasa ta Jiha === Fischer ya wakilci Sturt a Majalisar Dokokin New South Wales daga 1971 zuwa 1980 da Murray daga 1980 zuwa 1984. Ya yi aiki a kan bangaren adawa daga 1978 zuwa 1984. === Siyasa ta Tarayya === [[Fayil:Tim_Fischer_Portrait_2013.jpg|right|thumb|Fischer a cikin 2013]] A shekara ta 1984, Fischer ya lashe kujerar tarayya ta Farrer a New South Wales da ke yammacin jam'iyyar National Party of Australia, kamar yadda aka sake sunan jam'iyyar Country Party.[1] A cikin shekara guda ya kasance a kan bangaren adawa, kuma nan da nan ya zama sanannen mutum a duka jam'iyyar da majalisa. Halinsa na wani lokaci da kuma rashin inganci ya ɓoye kwakwalwar siyasa mai basira. A shekara ta 1990, lokacin da yunkurin da Charles Blunt ya yi na sabunta hoton 'yan kasa ya ƙare tare da ya rasa kujerarsa, Fischer ya gaji shi a matsayin jagora, ya kayar da tsohon shugaban Ian Sinclair.[2][3] Fischer was an enthusiastic supporter of the "Fightback" package of economic and tax reforms proposed by the Liberal leader John Hewson in 1991. But he was unsuccessful in persuading the majority of rural voters, particularly in Queensland, that the proposed changes, particularly the goods and services tax, were in their interests, and Labor under Paul Keating won the 1993 election. On 23 March 1993, ten days after the election, Ian Sinclair unsuccessfully challenged Fischer for the leadership. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2019]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1a1rf9y1jb560a1qcntmjdcpnfh1hvh 0 133225 818754 782903 2026-04-05T18:11:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818754 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ubaid Iqbal Asim''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1959), wanda aka fi rubuta shi a matsayin '''Obaid Iqbal Asim''', masanin addinin Indiya ne, marubuci, mai bincike, <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2024 |title=Symposium on classic Urdu literature held |url=https://www.gulf-times.com/article/685581/community/symposium-on-classic-urdu-literature-held |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=[[Gulf Times]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-06-26 |title=Bazm-e-Urdu Qatar holds symposium on classic Urdu literature |url=https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/26/06/2024/bazm-e-urdu-qatar-holds-symposium-on-classic-urdu-literature |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=[[The Peninsula Qatar]] |language=en}}</ref> kuma mai ba da labari, wanda aka sani da gudummawarsa ga adabi da bincike. Dan asalin Deoband, Uttar Pradesh, ya kammala karatunsa na farko da na sama a Darul Uloom Deoband kuma ya bi Master of Arts a Larabci daga Jami'ar Musulmi ta Aligarh a shekarar 1996. Daga baya ya sami Ph.D. a 2002 daga wannan jami'a, yana mai da hankali kan rayuwar da gudummawar Zafar Ahmad Usmani. Ayyukansa da farko suna magance batutuwan ilimi da zamantakewa. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Ubaid Iqbal Asim an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Yuli 1959 (19 Muharram 1379 AH) a Deoband, Uttar Pradesh . <ref name="Fikr-e-Inqilāb">{{Cite journal |date=16–31 January 2017 |editor-last=Mukhtar |editor-first=As'ad |editor2-last=Mehtāb |editor2-first=Ahsan |title=Urdu ke farogh mein Deoband ka deṛh so salah kirdār |trans-title=The 150-year Role of Deoband in the Promotion of Urdu |url=https://archive.org/details/urdu-ke-farogh-mein-deoband-ka-derh-so-salah-kirdar-fikr-e-inqilab |journal=Fortnightly Fikr-e-Inqilāb |edition=2nd |volume=5 |issue=112 |pages=705–706}}</ref> Ya fara tafiyarsa ta ilimi a Darul Uloom Deoband, inda ya kammala karatun Dars-e-Nizami a shekarar 1980. Daga baya ya bi MA a Larabci a Jami'ar Musulmi ta Aligarh a 1996 kuma ya sami Ph.D. a Larabcin a 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2024 |title=Symposium on classic Urdu literature held |url=https://www.gulf-times.com/article/685581/community/symposium-on-classic-urdu-literature-held |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=[[Gulf Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Fikr-e-Inqilāb"/> == Ayyuka == Asim ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a bangarorin zamantakewa da ilimi. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Sakatare na Asusun Aligarh Zakat, <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2024 |title=Symposium on classic Urdu literature held |url=https://www.gulf-times.com/article/685581/community/symposium-on-classic-urdu-literature-held |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=[[Gulf Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Sakatare ne na Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Indiya <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-06-26 |title=Bazm-e-Urdu Qatar holds symposium on classic Urdu literature |url=https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/26/06/2024/bazm-e-urdu-qatar-holds-symposium-on-classic-urdu-literature |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=[[The Peninsula Qatar]] |language=en}}</ref> da Kwamitin Uttar Pradesh Rabta <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2024 |title=Symposium on classic Urdu literature held |url=https://www.gulf-times.com/article/685581/community/symposium-on-classic-urdu-literature-held |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=[[Gulf Times]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2014 |title=Muslim organisations meet in Aligarh over agenda for last parliamentary session of UPA Govt |url=https://twocircles.net/2014jan22/representatives_various_muslim_organisations_meet_aligarh_over_agenda_last_parliamentary_s |access-date=30 October 2024 |website=[[TwoCircles]] |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2020 |title=100 years have passed since the death of Shaykh-ul-Hind Maulana Mahmood Hasan Deobandi |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/uttar-pradesh/100-years-have-passed-since-the-death-of-shaykh-ul-hind-maulana-mahmood-hassan-deobandi/na20201201170711973 |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=[[ETV Urdu]] |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-22 |title=Recall ambassador from Egypt; Expel Egyptian ambassador: Aligarh groups demand Govt. |url=https://muslimmirror.com/recall-ambassador-from-egypt-expel-egyptian-ambassador-aligarh-groups-demand-govt/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=[[Muslim Mirror]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance memba na kwamitin tsakiya na All India Majlis-e-Mushawarat <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2024 |title=Symposium on classic Urdu literature held |url=https://www.gulf-times.com/article/685581/community/symposium-on-classic-urdu-literature-held |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=[[Gulf Times]] |language=en}}</ref> da kuma All India Educational Caravan.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-06-26 |title=Bazm-e-Urdu Qatar holds symposium on classic Urdu literature |url=https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/26/06/2024/bazm-e-urdu-qatar-holds-symposium-on-classic-urdu-literature |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=[[The Peninsula Qatar]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2024 |title=Symposium on classic Urdu literature held |url=https://www.gulf-times.com/article/685581/community/symposium-on-classic-urdu-literature-held |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=[[Gulf Times]] |language=en}}</ref> An haɗa shi da Jami'ar Musulmi ta Aligarh a wasu halaye. An girmama Asim tare da lambar yabo ta Sir Syed Awareness Forum Award 2019 saboda kyawawan gudummawar da ya bayar a fagen sa a lokacin 10th National Seminar da Sir Syed a Aligarh Mahotsav ya shirya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2024 |title=Symposium on classic Urdu literature held |url=https://www.gulf-times.com/article/685581/community/symposium-on-classic-urdu-literature-held |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=[[Gulf Times]] |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == Asim yana da iko a kan yarukan Urdu da Larabci kuma ya rubuta littattafai da yawa da kuma rubutun bincike kan batutuwan ilimi da ilimi. Ayyukansa masu ban sha'awa sun haɗa da ''Ghubar-e-Khatir aur Uska Sha'iri Sarmaya'', ''Ijtimai Nizam-e-Zakat'', da ''Insaaf Ki Dastak'' . <ref name="Fikr-e-Inqilāb"/> Ya kuma rubuta wani littafi mai taken Deoband: Tareekh-o-Tahzeeb ke Aaine Mein, wanda ke bincika tarihin da al'adun Deoband.<ref name="Tarīkh-o-Tahdhīb">{{Cite web |last=Siddiqi |first=Zafar |date=13 October 2019 |title=Preserving and passing down history to future generations is a sign of living nations! Remarks of Maulana Syed Arshad Madani during the launch of 'Deoband: Tareekh-o-Tahzeeb ke Aaine Mein' |url=https://urdu.millattimes.com/archives/45903 |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=Millat Times |language=ur}}</ref> Ya sami Ph.D. ta hanyar rubuta rubutun kan rayuwar da gudummawar Zafar Ahmad Usmani . Tafiyarsa ta wallafe-wallafen ta fara ne da gudummawa ga mujallu na bango na Darul Uloom Deoband kuma daga baya ya fadada zuwa rubuce-rubuce don mujallu da mujallu daban-daban. Ya yi aiki a matsayin editan ''Ictima'' (Deoband) na mako biyu daga 1985 zuwa 1986, kuma a baya ya kasance editan hadin gwiwa na ''Ilmi Sada'' (Delhi) na kowane wata da Rabta Bulletin (Aligarh). Bugu da ƙari, yana ba da gudummawa a kai a kai ga manyan jaridu kamar ''Rashtriya Sahara'' (Delhi), ''Azad Hind'' (Kolkata), ''Munsif'' (Hyderabad), da ''Inquilab'' (Delh).<ref name="Hasan" /> === Littattafai === Ayyukan Asim sun hada da: * ''Ghubar-e-Khatir aur Uska She'ri Sarmaya'' (littafin da ke dauke da fassarar waƙoƙin Larabci, Urdu da Farisa da aka rubuta a Ghubar -e-Khatsir) * ''Ijtimai Nizam-e-[[Zakka|Zakat]]'' (Tsarin Zakat) * ''Insaaf Ki Dastak'' (Kwanakin adalci) * ''Maulana Zafar Ahmad Usmani Thanvi: Ek Mutala'' (Zafar Ahmad Usman: Nazarin) * ''Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi ki Alkur'ani Fahmi'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2024 |title=Symposium on classic Urdu literature held |url=https://www.gulf-times.com/article/685581/community/symposium-on-classic-urdu-literature-held |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=[[Gulf Times]] |language=en}}</ref> (Binciken ilimin Alkur'an Ashraf Ali Thanwi; <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-06-26 |title=Bazm-e-Urdu Qatar holds symposium on classic Urdu literature |url=https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/26/06/2024/bazm-e-urdu-qatar-holds-symposium-on-classic-urdu-literature |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=[[The Peninsula Qatar]] |language=en}}</ref>) {{ISBN|978-93-91601-24-9}} * Deoband: Tareekh-o-Tahzeeb ke Aaine Mein (Deoband - A cikin Mirror na Tarihi da wayewa) <ref name="Tarīkh-o-Tahdhīb"/> * ''Baatein Mulaqatein'' (Tarin labaran Shahid Zuberi) <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2024 |title=Symposium on classic Urdu literature held |url=https://www.gulf-times.com/article/685581/community/symposium-on-classic-urdu-literature-held |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=[[Gulf Times]] |language=en}}</ref> * ''Para-e-'am ke Mozu'aat wa Mazameen'' (Tambayoyi da labarai na 30th Juz' na Alkur'ani) * ''Sawaneh Maulana Mansoor Ansari - Sada Muhajir'' (Labarin Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari, wanda aka rubuta tare da Arshad Mansoor Ghazi) * ''Syed Hamid'' (Labarin rayuwar Syed Hamid) <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2024 |title=Symposium on classic Urdu literature held |url=https://www.gulf-times.com/article/685581/community/symposium-on-classic-urdu-literature-held |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=[[Gulf Times]] |language=en}}</ref> * ''Zikr-e-Ghazi'' (Labarin Hamid al-Ansari Ghazi) == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] los4vn22ujxser2o9dk0tdc101n416e 0 133391 818877 774082 2026-04-06T06:57:56Z BnHamid 12586 818877 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} '''Muhammad Usman Ghani Qasmi''' (1922-2011) [[Ulama'u|Masanin addinin Musulunci]] ne na Indiya na al'adar Deobandi, malami, kuma marubuci. An haife shi a Chilmil, Begusarai, ya kammala karatun sakandare a Darul Uloom Deoband kuma ya yi aiki a makarantun sakandare da yawa a Indiya, gami da dogon lokaci a ''Mazahir Uloom (Waqf) '', Saharanpur, daga 1989 har zuwa mutuwarsa. Ya kuma kafa ''Madrasa Husayniyah'' a Chilmil, Begusarai . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Muhammad Usman Ghani Qasmi a 1922 (1341 AH) a Chilmil, wanda a lokacin yana cikin Gundumar Munger a Lardin Bihar da Orissa na Indiya ta Burtaniya. Yankin yanzu ya fada cikin Gundumar Begusarai, Bihar, Indiya. Ya sami ilimin farko a madrasas na gida a Begusarai sannan daga baya ya koma Bangladesh, inda ya yi karatu a ''Madrasa Ashraf al-Ulum'', Bara Katra, Dhaka. Bayan ya dawo Indiya, ya ci gaba da karatunsa a ''Madrasa Mu'iniyah'', Sanha, Begusarai, sannan a ''Darul Uloom Imdadiyah'', [[Darbhanga]] . A shekara ta 1946, ya shiga Darul Uloom Deoband don karatun sakandare kuma ya kammala karatu a 1950 (1369 AH). {{Sfn|Subhani Mazahiri|2021}} Malamansa a Deoband sun hada da Hussain Ahmed Madani, Ibrahim Balyawi, Izaz Ali Amrohi, da Fakhrul Hasan Moradabadi.{{Sfn|Subhani Mazahiri|2021}} == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa, Qasmi ya fara koyarwa a Bangladesh kuma ya taimaka wa mahaifinsa a kasuwanci yayin da yake aiki a cikin aikin gyara a yankinsa.<ref name="Luqman">{{Cite web |last=Usmani |first=Luqman |date=2018-06-14 |title=ʿAllāmah ʿUthmān Ghanī (raḥimahullāh): Ek Gohar-e-Yaktā, Ek Durr-e-Farīd |url=https://mazameen.com/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81-%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%92-%D8%A7%DA%A9-%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B1-%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7-%D8%A7%DA%A9-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=mazameen.com |language=ur}}</ref> A shekara ta 1955, an nada shi a ''Madrasa Rashidul Uloom'', Chatra, Jharkhand, inda ya koyar da Sahih Muslim da ''[[Jami at-Tirmizi|Jami' al-Tirmidhi]]'' . Daga baya ya koyar a ''Madrasa Husayniyah'', Giridih, da ''Madrasa Husayniyah'', Dighi, [[Bhagalpur]] . {{Sfn|Subhani Mazahiri|2021}} A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1962, ya kafa ''Madrasa Husayniyah'' a garinsu Chilmil, Begusarai, yana mai suna bayan malaminsa Madani. Ginin ya fara ne a shekara ta 1972, kuma ya kuma koyar da ɗan gajeren lokaci a can.{{Sfn|Usmani|2024}} Daga 1963 zuwa 1975, ya koyar a ''Madrasa 'Aliyah Furfura Sharif'', Hugli, inda ya ba da lacca a kan ''[[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' da ''Tafsir al-Kashshaf''. {{Sfn|Subhani Mazahiri|2021}} A shekara ta 1983, ya shiga ''Darul Uloom'' na ''Tarapur'', Gujarat, inda ya koyar da ''Sahih al-Bukhari'' da ''Jami' al-Tirmidhi'' . <ref name="Luqman">{{Cite web |last=Usmani |first=Luqman |date=2018-06-14 |title=ʿAllāmah ʿUthmān Ghanī (raḥimahullāh): Ek Gohar-e-Yaktā, Ek Durr-e-Farīd |url=https://mazameen.com/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81-%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%92-%D8%A7%DA%A9-%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B1-%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7-%D8%A7%DA%A9-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=mazameen.com |language=ur}}</ref>{{Sfn|Subhani Mazahiri|2021}} Bayan rarrabawar ''Mazahir Uloom'' a Saharanpur, Qasmi ya karɓi gayyata daga Muzaffar Husain Ajrarwi don shiga Mazahir Oloom (Waqf) a Shawwal 1409 AH (Mayu 1989). Da farko ya koyar da kundi na biyu na ''Sahih al-Bukhari'', kuma daga baya ya koyar da littafi na farko na Sahih a-Bukhara, cikakken Sahih Muslim, da ''Sharh Ma'ani al-Athar'' . Ya ci gaba da koyarwa a ma'aikatar kusan shekaru ashirin da biyu har zuwa mutuwarsa. <ref name="Luqman" />{{Sfn|Subhani Mazahiri|2021}} === Rayuwa ta ruhaniya === Qasmi ya fara yin alkawarin aminci na ruhaniya (''[[bay'ah]]'') ga malaminsa Hussain Ahmed Madani, sannan daga baya ga Muzaffar Husain Ajrarwi, daga wanda ya karɓi ''ijazah'' a cikin 1406 AH (Afrilu 1986). <ref name="Luqman">{{Cite web |last=Usmani |first=Luqman |date=2018-06-14 |title=ʿAllāmah ʿUthmān Ghanī (raḥimahullāh): Ek Gohar-e-Yaktā, Ek Durr-e-Farīd |url=https://mazameen.com/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81-%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%92-%D8%A7%DA%A9-%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B1-%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7-%D8%A7%DA%A9-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=mazameen.com |language=ur}}</ref>{{Sfn|Mazahiri|2011}} == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == Qasmi ya rubuta ''Nasr al-Bari'', wani ''Sharh'' na Urdu na 13 game da ''[[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]]'', <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> <ref name="Qasmi">{{Cite journal |last=Qasmi |first=Mohammad Najeeb |author-link=Mohammad Najeeb Qasmi |date=March 2017 |editor-last=Bijnori |editor-first=Muhammad Salman |editor-link=Salman Bijnori |title=Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī aur ʿUlamā’-e Deoband kī ʿAẓīm Khidmāt |trans-title=Sahih al-Bukhari and the Great Scholarly Contributions of the Deobandi Ulama |url=https://darululoom-deoband.com/urduarticles/archives/2549 |journal=[[Monthly Darul Uloom]] |language=ur |publisher=[[Darul Uloom Deoband]] |volume=101 |issue=3 |page=16}}</ref> wanda aka dauka a matsayin cikakkiyar Urdu Sharh ta farko na littafin kafin ''Tuhfat al-Qari'' ta Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri. {{Sfn|Subhani Mazahiri|2021}} ''Dar al-Ta'lif'', Chilmil ne ya buga bugu na farko, sannan daga baya daga Zakariya Book Depot, Deoband. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Daga cikin sauran rubuce-rubucensa sune: <ref name="Luqman">{{Cite web |last=Usmani |first=Luqman |date=2018-06-14 |title=ʿAllāmah ʿUthmān Ghanī (raḥimahullāh): Ek Gohar-e-Yaktā, Ek Durr-e-Farīd |url=https://mazameen.com/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81-%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%92-%D8%A7%DA%A9-%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B1-%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7-%D8%A7%DA%A9-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=mazameen.com |language=ur}}</ref> {{Sfn|Subhani Mazahiri|2021}}{{Sfn|Mazahiri|2011}} * ''Nasr al-Hayat'' (bayani game da ''Mishkat al-Masabih'') * ''Dirayat al-Adab'' (a kan Hidayat al- Adab) * ''Mir'at'' (a kan ''Mirqāt'', tunani) * ''Faiz al-Imamain'' (6-volume commentary on ''Tafsir al-Jalalayn'') * ''Sharh Sharh 'Aqa'id Nasafi'' (bayani game da Sharh al-'Aqa'ide al-Nasafiyya) * ''Tafhīmat'' (bayani game da ''Maqamat al-Hariri'') * ''A"inah-yi Huquq'' * ''Hayat-i Shaykh al-Islam'' * ''Guldasta-yi Zawjayn'' * ''Awdah al-Adab'' Ya kuma rubuta bayanin bayani game da manyan hadith da tafsir matani, ciki har da ''Nasr al-Mun'im'' (a kan Sahih Muslim), ''al-Taqrir al-Kafi'' (a kan ''[[Tafsirin Baydawi|Tafsir al-Baydawi]]''), Nasr al'Ma'bud (a kan ''[[Sunan Abu Dawood|Sunan Abi Dawud]]''), da ''Tuhfat al-Bihari'' (a kan Lahih al-Bukhari). <ref name="Luqman">{{Cite web |last=Usmani |first=Luqman |date=2018-06-14 |title=ʿAllāmah ʿUthmān Ghanī (raḥimahullāh): Ek Gohar-e-Yaktā, Ek Durr-e-Farīd |url=https://mazameen.com/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81-%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%92-%D8%A7%DA%A9-%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B1-%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7-%D8%A7%DA%A9-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=mazameen.com |language=ur}}</ref>{{Sfn|Subhani Mazahiri|2021}}{{Sfn|Mazahiri|2011}} Ya ci gaba da babban rajista na kusan shafuka ɗari huɗu inda ya tattara tambayoyin jarrabawa a kan matani daban-daban na ''Dars-e-Nizami'' don amfani a cikin jarrabawar shekara-shekara da shekara-sheko na makarantun Musulunci. Rijistar ta haɗa da tambayoyi daga ayyukan kamar ''Sahih al-Bukhari'', Sahih Muslim, ''[[Jami at-Tirmizi|Jami' al-Tirmidhi]]'', ''Sunan Abi Dawud'', ''Shama'il'', ''[[Sunan an-Nasai|Sunan al-Nasa'i]]'', ''[[Ibn Majah]]'', ''Muwatta Imam Muhammad'', ''Muwatta Imam Malik'', ''al-Hidayah'', ''Bidayat al-Mubtadi'', ''ad-Durr al-Mukhtar'', ''Tafsir al-Baydawi'', Tafsil al-Kashshaf, da sauran matani da yawa na tsarin karatun.{{Sfn|Mazahiri|2011}} === Nazarin ilimi === A cikin 2017, Fāiza Bashīr ya gabatar da rubutun M.Phil mai taken ''''Nasr al-Bari'' Urdu Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari (Allama Uthman Ghani a matsayin Masanin): Nazarin Bincike'' a Cibiyar Musulunci ta Sheikh Zayed, Jami'ar Punjab, Lahore . Nazarin yana mai da hankali kan hanyar, tsari, da ƙimar ilimi na Nasr al-Bari, yayin da yake ba da bayyani na gabatarwa game da rayuwar Qasmi da gudummawar ilimi a cikin surorinta na buɗewa. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Qasmi ta yi aure sau biyu. Matarsa ta farko ta mutu a shekara ta 1955; suna da 'ya'ya mata uku, dukansu sun mutu yayin rayuwarsa. Bayan mutuwarta, ya sake yin aure kuma yana da 'ya'ya mata uku da ɗa ɗaya, Muhammad Imran Qasmi, wanda har yanzu yake da rai. Matarsa ta biyu ta mutu shekaru biyu kafin shi, a ranar 5 Ramadan 1430 AH (27 Agusta 2009).{{Sfn|Mazahiri|2011}} == Mutuwa == Qasmi ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Janairun 2011 (8 Safar 1432 AH). Ɗansa, Muhammad Imran Usmani, ne ya jagoranci addu'ar jana'izarsa, a farfajiyar ''Mazahir Uloom (Waqf) '', Saharanpur, kuma an binne shi a kabarin ''Haji Shah Kamaluddin'' kusa da Sheikh Muzaffar Husain Ajrarwi . <ref name=":&quot;Ba'th&quot;">{{Cite journal |date=March 2011 |editor-last=Azmi |editor-first=Saeed-ur-Rahman |editor2-last=Nadwi |editor2-first=Wazah Rashid Hasani |editor2-link=Wazeh Rashid Hasani Nadwi |title=إلى رحمة الله: فضيلة الشيخ عثمان غني شيخ الحديث بمدرسة مظاهر علوم (الوقف) |trans-title=Obituary: Shaykh al-Hadith Uthman Ghani of Mazahir Uloom (al-Waqf) Passed to the Mercy of Allah |url=https://albasulislami.com/books/March-2011.pdf |journal=[[Al-Baas El-Islami]] |language=ar |location=Lucknow |publisher=[[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]] |volume=56 |issue=7 |pages=98–99}}</ref> <ref name="Luqman">{{Cite web |last=Usmani |first=Luqman |date=2018-06-14 |title=ʿAllāmah ʿUthmān Ghanī (raḥimahullāh): Ek Gohar-e-Yaktā, Ek Durr-e-Farīd |url=https://mazameen.com/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81-%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%92-%D8%A7%DA%A9-%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B1-%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7-%D8%A7%DA%A9-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=mazameen.com |language=ur}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref>{{Sfn|Mazahiri|2011}} [[Fayil:The_Inscription_on_the_grave_of_Maulana_Muhammad_Usman_Ghani_Qasmi.jpg|thumb|Rubutun a kan kabarin Usman Ghani Qasmi]] == Dubi kuma == * Darul Uloom Deoband * Mazahir Uloom, Saharanpur * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2011]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] etivnodj2rk88goqvxrt3r85vb2ed3e 818878 818877 2026-04-06T06:58:08Z BnHamid 12586 818878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Muhammad Usman Ghani Qasmi''' (1922-2011) [[Ulama'u|Masanin addinin Musulunci]] ne na Indiya na al'adar Deobandi, malami, kuma marubuci. An haife shi a Chilmil, Begusarai, ya kammala karatun sakandare a Darul Uloom Deoband kuma ya yi aiki a makarantun sakandare da yawa a Indiya, gami da dogon lokaci a ''Mazahir Uloom (Waqf) '', Saharanpur, daga 1989 har zuwa mutuwarsa. Ya kuma kafa ''Madrasa Husayniyah'' a Chilmil, Begusarai . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Muhammad Usman Ghani Qasmi a 1922 (1341 AH) a Chilmil, wanda a lokacin yana cikin Gundumar Munger a Lardin Bihar da Orissa na Indiya ta Burtaniya. Yankin yanzu ya fada cikin Gundumar Begusarai, Bihar, Indiya. Ya sami ilimin farko a madrasas na gida a Begusarai sannan daga baya ya koma Bangladesh, inda ya yi karatu a ''Madrasa Ashraf al-Ulum'', Bara Katra, Dhaka. Bayan ya dawo Indiya, ya ci gaba da karatunsa a ''Madrasa Mu'iniyah'', Sanha, Begusarai, sannan a ''Darul Uloom Imdadiyah'', [[Darbhanga]] . A shekara ta 1946, ya shiga Darul Uloom Deoband don karatun sakandare kuma ya kammala karatu a 1950 (1369 AH). {{Sfn|Subhani Mazahiri|2021}} Malamansa a Deoband sun hada da Hussain Ahmed Madani, Ibrahim Balyawi, Izaz Ali Amrohi, da Fakhrul Hasan Moradabadi.{{Sfn|Subhani Mazahiri|2021}} == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa, Qasmi ya fara koyarwa a Bangladesh kuma ya taimaka wa mahaifinsa a kasuwanci yayin da yake aiki a cikin aikin gyara a yankinsa.<ref name="Luqman">{{Cite web |last=Usmani |first=Luqman |date=2018-06-14 |title=ʿAllāmah ʿUthmān Ghanī (raḥimahullāh): Ek Gohar-e-Yaktā, Ek Durr-e-Farīd |url=https://mazameen.com/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81-%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%92-%D8%A7%DA%A9-%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B1-%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7-%D8%A7%DA%A9-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=mazameen.com |language=ur}}</ref> A shekara ta 1955, an nada shi a ''Madrasa Rashidul Uloom'', Chatra, Jharkhand, inda ya koyar da Sahih Muslim da ''[[Jami at-Tirmizi|Jami' al-Tirmidhi]]'' . Daga baya ya koyar a ''Madrasa Husayniyah'', Giridih, da ''Madrasa Husayniyah'', Dighi, [[Bhagalpur]] . {{Sfn|Subhani Mazahiri|2021}} A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1962, ya kafa ''Madrasa Husayniyah'' a garinsu Chilmil, Begusarai, yana mai suna bayan malaminsa Madani. Ginin ya fara ne a shekara ta 1972, kuma ya kuma koyar da ɗan gajeren lokaci a can.{{Sfn|Usmani|2024}} Daga 1963 zuwa 1975, ya koyar a ''Madrasa 'Aliyah Furfura Sharif'', Hugli, inda ya ba da lacca a kan ''[[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' da ''Tafsir al-Kashshaf''. {{Sfn|Subhani Mazahiri|2021}} A shekara ta 1983, ya shiga ''Darul Uloom'' na ''Tarapur'', Gujarat, inda ya koyar da ''Sahih al-Bukhari'' da ''Jami' al-Tirmidhi'' . <ref name="Luqman">{{Cite web |last=Usmani |first=Luqman |date=2018-06-14 |title=ʿAllāmah ʿUthmān Ghanī (raḥimahullāh): Ek Gohar-e-Yaktā, Ek Durr-e-Farīd |url=https://mazameen.com/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81-%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%92-%D8%A7%DA%A9-%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B1-%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7-%D8%A7%DA%A9-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=mazameen.com |language=ur}}</ref>{{Sfn|Subhani Mazahiri|2021}} Bayan rarrabawar ''Mazahir Uloom'' a Saharanpur, Qasmi ya karɓi gayyata daga Muzaffar Husain Ajrarwi don shiga Mazahir Oloom (Waqf) a Shawwal 1409 AH (Mayu 1989). Da farko ya koyar da kundi na biyu na ''Sahih al-Bukhari'', kuma daga baya ya koyar da littafi na farko na Sahih a-Bukhara, cikakken Sahih Muslim, da ''Sharh Ma'ani al-Athar'' . Ya ci gaba da koyarwa a ma'aikatar kusan shekaru ashirin da biyu har zuwa mutuwarsa. <ref name="Luqman" />{{Sfn|Subhani Mazahiri|2021}} === Rayuwa ta ruhaniya === Qasmi ya fara yin alkawarin aminci na ruhaniya (''[[bay'ah]]'') ga malaminsa Hussain Ahmed Madani, sannan daga baya ga Muzaffar Husain Ajrarwi, daga wanda ya karɓi ''ijazah'' a cikin 1406 AH (Afrilu 1986). <ref name="Luqman">{{Cite web |last=Usmani |first=Luqman |date=2018-06-14 |title=ʿAllāmah ʿUthmān Ghanī (raḥimahullāh): Ek Gohar-e-Yaktā, Ek Durr-e-Farīd |url=https://mazameen.com/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81-%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%92-%D8%A7%DA%A9-%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B1-%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7-%D8%A7%DA%A9-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=mazameen.com |language=ur}}</ref>{{Sfn|Mazahiri|2011}} == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == Qasmi ya rubuta ''Nasr al-Bari'', wani ''Sharh'' na Urdu na 13 game da ''[[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]]'', <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> <ref name="Qasmi">{{Cite journal |last=Qasmi |first=Mohammad Najeeb |author-link=Mohammad Najeeb Qasmi |date=March 2017 |editor-last=Bijnori |editor-first=Muhammad Salman |editor-link=Salman Bijnori |title=Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī aur ʿUlamā’-e Deoband kī ʿAẓīm Khidmāt |trans-title=Sahih al-Bukhari and the Great Scholarly Contributions of the Deobandi Ulama |url=https://darululoom-deoband.com/urduarticles/archives/2549 |journal=[[Monthly Darul Uloom]] |language=ur |publisher=[[Darul Uloom Deoband]] |volume=101 |issue=3 |page=16}}</ref> wanda aka dauka a matsayin cikakkiyar Urdu Sharh ta farko na littafin kafin ''Tuhfat al-Qari'' ta Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri. {{Sfn|Subhani Mazahiri|2021}} ''Dar al-Ta'lif'', Chilmil ne ya buga bugu na farko, sannan daga baya daga Zakariya Book Depot, Deoband. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Daga cikin sauran rubuce-rubucensa sune: <ref name="Luqman">{{Cite web |last=Usmani |first=Luqman |date=2018-06-14 |title=ʿAllāmah ʿUthmān Ghanī (raḥimahullāh): Ek Gohar-e-Yaktā, Ek Durr-e-Farīd |url=https://mazameen.com/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81-%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%92-%D8%A7%DA%A9-%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B1-%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7-%D8%A7%DA%A9-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=mazameen.com |language=ur}}</ref> {{Sfn|Subhani Mazahiri|2021}}{{Sfn|Mazahiri|2011}} * ''Nasr al-Hayat'' (bayani game da ''Mishkat al-Masabih'') * ''Dirayat al-Adab'' (a kan Hidayat al- Adab) * ''Mir'at'' (a kan ''Mirqāt'', tunani) * ''Faiz al-Imamain'' (6-volume commentary on ''Tafsir al-Jalalayn'') * ''Sharh Sharh 'Aqa'id Nasafi'' (bayani game da Sharh al-'Aqa'ide al-Nasafiyya) * ''Tafhīmat'' (bayani game da ''Maqamat al-Hariri'') * ''A"inah-yi Huquq'' * ''Hayat-i Shaykh al-Islam'' * ''Guldasta-yi Zawjayn'' * ''Awdah al-Adab'' Ya kuma rubuta bayanin bayani game da manyan hadith da tafsir matani, ciki har da ''Nasr al-Mun'im'' (a kan Sahih Muslim), ''al-Taqrir al-Kafi'' (a kan ''[[Tafsirin Baydawi|Tafsir al-Baydawi]]''), Nasr al'Ma'bud (a kan ''[[Sunan Abu Dawood|Sunan Abi Dawud]]''), da ''Tuhfat al-Bihari'' (a kan Lahih al-Bukhari). <ref name="Luqman">{{Cite web |last=Usmani |first=Luqman |date=2018-06-14 |title=ʿAllāmah ʿUthmān Ghanī (raḥimahullāh): Ek Gohar-e-Yaktā, Ek Durr-e-Farīd |url=https://mazameen.com/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81-%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%92-%D8%A7%DA%A9-%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B1-%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7-%D8%A7%DA%A9-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=mazameen.com |language=ur}}</ref>{{Sfn|Subhani Mazahiri|2021}}{{Sfn|Mazahiri|2011}} Ya ci gaba da babban rajista na kusan shafuka ɗari huɗu inda ya tattara tambayoyin jarrabawa a kan matani daban-daban na ''Dars-e-Nizami'' don amfani a cikin jarrabawar shekara-shekara da shekara-sheko na makarantun Musulunci. Rijistar ta haɗa da tambayoyi daga ayyukan kamar ''Sahih al-Bukhari'', Sahih Muslim, ''[[Jami at-Tirmizi|Jami' al-Tirmidhi]]'', ''Sunan Abi Dawud'', ''Shama'il'', ''[[Sunan an-Nasai|Sunan al-Nasa'i]]'', ''[[Ibn Majah]]'', ''Muwatta Imam Muhammad'', ''Muwatta Imam Malik'', ''al-Hidayah'', ''Bidayat al-Mubtadi'', ''ad-Durr al-Mukhtar'', ''Tafsir al-Baydawi'', Tafsil al-Kashshaf, da sauran matani da yawa na tsarin karatun.{{Sfn|Mazahiri|2011}} === Nazarin ilimi === A cikin 2017, Fāiza Bashīr ya gabatar da rubutun M.Phil mai taken ''''Nasr al-Bari'' Urdu Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari (Allama Uthman Ghani a matsayin Masanin): Nazarin Bincike'' a Cibiyar Musulunci ta Sheikh Zayed, Jami'ar Punjab, Lahore . Nazarin yana mai da hankali kan hanyar, tsari, da ƙimar ilimi na Nasr al-Bari, yayin da yake ba da bayyani na gabatarwa game da rayuwar Qasmi da gudummawar ilimi a cikin surorinta na buɗewa. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Qasmi ta yi aure sau biyu. Matarsa ta farko ta mutu a shekara ta 1955; suna da 'ya'ya mata uku, dukansu sun mutu yayin rayuwarsa. Bayan mutuwarta, ya sake yin aure kuma yana da 'ya'ya mata uku da ɗa ɗaya, Muhammad Imran Qasmi, wanda har yanzu yake da rai. Matarsa ta biyu ta mutu shekaru biyu kafin shi, a ranar 5 Ramadan 1430 AH (27 Agusta 2009).{{Sfn|Mazahiri|2011}} == Mutuwa == Qasmi ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Janairun 2011 (8 Safar 1432 AH). Ɗansa, Muhammad Imran Usmani, ne ya jagoranci addu'ar jana'izarsa, a farfajiyar ''Mazahir Uloom (Waqf) '', Saharanpur, kuma an binne shi a kabarin ''Haji Shah Kamaluddin'' kusa da Sheikh Muzaffar Husain Ajrarwi . <ref name=":&quot;Ba'th&quot;">{{Cite journal |date=March 2011 |editor-last=Azmi |editor-first=Saeed-ur-Rahman |editor2-last=Nadwi |editor2-first=Wazah Rashid Hasani |editor2-link=Wazeh Rashid Hasani Nadwi |title=إلى رحمة الله: فضيلة الشيخ عثمان غني شيخ الحديث بمدرسة مظاهر علوم (الوقف) |trans-title=Obituary: Shaykh al-Hadith Uthman Ghani of Mazahir Uloom (al-Waqf) Passed to the Mercy of Allah |url=https://albasulislami.com/books/March-2011.pdf |journal=[[Al-Baas El-Islami]] |language=ar |location=Lucknow |publisher=[[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]] |volume=56 |issue=7 |pages=98–99}}</ref> <ref name="Luqman">{{Cite web |last=Usmani |first=Luqman |date=2018-06-14 |title=ʿAllāmah ʿUthmān Ghanī (raḥimahullāh): Ek Gohar-e-Yaktā, Ek Durr-e-Farīd |url=https://mazameen.com/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81-%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%92-%D8%A7%DA%A9-%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B1-%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7-%D8%A7%DA%A9-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=mazameen.com |language=ur}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref>{{Sfn|Mazahiri|2011}} [[Fayil:The_Inscription_on_the_grave_of_Maulana_Muhammad_Usman_Ghani_Qasmi.jpg|thumb|Rubutun a kan kabarin Usman Ghani Qasmi]] == Dubi kuma == * Darul Uloom Deoband * Mazahir Uloom, Saharanpur * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2011]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6u6lrz8uf5m2hbcy0lwoi3jy4xy2cjt 0 133586 818883 774443 2026-04-06T07:00:39Z BnHamid 12586 818883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Enea Gaqollari (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1992) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Albania wacce ke taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na kungiyar Aspropyrgos ta ƙwallon kafa ta Girka . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] hr7m5gb8yqyxemq39xtp09inm6o4zkg 0 133626 818914 774506 2026-04-06T07:18:15Z BnHamid 12586 818914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Philip Nelson''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1967) ɗan Ingila ne mai ɗaukar hoto. An san shi da hotunan kabilanci da 'yan asalin ƙasar. == Tarihi da farkon aiki == James Philip Nelson was born in 1967 in Sevenoaks, Kent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jimmy Nelson |url=https://www.widewalls.ch/artist/jimmy-nelson |access-date=6 June 2019 |website=Widewalls}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2019)">better&nbsp;source&nbsp;needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> He spent his childhood in Africa, Asia and South America, traveling around with his father, who worked as a geologist for International Shell. At the age of 7, he was sent to Stonyhurst College, a Jesuit boarding school in Lancashire, UK. When he was 16, he developed Alopecia totalis, a condition in which all the hair falls out, which was caused by a culmination of stress and a reaction to malaria medication. A shekara ta 1985, yana da shekaru 17, ya bar makarantar kwana kuma ya fara tafiya a tsawon Tibet da ƙafa. Ya ɗauki ƙaramar kyamara a kan tafiyarsa kuma ya ɗauki hotunan tafiyarsa, wanda ya ɗauki kusan shekaru biyu. Bayan dawowa, tarin hotunan da ya dauka a cikin ƙasar da ba a iya isa ba a buga su ta hanyar Ingilishi National Geographic, zuwa yabo na duniya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Seymour |first=Tom |date=30 April 2019 |title=Majestic portraits of world's most remote tribes |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/jimmy-nelson-homage-to-humanity/index.html |access-date=6 June 2019 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> Bayan wannan tafiya, Nelson ya fara ƙarin tafiye-tafiye, yana rubuta yankuna daban-daban na yaƙi, gami da Afghanistan, Kashmir, Yugoslavia, Somalia da El Salvador, kuma ya fara aiki a matsayin ƙwararren ɗan jarida mai daukar hoto, har zuwa shekara 24. In 1992 Nelson was commissioned by [[Shell|Shell Oil]] to produce the book "Literary Portraits of China". He travelled across the country for 30 months, together with his then wife, Ashkaine Hora Adema, who participated in the making of the book, and became the subsequent business partner of Nelson.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Daga 1997 zuwa gaba, Nelson ya fara aiki a fagen tallace-tallace na kasuwanci. A wannan lokacin, ya ci gaba da tattara hotuna na al'adu masu nisa da masu zaman kansu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=March 2015 |title=Travel Pioneers: Jimmy Nelson |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/bespoke/story/20150326-travel-pioneers/jimmy-nelson/index.html |access-date=6 June 2019 |website=BBC Travel}}</ref> == ''Hotuna'' == === ''Kafin Sun Fito'' === In 2010, Nelson started to work on his second book, ''Before they Pass Away''.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Nelson ya ce aikin "ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga Edward S. Curtis da manyan hotunansa na 'yan asalin Amurka". Kamar Curtis, Nelson ya rubuta batunsa a cikin soyayya, salon da kuma sanya su, tare da manufar "sa su a kan wani tushe".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jimmy Nelson |url=https://www.widewalls.ch/artist/jimmy-nelson |access-date=6 June 2019 |website=Widewalls}}</ref> Nelson ya ce ba a nufin aikin ya isar da "gaskiya ba, amma a maimakon haka fassararsa ta fasaha da bikin bambancin da kyau. " Ƙabilun da Nelson ya ɗauka sun haɗa da kabilun Huli da Kalam na New Guinea, Tsaatan na [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]] da [[Mursi|Mutanen Mursi]] na kwarin [[Kogin Omo]] a kudancin [[Itofiya|Habasha]].[his]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Seymour |first=Tom |date=30 April 2019 |title=Majestic portraits of world's most remote tribes |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/jimmy-nelson-homage-to-humanity/index.html |access-date=6 June 2019 |publisher=CNN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSeymour2019">Seymour, Tom (30 April 2019). [https://www.cnn.com/style/article/jimmy-nelson-homage-to-humanity/index.html "Majestic portraits of world's most remote tribes"]. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> A cikin jawabin TED ya bayyana tsarin aiki da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wannan aikin kuma ya bayyana cewa a wasu lokuta yana ɗaukar "watanni suna ƙoƙarin gano [waɗannan 'yan asalin ƙasar] sannan kuma makonni don samun amincewarsu da izinin ɗaukar hoto . " Nelson ya ranta kudade don aikin daga wani dan kasar Holland, Marcel Boekhoorn . A sakamakon aikin, an buga littafi wanda ke dauke da hotuna da matani, iyakantaccen littafin, da kuma hotunan hotunan da aka buga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jimmy Nelson |url=https://www.widewalls.ch/artist/jimmy-nelson |access-date=6 June 2019 |website=Widewalls}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] o8v5el86btm3q14rfsnghvmqm23qq2r 0 134195 818916 775608 2026-04-06T07:19:09Z BnHamid 12586 818916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hafiz Hamdullah Saboor''' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Journalism Pakistan |title=PEMRA tells TV channels not to have Senator Saboor in talk shows |url=https://www.journalismpakistan.com/pemra-tells-tv-channels-not-to-have-senator-saboor-in-talk-shows |access-date= |website=Journalism Pakistan |language=en}}</ref> ([[Urdu]]) [[Ulama'u|Masanin addinin Musulunci]] ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dattijai [['Yan Pakistan]], kuma ministan lafiya na lardin [[Balochistan]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Senate Profile |url=http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=771 |access-date=9 November 2014 |publisher=Senate of Pakistan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2019 |title=IHC restores Hafiz Hamdullah's citizenship |url=https://www.aajenglish.tv/news/10459527/ihc-restores-hafiz-hamdullahs-citizenship |website=aaj.tv}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Mahaifinsa Qari Wali Muhammad ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a sashen ilimi na [[Balochistan]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sajid |first=Islamuddin |date=27 October 2019 |title=Pakistan: Key leader of religious party arrested |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/pakistan-key-leader-of-religious-party-arrested/1627676 |access-date=31 July 2023 |website=[[Anadolu Agency]] |quote=He noted that Hamdullah's son is serving as an officer in the Pakistan army and his father has served as teacher in the education department of the southwestern Balochistan province.}}</ref> Ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin [[kimiyyar siyasa]] daga Jami'ar Balochistan yayin da yake fannin ilimin addini ya wuce darussan Dars-i Nizami daga Darul Uloom Karachi, wata cibiyar da ke da alaƙa da Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, babbar tarayyar Deobandi a Pakistan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Journalism Pakistan |title=PEMRA tells TV channels not to have Senator Saboor in talk shows |url=https://www.journalismpakistan.com/pemra-tells-tv-channels-not-to-have-senator-saboor-in-talk-shows |access-date= |website=Journalism Pakistan |language=en}}</ref> Ɗansa yana aiki a matsayin hafsa a cikin sojojin Pakistan.[1] == Ayyukan siyasa == An zabe shi MPA na Majalisar Balochistan a cikin Babban Zabe na 2002 a kan tikitin Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Lafiya na wucin gadi daga 2002 zuwa 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Journalism Pakistan |title=PEMRA tells TV channels not to have Senator Saboor in talk shows |url=https://www.journalismpakistan.com/pemra-tells-tv-channels-not-to-have-senator-saboor-in-talk-shows |access-date= |website=Journalism Pakistan |language=en}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2012, an zabe shi a Majalisar Dattijai ta Pakistan a matsayin dan takarar Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F) . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Journalism Pakistan |title=PEMRA tells TV channels not to have Senator Saboor in talk shows |url=https://www.journalismpakistan.com/pemra-tells-tv-channels-not-to-have-senator-saboor-in-talk-shows |access-date= |website=Journalism Pakistan |language=en}}</ref> Shi ne shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattijai kan Harkokin Addini da Harkokin Addinai, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Journalism Pakistan |title=PEMRA tells TV channels not to have Senator Saboor in talk shows |url=https://www.journalismpakistan.com/pemra-tells-tv-channels-not-to-have-senator-saboor-in-talk-shows |access-date= |website=Journalism Pakistan |language=en}}</ref> kuma memba ne na kwamitin aiki kan Tabbacin Gwamnati, Fasahar Bayanai da Sadarwa da kwamitin kan Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Senate Profile |url=http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=771 |access-date=9 November 2014 |publisher=Senate of Pakistan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2019 |title=IHC restores Hafiz Hamdullah's citizenship |url=https://www.aajenglish.tv/news/10459527/ihc-restores-hafiz-hamdullahs-citizenship |website=aaj.tv}}</ref> == Yunkurin kisan kai == === Yunkurin 2023 === A ranar 14 ga Satumba 2023, Hamdullah ya ji rauni a wani fashewa a Gundumar Mastung yayin da yake tafiya daga [[Quetta]] zuwa [[Kalat, Balochistan|Kalat]] . === Yunkurin 2024 === A ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 2024, 'yan bindiga da ba a san su ba sun bude wuta a kan motar Hamdullah a [[Chaman|Shaman]]. Harin ya dauki kimanin minti biyar. Hamdullah bai ji rauni ba daga harin, kuma maharan sun gudu bayan harbe-harbe da masu tsaronsa suka yi. Harin ya faru ne bayan bama-bamai biyu a lardin Balochistan wanda ya kashe akalla mutane 26.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Journalism Pakistan |title=PEMRA tells TV channels not to have Senator Saboor in talk shows |url=https://www.journalismpakistan.com/pemra-tells-tv-channels-not-to-have-senator-saboor-in-talk-shows |access-date= |website=Journalism Pakistan |language=en}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis * Jerin mutanen da suka tsira daga yunkurin kisan kai == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=771 Bayanan Majalisar Dattijai] * [https://www.instagram.com/ihafizhamdullah/ Instagram] * * [http://t.me/IHafizHamdullah/ Telegram] {{Islamic scholars from Pakistan}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 26rcoyyk4fm70rvxw0r561ewojlw81t 0 134417 818905 776008 2026-04-06T07:14:16Z BnHamid 12586 818905 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Albert Ferreros del Rosario Sr.''' (14 ga Nuwamba, 1939 - 18 ga Afrilu, 2023) ɗan kasuwa ne na Filipino, jami'in diflomasiyya, kuma jami'in gwamnati. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren harkokin waje na Philippines daga 2011 zuwa 2016 a karkashin gwamnatin Benigno Aquino III . A lokacin da yake ministan harkokin waje, ya kasance sananne ne don wakiltar Philippines a cikin shari'ar da China ta yi game da da'awar Tekun Kudancin China a karkashin [[Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku|Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Tekun]] . Kafin ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren harkokin waje, ya kasance shugaban Philippine Stratbase Consultancy da Makati Foundation for Education kuma ya yi aiki azaman Jakadan Philippines a Amurka daga 2001 zuwa 2006 a lokacin gwamnatin Gloria Macapagal Arroyo . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Albert Ferreros del Rosario a [[Manila]] a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 1939, ga Luis del Rosario da Amparo Ferreros . <ref name="CNNobit">{{Cite web |title=Former DFA Chief Albert del Rosario dies |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/4/18/ex-dfa-chief-albert-del-rosario-death.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418042610/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/4/18/ex-dfa-chief-albert-del-rosario-death.html |archive-date=April 18, 2023 |access-date=April 18, 2023 |publisher=CNN Philippines}}</ref> Kakarsa Teresa Sempio 'yar'uwar Felipa Sempio ce, mahaifiyar Gregorio del Pilar.<ref name="BWO">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bworldonline.com/the-nation/2023/04/18/517608/former-top-philippine-envoy-del-rosario-dies/|title=Former top Philippine envoy Del Rosario dies|date=April 18, 2023 |publisher=Business World|access-date=April 18, 2023}}</ref> Kakansa, Alkalin Simplicio Sempio del Rosario, ya kasance wakili a Majalisar Malolos . <ref name="BWO" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of the Malolos Congress, the constituent assembly of the... |url=http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216171920/http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=February 8, 2016 |website=Getty Images |language=en-US}}</ref> Del Rosario ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Xavier a New York kuma daga baya ta halarci kwaleji a Jami'ar New York, ta kammala karatu tare da digiri a fannin tattalin arziki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of the Malolos Congress, the constituent assembly of the... |url=http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216171920/http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=February 8, 2016 |website=Getty Images |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, an shigar da shi cikin Hall of Fame na makarantar sakandare ta Xavier.<ref>{{Cite web |title=February 2006 Xavier Alumnews |url=http://issuu.com/xavierhs/docs/xvnewsv9i1_632954852686730000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319153603/https://issuu.com/xavierhs/docs/xvnewsv9i1_632954852686730000 |archive-date=March 19, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2011}}</ref> Del Rosario ya kasance kawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, mai zane-zane, kuma tsohon wakilin Makati Monsour del Rosario . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of the Malolos Congress, the constituent assembly of the... |url=http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216171920/http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=February 8, 2016 |website=Getty Images |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == A lokacin mulkin Corazon Aquino, del Rosario za ta bi ta a ziyarar jihar zuwa Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of the Malolos Congress, the constituent assembly of the... |url=http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216171920/http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=February 8, 2016 |website=Getty Images |language=en-US}}</ref> Kafin ya shiga siyasa, del Rosario ya kasance a cikin kwamitin kamfanoni da yawa. Ya kasance shugaban Philippine Stratbase Consultancy da Makati Foundation for Education . <ref name="global">{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2016 |title=Del Rosario quits DFA, cites health |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/136299/del-rosario-quits-dfa-cites-health |access-date=April 18, 2023 |publisher=Global Nation}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance shugaban Gotuaco, Del Rosario Insurance Brokers, da Philippine Telecommunications Investment Corp. <ref name="global" /> Kafin Benigno Aquino III ya nada shi a matsayin Sakataren harkokin waje, del Rosario ya kasance jakadan Philippines a Amurka a karkashin Shugaba Gloria Macapagal Arroyo daga 2001 zuwa 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of the Malolos Congress, the constituent assembly of the... |url=http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216171920/http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=February 8, 2016 |website=Getty Images |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya sauka don komawa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.<ref name="global">{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2016 |title=Del Rosario quits DFA, cites health |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/136299/del-rosario-quits-dfa-cites-health |access-date=April 18, 2023 |publisher=Global Nation}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, ya rubuta cewa ba zai iya kare dokar ta baci ga Washington ba tunda "ba za a iya ba da izini ba".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of the Malolos Congress, the constituent assembly of the... |url=http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216171920/http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=February 8, 2016 |website=Getty Images |language=en-US}}</ref> === Sakataren Harkokin Waje === A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2011, Shugaba Benigno Aquino III ya rantse a del Rosario a matsayin sakataren harkokin waje ya maye gurbin Alberto Romulo . [[Fayil:Clinton_and_del_Rosario.jpg|right|thumb|del Rosario tare da Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka [[Hillary Clinton]]]] A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2012, del Rosario ya yi kira ga Amurka da ta samar da Philippines da "jirage masu sintiri, jirgin sama, tsarin radar na ci gaba da wuraren sa ido na bakin teku" don kula da ikon mallakar kasarsa game da ikirarin kasar Sin a Tekun Kudancin China. A ranar 30 ga Maris, 2014, Philippines ta gabatar da abin tunawa da kasar ta ga Kotun Arbitral a Hague da ke sauraron shari'ar da ta kawo wa Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin a karkashin [[Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku|Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Tekun]]. <ref name="philstar">{{Cite web |title=Albert del Rosario, Philippine's consummate diplomat, 83 |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/04/19/2259955/albert-del-rosario-philippines-consummate-diplomat-83 |access-date=April 18, 2023 |publisher=Philippine Star}}</ref> Abin tunawa ya nemi da'awar kasar Sin na kashi 90% na Tekun Kudancin China, gami da siffofi da yawa a cikin Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Philippines, ya zama mara amfani. Wannan shari'ar ita ce karo na farko da masana shari'a na kasa da kasa suka yi la'akari da ingancin da'awar yankin kasar Sin ke da shi a Tekun Kudancin kasar Sin.<ref name="UNCLOS">{{Cite web |title=The Philippines' UNCLOS Claim and the PR Battle Against China |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/04/the-philippines-unclos-claim-and-the-pr-battle-against-china/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303183623/https://thediplomat.com/2014/04/the-philippines-unclos-claim-and-the-pr-battle-against-china/ |archive-date=March 3, 2021 |access-date=February 12, 2021}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2015, del Rosario ya bayyana a gaban Kotun Arbitral a Hague don gabatar da "Me ya sa Philippines ta kawo wannan shari'ar ga Arbitration da muhimmancin ta ga yankin da duniya".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of the Malolos Congress, the constituent assembly of the... |url=http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216171920/http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=February 8, 2016 |website=Getty Images |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2016, del Rosario ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai yi murabus a matsayin sakataren harkokin waje, yana mai da hankali kan dalilai na kiwon lafiya, wanda daga baya aka bayyana cewa yana da yanayin kashin baya.<ref name="spine">{{Cite web |date=April 18, 2023 |title=Ex-DFA Chief Albert del Rosario Passes Away at 83 |url=https://manilastandard.net/news/top-stories/314322146/ex-dfa-chief-albert-del-rosario-passes-away-at-83.html |access-date=April 18, 2023 |publisher=Manila Standard}}</ref> Ya sauka a ranar 7 ga Maris, 2016, kusan watanni hudu kafin ƙarshen wa'adin Shugaba Aquino. == Daraja == A shekara ta 1991, Shugaba Corazon Aquino ya ba da lambar yabo ta Sojojin Philippine ga del Rosario saboda kokarin da ya yi a matsayin shugaban Gidauniyar Makati don Ilimi . A ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2014, an ba del Rosario lambar yabo ta Tanging Dangal (Gawad Dangal na Lipi), babbar sanarwa da aka ba Bulakenyo wanda ke nuna gudummawa ga al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of the Malolos Congress, the constituent assembly of the... |url=http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216171920/http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=February 8, 2016 |website=Getty Images |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2015, an ba shi digiri na Doctor of Laws (Honoris Causa) daga Kwalejin New York ta Mount Saint Vincent saboda jajircewarsa ga dimokuradiyya, bayar da shawarwari ga matalauta, adawa da cin hanci da rashawa da inganta canjin zaman lafiya a Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of the Malolos Congress, the constituent assembly of the... |url=http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216171920/http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=February 8, 2016 |website=Getty Images |language=en-US}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Kafin del Rosario ya yi murabus, ya sha wahala daga yanayin kiwon lafiya wanda ba a bayyana ba.<ref name="spine">{{Cite web |date=April 18, 2023 |title=Ex-DFA Chief Albert del Rosario Passes Away at 83 |url=https://manilastandard.net/news/top-stories/314322146/ex-dfa-chief-albert-del-rosario-passes-away-at-83.html |access-date=April 18, 2023 |publisher=Manila Standard}}</ref> A shekara ta 2015, an yi masa tiyata a kashin baya a Amurka don magance shi, amma tsarin bai yi nasara ba.<ref name="spine" /> Del Rosario ya mutu a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 2023, daga Ciwon zuciya yayin da yake cikin jirgin kasuwanci a kan hanyar zuwa [[San Francisco]] don aikin hajji mai zaman kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of the Malolos Congress, the constituent assembly of the... |url=http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216171920/http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=February 8, 2016 |website=Getty Images |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana da shekaru 83.<ref name="CNNobit">{{Cite web |title=Former DFA Chief Albert del Rosario dies |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/4/18/ex-dfa-chief-albert-del-rosario-death.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418042610/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/4/18/ex-dfa-chief-albert-del-rosario-death.html |archive-date=April 18, 2023 |access-date=April 18, 2023 |publisher=CNN Philippines}}</ref> Wani mai bincike a San Mateo ya kammala cewa del Rosario ya mutu daga [[gazawar zuciya]] da cututtukan zuciya. An mayar da gawarsa zuwa [[Manila]] a ranar 22 ga Afrilu. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 49a2vbqt52e9zo19dg64ugtso1ymvbb 818906 818905 2026-04-06T07:14:30Z BnHamid 12586 818906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Albert Ferreros del Rosario Sr.''' (14 ga Nuwamba, 1939 - 18 ga Afrilu, 2023) ɗan kasuwa ne na Filipino, jami'in diflomasiyya, kuma jami'in gwamnati. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren harkokin waje na Philippines daga 2011 zuwa 2016 a karkashin gwamnatin Benigno Aquino III . A lokacin da yake ministan harkokin waje, ya kasance sananne ne don wakiltar Philippines a cikin shari'ar da China ta yi game da da'awar Tekun Kudancin China a karkashin [[Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku|Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Tekun]] . Kafin ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren harkokin waje, ya kasance shugaban Philippine Stratbase Consultancy da Makati Foundation for Education kuma ya yi aiki azaman Jakadan Philippines a Amurka daga 2001 zuwa 2006 a lokacin gwamnatin Gloria Macapagal Arroyo . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Albert Ferreros del Rosario a [[Manila]] a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 1939, ga Luis del Rosario da Amparo Ferreros . <ref name="CNNobit">{{Cite web |title=Former DFA Chief Albert del Rosario dies |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/4/18/ex-dfa-chief-albert-del-rosario-death.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418042610/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/4/18/ex-dfa-chief-albert-del-rosario-death.html |archive-date=April 18, 2023 |access-date=April 18, 2023 |publisher=CNN Philippines}}</ref> Kakarsa Teresa Sempio 'yar'uwar Felipa Sempio ce, mahaifiyar Gregorio del Pilar.<ref name="BWO">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bworldonline.com/the-nation/2023/04/18/517608/former-top-philippine-envoy-del-rosario-dies/|title=Former top Philippine envoy Del Rosario dies|date=April 18, 2023 |publisher=Business World|access-date=April 18, 2023}}</ref> Kakansa, Alkalin Simplicio Sempio del Rosario, ya kasance wakili a Majalisar Malolos . <ref name="BWO" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of the Malolos Congress, the constituent assembly of the... |url=http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216171920/http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=February 8, 2016 |website=Getty Images |language=en-US}}</ref> Del Rosario ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Xavier a New York kuma daga baya ta halarci kwaleji a Jami'ar New York, ta kammala karatu tare da digiri a fannin tattalin arziki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of the Malolos Congress, the constituent assembly of the... |url=http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216171920/http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=February 8, 2016 |website=Getty Images |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, an shigar da shi cikin Hall of Fame na makarantar sakandare ta Xavier.<ref>{{Cite web |title=February 2006 Xavier Alumnews |url=http://issuu.com/xavierhs/docs/xvnewsv9i1_632954852686730000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319153603/https://issuu.com/xavierhs/docs/xvnewsv9i1_632954852686730000 |archive-date=March 19, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2011}}</ref> Del Rosario ya kasance kawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, mai zane-zane, kuma tsohon wakilin Makati Monsour del Rosario . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of the Malolos Congress, the constituent assembly of the... |url=http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216171920/http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=February 8, 2016 |website=Getty Images |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == A lokacin mulkin Corazon Aquino, del Rosario za ta bi ta a ziyarar jihar zuwa Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of the Malolos Congress, the constituent assembly of the... |url=http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216171920/http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=February 8, 2016 |website=Getty Images |language=en-US}}</ref> Kafin ya shiga siyasa, del Rosario ya kasance a cikin kwamitin kamfanoni da yawa. Ya kasance shugaban Philippine Stratbase Consultancy da Makati Foundation for Education . <ref name="global">{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2016 |title=Del Rosario quits DFA, cites health |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/136299/del-rosario-quits-dfa-cites-health |access-date=April 18, 2023 |publisher=Global Nation}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance shugaban Gotuaco, Del Rosario Insurance Brokers, da Philippine Telecommunications Investment Corp. <ref name="global" /> Kafin Benigno Aquino III ya nada shi a matsayin Sakataren harkokin waje, del Rosario ya kasance jakadan Philippines a Amurka a karkashin Shugaba Gloria Macapagal Arroyo daga 2001 zuwa 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of the Malolos Congress, the constituent assembly of the... |url=http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216171920/http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=February 8, 2016 |website=Getty Images |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya sauka don komawa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.<ref name="global">{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2016 |title=Del Rosario quits DFA, cites health |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/136299/del-rosario-quits-dfa-cites-health |access-date=April 18, 2023 |publisher=Global Nation}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, ya rubuta cewa ba zai iya kare dokar ta baci ga Washington ba tunda "ba za a iya ba da izini ba".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of the Malolos Congress, the constituent assembly of the... |url=http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216171920/http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=February 8, 2016 |website=Getty Images |language=en-US}}</ref> === Sakataren Harkokin Waje === A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2011, Shugaba Benigno Aquino III ya rantse a del Rosario a matsayin sakataren harkokin waje ya maye gurbin Alberto Romulo . [[Fayil:Clinton_and_del_Rosario.jpg|right|thumb|del Rosario tare da Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka [[Hillary Clinton]]]] A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2012, del Rosario ya yi kira ga Amurka da ta samar da Philippines da "jirage masu sintiri, jirgin sama, tsarin radar na ci gaba da wuraren sa ido na bakin teku" don kula da ikon mallakar kasarsa game da ikirarin kasar Sin a Tekun Kudancin China. A ranar 30 ga Maris, 2014, Philippines ta gabatar da abin tunawa da kasar ta ga Kotun Arbitral a Hague da ke sauraron shari'ar da ta kawo wa Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin a karkashin [[Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku|Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Tekun]]. <ref name="philstar">{{Cite web |title=Albert del Rosario, Philippine's consummate diplomat, 83 |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/04/19/2259955/albert-del-rosario-philippines-consummate-diplomat-83 |access-date=April 18, 2023 |publisher=Philippine Star}}</ref> Abin tunawa ya nemi da'awar kasar Sin na kashi 90% na Tekun Kudancin China, gami da siffofi da yawa a cikin Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Philippines, ya zama mara amfani. Wannan shari'ar ita ce karo na farko da masana shari'a na kasa da kasa suka yi la'akari da ingancin da'awar yankin kasar Sin ke da shi a Tekun Kudancin kasar Sin.<ref name="UNCLOS">{{Cite web |title=The Philippines' UNCLOS Claim and the PR Battle Against China |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/04/the-philippines-unclos-claim-and-the-pr-battle-against-china/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303183623/https://thediplomat.com/2014/04/the-philippines-unclos-claim-and-the-pr-battle-against-china/ |archive-date=March 3, 2021 |access-date=February 12, 2021}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2015, del Rosario ya bayyana a gaban Kotun Arbitral a Hague don gabatar da "Me ya sa Philippines ta kawo wannan shari'ar ga Arbitration da muhimmancin ta ga yankin da duniya".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of the Malolos Congress, the constituent assembly of the... |url=http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216171920/http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=February 8, 2016 |website=Getty Images |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2016, del Rosario ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai yi murabus a matsayin sakataren harkokin waje, yana mai da hankali kan dalilai na kiwon lafiya, wanda daga baya aka bayyana cewa yana da yanayin kashin baya.<ref name="spine">{{Cite web |date=April 18, 2023 |title=Ex-DFA Chief Albert del Rosario Passes Away at 83 |url=https://manilastandard.net/news/top-stories/314322146/ex-dfa-chief-albert-del-rosario-passes-away-at-83.html |access-date=April 18, 2023 |publisher=Manila Standard}}</ref> Ya sauka a ranar 7 ga Maris, 2016, kusan watanni hudu kafin ƙarshen wa'adin Shugaba Aquino. == Daraja == A shekara ta 1991, Shugaba Corazon Aquino ya ba da lambar yabo ta Sojojin Philippine ga del Rosario saboda kokarin da ya yi a matsayin shugaban Gidauniyar Makati don Ilimi . A ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2014, an ba del Rosario lambar yabo ta Tanging Dangal (Gawad Dangal na Lipi), babbar sanarwa da aka ba Bulakenyo wanda ke nuna gudummawa ga al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of the Malolos Congress, the constituent assembly of the... |url=http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216171920/http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=February 8, 2016 |website=Getty Images |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2015, an ba shi digiri na Doctor of Laws (Honoris Causa) daga Kwalejin New York ta Mount Saint Vincent saboda jajircewarsa ga dimokuradiyya, bayar da shawarwari ga matalauta, adawa da cin hanci da rashawa da inganta canjin zaman lafiya a Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of the Malolos Congress, the constituent assembly of the... |url=http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216171920/http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=February 8, 2016 |website=Getty Images |language=en-US}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Kafin del Rosario ya yi murabus, ya sha wahala daga yanayin kiwon lafiya wanda ba a bayyana ba.<ref name="spine">{{Cite web |date=April 18, 2023 |title=Ex-DFA Chief Albert del Rosario Passes Away at 83 |url=https://manilastandard.net/news/top-stories/314322146/ex-dfa-chief-albert-del-rosario-passes-away-at-83.html |access-date=April 18, 2023 |publisher=Manila Standard}}</ref> A shekara ta 2015, an yi masa tiyata a kashin baya a Amurka don magance shi, amma tsarin bai yi nasara ba.<ref name="spine" /> Del Rosario ya mutu a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 2023, daga Ciwon zuciya yayin da yake cikin jirgin kasuwanci a kan hanyar zuwa [[San Francisco]] don aikin hajji mai zaman kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of the Malolos Congress, the constituent assembly of the... |url=http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216171920/http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/members-of-the-malolos-congress-the-constituent-assembly-of-news-photo/98033643 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=February 8, 2016 |website=Getty Images |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana da shekaru 83.<ref name="CNNobit">{{Cite web |title=Former DFA Chief Albert del Rosario dies |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/4/18/ex-dfa-chief-albert-del-rosario-death.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418042610/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/4/18/ex-dfa-chief-albert-del-rosario-death.html |archive-date=April 18, 2023 |access-date=April 18, 2023 |publisher=CNN Philippines}}</ref> Wani mai bincike a San Mateo ya kammala cewa del Rosario ya mutu daga [[gazawar zuciya]] da cututtukan zuciya. An mayar da gawarsa zuwa [[Manila]] a ranar 22 ga Afrilu. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4wm3d2wk40hbe023lhsqsn7dsx27cnh 0 134479 818907 776119 2026-04-06T07:14:55Z BnHamid 12586 818907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohammad al-Hasani''' (15 ga Oktoba 1935 - 1979) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na Indiya, marubuci, mai fassara, kuma ɗan jarida. Kodayake bai sami horo na ilimi ba, ya kafa mujallar harshen Larabci <nowiki><i id="mwCw">Al-Baas El-Islami</i></nowiki>, ya kafa taron wallafe-wallafen Al-Muntada al-Adabi, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban editan mujallar Urdu ''Tameer-e-Hayat'' . Ayyukansa sun haɗa da fassara manyan rubuce-rubucen Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi da sauran malamai, da kuma samar da rubuce-buce na asali a cikin Larabci da Urdu. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Mohammad al-Hasani a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 1935 a Lucknow, [[Uttar Pradesh]], Indiya, kuma ya sami karatunsa a gida a karkashin jagorancin mahaifinsa, Abdul Ali, da kawunsa, Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi . Ya yi karatun Alkur'ani, ya koyi Urdu da Farisa daga mai koyarwa mai zaman kansa, kuma ya sami mahimman ilimin Larabci daga mahaifinsa, amma bai halarci wata ma'aikata ba ko kuma ya sami cancantar ilimi.{{Sfn|Haque|2024}} Ya fara rubutu yana da shekaru goma sha uku, kuma yana da shekaru sha huɗu ya fassara zuwa Larabci lacca da Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi ya gabatar a Urdu, wanda daga baya aka buga shi a matsayin ''Tsakanin Hoton da Gaskiya''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Batt |first=Firdous Ahmad |date=2015 |title=Al-Ustadh Mohammad al-Hasani wa Khadamatihi fi al-Lugha al-‘Arabiyya |url=https://allugah.com/?p=169 |journal=Allughah |language=ar |issn=2394-4862}}</ref> A shekara ta 1954 ya kafa ƙungiyar adabi ta al-Muntada al-Adabi (The Literary Forum), sannan ya ƙaddamar da mujallar Larabci ''Al-Baas El-Islami'' a shekara ta 1955, da kuma kafa al-Rabita al-Islamiyya al-Dawliyya (The International Islamic League) a shekara ta 1959, wanda ya ba da sanarwar Larabci, Turanci, da Urdu.{{Sfn|Haque|2024}} An kuma buga labaransa a cikin mujallu kamar ''Al-Raid'' da ''Al-Muslimun'' . Al-Hasani ya kasance mai ƙwarewa a Larabci, Urdu, da Farisa, kuma ya rike matsayin babban edita na mujallar wallafe-wallafen Urdu ''Tameer-e-Hayat'' . Ya mutu a shekara ta 1979 yana da shekaru arba'in da hudu.<ref name=":0" /> == Ayyuka == Al-Hasani ya samar da rubuce-rubuce da fassarori da yawa a cikin Larabci da Urdu, suna magana da batutuwan addini, wallafe-wallafen, da zamantakewa. Fassararsa sun haɗa da ayyukan Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi da yawa, kamar su al-Arkan al-Arba'a (The Four Pillars), al-Sira' bayna al-Fikra al-Islamiyya wa al-Ficra al-Gharbiyya (The Struggle between the Islamic and Western Ideas), Idha Habat Rih al-Iman (Lokacin Faith ya busa), Rubbaniyya la Rahyya (Godliness, Not Monasticism Muhammad), da kuma ya fassara zuwa The Meccabiyya daga Shad (The Way). Daga cikin ayyukansa na asali sun kasance Islam al-Mumtahan (Islam Tested, 1977), tarin labaran da aka rubuta tsakanin 1954 da 1975, da kuma Adwa" 'ala al-Tariq (Lights on the Path), Ma'a al-Haqiqa (Tare da Gaskiya), al-Manhaj al-Islami al-Salim (The Sound Islamic Method), al-Islamdat bayna La wa Na'am (Islam Between No and Yes), da kuma littafin Urdu Raw Jaman (1975). Ya kuma rubuta nazarin tarihin mutane ciki har da Muhammad Ali Mungeri, wanda ya kafa Nadwatul Ulama, da 'Ilm Allah al-Naqshbandi . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Batt |first=Firdous Ahmad |date=2015 |title=Al-Ustadh Mohammad al-Hasani wa Khadamatihi fi al-Lugha al-‘Arabiyya |url=https://allugah.com/?p=169 |journal=Allughah |language=ar |issn=2394-4862}}</ref> {{Sfn|Haque|2024}} == Tushen == == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1979]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] qbzuesg94ajan7vq57s3i0muod1e52c 0 134521 818913 776183 2026-04-06T07:17:44Z BnHamid 12586 818913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bob Lee "nailer" Swagger''' wani hali ne na almara wanda Stephen Hunter ya kirkira. Shi ne mai gabatarwa na jerin litattafai 12 (kamar yadda ya faru a 2022) wanda ke ba da labarin rayuwarsa a lokacin da kuma bayan Yaƙin Vietnam, farawa da Point of Impact (1993) har zuwa kwanan nan da ''An yi niyya'' (2022). Swagger shine mai gabatarwa na fim din 2007 da jerin shirye-shiryen TV na 2016 Shooter, kowannensu ya dogara da Point of Impact . Hunter ya ce Swagger ya dogara ne akan Carlos Hathcock, mai Sniper na Marine Corps na Amurka. == Tarihin hali na almara == Bob Lee Swagger wani sajan sojan Ruwa ne mai ritaya wanda aka haife shi a 1946 Ruwa ya girma a Blue Eye (wani labari na Mena, Arkansas) a Polk County, Arkansas . Shi ne ɗan Sojojin Jihar Arkansas Earl Swagger, sajan farko na Marine da ya yi ritaya kuma mai karɓar lambar yabo ta girmamawa, da Yuni Swagger. Mahaifin Bob Lee ya mutu a shekara ta 1955, amma ba kafin ya ba da godiya ga bindigogi ga ɗansa ba, wanda ke amfani da kyautar Swagger ta halitta don bindigogi. Swagger ya shiga Marines, ya kirkiro aiki mai nasara a matsayin mai harbi. Ya yi yawon shakatawa uku a [[Vietnam]], yana aiki tare da Ayyuka na Musamman, kuma ya sami laƙabi "Bob the Nailer" saboda iyawarsa mai ban mamaki tare da bindiga. Duk da yabo na hukuma don kashe mutane 87 a yaƙi, ya kashe mutane 391. Mafi shahararren aikinsa ya faru ne lokacin da wani rukuni na Sojojin Arewacin Vietnam ke rufewa a kan wani sansanin Sojoji na Musamman da aka kare. Swagger da mai kula da shi, Lance Corporal Donny Fenn, sun jinkirta rukunin na kwana biyu har sai goyon bayan iska ya isa, ya kashe fiye da sojojin abokan gaba 80 kafin harsashinsa ya ƙare. A Vietnam, T. Solaratov, mai harbi na [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet]] wanda ya kashe Fenn ba da daɗewa ba tare da harbi a kirji ba, ya harbe Swagger a cikin cinya daga mita 1,400. Swagger ya yi ritaya daga Marine Corps a 1975, yana fama da nakasa ta dindindin saboda raunin cinya. Ya zama mashayi don ya yi baƙin ciki, wanda ya haifar da rushewar aurensa na biyu da Susan, kuma ya koma rayuwa mai zaman kanta a ƙasar iyali kusa da Blue Eye. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} sbd3liu9zncelg6y3ph04k3s1g0mnqc 0 134944 818917 777014 2026-04-06T07:19:30Z BnHamid 12586 818917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James W.''' " '''Jim''' " '''Gordon Sr.''' wani hali ne da ke fitowa a cikin littattafan barkwanci na Amurka da DC Comics suka buga, galibi yana da alaƙa da jarumi Batman . Bill Finger da Bob Kane ne suka ƙirƙira shi a matsayin abokin Batman, an gabatar da halin a cikin kwamitin farko na "The Case of the Chemical Syndicate" (Mayu 1939), labarin farko na Batman, wanda ya sanya shi jarumi na farko da ke tallafawa <nowiki><i id="mwFg">Batman</i></nowiki> . <ref name="dc-ency">{{Cite book|last3=Phil Jimenez}}</ref> A matsayinsa na kwamishinan 'yan sanda na Gotham City, Gordon yana da cikakken jajircewar Batman na kawar da laifuka daga birnin. Yawanci ana nuna halin a matsayin wanda yake da cikakken aminci ga Batman kuma har ma ya dogara da shi. A cikin labaran zamani da yawa, yana da ɗan shakku game da hanyoyin tsaro na Batman, amma duk da haka yana ganin Gotham yana buƙatarsa. Su biyun suna da girmamawa da abota ta sirri. Gordon shine uba na halitta ko wanda ya ɗauki nauyin (ya danganta da ci gaba ) na Barbara Gordon, Batgirl na biyu kuma dillalin bayanai na Oracle. Jim Gordon kuma yana da ɗa na halitta, James Gordon Jr., mai kisan kai na tabin hankali wanda ya fara bayyana a cikin ''Batman: Shekara ta Ɗaya'' (tun yana jariri). Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun abokan Batman kuma masu ɗorewa, Gordon ya fito a nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban waɗanda ba na barkwanci ba; Bob Hastings, Bryan Cranston, [[Jonathan Banks]], da Christopher Meloni da sauransu sun yi masa rawar gani a wasannin kwaikwayo na zane-zane da bidiyo, kuma Lyle Talbot ya nuna shi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo kai tsaye a cikin jerin fina-finai na ''Batman da Robin'' na 1949, Neil Hamilton a cikin wasan <nowiki><i id="mwMQ">kwaikwayo</i></nowiki> da fina-finai na Batman na shekarun 1960, Pat Hingle a cikin jerin fina-finai na Tim Burton/Joel Schumacher <nowiki><i id="mwNQ">Batman</i></nowiki>, Gary Oldman a cikin ''Trilogy na The Dark Knight'', Ben McKenzie a cikin ''Gotham'' a matsayin babban jarumi, JK Simmons a cikin fim ɗin DC Extended Universe (DCEU) ''Justice League'' da kuma wanda daraktan ya zaɓa, da Jeffrey Wright a cikin ''The Batman'' . A cikin 2011, Jim Gordon ya kasance na 19 a cikin "Manyan Jarumai 100 na Littafin Barkwanci" na IGN . == Tarihin bugawa == Bill Finger da Bob Kane ne suka ƙirƙira shi, Gordon ya fara fitowa a cikin kwamitin farko na ''Detective Comics'' #27 (Mayu 1939), inda aka kira shi Kwamishina Gordon kawai. Sunan jarumin an ɗauko shi ne daga tsohon jarumin pulp ɗin Kwamishina James W. "Wildcat" Gordon, wanda aka fi sani da "The Whisperer", wanda Henry Ralston, John Nanovic, da Lawrence Donovan suka ƙirƙira a shekarar 1936 don Street &amp;amp; Smith . == Tarihin rayuwar jaruman almara == Dan asalin Scotland ne, Gordon ya yi aiki a rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Amurka kafin ya zama jami'in 'yan sanda. A yawancin nau'ikan [[Camfi|tatsuniyoyi]] na ''Batman'', Jim Gordon a wani lokaci ana nuna shi a matsayin kwamishinan ' yan sanda na birnin Gotham . Gordon yakan tuntuɓi Batman don neman taimako wajen magance laifuka daban-daban, musamman waɗanda masu kula da aljanu suka aikata. Gabaɗaya Gordon ne ke amfani da siginar Bat don kiran Batman, kuma ya zama abin dariya cewa Batman yakan ɓace a tsakiyar tattaunawar lokacin da aka juya bayan Gordon. Yawanci ana nuna Gordon a matsayin Caucasian tare da gashi na azurfa ko ja, gilashin ido, da gashin baki. A mafi yawan bayyanar, ana ganinsa sanye da rigar trenchcoat, taye, da kuma wani lokacin hular fedora . Haka kuma ana ɗaukarsa wani lokacin da sanda, kodayake ba a bayyana dalilin da ya sa yake amfani da shi ba. Saboda DC Comics ta sake yin amfani da tarihin haruffanta a cikin jerin waƙoƙin ''Crisis on Infinite Earths'' na 1985, kuma saboda fassarori daban-daban a talabijin da fina-finai, cikakkun bayanai game da tarihin Gordon sun bambanta daga labari zuwa labari. Ya yi aure sau biyu; da farko ga Barbara Kean sannan ga Sarah Essen . === Siffofi na farko === A cikin asalin sigar tarihinsa kafin rikicin, Gordon ɗan sanda ne wanda da farko ya ƙi tsoma bakin ' yan banga mai ban mamaki a harkokin 'yan sanda. Ya fara bayyana a cikin Detective Comics #27, a cikin labarin Batman na farko, inda dukansu suka binciki kisan wani masanin masana'antar sinadarai. Duk da cewa Batman yana yaƙi a gefen adalci, hanyoyinsa da tarihinsa na dakatar da laifuka da kama masu laifi suna kunyata 'yan sanda idan aka kwatanta. Daga ƙarshe, Batman ya haɗu da Gordon kuma ya shawo kan mai binciken cewa suna buƙatar taimakon junansu. Gordon ya maye gurbin Batman, kuma daga baya Dark Knight ya yi aiki tare da Gordon a matsayin wakilin doka. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} l488fmtvj76knko4mgd50vs7yljudmy 0 134963 818912 777038 2026-04-06T07:17:20Z BnHamid 12586 818912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Antonis Antoniadis''' ([[Girka (ƙasa)|Girkanci]]: , an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1946) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Girka wanda ya yi wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba. Ya zira kwallaye 243 a lokacin aikinsa na shekaru 22. Ya fara aikinsa a 1964 yana wasa a Aspida Xanthi kafin ya koma Panathinaikos a ranar 31 ga Yulin 1968. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Σαν σήμερα, 45 χρόνια πριν: Όταν ο Αντώνης Αντωνιάδης υπέγραφε από την Ασπίδα Ξάνθης στον Παναθηναϊκό - XanthiSports |url=http://www.xanthisports.gr/san-simera-45-chronia-prin-otan-o-antonis-antoniadis-ipegrafe-apo-tin-aspida-xanthis-ston-panathinaiko/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223150202/http://www.xanthisports.gr/san-simera-45-chronia-prin-otan-o-antonis-antoniadis-ipegrafe-apo-tin-aspida-xanthis-ston-panathinaiko/ |archive-date=23 February 2015 |access-date=28 January 2015}}</ref> Antoniadis ya zira kwallaye na farko a hukumance ga Panathinaikos a ranar 27 ga Oktoba 1968 a cikin nasara 1-0 a kan Apollon Athens . A lokacin da yake Xanthi, wani lokacin ana amfani da shi a matsayin mai tsaron gida saboda tsayinsa. Sunan laƙabi shi ne "Tashi" (Girkanci: "). <ref>{{Cite web |title=.:BiblioNet : Αντωνιάδης, Αντώνης, 1946- |url=http://www.biblionet.gr/author/99630/Antonis_Antoniadis |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223145539/http://www.biblionet.gr/author/99630/Antonis_Antoniadis |archive-date=23 February 2015 |access-date=2015-01-28}}</ref>Greek-language_text" id="mwEQ" rel="mw:PageProp/Category"/> == Ayyuka == [[Fayil:Antonis_Antoniadis.jpg|thumb|Antoniadis tare da Ferenc Puskás (1971) ]] Antoniadis ya zira kwallaye 187 a wasanni 242 a gasar zakarun Girka, kuma ya kasance babban mai zira kwallaya sau biyar: a 1970 (25 kwallaye), 1972 (39 kwallaye). A shekara ta 1971, lokacin da Panathinaikos ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin Turai da Ajax, Antoniadis shine babban mai zira kwallaye a gasar tare da kwallaye 10.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Σαν σήμερα, 45 χρόνια πριν: Όταν ο Αντώνης Αντωνιάδης υπέγραφε από την Ασπίδα Ξάνθης στον Παναθηναϊκό - XanthiSports |url=http://www.xanthisports.gr/san-simera-45-chronia-prin-otan-o-antonis-antoniadis-ipegrafe-apo-tin-aspida-xanthis-ston-panathinaiko/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223150202/http://www.xanthisports.gr/san-simera-45-chronia-prin-otan-o-antonis-antoniadis-ipegrafe-apo-tin-aspida-xanthis-ston-panathinaiko/ |archive-date=23 February 2015 |access-date=28 January 2015}}</ref> A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1978 an tura shi zuwa Olympiacos inda ya zauna na kakar wasa daya, yana wasa a wasanni 13 kuma ya zira kwallaye 7. Daga baya ya ci gaba da buga wa Atromitos Athens wasa. A shekara ta 1980 ya tafi cikakken zagaye kuma ya koma Panathinaikos . [1] An san Antoniadis da ainihin shugabancinsa da dogon, harbe-harbe masu ƙarfi. Ya buga wasanni 21 kuma ya zira kwallaye 6 a tawagar kasar Girka tsakanin 1970 da 1977.[2] Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar 'yan wasan kwallon kafa ta Panhellenic (1980 - 2008) kuma a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kungiyar kwallon kafa ta panathinaikos Athletic Club daga 2008 zuwa 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Σαν σήμερα, 45 χρόνια πριν: Όταν ο Αντώνης Αντωνιάδης υπέγραφε από την Ασπίδα Ξάνθης στον Παναθηναϊκό - XanthiSports |url=http://www.xanthisports.gr/san-simera-45-chronia-prin-otan-o-antonis-antoniadis-ipegrafe-apo-tin-aspida-xanthis-ston-panathinaiko/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223150202/http://www.xanthisports.gr/san-simera-45-chronia-prin-otan-o-antonis-antoniadis-ipegrafe-apo-tin-aspida-xanthis-ston-panathinaiko/ |archive-date=23 February 2015 |access-date=28 January 2015}}</ref> == Daraja == '''Panathinaikos''' * Alpha Ethniki: 1968-69, 1969-70, 1971-72, 1976-771976–77 * Kofin Girka: 1968-69, 1976-771976–77 * [[UEFA Champions League|Kofin Turai]]: 1971 (na biyu) '' (wanda ya zo na biyu) '' * [[Kofin Intercontinental]]: 1971 (na biyu) '' (wanda ya zo na biyu) '' * Kofin Balkans: 1977 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] di9sblziwf7jxct77dsgf86nyao3bsu 0 135113 818900 777298 2026-04-06T07:11:17Z BnHamid 12586 818900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Onkelos''' (Ibraniyawa: ''ʾunqəlōs''), mai yiwuwa daidai da Aquila na Sinope, ɗan Ƙasar Romawa ne wanda ya tuba zuwa addinin Yahudanci a zamanin Tannaic ({{Circa}} 35-120 AZ). An dauke shi marubucin Targum Onkelos ({{Circa}} 110 AZ).&nbsp;&nbsp; == A cikin Talmud ==   An ambaci Onkelos sau da yawa a cikin Talmud . A cewar al'adun gargajiya na Yahudawa, ya kasance sanannen dan Roman, ɗan wani mutum mai suna Callinicus (Ibraniyawa: Qəlūnīqūs ko קַלִינִיקּס Qalīnīqūs) kuma ɗan'uwan Titus, sarkin Roma. A cewar midrash Tanhuma, shi dan uwan Hadrian ne, ba Titus ba.[1] An yi tambaya game da waɗannan da'awar, kamar yadda 'yar'uwar Hadrian, 'yar'uwansa kaɗai, tana da 'yar, kuma ɗayan da aka sani na kowane ɗayan' yan uwan Titus da ya tsira har zuwa balaga ita ma yarinya ce, daga baya aka sani da Saint Flavia Domitilla.[2][3] Juyowa na Onkelos shine batun labarin inda ya fara tuntuɓar ruhohin maƙiya uku da suka mutu na Isra'ila don ganin yadda Isra'ila ta kasance a duniya mai zuwa. Na farko shi ne kawunsa Titus, wanda aka zarge shi da lalata Haikali na Biyu; na biyu shi ne mai gani Ba'alamu, wanda Balak sarkin Mowab ya hayar don la'anta Isra'ila; kuma na ƙarshe shi ne Yeshu, sunan da aka yi amfani da shi ga waɗanda suka nemi ya ɓace Yahudawa zuwa bautar gumaka, musamman tsohon ɗalibin Joshua ben Perachiah mai bautar gumaki a zamanin Hasmonean da kuma Manase na Yahuza. (A rubuce-rubucen da suka biyo baya ana amfani da ''Yeshu'' ga Yesu, amma ra'ayoyi sun bambanta game da ko za'a iya fahimtar ta wannan hanyar a cikin Talmud.) An ce Onkelos ya ga dukansu suna fuskantar wulakanci don cutar da Isra'ila. Koyaya, yayin da Titus da Bala'am suka hana shi juyawa, Yeshu ya ƙarfafa shi ya shiga cikin mutanen Yahudawa (yana sa Talmud yabon "masu zunubi na Isra'ila"). Talmud na Urushalima na farko ya ba da batun waɗannan labarun a matsayin ''Aquila'' mai tuba, sau da yawa ana fahimta a matsayin wani mutum banda Onkelos. Matsalar wannan ka'idar, duk da haka, ita ce Talmud na Urushalima ya ce a bayyane cewa shi (Aquilas mai tuba) ya fassara Attaura a ƙarƙashin Eliezer ben Hurcanus da Joshua ben Hananiah. Talmud na Babila ya sake maimaita wannan al'adar baki, amma a wannan lokacin yana kiransa da sunan Onkelos mai tuba, wanda ke haifar da mutum ya kammala cewa sunan ya bambanta da Aquila, wanda aka yi amfani da shi cikin kuskure ga Aramaic maimakon fassarar Helenanci. [[Epiphanius na Salamis]] ne ya goyi bayan wannan ra'ayi (karni na 4). Labari mai zuwa game da juyowa na Aquila ya bayyana a cikin Midrash Rabbah: {{Blockquote|Once, Aquilas (עקילס) said to [[Hadrian]] the king, ‘I wish to convert and to become one of Israel.’ He answered him, ‘You are seeking [to join] that nation? How have I despised it! How have I killed it; the most downtrodden of the nations you are asking to join!? What have you seen in them that you wish to be made a proselyte?’ He replied, ‘The smallest of them knows how the Holy One, blessed be He, created the universe; what was created on the first day and what was created on the second day, and how many [years] have passed since the universe was created, and by what [things] the world is sustained. Moreover, their Divine Law is the truth.’ He said to him, ‘Go and study their Divine Law, but do not be circumcised.’ Aquilas then said to him, ‘Even the wisest man in your kingdom, and an elder who is aged one-hundred, cannot study their Divine Law if he is not circumcised, for thus is it written: "He makes known his words to Jacob, his precepts and judgments to Israel. He has not done the like of which to any other nation."<ref>[[Psalms]] 147:19-20</ref> Unto whom, then, [has he done it]? Unto the sons of Israel!’<ref>[[Exodus Rabbah]] [https://www.sefaria.org.il/Shemot_Rabbah.30.12?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en 30:12]</ref>}} == Targum na Onkelos == Bisa ga al'ada, Onkelos ya rubuta [[Targum]]_Onkelos" id="mwbQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Targum Onkelos">Targum Onkelos a matsayin bayani game da fassarar "hukunci" na ''peshat'' (ko ma'anar asali) na Attaura kamar yadda rabbi Eliezer ben Hurcanus da Joshua ben Hananiah suka karɓa. Wannan ya taimaka wajen tsarkake matsayin Onkelos da Targum a cikin al'adar Yahudawa. == Dubi kuma == * Targum * Targum da aka yi wa Jonathan * Yakubu Mai ridda == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kgzl0k5qbr6ue4l3seofx3h7klfushi 0 135311 818928 788109 2026-04-06T07:57:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asalin Wasan''' wani ra'ayi ne na wasan da ba a san shi ba a kimiyyance wanda [[Masanin yanayin ƙasa|masanin]] ƙasa kuma marubuci Oscar Frederick Donaldson ya ƙirƙiro a shekarun 1970. == Ƙungiya == An kafa ƙungiyar masu tallafawa, International Foundation for Original Play, a shekarar 2018 ta hannun Jolanta Graczykowska, "wakili kuma mai kula da ''Original Play'' for Europe kawai da aka amince da shi tun daga shekarar 2002". An yi wa wannan gidauniyar rijista a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a Poland, tare da ƙungiyar "Original Play Austria - play from the heart", wadda ta wanzu a Austria tun daga shekarar 2015. Ƙungiyar da gidauniyar suna ba da bita, tarurrukan karawa juna sani, da laccoci a ƙasashen Turai da dama don yin aiki tare da yara da waɗanda ke da sha'awa. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |year= |title=Original Play Veranstaltungen |url=https://originalplay.at/veranstaltungen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625034248/https://originalplay.at/veranstaltungen/ |archive-date=2023-06-25 |access-date= |publisher= |pages= |language= |format= |quote= }}</ref> === Alamar === Tambarin ya ƙunshi fitattun siffofi guda biyu masu launin shuɗi da kuma wani siffa mai sauƙi, waɗanda aka shirya a kusa da ƙaramin zuciya mai ja kuma aka haɗa su cikin siffar zuciya mai karkace. Wasu bambance-bambancen sun haɗa da siffa mai shuɗi ɗaya mai zuciya da ke ɗauke da tutar ƙasar. == Tsarin == Manya suna yin "wasa" da matasa da yara marasa alaƙa da waɗanda ba a sani ba, amma kuma suna mu'amala da wasu manya a cikin hulɗa ta jiki, sau da yawa a ƙasa: suna birgima, hawa kan juna, runguma, ko kuma yin motsa jiki ta jiki. A cewar Donaldson, wannan shiri ya kamata ya fito daga yaron ko akasin ƙwararren wasan ''Original Play'' . Shugaban wasan zai iya roƙon yara da matasa su shiga, sannan ya bar yaran su yanke shawara da kansu ko suna son yin hakan. Donaldson ya bambanta "Asalin Wasan" a matsayin wasan asali wanda manya ke daidaitawa da yara, daga "wasan al'adu," wanda ake koya wa yara su daidaita su da al'adun manya. === Manufa === An ce manufar tana taimaka wa yara, matasa, da manya (masu nakasa da waɗanda ba su da nakasa) su yi wasa cikin yanayi na ɗabi'a, su bayyana farin ciki da aminci cikin lumana, kuma su san jikinsu sosai. Ta hanyar ''Wasan Asali,'' ya kamata a fara aiki da tsarin tunani da na jiki wanda ke ba da damar haɗakar koyo na fahimta, motsin rai, da motsin rai. <ref name="original play.EU">{{Cite web |last= |date= |year= |title=Was ist Original Play? (Selbstdarstellung der Original Play Stiftung) |url=https://originalplay.eu/Germany/#was-ist-original-play |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008090259/https://originalplay.eu/germany/#was-ist-original-play |archive-date=2024-10-08 |access-date= |publisher= |pages= |language= |format= |quote= }}</ref> Ta wannan hanyar, mutum ɗaya yana fuskantar kasancewa cikin ƙungiyar ba tare da tsoro da gasa ba. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} iowawgzppecw7tndjnsja0myo943p8o 0 135432 818890 777932 2026-04-06T07:04:23Z BnHamid 12586 818890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Spyros Danellis''' (Girkanci: ; an haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1955) ɗan siyasan Girka ne kuma memba ne na Ƙungiyar Socialist ta Panhellenic a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai tun watan Oktoba 2009. == Ayyukan siyasa == Danellis ya kasance memba na majalisar dokokin Hellenic na Synaspismos tsakanin 1996 da 2000, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na Hersonisos daga 2003 zuwa 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Οι βουλευτές σας : Σπύρος ΔΑΝΕΛΛΗΣ |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/members/expert/groupAndCountry/view.do?language=EL&partNumber=1&group=2953&country=GR&id=99325 |access-date=2011-06-10 |publisher=Europarl.europa.eu}}</ref> An zabi Danellis a matsayin memba na PASOK na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009, kuma ya yi aiki har zuwa watan Yunin shekara ta 2014. [1] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0uague2cubri28w62afuyl8zkjiws7a 0 135537 818876 778054 2026-04-06T06:57:38Z BnHamid 12586 818876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Peter H. Werner''' (Janairu 17, 1947 - Maris 21, 2023) daraktan fina-finai da talabijin ne na Amurka. Fim ɗinsa na 1976, ''In the Region of Ice'', ya lashe kyautar Academy Award don Mafi Kyawun Fim ɗin Kai Tsaye . == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Werner a cikin dangin Yahudawa, a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York, New York]], ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya uku da aka haifa wa Elizabeth (née Grumbach) da Henry Werner. Yana da 'yar'uwa ɗaya, Patsy Werner Hanson, da ɗan'uwa ɗaya, Tom Werner . <ref name="GrumObit" /> A shekarar 1977, Werner ya lashe kyautar Oscar don Mafi Kyawun Fim ɗin Kai Tsaye na Kai don jagorantar ɗan gajeren fim ɗin ''In the Region of Ice'' . Tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki a kan jagorantar talabijin inda ya tara wasu kyaututtukan fina-finan talabijin kamar su ''Mama Flora's Family'', ''Two Mothers for Zachary'', ''Call Me Claus'', ''I Married a Centerfold'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=I Married A Centerfold |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/24111/I-Married-a-Centerfold/details?gwh=82AB8CD8FFD9E824BA319703F0ED1EB0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130913175118/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/24111/I-Married-a-Centerfold/details?gwh=82AB8CD8FFD9E824BA319703F0ED1EB0 |archive-date=2013-09-13 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> ''Gracie's Choice'', ''Mom at Sixteen'', ''Tempting Fate'', da sauran fina-finai ciki har da ''Front of the Class'' (2008). Fitattun fina-finansa na talabijin sun haɗa da Ghost Whisperer, Medium, Law & Order: Criminal Intent, A Different World, The Wonder Years, Moonlighting, da kuma na shirin Graham Yost Boomtown da Justified, da sauran shirye-shirye. Ya kuma ba da umarni a wani fim na talabijin a shekarar 2010 mai suna Bond of Silence . == Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa == Matar Werner ta farko ita ce Marie Ashton; daga baya suka sake ta. Matarsa ta biyu ita ce Kedren Jones. <ref name="NYTSingh" /> Werner ya haifi 'ya'ya uku: Lillie Werner Singh, Katharine Werner, da James Werner. Shi ne babban ɗan'uwan mai shirya talabijin Tom Werner . Werner ya mutu sakamakon matsalolin zuciya bayan ya fashe a cikin aorta a Wilmington, North Carolina, a ranar 21 ga Maris, 2023. Yana da shekaru 76. <ref>Silbiger, Steve [https://books.google.com/books?id=2CAGE9yJcm8C&q=werner&pg=silverman The Jewish Phenomenon: Seven Keys to the Enduring Wealth of a People] p. 91</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] l1ck0b2jigasdicq7y3vmut0ctq00kz 0 136001 818875 778885 2026-04-06T06:57:12Z BnHamid 12586 818875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Fayd al-Bari ala ''[[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]]''''''' (Arabic) wani sharhi ne na Larabci mai nau'i hudu game da Sahih al'Bukhari wanda Badre Alam Merathi ya tattara, bisa ga laccoci da koyarwar malaminsa, Anwar Shah Kashmiri . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Razzaq |first=Muhammad Abdul |last2=Lakhvi |first2=Muhammad Hammad |date=2020 |title=Methodology of Qur'anic Interpretation in Faiḍ al-bārī by Anwar Shah Kashmīrī: A Research Study |url=https://www.ahbabtrust.org/ojs/index.php/jicc/article/view/105 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Islamic Civilization and Culture |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=290–322 |doi=10.46896/jicc.v3i01.105 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |issn=2707-6903 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025195702/https://www.ahbabtrust.org/ojs/index.php/jicc/article/view/105 |archive-date=25 October 2022 |access-date=8 June 2023}}</ref> Yana ba da cikakkun bayanai, fassarori, da tattaunawa game da Hadiths da aka samu a ''Sahih al-Bukhari''. Wannan sharhin ya rufe fannoni daban-daban, gami da tarihin [[Muhammad Al-Bukhari|Muhammad al-Bukhari]], hanyoyin da yanayin tattara Sahih al-Bkhari, masu ba da labari na Hadiths, haɗin tsakanin jigogi na babi da Hadiths a cikinsu, tattaunawa game da imani (aqaid), da ƙoƙarin samun hukunce-hukuncen doka ([[Fiƙihu|fiqh]]) daga Hadiths. Bugu da ƙari, aikin ya haɗa da gabatarwa mai tsawo ta [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri|Yusuf Banuri]], wanda ke ba da haske game da tarihin Anwar Shah Kashmiri. == Tarihi == An haifi Badr-e-Alam Mirati a Bidayu, Kudancin Indiya, a cikin shekara ta 1898. A shekara ta 1947, ya yi hijira zuwa Pakistan kuma daga baya ya koma [[Madinah|Madina]], Saudi Arabia, inda ya mutu a shekarar 1965. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 14, ya fara karatunsa a Mazahir Uloom, Saharanpur, Indiya. A shekara ta 1918, ya sami matsayin masanin addinin Musulunci (alim) kuma ya koyar a Saharanpur na tsawon shekaru biyu. Daga baya, ya shiga Darul Uloom Deoband don ƙwarewa a Hadith, inda ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Anwar Shah Kashmiri na tsawon shekaru huɗu. Lokacin da Anwar Shah Kashmiri ya koma daga Deoband zuwa Jamia Islamia Talimuddin, Dhabel a 1927, Badr-e-Alam Mirati ya koma can kuma ya sadaukar da shekaru biyar don koyarwa. {{Sfn|Osman|2001}} A lokacin da yake dalibi da malami, Mirati ya fara aikin rubuta bayanin Anwar Shah Kashmiri game da ''Sahih al-Bukhari'' . Daga baya, ya nemi Anwar Shah Kashmiri ya sake dubawa da sake duba rubutun. Rubutun, mai taken ''Fayd al-Bari ala Sahih al-Bukhari'', daga ƙarshe Maba'ah al-Hijazi ne ya buga shi a [[Kairo|Alkahira]] a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Majlis-i-'Ilmi, tare da tallafi daga Jam'iyat Ulama Transvaal a Fordsburg, Afirka ta Kudu. == Abubuwan da ke ciki == Shirin ya ba da cikakken bayani game da masu ba da labari (isnad) da aka ambata a cikin ''Sahih al-Bukhari'' . Yana ba da zane-zane na masu ba da labari, suna tattauna asalin su, amintacce, da gudummawar ilimi. Wannan yana taimaka wa masu karatu su fahimci mahallin da sahihancin hadisai. Bugu da ƙari, ya wuce rubutun ''Sahih al-Bukhari'' ta hanyar rufe jigogi na babi. Ya bayyana alaƙar da ke tsakanin jigogi da hadisai a ciki, yana ba da ƙarin fahimta game da ƙungiyar da kuma jituwa na littafin. {{Sfn|Osman|2001}} Shirin ya shiga cikin tattaunawa game da imani (aqaid), yana nuna muhimmancin ilimin tauhidin Islama mai kyau. Yana magance ra'ayoyin tauhidi kuma yana bayyana duk wani kuskuren fahimta ko kuskuren ra'ayi, yana tabbatar da cewa masu karatu suna samun fahimtar bangaskiyar Islama. Bugu da ƙari, wani lokacin yana kwatanta hadisai a cikin ''Sahih al-Bukhari'' tare da wasu mahimman tushe na shari'ar Islama (fiqh). Wannan yana ba da damar sharhi don cire hukunce-hukuncen fiqh daga hadisi, yana ba da jagora da fahimta game da aikace-aikacen dokar Islama.{{Sfn|Osman|2001}} == Karɓar baƙi == A cewar masanin Siriya Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda, an bayyana cewa wannan littafin ya cika da ilimi mai yawa wanda ba za a iya samunsa a cikin sharhin da suka gabata na ''[[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' ba. == Dubi kuma == * Nazarin hadisi na Deobandi == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [[iarchive:FaizUlBari|''Fayd al-Bari ala Sahih al-Bukhari'']] a Intanet ArchiveTarihin Intanet 7ds6a7sh2uak754laidw1k11l7hrf5h 0 136027 818927 778930 2026-04-06T07:44:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:SP_ID-_HS-142_(1).jpg|thumb|Warren G. Lichtenstein]] '''Warren G. Lichtenstein''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1965) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma mai taimakon jama'a ɗan Amurka. Lichtenstein shine wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban zartarwa na Steel Partners Holdings LP (NYSE:SPLP), wani kamfani mai riƙe da kamfanoni daban-daban na duniya. Ya kafa kamfanin a shekara ta 1990 yana da shekaru 24 bayan ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai sharhi a Para Partners, LP sannan ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sharhi kan saye a Ballantrae Partners, LP <ref>{{Cite web |title=Warren G. Lichtenstein: Executive Profile & Biography - Businessweek |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=300993&privcapId=26604 |access-date=2016-04-05 |website=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> A cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata Steel Partners ya girma daga asusun saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa, tare da ma'aikata biyu da kadarorin $600,000, zuwa Steel Partners Holdings LP, wani kamfani mai jimlar kudaden shiga sama da dala biliyan 3.6 wanda ta hanyar riƙonsa yana ɗaukar ma'aikata 13,500 a masana'antu da wurare 155 a ƙasashe 20. == Ilimi == Lichtenstein ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Pennsylvania da digirin farko a fannin tattalin arziki . Kafin haka, ya halarci Jami'ar Tulane . == Sana'a == Lichtenstein shine shugaban kamfanin Steel Partners LLC, wanda ke zaune a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Warren G. Lichtenstein: Executive Profile & Biography - Businessweek |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=300993&privcapId=26604 |access-date=2016-04-05 |website=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-18 |title=SPLP Warren G. Lichtenstein Insider Trades for Steel Partners Holdings L.P |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/splp/insiders?pid=42568075 |access-date=2013-09-15 |publisher=Marketwatch.com}}</ref> Lichtenstein tsohon shugaban kamfanin Aerojet Rocketdyne Holdings, Inc. ne, wani kamfanin kera rokoki da makamai masu linzami na Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors {{!}} Aerojet Rocketdyne Holdings, Inc. |url=http://www.aerojetrocketdyne.com/board-of-directors |access-date=2016-04-05 |website=www.aerojetrocketdyne.com |archive-date=2016-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418091410/http://www.aerojetrocketdyne.com/board-of-directors |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wa'adin aikinsa na Shugaban Aerojet ya ƙare a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 2022 ta hanyar ra'ayin masu hannun jari, sakamakon wata gasa ta wakili inda Shugaba Eileen Drake na lokacin ya jagoranci wani kamfen na wakili mai nasara wanda ya cire Lichtenstein da duk membobin kwamitin gudanarwa na Steel Partners. Lichtenstein kuma tana aiki a matsayin shugaban Steel Sports, Inc., wani kamfani mai zaman kansa na Steel Partners, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 2011, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan sauya da inganta ƙwarewar wasanni na matasa a Amurka. Lichtenstein ya kuma bayar da tallafin farko ga Positive Coaching Alliance (PCA) na Los Angeles Chapter (wanda aka ƙaddamar a watan Yunin 2015) da kuma PCA-New York City Chapter (wanda aka ƙaddamar a watan Janairun 2016). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Warren G. Lichtenstein: Executive Profile & Biography - Businessweek |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=300993&privcapId=26604 |access-date=2016-04-05 |website=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> == Taimakon jama'a == Lichtenstein ta kafa wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai suna Steel Partners Foundation wadda ta kasance mai bayar da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga ginin Cibiyar Al'ummar Yahudawa ta Chabad Aspen Valley Aspen, Colorado . Gidauniyar Steel Partners ta ba da kuɗi ga Gidan Tarihi na Aspen Art, don sabon gininta wanda aka buɗe a shekarar 2014. Mai zane na Japan Shigeru Ban, wanda ya lashe kyautar Pritzker ta 2014, ya tsara ginin. Gidauniyar Steel Partners ta kuma shiga cikin kamfen ɗin sake gina Jami'ar Tulane bayan guguwar Katrina ta afka mata kuma kashi 70% na babban harabar makarantar ta cika da ruwa kuma ta ba da gudummawar kuɗaɗen ƙalubale ga Makarantar Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jami'ar Pennsylvania don taimakawa wajen kafa sabbin guraben karatu na ɗalibai 19. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Warren G. Lichtenstein: Executive Profile & Biography - Businessweek |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=300993&privcapId=26604 |access-date=2016-04-05 |website=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Warren G. Lichtenstein: Executive Profile & Biography - Businessweek |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=300993&privcapId=26604 |access-date=2016-04-05 |website=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Lichtenstein yana da 'ya'ya biyu: ɗa ɗaya daga aurensa na farko da kuma 'ya mace ɗaya da Annabelle Bond . An umarce shi da ya biya kuɗin kula da yara a cikin mafi girman shari'ar kula da yara a tarihin Hong Kong. Lichtenstein ya nemi ƙarin lokaci tare da 'yarsa kuma a cikin 2016 ya shirya wani taron Think Tank on Parental Alienation tare da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jason Patric da farfesa kuma likitan tabin hankali William Bernet, editan "Parental Alienation". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Warren G. Lichtenstein: Executive Profile & Biography - Businessweek |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=300993&privcapId=26604 |access-date=2016-04-05 |website=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Warren G. Lichtenstein: Executive Profile & Biography - Businessweek |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=300993&privcapId=26604 |access-date=2016-04-05 |website=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] p8i903gjbanv0j1ttocb7xtf4gloy9n 0 136113 818881 779083 2026-04-06T07:00:04Z BnHamid 12586 818881 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jerry Vusimuzi Richardson''' (Mayu 1949 - Afrilu 2009) ɗan fafutukar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata ne [[Afirka ta Kudu|ɗan Afirka ta Kudu]] kuma mai kisan kai da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisan kai da laifin kashe Stompie Seipei . Shi ne "kocin" ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Mandela United, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa da ake zargin [[Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] ta kafa a shekarar 1986 kuma membobinta sun kare gidanta kuma sun shiga cikin ayyukan tsaro, kuma sun kashe waɗanda ake zargi da ba da bayanai ga 'yan sanda a lokacin yaƙi da wariyar launin fata na [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|African National Congress]] (ANC) da reshen sojojinta na [[Umkhonto we Sizwe|uMkhonto we Sizwe]] (MK) a Soweto . <ref name="auto" /> <ref name="MG-1999">{{Cite web |date=3 December 1999 |title=A Rich Stew of Fact and Fiction |url=https://mg.co.za/article/1999-12-03-a-rich-stew-of-fact-and-fiction/ |access-date=19 February 2025 |publisher=Mail & Guardian}}</ref> == Bayani == An kama Richardson da laifin kisan Stompie Seipei, wani matashi mai shekaru 14 mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a na United Democratic Front a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 1989. A watan Mayu, 1990, an yanke masa hukunci kan kisan <ref name="LAT-1990">{{Cite web |date=3 May 1990 |title=South African Police Say Winnie Mandela Linked to Murder Case |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-05-03-mn-451-story.html |access-date=19 February 2025 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> yanke masa hukuncin kisa a watan Agusta, 1990 (an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai). Ya shiga jam'iyyar ANC a shekarar 1975 kuma an yi amfani da gidansa da ke sashen Mzimhlophe na Soweto a matsayin mafaka ga membobin MK waɗanda ke barin ƙasar a ɓoye don horon soja. <ref name="aute">{{Cite web |title=Winnie Mandela: These murders and me - Jerry Richardson |url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/winnie-mandela-these-murders-and-me--jerry-richard |access-date=2025-02-19}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 1988, an kama Richardson bayan harbin bindiga a gidansa tsakanin 'yan sanda da wasu kusoshin MK guda biyu. An kashe wani ɗan sanda, Sajan Stephanus "Fannie" Pretorius a harbin, tare da wasu kusoshin biyu, Tebogo Maluleke da Sipho Mbenenge. An sake shi a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 1988. A watan Fabrairu, 1989, an sake kama Richardson - a wannan karon saboda kisan Seipei. <ref name="aute">{{Cite web |title=Winnie Mandela: These murders and me - Jerry Richardson |url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/winnie-mandela-these-murders-and-me--jerry-richard |access-date=2025-02-19}}</ref> Da yake neman afuwa a gaban Hukumar Gaskiya da Sulhu (TRC) a shekarar 1997, Richardson ya tuhumi Winnie Madikizela-Mandela da laifin kisan wasu matasa masu fafutuka biyu, Lolo Sono da Anthony Tshabalala, wanda ya faru a watan Disamba na 1988. Ya shaida cewa ana zargin yaran da bayar da bayanai ga 'yan sanda game da shugabannin MK guda biyu a gidansa a ranar da aka harbe su a ranar 9 ga Disamba 1988; kuma Madikizela-Mandela ya ba da umarnin a kashe su. An kai matasan masu fafutuka biyu daga ministan Methodist Paul Verryn 's Soweto a gidan Madikizela-Mandela da ke Orlando, inda aka yi musu mummunan duka. Richardson ya yi ikirarin cewa ya shiga cikin duka kuma Madikizela-Mandela ne ya ba da umarnin kashe matasan. An binne gawarwakinsu kusa da wurin zubar da ma'adinai a Soweto Ya shaida wa Hukumar cewa a lokacin da yake tsare a gidan yari 'yan sanda sun zo wurinsa a shekarar 1995 suka biya shi R10,000 don bayyana inda gawarwakin suke amma ba su same su ba. Ƙungiyar bincike ta TRC ta kuma kasa gano gawarwakin. <ref name="TRC-1997b">{{Cite web |date=3 December 1997 |title=Richardson Admits to More Killings at TRC Hearing |url=https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/media/1997/9712/s971203e.htm |access-date=19 February 2025 |publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}</ref> [[Hukumar Sasantawa akan Gaskiya da Adalci (Afirka ta Kudu)|Hukumar Gaskiya da Sulhu]] ta bayyana Richardson a matsayin "injin kashe mutane." <ref>{{cite news |date=August 9, 1990 |title=Follower of Winnie Mandela Sentenced to Death |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/09/world/follower-of-winnie-mandela-sentenced-to-death.html |access-date=February 19, 2025 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Richardson ya kuma zargi Madikizela-Mandela da hannu a kisan Kuki Zwane, wata matashiya da ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Mandela United wadda aka kashe a watan Disamba na 1988 bayan an zarge ta da yin wa 'yan sanda bayanai. Tana ƙaunar wani ɗan wasan Mandela United FC kuma tana yawan zuwa gidan Madikizela-Mandela don ganin saurayinta, Sizwe Sithole, wanda shi ma ake zargin shine saurayin Zindzi Mandela . An ɗauke ta daga gidan Madikizela-Mandela da daddare aka jawo ta zuwa wani fili, aka daba mata wuka, aka yanke makogwaronta aka jefar da ita kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Orlando ta hannun Richardson da wasu mutane biyu. An gano gawar Zwane a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 1988. <ref name="aute">{{Cite web |title=Winnie Mandela: These murders and me - Jerry Richardson |url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/winnie-mandela-these-murders-and-me--jerry-richard |access-date=2025-02-19}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Mayu 1991, wata kotu a Afirka ta Kudu ta yanke wa Madikizela-Mandela hukuncin shekaru 6 saboda bayar da umarnin kisan masu fafutukar, hukuncin da kotun daukaka kara ta yanke masa na tara ta dala $3000 da kuma hukuncin daurin shekaru biyu da aka dakatar. <ref>{{cite news |date=August 9, 1990 |title=Follower of Winnie Mandela Sentenced to Death |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/09/world/follower-of-winnie-mandela-sentenced-to-death.html |access-date=February 19, 2025 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> A shekarar 1997, Madikizela-Mandela ta bayyana a gaban TRC don neman afuwa kuma ta musanta duk zarge-zargen da Richardson ya yi mata. Ta bayyana su a matsayin "abin dariya kuma mafi munin hauka" <ref name="TRC-MUFC">{{Cite web |title=Testimony on the Mandela United Football Club |url=https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/special/mandela/mufc9.htm |access-date=19 February 2025 |publisher=Truth and Reconciliation Commission}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Richardson ya mutu a gidan yari a watan Afrilun 2009 saboda dalilai na halitta. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aynjo9zrgknw7bj7snz19104rgargsc 818882 818881 2026-04-06T07:00:16Z BnHamid 12586 818882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jerry Vusimuzi Richardson''' (Mayu 1949 - Afrilu 2009) ɗan fafutukar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata ne [[Afirka ta Kudu|ɗan Afirka ta Kudu]] kuma mai kisan kai da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisan kai da laifin kashe Stompie Seipei . Shi ne "kocin" ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Mandela United, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa da ake zargin [[Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] ta kafa a shekarar 1986 kuma membobinta sun kare gidanta kuma sun shiga cikin ayyukan tsaro, kuma sun kashe waɗanda ake zargi da ba da bayanai ga 'yan sanda a lokacin yaƙi da wariyar launin fata na [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|African National Congress]] (ANC) da reshen sojojinta na [[Umkhonto we Sizwe|uMkhonto we Sizwe]] (MK) a Soweto . <ref name="auto" /> <ref name="MG-1999">{{Cite web |date=3 December 1999 |title=A Rich Stew of Fact and Fiction |url=https://mg.co.za/article/1999-12-03-a-rich-stew-of-fact-and-fiction/ |access-date=19 February 2025 |publisher=Mail & Guardian}}</ref> == Bayani == An kama Richardson da laifin kisan Stompie Seipei, wani matashi mai shekaru 14 mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a na United Democratic Front a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 1989. A watan Mayu, 1990, an yanke masa hukunci kan kisan <ref name="LAT-1990">{{Cite web |date=3 May 1990 |title=South African Police Say Winnie Mandela Linked to Murder Case |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-05-03-mn-451-story.html |access-date=19 February 2025 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> yanke masa hukuncin kisa a watan Agusta, 1990 (an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai). Ya shiga jam'iyyar ANC a shekarar 1975 kuma an yi amfani da gidansa da ke sashen Mzimhlophe na Soweto a matsayin mafaka ga membobin MK waɗanda ke barin ƙasar a ɓoye don horon soja. <ref name="aute">{{Cite web |title=Winnie Mandela: These murders and me - Jerry Richardson |url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/winnie-mandela-these-murders-and-me--jerry-richard |access-date=2025-02-19}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 1988, an kama Richardson bayan harbin bindiga a gidansa tsakanin 'yan sanda da wasu kusoshin MK guda biyu. An kashe wani ɗan sanda, Sajan Stephanus "Fannie" Pretorius a harbin, tare da wasu kusoshin biyu, Tebogo Maluleke da Sipho Mbenenge. An sake shi a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 1988. A watan Fabrairu, 1989, an sake kama Richardson - a wannan karon saboda kisan Seipei. <ref name="aute">{{Cite web |title=Winnie Mandela: These murders and me - Jerry Richardson |url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/winnie-mandela-these-murders-and-me--jerry-richard |access-date=2025-02-19}}</ref> Da yake neman afuwa a gaban Hukumar Gaskiya da Sulhu (TRC) a shekarar 1997, Richardson ya tuhumi Winnie Madikizela-Mandela da laifin kisan wasu matasa masu fafutuka biyu, Lolo Sono da Anthony Tshabalala, wanda ya faru a watan Disamba na 1988. Ya shaida cewa ana zargin yaran da bayar da bayanai ga 'yan sanda game da shugabannin MK guda biyu a gidansa a ranar da aka harbe su a ranar 9 ga Disamba 1988; kuma Madikizela-Mandela ya ba da umarnin a kashe su. An kai matasan masu fafutuka biyu daga ministan Methodist Paul Verryn 's Soweto a gidan Madikizela-Mandela da ke Orlando, inda aka yi musu mummunan duka. Richardson ya yi ikirarin cewa ya shiga cikin duka kuma Madikizela-Mandela ne ya ba da umarnin kashe matasan. An binne gawarwakinsu kusa da wurin zubar da ma'adinai a Soweto Ya shaida wa Hukumar cewa a lokacin da yake tsare a gidan yari 'yan sanda sun zo wurinsa a shekarar 1995 suka biya shi R10,000 don bayyana inda gawarwakin suke amma ba su same su ba. Ƙungiyar bincike ta TRC ta kuma kasa gano gawarwakin. <ref name="TRC-1997b">{{Cite web |date=3 December 1997 |title=Richardson Admits to More Killings at TRC Hearing |url=https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/media/1997/9712/s971203e.htm |access-date=19 February 2025 |publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}</ref> [[Hukumar Sasantawa akan Gaskiya da Adalci (Afirka ta Kudu)|Hukumar Gaskiya da Sulhu]] ta bayyana Richardson a matsayin "injin kashe mutane." <ref>{{cite news |date=August 9, 1990 |title=Follower of Winnie Mandela Sentenced to Death |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/09/world/follower-of-winnie-mandela-sentenced-to-death.html |access-date=February 19, 2025 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Richardson ya kuma zargi Madikizela-Mandela da hannu a kisan Kuki Zwane, wata matashiya da ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Mandela United wadda aka kashe a watan Disamba na 1988 bayan an zarge ta da yin wa 'yan sanda bayanai. Tana ƙaunar wani ɗan wasan Mandela United FC kuma tana yawan zuwa gidan Madikizela-Mandela don ganin saurayinta, Sizwe Sithole, wanda shi ma ake zargin shine saurayin Zindzi Mandela . An ɗauke ta daga gidan Madikizela-Mandela da daddare aka jawo ta zuwa wani fili, aka daba mata wuka, aka yanke makogwaronta aka jefar da ita kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Orlando ta hannun Richardson da wasu mutane biyu. An gano gawar Zwane a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 1988. <ref name="aute">{{Cite web |title=Winnie Mandela: These murders and me - Jerry Richardson |url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/winnie-mandela-these-murders-and-me--jerry-richard |access-date=2025-02-19}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Mayu 1991, wata kotu a Afirka ta Kudu ta yanke wa Madikizela-Mandela hukuncin shekaru 6 saboda bayar da umarnin kisan masu fafutukar, hukuncin da kotun daukaka kara ta yanke masa na tara ta dala $3000 da kuma hukuncin daurin shekaru biyu da aka dakatar. <ref>{{cite news |date=August 9, 1990 |title=Follower of Winnie Mandela Sentenced to Death |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/09/world/follower-of-winnie-mandela-sentenced-to-death.html |access-date=February 19, 2025 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> A shekarar 1997, Madikizela-Mandela ta bayyana a gaban TRC don neman afuwa kuma ta musanta duk zarge-zargen da Richardson ya yi mata. Ta bayyana su a matsayin "abin dariya kuma mafi munin hauka" <ref name="TRC-MUFC">{{Cite web |title=Testimony on the Mandela United Football Club |url=https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/special/mandela/mufc9.htm |access-date=19 February 2025 |publisher=Truth and Reconciliation Commission}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Richardson ya mutu a gidan yari a watan Afrilun 2009 saboda dalilai na halitta. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] j7d5co1bv6qbvyiuew1s39yw89go2le 0 136377 818695 779562 2026-04-05T12:11:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tom Lollar''' ƙwararren mai yin yumbu ne na Amurka. Ya halarci Jami'ar Western Michigan kuma ya sami digirinsa na BFA a fannin Zane-zane da yumbu a shekarar 1973 da kuma digirinsa na MA a fannin Yumbu da Tarihin Fasaha a shekarar 1979. <ref name="web1">{{Cite web |title=Noel Fine Art |url=http://www.noelfineart.com/artists.php?artist=lollar&about=2 |access-date=1 December 2009 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tom Lollar ya gina zane-zanen yumbu da hannu waɗanda ke nuna jigogi na gine-gine da na ƙasa. Abubuwan da aka zana sun haɗa da alamomin ƙasa a gaban ginin da kuma kallon sama. Launin saman na musamman ya samo asali ne daga shafa fenti da gilashi na ƙarfe na tagulla, tagulla da platinum. Kowane ginin yumbu mai kusurwa huɗu yana da kusan 20 by 20 by 4 inches (510 mm × 510 mm × 100 mm) kuma ana iya sanya shi a cikin haɗuwa da lambobi marasa iyaka waɗanda suka dace da girman bango. [1] A halin yanzu Tom Lollar shine shugaban Sashen Zane da Zane a Jami'ar Columbia. <ref name="web6">{{Cite web |title=Cleveland State University, Urban Update |url=http://urban.csuohio.edu/news/urban_update/june03urbanupdate.pdf |access-date=1 December 2009 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1988, ya kasance Daraktan Fasahar Kayayyaki a Cibiyar Lincoln . <ref name="web2">{{Cite web |title=Great Impressions at Lincoln Center |url=http://www.antiquesandfineart.com/articles/media/images/00801-00900/00807/Lincoln_Center.pdf |access-date=1 December 2009}}</ref> Shi amintacce ne na Cibiyar Buga Littattafai ta Duniya da ke New York . <ref name="web7">{{Cite web |title=Moscow Press Release |url=http://www.kolodzeiart.org/moscowpressrelease.pdf |access-date=1 December 2009}}</ref> Ya fara koyar da yumbu da sassaka a shekarar 1975 kuma a halin yanzu yana cikin sashen Kwalejin Malamai, Jami'ar Columbia . <ref name="web3">{{Cite web |date=2004-03-13 |title=Mural Unveiled in Whittier Hall |url=http://www.tc.columbia.edu/news/article.htm?id=4913 |access-date=1 December 2009}}</ref> Ya taɓa koyarwa a Makarantar Zane ta Parsons da ke [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . <ref name="web1"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] nx615rf377cognlqxbewv6pvc6mxyog 0 136465 818902 779704 2026-04-06T07:12:21Z BnHamid 12586 818902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Count '''Spyridon Georgios Theotokis''' (Girkanci: , Italiyanci: ; 1722 - 1803) ɗan siyasan Girka ne kuma masanin kimiyya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Dattijan Ionian kuma shugaban ƙasa na Jamhuriyar Septinsular tare da taken yarima. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Theotokis a cikin Mulkin Venetian a cikin 1722 kuma ya kasance na dangin Theotokis masu daraja. A lokacin da Faransa ta mamaye Corfu, an nada shi a matsayin shugaban karamar hukuma ta wucin gadi. Lokacin da Faransanci suka bar Corfu a cikin 1799 kuma aka rushe karamar hukumar ta wucin gadi, an nada Theotokis a matsayin shugaban gwamnatin tsakiya inda ya nemi sauye-sauyen dimokuradiyya.<ref name=":2" /> A cikin 1800 an zabi Theotokis a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dattijai ta Ionian tare da taken Yarima. [1] Theotokis ya himmatu ga inganta tsarin shari'a na Jamhuriyar Septinsular. Ya kuma kasance marubuci da aka buga, yana rubuta litattafai da waƙoƙi a cikin Italiyanci da Latin. Theotokis ya mutu a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 1803.[2][3] Bayan mutuwarsa, an zabi Antonios Komoutos daga Zakynthos a matsayin shugaban majalisar dattijai kuma shugaban kasa na Jamhuriyar Septinsular . [4] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] flrmpdo36aa4s7e5jcalflvz7hepqiv 0 136583 818697 802138 2026-04-05T12:20:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thomas Ross Whitlock''' (20 ga Fabrairu, 1954 - 18 ga Fabrairu, 2023) mawakin waƙa ne ɗan Amurka, wanda aka fi sani da rubuta waƙar Academy Award - da kuma waƙar Golden Globe mai suna " Take My Breath Away ", wadda Berlin ta rera daga fim ɗin ''Top Gun'', tare da Giorgio Moroder . Ya rubuta waƙoƙin wata waƙa ta fim ɗin, " Danger Zone ", wanda Kenny Loggins ya rera. == Sana'a == An haifi Whitlock kuma ya girma a Springfield, Missouri . Shahararrun mawaka da yawa sun ziyarci birnin yayin da yake karbar bakuncin shirin talabijin ''na Ozark Jubilee'', wanda ya rinjayi Whitlock ya buga ganga. Ba da daɗewa ba, ya zama mawaƙin zaman aiki yana aiki tare da fitattun mawaƙa kamar Wayne Carson, da kuma mai buga ganga ga ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa kai tsaye. Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 15, Whitlock ya fara rubuta waƙoƙi a piano. A lokacin makarantar sakandarensa a Glendale High School, a Springfield, Missouri, ya raba lokacinsa tsakanin karatu da rana da kuma buga ganga tare da ƙungiyoyin mawaƙan rock a ƙarshen mako a duk faɗin Midwest. Ya shiga Jami'ar Drury a 1971 don babban fannin kiɗa. Jami'ar ta karrama shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin ɗalibanta a 1998, kuma tare da digirin girmamawa a kiɗa a shekara mai zuwa. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150213104728/http://www.news-leader.com/article/20120525/LIFE/305250007/] </ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Drury degree three decades in the making |url=http://newsroom.drury.edu/dunews/a-drury-degree-three-decades-in-the-making/ |access-date=February 20, 2023 |website=Newsroom.drury.edu }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 1983, Whitlock ya yi tafiya zuwa Los Angeles, California, yana shirin kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa a can. Yayin da yake taimaka wa abokinsa Dave Concors a ɗakin studio na Davlen Sound Studios da ya daina aiki, Whitlock ya haɗu da shahararren mawaki Giorgio Moroder yayin da yake korafi game da lahani na birki a cikin motarsa ta Ferrari . Whitlock ya sayi wasu gwangwani na ruwan birki sannan ya ci gaba da gyara motar Moroder. Daga ƙarshe Moroder ya ɗauki Whitlock aiki a ɗakin studio ɗinsa. A halin yanzu, ya yi karatun rikodi tare da injiniyan Moroder Brian Reeves, ganin cewa ɗakin studio yana cike da fina-finai kamar Scarface, Flashdance da Beverly Hills Cop, kuma ya rubuta nasa waƙoƙin. [1] Kafin a samar da waƙoƙin Top Gun, Moroder ya ga abokan aikinsa na rubuta waƙa Keith Forsey da Pete Bellotte ba su nan, kuma sanin cewa Whitlock mawaki ne ya gayyace shi don aikin. [1] Whitlock da Moroder sun rubuta waƙoƙi biyar tare don Top Gun ciki har da " Take My Breath Away " da kuma waƙar Kenny Loggins mai suna " Danger Zone ". ASCAP ta nuna waƙoƙi 113 da aka yi wa rijista, waɗanda mawaka kamar Berlin, Bonnie Tyler, Jennifer Rush, Michael McDonald, Ray Charles, Graham Nash, Falco, Diana Ross, Teddy Pendergrass, Roger Daltrey, da John Entwistle suka rejista. Whitlock da Moroder sun yi wasu haɗin gwiwa, don fina-finan ''Over the Top'', ''American Anthem'' da ''Rambo III'', kuma sun rubuta waƙoƙin jigo na hukuma na Olympics na bazara na 1988 (" Hand In Hand ") da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 1990 (" To Be Number One "). A shekarar 2012, [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Library of Congress]] ya karrama Whitlock saboda gudummawarsa ta rubuta waƙoƙi. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150213104728/http://www.news-leader.com/article/20120525/LIFE/305250007/] </ref> Whitlock shi ma mai buga ganga ne na ƙungiyar mawakan [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]], The Dog People, tare da Michael Granda (wanda aka fi sani da Supe Dujour), Jim Wunderle, da Terry Wilson. == Mutuwa == Whitlock ya mutu sakamakon matsalolin cutar Alzheimer a Nashville, Tennessee, a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 2023, yana da shekaru 68. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150213104728/http://www.news-leader.com/article/20120525/LIFE/305250007/] </ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] hi0zj3ejasutki9riz4fgpx25or469b 0 136901 818894 780386 2026-04-06T07:05:37Z BnHamid 12586 818894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Nikolaos Antoniadis (Girka: ; an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1971) ɗan wasan harbi ne na Girka . [1] Ya sanya na talatin da daya a harbi a gasar Olympics ta 2004, yana wakiltar kasar Girka. Antoniadis kuma yana aiki a matsayin memba na Tarayyar Harbi ta Girka, inda yake horar da cikakken lokaci a karkashin kocin Timur Matoian . [2] An nada Antoniadis a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar masu harbi ta Girka a tarkon maza a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2004 da aka yi a Athens.[1][2][3] Antoniadis wanda bai da ƙwarewa a harkar wasan, ya jefa kwallaye 110 cikin 125 da aka zira kwallaye, inda ya ƙare a matsayi na talatin da ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan harbi talatin da biyar, inda bai samu damar zuwa wasan ƙarshe ba.[4][5] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] 0dgjcnlcafo5u3mtnczwc9seilj1nqt 818895 818894 2026-04-06T07:07:57Z BnHamid 12586 Added external links and references 818895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Nikolaos Antoniadis (Girka: ; an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1971) ɗan wasan harbi ne na Girka . [1] Ya sanya na talatin da daya a harbi a gasar Olympics ta 2004, yana wakiltar kasar Girka. Antoniadis kuma yana aiki a matsayin memba na Tarayyar Harbi ta Girka, inda yake horar da cikakken lokaci a karkashin kocin Timur Matoian . [2] An nada Antoniadis a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar masu harbi ta Girka a tarkon maza a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2004 da aka yi a Athens.<ref name=issf/><ref>{{cite web|title=Shooting 2004 Olympic Qualification |url=http://www.majority-sport.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/home/msp/pages/docs/OQ04/Shooting_OQ_v2.pdf |format=[[PDF]] |publisher=Majority Sports |page=10 |accessdate=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722132244/http://www.majority-sport.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/home/msp/pages/docs/OQ04/Shooting_OQ_v2.pdf |archivedate=22 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Με το δάχτυλο στη... σκανδάλη|trans-title=With fire and shoot|language=el|url=http://www.kathimerini.gr/191480/article/epikairothta/a8lhtismos/me-to-daxtylo-sth-skandalh|publisher=[[Kathimerini]]|date=14 August 2004|accessdate=15 August 2015}}</ref> Antoniadis wanda bai da ƙwarewa a harkar wasan, ya jefa kwallaye 110 cikin 125 da aka zira kwallaye, inda ya ƙare a matsayi na talatin da ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan harbi talatin da biyar, inda bai samu damar zuwa wasan ƙarshe ba.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shooting: Men's Trap Prelims|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics_2004/shooting/results/3532262.stm|work=[[2004 Summer Olympics|Athens 2004]]|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|date=15 August 2004|access-date=31 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Αποκλεισμός για Καραφλού, Αντωνιάδη και Ντάιαμοντ(!) στη σκοποβολή|trans-title=Karaflou, Antoniadis, and Diamond are out in shooting|language=el|url=http://sports.in.gr/article/?aid=558595|publisher=[[In.gr]]|date=15 August 2004|accessdate=26 August 2015}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin Haɗi na Waje== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022542/http://archive.in.gr/news/reviews/placeholder.asp?lngReviewID=552801&lngChapterID=-1&lngItemID=554737 Olympic Profile – In.gr] {{DEFAULTSORT:Antoniadis, Nikolaos}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] 9sv5v4qxf0dgoprsn8y3ka9nz49j4gu 818896 818895 2026-04-06T07:09:34Z BnHamid 12586 Sanya manazarta 818896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Nikolaos Antoniadis (Girka: ; an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1971) ɗan wasan harbi ne na Girka.<ref>{{cite sports-reference|title = Nikolaos Antoniadis|url = https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/nikos-antoniadis-1.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200418051917/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/nikos-antoniadis-1.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = 18 April 2020|access-date = 15 August 2015}}</ref> Ya sanya na talatin da daya a harbi a gasar Olympics ta 2004, yana wakiltar kasar Girka. Antoniadis kuma yana aiki a matsayin memba na Tarayyar Harbi ta Girka, inda yake horar da cikakken lokaci a karkashin kocin Timur Matoian.<ref name=issf>{{cite web|title=ISSF Profile – Nikolaos Antoniadis|url=http://www.issf-sports.org/shooters/shooter.ashx?personissfid=SHGREM0301197101|publisher=[[International Shooting Sport Federation|ISSF]]|accessdate=18 October 2014}}</ref> An nada Antoniadis a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar masu harbi ta Girka a tarkon maza a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2004 da aka yi a Athens.<ref name=issf/><ref>{{cite web|title=Shooting 2004 Olympic Qualification |url=http://www.majority-sport.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/home/msp/pages/docs/OQ04/Shooting_OQ_v2.pdf |format=[[PDF]] |publisher=Majority Sports |page=10 |accessdate=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722132244/http://www.majority-sport.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/home/msp/pages/docs/OQ04/Shooting_OQ_v2.pdf |archivedate=22 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Με το δάχτυλο στη... σκανδάλη|trans-title=With fire and shoot|language=el|url=http://www.kathimerini.gr/191480/article/epikairothta/a8lhtismos/me-to-daxtylo-sth-skandalh|publisher=[[Kathimerini]]|date=14 August 2004|accessdate=15 August 2015}}</ref> Antoniadis wanda bai da ƙwarewa a harkar wasan, ya jefa kwallaye 110 cikin 125 da aka zira kwallaye, inda ya ƙare a matsayi na talatin da ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan harbi talatin da biyar, inda bai samu damar zuwa wasan ƙarshe ba.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shooting: Men's Trap Prelims|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics_2004/shooting/results/3532262.stm|work=[[2004 Summer Olympics|Athens 2004]]|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|date=15 August 2004|access-date=31 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Αποκλεισμός για Καραφλού, Αντωνιάδη και Ντάιαμοντ(!) στη σκοποβολή|trans-title=Karaflou, Antoniadis, and Diamond are out in shooting|language=el|url=http://sports.in.gr/article/?aid=558595|publisher=[[In.gr]]|date=15 August 2004|accessdate=26 August 2015}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin Haɗi na Waje== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022542/http://archive.in.gr/news/reviews/placeholder.asp?lngReviewID=552801&lngChapterID=-1&lngItemID=554737 Olympic Profile – In.gr] {{DEFAULTSORT:Antoniadis, Nikolaos}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] 0yie5ih9rki3yf2zn26i1x9ywyhesoe 0 137093 818893 780799 2026-04-06T07:05:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Waldemar Fritsch''' (23 Maris 1909 - 13 Yuli 1978) wani mai sassaka da yumbu ne na Sudeten -Jamus, wanda ya zauna kuma ya yi aiki a Ansbach, Jamus bayan an kore shi daga Yammacin Bohemia a 1946. <ref name="SAWF">{{Cite web |title=Biographie Waldemar Fritschs von Adolf Lang |url=http://www.sudetendeutsche-akademie.eu/WaldemarLeben.pdf |access-date=2013-07-28 |website=www.sudetendeutsche-akademie.eu |language=German |format=PDF |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000552/http://www.sudetendeutsche-akademie.eu/WaldemarLeben.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="PSWF">{{Cite web |date=10 June 2011 |title=Artikel von Porzellangezwitscher |url=http://www.porzellan-selb.de/waldemar-fritsch/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314072550/http://www.porzellan-selb.de/waldemar-fritsch/ |archive-date=2014-03-14 |access-date=2013-07-28 |website=www.porzellan-selb.de |language=German}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == [[Fayil:Waldemar_Fritsch.jpg|thumb|Waldemar Fritsch mutum-mutumin "Waƙar Dare" na Rosenthal AG (1951). An gina shi ne a kan ɗan rawa Harald Kreutzberg a cikin rawar "Waƙar Dare" zuwa waƙar Johannes Brahms .]] An haifi Waldemar Fritsch a shekarar 1909 a matsayin ɗa na goma kuma na ƙarshe a Altrohlau (wanda a yau ake kira Stará Role, wani ɓangare na Karlovy Vary ), wani ɓangare na masarautar Austria-Hungary sau biyu. Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin firist a Karlovy Vary har zuwa shekaru 75. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Volks und Bürgerschule, Fritsch ya yi horo a matsayin kayan aikin porcelain kuma ya kafa mold a masana'antar porcelain "Viktoria" da ke Altrohlau. Yankin da ke kewaye da Egerland, Karlovy Vary da Teplitz-Schönau an ɗauke su a matsayin muhimman wurare na masana'antar porcelain da yumbu. [1] Makarantun fasaha don horar da masu sana'ar tukwane na fasaha da fasaha sun wanzu a Karlovy Vary (tun 1925) da Teplitz-Schönau (1875), kuma a cikin 1811 an samar da porcelain a Altrohlau. [2] Fritsch ya je Makarantar Fasaha ta Prague daga 1929 da kuma Porzellanfachschule Karlsbad-Fischern daga 1926. A cikin abubuwan da ya ƙirƙira, ya jawo hankali ta hanyar ingancin fasaha na ƙananan sassaka kamar su terracotta - relief "Jugend," ɗan kyanwa da ƙungiyar kaza da kuma wolfshund mai kwance. A Prague, ya ƙirƙiri sassaka na porcelain na Saint Sebastian, wani loreley, wani cockatoos, da wata mace mai ɗa da jariri. <ref name="PSWF"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1909]] 5kif0pdzeg035hykkiis18wncbj4qyl 0 137768 818708 782076 2026-04-05T13:17:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tracy Pun Palandjian''' babbar jami'a ce ta Amurka mai zaman kanta, shugabar saka hannun jari ta tasiri, kuma wacce ta kafa tare kuma babbar jami'ar gudanarwa ta Social Finance, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta kasa kuma mai ba da shawara kan saka hannun jari mai rijista. <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Five things you should know about Tracy Palandjian |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2017/09/15/five-things-you-should-know-about-tracy-palandjian/oDWLeRWifwAwkbY1nFcbhN/story.html?s_campaign=8315 |access-date=19 June 2025 |website=BostonGlobe.com}}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a 2011, Social Finance ta shiga cikin haɓaka samfuran kuɗaɗen da suka dogara da sakamako, kuɗaɗen Pay for Success, saka hannun jari ta tasiri, da haɗin gwiwar gwamnati da masu zaman kansu da nufin inganta motsi na tattalin arziki, lafiya, haɓaka ma'aikata, da sakamakon gidaje a Amurka. <ref> name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Social Finance's Tracy Palandjian on the Next Generation of Responsible Investing |url=https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/social-finances-tracy-palandjian-on-the-next-generation-of-responsible-investing/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Knowledge at Wharton |language=en-US}}</ref> Palandjian memba ce a Kamfanin Harvard, babban kwamitin gudanarwa na Jami'ar Harvard. <ref>name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Parsons |first=Lian |date=2022-04-04 |title=Tracy Palandjian elected to Harvard Corporation |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2022/04/tracy-palandjian-elected-to-harvard-corporation/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Harvard Gazette |language=en-US}}</ref> Tana aiki a cikin allunan agaji da dama, ciki har da Gidauniyar Barr <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tracy Palandjian Appointed Barr Foundation Trustee |url=https://www.barrfoundation.org/blog/tracy-palandjian-appointed-barr-foundation-trustee/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Barr Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>, Gidauniyar Surdna <ref>{{Cite web |title=Surdna Foundation Elects New Board Member and Investment Committee Chair |url=https://surdna.org/news-insights/surdna-foundation-elects-new-board-member-and-investment-committee-chair/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Surdna Foundation |language=en}}</ref>, da Gidauniyar Boston . Ita ce kuma wacce ta kafa kuma mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyar zuba jari ta Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brest |first=Tracy Palandjian & Paul |title=After the Pandemic: Addressing the Permanent Crisis With Pay for Success Programs (SSIR) |url=https://ssir.org/articles/entry/after_the_pandemic_addressing_the_permanent_crisis_with_pay_for_success_programs |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=ssir.org |language=en-us}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Palandjian kuma ta girma a [[Hong Kong]] . Ta koma Amurka tana da shekaru 14 don halartar Kwalejin Milton. Ta kammala karatun digiri ''na magna cum laude'' daga Kwalejin Harvard tare da digiri na BA a fannin tattalin arziki, sannan daga baya ta sami digiri na MBA mai girma daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard, inda ta kasance ƙwararren Baker Scholar . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tracy Palandjian Appointed Barr Foundation Trustee |url=https://www.barrfoundation.org/blog/tracy-palandjian-appointed-barr-foundation-trustee/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Barr Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sana'a == === Sana'ar Farko === Palandjian ta riƙe mukamai na ƙwararru na farko a McKinsey & Company da kuma Wellington Management . Daga baya ta shiga ƙungiyar Parthenon inda ta zama manajan darakta kuma ta jagoranci ƙungiyar agaji ta kamfanin. === Ƙungiyar Parthenon === Daga 1999 zuwa 2010, Palandjian ta yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Darakta a The Parthenon Group (wanda daga baya aka kira EY-Parthenon). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Five things you should know about Tracy Palandjian |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2017/09/15/five-things-you-should-know-about-tracy-palandjian/oDWLeRWifwAwkbY1nFcbhN/story.html?s_campaign=8315 |access-date=19 June 2025 |website=BostonGlobe.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2017/09/15/five-things-you-should-know-about-tracy-palandjian/oDWLeRWifwAwkbY1nFcbhN/story.html?s_campaign=8315 "Five things you should know about Tracy Palandjian"]. ''BostonGlobe.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ta kafa kuma ta jagoranci Ƙungiyar Sa-kai. Aikinta ya mayar da hankali kan ba da shawara ga gidauniya, ƙungiyoyin sa-kai, da sauran cibiyoyin zamantakewa kan dabaru, kirkire-kirkire na zamantakewa, da kuma ingancin ƙungiyoyi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tracy Palandjian Appointed Barr Foundation Trustee |url=https://www.barrfoundation.org/blog/tracy-palandjian-appointed-barr-foundation-trustee/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Barr Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> === Kuɗin Zamantakewa === A shekarar 2011, Palandjian ta haɗu ta kafa Social Finance tare da Sir Ronald Cohen da David Blood. Ƙungiyar ta shiga cikin shukar fannin Social Impact Bonds (SIBs) da sauran samfuran da suka dogara da sakamako da kuma hanyoyin saka hannun jari na farko a Amurka. Tsarin bayar da kuɗi na Pay for Success yana tattara jari na masu zaman kansu don tallafawa shirye-shiryen zamantakewa, tare da biyan gwamnati bisa ga ingantattun sakamako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tracy Palandjian Appointed Barr Foundation Trustee |url=https://www.barrfoundation.org/blog/tracy-palandjian-appointed-barr-foundation-trustee/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Barr Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> Sauran hanyoyin saka hannun jari na farko-farko suna mai da hankali kan mafita na kasuwa ga ƙalubalen zamantakewa da muhalli. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Surdna Foundation Elects New Board Member and Investment Committee Chair |url=https://surdna.org/news-insights/surdna-foundation-elects-new-board-member-and-investment-committee-chair/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Surdna Foundation |language=en}}</ref> === Manufofin Jama'a === Palandjian ta kasance mai himma a tattaunawar jama'a kan ci gaban ma'aikata, musamman ma game da makomar aiki da ma'aikata, da kuma yanayin motsin tattalin arziki a Amurka. <ref name=":0"/> Ta yi kira ga tsarin samar da kuɗi wanda ke haɗa kuɗi da sakamakon aiki kamar sanya aiki, ƙaruwar albashi da samun takardar shedar aiki. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Parsons |first=Lian |date=2022-04-04 |title=Tracy Palandjian elected to Harvard Corporation |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2022/04/tracy-palandjian-elected-to-harvard-corporation/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Harvard Gazette |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFParsons2022">Parsons, Lian (2022-04-04). [https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2022/04/tracy-palandjian-elected-to-harvard-corporation/ "Tracy Palandjian elected to Harvard Corporation"]. ''Harvard Gazette''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-12-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> A taron karawa juna sani na yanayi na Harvard na shekarar 2025, Palandjian ta tattauna, tare da gwamnan Massachusetts Maura Healey, bukatun ma'aikata don sauyin yanayi na jihar, inda ta lura cewa Massachusetts dole ne ta horar da kimanin ma'aikatan makamashin kore 34,000 don cimma burin 2030. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=‘The heroes of this revolution.’ Healey announces new interest-free loans to train climate tech workers. - The Boston Globe |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2024/05/15/metro/healey-announces-loan-program-climate-tech-workers-vatican/ |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=BostonGlobe.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Kuɗin zamantakewa yana kula da Asusun Ayyukan Yanayi, wanda ke ba da kuɗaɗen ba tare da riba ba ga shirye-shiryen horar da aiki da suka shafi yanayi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tracy Palandjian Appointed Barr Foundation Trustee |url=https://www.barrfoundation.org/blog/tracy-palandjian-appointed-barr-foundation-trustee/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Barr Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> Asusun Tallafin Jama'a (Social Finance) kuma yana kula da Asusun Takaddun Shaidar Aiki na Google wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekarar 2022 tare da haɗin gwiwar Google Alphabet . Shirin yana ba da tallafin horar da aiki, ayyuka da kuma kuɗaɗen da ba su da riba, tare da burin ba da damar ɗalibai sama da 20,000 masu ƙarancin kuɗi waɗanda ke neman takardar shaidar aiki su sami ribar dala biliyan 1 a cikin shekaru goma. Palandjian ta kuma aiwatar da sabbin hanyoyin samar da kuɗi ga ɗaliban kwaleji na al'umma ta hanyar ɗaukar nauyin sufuri, kula da yara, da sauran buƙatu na yau da kullun, tare da biyan diyya bisa ga ɗaliban da suka sami ayyukan yi masu kyau. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tracy Palandjian Appointed Barr Foundation Trustee |url=https://www.barrfoundation.org/blog/tracy-palandjian-appointed-barr-foundation-trustee/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Barr Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> === Gudanarwa da Hukumomi === An zaɓe Palandjian a shekarar 2022 zuwa Kamfanin Harvard . <ref name=":2"/> Ta taɓa yin aiki a Hukumar Kula da Jami'o'i ta Harvard (2012–2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tracy Palandjian Appointed Barr Foundation Trustee |url=https://www.barrfoundation.org/blog/tracy-palandjian-appointed-barr-foundation-trustee/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Barr Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma ta shiga cikin ayyukan neman shugaban ƙasa a 2017 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Surdna Foundation Elects New Board Member and Investment Committee Chair |url=https://surdna.org/news-insights/surdna-foundation-elects-new-board-member-and-investment-committee-chair/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Surdna Foundation |language=en}}</ref> da 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brest |first=Tracy Palandjian & Paul |title=After the Pandemic: Addressing the Permanent Crisis With Pay for Success Programs (SSIR) |url=https://ssir.org/articles/entry/after_the_pandemic_addressing_the_permanent_crisis_with_pay_for_success_programs |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=ssir.org |language=en-us}}</ref> Ta kuma yi aiki a kwamitocin ziyara da dama na Harvard, ciki har da na Makarantar Kasuwanci, Kwalejin, Sashen Ilimi Mai Ci gaba, da Makarantar Kennedy . <ref name=":2" /> A fannin taimakon jama'a da kuma ba da riba ba, Palandjian ta yi aiki a matsayin amintaccen Gidauniyar Barr <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tracy Palandjian Appointed Barr Foundation Trustee |url=https://www.barrfoundation.org/blog/tracy-palandjian-appointed-barr-foundation-trustee/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Barr Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma a matsayin darakta na Gidauniyar Surdna (2013–2025) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Surdna Foundation Elects New Board Member and Investment Committee Chair |url=https://surdna.org/news-insights/surdna-foundation-elects-new-board-member-and-investment-committee-chair/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Surdna Foundation |language=en}}</ref> da Gidauniyar Boston (2020–yanzu). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brest |first=Tracy Palandjian & Paul |title=After the Pandemic: Addressing the Permanent Crisis With Pay for Success Programs (SSIR) |url=https://ssir.org/articles/entry/after_the_pandemic_addressing_the_permanent_crisis_with_pay_for_success_programs |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=ssir.org |language=en-us}}</ref> Ita ce wacce ta kafa tare kuma mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyar zuba jari ta Amurka. Ta kuma kasance darakta a Mass General Brigham, ɗaya daga cikin manyan tsarin asibitoci na ilimi a Amurka. <ref name=":0"/> Daga 2011 zuwa 2014, Palandjian ta jagoranci kwamitin Facing History and Ourselves. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Social Finance's Tracy Palandjian on the Next Generation of Responsible Investing |url=https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/social-finances-tracy-palandjian-on-the-next-generation-of-responsible-investing/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Knowledge at Wharton |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/social-finances-tracy-palandjian-on-the-next-generation-of-responsible-investing/ "Social Finance's Tracy Palandjian on the Next Generation of Responsible Investing"]. ''Knowledge at Wharton''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-12-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> A lokacin shekarar karatu ta 2023-2024, [[Jami'ar Harvard|Harvard]] ta fuskanci babban cece-kuce bayan barkewar yakin Isra'ila da Hamas . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tracy Palandjian Appointed Barr Foundation Trustee |url=https://www.barrfoundation.org/blog/tracy-palandjian-appointed-barr-foundation-trustee/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Barr Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> Rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai sun bayyana tashin hankali a cikin tsarin shugabanci na jami'ar, ciki har da rahotannin wani liyafar cin abinci na malamai inda aka yi zargin Palandjian ta soki shugabar lokacin Claudine Gay, wani hali da ita da wasu mahalarta taron suka yi jayayya a bainar jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Surdna Foundation Elects New Board Member and Investment Committee Chair |url=https://surdna.org/news-insights/surdna-foundation-elects-new-board-member-and-investment-committee-chair/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Surdna Foundation |language=en}}</ref> == Ra'ayoyi da ra'ayoyi == Palandjian ta rubuta kuma ta yi magana game da kuɗaɗen da suka dogara da sakamako, saka hannun jari a cikin tasirin, da hanyoyin da suka daidaita jari da sakamakon zamantakewa mai ma'ana. Ta yi jayayya cewa kuɗaɗen shirye-shirye na gargajiya galibi suna biyan kuɗi don ayyuka maimakon sakamako. <ref name=":1"/> Ta jaddada cewa kuɗaɗen da suka dogara da sakamako na iya taimaka wa gwamnati da ayyukan agaji su zama "masu ɗaukar nauyi, masu dogaro da bayanai, da kuma masu dogaro da rigakafi," musamman a fannoni kamar haɓaka ma'aikata, lafiya, ilimi, da rashin matsuguni. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tracy Palandjian Appointed Barr Foundation Trustee |url=https://www.barrfoundation.org/blog/tracy-palandjian-appointed-barr-foundation-trustee/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Barr Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> Sharhinta sau da yawa yana magance matsalolin da suka rikide, tun daga faɗaɗa damar kula da yara zuwa farfaɗo da Mafarkin Amurka da kuma ƙara yawan motsi a fannin tattalin arziki, suna buƙatar sabbin hanyoyi, kuma waɗannan sabbin hanyoyin galibi suna buƙatar haɗin kai na jari, kayan aiki na kasuwa da abokan hulɗa daban-daban don cimma sakamako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tracy Palandjian Appointed Barr Foundation Trustee |url=https://www.barrfoundation.org/blog/tracy-palandjian-appointed-barr-foundation-trustee/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Barr Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani jigo da ta mayar da hankali a jawabinta na bainar jama'a shi ne muhimmancin sake fasalin tsarin horarwa da ilimi don samar da damammaki ga mutane da wurare da aka bari a baya da kuma "ƙarfafa tattalin arziki da dimokuradiyya." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tracy Palandjian Appointed Barr Foundation Trustee |url=https://www.barrfoundation.org/blog/tracy-palandjian-appointed-barr-foundation-trustee/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Barr Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> Palandjian ya yi nuni da cewa ma'aikata da yawa musamman waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi suna buƙatar tsarin tallafi na kuɗaɗen tallafi waɗanda ke rufe kuɗin makaranta da na rayuwa, yana mai lura da cewa galibi rashin gidaje, sufuri da kula da yara babban cikas ne ga kammala horar da aiki da shirye-shiryen kwalejin al'umma. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Staff |title=Belmont woman receives RFK award for social justice initiative |url=https://www.wickedlocal.com/story/belmont-citizen-herald/2018/06/05/belmont-woman-receives-rfk-award/12060753007/ |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=Wicked Local |language=en-US}}</ref> Kwanan nan, ta yi tsokaci kan tasirin [[Siyasa na canjin yanayi|manufofin yanayi]] ga ma'aikata, tana mai lura da cewa cimma burin [[Rage canjin yanayi|rage gurɓatar iskar carbon]] a jihohi da na ƙasa zai buƙaci babban horo na sabbin ma'aikata masu ƙwarewa da kuma tsarin kuɗaɗen da suka dace da ma'aikata waɗanda ke faɗaɗa damar samun horo ga ayyukan kore. <ref name=":3"/> == Littattafai da aka zaɓa == * {{Cite web |last=Palandjian |first=T. |last2=X |first2=Briggs |date=2025 |title=Innovative Financing for Infrastructure and Energy Job Training: Partnerships to Expand Economic Mobility, Competitiveness, and Sustainability - Workforce Realigned |url=https://workforcerealigned.org/chapters/innovative-financing-for-infrastructure-and-energy-job-training-partnerships-to-expand-economic-mobility-competitiveness-and-sustainability/ |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=workforcerealigned.org |language=en-US}} *   * {{Cite web |last=Palandjian |first=Tracy |last2=Brest |first2=Paul |title=After the Pandemic: Addressing the Permanent Crisis With Pay for Success Programs (SSIR) |url=https://ssir.org/articles/entry/after_the_pandemic_addressing_the_permanent_crisis_with_pay_for_success_programs |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=ssir.org |language=en-us}} * {{Cite web |last=Palandjian |first=Tracy |last2=Hughes |first2=Jane |title=A Strong Field Framework for SIBs (SSIR) |url=https://ssir.org/articles/entry/a_strong_field_framework_for_sibs |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=ssir.org |language=en-us}} * {{Cite web |last=Palandjian |first=T. |last2=Giddens |first2=M. |date=2010 |title=Investing for Impact: Case Studies Across Asset Classes |url=https://thegiin.org/publication/research/investing-for-impact-case-studies-across-asset-classes/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=The GIIN |language=en |archive-date=2026-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260201205604/https://thegiin.org/publication/research/investing-for-impact-case-studies-across-asset-classes/ |url-status=dead }} == Girmamawa da kuma karramawa == * 2018: Robert F. Kennedy Ya Karbi Kyautar Gado <ref name=":4"/> * 2019: Kyautar Nasarar Tsoffin Dalibai, Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard * 2022: Abokin Hulɗa, Kamfanin Harvard <ref>{{Cite web |title=Surdna Foundation Elects New Board Member and Investment Committee Chair |url=https://surdna.org/news-insights/surdna-foundation-elects-new-board-member-and-investment-committee-chair/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Surdna Foundation |language=en}}</ref> * 2022: Zaɓaɓɓen memba, Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tracy Palandjian Appointed Barr Foundation Trustee |url=https://www.barrfoundation.org/blog/tracy-palandjian-appointed-barr-foundation-trustee/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Barr Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2022: Zaɓen memba, Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tracy Palandjian Appointed Barr Foundation Trustee |url=https://www.barrfoundation.org/blog/tracy-palandjian-appointed-barr-foundation-trustee/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Barr Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Palandjian tana da aure da Leon A. Palandjian, MD, wanda ta haɗu da shi a Harvard a lokacin karatun digiri na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tracy Palandjian Appointed Barr Foundation Trustee |url=https://www.barrfoundation.org/blog/tracy-palandjian-appointed-barr-foundation-trustee/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Barr Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> Suna zaune a Belmont, [[Massachusetts]], kuma suna da 'ya'ya mata uku. <ref name=":2"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6q3yeey8hlr7kdwcxcic9g8pempnn9f 0 137802 818903 782132 2026-04-06T07:12:41Z BnHamid 12586 818903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Demon Kakka (Japanese, Hepburn: Dēmon Kakka; "His Excellency Demon"), wanda aka fi sani da Demon Kogure, mawaƙi ne na Japan, marubucin waƙa, mai nishadantarwa, ɗan jarida, mai sharhi, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da sumo ɗan wasan murya. Ya fara samun shahara a cikin shekarun 1980s a matsayin mai ba da murya na ƙungiyar ƙarfe mai nauyi Seikima-II, kafin ya fara aiki a cikin 1990 kuma ya shiga cikin wasu nau'ikan nishaɗi. Ba a san ainihin sunansa a fili ba kuma an san shi da aiki gaba ɗaya a cikin hali, wanda ya haɗa da sanya fenti na fuska. A cikin 2018, masu karatu da ƙwararrun mawaƙa sun zaɓi Demon a matsayin mai ba da labari na uku mafi kyau a tarihin dutse mai ƙarfi da ƙarfe mai nauyi a cikin mujallar We Rock ta "Metal General Election".[1] Demon ya halarci makarantar sakandare har zuwa shekara ta farko ta makarantar firamare a Birnin New York.[1] Ya koma Tokyo don aji na biyu na makarantar firamare, kafin ya koma Nishi-ku, Hiroshima a 1971 na tsawon shekaru uku.[1] Komawa zuwa Tokyo, Demon ya girma a can daga aji na 6 zuwa gaba.[1] Tsakanin 1982 da 1983, Demon ya halarci makarantar wasan kwaikwayo a Tokyo.<ref name="Oricon">{{Cite web |date=October 15, 2019 |title=デーモン閣下が劇団☆新感線とコラボ 提供した劇中歌は24年で20曲以上「素顔が生かせる役があれば出たい」 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/confidence/special/53753/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207151952/https://www.oricon.co.jp/confidence/special/53753/ |archive-date=December 7, 2019 |access-date=April 25, 2020 |website=[[Oricon]] |language=Japanese}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 1986, Demon ya kammala karatu tare da girmamawa daga Jami'ar Waseda tare da digiri a [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]]. Mai sha'awar sumo tun yana yaro, ya kasance memba na kulob din sumo na jami'a.<ref name="orisumo">{{Cite web |date=September 3, 2008 |title=「悪魔の顔も三度まで!」相撲界のご意見番・デーモン閣下が大麻陽性問題に"物言い |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/57840/full/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809210545/https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/57840/full/ |archive-date=August 9, 2023 |access-date=April 25, 2020 |website=[[Oricon]] |language=Japanese}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance memba na kulob din waƙoƙin gargajiya.<ref name="slump">{{Cite web |date=March 9, 2011 |title=サンプラザ中野くん、23年目にして中野サンプラザのステージに |url=https://www.barks.jp/news/?id=1000068242 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629062602/https://www.barks.jp/news/?id=1000068242 |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |access-date=April 26, 2020 |website=Barks |language=Japanese}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Waƙoƙi === Lokacin da Sunplaza Nakano-kun ya bar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Jami'ar Waseda Super Slump don kafa Bakufu Slump, Demon ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin mai murya.<ref name="slump">{{Cite web |date=March 9, 2011 |title=サンプラザ中野くん、23年目にして中野サンプラザのステージに |url=https://www.barks.jp/news/?id=1000068242 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629062602/https://www.barks.jp/news/?id=1000068242 |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |access-date=April 26, 2020 |website=Barks |language=Japanese}}</ref><ref name="earlymusic">{{Cite web |date=March 25, 2017 |title=デーモン閣下が改めて語る聖飢魔IIとスーパースランプ |url=https://www.tfm.co.jp/challenge/onair/detail.php?id=109 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926193429/https://www.tfm.co.jp/challenge/onair/detail.php?id=109 |archive-date=September 26, 2021 |access-date=April 26, 2020 |website=[[Tokyo FM]] |language=Japanese}}</ref> Demon da ɗan'uwansa ɗaliban Jami'ar Waseda Damian Hamada sun kafa ƙungiyar ƙarfe mai nauyi Seikima-II a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1982. Kungiyar ta ga sauye-sauye da yawa a cikin aikin su, tare da Demon kasancewa memba na yau da kullun. Sun sanya hannu a CBS / Sony kuma sun fitar da kundi na farko ''Seikima II - Akuma ga Kitarite Heavy Metal'' a shekarar 1985. Seikima-II ya ci gaba da fitar da kundin studio 12 kuma ya sayar da rikodin sama da miliyan 10.<ref name="Road">{{Cite web |date=July 16, 2009 |title=Japan's SEIKIMA-II To Release 'Akuma Nativity – Songs of the Sword' Compilation |url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=123737 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009085647/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=123737 |archive-date=October 9, 2009 |access-date=April 26, 2020 |website=[[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> Dangane da "annabcin" na almara kuma bayan kammala "nasara ta duniya", Seikima-II ta rushe a ƙarshen karni a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 1999 a 23:59:59.<ref name="Road" /> Sun gudanar da tarurruka daban-daban na lokaci tun shekara ta 2005, kuma sun fitar da kundi na farko na sabon abu a cikin shekaru 23 a cikin 2022. Demon ya fitar da kundi na farko a shekarar 1990, kuma bayan da Seikima-II ya rabu ya mai da hankali kan aikinsa na solo. A shekara ta 1994, Demon ya bayyana a Larry King Live, ya zama mawaƙin Japan na farko da ya yi hakan. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2007, Demon ya fitar da Girls' Rock, [[Albom|Kundin murfin]] waƙoƙin dutse na mata masu fasaha. Ya saki wani ci gaba, Girls' Rock √ Hakurai, a watan Janairun 2008 kuma ya goyi bayan shi tare da yawon shakatawa na kasa daga Afrilu zuwa Mayu.<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 8, 2008 |title=デーモン閣下"北欧の使い魔"を従えたライブがDVD化 |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/8847 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809210545/https://natalie.mu/music/news/8847 |archive-date=August 9, 2023 |access-date=April 24, 2020 |website=[[Natalie (website)|Natalie]] |language=Japanese}}</ref> An saki kundi na uku na mata, Girls' Rock ~Tiara~, a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 27, 2008 |title=デーモン閣下、魔暦D.C.11年の幕開けは「熱くなれ」 |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/11279 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307012406/http://natalie.mu/music/news/11279 |archive-date=March 7, 2016 |access-date=April 24, 2020 |website=[[Natalie (website)|Natalie]] |language=Japanese}}</ref> Kundin tarawa na Girls' Rock Best, wanda ke tattara waƙoƙi daga waɗannan kundin uku da wasu sabbin murfin, an sake shi a ranar 20 ga Janairu, 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 24, 2009 |title=デーモン閣下が女心を熱唱するカバーベスト＆ライブDVD |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/25604 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115122310/https://natalie.mu/music/news/25604 |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |access-date=April 24, 2020 |website=[[Natalie (website)|Natalie]] |language=Japanese}}</ref> Demon ya fitar da Mythology, kundi na farko na asali a cikin shekaru tara, a ranar 16 ga Mayu, 2012. Ya ƙunshi baƙi da yawa, ciki har da Yuki Koyanagi da Mayu J.., da kuma waƙar da Tetsuya Komuro ya kirkiro. Yawon shakatawa na watan Yuni ya nuna Koyanagi a kowace rana, yayin da ranar karshe ta ga sauran masu ba da gudummawa suna yin.<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Demon ya rubuta kuma ya kirkiro waƙar 2013 "Heavy Metal Strikes Back ~Chimamire no Messiah-tachi~" (HEAVY METAL STRIKES BACK 〜血まみれの救世主メサイア) __kon____kon____kon__) ga ƙungiyar gumaka Kamen Rider Girls . <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Don kundin sa na Maris 2017 Existence, Demon yana da marubutan da suka lashe Kyautar Akutagawa guda biyu (Keisuke Hada da Yū Nagashima) da kuma marubucin Terra Formars Yū Sasuga sun rubuta kalmomin waƙa.[1] An gina kundin sa na Nuwamba 2017 Utadama a kusa da kayan kida, pianos da sauran kayan kida marasa ma'ana kuma sun haɗa da murfin waƙoƙi kamar "Furusato" da "Kimigayo".[2] Kundin sa na Nuwamba 2019 Uta Dokuro: Gekida☆Shinkansen Gekichūka-shū haɗin gwiwa ne tare da kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo na GekidãShinkanson, tare da wanda ya rubuta kalmomi kuma ya yi waƙoƙi tare da shi tun aƙalla 1995.[1] Kundin ya ƙunshi Demon yana raira waƙoƙi 12 da ya rubuta don wasan kwaikwayo na kamfanin a cikin shekaru 24 da suka gabata tare da wasu kalmomin da aka canza.[2] Aljanin ya haɗu da Arika Takarano (Ali Project) don Mayu 13, 2020 guda "Jikū no Mayoi Hito" (時空の迷い人), wanda shine taken buɗewa na karɓar anime na The 8th Son? Shin kuna yi min dariya? [1] [2] A wannan shekarar, ya ba da waƙar "Naked Men Miro, Hadaka no Oretachi o!" zuwa ga wasan kwaikwayo na Reiko Okano's sumo manga series Ryōgoku Hananishiki Tōshi . [3] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pw9ik3islpdgzq14mc0m213d2v8oc7z 0 137891 818719 782320 2026-04-05T14:36:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tsarin Systeme de Seleção Unificada''' ( [[Turanci]] : Tsarin Zaɓin Haɗin Kai - SiSU) wani dandali ne na dijital da aka ƙaddamar a watan Janairun 2010 kuma Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Brazil (MEC) ta haɓaka shi. Ɗaliban da suka halarci Jarrabawar Makarantar Sakandare ta Ƙasa ( [[Harshen Portuguese|Portuguese]] : ''Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio'' - ENEM) suna amfani da shi don neman shiga manyan cibiyoyin ilimi waɗanda ke amfani da maki na ENEM a matsayin hanyar shiga. Daga 2024, tsarin zai iyakance ga bugu ɗaya a kowace shekara, wanda za a gudanar a watan Janairu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-22 |title=Sisu 2024: inscrições da única edição do ano vão até quinta; veja regras, número de vagas e mais dicas |url=https://g1.globo.com/educacao/noticia/2024/01/22/sisu-2024-confira-datas-mudancas-nas-regras-numero-de-vagas-e-outras-dicas-sobre-o-programa.ghtml |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=G1}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Araújo |first=Beatriz |date=2023-04-20 |title=Quem criou o Fies, SiSU e ProUni? Saiba mais |url=https://www.terra.com.br/noticias/educacao/quem-criou-o-fies-sisu-e-prouni-saiba-mais,d1120f92d9e97eba2fc89330e4dc8d27fikee7yn.html |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Terra}}</ref> SiSU tana aiki a matakai. A lokacin rana, ɗalibai za su iya zaɓar kuma su canza abubuwan da suke so kuma suna rufewa na tsawon awanni biyu da yamma don aiwatar da matsayi. Ana kuma yin ENEM ta hanyar mutanen da ke da sha'awar samun cikakken ko rabin tallafin karatu a jami'a mai zaman kanta ta hanyar Shirin Jami'ar Ga Duk ( ''Programa Universidade para Todos'' - ProUni). Tun daga 2014, ana kuma amfani da shi don samun kuɗi ta hanyar [[Asusun Gudanar da Kudin Ɗalibi na Kwalejin Kwalejin|Asusun Tallafawa Ɗaliban Ilimi Mai Girma]] ( ''Fundo de Financiamento ao Estudante do Ensino Superior'' - FIES). <ref name=":3"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-05 |title=Saiba quem criou o Fies e como funciona o programa |url=https://amigoedu.com.br/blogdoamigo/quem-criou-o-fies |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Amigo Edu |archive-date=2024-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124121544/https://amigoedu.com.br/blogdoamigo/quem-criou-o-fies |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amfani == === Adadin guraben aiki === ==== Shekarun 2010 ==== A shekarar 2011, an bayar da guraben karatu 83,125 a manyan makarantun gwamnati 83 a zangon karatu na farko, wanda ya nuna karuwar kashi 77% idan aka kwatanta da zangon karatu na farko na shekarar 2010, lokacin da aka samar da guraben karatu 47,000. A shekarar 2012, bugu na farko ya bayar da guraben karatu 108,552 a cikin darussa 3,327 a cibiyoyi 92. A shekarar 2013, an samar da guraben karatu 129,319 a cibiyoyi 101, wanda ya karu da kashi 18% idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata. [1] [2] [3] [4] A shekarar 2014, an ware guraben aiki 171,401 ga darussa 4,723 a manyan makarantun gwamnati 115 a bugu na farko da guraben aiki 51,412 ga darussa 1,447 a cibiyoyin gwamnati 67 a bugu na biyu. A bugu na farko a shekarar 2015, an bayar da guraben aiki 205,514 a darussa 5,631 a cibiyoyi 128. A shekarar 2016, an samu guraben aiki 228,071 a darussa 6,323 a cibiyoyi 131, wanda ya karu da kashi 10.9%. A shekarar 2017, an ware guraben aiki 238,397 ga irin wannan adadin cibiyoyi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-05 |title=Saiba quem criou o Fies e como funciona o programa |url=https://amigoedu.com.br/blogdoamigo/quem-criou-o-fies |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Amigo Edu |archive-date=2024-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124121544/https://amigoedu.com.br/blogdoamigo/quem-criou-o-fies |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-05 |title=Saiba quem criou o Fies e como funciona o programa |url=https://amigoedu.com.br/blogdoamigo/quem-criou-o-fies |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Amigo Edu |archive-date=2024-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124121544/https://amigoedu.com.br/blogdoamigo/quem-criou-o-fies |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-12-22 |title=Sisu do 1º semestre de 2011 oferecerá 83 mil vagas; inscrições começam em 16 de janeiro |url=https://extra.globo.com/noticias/educacao/sisu-do-1-semestre-de-2011-oferecera-83-mil-vagas-inscricoes-comecam-em-16-de-janeiro-797047.html |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Extra}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-07 |title=Sisu registra 809 mil candidatos inscritos até as 20h desta segunda |url=https://g1.globo.com/educacao/noticia/2013/01/sisu-registra-809-mil-candidatos-inscritos-ate-20h-desta-segunda.html |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=G1}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-13 |title=Ministério da Educação antecipa lista de aprovados no Sisu |url=https://memoria.ebc.com.br/radioagencianacional/materia/2012-01-13/minist%C3%A9rio-da-educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o-antecipa-lista-de-aprovados-no-sisu |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Radioagência Nacional}}</ref> == Manazarta == stur8x9uw9dp4q7rvhx0el2il0tvclb 0 138893 818701 787991 2026-04-05T12:41:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An haifi '''Tony Nsofor''' a ranar 3 ga Mayu, 1973, a Oguta, Najeriya. Ya halarci Makarantar Nursery ta Makarantar Firamare ta Shell Camp; da Makarantar Ma'aikata ta FUTO (duk a Owerri, Jihar Imo, kudu maso gabashin [[Najeriya]] ) don ilimin renon yara da firamare. Ya halarci Kwalejin Holy Ghost da ke Owerri, kafin ya koma Kwalejin Gwamnati da ke Owerri don yin karatu na tsawon zango biyu. Daga baya iyayensa suka mayar da shi Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Okigwe don kammala karatunsa na sakandare. A Okigwe, ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar Fine Arts Club a mafi yawan lokutan yana ɗalibi. A shekarar 1991, ya sami shiga karatun Fine and Applied Arts a [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]], Nsukka (UNN) a [[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]] kuma ya yi digiri a fannin Zane. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya yi aiki tare da jaridar Comet na shekara guda kafin ya shiga aikin studio na cikakken lokaci. A shekara ta 2008, ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci na shekara guda a matsayin malami na fasaha a Makarantar Whitesands, Legas, Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nsofor, Tony. (b. Nigeria, c.1973; active Nigeria, 2015) |url=http://216.197.120.164/artistbibliog.cfm?id=11186 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/4472/20210302063217/http://216.197.120.164/artistbibliog.cfm?id=11186 |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |website=African American Visual Artist Database (AAVAD)}}</ref> Ya bar aikin koyarwa a Makarantar Whitesands don ba da ƙarin lokaci ga aikin studio a matsayin mai zane da mai daukar hoto. == Nuni == Tony Nsofor ya fito ne ko'ina a cikin nune-nunen rukuni a [[Najeriya]] da kasashen waje. Wasu daga cikinsu sune: "Sabbin masu zane-zane 6 daga Nsukka 1997" Majalisar Burtaniya, Enugu, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nsofor, Tony. (b. Nigeria, c.1973; active Nigeria, 2015) |url=http://216.197.120.164/artistbibliog.cfm?id=11186 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/4472/20210302063217/http://216.197.120.164/artistbibliog.cfm?id=11186 |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |website=African American Visual Artist Database (AAVAD)}}</ref> The Orthopaedic Series, National Orthopa Medical Hospital, Legas, Najeriya, 2004 'The Rediscovery of Tradition: Uli and the Politics of Culture, a touring art exhibition curated by Farfesa C. Krydz Ikwuemesi. An buɗe baje kolin a Pendulum Gallery, Legas, kuma ya tafi Enugu, Najeriya da Worcester, Afirka ta Kudu tsakanin Janairu 22-Maris 25, 2005. "A Glimpse into Nigerian Art' " Cheikh Anta Diop Univ., Senegal, 2006. "''Tare da Fuskar Mutum''" [[Jami'ar Pan Atlantic|Jami'ar Pan-African, Legas]], 2008, "African Heritage 2006: 6th Biennale of the Pan-Afircan Circle of Artists" "Art for hope", The Grind Gallery, Los Angeles, 2008, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nsofor, Tony. (b. Nigeria, c.1973; active Nigeria, 2015) |url=http://216.197.120.164/artistbibliog.cfm?id=11186 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/4472/20210302063217/http://216.197.120.164/artistbibliog.cfm?id=11186 |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |website=African American Visual Artist Database (AAVAD)}}</ref> 'Autobiography and Beatitudes, Jami'ar Panama, Legas 2012 "Ayyuka na baya-bayan nan-bayan nan - Tony Nsofor & Ibe Ananaba", Temple Muse, Legasas, Nuwamba, 2015 da SMO Contemporary Art, Gidan Gidan Garin Gidan Gatan, Gidan, Gidan SMO Gidan Gasan, Gidan Kashi, Gidanci, Gidan Wasanci, Garin Garin Gatanci, Gatanci na Gidan Gasar Gidan Ganuwa, Gidan O' Gidan Gida, Gidan<ref>{{Cite web |title=T-Online Navigationshilfe |url=http://navigationshilfe1.t-online.de/dnserror?url=http://www.nnennaartcollection.com/ |access-date=2018-01-02 |website=navigationshilfe1.t-online.de |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200404/http://navigationshilfe1.t-online.de/dnserror?url=http://www.nnennaartcollection.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Relational Lines: The Disjunction of Sameness – Oda Art Gallery |url=https://odaartgallery.com/exhibitions/relational-lines-the-disjunction-of-sameness/ }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == "ART - Conceptualism: Menene ra'ayin?", labarin a cikin 234Magazine "Nigeria / Roots: Contemporary Artists from Nigeria" ed. Benetton, Luciano (et al), Crocetta del Montello: Fabrica, 2015 "Fasahar Najeriya ta zamani a Legas Private Collections: Sabbin itatuwa a cikin Tsohon daji". Jess Castellote ed. Gloucestershire: Bookcraft Limited, 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nsofor, Tony. (b. Nigeria, c.1973; active Nigeria, 2015) |url=http://216.197.120.164/artistbibliog.cfm?id=11186 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/4472/20210302063217/http://216.197.120.164/artistbibliog.cfm?id=11186 |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |website=African American Visual Artist Database (AAVAD)}}</ref> "Sake Binciken Hadisi: Uli da Siyasa ta Al'adu", C. Krydz Ikwuemesi & Emeka Agbayi, eds. Cibiyar Pendulum don Al'adu da Ci gaba, 2005&nbsp; == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://jesscastellote.wordpress.com/2008/07/08/tony-nsofor/ Tony Nsofor na Jess Castellote] * https://web.archive.org/web/20090106045311/http://www.art-in-nigeria.com/glimpse/Nsofor.htm * https://web.archive.org/web/20110727163100/http://www.panafricanartists.org/heritage2006/songs_of_gold/Tony%20Nsofor/profile.htm%7B%7Bfailed * http://nsukkaartschool.info/index.php?option=com_rsgallery2&Itemid=58&page=inline&gid=13&limit=1&limitstart=39{{dead link|date=August 2016}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] 80rdvzsv63py80w1el2fq7stb4bo9ud 0 139711 818699 791036 2026-04-05T12:25:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 10 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tomiko Brown-Nagin''' (an haife ta a shekara ta {{Circa|1970}} ) ƙwararriyar lauya ce a Amurka, masanin tarihi, kuma mai ilimi. Ita ce shugabar Cibiyar Harvard Radcliffe . Ita ce kuma Farfesa Daniel PS Paul na Dokar Tsarin Mulki a Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard kuma farfesa ce a fannin tarihi [[Jami'ar Harvard|a Jami'ar Harvard]] . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Brown-Nagin {{Circa|1970}} Ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Furman, inda aka sanya mata suna a matsayin ƙwararren masanin kimiyya na Truman kuma ta kammala karatun digiri ''na farko'' a fannin fasaha a tarihi a 1992. <ref name="nytimeswedding" /> Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Yale, <ref name="nytimeswedding" /> inda ta yi aiki a matsayin edita na ''Jaridar Shari'a ta Yale'', a 1997, da kuma digiri na uku a fannin tarihi daga Jami'ar Duke a 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dean Tomiko Brown-Nagin |url=https://www.ali.org/members/member/438940/ |publisher=American Law Institute }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sana'a == Brown-Nagin ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya ga Robert L. Carter na Kotun Gundumar Amurka a Gundumar Kudancin New York, da kuma Jane Richards Roth na Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka a Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Uku . Ta fara aikinta a matsayin lauya a fannin aiki na sirri a Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison da ke New York, sannan ta yi karatun Charles Hamilton Houston Fellowship a Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard da kuma karatun tarihin shari'a ta Golieb a Jami'ar New York . Brown-Nagin ya kasance Farfesa T. Munford Boyd na Shari'a da Shari'a Thurgood Marshall Farfesa ne na Shari'a a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Virginia kafin ya shiga jami'ar Harvard. An naɗa Brown-Nagin a matsayin darektan sashen shari'a na Cibiyar Charles Hamilton Houston ta Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard a shekarar 2017 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dean Tomiko Brown-Nagin |url=https://www.ali.org/members/member/438940/ |publisher=American Law Institute }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin daraktan Shirin Shari'a da Tarihi a Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard daga 2013 zuwa 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-29 |title=Tomiko Brown-Nagin discusses new Law and History Program of Study |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/newsplus/tomiko-brown-nagin-discusses-new-law-and-history-program-of-study/ |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=Harvard Gazette |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, Brown-Nagin ta karɓi muƙamin shugaban Cibiyar Harvard Radcliffe . Ita ce kuma Farfesa Daniel PS Paul na Dokar Tsarin Mulki a Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard kuma farfesa ce a tarihi a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] inda take koyar da darussa kan tarihin shari'ar Amurka, dokar kundin tsarin mulki, dokar ilimi da manufofinta, da kuma Kotun Koli ta Amurka da gyaran zamantakewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dean Tomiko Brown-Nagin |url=https://www.ali.org/members/member/438940/ |publisher=American Law Institute }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A matsayinta na shugaba, Brown-Nagin ta jagoranci [https://legacyofslavery.harvard.edu/ Kwamitin Shugabancin Harvard kan Harvard & Legacy of Slavery] daga 2019 zuwa 2022. Ta yi aiki tare da marubucin rahoton wanda ya "bayyana alaƙar kai tsaye, kuɗi, da ilimi tsakanin Jami'ar da bauta". Buga rahoton ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai, ciki har da a cikin New York Review of Books da kuma a cikin ''Washington Post'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-29 |title=Tomiko Brown-Nagin discusses new Law and History Program of Study |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/newsplus/tomiko-brown-nagin-discusses-new-law-and-history-program-of-study/ |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=Harvard Gazette |language=en-US}}</ref> Brown-Nagin ta rubuta kuma ta yi magana a bainar jama'a game da dokokin kundin tsarin mulki, tarihin shari'a da kuma ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin jama'a ta Amurka, tana buga littattafai da muƙaloli ga masu karatu da kuma masu sauraro. A cikin wani labarin da ta rubuta a shekarar 2014, ta yi kira ga zaɓaɓɓun cibiyoyin ilimi na manyan makarantu da su amince da kuma tallafa wa ɗalibai da yawa waɗanda su ne na farko a cikin iyalansu da suka halarci kwaleji, hanyar da ta yi jayayya cewa za ta jawo hankalin ɗalibai mabukata daga kowane jinsi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dean Tomiko Brown-Nagin |url=https://www.ali.org/members/member/438940/ |publisher=American Law Institute |access-date=2026-02-05 |archive-date=2023-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203061214/https://www.ali.org/members/member/438940/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2011, Brown-Nagin ya buga littafin ''Courage to Dissent: Atlanta and the Long History of the Civil Rights Movement (Oxford University Press, 2011)'', wanda ya lashe kyautar Bancroft ta 2012 a tarihi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dean Tomiko Brown-Nagin |url=https://www.ali.org/members/member/438940/ |publisher=American Law Institute }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kyautar Liberty Legacy daga Organization of American Historians, kyautar John Phillip Reid Book Award daga American Society for Legal History, kyautar Charles Sydnor daga Southern Historical Association, kyautar Lillian Smith Book Award daga Southern Regional Council, da kyautar Hurston/Wright Legacy Award a cikin rukunin marasa almara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dean Tomiko Brown-Nagin |url=https://www.ali.org/members/member/438940/ |publisher=American Law Institute |access-date=2026-02-05 |archive-date=2023-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203061214/https://www.ali.org/members/member/438940/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-29 |title=Tomiko Brown-Nagin discusses new Law and History Program of Study |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/newsplus/tomiko-brown-nagin-discusses-new-law-and-history-program-of-study/ |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=Harvard Gazette |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dean Tomiko Brown-Nagin |url=https://www.ali.org/members/member/438940/ |publisher=American Law Institute }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 2022, Brown-Nagin ya buga ''Civil Rights Queen: Constance Baker Motley and the Struggle for Equality (Pantheon Press, 2022)'', wanda ya lashe kyautar Order of the Coif Book Award (American Association of Law Schools), ya ba wa "marubutan wallafe-wallafe masu ban mamaki waɗanda ke nuna baiwar kirkire-kirkire ta mafi girma." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dean Tomiko Brown-Nagin |url=https://www.ali.org/members/member/438940/ |publisher=American Law Institute }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dean Tomiko Brown-Nagin |url=https://www.ali.org/members/member/438940/ |publisher=American Law Institute }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ''Civil Rights Queen'' ta kuma lashe kyautar Darlene Clark Hine Award ta 2023 (Organization of American History), kyautar Lillian Smith Book Award ta 2023 (Southern Regional Council/UGA), kuma an nuna ta a cikin NPR, PBS, Harvard Magazine, ''Lovely One'' ta Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson, da sauran wallafe-wallafe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dean Tomiko Brown-Nagin |url=https://www.ali.org/members/member/438940/ |publisher=American Law Institute }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dean Tomiko Brown-Nagin |url=https://www.ali.org/members/member/438940/ |publisher=American Law Institute }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 2020, Brown-Nagin ya bayar da shaida a gaban Kwamitin Kula da Kare Hakkokin Bil'adama da 'Yancin Bil'adama na Majalisar Wakilai wanda ya gudanar da wani taron karawa juna sani "kan yadda yadda jami'an tsaro na tarayya da na kananan hukumomi ke cin zarafin masu zanga-zanga da 'yan jarida a fadin kasar suka karya Kwaskwarima ta Farko." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dean Tomiko Brown-Nagin |url=https://www.ali.org/members/member/438940/ |publisher=American Law Institute |access-date=2026-02-05 |archive-date=2023-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203061214/https://www.ali.org/members/member/438940/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zaɓi Brown-Nagin a matsayin abokiyar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 2020. Ta sami kyautar tsofaffin ɗalibai na Makarantar Digiri na biyu ta Jami'ar Duke a shekarar 2022. An ba Brown-Nagin digirin girmamawa a fannin ilimin ɗan adam daga Jami'ar Furman a shekarar 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dean Tomiko Brown-Nagin |url=https://www.ali.org/members/member/438940/ |publisher=American Law Institute |access-date=2026-02-05 |archive-date=2023-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203061214/https://www.ali.org/members/member/438940/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ita memba ce a kwamitin gudanarwa na ProPublica . Brown-Nagin kuma memba ce da aka zaɓa a cikin Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka, Cibiyar Shari'a ta Amurka, da Gidauniyar Lauyoyi ta Amurka . == Rayuwa ta sirri == A shekarar 1998, Brown-Nagin ya auri Daniel L. Nagin, farfesa a Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard. == Littattafai == * ''Sarauniyar 'Yancin Bil'adama:'' Constance Baker Motley da Gwagwarmayar Daidaito (Pantheon Books 2022). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dean Tomiko Brown-Nagin |url=https://www.ali.org/members/member/438940/ |publisher=American Law Institute }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * "Constance Baker Motley Ya Koya wa Al'umma Yadda Ake Cin Adalci", ''Mujallar Smithsonian ta 2022.'' * [https://harvardlawreview.org/forum/vol-129/the-mentoring-gap/ “Tangar Jagora: Jerin Sharhin Kabila da Babban Ilimi,” 129 ''Harv.'' ''L. Rev. F.'' 303 (2016).] * [http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/history_winter_reading_list/news/reconsidering-insular-cases-past-and-future-american-empire Sake Duba Lamura Masu Insular: Tarihin Baya da Makomar Daular Amurka (Harvard University Press, 2015) (an yi gyara tare da Gerald Neuman).] * "Amurka Biyu a fannin Kiwon Lafiya: Tsarin Tarayya da Yaƙe-yaƙe kan Talauci daga Sabuwar Yarjejeniya-Babban Al'umma zuwa Obamacare," 62 ''Drake L. Review'' (2014). * [https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1533&context=uclf “Sake Tunani Kan Wakilai Don Raguwar Tattalin Arziki: Aikin Ɗaliban Zamani Na Farko,” 2014 U. Chi. Legal F. 433 (Kaka 2014).] * "Bambancin Bambancin Ra'ayi: Bitar Shari'a a Zamanin Canjin Alƙaluma da Ilimi" 65 ''Vanderbilt Law Review'' En Banc 113 (2012) * ''Jarumtakar Raba Kauna: Atlanta da Tarihin Dogon Zamani na Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama'' (Oxford University Press 2011). * "Fitattu, Motsin Zamantakewa, da Dokar: Shari'ar Tabbatar da Mataki", 105 ''Columbia Law Review'' 1436 (2005). * "Kabila a Matsayin Zane-zanen Mutum: Darasi na Tarihin Shari'a na Gida a cikin Tasirin Rikicin Kabilanci", 151 ''Jami'ar Pennsylvania Law Review'' 1913 (2003). == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fyamkx3zrc730x1uy8holno5bqf9sh8 0 139848 818941 791705 2026-04-06T09:21:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Whitney Battle-Baptiste''' ƙwararriyar masaniyar kayan tarihi ce ta Amurka wacce ta fito daga zuriyar Afirka da Cherokee. Ita mataimakiyar farfesa ce a Jami'ar Massachusetts Amherst kuma darakta ce a Cibiyar WEB Du Bois a Jami'ar. Binciken Battle-Baptiste ya mayar da hankali kan "yadda ma'amalar launin fata, jinsi, aji, da jima'i ke kallon ta hanyar tabarau na kayan tarihi". <ref> name="dept of anthropology">{{Cite web |title=Department of Anthropology: Whitney Battle-Baptiste |url=https://www.umass.edu/anthro/people/whitney-battle-baptiste |access-date=29 December 2017 |publisher=University of Massachusetts Amherst}}</ref> Ita ce kuma shugabar Ƙungiyar Nazarin Anthropology ta Amurka . <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |title=AAA Presidents |url=https://americananthro.org/about/leadership/presidents/ |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=The American Anthropological Association |language=en-US}}</ref> Battle-Baptiste a halin yanzu tana aiki akan "Dokokin Hulɗa: Ilimin Tarihi na Al'umma a Matsayin Kayan Aiki don Adalci na Jama'a" (Left Coast Press). <ref>name="Director Dubois">{{Cite web |last=Fitzgibbons |first=Daniel |title=Battle-Baptiste Named New Director of W.E.B. Du Bois Center at UMass Amherst |url=https://www.umass.edu/newsoffice/article/battle-baptiste-named-new-director-web-du |access-date=29 December 2017 |publisher=University of Massachusetts Amherst }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Binciken da take yi a yanzu yana faruwa ne a wurin shukar Millars da ke tsibirin Eluethera a Bahamas, a wani aikin binciken kayan tarihi na al'umma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Whitney Battle-Baptiste &#124; Institute for Social Science Research &#124; UMass Amherst |url=https://www.umass.edu/issr/whitney-battle-baptiste |website=www.umass.edu}}</ref> Ta mayar da hankali kan ilimin tarihin kayan tarihi na jinsi da launin fata saboda "idan ana rubuta mutane game da shi, ba wai kawai za a iya amfani da ilimin kayan tarihi don cike gibin ba, har ma don ƙirƙirar labarai da tarihi daban-daban." <ref> name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Stewart |first=Pearl |date=14 February 2019 |title=She's Not Just Digging for Digging's Sake |url=https://diverseeducation.com/article/138202/ |website=Diverse: Issues in Higher Education |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Battle-Baptiste ta girma a gundumar Bronx da ke birnin New York kuma an fallasa ta ga tarihi ta hanyar mahaifiyarta, wacce ta koyar a Long Island . Ta halarci Jami'ar Jihar Virginia, HBCU a Petersburg, da irin wannan burin, sannan ta sami digirin digiri na biyu a tarihi a Kwalejin William da Mary . A lokacin horon bazara, ta haɗu da wasu mata 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa da yawa waɗanda masana ilmin kayan tarihi ne, kuma wannan ya sa ta sha'awar wannan fanni. Ta yi karatun digirin digirgir a Jami'ar Texas da ke Austin a shirin [[Al'ummar Afirka|nazarin ilimin ɗan adam na Afirka]] da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje, kuma ta mayar da hankali kan karatunta kan ilmin kayan tarihi ta hanyar kallon launin fata da jinsi. An buga takardar digirinta mai taken "Yadi don Tsaftacewa: Kabila, Jinsi da Tsarin Bauta" a shekarar 2004 kuma ta dogara ne akan binciken da ta yi a gonar Andrew Jackson da ke Tennessee, The Hermitage . Tana bincika yanayin ikon jinsi a yankunan Afirka da aka kama. <ref> name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Stewart |first=Pearl |date=14 February 2019 |title=She's Not Just Digging for Digging's Sake |url=https://diverseeducation.com/article/138202/ |website=Diverse: Issues in Higher Education |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFStewart2019">Stewart, Pearl (14 February 2019). [https://diverseeducation.com/article/138202/ "She's Not Just Digging for Digging's Sake"]. ''Diverse: Issues in Higher Education''.</cite></ref> == Sana'a == Battle-Baptiste ya shiga cikin tono kayan tarihi a Colonial Williamsburg, The Hermitage, Rich Neck Plantation a [[Virginia]] WEB Du Bois Boyhood Homesite a Great Barrington, Massachusetts da Millars Plantation a tsibirin Eleuthera na [[Bahamas|Bahamian]] . <ref>name="Director Dubois">{{Cite web |last=Fitzgibbons |first=Daniel |title=Battle-Baptiste Named New Director of W.E.B. Du Bois Center at UMass Amherst |url=https://www.umass.edu/newsoffice/article/battle-baptiste-named-new-director-web-du |access-date=29 December 2017 |publisher=University of Massachusetts Amherst }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFitzgibbons">Fitzgibbons, Daniel. [https://www.umass.edu/newsoffice/article/battle-baptiste-named-new-director-web-du "Battle-Baptiste Named New Director of W.E.B. Du Bois Center at UMass Amherst"]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. University of Massachusetts Amherst<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> <ref> name="blackstar">{{Cite web |last=Riley |first=Ricky |date=9 July 2015 |title=6 Black Archaeologists and Anthropologists You Should Know About |url=http://blerds.atlantablackstar.com/2015/07/09/6-black-archaeologists-anthropologists-know/5/ |access-date=29 December 2017 |website=Atlanta Blackstar |page=5}}</ref> An nada Battle-Baptiste a matsayin sabon Daraktan [[W. E. B. Du Bois|WEB Du Bois]] Center a UMass Amherst a watan Janairun 2015. "An kafa WEB Du Bois Center a ɗakunan karatu na UMass Amherst a shekarar 2009 don jawo hankalin ƙasa da duniya a cikin tattaunawa da ilimi game da batutuwan duniya da suka shafi launin fata, aiki da adalci na zamantakewa." Ta zama shugabar Ƙungiyar Nazarin Anthropology ta Amurka a wa'adin 2023-2025. <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |title=AAA Presidents |url=https://americananthro.org/about/leadership/presidents/ |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=The American Anthropological Association |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://americananthro.org/about/leadership/presidents/ "AAA Presidents"]. ''The American Anthropological Association''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> An zaɓe ta a matsayin Malamin Nazarin Ajiyar Kaya na Cibiyar Nazarin Archaeological ta Amurka Norton a kakar shirin lacca ta ƙasa ta 2024/2025. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Whitney Battle-Baptiste &#124; Institute for Social Science Research &#124; UMass Amherst |url=https://www.umass.edu/issr/whitney-battle-baptiste |website=www.umass.edu}}</ref> == Digiri == * Ph.D., Sashen Ilimin Dan Adam, Jami'ar Texas da ke Austin, 2004 * MA, Sashen Tarihi, Kwalejin William da Maryamu, 2000 * BA, Sashen Tarihi da Ilimin Sakandare, Jami'ar Jihar Virginia, 1994 == Littattafai da aka zaɓa == * Battle-Baptiste, Whitney; da [[Britt Rusert|Rusert, Britt]] (eds.) (2019). ''Hotunan Bayanan WEB Du Bois: Ganin Baƙar fata Amurka.'' Princeton Architectural Press. . * * Battle-Baptiste, Whitney, (2011), "A cikin wannan wurin: Fassara Gidajen da Aka Bauta", A cikin: A. Ogundiran, T. Falola (eds.), ''Kimiyyar Kayan Tarihi na Afirka ta Atlantika da kuma 'yan Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje.'' Indiana University Press, shafi na 10.&nbsp;233–248. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22175-9|<bdi>978-0-253-22175-9</bdi>]] . * Battle-Baptiste, Whitney, (2010), "Ruhohin Sweepin: Ƙarfi da Sauyi a Tsarin Shuke-shuke", A cikin: A. Sherene Baugher da Suzanne M. Spencer-Wood (eds.), ''Kimiyyar Kayan Tarihi da Kiyaye Yanayin Jinsi.'' Springer Press, shafi na 10.&nbsp;81–94. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-1500-9|<bdi>978-1-4419-1500-9</bdi>]] . * Battle-Baptiste, Whitney, (2004), "Sararin Mu Na Kanmu: Sake Bayyana Gidan Da Aka Bauta a Shukar Hermitage ta Andrew Jackson", A cikin: K. Barile, J. Brandon (eds.), ''A Cikin Ayyukan Gida da Zaɓuɓɓukan Gida: Ka'idar Tsarin Gida a Tarihin Kayan Tarihi.'' Jami'ar Alabama Press, shafi na 10.&nbsp;33–50. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-817-35098-7|<bdi>978-0-817-35098-7</bdi>]] . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 8tzjhl84p2dpvxvf1e2lcm3f2em8cc5 0 139878 818859 798790 2026-04-06T05:53:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Viola Davis Brown''' (8 ga Afrilu, 1936 - 22 ga Disamba, 2017) an haife ta a Lexington, Kentucky, kuma ta kasance mai shiga cikin [[Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a]] tare da bayar da gudummawa ga lafiyar jama'a da ilimin likitanci a Kentucky. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Viola Brown's Obituary on Lexington Herald-Leader |url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/kentucky/obituary.aspx?n=viola-brown&pid=187640105&fhid=31445 |access-date=29 December 2017 |website=Lexington Herald-Leader}}</ref> == Rayuwar kai da ilimi == Viola Davis 'yar Donnie ce da Mable (Bryan) Davis. Davis ta auri Percy H. Brown a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 1957. Percy da Viola suna da 'ya'ya biyar tare: Clarence, Michael, Bonnie, Donna, da Linda. A shekarar 1959, Mrs. Brown ta zama ta farko da ta halarci Makarantar Koyon Aikin Jinya ta Nazareth da ke da alaƙa da Asibitin St. Joseph da ke Lexington, Kentucky . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Viola Brown's Obituary on Lexington Herald-Leader |url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/kentucky/obituary.aspx?n=viola-brown&pid=187640105&fhid=31445 |access-date=29 December 2017 |website=Lexington Herald-Leader}}</ref> Viola Brown ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1959 kuma ba da daɗewa ba aka naɗa ta a matsayin Mai Kula da Aikin Jinya. A shekarar 1960, wannan ita ce karo na farko da aka yi wa wani Ba'amurke ɗan Afirka a Kentucky karin girma. A shekarar 1972, Brown ta sami digiri daga Jami'ar Kentucky don zama ƙwararren ma'aikacin jinya na farko a fannin kula da lafiya a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin gwaji a jami'ar da ke da alaƙa da Kwalejin Magunguna da Gidauniyar Hunter for Health Care. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan Afirka biyu da suka zama RNs na farko a Lexington. Takardar shaidar Brown ta haɗa da ta ma'aikacin jinya mai rijista a Kentucky da kuma ƙwararren ma'aikacin jinya. <ref>name="PH">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Hall of Fame Past Inductees: Viola Brown |url=http://www.mc.uky.edu/publichealth/hallaffamepastinductees.html |access-date=11 February 2013 |publisher=University of Kentucky College of Public Health |archive-date=29 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029001305/http://www.mc.uky.edu/publichealth/hallaffamepastinductees.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatunta a Jami'ar Kentucky, Viola Brown ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a ofis, a Holloway, Playforth da Archer, PSC, na Lexington daga 1966 zuwa 1972. Ba da daɗewa ba, Brown ta zama Ma'aikaciyar Kula da Lafiya ta Farko da Ma'aikaciyar Jinya ta Iyali a Hunter Health Care, Inc. na Lexington. Gwamnan Kentucky John Y. Brown Jr. ne ya naɗa Viola D. Brown, a matsayin Babban Darakta na [http://chfs.ky.gov/dph/dph+nursing+office.htm Ofishin Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512024646/http://chfs.ky.gov/dph/DPH+Nursing+Office.htm |date=2018-05-12 }} na [http://chfs.ky.gov/dph/ Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424101413/http://chfs.ky.gov/dph/ |date=2013-04-24 }} Kentucky da ke Frankfort, Kentucky a shekarar 1980. Brown ya zama ma'aikaciyar jinya 'yar asalin Afirka ta farko da ta jagoranci ofishin kula da lafiyar jama'a na jihar a Amurka. Brown ya kuma zama Babban Mataimaki ga Kwamishinan Lafiya na Kentucky a shekarar 1982, a matsayin Babban Wakilin Ma'aikatan Jinya a dukkan rassan gwamnatin jiha, sassan lafiya na gida, sana'o'in lafiya da kuma al'ummar da ke Frankfort. <ref>name="PH">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Hall of Fame Past Inductees: Viola Brown |url=http://www.mc.uky.edu/publichealth/hallaffamepastinductees.html |access-date=11 February 2013 |publisher=University of Kentucky College of Public Health |archive-date=29 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029001305/http://www.mc.uky.edu/publichealth/hallaffamepastinductees.html |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.mc.uky.edu/publichealth/hallaffamepastinductees.html "Hall of Fame Past Inductees: Viola Brown"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029001305/http://www.mc.uky.edu/publichealth/hallaffamepastinductees.html |date=2012-10-29 }}. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky College of Public Health. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Gwamna Wallace Wilkinson ya naɗa Brown a matsayin Mai Gudanar da Ayyuka na ƙungiyar Gwamna kan ƙarancin ma'aikatan jinya a shekarar 1988. Adadin ma'aikatan jinya na lafiyar jama'a a Kentucky ya ƙaru daga 350 zuwa 1400 a lokacin Brown a matsayin Babban Mataimakiyar Kwamishinan. Wa'adinta a matsayin Babban Mataimakiya ga Kwamishinan ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin mulkin gwamnoni biyar da Kwamishinoni uku na Jiha. == Lambobin yabo da yabo == Daga 1981 zuwa 1982, Viola Brown ta kasance memba na Kwamitin Bincike na Jami'ar Louisville School of Nursing. Tun daga 1984, Brown ta zama shugabar ɗaliban aikin jinya a Kwalejin Aikin Jinya ta Jami'ar Kentucky da kuma Kwalejin Lafiya ta Allied a Jami'ar North Carolina da ke Chapel Hill . An kuma zaɓi Brown a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga ma'aikacin jinya a Ofishin Sakataren Albarkatun Al'umma na Al'umma. A 1991, Brown ya sami lambar yabo ta girmamawa daga Kwalejin Al'umma ta Jefferson da ke Louisville, Kentucky . A wannan shekarar, an naɗa Brown a matsayin Mai Hulɗa da 'Yan tsiraru na Jiha ga Ofishin Lafiyar 'Yan tsiraru da Majalisar Ci Gaban Lafiya ta Kentucky. Brown ya kuma zama memba na Kwamitin Albarkatun Al'umma na Alzheimer kuma ya yi aiki a Kwamitin Rahoton Tsofaffi na Ƙananan Yara a 1992. Brown ya shiga Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Aikin Lafiyar Muhalli na Mississippi Delta a 1994 (duba cikakken rubutun [http://wap.archive.org/details/mississippidelta00agen Aikin Mississippi Delta: Health and Environmental Prospectus], 1995). Viola Davis Brown ta yi ritaya a ranar 31 ga Agusta, 1999, a matsayin Daraktan Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a. Ta yi aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na Sashen Lafiyar Jama'a na Kentucky daga 1980 zuwa 1999. Mrs. Brown ta yi tasiri wajen taimaka wa Masu Jinya Masu Rijistar Ci gaba wajen samun ikon rubuta magani. Ƙungiyar Kentucky don Masu Jinya Masu Rijistar Ci gaba ta amince da Brown a 1998 tare da lambar yabo ta Masu Jinya Masu Rijistar Ci gaba. Ta haɓaka lafiyar jama'a a duk faɗin Amurka tare da taka rawa a cikin [http://www.astdn.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=76&Itemid=491 Ƙungiyar Masu Jinya ta Jiha da Yankuna (yanzu Ƙungiyar Masu Jinya Masu Jinya ta Jama'a)]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} . A taron shekara-shekara na Ƙungiyar Masu Jinya ta Jiha da Yankuna na 1999, [http://www.kentucky-nurses.org/ Ƙungiyar Masu Jinya ta Kentucky] ta girmama Viola Davis Brown a matsayin "Mai Jinya Mai Kyau ta Shekara". Ganin cewa ta riƙe muƙamin Darakta na Babban Ofishin Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a na tsawon shekaru 19, an shigar da Viola Brown cikin Kwalejin Lafiyar Jama'a ta Jami'ar Kentucky a shekara ta 2004. Viola Brown ta kasance malamar baƙo a Jami'ar Alabama a Birmingham, Kwalejin Berea, Jami'ar Jihar Kentucky, Jami'ar Jihar Murray, da Kwalejin Georgetown . Kasancewar Viola D. Brown a cikin abokan hulɗar al'umma da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa sun haɗa da Ƙungiyar Lafiyar Jama'a ta Amurka, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Amurka da Ƙungiyar Lafiyar Jama'a ta Kentucky inda ta sami kyautar Dr. Russell E. Teague a 1991. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Viola Brown's Obituary on Lexington Herald-Leader |url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/kentucky/obituary.aspx?n=viola-brown&pid=187640105&fhid=31445 |access-date=29 December 2017 |website=Lexington Herald-Leader}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, Brown ta shiga cikin ayyukan Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Kudu, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Kentucky, da [https://web.archive.org/web/20150214093241/http://www.nln.org/clwebsites/kentucky/ Ƙungiyar Kula da Jinya ta Kentucky] wadda ta karɓe ta da kyautar Ganewa ta Musamman a 1989. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1930]] nz9shbe3hbp3ycuox7qjy5vw9gmz4p6 0 140787 818935 796038 2026-04-06T08:36:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rawar Cornish''' ( Cornish ) ya samo asali ne daga Cornwall, Birtaniya. Yawancinsu mutanen Cornish da masana'antun da suke aiki a ciki ne suka tsara shi. A mafi yawan lokuta, musamman tare da rawar mataki, har yanzu ana yin rawar a duk faɗin yankin lokacin da aka tattara su. Rawar Cornish za a iya raba ta zuwa sassa 3: 'Scoot' ko 'step dancing', 'Furry' ko kuma 'Feast Day' wanda sau da yawa za ku samu a cikin ' Troyl ', wanda yayi daidai da céilidh na Cornish. Kwanan nan, rawa ta Nos Lowen (Happy Night) ta jawo hankali da shahara, kasancewar wata hanya mai sauƙi, mai sauƙi ta rawa ta zamantakewa ga waƙoƙin gargajiya na Cornish kamar jigs, hornpipes, waltzes da reels. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NosLowen |url=http://www.dalla.co.uk/noslowen.html |access-date=4 December 2019 |website=Dalla |archive-date=4 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204133214/http://www.dalla.co.uk/noslowen.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihin farko == '''Sunan "toponym" na zamanin da.''' Da'irori da layukan dutse na Cornish galibi ana kiransu 'yan mata. Abin lura shi ne, ''medn'' yana nufin ƙarshen Cornish don dutse. Tatsuniyar da ke da alaƙa (na yin rawa ko wasa a ranar Asabar) a bayyane take bayan Kiristanci. Lokacin da aka canza harshe daga Cornish zuwa Turanci yana nuna suna na zamanin da, kodayake wasu na iya zama kwanan nan. Da'irori da layukan dutse a bayyane suke nuna rawa mai zagaye da layi ga masu suna, wanda ke nuna shaharar ronds na zamanin da da farandoles. '''Dokokin Coci''' Labarin da ya fi daɗewa wanda zai iya nufin rawa a Cornwall shine dokar hana rawa zagaye (dangane da wasu) a cikin gidajen coci da Bishop Peter Quinel na Exeter ya fitar a shekarar 1287. '''Wasan kwaikwayo na baitocin''' Cornish Ordinalia na 1375 ya ƙunshi kiraye-kiraye don yin rawa a ƙarshen ''Origo Mundi'' da ''Resurrection Domini'' . Daga baya, wasannin kwaikwayo na baitocin Cornish suna da sassa iri ɗaya. '''Morris da yin gunaguni''' Akwai shaidu da yawa na takardun shaida na Morris yana rawa da yin gunaguni daga 1466/7 zuwa 1595 . Hotunan hoto a cocin Altarnun sun nuna wasan kwaikwayo na Mattachins a kusan 1525. '''Rawar ƙasa da zamantakewa''' MS of ''John Giddy'' (c.1740) yana da waƙoƙin Minuets, Rigadons, da Hornpipes. ''Morval House'' MS (c.1768) da ''Francis Prideaux'' MS suna nuna saba da minuets da nau'ikan raye-rayen ƙasa. A lokacin MS of ''John Old of Par'' (1808) ana kuma rawa wasu raye-rayen ƙasar Scotland. Ga waɗannan quadrilles, an ƙara waltzes da polkas yayin da ƙarni ke ci gaba, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar bayanai da yawa na tarihi da MS. Rawar Al'umma. Weekes ya yi amfani da waƙar Helston Furry a cikin waƙarsa ta 1608 wacce aka yi a shekarar 1608, wacce ke nuna asalin irin waɗannan bukukuwan a ƙarshen zamanin da. An yi nuni da Rawar Al'umma ko Furry tun daga shekarar 1700 lokacin da Edward Lluyd ya lura cewa 'Elygen' (Illogan) ya gudanar da 'bikin ko ranar furri' a ranar Lahadi ta farko kafin ko bayan St. Lukes' Mujallar Christopher Wallis ta 1781, Helston Attorney, ta ambaci Ranar Furry ta Hendre (tsohuwar) a Helston. Irin waɗannan raye-rayen al'umma, waɗanda galibi suna da alaƙa da bukukuwa ko bukukuwan addini, sun zama ruwan dare a Cornwall. == Al'umma da rawa ta zamantakewa ta ƙarni na 19 == '''Rawar Furry''' Akwai rahotanni da yawa na ƙarni na 19 game da rawan furry. An ruwaito Rawar Furry ta Helston a cikin ''Mujallar Gentleman'' ta 1790. A Yammacin Burtaniya a 1959 Ashley Rowe ta rubuta. 'A cikin farin ciki na zaman lafiya da aka sha kashi a hannun Napoleon a 1814 Truro ya yi rawa a Flora na tsawon awanni da yawa; a Falmouth sun yi rawa har zuwa tsakar dare a ranar Laraba, Juma'a da Asabar; mutanen Penzance suma sun yi rawa.' A cewar Wm. Penaluna, yana rubutu a 1834, an yi rawa a Furry a Penryn a ranar 3 ga Mayu da kuma a Sithney da Lizard a ranar 1 ga Mayu. Rowe ya kuma lura cewa 'Lokacin da aka ayyana Victoria a matsayin Sarauniya a 1837, Falmouth da Chacewater sun yi rawa a Flora.' A ranar da aka naɗa shi sarki a shekarar 1838, Trewoon, kusa da St. Austell, ta gudanar da wasanta na Flora Dance kuma a Truro, Magajin Gari ya jagoranci rawar, wadda ta ɗauki tsawon awanni kaɗan. Ya kuma ce St. Mawes ta yi bikin cin nasara a ƙarar da aka shigar kan haƙƙin kamun kifi ta hanyar yin rawa da Flora a shekarar 1842. An gan ta a St. Ives a shekarar 1884. Har ma da tarzomar Newlyn ta 1896, an raka ta da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Paul brass wacce ke buga Jon the Bone (Helston furry)! Shaidar farko ta bikin ranar Mayu ta Padstow ita ce 1802, duk da haka, kamar rawa da gashin fuka-fukai, al'adar wataƙila ta tsufa sosai. '''Troils''' A cikin al'ummomin kamun kifi, rawa ko ' troil .. koyaushe tana ƙare lokacin pilchard. Wannan biki ne ga waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ɗakunan ajiya, kowace ɗakin ajiya tana da nata troil. Bayan bikin, wanda aka bayar a cikin bene, wasanni da rawa suna biyo baya. Ana ci gaba da yin waɗannan har zuwa ƙaramin sa'o'i na safe, mai kida yana samar da kiɗan.' A shekara ta 1870, William Bottrell ya ɗauki kiɗa a matsayin muhimmin abu don girbi gida, kwanakin biki, har ma da ziyartar niƙa. Ya ambaci reels masu hannu uku, jigs da ballads da aka rera don rawa. MA Courtney, yana rubutu a kusan 1880, ya ambaci rawa mai da'ira a Mounts Bay a bukukuwan St. John da St. Peter. An bayyana rawa 'tafiya-macizai' a wani abin shayi a shekara ta 1900 a cikin ''Cornish Tales'' of Charles Lee, wataƙila mawallafin waƙar Lamorna. Gorseth Kernow mai piper Merv. Kakan Davey, Edward Veale, ya tuna ganin rawar mataki, Lattapuch, a cikin Unity Fish Cellars, Newquay a shekarun 1880. Waɗannan rahotannin sun samo asali ne daga tarin rawa. A cikin 1997, raye-rayen layi da na mataki har yanzu suna cikin tunawa da rai. '''Rawar Geese''' ' Geese Dancing ' (wanda ake kiranta Geeze) shi ma ya shahara, duk da haka ba rawa ba ce, a'a, wani nau'in rawa ne na mumming wanda zai iya haɗawa da rawa, kiɗa, waƙa, jerin gwano, wasanni, sanya kaya da ɓoye sirri. Kalmar guise rawa ta musamman ce ga yammacin Cornwall kuma ta faru ne a cikin kwanaki goma sha biyu na Kirsimeti. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goskar and Goskar |date=22 September 2019 |title=Historical Guise Dancing and its Music |url=https://cornishtrad.com/guisedancing/historical-guise-dancing-and-its-music/ |access-date=4 December 2019 |website=Cornish Trad}}</ref> Margaret Courtney ta ambaci masu rawa na geese da 'hobby dokin' kusa da Lands End kimanin 1812. Yana rubutu a kusan 1880 Robert Hunt ya kuma bayyana masu rawa na geese. Masu rawa na guise suna yin rawa a cikin kwanaki 12 na Kirsimeti da kuma ranar Litinin ta Plough tare da ɓoye sirrin takarda da aka yi da yage. Ɗaya daga cikinsu sau da yawa mutum ne mai sanye da kaya kamar mace. Sun rera 'manyan waƙoƙi' kuma sun yi wasan mummer. A cikin ''The Delectable Duchy'' 'Q' (marubuci Arthur Quiller-Couch ) ya ba da labarin mummers, masu rawa na guise da kuma bukukuwan duhu a kusan 1892. Bottrell ya bayyana rawa irin ta kama-karya a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo mai sauƙi a cikin doggerel tare da kiɗa da rawa. Wataƙila waɗannan wasannin kwaikwayo, waɗanda aka tsara a cikin ''Wasannin Cledry'' na Nance sune juyin halitta na ƙarshe na fasahar mummers. An tattara wasannin mummers da yawa a Cornwall, musamman ta Robert Morton Nance . Wani lokaci ana danganta Morris da mumming kuma wasu waƙoƙin da ake amfani da su don Morris suna cikin Cornish MSS, amma babu wata shaida ta rawa a ƙarni na 19 Cornwall. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0g1td3fl5rjtj8q51ahlkiambam3an7 0 141961 818934 800074 2026-04-06T08:34:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818934 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Mintha_Theater_2.webm|thumb| A gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Mintha ( Mandalay ) wani babban malami na Makarantar Fasaha ta Inwa ya nuna motsin hannu na gargajiya.]] [[Fayil:Burmese_village_ballet.jpg|thumb|Rawar ƙungiyar ƙauye a farkon shekarun 1900]] [[Fayil:Burmese_traditional_dance.jpg|thumb|Wasan rawa na gargajiya a Karaweik da ke Yangon]] '''Rawa a Burma''' (tun daga shekarar 1989 da aka fi sani da [[Myanmar]] ) za a iya raba ta zuwa raye-raye masu ban mamaki, na gargajiya da na ƙauye, da kuma na nat, kowannensu yana da halaye daban-daban. Duk da cewa rawa ta Burma ta yi kama da salon rawa na gargajiya na maƙwabtanta, musamman Thailand, tana riƙe da halaye na musamman waɗanda suka bambanta ta da sauran salon yanki, gami da motsi mai kusurwa, mai sauri da kuzari da kuma mai da hankali kan matsayi, ba motsi ba. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Burmese_puppetry.jpg|thumb|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo ( {{Lang|my|အမြင့်သဘင်}} ) shine abin da ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyi da yawa a cikin rawa ta gargajiya ta Burma, waɗanda motsinsu yake kama da 'yan tsana.]] Asalin rawar Burma an samo shi ne daga al'adun Pyu, [[Halin people|Halin]], da Mon a yankunan tsakiya da ƙananan Irrawaddy tun daga aƙalla ƙarni biyu kafin zamanin Kiristanci . Shaidun kayan tarihi sun nuna tasirin Indiya a cikin wannan. Akwai kuma tasirin al'adun Thai da Khmer a lokacin mamaya da yawa da mamayewa da suka faru a cikin shekaru dubu biyu masu zuwa. <ref name="dgehall2" /> Akwai wani ingantaccen tsari na rawa, kamar Yama Zatdaw (sigar Burma ta Ramayana) a cikin 1767, lokacin da Burma ta kori Ayutthaya ( {{Lang|my|ယိုးဒယား}} ) kuma ya kwace wani babban ɓangare na kotun Thailand. <ref name="dgehall2" /> Wasu daga cikin halittun da suka tsira (ciki har da raye-rayen belu, nat gadaw da zawgyi) suna girmama haruffan tatsuniyoyi waɗanda suka kasance na Burmese, wasu daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga zamanin kafin Buddha. Akwai kuma dangantaka ta kud da kud tsakanin nau'ikan rawa na Burmese na gargajiya da kuma rawar ɗan adam, inda na farko a bayyane yake yana kwaikwayon rawar ɗan adam, amma kuma da rawar ɗan adam yana kwaikwayon motsin rawa na marionette. Bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Birtaniya a shekarar 1948, akwai lokacin ƙaƙƙarfan [[Kishin ƙasa|ƙabilar]] al'adun Burma wanda ya haifar da kafa Makarantar Kiɗa ta Jiha a Mandalay a shekarar 1953. An yaba wa wata fitacciyar mai rawa ta wannan lokacin, Oba Thaung, wajen tsara kundin waƙoƙin Burma da ba su da takardu. An tattara manhajar karatunta a makarantar zuwa darussa biyar na rawa da aka tsara a matsayin zangon karatu na shekaru biyar. Kowanne daga cikin darussa biyar an raba shi zuwa jerin rawa da ya ƙunshi jimillar matakai 125, kowanne mataki kuma tsawonsa ya kai mintuna goma daidai. == Horarwa == Makarantar Inwa ta Fasaha da ke Mandalay wata makarantar sakandare ce ta al'adu a Mandalay wadda ke shirya matasa masu fasaha don yin rawa da kiɗan gargajiya na Myanmar bisa ga ƙa'idodin ƙwararru. <ref name="inwaschool">{{Cite web |title=The Inwa School for Performing Arts |url=http://www.artsmandalay.org/inwa-school.html |access-date=15 January 2023 |archive-date=26 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126172538/http://www.artsmandalay.org/inwa-school.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rawar Bagan == Wannan rawa ta samo asali ne daga zamanin daular Pyu (ƙarni na 5-10). An yi amfani da ƙananan kayan kida masu sauƙi kuma salon rawa yana da jinkiri da kwanciyar hankali. Kayan da masu rawa suka saka, kamar yadda aka nuna a zane-zanen bango, ƙanana ne kuma suna bayyana abubuwa. == Bilu rawa == Bilus (aljanu ko ogres) tsoffin haruffa ne, waɗanda ake kyautata zaton sun samo asali ne daga wata al'umma ta almara da ta yi yawo a Indiya da Burma kimanin shekara ta 2000 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. Littattafan addinin Buddha sun bayyana su a matsayin na asali kuma wasu kabilu suna jin tsoronsu. A cikin adabi, an bayyana Belus a matsayin mai ikon canza yanayin rayuwa —ikon ɗaukar kamanni daban-daban na zahiri. Akwai nau'ikan aljanu iri-iri guda 24, kowannensu yana da sunansa da rawar da yake takawa a cikin labarai da wasannin kwaikwayo. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun shine Dasagiri, aljani a cikin tarihin Ramayana na Indiya. A kowace siffarsa, Belus yana nuna Shaiɗan. Yana da ban tsoro, mai girman kai da kuma mugunta a dabi'ance. Amma yana da gefen laushi. A cikin rawa na yau da kullun, Dasa-Giri yakan ba da furanni ga wata yarinya mai kyau. Matar da ba ta iya yin watsi da gefen dabbar ba kuma ta ƙi kyautarsa mai ƙauna. Aljanin sai ya nuna baƙin cikinsa game da ƙin amincewa. == Rawar Kinnara da Kinnari == [[Fayil:Shan_peacock_dance.jpg|thumb|Shan kinnara dan kinnari rawa]] Akwai nassoshi da yawa a cikin adabin Pali da Sanskrit game da tsuntsayen tatsuniyoyi masu kai da gangar jikin ɗan adam, Kinnara (namiji) da Kinnari (mace). A cewar adabin, tsuntsayen sun samo asali ne daga Indiya ta tarihi. Suna bayyana a cikin wasu jawaban Buddha da kansa. A Burma, ana samun hotunan salon rawa na Tsuntsu da aka zana da sassaka a bango a Bagan da kuma (har ma a da) daga [[Pyu kingdom|masarautun Pyu]] . Waƙoƙin da raye-rayen sun bayyana farin cikin sake haɗuwar Tsuntsu bayan rabuwar dare 700 sakamakon ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da ambaliyar ruwa. Rawar ta shahara a matsayin alamar soyayya ta gaskiya kuma tana da tarihi mai daɗaɗɗe wanda ƙungiyoyin rawa na Burma ke kiyayewa. Masu rawa suna sanye da fikafikai masu kaɗawa a wuyan hannunsu, sabanin fikafikai a hammatarsu, kamar yadda yake a al'adar Thailand da sauran ƙasashen Asiya . Rawar motsin tsuntsaye tana da laushi da kyau, kuma tana da tsari mai kyau tare da waƙoƙin da ke tare da ita. == Rawar ruhohin tsaro na Dutsen Popa == A cewar tatsuniyar mutanen Burma (amma wataƙila bisa ga bayanan tarihi), Me Wunna, kyakkyawar gimbiya 'yar'uwar sarkin Thaton ce a ƙasar Burma . Ta rabu da ɗan'uwanta, ta ƙi yin aure da wani ɗan sarki kuma ta zauna a gudun hijira ita kaɗai a cikin dazuzzukan Dutsen Popa . A matsayinta na mai bin addinin Buddha mai ibada, ta guji cin nama kuma tana rayuwa ne kawai akan furanni da 'ya'yan itatuwa. Galibi tana sanya abin rufe fuska na aljani don tsoratar da maƙiya da abokai. Don haka ana ɗaukarta a matsayin aljani mai cin furanni. Daga baya ta kamu da son wani mai aika kayan sarauta mai kyawawan jiki, kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu masu hazaka tare da shi. Abin takaici, an kashe mijinta saboda rashin ɗaukar furanni daga dutsen. Sakamakon haka, ya zama ''mutum'' mai hazaka. 'Ya'yan Me Wunna guda biyu, lokacin da suka girma, sun zama jarumai masu daraja a cikin Rundunar Sojan Sama. Abin takaici, sun faɗa cikin wani makirci, an kashe su saboda yin ƙarya, kuma suka rikide suka zama shahararrun Ruhohi guda biyu, "Brother Nats" na [[Taungbyone]] . Amma ba ƙarshen lamarin ba ne. Mummunan labarin mutuwar 'ya'yanta ba da daɗewa ba ya sa Me Wunna ta mutu cikin baƙin ciki. Don haka ta zama 'yar ''ƙasa'' kuma ta kasance a cikin Dutsen Popa, inda ta zama "Mai Girma" ga babban iko a cikin Masarautar Nats. Mai rawa, sanye da kayan sarauta na launin kore, tana kwaikwayon Ruhu. A kanta akwai abin rufe fuska na aljani. A hannunta, tana riƙe da wutsiyar dawisu guda biyu, alamar rana, don korar Duhu (mugun abu). Tana rawa a matsayin wata alama da alheri da dabara. == Rawar Nat == [[Fayil:Nat_pwe_in_Amarapura.jpg|thumb|Rawar nat gadaw (maganin sihiri) a Amarapura]] A Burma, al'ada ce a yi ba da kyautar kwakwa mai kore, hannaye uku na ayaba, da wasu kayan haɗi, ga Mai Kula da Ruhun Ƙasa ( nat ) kafin wani muhimmin taro kamar bikin rantsar da shugaban ƙasa. Wannan kwantar da hankalin Ruhu yawanci ana yi ne ta hanyar ƙwararren Ma'aikacin Ruhu (Nakadaw). Sau da yawa ana sanya wa mai rawan riga ja, gami da jan madauri, da kuma a kirji, da kuma mayafin ja mai ɗaure da aka ɗaure. Da kayan da aka miƙa a kan tire, ita ko shi suna rawa don farantawa juna rai kuma suna maimaita jerin waƙoƙin sau uku. Yayin da take rawa matsakaiciya, tana rera waƙoƙin al'ada ga Ruhohin Ƙasa guda 37 (Spirits) da kuma Nat na Gida. A farkon rawa, rawa tana da laushi kuma tana da tarihi na kiɗa. Bayan umarnin baki, mai rawa yana ƙara ƙarfin waƙar. Yayin da matsakaici ke umurtar ruhohi, motsin da kiɗan sun kai ga wani yanayi mai ban mamaki. == Rawar fitilar mai == A cikin rawar fitilar mai ( {{Lang|my|ဆီမီးကွက်အက}} ), fitilar mai ta gargajiya da aka bayar ga Buddha ita ce lagwanin auduga mai haske wanda aka jiƙa a cikin tukunyar ƙasa mai cike da mai shine babban abin rawa. Kyandir mai haske yanzu yawanci yana maye gurbinsa. Mutanen Rakhine na yammacin Burma suna haɗa rawan fitilar mai a cikin yawancin raye-rayen gargajiya, galibi na ibada, ga Buddha. Hannun mai wasan kwaikwayo koyaushe suna kan juye (don riƙe mai). Dattawan da suka tuna suna yin wasa da fitilun gargajiya sun ce sirrin shine kada a bar fitilar ta faɗi yayin da, a lokaci guda, tana bayyana takamaiman maganganu tare da halaye daban-daban na hannu da ƙafafu. "Kusan jaraba ce," in ji su. == Rawannin Ramayana == A shekara ta 1767, Sarki Hsinbyushin na daular Konbaung ya dawo da fursunonin Siamese zuwa Inwa (Ava), babban birnin masarautar. Daga cikin fursunonin akwai masu rawa a kotun Siamese waɗanda suka yi rawa a Ramayana ( Yama Zatdaw ) sanye da abin rufe fuska. A cikin wannan almara, Rama ita ce jarumi kuma babban hali, Sita ita ce jaruma, kuma Dasa-Giri ita ce mugu aljani. A wani ɓangare na al'ada, Rama ta shagaltu da Zinare Deer, wanda siffa ce ta 'yar'uwar aljani ta Dathagiri (Ravana) ta aljani. Dathagiri da kansa ya canza siffarsa a matsayin Wawa. Daga nan sai aka ga Rama yana bin sawun Barewa mai ban sha'awa sosai. Barewa ta bar wasu alamu a matsayin hanya. == U Min Gyaw dance == [[U Min Gyaw]], wanda aka fi sani da [[Pakhan Kyaw]], sanannen mutum ne na Burmese ''nat'' (ruhi). Akwai nau'ikan tarihin rayuwarsa daban-daban. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shine, kasancewarsa ƙwararren mai doki kuma ɗan wani amintaccen mai kula da sarki; an ba shi lambar yabo ta sarauta kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta garin Pakhan da ke tsakiyar Burma. Duk da haka, da zarar ya hau mulki, ya shagala da shan giya, caca (musamman faɗan zakara ), da kuma yin mata. Daga ƙarshe ya sami ƙarfin halin sauke sarki da sauran mutane, ciki har da ƙanne biyu matasa, 'ya'yan wani babban mutum. Waɗannan 'yan'uwa biyu sun shahara ''a matsayin'' 'yan ƙasa kuma suka ci gaba da yin ayyukan mugunta na dogon lokaci. Duk da haka, a farkon aikinsu, 'yan'uwan biyu sun yi amfani da sabbin ikonsu don biyan Count ɗin da kuɗinsa, wanda ya haifar da kisan gillar Count da dawowarsa a matsayin Nat U Min Gyaw. Idan ya ɗauki siffar ɗan adam, U Mingyaw yana shan ruwan toddy, ruwan 'ya'yan itacen palmyra (wanda aka fi sani da " toddy dabino "). Abincin da ya fi so, wanda aka haɗa da ruwan 'ya'yan itace, shine kaza ko kaza da aka soya. Saboda haka, mafi kyawun maganin tsarkakewa ana tsammanin shine tukunyar toddy da kaza da aka soya. Masu shigar da ƙara sun yi imanin cewa U Min Gyaw zai cika duk wata buƙata da aka yi masa a lokacin da yake cikin hayyacinsa, kodayake yawanci yana tsammanin kwamiti. A wani wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun, Medium ya jawo hankalin U Min Gyaw ta hanyar ba shi kwalban giya a hannu ɗaya da kuma kaza da aka soya a ɗayan hannun. Mai rawa yana kwaikwayon salon maye na Ruhu. == U Shwe Yoe da Daw Moe suna rawa == [[File:Shwe&moe.JPG|thumb|U Shwe Yoe da Daw Moe suna rawa a Los Angeles, 2007]] Maimakon wannan rawa ta gargajiya, wannan rawa misali ce ta fasahar gargajiya ta Burma ta zamani. Rawar ta bayyana ne daga al'adar nishadantar da jama'a, musamman masu sa kai da ke shiga Ranar Tuta ko kuma ayyukan agaji na al'umma. Manufarta ita ce a zaburar da mutane su bayar da gudummawa da kuma yin ayyukan alheri don inganta rayuwa ta gaba. Sunayen U Shwe Yoe da Daw Moe ƙagaggun labarai ne (ba na cikin kowane rubutu na gargajiya ba) kuma an zaɓe su ne saboda tasirinsu na waƙa. Babu wata waƙa da aka kafa don rawa. Madadin haka ƙungiyar makaɗa tana yin kowace waƙa mai rai, ko kuma ana amfani da waƙoƙin da aka yi rikodi a wasu lokutan. 'Yan ƙasa masu sha'awa waɗanda ba su da horo na rawa na yau da kullun galibi suna yin rawar. Matsayin su ne Old Bachelor ( U Shwe Yoe ) da Spinster (Daw Moe), na biyun wanda ko dai ɗan rawa namiji ko mace ke taka rawa. An tsara wasan kwaikwayo ne kawai kuma an tsara shi don bai wa masu sauraro mafi kyawun magani. Kayan suturar suna da ban mamaki kuma suna da ban sha'awa, tare da abubuwan da ba makawa na gashin baki na U Shwe Yoe (wanda aka yi wa ado da kansa) da kuma laima mai jujjuyawa ta Pathein . Cikin barkwanci, ya nuna ƙaunarsa kuma ya yi wa Daw Moe wasa, yayin da ita kuma ta mayar da martani cikin hikima da fasaha. Masu sauraro, galibi yara da tsofaffi, sun yi tafawa da ƙarfi suna ƙarfafa Shwe Yoe dagewarsa. == Rawar ƙungiyar ''Yein'' == '''''Yein''''' wani nau'i ne na rawa ta rukuni wanda ke nuna 'yan rawa da yawa suna rawa tare kuma suna motsa kawunansu, kugunsu, ƙafafunsu, da hannayensu zuwa ga bugun kiɗa, wanda ƙungiyar makaɗa ta gargajiya ta Burma da ake kira hsaing waing ko [[Ganga|ganguna ke yi]] . Ƙungiyoyin mawaka galibi suna yin ta a lokacin Thingyan . == Zat pwe duet dance == Ana kiran wasannin kwaikwayo na dare-dare, waɗanda suka haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo na melodrama, slapstick, rawa na gargajiya, har ma da wakokin pop "zat pwe" a Burma. Waɗannan wasannin yanayi ana shirya su ne a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na bamboo na wucin gadi kuma galibi wani ɓangare ne na ayyukan tara kuɗi na shekara-shekara a bukukuwan pagoda . Masu wasan kwaikwayo ƙungiyoyi ne na tafiya, yawanci ƙwararrun 'yan rawa maza da mata, mawaƙa, masu barkwanci, da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suna yawo ko'ina cikin ƙasar. Rawar Duet, wani ɓangare na yau da kullun na Zat Pwe, yawanci yana farawa kusan ƙarfe 2 ko 3 na safe, kuma yana ɗaukar kimanin awanni biyu. Gabaɗaya manyan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo suna rawa tare da manyan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. Mazan suna rawa a wani wuri, galibi suna da abubuwa masu ƙarfi da ƙirƙira. Maza da mata suna rawa a cikin waƙoƙin duet kuma suna musayar alƙawarin masoya. Sau da yawa akwai wani fanni na gasa don ganin wanda a cikin ƙungiyar zai iya samun tagomashin mafi ƙarfi. A duk wannan, ƙungiyar makaɗa dole ne ta daidaita da abin da ke faruwa a kan dandamali. Idan aka yi shi da ƙwarewa, wannan rawa na iya haifar da suna a ƙasa ga ƙungiyar. == Rawar Zawgyi == Zawgyi mutum ne mai hazaka a fannin ilmin alchemy na ƙasar Burma. Ana cewa ya sami ƙwarewarsa ta hanyar sihiri . Yana zaune a cikin dazuzzuka masu kauri kusa da [[Himalaya]] inda yake kiwon ganyaye don dalilai na sihiri. Bayan ya yi shekaru da yawa yana neman dutse na Falsafa kuma ta haka ya sami matsayin Zawgyi. Wani lokaci, da taɓa sandar sihirinsa yana haifar da "mace-mace marasa ma'ana" daga bishiyoyi masu ɗauke da 'ya'yan itace masu siffar mace don cika burinsa na jiki. Rawar ta nuna Zawgyi yana yawo a daji, yana yawo da sandarsa, yana niƙa ganye da kuma caca cikin farin ciki bayan ya sami Dutse. == Hotunan Hotuna == <gallery widths="180"> Fayil:Burma_Dance.JPG|alt=Young students perform traditional Burmese Dance during opening ceremony of Thingyan Water Festival at Mandalay City Hall in Mandalay, Myanmar on 12 April 2012.| Ɗalibai matasa suna rawa a lokacin bikin buɗe bikin ruwa na Thingyan a Mandalay City Hall da ke Mandalay, Myanmar a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2012. Fayil:Yangon_Thingyan_2011.jpeg|alt=Burmese girls perform traditional dance during closing ceremony of Myanmar New Year Water Festival 2011 in Yangon, Myanmar on 16 April 2011.| 'Yan matan Burma suna rawa ta gargajiya a lokacin bikin rufe bikin ruwa na Sabuwar Shekara ta Myanmar na 2011 a Yangon, Myanmar a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 2011. Fayil:Mandalay_Thingyan_Rehearsal_2012.JPG|alt=Young students wear Burmese dress and perform traditional dance during rehearsal for the opening ceremony of Mandalay City Hall Thingyan Water Festival 2012 in Mandalay, Myanmar on 10 April 2012.| Matasan ɗalibai suna sanye da kayan Burma kuma suna yin rawa ta gargajiya yayin gwaji don bikin buɗe bikin ruwa na Mandalay City Hall na Thingyan Water Festival na 2012 a Mandalay, Myanmar a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 2012. Fayil:Bodleian_Ms._Burm._a._5_fol070-3.jpg|alt=Dancer on a cart with musicians: 19th century watercolour| Mai rawa a kan keken hawa tare da mawaƙa: ruwan ruwa na ƙarni na 19 </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Al'adun Myanmar == Manazarta i == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3t5xy6tfbidegk8q0qq396agiquhjp2 0 142527 818841 801731 2026-04-06T04:35:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Victoria Jane Foxcroft''' (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga Maris 1977) 'yar siyasa ce ta jam'iyyar Labour ta Burtaniya wacce ta kasance ' yar majalisar dokoki (MP) mai wakiltar Lewisham North, wacce a da Lewisham Deptford ce, tun daga shekarar 2015. Tsohuwar jami'ar ƙungiyar kwadago ce kuma 'yar majalisar Lewisham ce daga 2010 zuwa 2014. == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Victoria Foxcroft a ranar 9 ga Maris, 1977 a Chorley . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vicky Foxcroft |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pub/vicky-foxcroft/4/16/911 |access-date=5 June 2015 |publisher=LinkedIn |quote=Birthday: March 9}}</ref> <ref name="guardian-power-dressed">{{Cite web |date=1 October 2018 |title=SLP Column on Further Education Cuts |url=https://www.vickyfoxcroft.org.uk/uncategorised/2018/10/01/555/ |access-date=23 October 2019 |website=Vicky Foxcroft's website |quote=Without that second chance, I would not have been able to go on to study Drama and Business Studies at DeMontford University}}</ref> Ta fuskanci cin zarafi a lokacin yarintarta. Ta yi karatun digiri na farko a fannin wasan kwaikwayo da kasuwanci a Jami'ar De Montfort tsakanin 1996 da 2000. <ref name="guardian-power-dressed" /> Foxcroft ta kasance memba na jam'iyyar Labour tun 1997, kuma ta zauna a taron manufofin jam'iyyar na ƙasa . <ref name="politicos-guide" /> Daga 2010 zuwa Mayu 2014 ta kasance kansila a yankin Brockley a Majalisar Lewisham . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vicky Foxcroft, MP for Lewisham Deptford |url=http://www.labour.org.uk/people/detail/vicky-foxcroft |access-date=5 May 2015 |publisher=Labour Party}}</ref> <ref name="lewisham-deptford-labour-about">{{Cite web |title=Vicky Foxcroft- Your Labour Candidate for Lewisham Deptford |url=http://www.lewishamdeptfordlabour.org.uk/about |access-date=5 June 2015 |publisher=Labour Party }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekara ta 2002, Foxcroft ta zama jami'a a Ƙungiyar Injiniya da Lantarki ta Amalgamated (AEEU), ta ci gaba har zuwa haɗakar AEEU zuwa Amicus a shekara ta 2001, da kuma haɗakar Amicus zuwa Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan a shekara ta 2007. Ta kasance jami'ar bincike daga 2002 zuwa 2005; jami'ar siyasa daga 2005 zuwa 2009, kuma jami'ar ɓangaren kuɗi daga 2009 zuwa 2015. == Aikin majalisar dokoki == A babban zaɓen 2015, an zaɓi Foxcroft a matsayin 'yar majalisar dokoki ta Lewisham Deptford da kashi 60.2% na ƙuri'u da kuma rinjayen 21,516. <ref name="electoralcalculus2015">{{Cite web |title=Election Data 2015 |url=http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2015.txt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017112223/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2015.txt |archive-date=17 October 2015 |access-date=17 October 2015 |publisher=[[Electoral Calculus]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 7, 2015 |title=Election results for Lewisham Deptford, 7 May 2015 |url=http://councilmeetings.lewisham.gov.uk/mgElectionAreaResults.aspx?XXR=0&ID=22&RPID=38836307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204402/http://councilmeetings.lewisham.gov.uk/mgElectionAreaResults.aspx?XXR=0&ID=22&RPID=38836307 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=22 August 2015 |website=councilmeetings.lewisham.gov.uk}}</ref> Foxcroft ta yi jawabinta na farko a muhawara kan Dokar Scotland a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2015, inda ta yi ambaton waƙoƙi daga Jaridar The Red Flag . Bayan zaɓen Jeremy Corbyn a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar Labour a watan Satumba na 2015, an naɗa Foxcroft a matsayin bulala. Ta goyi bayan Owen Smith a zaɓen shugabancin jam'iyyar Labour (UK) na 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2016 |title=Full list of MPs and MEPs backing challenger Owen Smith |url=https://labourlist.org/2016/07/which-mps-and-meps-have-nominated-owen-smith/ |access-date=15 July 2019 |website=LabourList}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, Foxcroft ta kafa Hukumar Cin Zarafin Matasa ta jam'iyyu daban-daban, wadda take ci gaba da jagorantarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Youth Violence Commission website |url=http://yvcommission.com/ |access-date=8 August 2019 |website=Youth Violence Commission website}}</ref> A babban zaɓen 2017, an sake zaɓen Foxcroft a matsayin ɗan majalisar Lewisham Deptford da ƙarin kaso na ƙuri'u da kashi 77% da kuma ƙarin rinjaye na 34,899. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement of persons nominated and notice of poll, Lewisham Deptford |url=https://www.lewisham.gov.uk/mayorandcouncil/elections/Documents/NoticeOfPollLewishamDeptford.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706080333/http://www.lewisham.gov.uk/mayorandcouncil/elections/Documents/NoticeOfPollLewishamDeptford.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2017 |access-date=20 May 2017 |publisher=lewisham.gov.uk}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2019 |orig-date=7 April 2018 |title=Commons Briefing Paper 7979. General Election 2017: results and analysis |url=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7979/CBP-7979.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112183438/https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7979/CBP-7979.pdf |archive-date=12 November 2019 |publisher=[[House of Commons Library]] |edition=Second}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2019 aka naɗa Foxcroft a matsayin Ministan Inuwa na Ƙungiyoyin Farar Hula. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2019 |title=Labour frontbench update: Reed and Foxcroft reshuffled |url=https://labourlist.org/2019/06/labour-frontbench-update-reed-and-foxcroft-reshuffled/ |access-date=5 July 2019 |publisher=Labour List}}</ref> A [[2019 United Kingdom general election|babban zaɓen 2019]], an sake zaɓen Foxcroft, inda aka samu raguwar kaso 70.8% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa, sannan aka samu raguwar rinjayen kuri'u 32,913. <ref>{{Cite web |title=General election results 2019 |url=https://lewisham.gov.uk/mayorandcouncil/elections/results/general-election-results-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182531/https://lewisham.gov.uk/mayorandcouncil/elections/results/general-election-results-2019 |archive-date=2021-07-09 |access-date=2021-06-30 |website=Lewisham Council}}</ref> Foxcroft ta goyi bayan Lisa Nandy a zaɓen shugabancin jam'iyyar Labour na 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2020 |title=I'm proud to throw my support behind @lisanandy to be our next leader. She has what it takes to reunite our movement & bring together people in seats like mine with seats like hers |url=https://twitter.com/vickyfoxcroft/status/1213230536258473984 |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> Foxcroft ta goyi bayan rage shekarun kaɗa ƙuri'a zuwa 16, inda za ta jagoranci jam'iyyar APG don ƙuri'u a shekaru 16. <ref>{{Cite web |title=House of Commons - Register Of All-Party Parliamentary Groups as at 1 July 2020: Votes at 16 |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm/cmallparty/200701/votes-at-16.htm |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=publications.parliament.uk}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (June 2025)">ana buƙatar tushen da ba na asali ba</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Foxcroft ta yi tambaya a watan Afrilun 2021 game da abin da ake ganin shine tambaya ta farko da aka taɓa yi a Tambayoyin Firayim Minista a Harshen Kurame na Burtaniya, wanda hakan ya jawo hankali ga rashin mai fassara harshen kurame a taron manema labarai na Boris Johnson . [1] Yayin da ake watsa shirye-shiryen manema labarai tare da mai fassara a kan allo, Foxcroft ya nuna damuwa game da rashin mai fassara a kan dandamali. Akwai ƙalubale da dama na shari'a da ke tattare da wannan dalili yana iƙirarin cewa gwamnati tana karya dokar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. [2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5jdot3ieytaw6msc6o0l9wnyit1xg8f 0 142867 818929 802680 2026-04-06T08:02:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Wasannin gargajiya na [[Andhra Pradesh]]''', kamar sauran wasannin gargajiya da ake yi a Indiya, sun ƙunshi wasannin da yara galibi ke yi. Waɗannan wasannin kuma na iya zama abin sha'awa ga wasu mutane na kowane zamani, domin suna tunatar da su lokacin yarintarsu. Duk da zuwan kwamfutoci da fasaha, inda yara suka fi son yin lokacinsu a gida, waɗannan wasannin har yanzu suna da farin jini a Andhra Pradesh. <ref>{{Cite web |last=N.R.I.pathi |date=2021-12-09 |title=Aatalu—Traditional Telugu Games {{!}} Andhra Cultural Portal |url=https://andhraportal.org/aatalu-traditional-telugu-games/ |access-date=2023-08-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana kuma yin su a manyan garuruwa da ƙananan garuruwa a duk faɗin Indiya da [[Pakistan]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sariya |first=Tasneem |date=2021-02-10 |title=Top 10 Traditional Games of India that Defined Childhood for Generations |url=https://www.caleidoscope.in/art-culture/traditional-games-of-india |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=Caleidoscope {{!}} Indian Culture, Heritage |language=en-US}}</ref> musamman a [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], Punjab, da kuma Cambodia da [[Italiya]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> . == Wasannin yara na gargajiya == '''Ɓoye da Neman (Bayyana)''' : Ana yawan yin [[Hide-and-seek|ɓuya da neman ']] yan wasa. A cikin wannan wasan, ɗan wasa yana farawa da rufe idanunsa kuma yana ƙidaya har zuwa 50 ko 100 yayin da yake fuskantar bango, itace, ko ginshiƙi. Sauran 'yan wasan, waɗanda yawanci suna tsakanin 5 zuwa 10, suna ɓuya. Ya kamata ɗan wasa na farko ya nemo duk 'yan wasan da suka ɓoye waɗanda za su ɓuya a wani wuri kusa. Idan ɗayan sauran 'yan wasan ya bugi ɗan wasa na farko a bayansa ta hanyar faɗin "ɓata" da tafin hannu ba tare da an gan shi ba to ɗan wasa na farko ya sake fara wasan. Idan ɗan wasa na farko ya ga wani ɗan wasa ba tare da ɗayan ya yi wasa ba yana faɗin "ɓata" kamar yadda yake a sama, to ɗayan ɗan wasa ya fita. Manufar wasan ita ce ɗan wasa na farko ya nemo duk 'yan wasa da suka ɓoye ba tare da shi/ita ta sake fara wasan ba. Ana maimaita wasan tare da kowane ɗan wasa yana wasa a matsayin ɗan wasa na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hide & Seek (கண்ணாமூச்சி) - Indian Traditional Games |url=http://www.traditionalgames.in/home/outdoor-games/hide-seek-kannamucci |access-date=19 September 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nursery Songs and Kids Poem in Telugu: Children Nursery Song in Telugu 'Dagudu Moothalu – Hide and Seek Game' {{!}} Entertainment - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/kids/telugu/nursery-songs-and-kids-poem-in-telugu-children-nursery-song-in-telugu-dagudu-moothalu-hide-and-seek-game/videoshow/92831865.cms |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> '''Kancha (Goti)''' : A da can an san Kancha a matsayin wasan Gully, yara maza da yawa sun fi so a garuruwa da ƙauyukan Andhra Pradesh. Yana da nasa salon wasan operandi ; ana yin sa ne ta amfani da marmara da ake kira "kancha". 'Yan wasan za su buga abin da aka zaɓa "kancha" ta amfani da ƙwallon marmara ta kansu. Wanda ya yi nasara ya ɗauki duk "kanchas" daga sauran 'yan wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chugh |first=Parul |date=2020-02-07 |title=10 Unusual and Weird Sports Played in India |url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/ten-unusual-and-weird-sports-played-in-india |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=DESIblitz |language=en}}</ref> '''Goleelu (Marmara)''' : Akwai wasanni da dama da ake amfani da Goleelu (marbles). Yara ƙanana ne ke yin waɗannan wasannin. Ana sa ran kowane ɗan wasa ya mallaki wasu marbles domin ya shiga. Ɗan wasan zai samu ko ya rasa marbles yayin da yake buga waɗannan wasannin ko kuma ana iya buga waɗannan wasannin ta hanyar abokantaka ba tare da rasa marbles ba. Wasu wasannin sune moodu kanchalu (kancha uku), oka kancha (kancha ɗaya), Cara. '''Duwatsu Bakwai (, Pithoo Phod)''' : Wannan wasan yana da daɗi ga yara maza da mata da yawa; wasa ne mai daɗi, mai sauƙi kuma mai araha. Yana buƙatar ƙananan duwatsu bakwai masu faɗi; kowane girman dutse ya kamata ya zama ƙasa da sauran dutsen. 'Yan wasa suna sanya waɗannan duwatsun a kan wani a cikin tsari mai sauƙi har sai sun yi kama da ƙaramin hasumiya. Sannan ana buga shi da ƙwallon hannu da aka rufe da zane daga nesa mai nisa. Duk wani adadi na mutane zai iya buga wannan wasan. Wannan wasan kuma ana kiransa "Pithoo" a wasu yankuna na Indiya. '''Posham Posh''' Posham Pa wasa ne na waje da ake yi da 'yan wasa 3 ko fiye. Wannan wasan ya fi yawa a yankunan karkara na Indiya, inda yara 'yan shekara 4 zuwa 8 ke yin sa. 'Yan wasa biyu suna yin tsari irin na ƙofa ta hanyar haɗa hannayensu da kuma riƙe shi sama tare. Waɗannan 'yan wasan suna rera waƙar yayin da wasu kuma ke wucewa ta ƙofar ta hanyar gudu a kusa da 'yan wasan a layi. Da zarar waƙar ta ƙare 'yan wasan sun rufe ƙofar kuma an kama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan a cikin ƙofar. Wasan ya ƙare lokacin da aka kama dukkan yaran a ƙofar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-07 |title=Top 22 Best Outdoor Games List in India for Kids That You Didn't Know |url=https://ourlittlejoys.com/blog/outdoor-games-for-kids/ |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=Our Little Joys |language=en}}</ref> '''Lattu''' : "Sanya saman" ko " Lattu " a da shine wasan titi mafi shahara a Indiya. Har yanzu ana yin sa a wasu yankunan da ke cikin tsohon yankin birnin Udaipur . Lattu wani bangare ne na rayuwar yara a kauyukan Indiya. Wasan ya kunshi juya "lattu" (sama) - wani kayan wasan katako mai kauri mai siffar turnip tare da rabin kasa mai rabe-rabe da kusoshi biyu da aka tona a sama da kasa. Ana nade igiyar auduga a kusa da rabin kasa na "lattu" don ya yi juyi. '''Aankh Micholi''' : Idanun ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan an rufe su da mayafi kuma dole ne su nemo sauran 'yan wasan a yankin da aka ƙayyade. Mayafin yana rufe idanunsu sannan su da mutane da yawa a kusa, dole ne su tantance inda abokan hulɗarsu suke. Wani lokaci wannan wasan ana yin sa tsakanin ma'auratan ta hanyar ƙugu. Ba wasa ne mai sauƙi ba, don haka kafin fara wasan, 'yan wasa suna yin dogon numfashi suna jin ƙamshin ƙamshin abokan aurensu, inda ake kyautata zaton cewa jijiyoyi za su ceci rayuwarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Silpara |date=5 February 2012 |title=Childhood Games |url=http://www.abhayshukla.com/2012/02/05/childhood-memories-games-nostalgia/ |access-date=19 September 2016 |publisher= |archive-date=18 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918145042/http://www.abhayshukla.com/2012/02/05/childhood-memories-games-nostalgia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''Karra billa''' : Ana buga shi da ɗan wasa yana buga ƙaramin sanda mai kauri da zagaye (billa) na kimanin santimita 10 tare da sanda mai kauri da zagaye (karra) na tsawon ƙafa 1.5. Waɗannan sandunan galibi ana yin su ne da itace tare da billa ɗin suna ɗan lanƙwasa zuwa gefunansa. '''Bechhu aata''' : 'Yan mata ne ke buga wasan tare da ɗan wasa wanda ke zana babban murabba'i mai tsawon mita 4 da faɗin mita 3 da alli. Sannan, ana zana layuka kusan 5 tare da layuka a layi ɗaya da mafi guntu gefen. Kowanne daga cikin sararin da aka raba yana da faɗin kusan santimita 50. Wannan wasan ya ƙunshi tsalle a cikin kowane sarari da aka raba da ƙafa ɗaya. '''Veeri Veeri Gummadi Pandu''' Ƙungiyar yara ce ke yin wasan, sai dai biyu kawai. Mutum ɗaya (yawanci babba) da mutum ɗaya (yawanci yaro) duk suna zaune a ƙasa. Babban zai kama hannun yaron, ɗayan kuma zai rufe idanun yaron. Za su ce "Veeri Veeri Gummadi pandu, veeri peru emiti?". Yayin da wannan ke faruwa, sauran yaran za su canza tabo. Babban zai nuna hannun yaron kuma yaron zai yi hasashen ko wanene. Idan suka yi zato daidai, wani wanda ba mutumin da suka yi zato ba zai ɓuya a wani wuri. Idan suka yi zato ba daidai ba, mutumin da aka nuna masa hannun zai ɓuya. A duka hanyoyi biyu, babban zai ce "[Sunan Yara] paroopo!" Bayan yaran sun ɓuya, ana yin wasan a matsayin ɓoye da neman. == Bambance-bambancen tag == '''Sarka'''   : Wannan nau'in Tag ne wanda kowane mutum da za a kama ya haɗa hannu da "shi", kuma sarkar tana samuwa ta hanyar bin sauran a matsayin biyu. Yayin da ake kama mutane da yawa, su ma suna haɗuwa da 'yan wasan "shi", suna ƙirƙirar sarkar tsawo. Mutumin da ya kasance na ƙarshe kuma har yanzu ba ya cikin sarkar shine mai nasara. Wannan bambancin kuma ana kiransa "Blob". Waɗanda ke ƙarshen sarkar ne kawai za su iya kama wani, domin su kaɗai ne ke da hannu kyauta. Bambanci yana da sarƙoƙi huɗu da aka raba biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharatiya Games initiative to popularise traditional Indian sports ecosystem in schools - EducationTimes.com |url=https://www.educationtimes.com/article/careers-offbeat/97175139/bharatiya-games-initiative-to-popularise-traditional-indian-sports-ecosystem-in-schools |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=www.educationtimes.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kazi |first=Saad |date=2018-06-14 |title=Top 24 Most Popular Traditional Indian Games Gen Z Must Try |url=https://www.kreedon.com/traditional-indian-games/ |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=Voice of Indian Sports - KreedOn |language=en-GB}}</ref> '''<nowiki/>'Yan sandan Donga'''   : An raba 'yan wasa zuwa ƙungiyoyi ''Donga'' da ''<nowiki/>'Yan sanda'' . ''<nowiki/>'Yan sanda'' suna neman ƙungiyar ''donga'' kuma suna kawo ta wuri ɗaya sannan a yi musayar ƙungiyoyin. Donga yana nufin ɓarawo. '''Langdi Tang''' : A wani yanki da aka ƙayyade, mutum ɗaya zai yi tsalle a ƙafa ɗaya ya yi ƙoƙarin kama sauran 'yan wasan. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-09-06 |title=Indian school promotes good old childhood games |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/indian-school-promotes-good-old-childhood-games-1.2086107 |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref> '''Kabaddi''' : [[Kabaddi]] (wani lokaci ana fassara Kabbadi ko Kabadi; ( '''Telugu: {{Lang|te|కబడ్దీ}}''' ) wasa ne na ƙungiyar Kudancin Asiya. Sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Tamil ( {{Lang|ta|கை-பிடி}}, ''kai-piṭi, kama hannu'' ), wanda yayi daidai da faɗin "riƙe hannu". Ƙungiyoyi biyu suna mamaye rabin wani ƙaramin fili daban-daban kuma suna aika "mai kai hari" zuwa ɗayan rabin, don samun maki ta hanyar tunkarar membobin ƙungiyar da ke adawa da su; sannan mai kai hari ya yi ƙoƙarin komawa ga rabin nasu, yana riƙe numfashinsa yana rera kalmar "Kabaddi" a duk lokacin harin. Mai kai hari bai kamata ya ketare zauren ba sai ya taɓa ɗaya daga cikin abokan hamayyarsa. Idan ya yi haka to za a ayyana shi a matsayin "fita". Akwai kuma layin kari wanda ke tabbatar da ƙarin maki ga mai kai hari idan ya sami damar taɓa zauren kuma ya koma gefen filin cikin nasara. <ref name=":0"/> '''Kho Kho''' : Ana buga Kho kho da ƙungiyoyi biyu masu 'yan wasa 12; ƙungiya ɗaya ('yan wasa 9) tana zaune a ƙasa tsakanin sanduna biyu, ɗayan kuma tana aika membobin ƙungiyar uku. Ƙungiyar da ke zaune dole ne ta kama waɗannan 'yan wasan kafin lokaci ya kure. <ref name=":0"/> == Wasannin yara na gargajiya == Wasannin yara na gargajiya na [[Andhra Pradesh]] sun hada da Gujjana Goollu, Bikin Wasa, Ramudu Sita, Kothi Kommachi, Achenagandlu, Chendata, Chuk Chuk Pulla, Dagudu Mootalu, Gudu Gudu Gunjam, Daadi, Kappa Gantulu, Bomma Borusa, Bachaala Aata, Kiriki, London Aata, Tokkuduta, Tokkuduta, Tokkudu ( Pallanguzhi ), Chadarangam ( [[Dara (Chess)|Chess]] ), Naela Banda / Nela Banda ( Oonch Neech ), Puli Joodam, Ashta Chamma, <ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2018-07-02 |title=Meet on traditional games concludes |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2018-07-01/Meet-on-traditional-games-concludes/394219 |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Vaikuntapali ( Snakes and Ladders ), Nalugu Stambalata, Nalugu Rallu Aata - Wasan 4 duwatsu . Some more games include Galli Cricket, Dili dhandu, Dagudumuthallu, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |last4= |last5= |last6= |first6= |date=2015-11-22 |title=Traditional Childhood Games Of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.chivukulas.com/2015/11/traditional-childhood-games-of-andhra.html |access-date=2023-08-07 |language=en}}</ref> kanlaki ganthallu, thokudu billa, raja rani, Spinning top (Bongaram), viri viri gumadipandu, kappa gantulu, bomma pellilu, amma nana atta, lingosha ( Chendatta ), gudu gudu gunjam Vaikuntapali ( Macizai da Tsani ), Bandana Bhomma, tseren taya, carrom, [[Dara (Chess)|chess]], da shuttlecock . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Spend the summer in traditional fun! |url=https://www.sanskritischools.com/blog/spend-summer-traditional-fun/ |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=Sanskriti - Best School in Hyd |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2021-08-03 |title='Ancient Living' reviving lost glory of traditional games |url=https://telanganatoday.com/ancient-living-reviving-lost-glory-of-traditional-games |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke sama sun zama sun tsufa. == Duba kuma == * Wasannin gargajiya na Indiya * Wasanni a Andhra Pradesh == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} qqqczdrkhzajjrikzwwy9k6vdg6u8il 0 142875 818930 802702 2026-04-06T08:05:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Rowing_on_Canal.jpg|thumb|Nouka Baich, tseren kwale-kwale na gargajiya a Bangladesh]] '''Wasannin gargajiya na Bengali''' wasanni ne na gargajiya da ake yi a yankunan karkara na yankin tarihi na Bengal ( [[Bangladesh]] na yanzu da kuma jihar [[Bengal ta Yamma|West Bengal]] ta Indiya). Waɗannan wasannin galibi ana yin su ne a waje ba tare da isasshen albarkatu ba. Wasanni da yawa suna da kamanceceniya da sauran wasannin gargajiya na Kudancin Asiya . Wasu wasannin gargajiya na Bengali sun daɗe suna da shekaru dubbai kuma suna nuni ga salon rayuwa na tarihi. Saboda yadda birane ke ci gaba da zama, shahararrun wasannin gargajiya na Bengali suna raguwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Mahbub |date=2024-04-15 |title=Rural games are in the book, not in the field |url=https://viewsbangladesh.com/en/rural-games-are-in-the-book-not-in-the-field/ |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=Views Bangladesh |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == Wasu wasannin gargajiya na Bengali suna da dubban shekaru kuma suna nuni ga hanyoyin rayuwa na tarihi da abubuwan tarihi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="There is a reference for this claim, however, please add the appropriate reference in this spot. (March 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Misali, ana jayayya cewa wasu daga cikin waƙoƙin suna da alaƙa da wasan Gollachut, inda 'yan wasa ke gudu daga tsakiyar da'ira zuwa yankin iyaka don tsira daga abokan hamayya, na iya nufin ƙoƙarin tserewa daga bayi a lokacin [[Wayewar Kwarin Indus|wayewar Indus Valley]] ko kuma bayan haka. <ref name="Roy2016">{{Cite journal |last=Roy |first=Badal |date=March 2016 |title=A Historical Study of the Origin and Features of Some Selected Folk Games in North Bengal |url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/3874/1/Karatoya%20vol%209%20Article%20No%204.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Karatoya: North Bengal University Journal of History |volume=9 |pages=34-44 |issn=2229-4880 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601184609/https://ir.nbu.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/3874/1/Karatoya%20vol%209%20Article%20No%204.pdf |archive-date=2023-06-01 |access-date=2022-11-19}}</ref> A zamanin mulkin mallaka, wasannin gargajiya na Bengali sun ragu a shahara, yayin da al'adun wasanni na Turai suka fara tasiri ga matsakaicin aji na Bengali ( ''Bhadralok'' ). == Tseren kwale-kwale == === Nouka Baich === {{Excerpt|Nouka Baich|History|references=no}}{{Excerpt|Jobbarer Boli Khela|paragraphs=1|templates=infobox|references=no}}{{Excerpt|Jobbarer Boli Khela|History|paragraphs=1,2|references=no}}{{Excerpt|Lathi khela|History|references=no}}{{Excerpt|Butthan|paragraphs=1|templates=infobox|references=no}}{{Excerpt|Seven stones|History|paragraphs=1|references=no}}{{Excerpt|Gillidanda|History|references=no}} == Wasannin jifa == === Chungakhela === Manyan mutane kan yi wasan Chungakhela a Chittagong. 'Yan wasan suna jefa wa junansu bindigogi, suna ƙoƙarin bugun abokan hamayyarsu. Sakamakon haka, 'yan wasa na iya ƙonewa yayin da suke shiga wasan. === Gaigodani === === Satchara/Satchada/ ( Bengali ,( lit. ' ) ===    === Gulli danda === {{Excerpt|Kabaddi|paragraphs=1}}Gulli danda ( Bengali ), <ref name="Traditional rural Bengali games">{{Cite web |date=11 January 2014 |title=Traditional rural Bengali games |url=http://maamatimanush.tv/articles.php?aid=516 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810202745/http://maamatimanush.tv/articles.php?aid=516 |archive-date=2016-08-10 |website=Maa Mati Manush}}</ref> wanda aka fi sani da danguli khela, galibi samari ne ke yin wasan. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="Need a source to verify this claim. (March 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ana buga shi da ƙaramin itace da ake kira ''gulli'', da kuma wani sanda da ake kira ''danda'' . Ana amfani da ''danda'' don buga ''gulli'', wanda ɗan wasan da ke gaba da shi ke ƙoƙarin kamawa.{{Excerpt|Kanamachi|only=paragraph|references=no}} == Wasannin Hopscotch == === Ekka-dokka === Ekka-dokka ( Bengali ), <ref name="Traditional rural Bengali games"/> da aka fi sani da suna guti (গুটি), yawanci mata ne ke wasa da shi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="Need a source to verify this claim. (March 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ana buga shi da ƙaramin yanki, wanda ya fashe na tukunyar ƙasa ko yumbu mai faɗi wanda yake da murabba'i ko zagaye. A ƙasa, ana zana babban akwati mai tsayi sannan a raba shi zuwa ƙananan akwati shida. Kowane akwati yana da suna iri ɗaya, kamar ''ek-er ghor'' don akwatin farko, ''dui-er ghor'' don akwati na biyu, da sauransu har zuwa akwatuna biyar, inda akwatin na ƙarshe ake kiransa ''samundra'' . 'Yan wasan suna mirgina ''guti'' (wasan wasa) a cikin akwatin farko. Bayan haka, ɗan wasan yana juya ''guti'' da yatsunsa zuwa cikin akwati na biyu, akwatin na biyu zuwa akwatin na uku, da sauransu, har sai ya isa akwatin na biyar. Sannan, ɗan wasan yana juya ''guti'' zuwa matsayinsa na farawa. Bayan kammala zagaye ɗaya, suna mirgina ''guti'', suna farawa daga akwati na biyu. Yayin mirgina ''guti'', ɗan wasa yana rera waƙa mai suna ''ekka-dokka'' . Ana iya kawar da ɗan wasa idan ya zaɓi akwatin da bai dace ba, ya bar wurin wasansa, ya sanya ƙafafunsa biyu a cikin akwatin, ko kuma idan ''guti'' ya faɗi akan layi. == Wasannin yin rawar gani == === Raja-chor-mantri-sipahi === {{Excerpt|Kho kho|only=paragraph|paragraphs=2}}Raja-chor-mantri-sipahi ( Bengali ) <ref name="Traditional rural Bengali games"/> yawanci ana yin wasa tsakanin samari da 'yan mata. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="Need a source to verify this claim. (March 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ana buƙatar 'yan wasa huɗu don yin wannan wasan, waɗanda kowannensu zai ɗauki rawa. Matsayin huɗun su ne Raja (Sarki), Mantri (Minister), chor (ɓarawo) da sipahi (soja). Kowane hali yana da maki daban-daban. Raja yana da maki 1000, mantri yana da maki 500, sipahi yana da maki 100, kuma Chor yana da maki 0. Ana zaɓar waɗannan rawar bazuwar ta hanyar rubuta rawar a kan ƙaramin takarda sannan a jefa su a tsakiyar 'yan wasa huɗu. Ɗan wasan da ya sami Raja ya ba Mantri umarni don gano wanene chor daga sauran 'yan wasa biyu. Mantri yana samun maki idan ya sami chor daidai. In ba haka ba, maki na Mantri ba za su zama sifili ba, kuma maki na Mantri suna zuwa chor. Zagaye suna maimaita ta wannan hanyar, kuma ana rubuta maki a cikin bayanin kula. A ƙarshe, ana ƙidaya maki kuma an ayyana ɗan wasan da ya fi maki a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara. == Wasannin Ja-da-Tufafi == === Ayanga-ayanga === Wani ɗan wasa, wanda aka ba shi matsayin "damisa", ya yi tsalle gaba ya yi ƙoƙarin kama duk wani ɗan wasa, wanda aka ba shi matsayin "awaki", don ya ja su daga cikin da'irar da aka sanya su a ciki. Ɗan wasa na ƙarshe da ya rage a cikin da'irar zai zama damisa a zagaye na gaba. === Chikka === A Chikka, wanda aka fi sani da "ja da tafiya", akwai ƙungiyoyi biyu da suka taru a kowane gefen layin raba. Kowane ɗan wasan ƙungiya yana ƙoƙarin tunkuɗa ɗan wasan ƙungiyar da ke hamayya ta hanyar ja da tura juna, abokin hamayyarsa ya faɗi a ɗayan gefen layin. === Ƙarfafa Murmushi === A cikin Elating Belating, akwai ƙungiyoyi biyu waɗanda kowannensu ke yin layi ɗaya ta hanyar riƙe hannu da fuskantar juna. Kowace ƙungiya ta taka gaba tana faɗin waƙa. Da zarar ƙungiya ɗaya ta kammala waƙa, 'yan wasan suna ƙoƙarin kama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan da ke ƙungiyar da ke hamayya. Idan ƙungiyar mai ɗaukar waƙa ta sami nasarar kwace ɗan wasan da ke hamayya da ita, ƙungiyar mai ɗaukar waƙa ita ce ta yi nasara. === Morog Lorai === A Morog Lorai, dole ne 'yan wasa su yi tsalle da ƙafa ɗaya su yi ƙoƙarin kayar da sauran 'yan wasa domin su kawar da su. Ɗan wasa na ƙarshe da ya rage ya ci nasara a wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-19 |title=Our lost indigenous sports and a defective socialization process -By Sohrab Hussain |url=http://perspectivebd.com/archives/1359 |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Perspective |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Binciken Halitta na Openti === A cikin Openti Bioscope, 'yan wasa biyu suna ƙirƙirar "ƙofa" ta hanyar riƙe hannu. 'Yan wasan biyu suna rera waƙa, yayin da sauran 'yan wasan ke ƙoƙarin shiga ta ƙofar kafin a sauke ta, wanda ke faruwa a ƙarshen waƙar. == Bambance-bambancen Tag == === Bouchi === Baucchi (wanda kuma ake rubutawa Bouchi ko Boucchi) wasa ne inda wani ɗan wasa, " [[amarya]] ", ke zama a wani yanki mai nisa da yankin ƙungiyar "masu kwace amarya". A cikin nau'ikan wasan, ana iya ɗaukar amarya a matsayin "tsohuwa". <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="Need a source to verify this claim. (March 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Masu satar amarya za su iya barin yankinsu don su sanya wa 'yan wasa alama a cikin ƙungiyar "kare amarya" su kuma kawar da su, amma masu satar amarya dole ne su riƙe numfashinsu yayin da suke yin hakan; in ba haka ba masu tsaron za su iya sanya wa masu satar amarya alama. Da zarar masu satar amarya sun ƙare kuma sun sanya wa abokan hamayya da yawa alama gwargwadon iko, dole ne amarya ta gudu zuwa yankin masu satar amarya ba tare da sauran masu tsaron sun sanya mata alama ba. === Borof Paani === Borof Paani sigar Bengali ce ta alamar daskare . === Chhi-chhattar === A Chhi-chhattar, ɗan wasa ɗaya ("kite") yana kewaye da duk sauran 'yan wasa ("zakuna"). Zakuna suna samar da sarkar ɗan adam ta hanyar riƙe hannu. Zakuna na iya ƙoƙarin guduwa daga da'irar 'yan wasa, kuma ɗan wasa na farko da ya bi sawun kite ɗin ya zama kite a zagaye na gaba. <ref>[https://ir.nbu.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/4673/7/07_chapter%204.pdf Traditional Games, Sports & Amusements played in North Bengal and its Historical Background]{{Dead link|date=November 2025}}</ref> === Dariabandha === {{Excerpt|Kho kho|History|only=paragraph|paragraphs=1|references=no}}  === Golap Tagar === Wanda kuma aka sani da Phul Tokka, ana raba 'yan wasa ta hanyar nisan da ya yi daidai da layin iyaka. Ana rufe idanun 'yan wasa a gefe guda sannan a nemi su yi hasashen wane ɗan wasa a ɗayan ƙungiyar ya taɓa su a goshinsu. Idan 'yan wasa suka yi zato daidai, ana ba su damar yin tsalle gaba. Idan ɗan wasa ya yi zato ba daidai ba, abokin hamayyarsa da ya taɓa su a goshinsu zai yi tsalle gaba. Ƙungiyar farko da ta sa ɗan wasa ya wuce layin raba ta yi nasara. === Gollachut === A Gollachut ko Gollachhut, ana sanya sanda a tsakiyar da'irar mita 20, kuma 'yan wasan ƙungiyar sarki (galibi 'yan wasa takwas zuwa goma) suna yin sarka ta hanyar riƙe hannu, yayin da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan 'yan wasan ke riƙe da sandar. Sai 'yan wasan, a matsayin sarka, suka fara zagaye sandar. Wasu daga cikinsu sai su rabu da sarkar, da nufin guduwa daga da'irar ba tare da abokan hamayya sun yi musu alama ba. Ana kyautata zaton cewa wasan yana kama da ma'aikata ko bayi da ke ƙoƙarin tserewa suna aikin noma (watau niƙa amfanin gona a gidan gona). <ref name="Roy2016"/> === Ha-du-du/Kabaddi === A Holdug, wanda aka fi sani da "tag me in water", ɗan wasa ɗaya yana nutsewa a ƙarƙashin ruwa, kuma abokin hamayya na farko da ya yi tag ɗin ɗan wasan zai maye gurbinsa a zagaye na gaba na wasan. === Kanamachi === === Kho kho === Kho-kho yana ɗaya daga cikin wasannin gargajiya na Bengali da suka fi shahara. {{Excerpt|Kho kho|only=paragraph|paragraphs=2}} === Kumir danga === A cikin Kumir danga ( [[Yaren Bengali|Bengali]] : কুমির ডাঁঙ্গা), duk ɗan wasa yana tsaye a wani yanki da aka keɓe. 'Yan wasan suna ƙoƙarin fita su zauna a wajen wannan yanki ba tare da an yi musu alama da ɗan wasan a wajen yankin ba. === Langdi === A Langdi ko Langdi tang, dole ne mai harbin ya yi tsalle da ƙafa ɗaya, yayin da abokin hamayyarsa dole ne ya yi gudu a cikin iyakokin ƙaramin fili. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maa Mati Manush :: M3 Leads - Traditional rural Bengali games |url=http://maamatimanush.tv/articles.php?aid=516 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810202745/http://maamatimanush.tv/articles.php?aid=516 |archive-date=2016-08-10 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=maamatimanush.tv}}</ref>{{Excerpt|Langdi (sport)|only=paragraph|paragraphs=2|references=no}} === Lathie chhora === A Lathie chhora, 'yan wasa suna hawa kan bishiya tare da ɗayansu yana jefa sanda daga bishiyar. Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa yana ɗauko sandar sannan ya taɓa bishiyar. A halin yanzu, duk sauran 'yan wasan suna hawa kan bishiya yayin da suke ƙoƙarin guje wa alamar mai ɗaukar sandar.{{Excerpt|Nuntaa (game)|paragraphs=1|references=no}}{{Excerpt|Snakes and ladders|History|paragraphs=1}}{{Excerpt|Carrom|History|only=paragraph|paragraphs=1|references=no}} * Guli ( Bengali ) * Luko-churi ( Bengali ) - equ An yi wasa a kan allo wanda aka zana a cikin ƙasa ko da alli (yawanci grid ko tsari mai tushen alwatika). yayi daidai da [[Hide-and-seek|ɓoyewa da nema]] . * Lattu ( Bengali ) * Gutidara ( Bengali ) == Duba kuma == * Wasannin gargajiya na Indiya * Ga . mes na gargajiya na Pakistan * Wasannin gargajiya na Kudancin Asiya == Bayanan kula == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] th9cg6x3shfijyf2tf7ikkinqvvedm9 0 142900 818925 802756 2026-04-06T07:24:24Z BnHamid 12586 818925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Harshen Kurame na Kudancin Rupununi''' yare ne na ƙauyen ƙauye wanda aka yi amfani da shi aƙalla ƙauyuka bakwai na [[Wapishana]] tare da babban matakin kurma. Ƙauyukan suna kudu da garin [[Guyana]]" id="mwCA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Lethem, Guyana">Lethem a cikin [[Rupununi savannah]] na Guyana da [[Brazil]]. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Harsuna]] b1wyao4jhmhyf4p30te3zp8sgftfldd 0 142927 818931 802820 2026-04-06T08:07:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Cuba]] tana da wasannin gargajiya da dama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-20 |title=Juegos o juguetes que marcaron la infancia de los cubanos |url=https://www.cubalite.com/juegos-o-juguetes-que-marcaron-la-infancia-de-los-cubanos/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Cubalite |language=es}}</ref> == Wasannin gargajiya == === Bolas === Bolas ya ƙunshi mahalarta su yi harbin marmara domin su kusanci juna gwargwadon iyawa. <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |last=RedaccionCuba |date=2021-07-29 |title=10 juegos tradicionales de la infancia en Cuba que todo cubano conoce |url=https://www.dimecuba.com/revista/cubanos/juegos-tradicionales-ninos-en-cuba/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Revista DimeCuba |language=es}}</ref> === Domino na Cuba === Dominoes na ƙasar Cuba wasa ne da ƙungiyoyi biyu na 'yan wasa biyu ke yi, inda manufarsu ita ce su kai wani matsayi ta amfani da dominoes ɗinsu da sauri. === El quemado === Wasan yayi kama da wasan dodgeball . <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |last=RedaccionCuba |date=2021-07-29 |title=10 juegos tradicionales de la infancia en Cuba que todo cubano conoce |url=https://www.dimecuba.com/revista/cubanos/juegos-tradicionales-ninos-en-cuba/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Revista DimeCuba |language=es}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRedaccionCuba2021">RedaccionCuba (2021-07-29). [https://www.dimecuba.com/revista/cubanos/juegos-tradicionales-ninos-en-cuba/ "10 juegos tradicionales de la infancia en Cuba que todo cubano conoce"]. ''Revista DimeCuba'' (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-26</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> === Wasannin motsa jiki === Wannan wasan wani nau'in ƙwallon ƙafa ne na titi wanda ƙungiyoyi biyu masu 'yan wasa uku ke bugawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-19 |title=Del cuatro-esquinas al fútbol de tres |url=https://www.cibercuba.com/noticias/2015/03/19/del-cuatro-esquinas-al-futbol-de-tres |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=CiberCuba |language=es}}</ref> == Wasannin jemage-da-ball == === Cuatro esquinas === [[Fayil:Cuba_Baseball5_game.jpg|thumb|Wasan baseball na 5, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga cuatro esquinas, ana buga shi a Havana.]] Cuatro esquinas (transl. four corners) is a variation of baseball in which the only equipment used is a rubber ball. Players hit the ball using their hands and then attempt to run around the four corners of a square to score, with gameplay being similar to baseball.<ref>name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2016-03-07 |title=Playing on the streets of Cuba » LaHabana.com |url=https://www.lahabana.com/content/playing-streets-cuba/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=LaHabana.com |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Baseball5 is an internationally played sport invented by the World Baseball Softball Confederation which is partially based on this game.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Baseball Softball Confederation |url=https://www.wbsc.org/en/organisation/baseball5/history/the-beginnings-of-a-new-game |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=www.wbsc.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Márquez |first=Henry Morales |date=2021-02-26 |title=Briandy Molina, del cuatro esquinas callejero al Baseball 5 |url=https://playoffmagazine.com/briandy-molina-del-cuatro-esquinas-callejero-al-baseball-5/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Play-Off Magazine |language=es}}</ref> === Taco na Juego === El juego del taco (wasan fassara wanda ya ƙunshi jemage) wasa ne mai kama da wasan baseball da wasan kurket na titi . <ref>name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2016-03-07 |title=Playing on the streets of Cuba » LaHabana.com |url=https://www.lahabana.com/content/playing-streets-cuba/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=LaHabana.com |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.lahabana.com/content/playing-streets-cuba/ "Playing on the streets of Cuba » LaHabana.com"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126191422/https://www.lahabana.com/content/playing-streets-cuba/ |date=2022-11-26 }}. ''LaHabana.com''. 2016-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} pwe5fpeit1vft2tij4h3zkhfrppssfq 0 143527 818751 804480 2026-04-05T17:57:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dame Lesley Lawson''' (née '''Hornby'''; ''An haife ta'' a ranar 19 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1949), wacce aka fi sani da sunan laƙabi na '''Twiggy''', 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ingila, kuma mawaƙa ce. Ta kasance gunkin al'adun Burtaniya kuma sanannen samfurin matasa a lokacin "swinging sittin" a London. Twiggy an fara saninta da tsayi da kuma bayyanar androgynous, wanda aka dauka sakamakon manyan idanunta, dogon ido, da gajeren gashi. An ba ta suna "The Face of 1966" ta Daily Express kuma an zabe ta a matsayin mace ta Burtaniya ta Shekara. <ref name="twig site">{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Biography |url=http://www.twiggylawson.co.uk/biography.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010153623/http://www.twiggylawson.co.uk/biography.html |archive-date=10 October 2012 |access-date=1 May 2010 |website=Twiggy – The Official Site}}</ref><ref name="twigbiochannel">{{Cite web |title=Twiggy biography |url=http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/twiggy.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626055231/http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/twiggy.html |archive-date=26 June 2010 |website=[[The Biography Channel (UK & Ireland)|Thebiographychannel.co.uk]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 1967, ta yi samfurin a Faransa, Japan, da Amurka, kuma ta bayyana a kan murfin ''Vogue'' da The ''Tatler''; sunanta ya bazu a duk duniya.<ref name="twigbiochannel" /> Bayan yin samfurin, Twiggy ta sami nasarar aiki a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, mataki, da talabijin. Matsayinta a cikin The Boy Friend (1971) ya sami lambar yabo ta Golden Globe sau biyu. A shekara ta 1983, ta fara bugawa Broadway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na My One and Only, wanda ta sami kyautar Tony don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau a cikin Musical . Daga baya ta dauki bakuncin jerin nata, Twiggy's People, inda ta yi hira da fitattun mutane, kuma ta bayyana a matsayin alƙali a cikin shirin gaskiya na Amurka na gaba. Littafin rayuwarta na 1998 Twiggy in Black and White ya shiga jerin sunayen mafi kyawun sayarwa.<ref name="twig site"/> Daga shekara ta 2005 zuwa gaba, ta yi samfurin Marks da Spencer, tana bayyana a tallace-tallace na talabijin da kafofin watsa labarai. An yaba wa Twiggy saboda nasarar da kamfanin ya samu a wannan lokacin. == Ayyukan samfurin (1965-1970) == === 1965–1967 === Twiggy na ɗaya daga cikin manyan samfuran duniya na farko kuma alama ce ta zamani ta shekarun 1960. Babban tasirin ta shine Jean Shrimpton, wanda Twiggy ya dauka a matsayin supermodel na farko a duniya. <ref name="dickinson">{{Cite web |title=Dickinson 1st Supermodel? Not! Says Twiggy |url=http://channels.isp.netscape.com/celebrity/hollywoodexclusive.jsp?feature=ce_hol_09212005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104045023/http://channels.isp.netscape.com/celebrity/hollywoodexclusive.jsp?feature=ce_hol_09212005 |archive-date=4 January 2013 |access-date=1 May 2010 |publisher=Channels.isp.netscape.com}}</ref> Ta ce ta dogara da "gidan" ta a kan Pattie Boyd . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Bob Spitz}}</ref> An bayyana Twiggy kanta a matsayin magajin Shrimpton. A watan Janairun 1966, tana da shekaru 16, an canza gashin kanta kuma an yanke ta a London a Leonard na Mayfair, <ref>{{Cite web |last=sentimentalsusan |date=10 November 2008 |title=Twiggy & Leonard of London ~ ''HairDo Magazine'' 1967 |url=http://modsixties.5forum.net/susan-camp-editors-updates-f9/twiggy-leonard-of-london-hairdo-magazine-1967-t544.htm |access-date=1 May 2010 |website=Modsixties.5forum.net}}</ref> mallakar sanannen mai gyaran gashi Leonard. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 1966 |title=Fashion |url=http://www.twiggylawson.co.uk/fashion.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331162615/http://www.twiggylawson.co.uk/fashion.html |archive-date=31 March 2016 |access-date=1 May 2010 |website=Twiggy – The Official Site}}</ref> Mai gyaran gashi yana neman samfuran da za su gwada sabon gyaran gashinsa kuma ya gyaran gashinta a shirye-shiryen wasu gwaje-gwaje. Wani kwararren mai daukar hoto Barry Lategan ya dauki hotuna da yawa ga Leonard, wanda mai gyaran gashi ya rataye a cikin salon sa. Deirdre McSharry, wani ɗan jarida na zamani daga Daily Express, ya ga hotuna kuma ya nemi ya sadu da yarinyar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2009 |title=Twiggy |url=http://blog.fidmmuseum.org/museum/2009/11/twiggy-.html |access-date=1 May 2010 |publisher=FIDM Museum Blog |archive-date=26 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726052712/http://blog.fidmmuseum.org/museum/2009/11/twiggy-.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> McSharry ya shirya don a dauki karin hotuna. Bayan 'yan makonni, littafin ya ƙunshi wani labarin da hotuna na Hornby, yana bayyana ta "The Face of '66". A ciki, kwafin ya karanta: "Kayan Cockney tare da fuska don ƙaddamar da siffofi dubu... kuma tana da shekara 16 kawai". Ayyukan Hornby da sauri ya tashi. Ta kasance takaice ga samfurin a 5 ft 6 in (1.68 , ta auna maki shida biyar kg; 91 kuma tana da 31-23-32 (79-58-81 cm) adadi, "tare da sabon nau'in sauƙi, roƙon jima'i". Saurayinta mai gyaran gashi, Nigel Davies, ya zama manajanta, ya canza sunansa zuwa Justin na Villeneuve, kuma ya rinjayi ta canza sunanta zuwa Twiggy (daga "Twigs", sunanta na yarinta). De Villeneuve ya yaba da kansa saboda binciken Twiggy da nasarar da ta samu, kuma ana yawan ambaton abubuwan da suka faru a wasu tarihin rayuwa. A cikin littafinta na 1998 Twiggy In Black and White, ta ce ta sadu da Justin ta hanyar ɗan'uwansa, lokacin da ta yi aiki a matsayin yarinya Asabar a masu gyaran gashi a London. A nan ne ta fara ganin samfuran a cikin mujallu, amma ba ta taɓa tunanin za ta iya yin wani abu kamar haka ba. Jean Shrimpton ita ce gunkinta, don haka ta girma gashin kanta ya yi kama da ita, kafin Barry Lategan ya yanke shi don hotunan kansa. Shekaru goma da ta fi girma, De Villeneuve ta gudanar da aikinta mai fa'ida na tsawon shekaru bakwai, tana kula da kudinta da kamfaninta a lokacin da take da kyau a matsayin abin koyi.&nbsp; Ba da daɗewa ba aka ga Twiggy a cikin dukkan manyan mujallu na zamani, yana ba da umarni na £ 80 a awa ɗaya, yana fitar da nasa layin tufafi da ake kira "Twiggy Dresses" a cikin 1967, [1] kuma yana ɗaukar duniyar zamani ta guguwa. [2] "Na ƙi abin da na yi kama da shi, "ta ce sau ɗaya, "don haka na yi tunanin kowa ya yi hauka sosai. " [3] Fuskar Twiggy ta kasance a kan halaye uku: siffarta mai laushi, ɗan gajeren gashi da ƙuƙwalwar ido mai duhu. [4] An sami sa hannu a wani bangare ta hanyar amfani da yadudduka uku na gashin ido na ƙarya.[5] Wata daya bayan labarin Daily Express, Twiggy ta tsaya don harbi na farko ga ''Vogue''. Tun daga wannan lokacin ta bayyana a kan murfin Vogue (da kuma bugu da yawa na duniya) sau 14.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-05 |title=Twiggy Throughout the Years in Vogue |url=https://voguegraphy.wordpress.com/2016/02/05/twiggy-throughout-the-years-in-vogue/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=VOGUEGRAPHY |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] s2sw1t9drw4i4z45hpt0q2xparsxlbh 0 143538 818802 804493 2026-04-05T20:37:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vatma Vall Mint Soueina''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta 1977) mace ce 'yar siyasa '[[Muritaniya|yar ƙasar Mauritania]] wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Waje a shekarar 2015, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Dabbobi daga shekarun 2015 zuwa 2018. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Mint Soueina a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta 1977 a Ayoun el Atrous. <ref name="livestock">{{Cite web |title=Ministre de l'Elevage |trans-title=Minister of Livestock |url=https://fr.ami.mr/Membre-Gouvernement-50 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013185847/http://fr.ami.mr/Membre-Gouvernement-50 |archive-date=13 October 2018 |access-date=17 June 2025 |publisher=Agence Mauritanienne d'Information |language=French}}</ref> Ita memba ce a cikin ruƙunin maƙera. <ref name="wpr">{{Cite web |last=Boukhars |first=Anouar |date=16 June 2016 |title=As Threats Mount, Can Mauritania's Fragile Stability Hold? |url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/19084/as-threats-mount-can-mauritania-s-fragile-stability-hold |access-date=9 February 2017 |website=World Politics Review}}</ref> Ta yi karatu a Lycée National da ke [[Nouakchott]] kafin ta sami digiri na biyu a Turanci daga Jami'ar Nouakchott a shekarar 2001. <ref name="livestock" /> == Aiki == Soueina malamar Turanci ce ta makarantar sakandare daga shekarun 2001 zuwa 2005, kafin ta zama Farfesa a Nazarin Amurka da Adabi a Jami'ar Nouakchott a shekarar 2005. <ref name="livestock"/> A shekarar 2014, ta zama Ministar Al'adu da Sana'o'in hannu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2014 |title=VATMA VALL MINT SOUEINA RÉAFFIRME L'ENGAGEMENT DE L'ETAT À PERPÉTUER LE RAYONNEMENT DES VILLES ANCIENNES |url=http://adrar-info.net/?p=26755 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080639/http://adrar-info.net/?p=26755 |archive-date=11 February 2017 |access-date=9 February 2017 |website=Adrar |language=French}}</ref> An naɗa Soueina a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Waje a watan Janairun 2015. <ref name="wpr"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2015 |title=Une équipe féminine dirige la diplomatie mauritanienne |trans-title=A team of women leads Mauritania's diplomacy |url=http://www.fr.alakhbar.info/9851-0-Une-equipe-feminine-dirige-la-diplomatie-mauritanienne.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707091955/http://fr.alakhbar.info/9851-0-Une-equipe-feminine-dirige-la-diplomatie-mauritanienne.html |archive-date=7 July 2015 |access-date=9 February 2017 |publisher=Alakhbar |language=French}}</ref> Ta jagoranci zaman Majalisar Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Larabawa karo na 142 <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2015 |title=Jordan presides over 143rd session of the Arab League Council's meeting |url=http://www.petra.gov.jo/public_news/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Menu_ID=&Site_Id=2&lang=2&NewsID=186052&CatID=13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080446/http://www.petra.gov.jo/public_news/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Menu_ID=&Site_Id=2&lang=2&NewsID=186052&CatID=13 |archive-date=2017-02-11 |access-date=9 February 2017 |agency=Jordan News Agency}}</ref> da kuma zaman Majalisar Zartarwa ta [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] karo na 26 a [[Addis Ababa]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bazié |first=Grégoire B. |date=27 January 2015 |title=Union africaine : Réaliser de réels progrès sur l'autonomisation des femmes en 2015 |trans-title=African Union: Making real progress on women's empowerment in 2015 |url=https://lefaso.net/spip.php?article62969 |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=Ouaga FM |language=French}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2015, a wani garambawul da Shugaba Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz ya yi wa majalisar ministoci, an maye gurbinta da [[Hamadi Ould Meimou]] kuma ta zama Ministan Kiwo. <ref name="livestock"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2015 |title=Mauritania: Cabinet reshuffle affecting ministries of Interior and Foreign Affairs |url=https://www.agenceecofin.com/finance/0509-32080-mauritania-cabinet-reshuffle-affecting-ministries-of-interior-and-foreign-affairs |access-date=9 February 2017 |publisher=Agence Ecofin}}</ref> Soueina ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Kiwo har zuwa lokacin da aka yi wa majalisar ministoci garambawul a watan Oktoban 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Mauritanian Cabinet announced |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/new-mauritanian-cabinet-announced/1298246 |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin jakadiyar [[Ivory Coast]] daga shekarun 2019 zuwa 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-22 |title=Cérémonie de présentation des Lettres de créance de l'Ambassadeur de la République islamique de Mauritanie en Côte d'Ivoire, S.E.Mme VATMA Vall Soueina – Présidence de la république de Côte d'ivoire |trans-title=Ceremony of the Presentation of Credentials of the Ambassador of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania to Côte d'Ivoire, Her Excellency VATMA Vall Soueina |url=https://www.presidence.ci/espace_media/ceremonie-de-presentation-des-lettres-de-creance-de-lambassadeur-de-la-republique-islamique-de-mauritanie-en-cote-divoire-s-e-mme-vatma-vall-soueina/ |access-date=2021-09-29 |website=President of the Ivory Coast |language=fr-FR }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-01 |title=Diplomatie : L'ambassadeur de la Mauritanie, Soueina Vatma Vall, fait ses adieux au President Ouattara |trans-title=Diplomacy: the Mauritanian ambassador says goodbye to President Ouattara |url=https://www.gouv.ci/_actualite-article.php?recordID=12189 |access-date=2021-09-29 |website=Government of the Ivory Coast |language=fr}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Soueina ta yi aure. <ref name="livestock"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] evsabij5z5bsu72rrx2orfvufw6n753 0 144271 818798 806449 2026-04-05T20:00:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dame Uta Frith''' (née '''Aurnhammer'''; an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1941 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Who's Who 2023 |url=https://www.ukwhoswho.com/search?q=Uta+Frith&searchBtn=Search&isQuickSearch=true |website=www.ukwhoswho.com}}</ref>) masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ne na Jamusanci da Burtaniya kuma farfesa ne mai daraja a ci gaban fahimta a Cibiyar Nazarin Neuroscience a Kwalejin Jami'ar London (UCL). Ta jagoranci yawancin bincike na yanzu game da autism da [[Rashin jituwa|dyslexia]]. Littafinta Autism: Explaining the Enigma ya gabatar da ilimin kimiyyar kwakwalwa na autism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leekam |first=Susan R. |date=May 1991 |title=Book Review: Autism: Explaining the Enigma |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14640749108400972a |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=301–302 |doi=10.1080/14640749108400972 |s2cid=149418391 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |year=2003 |title=Book Reviews: Autism: Explaining the enigma By Uta Frith |journal=[[British Journal of Developmental Psychology]] |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=465–468 |doi=10.1348/026151003322277801}}</ref> An yaba mata da ƙirƙirar Gwajin Sally-Anne tare da 'yan uwanta masana kimiyya Alan Leslie da Simon Baron-Cohen . <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Korkiakangas |first=Terhi |last2=Dindar |first2=Katja |last3=Laitila |first3=Aarno |last4=Kärnä |first4=Eija |date=November 2016 |title=The Sally-Anne test: an interactional analysis of a dyadic assessment |journal=International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=685–702 |doi=10.1111/1460-6984.12240 |issn=1460-6984 |pmid=27184176}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2017-12-13 |title=Professor Uta Frith - Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health |url=https://www.acamh.org/freeview/professor-uta-frith/ |access-date=2020-04-24 |website=ACAMH |archive-date=2020-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815185127/https://www.acamh.org/freeview/professor-uta-frith/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga cikin daliban da ta jagoranci sune Tony Attwood, Maggie Snowling, Simon Baron-Cohen da Francesca Happé . == Ilimi == An haifi Uta Aurnhammer a [[:de:Liste Rockenhausener Persönlichkeiten|Rockenhausen]], wani karamin gari a cikin tsaunuka tsakanin [[Luksamburg|Luxembourg]] da Mannheim a Jamus. Ta halarci Jami'ar Saarland da ke Saarbrücken tare da shirin farko na iliminta na kasancewa a tarihin fasaha, amma ta canza zuwa ilimin halayyar gwaji bayan ta koyi game da yanayin ta.<ref name="ucl.ac.uk">{{Cite web |date=25 May 1941 |title=Professor Uta Frith |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/histmed/audio/neuroscience/frith |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529080334/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/histmed/audio/neuroscience/frith |archive-date=29 May 2018 |access-date=10 June 2015 |publisher=University College London}}</ref> An yi wahayi zuwa gare ta ta ta hanyar aikin masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam, Hans Eysenck (wanda ya fallasa psychoanalysis) kuma ya yanke shawarar horar da ilimin halayya na asibiti a Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya a London. <ref name="forty-years" /> Yayinda take a makarantar, Jack Rachman ne ya koya mata, daya daga cikin masu gabatarwa na maganin halayyar.<ref name="forty-years" /> Ta ci gaba da kammala Dokta na Falsafa, a kan gano tsari a cikin yara masu cutar autistic, a cikin 1968. <ref name="forty-years">{{Cite journal |last=Bishop |first=D. V. M. |year=2008 |title=Forty years on: Uta Frith's contribution to research on autism and dyslexia, 1966–2006 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=16–26 |doi=10.1080/17470210701508665 |pmc=2409181 |pmid=18038335}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frith |first=Uta |year=1970 |title=Studies in pattern detection in normal and autistic children. I. Immediate recall of auditory sequences |journal=[[Journal of Abnormal Psychology]] |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=413–420 |doi=10.1037/h0020133 |pmid=5490707}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frith |first=U. |year=1970 |title=Studies in pattern detection in normal and autistic children |journal=[[Journal of Experimental Child Psychology]] |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=120–135 |doi=10.1016/0022-0965(70)90049-4 |pmid=5459646}}</ref> Neil O'Connor da Beate Hermelin ne suka jagoranci Frith, a lokacin da ta fara aiki, kuma ta bayyana su a matsayin majagaba a fagen autism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Looking back: My mentors Beate Hermelin and Neil O'Connor |url=https://sites.google.com/site/utafrith/looking-back- |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215164311/https://sites.google.com/site/utafrith/looking-back- |archive-date=15 December 2017 |access-date=10 June 2015}}</ref> == Bincike == Binciken Frith ya shirya hanya don ganewar ka'idar raunin hankali a cikin autism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Askham, A. V. |date=2022 |title='Theory of mind' in autism: A research field reborn. |url=https://www.spectrumnews.org/features/deep-dive/theory-of-mind-in-autism-a-research-field-reborn/}}</ref> A shekara ta 1985, yayin da take memba na Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya (MRC-CDU) a Landan, ta buga tare da Alan M. Leslie da Simon Baron-Cohen labarin "Shin yaron mai cutar autism yana da 'ka'idar tunani'?", wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa mutanen da ke fama da cutar autism suna da takamaiman matsaloli wajen fahimtar imani wasu mutane da sha'awa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baron-Cohen |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Baron-Cohen |last2=Leslie |first2=Alan M. |author-link2=Alan M. Leslie |last3=Frith |first3=Uta |date=October 1985 |title=Does the autistic child have a "theory of mind"? |journal=[[Cognition (journal)|Cognition]] |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=37–46 |doi=10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 |pmid=2934210 |s2cid=14955234}}</ref> Wannan takarda ta yi amfani da aikin imani na ƙarya wanda Joseph Perner ya kirkira a 1983. Frith, da abokan aikinta, sun kirkiro ra'ayoyi biyu na autism.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Uta Frith |url=https://www.psychologicalscience.org/publications/observer/25at25/uta-frith.html |access-date=2020-04-24 |website=Association for Psychological Science - APS}}</ref> Na farko shine "rashin tunani", rashin ikon bin diddigin yanayin tunanin wasu tare da tushe a cikin kwakwalwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frith, U. |date=2012 |title=Why we need cognitive explanations of autism. |journal=Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology |volume=65 |issue=11 |pages=2073–2092 |doi=10.1080/17470218.2012.697178 |pmid=22906000 |s2cid=46644086}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frith, C.D. |last2=Frith, U. |date=2006 |title=The neural basis of mentalizing. |journal=[[Neuron (journal)|Neuron]] |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=531–534 |doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2006.05.001 |pmid=16701204 |s2cid=16198411 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Na biyu shine "raunin tsakiya na tsakiya" wanda ta ba da shawarar cewa mutanen da ke fama da autism sun fi mutanen da ke da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin bayanai, amma mafi muni a haɗa bayanai daga tushe daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Happé |first=F. |author-link=Francesca Happé |last2=Frith |first2=U. |year=2006 |title=The Weak Coherence Account: Detail-focused Cognitive Style in Autism Spectrum Disorders |journal=[[Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders]] |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=5–25 |doi=10.1007/s10803-005-0039-0 |pmid=16450045 |s2cid=14999943}}</ref> Frith na ɗaya daga cikin masana kimiyyar kwakwalwa na farko da suka gane autism "a matsayin yanayin kwakwalwa maimakon sakamakon iyaye masu sanyi". Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mutane na farko a Burtaniya don nazarin cutar Asperger, a MRC-CDU London . Ayyukanta sun kuma mayar da hankali kan ci gaban karatu, rubutun kalmomi da dyslexia.<ref name="forty-years"/> Frith ya kai farmaki ga ka'idar cewa dyslexia tana da alaƙa da rashin hankali ko kuma ta haifar da raunin motsi. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Frith, U. |date=1999 |title=Paradoxes in the definition of dyslexia . |journal=Dyslexia |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=192–214 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-0909(199912)5:4<192::AID-DYS144>3.0.CO;2-N}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=White, S. |last2=Milne, E. |last3=Rosen. |last4=Hansen, P. |last5=Swettenham, J. |last6=Frith, U. |last7=Ramus, F. |date=2006 |title=The role of sensorimotor impairments in dyslexia: a multiple case study of dyslexic children |journal=[[Developmental Science]] |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=237–255 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-7687.2006.00483.x |pmid=16669791}}</ref> A cikin littafinta game da rubutun kalmomi, ta nuna cewa wasu mutane na iya zama cikakkun masu karatu, amma masu rubutun kalmomi marasa kyau, ƙungiyar dyslexics da ba a san su ba. <ref name="forty-years" /> Binciken da ta yi, tare da na Maggie Snowling, ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke fama da dyslexia suna fama da sarrafa sauti.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frith |first=Uta |last2=Snowling |first2=Maggie |date=23 November 2007 |title=Reading for meaning and reading for sound in autistic and dyslexic children |journal=[[British Journal of Developmental Psychology]] |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=329–342 |doi=10.1111/j.2044-835x.1983.tb00906.x |issn=0261-510X}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> A cikin 1995 Frith, Paulesu, Snowling da abokan aiki sun gudanar da ɗaya daga cikin binciken hotunan kwakwalwa na farko tare da manya masu dyslexic suna nuna cewa, yayin kammala ayyukan da ke buƙatar sarrafa sauti, mutanen da ke fama da dyslexia suna nuna rashin haɗin aiki a cikin hanyar sadarwar harshe na kwakwalwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paulesu, E. |last2=Frith, U. |last3=Snowling, M. |last4=Gallagher, A. |last5=Morris, J. |last6=Frackowiak, R. |last7=Frith, C.D. |date=1995 |title=Is developmental dyslexia a disconnection syndrome? Evidence from PET scanning. |journal=[[Brain (journal)|Brain]] |volume=119 |pages=143–158 |doi=10.1093/brain/119.1.143 |pmid=8624677}}</ref> An goyi bayan Frith a duk lokacin da ta yi aiki ta hanyar Cibiyar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya a Kwalejin Jami'ar London.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-10 |title=Spotlight on Uta Frith |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/staff/staff-news/10072013-spotlightonutafrith}}</ref> Ta kasance mai haɗin gwiwa a Cibiyar Interacting Minds a Jami'ar Aarhus da ke Denmark .<ref>{{Cite web |title=interactingminds.au.dk |url=http://interactingminds.au.dk/ |website=interactingminds.au.dk}}</ref> Manufar cibiyar ita ce samar da dandamali na horo, wanda za'a iya nazarin fannoni da yawa na hulɗar ɗan adam. Aikin ya dogara ne a wani bangare a kan takarda da aka rubuta tare da Chris Frith: "Interacting Minds - a Biological Basis".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frith |first=C.D. |last2=Frith, U. |date=26 November 1999 |title=Interacting minds—a biological basis |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=286 |issue=5445 |pages=1692–1695 |doi=10.1126/science.286.5445.1692 |pmid=10576727}}</ref> Daga cikin daliban da ta jagoranci sune Tony Attwood, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tony Attwood personal website |url=http://www.tonyattwood.com.au |access-date=10 June 2015 |website=www.tonyattwood.com.au}}</ref> Maggie Snowling, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Maggie Snowling |url=https://www.sjc.ox.ac.uk/discover/people/professor-maggie-snowling/ |website=St John's College}}</ref> Simon Baron-Cohen <ref>{{Cite web |title=Simon Baron-Cohen University of Cambridge staff profile |url=http://www.neuroscience.cam.ac.uk/directory/profile.php?sb205 |access-date=10 June 2015 |website=www.neuroscience.cam.ac.uk}}</ref> da Francesca Happé <ref>{{Cite web |title=Francesca Happé IOP staff profile |url=http://www.iop.kcl.ac.uk/staff/profile/default.aspx?go=10942 |access-date=10 June 2015 |website=www.iop.kcl.ac.uk}}</ref> . == Taimako mata a kimiyya == Frith ta karfafa ci gaban mata a kimiyya, a wani bangare ta hanyar bunkasa cibiyar sadarwar tallafi da ake kira Science & Shopping, [1] wanda take fatan zai "karfafa mata su raba ra'ayoyi da bayanai da ke motsawa da nishaɗi". [2] Ta kuma kafa cibiyar sadarutar mata ta UCL, "cibiyar sadarwar jama'a da zamantakewa ga ma'aikatan ilimi (postdocs da sama) a STEM a UCL", a watan Janairun 2013.[3][4] A shekara ta 2015 an nada ta shugabar Kwamitin Bambancin Royal Society, a lokacin da ta rubuta game da nuna bambanci da kuma yadda yake shafar abin da masana kimiyya ke karɓar tallafi. [5][6] == A cikin kafofin watsa labarai == A ranar 11 ga Mayu 2012 Frith ya bayyana a matsayin baƙo a cikin shirin hira na talabijin na PBS ''Charlie Rose'' na Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2012 |title=Autism - Charlie Rose |url=https://charlierose.com/videos/15078 |access-date=26 November 2023 |publisher=charlierose.com}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga watan Disamba ta bayyana a matsayin baƙo a cikin shirin "Brain" na BBC Two's Dara Ó Briain's Science Club . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Professor Uta Frith on BBC2 Dara O Briain's Science Club |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0124k6t |access-date=4 December 2012 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Maris 2013, ta kasance baƙo a BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Professor Uta Frith on BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs |url=http://www.bps.org.uk/news/professor-uta-frith-bbc-radio-4s-desert-island |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022020002/http://www.bps.org.uk/news/professor-uta-frith-bbc-radio-4s-desert-island |archive-date=22 October 2013 |access-date=5 April 2013 |publisher=bps.org.uk}}</ref> A cikin 2013 Frith ya rubuta game da ganuwar mata a kimiyya, ta hanyar inganta nune-nunen a kan hotunan masanin kimiyya na mata a The Royal Society . [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] qhlq7htx88hvcflkwiuhgzmfwy5xi2r 0 144329 818838 806581 2026-04-05T23:36:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Veronica van Heyningen''' (née Daniel; born 12 November 1946, Békéscsaba, [[Hungariya|Hungary]]<ref name="van Heyningen"/>) is an English geneticist who specialises in the etiology of anophthalmia as an honorary professor at University College London (UCL).<ref name="tls">{{Cite web |title=Veronica van Heyningen, The Life Scientific - BBC Radio 4 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03z9k48 |website=Bbc.co.uk |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref name="off">Veronica Van Heyningen {{Official website}}</ref> She previously served as head of medical genetics at the MRC Human Genetics Unit in Edinburgh and the president of The Genetics Society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medical Research Council |url=http://www.hgu.mrc.ac.uk/people/veronica.van.heyningen.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212091720/http://www.hgu.mrc.ac.uk/people/veronica.van.heyningen.html |archive-date=12 December 2013 |access-date=2013-12-08 |publisher=Hgu.mrc.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hill |first=R. E. |last2=Favor |first2=J |last3=Hogan |first3=B. L. |last4=Ton |first4=C. C. |last5=Saunders |first5=G. F. |last6=Hanson |first6=I. M. |last7=Prosser |first7=J |last8=Jordan |first8=T |last9=Hastie |first9=N. D. |author-link9=Nicholas Hastie |last10=Van Heyningen |first10=V |author-link10=Veronica van Heyningen |year=1991 |title=Mouse small eye results from mutations in a paired-like homeobox-containing gene |journal=Nature |volume=354 |issue=6354 |pages=522–5 |bibcode=1991Natur.354..522H |doi=10.1038/354522a0 |pmid=1684639 |s2cid=4317526}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pritchard-Jones |first=K |last2=Fleming |first2=S |last3=Davidson |first3=D |last4=Bickmore |first4=W |last5=Porteous |first5=D |last6=Gosden |first6=C |last7=Bard |first7=J |last8=Buckler |first8=A |last9=Pelletier |first9=J |last10=Housman |first10=D |last11=Van Heyningen |first11=Veronica |author-link11=Veronica van Heyningen |last12=Hastie |first12=Nicholas |author-link12=Nicholas Hastie |year=1990 |title=The candidate Wilms' tumour gene is involved in genitourinary development |journal=Nature |volume=346 |issue=6280 |pages=194–7 |bibcode=1990Natur.346..194P |doi=10.1038/346194a0 |pmid=2164159 |s2cid=4350729}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ton |first=C. C. |last2=Hirvonen |first2=H |last3=Miwa |first3=H |last4=Weil |first4=M. M. |last5=Monaghan |first5=P |last6=Jordan |first6=T |last7=Van Heyningen |first7=V |last8=Hastie |first8=N. D. |last9=Meijers-Heijboer |first9=H |last10=Drechsler |first10=M |year=1991 |title=Positional cloning and characterization of a paired box- and homeobox-containing gene from the aniridia region |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/28976/3/0000003.pdf |journal=Cell |volume=67 |issue=6 |pages=1059–74 |doi=10.1016/0092-8674(91)90284-6 |pmid=1684738 |s2cid=34641827 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KZKQYeweYjsC&dq=Veronica+van+Heyningen&pg=PA303 "Imortalized Cell Lines"], ''Chromosome analysis protocols'', Editor John R. Gosden, Humana Press, 1994, {{ISBN|978-0-89603-243-9}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-NmOe48iu_sC&dq=Veronica+van+Heyningen&pg=PA193 "Developmental biology"], ''Doctors to the genome: from conception to maturity''], Editors Ieuan A. Hughes, Mark Gardiner, Royal College of Physicians, 1998, {{ISBN|978-1-86016-078-3}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=jIuLr2NW_Q0C&q=Veronica+van+Heyningen ''Long-Range Control of Gene Expression''], Editors Veronica van Heyningen, Robert E. Hill, Academic Press, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-12-373881-3}}</ref> In 2014 she became president of the Galton Institute. {{As of|2019}} she chairs the diversity committee of the Royal Society, previously chaired by [[Uta Frith]].<ref name="uta">{{Cite web |last=Frith |first=Uta |year=2019 |title=Goodbye Diversity Committee |url=https://blogs.royalsociety.org/in-verba/2019/02/08/goodbye-diversity-committee/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190211223739/https://blogs.royalsociety.org/in-verba/2019/02/08/goodbye-diversity-committee/ |archive-date=2019-02-11 |website=Royalsociety.org |publisher=[[Royal Society]]}}</ref> An haifi Veronica (Veronika) Daniel a 1946 a Békéscsaba, [[Hungariya|Hungary]] . Iyayenta sun tsira daga Holocaust wanda aka tsare su a Sansanin Nazi. An kashe mafi yawan iyalansu a Auschwitz. Mahaifinta injiniyan masana'antu ne wanda ya yi karatu a Jamus kafin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]], wanda ya ba shi damar yin aiki bayan yaƙin a cibiyar binciken masana'antu a [[Budapest]] . <ref name="van Heyningen"/> Wani kawun da ke Burtaniya ya tallafawa, iyalin sun sami damar samun fasfo na baƙi, sun isa Worthing, Sussex, a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 1958. Ba da daɗewa ba suka koma Loughborough, inda mahaifinta ya sami matsayi a matsayin darektan fasaha. Veronica van Heyningen ta yi sharhi cewa waɗannan abubuwan sun sa ta da 'yar'uwarta "sun san cewa ilimi shine babban kayan rayuwa".<ref name="van Heyningen" /> A shekara ta 1963, da zaran ya yiwu a yi hakan bisa doka, iyalinta sun nemi zama 'yan asalin Burtaniya.<ref name="van Heyningen">{{Cite journal |last=van Heyningen |first=Veronica |date=31 August 2022 |title=A Journey Through Genetics to Biology |journal=Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics |language=en |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=1–27 |doi=10.1146/annurev-genom-010622-095109 |issn=1527-8204 |pmid=35567277 |s2cid=248776330 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ta zauna a 20 Valley Road a Loughborough . Ta fara ne a Makarantar Humphrey Perkins Grammar School tun tana 'yar shekara 12, inda ta sami matakan O 11. Ta dauki matakin A-level na Physics, Chemistry da Biology, tana shiga cikin yin iyo, kuma tana cikin ƙungiyar muhawara ta makaranta. == Ilimi == Veronica ta yi karatun Tripos na Kimiyya na Halitta a Jami'ar Cambridge, kuma ta kasance dalibi a Kwalejin Girton, Cambridge inda ta ƙware a fannin kwayoyin halitta daga 1965 zuwa 1968.<ref name="van Heyningen"/> A watan Yunin 1968 ta auri Simon van Heyningen, wanda ta sadu da shi lokacin da take daliba a Girton kuma shi dalibi ne na PhD a Kwalejin Sarki. Zaɓin aikinta na gaba ya samo asali ne daga Matsalar jiki biyu.<ref name="van Heyningen" /> Ta yi shekaru biyu a Jami'ar Northwestern da ke [[Evanston Il|Evanston, Illinois]], inda aka ba ta digiri na Master of Science . Bayan da farko ta shirya yin aiki a kan PhD tare da Harry Harris a UCL Galton Laboratory a Kwalejin Jami'ar London (UCL), ta koma Oxford inda ta sami damar yin aiki tare da Walter Bodmer, sabon shiga a matsayin Farfesa na Genetics.<ref name="van Heyningen"/> Tare da Bodmer, van Heyningen ya yi aiki a kan binciken Taswirar kwayar halitta ta farko ta amfani da ƙwayoyin halitta.<ref name="off">Veronica Van Heyningen {{Official website}}</ref> An goyi bayan ta da tallafin horo na shekaru uku daga Majalisar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya (MRC). <ref name="van Heyningen" /> A shekara ta 1973 ta kammala digirin digirin digirinta na Doctor of Philosophy <ref name="van Heyningen" /> a [[Jami'ar Oxford]].<ref name="off" /> == Ayyuka == An ba Van Heyningen lambar yabo ta Beit Memorial Fellowship, wanda ya ba ta damar yin tarayya a Edinburgh tare da Peter Walker a MRC Mammalian Genome Unit (MGU). A watan Yunin 1977, bayan zumunci ya ƙare, ta shiga MRC Clinical and Population Cytogenetics Unit (CAPCU). Ta sami aiki a can a watan Fabrairun 1981. A shekara ta 1992, Van Heyningen ya sami tallafi a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin Masanin Bincike na Duniya na Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Howard Hughes (HHMI). Ta zama jagorar abin da daga baya ya zama sananne da Sashen Kiwon Lafiya da Ci Gaban Jiki. Van Heyningen ya yi aiki a CAPCU (daga baya aka kira shi MRC Human Genetics Unit ko MRC HGU) na tsawon shekaru 35, ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2012. [1] Van Heyningen ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar European Society of Human Genetics (ESHG) a 2003 da kuma The Genetics Society daga 2009 zuwa 2012.<ref name="frs">{{Cite web |last=Anon |year=2007 |title=Professor Veronica van Heyningen CBE FMedSci FRS |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/veronica-van-heyningen-12453/ |website=Royalsociety.org |publisher=[[Royal Society]]}} One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: {{Blockquote|“All text published under the heading 'Biography' on Fellow profile pages is available under [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]].” --{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111170346/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/|title=Royal Society Terms, conditions and policies|date=2016-11-11}}}}</ref> Van Heyningen ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Hukumar Kula da Halitta ta Burtaniya . <ref name="frs" /> Bayan ta yi ritaya a shekarar 2012, Van Heyningen ta koma London. Ita farfesa ce mai daraja (ba mai koyarwa ba) a Cibiyar Ilimin Ilimin Ilimi ta UCL, wacce ke da alaƙa da Kwalejin Jami'ar London da Asibitin ido na Moorfields . Ta ci gaba da yin aiki tare da masu bincike kamar likitan ido Andrew Webster . <ref name="van Heyningen"/> A cikin 2013 aikinta ya haifar da zama mai kula da kungiyar agaji ta Aniridia Network ga mutanen da aniridia ta shafa a Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2023 |title=Patron Veronica van Heynigen |url=https://aniridia.org.uk/aboutus/patron/veronica-van-heynigen/ |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=Aniridia Network |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422213701/https://aniridia.org.uk/aboutus/patron/veronica-van-heynigen/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] leofzwe0fvo5jd4i4qz1jj5r06ssf9h 0 144361 818710 806633 2026-04-05T13:41:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818710 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Trudy Frances Charlene Mackay''' FRS (an haife ta 10 Satumba 1952) ita ce darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Halitta ta Jami'ar Clemson <ref>{{Cite web |title=Renowned scientist named director of Clemson's Center for Human Genetics |url=http://newsstand.clemson.edu/mediarelations/renowned-scientist-named-director-of-clemsons-center-for-human-genetics/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907043109/https://newsstand.clemson.edu/mediarelations/renowned-scientist-named-director-of-clemsons-center-for-human-genetics/ |archive-date=2020-09-07 |access-date=2018-08-24 |website=Newsstand {{!}} Clemson University News and Stories, South Carolina}}</ref> da ke harabar Cibiyar Nazaren Halitta Greenwood . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Greenwood Genetic Center |url=https://www.ggc.org/ |access-date=2018-08-24 |website=www.ggc.org |language=en}}</ref> An san ta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan hukumomi na duniya a kan kwayoyin halittar halaye masu rikitarwa. Mackay kuma ita ce Shugaban Iyali na Kai a cikin Halitta na Dan Adam kuma Farfesa a cikin Hlutta da Biochemistry a Jami'ar Clemson. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Salute to Faculty Excellence {{!}} College of Science, Clemson University, South Carolina |url=https://www.clemson.edu/science/about/faculty-excellence.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907043114/https://www.clemson.edu/science/about/faculty-excellence.html |archive-date=2020-09-07 |access-date=2018-08-24 |website=www.clemson.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Clemson University, South Carolina |url=http://www.clemson.edu/ |access-date=2018-08-24 |website=www.clemson.edu |language=en}}</ref> Mackay memba ne na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa (2010). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trudy Mackay |url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/20022348.html |access-date=2018-08-24 |website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref> Mackay ta kasance tsohuwar William Neal Reynolds da Farfesa a Jami'ar Jihar North Carolina, <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Mackay Homepage |url=http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/genetics/mackay/mackay.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423150456/http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/genetics/mackay/mackay.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=2008-04-23 |access-date=2008-07-21 |publisher=}} Faculty webpage</ref> <ref name="Mackay2006">{{Cite journal |last=Mackay |first=Trudy |year=2006 |title=Trudy Mackay |journal=[[Current Biology]] |volume=16 |issue=17 |pages=R659–R661 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2006.08.016 |issn=0960-9822 |pmid=16991214 |doi-access=free}} {{Free access}}</ref> <ref name="youtube">{{Cite web |title=NC State: Trudy Mackay |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXF_6T6BzqY |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327211217/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXF_6T6BzqY |archive-date=2024-03-27 |website=youtube.com |publisher=[[YouTube]] |access-date=2026-03-09 }}</ref> inda ta ƙware a fannin ƙwayoyin halitta. <ref name="ManolioCollins2009">{{Cite journal |last=Manolio |first=Teri A. |last2=Collins |first2=Francis S. |last3=Cox |first3=Nancy J. |last4=Goldstein |first4=David B. |last5=Hindorff |first5=Lucia A. |last6=Hunter |first6=David J. |last7=McCarthy |first7=Mark I. |last8=Ramos |first8=Erin M. |last9=Cardon |first9=Lon R. |last10=Chakravarti |first10=Aravinda |last11=Cho |first11=Judy H. |last12=Guttmacher |first12=Alan E. |last13=Kong |first13=Augustine |last14=Kruglyak |first14=Leonid |last15=Mardis |first15=Elaine |year=2009 |title=Finding the missing heritability of complex diseases |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=461 |issue=7265 |pages=747–753 |bibcode=2009Natur.461..747M |doi=10.1038/nature08494 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=2831613 |pmid=19812666}}</ref> Ita ce ke da alhakin kafa Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel . <ref name="MackayRichards2012">{{Cite journal |last=Mackay |first=Trudy F. C. |last2=Richards |first2=Stephen |last3=Stone |first3=Eric A. |last4=Barbadilla |first4=Antonio |last5=Ayroles |first5=Julien F. |last6=Zhu |first6=Dianhui |last7=Casillas |first7=Sònia |last8=Han |first8=Yi |last9=Magwire |first9=Michael M. |last10=Cridland |first10=Julie M. |last11=Richardson |first11=Mark F. |last12=Anholt |first12=Robert R. H. |last13=Barrón |first13=Maite |last14=Bess |first14=Crystal |last15=Blankenburg |first15=Kerstin Petra |display-authors=11 |year=2012 |title=The Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel |journal=Nature |volume=482 |issue=7384 |pages=173–178 |bibcode=2012Natur.482..173M |doi=10.1038/nature10811 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=3683990 |pmid=22318601}}</ref> == Ilimi == Mackay ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a shekara ta 1974 da kuma digiri na biyu na Kimiyya na 1976 a fannin ilmin halitta daga Jami'ar Dalhousie . Ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Edinburgh tare da PhD a cikin [[Genetics|kwayoyin halitta]] wanda aka ba ta a 1979 don bincike wanda Alan Robertson ke kula da shi. == Ayyuka da bincike == Binciken Mackay yana bincika abubuwan muhalli da kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke tasiri ga halaye masu yawa.[1] Wadannan halaye na phenotypic sun hada da tsawo ko nauyi kuma ana wakilta su da ci gaba, maimakon rarrabe, dabi'u.[1] Ana gudanar da aikinta ta hanyar nazarin tasirin bambance-bambance na halitta da maye gurbi a kan halaye da yawa, yanayin jiki, ilimin lissafi da tarihin rayuwa a cikin kwari, wanda take amfani da shi azaman kwayar halitta.[1] Muhimmancin irin waɗannan halaye yana ba da damar yin amfani da aikin Mackay a wurare da yawa - daga inganta kiwon shuke-shuke da Kiwon dabbobi zuwa maganin cututtukan ɗan adam.<ref name="frs">{{Cite web |last=Anon |year=2006 |title=Professor Trudy Mackay FRS |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/trudy-mackay-11854/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117111158/https://royalsociety.org/people/trudy-mackay-11854/ |archive-date=2015-11-17 |website=royalsociety.org |publisher=[[Royal Society]]}} One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: {{Blockquote|“All text published under the heading 'Biography' on Fellow profile pages is available under [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]].” --{{cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/ |title=Royal Society Terms, conditions and policies |accessdate=2016-03-09 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111170346/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/ |archivedate=2016-11-11 }}}}</ref> Mackay shine marubuci tare da Douglas Scott Falconer na bugu na huɗu na littafin da aka yi amfani da shi sosai kuma an ambaci shi sosai, Gabatarwa ga Quantitative Genetics, wanda aka buga a 1996. === Kyaututtuka da girmamawa === An zabi Mackay a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society (FRS) a shekara ta 2006. <ref name="frs"/> An ba ta lambar yabo ta Genetics Society of America a shekara ta 2004 da kuma lambar yabo ta Wolf a fannin Aikin Gona a shekara ta 2016. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weir |first=Bruce |date=2004 |title=The 2004 Genetics Society of America Medal Trudy F. C. Mackay |journal=Genetics |volume=166 |issue=2 |pages=647–648 |doi=10.1534/genetics.166.2.647 |pmc=1470721 |pmid=15020454}}</ref> An zabe ta a cikin American Philosophical Society a shekarar 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The American Philosophical Society Welcomes New Members for 2021 |url=https://www.amphilsoc.org/blog/american-philosophical-society-welcomes-new-members-2021 |access-date=2021-05-12 |website=American Philosophical Society |language=en}}</ref> Ta kasance mai karɓar Kyautar Dawson ta Kwalejin Triniti a cikin Genetics a cikin 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ground-breaking geneticist, Trudy Mackay, to receive prestigious Dawson Prize |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-10/tcd-ggt103118.php |access-date=2021-05-12 |website=EurekAlert! |language=en |archive-date=2018-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031212027/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-10/tcd-ggt103118.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zabe ta Fellow na Ƙungiyar Amirka don Ci gaban Kimiyya a shekara ta 2003. Ta zama memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekara ta 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trudy F.C. Mackay |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/trudy-fc-mackay |access-date=2021-05-12 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref> An zabi Mackay a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa a 2024, kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Darwin-Wallace a 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-21 |title=National Academy of Medicine Elects 100 New Members |url=https://nam.edu/news-and-insights/national-academy-of-medicine-elects-100-new-members-6/ |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=National Academy of Medicine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Announcing the Linnean Society's Medal and Award Recipients 2025 |url=https://www.linnean.org/news/2025/04/09/announcing-the-linnean-societys-medal-and-award-recipients-2025 |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=The Linnean Society |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Mackay ya auri Robert R. H. Anholt a shekarar 1990. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] dgropv5jc1gu82e7400hb2v3ycdzvcx 0 144917 818800 808138 2026-04-05T20:13:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''V. V. Ganeshananthan''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1980) marubucin almara ne na Amurka, marubuci, kuma ɗan jarida. Ayyukanta sun bayyana a cikin manyan jaridu da mujallu da yawa, gami da ''Granta'', The Atlantic Monthly, da The Washington Post . Ganeshananthan shine marubucin Love Marriage, wani labari da aka kafa a [[Sri Lanka]] da Arewacin Amurka, wanda Random House ta buga a watan Afrilun 2008. An kira Love Marriage daya daga cikin The Washington Post Book World's Best of 2008 kuma ya bayyana a cikin jerin sunayen Orange Prize. An kuma zaba shi a matsayin Barnes &amp;amp; Noble Discover Great New Writers Pick . <ref name="bio">{{Cite web |date=October 14, 2010 |title=Biography |url=http://vasugi.com/biography/ |access-date=October 27, 2015 |website=V.V. Ganeshananthan }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Littafin Ganeshananthan na biyu, Brotherless Night, an kafa shi ne a farkon shekarun Yaƙin basasar Sri Lanka kuma Penguin Random House ne ya buga shi a watan Janairun 2023. An zaba shi a matsayin littafin Zaɓin Editocin New York Times, [1] ya lashe kyautar Carol Shields ta 2024 don Fiction [2] da Kyautar Mata ta 2024 don fiction. [3] == Tarihin rayuwa == Ganeshananthan ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Harvard a shekara ta 2002, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin manajan edita na The ''Harvard Crimson'', kuma daga baya ta sami M.F.A. a Jami'ar Iowa a shekara ta 2005. A shekara ta 2007, ta sami wani digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Columbia Graduate School of Journalism, inda ta kasance Bollinger Fellow da ke ƙwarewa a fannin fasaha da aikin jarida na al'adu. Ta kasance Zell Visiting Farfesa na Rubuce-rubuce a Jami'ar Michigan har zuwa shekara ta 2014. <ref name="bio"/> A shekara ta 2015, ta fara koyarwa a Jami'ar Minnesota . <ref name="bio"/> Ta kasance mataimakiyar shugaban kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Asiya ta Kudu kuma yanzu tana aiki a kan kwamitin Cibiyar Nazarin Marubutan Asiya na Amurka, da kuma kwamitin digiri na ''Harvard Crimson'' . Har ila yau, an zabe ta darakta a kwamitin Cibiyar Nazarin Sri Lanka ta Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors |url=https://www.aisls.org/about/board-of-directors/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=American Institute for Sri Lankan Studies |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === ''Aure na soyayya'' === Ganeshananthan ta fara auren soyayya a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban rubutun ta a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] a karkashin jagorancin Jamaica Kincaid . A cikin jerin zane-zane, littafin Ganeshananthan ya ba da labarin yadda siyasar Sri Lanka ta shafi kuma ta ci gaba da shafar wani iyali.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cicatrix |date=April 23, 2008 |title=Q&A with V.V. Ganeshananthan, author of "Love Marriage" |url=http://www.sepiamutiny.com/sepia/archives/005157.html |access-date=May 12, 2010 |publisher=[[Sepia Mutiny]] }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mai ba da labari, Yalini, budurwa ce da aka haifa wa iyayen Sri Lanka a New York a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 1983 - a wannan rana kamar yadda daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi tashin hankali a Yaƙin basasar Sri Lanka, Black Yuli . Littafin ya biyo bayan Yalini da iyalinta daga yankunan da ke kusa da Amurka zuwa [[Toronto]], inda suka sake haduwa da kawun da ya bar Sri Lanka bayan rayuwa ta yaƙi tare da Tamil Tigers . [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] 5heq9prp0io82xsbz5m5eazerigkhhr 0 144964 818771 808262 2026-04-05T18:57:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ummu Kalthum Muhammad Rabiu''' Dan kasuwa ne na zamantakewar al'umma [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] kuma mai fafutukar gina zaman lafiya. Ita ce ta kafa kuma babban darakta na Gidauniyar Kalthum don Zaman Lafiya, kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ke aiki don magance tsattsauran ra'ayi, inganta ilimin 'yan mata da samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya a yankunan da ke da wuya a kaiwa ga [[Borno|Jihar Borno]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2025 |title=literacy is a right but culture makes it powerful |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/07/literacy-is-a-right-but-culture-makes-it-powerful/amp/ |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2020 |title=Kalthum foundation necsob borno youth parliament to host peacebuilding summit in maiduguri |url=https://ournigerianews.com/amp/kalthum-foundation-necsob-borno-youth-parliament-to-host-peacebuilding-summit-in-maiduguri/ |access-date=20 October 2020 |website=ournigerianews.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2024 |title=foundation begs abductors to free students idps in spirit of ramadan |url=https://nannews.ng/2024/03/15/foundation-begs-abductors-to-free-students-idps-in-spirit-of-ramadan/ |access-date=15 March 2024 |website=nannews.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Ummu Kalthum Muhammad Rabiu a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 1995, maraya ce tun tana ƙarama, ta rasa mahaifiyarta lokacin da take 'yar shekara uku da mahaifinta lokacin da ta kasance bakwai. An haife ta a cikin iyali mai tawali'u, ta haɓaka sha'awar ilimi da sabis na al'umma. Ta kammala karatun firamare da sakandare a [[Maiduguri]] kuma ta sami difloma a cikin Ayyukan Jama'a daga [[Ramat Polytechnic]], Maidugiri, da kuma digiri na farko a Ayyukan Jamaʼa daga Jami'ar Aldersgate, Philippines . <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2025 |title=Kalthum for Peace the woman who turned pain into a mission of mercy |url=https://africanperceptions.org/en/2025/05/kalthum-for-peace-the-woman-who-turned-pain-into-a-mission-of-mercy/ |access-date=21 May 2025 |website=africanperceptions.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka da gwagwarmaya == A cikin shekara ta 2015, saboda karuwar tashin hankali a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, Rabiu ta kafa *Kalthum Campaign for Peace *, wani shiri na asali da nufin inganta rashin tashin hankali, ilimin 'yan mata da sulhu na al'umma. An yi rajistar kamfen ɗin a hukumance tare da Hukumar Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin 2017 a matsayin Gidauniyar Kalthum don Zaman Lafiya . [1][2] == Ayyuka masu mahimmanci == * Kwarewar kiwon lafiya - samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya na farko a ƙauyuka da ba za a iya isa ga wuraren kiwon lafiya da gwamnati ba, tare da haɗin gwiwar Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF). <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2018 |title=ngo train 30 women on peace building in borno |url=https://thetidenewsonline.com/2018/11/ngo-trains-30-women-on-peace-building-in-borno/%3famp=1/ |access-date=28 November 2018 |website=thetidenewsonline.com |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Shirye-shiryen ilimi * - tallafin karatu da ayyukan gina makaranta ga 'yan mata a [[Borno|Jihar Borno]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2018 |title=Peace building ngo trains 30 borno women |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2018/11/04/peace-building-ngo-trains-30-borno-women/?amp=1/ |access-date=4 November 2018 |website=pmnewsnigeria.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Haɗin gwiwar tsaro * - daidaitawa tare da sojojin Najeriya da [[State Security Service (Nijeriya)|Ma'aikatar Ayyuka ta Jiha]] (DSS) don tabbatar da amincin ayyukan filin da kuma tallafawa kokarin kawar da al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2025 |title=kfp slams kawuri attacks urges vigilance in insurgency fight |url=https://abcnews.com.ng/kfp-slams-kawuri-attacks-urges-vigilance-in-insurgency-fight/ |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=abcnews.com.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * Taimako na rayuwa ga IDPs da matasa <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2025 |title=kfp condemns kawuri attacks calls for increased vigilance collaboration in fight against insurgency |url=https://ournigerianews.com/amp/kfp-condemns-kawuri-attacks-calls-for-increased-vigilance-collaboration-in-fight-against-insurgency/ |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=ournigerianews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da aka samu == * Tare da hadin gwiwar Arewa maso Gabas ta Yaki da Ta'addanci, Kamfen na Kalthum don Zaman Lafiya ya shirya "Mega Rally for Peace" na farko a Ramat Square na Maiduguri (2016). An watsa taron kai tsaye a talabijin kuma jami'an tarayya da na jihohi, manyan kwamandojin soja, masu zane-zane, kungiyoyin mata da dalibai sun halarta. A taron, Rabiu da sauran masu magana sun yi kira ga mayakan Boko Haram da su mika wuya ta hanyar Safe Haven Corridor . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2025 |title=infanticide i disagree with reuters says kpfs ummu Kalthum |url=https://saharaweeklyng.com/infanticide-i-disagree-with-reuters-says-kpfs-ummu-kalthum1/ |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=saharaweeklyng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * An bayyana Rabiu a matsayin ƙarami kuma mafi nasara a cikin tattaunawar rikicin a Afirka. Yin aiki tare da DSS da sojojin Najeriya, kungiyar ba da agaji ta taimaka wajen ceto mutane da yawa - ciki har da malamai, ma'aikatan jin kai, dalibai da alƙalai - daga bauta wa Boko Haram.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2024 |title=Kalthum foundation for Peace condemns killing of msf staff in gaza calls for immediate ceasefire |url=https://ournigerianews.com/amp/kalthum-foundation-for-peace-condemns-killing-of-msf-staff-in-gaza-calls-for-immediate-ceasefire/ |access-date=28 October 2024 |website=ournigerianews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyauta da karbuwa == Rabiu ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga zaman lafiya da aikin jin kai, da kuma siffofi a cikin wallafe-wallafen yanki game da jagorancin mata a yankunan da suka shafi rikici.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2025 |title=Kalthum foundation of peace leads youth engagement summit against violence extremism in borno |url=https://africanperceptions.org/en/2025/06/kalthum-foundation-of-peace-leads-youth-engagement-summit-against-violent-extremism-in-borno/%3famp=1/ |access-date=20 June 2025 |website=africanperceptions.org |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ummu Kalthum Muhammad Rabiu tana zaune a Maiduguri, inda ta ci gaba da kula da shirye-shiryen tushe yayin da take ba da shawara ga haƙƙin jama'a masu rauni, musamman mata da yara da ta'addanci suka shafa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2024 |title=Kalthum foundation condemns killing of msf staff in gaza urges ceasefire |url=https://blueprint.ng/kalthum-foundation-condemns-killing-of-msf-staff-in-gaza-urges-ceasefire/ |access-date=12 October 2025 |website=blueprint.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 956wybiu6vhcgbkkwwhpp1lo2b17ckd 818772 818771 2026-04-05T18:57:25Z KiranBOT 35988 cire bin AMP daga URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|cikakkun bayanai]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|rahoton kuskure]]) v2.2.9s 818772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ummu Kalthum Muhammad Rabiu''' Dan kasuwa ne na zamantakewar al'umma [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] kuma mai fafutukar gina zaman lafiya. Ita ce ta kafa kuma babban darakta na Gidauniyar Kalthum don Zaman Lafiya, kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ke aiki don magance tsattsauran ra'ayi, inganta ilimin 'yan mata da samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya a yankunan da ke da wuya a kaiwa ga [[Borno|Jihar Borno]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2025 |title=literacy is a right but culture makes it powerful |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/07/literacy-is-a-right-but-culture-makes-it-powerful/amp/ |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2020 |title=Kalthum foundation necsob borno youth parliament to host peacebuilding summit in maiduguri |url=https://ournigerianews.com/kalthum-foundation-necsob-borno-youth-parliament-to-host-peacebuilding-summit-in-maiduguri/ |access-date=20 October 2020 |website=ournigerianews.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2024 |title=foundation begs abductors to free students idps in spirit of ramadan |url=https://nannews.ng/2024/03/15/foundation-begs-abductors-to-free-students-idps-in-spirit-of-ramadan/ |access-date=15 March 2024 |website=nannews.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Ummu Kalthum Muhammad Rabiu a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 1995, maraya ce tun tana ƙarama, ta rasa mahaifiyarta lokacin da take 'yar shekara uku da mahaifinta lokacin da ta kasance bakwai. An haife ta a cikin iyali mai tawali'u, ta haɓaka sha'awar ilimi da sabis na al'umma. Ta kammala karatun firamare da sakandare a [[Maiduguri]] kuma ta sami difloma a cikin Ayyukan Jama'a daga [[Ramat Polytechnic]], Maidugiri, da kuma digiri na farko a Ayyukan Jamaʼa daga Jami'ar Aldersgate, Philippines . <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2025 |title=Kalthum for Peace the woman who turned pain into a mission of mercy |url=https://africanperceptions.org/en/2025/05/kalthum-for-peace-the-woman-who-turned-pain-into-a-mission-of-mercy/ |access-date=21 May 2025 |website=africanperceptions.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka da gwagwarmaya == A cikin shekara ta 2015, saboda karuwar tashin hankali a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, Rabiu ta kafa *Kalthum Campaign for Peace *, wani shiri na asali da nufin inganta rashin tashin hankali, ilimin 'yan mata da sulhu na al'umma. An yi rajistar kamfen ɗin a hukumance tare da Hukumar Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin 2017 a matsayin Gidauniyar Kalthum don Zaman Lafiya . [1][2] == Ayyuka masu mahimmanci == * Kwarewar kiwon lafiya - samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya na farko a ƙauyuka da ba za a iya isa ga wuraren kiwon lafiya da gwamnati ba, tare da haɗin gwiwar Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF). <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2018 |title=ngo train 30 women on peace building in borno |url=https://thetidenewsonline.com/2018/11/ngo-trains-30-women-on-peace-building-in-borno/%3famp=1/ |access-date=28 November 2018 |website=thetidenewsonline.com |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Shirye-shiryen ilimi * - tallafin karatu da ayyukan gina makaranta ga 'yan mata a [[Borno|Jihar Borno]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2018 |title=Peace building ngo trains 30 borno women |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2018/11/04/peace-building-ngo-trains-30-borno-women/?amp=1/ |access-date=4 November 2018 |website=pmnewsnigeria.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Haɗin gwiwar tsaro * - daidaitawa tare da sojojin Najeriya da [[State Security Service (Nijeriya)|Ma'aikatar Ayyuka ta Jiha]] (DSS) don tabbatar da amincin ayyukan filin da kuma tallafawa kokarin kawar da al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2025 |title=kfp slams kawuri attacks urges vigilance in insurgency fight |url=https://abcnews.com.ng/kfp-slams-kawuri-attacks-urges-vigilance-in-insurgency-fight/ |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=abcnews.com.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * Taimako na rayuwa ga IDPs da matasa <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2025 |title=kfp condemns kawuri attacks calls for increased vigilance collaboration in fight against insurgency |url=https://ournigerianews.com/kfp-condemns-kawuri-attacks-calls-for-increased-vigilance-collaboration-in-fight-against-insurgency/ |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=ournigerianews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abubuwan da aka samu == * Tare da hadin gwiwar Arewa maso Gabas ta Yaki da Ta'addanci, Kamfen na Kalthum don Zaman Lafiya ya shirya "Mega Rally for Peace" na farko a Ramat Square na Maiduguri (2016). An watsa taron kai tsaye a talabijin kuma jami'an tarayya da na jihohi, manyan kwamandojin soja, masu zane-zane, kungiyoyin mata da dalibai sun halarta. A taron, Rabiu da sauran masu magana sun yi kira ga mayakan Boko Haram da su mika wuya ta hanyar Safe Haven Corridor . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2025 |title=infanticide i disagree with reuters says kpfs ummu Kalthum |url=https://saharaweeklyng.com/infanticide-i-disagree-with-reuters-says-kpfs-ummu-kalthum1/ |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=saharaweeklyng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * An bayyana Rabiu a matsayin ƙarami kuma mafi nasara a cikin tattaunawar rikicin a Afirka. Yin aiki tare da DSS da sojojin Najeriya, kungiyar ba da agaji ta taimaka wajen ceto mutane da yawa - ciki har da malamai, ma'aikatan jin kai, dalibai da alƙalai - daga bauta wa Boko Haram.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2024 |title=Kalthum foundation for Peace condemns killing of msf staff in gaza calls for immediate ceasefire |url=https://ournigerianews.com/kalthum-foundation-for-peace-condemns-killing-of-msf-staff-in-gaza-calls-for-immediate-ceasefire/ |access-date=28 October 2024 |website=ournigerianews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyauta da karbuwa == Rabiu ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga zaman lafiya da aikin jin kai, da kuma siffofi a cikin wallafe-wallafen yanki game da jagorancin mata a yankunan da suka shafi rikici.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2025 |title=Kalthum foundation of peace leads youth engagement summit against violence extremism in borno |url=https://africanperceptions.org/en/2025/06/kalthum-foundation-of-peace-leads-youth-engagement-summit-against-violent-extremism-in-borno/%3famp=1/ |access-date=20 June 2025 |website=africanperceptions.org |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ummu Kalthum Muhammad Rabiu tana zaune a Maiduguri, inda ta ci gaba da kula da shirye-shiryen tushe yayin da take ba da shawara ga haƙƙin jama'a masu rauni, musamman mata da yara da ta'addanci suka shafa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2024 |title=Kalthum foundation condemns killing of msf staff in gaza urges ceasefire |url=https://blueprint.ng/kalthum-foundation-condemns-killing-of-msf-staff-in-gaza-urges-ceasefire/ |access-date=12 October 2025 |website=blueprint.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qh8vph6yw2j61cdm1r3g66wm2elxxpm 0 144988 818693 808386 2026-04-05T12:01:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tolulope Bally''' da aka fi sani da '''Tolu Bally''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 1990) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okogba |first=Emmanuel |date=2025-10-06 |title=Tolu Bally marks 35th birthday, expands into real estate |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/tolu-bally-marks-35th-birthday-expands-into-real-estate/ |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> 'yar Najeriya ce, 'yar kasuwa kuma 'yar kasuwa ce.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwalaiye |first=Temi |date=2021-09-25 |title=Beauty Inspiration: Why Tolu Bally is the ultimate black barbie |url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/beauty-health/why-tolu-bally-is-the-ultimate-black-barbie/j1fz7gm |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwalaiye |first=Temi |date=2023-03-22 |title=10 influential women in Nigeria's fashion scene |url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/fashion/10-influential-women-in-nigerias-fashion-scene/bvcttzl |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce ta kafa kuma darektan kirkirar 2207bytbally, alamar kayan ado ta Najeriya da ta ƙware a cikin kayan ado na mata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tolu Bally's 2207byTbally plans anniversary treats |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/tolu-ballys-2207bytbally-plans-anniversary-treats/ |website=The Nation Newspaper}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-20 |title=Top 10 Nigerian Designers Redefining Owambe Outfits |url=https://234star.com/top-10-nigerian-designers-redefining-owambe-outfits/ |access-date=2023-09-06 |website= |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Tolulope a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 1988 ga dangin Mr & Mrs. Bally a matsayin ɗa na ƙarshe na 13. Ta fito ne daga Nupe da Yoruba daga Jihar Ondo, Najeriya . Ta halarci Kwalejin Newham, Ingila kafin ta ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Gabashin London, Ingila inda ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a Nazarin Psychosocial . [1][2] == Ayyuka == Bally ta koma London, United Kingdom don ci gaba da karatunta. Yayinda take [[Landan]], ta sayar da tufafi daga ɗakin motarta kuma nan da nan ta gano ƙaunar da take da ita ga kayan ado.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dokubo |first=Titi |date=2022-06-29 |title=29 Black Female Designers You Should Know |url=https://www.stylerave.com/african-black-female-designers/ |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=Style Rave |language=en-US}}</ref> Tare da lokaci, ta koma Najeriya don bin burinta na zamani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwalaiye |first=Temi |date=2022-12-02 |title=Who wore it best? Fashionistas take on a 2207byTbally black gown |url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/fashion/who-wore-it-best-fashionistas-take-on-a-2207bytbally-black-gown/fp748hg |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=Pulse Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Henshaw |first=Nelly |date=2020-11-15 |title=Tolu Bally, the Ace Designer Ruling the Fashion Scene with Every Stitch |url=https://sveltemag.com/tolu-bally-the-ace-designer/ |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=Svelte Magazine |language=en-us}}</ref> Bayan ta isa Najeriya, ta bude kantin sayar da kayan ado a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] amma daga ƙarshe ta rufe shi saboda hauhawar farashi. A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2016, ta fara aikinta na kayan ado a hukumance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mag |first=Lagos |date=2023-05-06 |title=Fashion Pick of The Week: Tolu Bally Creates And Sets Trends With Her Fashion Statements |url=https://thelagosmag.com/?p=2452 |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=The Lagos Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta ba da sunan lakabin tufafinta "2207bytbally", alama ce da ke mai da hankali kan kayan ado na mata. An sanya sunan lakabin ta ne bayan ranar haihuwar ɗanta a ranar 22 ga Yuli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khiran |first=Nikki |date=2023-07-18 |title=Made in Nigeria -2207bY Tolu Bally - LeVogue Magazine |url=https://levogue.leadership.ng/made-in-nigeria-2207by-tolu-bally/ |access-date=2023-09-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Bally ta haifi ɗanta, Sarki Oba Nathan a ranar 22 ga Yulin 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-17 |title=My Baby Daddy Was A Pastor's P.A - Tolu Bally Reveals |url=https://koko.ng/my-baby-daddy-was-a-pastors-p-a-tolu-bally-reveals/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=koko.ng |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907141750/https://koko.ng/my-baby-daddy-was-a-pastors-p-a-tolu-bally-reveals/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == A cikin 2020, ta lashe lambar yabo ta ELOY don Innovative Fashion Brand of the year . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adebiyi |first=Ashimedua |date=2020-11-30 |title=Erica, Tolu Bally, Toke Makinwa, others win at the 2020 ELOY Awards |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/2020/11/30/erica-toke-makinwa-others-win-at-the-2020-eloy-awards/ |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=WITHIN NIGERIA |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=EM |date=2020-12-01 |title=Tolu Bally, Toke Makinwa and More Emerge As The ELOY Awards 2020 Winners - Exquisite Magazine - Fashion, Beauty and Lifestyle |url=https://exquisitemag.com/news/eloy-awards-2020-winners/,%20https://exquisitemag.com/news/eloy-awards-2020-winners/ |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=exquisitemag.com |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A wannan shekarar, La Mode mlagazine ta ba ta suna Fashion Icon of the year . A shekara ta 2022, ta lashe lambar yabo ta Net Honours don Mafi Mashahuriyar Mai tsarawa na shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakare |first=Simbiat |date=2022-07-02 |title=NET Honours 2022: Tolu Bally Emerges as The People's Choice Awards 'Most Popular Designer' |url=https://thenet.ng/net-honours-2022-tolu-bally-emerges-as-the-peoples-choice-awards-most-popular-designer/ |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=Nigerian Entertainment Today |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kuma lashe lambar yabo ta Icon Touch Awards don 'yar kasuwa na shekara, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arogundade |first=Funsho |date=2018-10-23 |title=Celebrity Stylist, Tolu Bally To Celebrate Brand's Two Years Anniversary With Pop Up Party |url=https://pmexpressng.com/celebrity-stylist-tolu-bally-celebrate-brands-two-years-anniversary-pop-party/ |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=P.M.EXPRESS |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] rdcxybimlgjz1edcnjgnj8xoo5bdoyg 0 145030 818866 808511 2026-04-06T06:16:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vivian NR Okeke''' tsohuwar jami'ar diflomasiyya ce 'yar Najeriya. Ta kasance jakadiya a [[Austriya|Austria]], [[Slofakiya|Slovakia]], da kuma hukumomin kasa da kasa da ke [[Vienna]] (misali Hukumar Makamashin Nukiliya ta Duniya (IAEA) ). == Rayuwa == Iyalinta sun fito ne daga Awka, Jihar Anambra. Ta yi karatun hulɗa da ƙasashen duniya inda ta sami digiri na biyu a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke [[Tarihin Zariya|Zariya]] kafin ta koma Legas don samun digiri na biyu a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] . <ref name="speaker">{{Cite web |title=Okeke |url=https://humanitariancongress.at/speaker/okeke/ |access-date=2020-02-23 |website=Humanitarian Congress Vienna |language=de}}</ref> Uwargida Vivian Okeke ita ce Jakadiyar Tarayyar Najeriya a Jamhuriyar Austria, Jamhuriyar Slovakia kuma wakiliyar dindindin a Ƙungiyoyin Duniya da ke Vienna. Ta halarci Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya da kuma Jami'ar Legas inda ta sami digiri na farko da na biyu a fannin Nazarin Ƙasa da Kimiyyar Siyasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Okeke |url=https://humanitariancongress.at/speaker/okeke/ |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=Humanitarian Congress Vienna |language=de}}</ref> Okeke ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Darakta mai kula da Kwamitin Farko a Sashen Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na farko na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Abuja, inda ta yi fafutukar kare nauyin da ke kan kwance damarar makaman nukiliya, Yarjejeniyar Makamai Masu Guba, Yarjejeniyar Makamai Masu Guba da sauran Makamai Masu Guba. Mrs. Vivian Okeke ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Jami'ar Harkokin Siyasa a Ofishin Jakadancin Najeriya da ke Brussels, Belgium, Shugabar Jami'ar Gudanarwa a Ofishin Jakadancin Najeriya na New York, haka kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Minista mai kula da Kasuwanci da Zuba Jari a Ofishin Jakadancin Najeriya da ke Washington DC. Ta kasance memba a cikin Tawagar Najeriya zuwa Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Matsayin Mata da Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNGA) a Beijing da New York bi da bi, haka kuma tana halartar Babban Taro na Hukumar Makamashin Nukiliya ta Duniya (IAEA) na shekara-shekara da kuma zaman Kwamitin Magungunan Miyagun Kwayoyi na yau da kullun a Vienna tun daga shekarar 2017. <ref name="speaker"/> Tana aiki a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje da ke Abuja tana jagorantar Sashen Harkokin Amurka da Caribbean lokacin da aka naɗa ta jakadar Najeriya. [1] A lokacin tantancewarta, ba ta iya rera waƙar ƙasar ba kuma har yanzu an naɗa ta. [2] Ta zama Jakadar ƙasarta a Austria, Jamhuriyar Slovakia, da kuma hukumomin ƙasashen duniya da ke Vienna. [3] Ta gabatar da takardun shaidarta ga Shugaban Austria, Dr. Alexander Van der Bellen, a watan Oktoban 2017. [4] Abel Adelakun Ayoko ya kasance jakadan daga 2013. <ref name="abel">[http://globalreportersnews.com/2014/01/nigerians-in-austria-welcomed-their-new-ambassador-abel-adelakun-ayoko/ Nigerians In Austria Welcomed Their New Ambassador Abel Adelakun Ayoko]{{Dead link|date=August 2025|fix-attempted=yes}}, January 2014, Global Reporters, Retrieved 6 February 2016</ref> Ta gana da IAEA da ke Vienna inda ta sake nanata niyyar Najeriya na amfani da makamashin nukiliya don samar da wutar lantarki kuma ta ci gaba da bin diddigin da ake buƙata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okeke |first=Vivian |date=1 October 2017 |title=Nigeria's Statement at the International Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Power |url=https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/cn-247-nigeria_statement.pdf |access-date=23 February 2020 |website=International Atomic Energy Agency}}</ref> Okeke ta kai ziyarar bankwana ga Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Masana'antu ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNIDO) wadda ke Vienna a watan Janairun 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NIGERIA - FAREWELL {{!}} UNIDO |url=https://www.unido.org/news/nigeria-farewell |access-date=2020-02-23 |website=www.unido.org }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Janairu an yi liyafa don bikin ƙarshen zaman jakadanta a Vienna inda aka ba ta takardar shaidar godiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Redaktion |date=2020-01-27 |title=Nigeria: Farewell Reception |url=http://society.at/2020/01/27/nigeria-farewell-reception/ |access-date=2020-02-23 |website=society.at |language=de-DE }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Okeke tana auren Cif Simon Nsobundu Okeke (Ochendo) kuma suna da 'ya'ya huɗu. <ref name="speaker"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] kx4z2phwme1r5393h910v5c8uawjmkt 0 145059 818865 808610 2026-04-06T06:16:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818865 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Vivian Jill Lawrence''' (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 1983) jarumar [[Kumawood]] ce kuma mai taimakon jama'a ta ƙasar Ghana. Ta fara fitowa a fim ɗin Daakayee Asem kuma tun daga lokacin ta fito a fina-finai da yawa na ƙasar Ghana kamar Kayayo, Adom, Sekina, Red Card da sauransu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-13 |title=Vivian Jill Lawrence looks stunning in new photo {{!}} GhHeadlines Total News Total Information |url=https://ghheadlines.com/agency/ghana-web-/20161022/36503834/vivian-jill-lawrence-looks-stunning-in-new-photo |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=ghheadlines.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mireri |first=Julian |date=2022-11-16 |title=Vivian Jill Lawrence's age, career, movies, husband, children, net worth |url=https://yen.com.gh/facts-lifehacks/biographies/221320-vivian-jill-lawrences-age-career-movies-husband-children-net-worth/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Yen.com.gh – Ghana news. |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Info-Cast |title=Vivian Jill – Biography, Age, Height, and Family Overview |url=https://info-cast.com/profile/vivian-jill |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=Info-Cast |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sana'a == Baya ga kasancewarta 'yar wasan kwaikwayo [[Kumawood|ta Kumawood]], ta kuma yi mu'amala da wasu kamfanonin shirya fina-finai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=MyNewsGH |date=2023-04-20 |title=I'm focused on working hard to make money genuinely – Vivian Jill |url=https://www.mynewsgh.com/im-focused-on-working-hard-to-make-money-genuinely-vivian-jill/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=MyNewsGh |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Lawrence a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 1983 a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]], [[Najeriya|Najeriya,]] ga mahaifin wani ɗan ƙasar Scotland da kuma mahaifiyar wani ɗan ƙasar Ghana. Lawrence ta koma [[Ghana]] lokacin tana da shekaru takwas, inda ta kammala karatunta na firamare da sakandare. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2021 |title=Biography of Ghanaian Actress, Vivian Jill Lawrence |url=https://www.ghlinks.com.gh/vivian-jill-lawrence-2/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Ghlinks Media}}</ref> Ta haifi ɗanta na fari, Clinton tana da shekaru 15. <ref>{{Cite web |last=COOMSON |first=NANA KWESI |date=2024-01-15 |title=I Gave Birth to My First Son at 15 – Vivian Jill Reveals her Life Story |url=https://thechronicle.com.gh/i-gave-birth-to-my-first-son-at-15-vivian-jill-reveals-her-life-story/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=The Ghanaian Chronicle |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Peace FM |title=I Had My First Son At Age 15 – Actress Vivian Jill Lawrence Reveals |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201709/327297.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828203533/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201709/327297.php |archive-date=2024-08-28 |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Peacefmonline.com – Ghana news}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Byte |first=Nii Smiley |date=2024-01-13 |title=I Gave Birth to My First Son at 15 – Vivian Jill Reveals her Life Story |url=https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2024/01/13/i-gave-birth-to-my-first-son-at-15-vivian-jill-reveals-her-life-story/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828203534/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2024/01/13/i-gave-birth-to-my-first-son-at-15-vivian-jill-reveals-her-life-story/ |archive-date=2024-08-28 |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=GhanaCelebrities.Com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-11 |title=Vivian Jill Lawrence First Born Turns Musician, Drops Teaser For His First Single – Watch Video - ZionFelix.net |url=https://www.zionfelix.net/vivian-jill-lawrence-first-born-turns-musician-drops-teaser-for-his-first-single-watch-video/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kusi |first=Toni |date=2017-05-08 |title=(VIDEO)The Sad Pregnancy Story of Vivian Jill Lawrence—Says she had Four miscarriages and two ectopics before her 2nd born |url=https://www.ghpage.com/pregnancy-story-of-vivian-jill-lawrence/9964/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=GhPage |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta haifi wani ɗa namiji mai suna Alfie. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Agyei |first=Miss Anita-Pyper |date=2018-02-23 |title=Actress Vivian Jill-Lawrence's Son, Baby Alfie Is A Year Already- Read Her Heartfelt Message To Him |url=https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2018/02/23/actress-vivian-jill-lawrences-son-baby-alfie-year-already-read-heartfelt-message/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828203533/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2018/02/23/actress-vivian-jill-lawrences-son-baby-alfie-year-already-read-heartfelt-message/ |archive-date=2024-08-28 |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=GhanaCelebrities.Com |language=en-US}}</ref> A cewar Lawrence, ta ce ba za ta kashe kuɗi mai yawa ga mutumin da take so ba. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Nyabor |first=Jonas |date=2014-05-09 |title=I won't 'spread' any man – Vivian |url=https://citifmonline.com/2014/05/i-wont-spread-any-man-vivian/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828203533/https://citifmonline.com/2014/05/i-wont-spread-any-man-vivian/ |archive-date=2024-08-28 |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Citi 97.3 FM – Relevant Radio. Always |language=en-US}}</ref> Vivian Jill Lawrence ta auri abokin aikinta Don Kingsley Yamoah. Wasu daga cikin abokan aikinsu 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo sun halarci bikin auren. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-14 |title=Photos from Vivian Jill's 'private wedding' ceremony set internet on fire - Adomonline.com |url=https://www.adomonline.com/photos-from-vivian-jills-private-wedding-ceremony-set-internet-on-fire/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bless |first=Nessa |date=2024-06-14 |title=Photos Drop As Vivian Jill Ties The Knot In Colorful Ceremony |url=https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2024/06/14/photos-drop-as-vivian-jill-ties-the-knot-in-colorful-ceremony/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718133426/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2024/06/14/photos-drop-as-vivian-jill-ties-the-knot-in-colorful-ceremony/ |archive-date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=GhanaCelebrities.Com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Takaddama == Lawrence ta yi adawa da zargin cewa yawancin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo suna yin karuwanci saboda rugujewar masana'antar fina-finai ta Ghana. Ta ce bayan wani jarumi kuma furodusa, Kwame Borga ta ce sama da kashi 70 cikin 100 na 'yan wasan Kumawood yanzu suna shiga karuwanci. Ta ce, "banda yin wasan kwaikwayo wasu daga cikinmu suna da abubuwan da suke yi" har ma ta faɗi yadda ta fara loda gawayi zuwa Tema . [1] == Taimakon jama'a == Lawrence, wanda kuma shine Shugaba na Jill Foundation ya gina gida ya kuma yi wa wata tsohuwa ado a Bibiani Ayeresu, wacce ke yankin Yammacin Arewa na Ghana. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-21 |title=Vivian Jill Lawrence Builds A Home For A Physically Challenged Woman – See Photos - ZionFelix.net |url=https://www.zionfelix.net/vivian-jill-lawrence-builds-a-home-for-a-physically-challenged-woman-see-photos/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Fim ɗin fim == Ta fito a cikin waɗannan fina-finai. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":1"/> * ''Burgers na Akurasi 3'' * ''Launi na Gaskiya'' * ''Amanumuo Ben Ni'' * ''Di Masem Mame'' * ''Di Masem Mame 2'' * ''Sika Sei Yonkoo'' * ''Sika Sei Yonkoo 2'' * ''Subrukutu Komfo'' * ''Dole ne ku yi haƙuri'' * ''Sojan Goldcoast'' * ''Eye Mi Hu Sekina'' * ''Rebeka'' * ''Ketare Zuciyata'' == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0t9pa58ojipmjowoedveilxef2npnrj 0 145182 818703 808901 2026-04-05T12:49:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tolu Oniru''' (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga Yuli 1982), wacce aka fi sani da '''Toolz''', ƙwararriyar mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen rediyo ce a Najeriya, mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen tattaunawa, kuma mai gabatarwa. Tana gabatar da ''shirin The Midday Show'' a The Beat 99.9 FM . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chilling with Toolz |url=http://www.genevieveng.com/tag/toolz-tolu-oniru/ |access-date=2 June 2014 |publisher=genevieveng.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=I Have killer Hips |url=http://www.punchng.com/spice/essence/i-have-killer-hips-tolu-oniru/ |access-date=2 June 2014 |publisher=punchng.com |archive-date=1 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701143442/http://www.punchng.com/spice/essence/i-have-killer-hips-tolu-oniru/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Toolz wanda aka fi sani da Tolu Oniru-Demuren ya zama Daraktan Shirye-shirye na riƙon ƙwarya na The Beat 99.9 FM a shekarar 2020. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Toolz a [[Landan]] a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 1982. Ta yi karatun firamare a makarantar shirye-shiryen Talbot House da ke Bournemouth, Birtaniya, sannan ta yi karatun sakandare a Najeriya kafin ta koma karatu a Kwalejin City of Westminster . Tana kuma da digiri a fannin Kasuwanci da Sadarwar Mass daga Jami'ar London Metropolitan . <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2014 |title=My Father never wanted me to be in entertainment - Toolz |url=http://gistville.com/2014/05/father-never-wanted-entertainment-toolz-speaks-interview/ |access-date=8 June 2014 |website=GISTville |publisher=gistville.com }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Iyayenta 'yan gidan sarauta ne na Oniru na [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2014 |title=Biography of Toolz |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/05/celebrity-bio-tolu-oniru-a-k-a-toolz-full-biography.html |access-date=8 June 2014 |publisher=informationng.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2013 |title=Don Jazzy has a crush on me - Toolz |url=http://www.channelstv.com/2013/08/11/toolz-claims-don-jazzy-has-a-crush-on-her/ |access-date=8 June 2014 |publisher=channelstv.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Tolu Oniru ta auri Tunde Demuren, ɗan tsohon Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Ƙasa, Harold Demuren a [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]] a ranar 26 ga Mayu 2016. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu tare. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Toolz and Tunde Demuren Christen first baby |url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/high-society/toolz-and-tunde-demurin-christen-first-baby/ |publisher=The guardian ng}}</ref> A wata hira da ''Potpourri'', ta yi magana game da yadda ta fara gabatar da shirye-shiryen rediyo da kuma yadda hakan ya faru ba da gangan ba. Bayan samun aikin, ba ta da tabbacin cewa ta isa ba, domin wannan shine aikin rediyo na farko da ta yi. Ta tabbata za a kore ta daga aiki nan da watanni uku; wanda hakan bai faru ba. Ta bayyana cewa aikinta da farko ya kasance bisa tsarin 'tsari-kamar yadda na yi', amma yanzu tana ƙoƙarin tsara abubuwa da yawa da kuma kafa ƙarin manufofi na dogon lokaci. == Sana'a == Kafin ta sauka a Najeriya a shekarar 2008, ta yi aiki da MTV Europe [1] da Walt Disney Pictures [1] a Burtaniya. A yanzu haka tana karbar bakuncin shirin Midday Show a The Beat 99.9 FM kowace rana ta mako. Tana kuma yin hira da shahararrun masu nishadantarwa na Afirka a shirinta na The Juice . Shahararrun mutane kamar Yvonne Nelson, Omotola Jalade Ekeinde, Davido, Rita Dominic duk sun halarci shirinta. [2] Ta kasance cikin alkalan gasar 2011 da 2012 Channel O Music Video Awards . [3] A shekarar 2013 Toolz ita ce mai masaukin baki na X Factor West Africa [4] [[Olisa Adibua]] shine darektan shirye-shirye a The Beat 99.9 FM har zuwa 2019. A shekarar 2020 Toolz wanda aka fi sani da Tolu Oniru-Demuren ta zama mukaddashin Daraktan Shirye-shirye. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Toolz Oniru becomes programme director Beat F.M - P.M. News |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/04/23/toolz-oniru-becomes-program-director-beat-f-m/ |access-date=2023-07-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == === Nasara === * Kyautar 'Yan Jarida na Najeriya ta 2010 - ''Mai Gabatar da Rediyo na Shekara'' * Kyautar Duk Matasa ta Dynamix ta 2010 - ''Mai Gabatar da Rediyo na Shekara'' * Kyaututtukan FAB na 2011 - ''Halayyar Shekara a Filin Wasa'' * Kyautar 'Yan Watsa Labarai na Najeriya ta 2011 - ''Shahararriyar Mawakiya a Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai'' * Kyaututtukan Nan Gaba na 2012 - ''Halayyar Shekara a Filin Wasa'' * [[Nigeria Entertainment Awards|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya]] ta 2012 - ''Halayyar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai ta Shekara'' === An zaɓa === * Kyautar Zaɓar Yara ta Nickelodeon ta 2014 - ''Fitaccen Ɗan Najeriya a Harkokin Sama'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Toke & Toolz make nominees for award |url=http://ynaija.com/teen/toolz-toke-makinwa-and-more-make-the-nominees-list-for-nickelodeon-kids-choice-awards/ |access-date=8 June 2014 |publisher=Ynaija.com |archive-date=20 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320201902/http://ynaija.com/teen/toolz-toke-makinwa-and-more-make-the-nominees-list-for-nickelodeon-kids-choice-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] p9sckp0tz1osvpuqornpkjcydjtvxxd 0 145239 818862 809152 2026-04-06T06:09:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Virtue Oboro '''' yar kasuwa ce [[Ɗan Nijeriya|ta Najeriya]], kuma wacce ta kafa Tiny Hearts Technology. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Virtue Oboro Is Saving Thousands Of Babies With Jaundice Through 'Crib A'Glow' - Glim |url=https://glimug.com/virtue-oboro-saving-thousands-babies-jaundice-tiny-hearts-technologies/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ozdemir |first=Derya |date=2021-12-27 |title=A Mother Built a Solar-Powered Unit To Save Infants From a Common Disease |url=https://interestingengineering.com/health/a-mother-built-a-solar-powered-unit-to-save-infants-from-a-common-disease |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=interestingengineering.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff Reports |date=2020-07-20 |title=Virtue Oboro's Crib A' glow Saves Infants with Jaundice |url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/virtue-oboros-crib-a-glow/ |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=BORGEN |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, ta ƙirƙiro kuma ta ƙaddamar da [[Crib A'Glow|Crib 'A Glow]], wani gadon jarirai mai ɗaukar haske na LED wanda ke magance [[Shawara|jaundice]] ta amfani da makamashin rana, kuma ta ba da lasisin ƙirƙirar wannan fasaha a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2022 |title=Engineering.com |url=https://www.engineering.com/story/brace-for-impact-recognizing-sustainable-engineering-solutions-with-the-2022-africa-prize; |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=www.engineering.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Africa |first=Amref Health |date=2018-11-12 |title=Innovate For Life Fund 2018 Cohort |url=https://amref.org/news/innovate-life-fund-2018-cohort/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Amref Health Africa |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-27 |title=Engineering the future: meet the Africa prize shortlist innovators |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/dec/27/engineering-the-future-meet-the-africa-prize-shortlist-innovators |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oluwole |first=Victor |date=2021-11-25 |title=Meet the African entrepreneurs shortlisted for the 2022 Royal Academy of Engineering Africa Prize |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/leaders/meet-the-african-entrepreneurs-shortlisted-for-the-2022-royal-academy-of-engineering/xy752pg |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Business Insider Africa |language=en}}</ref> Virtue tana aiki a matsayin mai kula da kamfen don Yellow Alert Foundation, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sadaukar don horar da ma'aikatan jinya, masu haihuwa, da ma'aikata na kiwon lafiya a duk yankunan karkara na [[Najeriya]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=(Lalemi) Oboro |first=Virtue |date=19 November 2022 |title=Innovator of the Crib A'glow Phototherapy Units (for treatment of jaundice in newborns) |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/virtue-oboro-9a0b778b/ |access-date=19 November 2022 |website=LinkedIn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://yellowalertfoundation.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121151653/https://yellowalertfoundation.com/ |archive-date=2022-11-21 |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=YellowAlertFoundation |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta ba da gudummawa ga Shirin Jagorancin Olive, Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Afirka, da Shirin 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Lutheran . <ref name=":0" /> == Ilimi == Virtue ta kammala digiri na farko a Fine and Applied Arts a [[Jami'ar Jihar Cross River|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Jihar Cross River]] da takardar shaidar a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Cibiyar Ci gaban Kasuwanci, [[Jami'ar Pan Atlantic|Jami'ar Pan-Atlantic]], [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mkiwa |first=Felix |date=2018-07-07 |title=Virtue Olaitan Oboro Bio |url=https://www.wikimzansi.com/virtue-olaitan-oboro/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Wiki Mzansi |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Bayan haka ta sami digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Heriot-Watt, Ingila. <ref name=":0"/> == Kamfanin Tiny Hearts == Kamfanin Tiny Hearts Technology ya kafa ta Virtue da mijinta, Ezoukumo Oboro .Kamfanin yana ƙera [[Crib A'Glow]], na'urar hasken rana don magance jaundice na [[Jariri|jarirai]] da kuma incubators da creams na diaper rash don jarirai da ba su da haihuwa. <ref name="Ozdemir">{{Cite web |last=Ozdemir |first=Derya |date=2021-12-27 |title=A Mother Built a Solar-Powered Unit To Save Infants From a Common Disease |url=https://interestingengineering.com/health/a-mother-built-a-solar-powered-unit-to-save-infants-from-a-common-disease |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=interestingengineering.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About Us {{!}} TinyHeartsHq |url=https://tinyheartshq.com/about-us/ |access-date=2022-11-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> Tiny Hearts ya ƙunshi injiniyoyi na kiwon lafiya, masu zanen kaya, da Kwararrun likitoci.<ref name="africanleadersmagazine.com" /><ref name="Ozdemir" /> Kungiyar tana daidaita Shirin Yellow Alert, wani shiri wanda ke ilmantarwa da wayar da kan jama'a game da jaundice na jarirai tsakanin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da mata.<ref name="Oboro">{{Cite web |last=Oboro |first=Virtue |date=2021-04-05 |title=About Virtue Oboro |url=https://oborovirtue.medium.com/about-virtue-oboro-3b7900f2002e |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Virtue Oboro tana aiki a matsayin darektan kirkire-kirkire, a Tiny Hearts Technology . <ref name=":0"/> == Gidajen A'Glow == [[Crib A'Glow]] na'urar daukar hoto ce mai araha da aka yi a [[Najeriya]].<ref name="Ozdemir"/><ref name="Corbley">{{Cite web |last=Corbley |first=Andy |date=2022-03-10 |title=Nigerian Mom Designs Solar-Powered Cribs That Put an End to Baby Jaundice Disease |url=https://www.goodnewsnetwork.org/nigerian-startup-tiny-hearts-crib-a-glow-to-fight-neonatal-jaundice-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Good News Network |language=en-US}}</ref> An san sabon abu a duk duniya kuma ya ceci jarirai 550,000 a [[Asibiti|asibitoci]] sama da 500 a fadin [[Najeriya]], [[Ghana]], [[Kenya]], da [[Benin]].<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title=Nigerian Mum Designs Innovative Crib To Treat Babies Born With Jaundice, The Crib Has Been Used In 500 Hospitals |url=https://www.elorasblog.com/2022/06/10/nigerian-mum-designs-innovative-crib-to-treat-babies-born-with-jaundice-the-crib-has-been-used-in-500-hospitals/ |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=ElorasBlog |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Oboro"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Current cohort |url=https://africaprize.raeng.org.uk/awardees/current-cohort |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=africaprize.raeng.org.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniels |first=Ajiri |date=2022-11-13 |title=Tiny Hearts restates commitment to fight neonatal jaundice |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/tiny-hearts-restates-commitment-to-fight-neonatal-jaundice/ |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-us}}</ref> Don sauƙaƙe warkewar jarirai, asibitoci, Cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, da uwaye na farko suna sayen ko hayar gidaje.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Virtue Oboro Is Saving Thousands Of Babies With Jaundice Through 'Crib A'Glow' - Glim |url=https://glimug.com/virtue-oboro-saving-thousands-babies-jaundice-tiny-hearts-technologies/ |access-date=2022-11-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> COVID-19 ya haifar da babban buƙata ga bariki, yayin da iyaye ke so su guji asibitoci yayin kula da jariransu.<ref name="Menezes">{{Cite web |last=Menezes |first=Fino |date=2022-04-04 |title=How a Nigerian tech startup is tackling baby jaundice and saving lives with solar-powered cribs |url=https://www.brightvibes.com/how-a-nigerian-tech-startup-is-tackling-baby-jaundice-and-saving-lives-with-solar-powered-cribs/ |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=BrightVibes |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Virtue's Tiny Hearts Technology da Crib A'Glow innovation sun lashe kyautar $ 50,000 a matsayin wanda ya lashe African Innovation Challenge 2.0 ta Johnson & Johnson da kuma Unilever Young Entrepreneurs Award.[1][2] A cikin 2020, an ba kamfaninta lambar yabo ta uku don sababbin abubuwa na dijital ta Majalisar Kasuwancin Amurka da Majalisar Kasuwanci ta Amurka. An zaba ta don yin gasa don Kyautar Royal Academy of Engineering ta Afirka a shekarar 2022.[3][4] Har ila yau, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Mandela Washington Fellow, Sterling Bank Startups (2nd place), da kuma lambar yabo ta Diamond Bank.[5] == Ayyuka == * Oboro, Virtue & Xia, Guobin. (2022). Kwarewar Mai amfani - Kamfen na ra'ayi don ƙaddamar da dandalin yanar gizo na jama'a don maganin haske mai launi. Gabatarwar Kwarewar Mai amfani. 10.13140/RG.2.2.33205.96486 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oboro & Xia |date=22 November 2022 |title=User Experience Seminar Presentation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=Researchgate}}</ref> * Oboro Virtue (2022). Canje-canje a cikin [[Coca-cola|Coca-Cola]] daga annoba. Taron Gudanar da Canji a Jami'ar Heriot-Watt . 10.13140/RG.2.2.29850.52168 <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Oboro |first=Virtue |date=22 November 2022 |title=Change Management Seminar |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication |website=Researchgate}}</ref> * Oboro, Kyakkyawan. (2022). Gudanar da Canji. Taron Gudanar da Canji a Jami'ar Heriot-Watt . 10.13140/RG.2.2.23139.6352 <ref name=":2" /> * Oboro, Virtue & Xia, Guobin. (2022). Shirin Bincike na UXD. 10.13140/RG.2.2.19784.19205.     * Oboro, Kyakkyawan. (2022). Tsarin Tsarin tausayi a kan babban zauren Jami'ar Heriot-Watt (yankin Scotland). Taron: Tunanin Zane da Innovation. == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery mode="packed"> Fayil:Virtue_Oboro_and_her_Invention(Crib_A'Glow).jpg Fayil:Crib_A'Glow_in_a_Hospital.jpg Fayil:Baby_in_Crib_A'Glow.jpg </gallery> == Dubi kuma == [[Crib A'Glow]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] imofo378sqhwcxgdfoide083ln4dh4d 0 145277 818864 809205 2026-04-06T06:16:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vivian Obianujunwa Ikechukwu''' (an haife ta a ranar 10 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1997) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Najeriya wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba a kungiyar Liga MX Femenil ta Cruz Azul da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|Kungiyar mata ta Najeriya]]. <ref name="sw">{{Cite web |title=19 Vivian Ikechukwu |url=https://www.soccerdonna.de/de/vivian-ikechukwu/profil/spieler_23104.html |access-date=11 February 2024 |publisher=Soccerway |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="tff0">{{Cite web |title=Vivian Obianujuwan Ikechukwu |url=https://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageID=30&kisiID=2500360 |access-date=11 February 2024 |publisher=Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu |language=tr}}</ref><ref name="mk">{{Cite web |title=Nijerya (K) |url=https://www.mackolik.com/takim/nijerya-k/kadro/ddhjicq33fc8mfavld34x1iva/haz%C4%B1rl%C4%B1k-kad%C4%B1nlar/2022/91jifxei9sjpv0afezbdhobo4 |access-date=11 February 2024 |publisher=Mackolik |language=tr}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == Ikechukwu yana da tsayi 1.68 m kuma yana taka leda a matsayi na gaba.<ref name="fm">{{Cite web |title=Vivian Ikechukwu |url=https://www.fotomac.com.tr/haberleri/vivian-ikechukwu |access-date=11 February 2024 |publisher=FotoMaç |language=tr |archive-date=15 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915153929/https://www.fotomac.com.tr/haberleri/vivian-ikechukwu |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta fara aikinta na sana'a tare da [[Abia Angels F.C.|Abia Angels FC]] a cikin NWFL Premiership . === Kogin Mala'iku === A cikin 2018, Ikechukwu ya koma kulob din Port Harcourt Rivers Angels F.C. yana wasa a gasar Premier ta NWFL. Ta lashe gasar cin kofin mata ta 2018 da aka gudanar a [[Yenagoa]] . <ref name="ps" /> Kungiyar ta zama zakara a kakar 2019, <ref name="ps" /> da 2020-21 . <ref name="cafol">{{Cite web |date=12 November 2021 |title=Mamelodi Sundowns and ASFAR's goalless draw qualifies both, Rivers Angels beat Vihiga Queens 4–0 |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-champions-league/news/mamelodi-sundowns-and-asfar-s-goalless-draw-qualifies-both-rivers-angels-beat-vi |access-date=11 February 2024 |publisher=CAF Online}}</ref> Ta taka leda a Gasar Zakarun Mata ta CAF ta 2021 a [[Kairo|Alkahira]], Misira, kuma ta zira kwallaye biyu.<ref name="cafol" /> A watan Fabrairun 2022, an ba ta suna 'yar wasa ta watan NWPL. === Beşiktaş === A karshen watan Janairun 2023, Ikechukwu ya koma Turkiyya, kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rabin kakar tare da kulob din Beşiktaş J.K. na [[Istanbul]] don yin wasa a gasar Super League ta kwallon kafa ta mata ta Turkiyya.<ref name="tff0"/> A rabi na biyu na Super League na 2022-23, ta buga wasanni hudu.<ref name="tff0" /> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2023, ta sha wahala daga ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwa.<ref name="sw"/> An tsawaita kwantiraginta da Beşiktaş J.K. na shekara guda a cikin Super League na 2023-24. <ref name="tff0" /> Ta ji rauni a kafa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023.<ref name="sw" /> Ta taka leda a wasanni 30 na hukuma a Beşiktaş, inda ta taka leda na tsawon shekaru 1.5. Ta ba da gudummawa ga kwallaye 9 da taimakon 5 kuma ta zauna a filin sama da minti 2,000. === Blue Cross === Tsakanin watan Yulin 2024, Ikechukwu ya koma Mexico, kuma ya sanya hannu tare da kulob din Cruz Azul (mata) na Mexico City don yin wasa a Liga MX Femenil . Ta zira kwallaye a nasarar 4-1 a kan Santos Laguna a ranar 17.08.2024. A cikin wata sanarwa da kulob din ya yi a makon farko na watan Disamba, an sanar da cewa Ikechukwu ba zai ci gaba da kakar wasa mai zuwa ba. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ikechukwu memba ne na tawagar Najeriya.[1][2] Ta zira kwallaye biyu a kan Afirka ta Kudu a gasar cin kofin kasa da kasa ta Aisha Buhari a shekarar 2021. Ta kasance daga cikin tawagar ta huɗu a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta mata ta 2022 a Maroko . [3] == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Ikechukwu a Najeriya a ranar 10 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1997. <ref name="tff0"/> == Daraja == '''Rivers Angels F.C.''' * Firayim Ministan NWFL: 2019, 2020-21 <ref name="cafol"/> * [[Gasar cin Kofi ta Matan Najeriya|Kofin Aiteo na Mata]]: 2018 <ref name="ps" /> '''FC Gintra Universitetas''' * A Lyga: 2022{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] 65zgghx0rahxrl9l1lawq0ma4lk1vaq 0 145410 818869 809617 2026-04-06T06:55:48Z BnHamid 12586 818869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sarah Miébo Téibo''' mawaƙiya ce ta Turanci-Nijeriya, tare da waƙoƙin bishara na zamani guda biyu, Walk with Me (2016) da Keep Walking (2018).<ref name="Soul Tracks">{{Cite web |last=Dukes |first=Howard |date=n.d. |title=Sarah Teibo – Walk With Me (2016) (Review) |url=http://www.soultracks.com/review-sarah-teibo-walk-with-me |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=Soul Tracks}}</ref> An zabi ta don lambar yabo ta MOBO . == Rayuwa ta farko da asali == Téibo, ta biyu cikin yara huɗu, an haife ta <ref name="ASCAP">{{Cite web |last=[[PRS for Music|PRS]] |date=n.d. |title=Songwriter: Teibo Sarah Miebo |url=https://mobile.ascap.com/aceclient/AceWeb/#ace/search/writer/Teibo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106040548/https://mobile.ascap.com/aceclient/AceWeb/#ace/search/writer/Teibo |archive-date=6 January 2017 |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=[[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers|ASCAP]]}}</ref> a [[Landan]], Ingila, ga iyayen Najeriya.<ref name="Day">{{Cite web |last=Teibo |first=Sarah |date=17 January 2016 |title=I CANT KEEP CALM IT'S MY BIRTHDAY |url=https://twitter.com/Sarahteibo/status/688720012706746368 |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=Twitter}}</ref> Yayinda take yarinya, ta koma tare da iyayenta zuwa Najeriya inda ta fara raira waƙa a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta matasa ta cocin kuma daga ƙarshe ta koma Burtaniya bayan ta yi aure a shekara ta 2007.<ref name="MOBO">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Steve Alexander |date=n.d. |title=MOBO Interview : Sarah Teibo |url=http://www.mobo.com/news-blogs/mobo-interview-sarah-teibo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118050836/http://www.mobo.com/news-blogs/mobo-interview-sarah-teibo |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=[[MOBO Awards]]}}</ref><ref name="One Man">{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=27 September 2016 |title=Exclusive Interview With MOBO Nominee Sarah Téibo |url=http://onemaninthemiddle.com/interviews/exclusive-interview-with-mobo-nominee-sarah-teibo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118104233/http://onemaninthemiddle.com/interviews/exclusive-interview-with-mobo-nominee-sarah-teibo |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=One Man in the Middle}}</ref><ref name="Louder">{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=16 January 2017 |title=Interview: Sarah Teibo |url=http://louderthanthemusic.com/document.php?id=5549 |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=Louder Than the Music}}</ref> == Ayyukan kiɗa == Ayyukan rikodin kiɗa sun fara ne a shekarar 2015, tare da guda ɗaya, "Steal My Joy", daga ƙarshe ya saki kundin studio, Walk with Me, a ranar 8 ga Mayu 2016. <ref name="CR Review">{{Cite web |last=Cummings |first=Tony |date=19 June 2016 |title=Review: Walk With Me – Sarah Teibo |url=http://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/products/Sarah_Teibo/Walk_With_Me/161250/ |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=[[Cross Rhythms]]}}</ref> Don wannan, ta sami gabatarwa a MOBO Awards don Mafi Kyawun Bishara . A watan Yunin 2018, ta fitar da kundi na biyu 'Keep Walking' wanda ya ƙunshi Labarin Bishara, Fred Hammond kuma ya kai lamba 3 a cikin Shafukan Kirista da Bishara na Ofishin. Bayan sanya hannu a hannun kiɗa na IndieBlue na eOne Nashville, ta saki 'Spirit Come' na farko daga kundi na gaba da aka shirya don saki a cikin 2021 A watan Disamba na 2020, ta fitar da wakar Kirsimeti ta farko 'Hear the Sound' a matsayin kyautar sadaka don tallafawa kungiyar agaji ta Burtaniya Colourful Beginnings, don tallafawa iyalai da ke da jarirai a NICU a duk faɗin Burtaniya A shekara ta 2022, ta lashe kyautar ABGMA Song of the Year tare da waƙar Sin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ABGMA 2022 Awards |url=https://www.soarisemusic.com/uploads/1/7/6/9/17692349/abgma_2022_award_winners.pdf |website=ABGMA}}</ref> == Mawallafin == Ita ce marubucin littafin, Sex Interrupted, wanda aka buga a 2011. <ref name="CR Interview">{{Cite web |last=Sarah J. |date=12 April 2011 |title=Sex Interrupted |url=http://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/articles/life/Sex_Interrupted/43086/p1/ |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=[[Cross Rhythms]]}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka yi == * Tafiya tare da Ni (8 ga Mayu 2016) * ''Ci gaba da tafiya'' (29 Yuni 2018) * ''Ruhun ya zo'' (28 ga Agusta 2020) * ''Ji Sauti'' (18 Disamba 2020) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] 40predq9wf4k4so7bz9o51ul0cpusf9 0 145533 818756 809935 2026-04-05T18:31:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ujaku Akita (秋田 雨雀, Akita Ujaku; 30 ga Janairun 1883 - 12 ga Mayu 1962) shi ne sunan da ake kira Tokuzō Akita (春田 徳三, Akita Tokuzô), marubucin [[Japanese people|Jafananci]] kuma [[Esperantist]]. An fi saninsa da wasansa, littattafai, da gajerun labaru ga yara. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife shi a [[Kuroishi, Aomori|Kuroishi]], Aomori Prefecture, ya yi karatun wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi a [[Waseda University|Jami'ar Waseda]] kuma ya zama mai sha'awar zamantakewa. A shekara ta 1913 ya koyi Esperanto daga [[Vasili Eroshenko]], sakamakon ganawa ta dama, kuma nan da nan ya zama shugaban ƙungiyar Esperanto, kuma memba na ƙungiyar "La Semanto" a 1921. Ya ziyarci [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|USSR]] a 1927 don bikin cika shekaru goma na [[October Revolution|juyin juya hali]]. A watan Janairun 1931 ya taimaka wajen kafa kungiyar kasa, Japana Prolet-Esperantista Unio (JPEU), tare da kimanin mambobi 150, kuma tare da Akita a matsayin shugaban kasa. Ya fassara rubuce-rubucen Eroshenko zuwa Jafananci, kuma ya rubuta littafi a kan Esperanto. == Ayyukan da aka zaɓa == === A cikin Jafananci === * Higashi no Kodomo ("Yara a Gabas", tarihin, 1921) * ''Taiyô zuwa Hanazono'' ("Rana da Aljanna", tarihin, 1921) * Mohan Esuperanto-Dokusyu: Memlernanto de Esperanto ("Esperanto by Self-Study", tare da [[Osaka Kenji]], littafin rubutu, 1927) * ''Ujaku jiden'' ("Autobiography", 1953) === An fassara shi zuwa Esperanto === * ''Tri dramoj'' ("Wasanni uku" wanda Haĵime Ŝuzui, Kaname Susuki ya fassara a 1927) Fonto de sudroj ("Shudras' Fountain") Danco de skeletoj ("Skeleton Dance") Nokto Chelsea landslimoj. ("Dare a kan iyakoki") ** Fonto de sudroj ("Fountain of Shudras") ** ''Danco na skeletoj'' ("Skeleton Dance") ** ''Nokto ya yi amfani da ƙasa.'' ("Dare a kan iyakoki") * Sun yi karatu a shekara ta 1925 ta hanyar Junko Sibata. == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100823071818/http://www.net.pref.aomori.jp/kuroishi/Culture/Cul_30_12_ujaku01.html Account] of Akita's life {{In lang|ja}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100225193005/http://www.nakamuraya.co.jp/salon/p09.html Web page] at the Nakamura Theatre website {{In lang|ja}} * [http://www.iiclo.or.jp/100books/1868/htm-e/039main-e.htm Web page] on the anthologies of 1921 {{In lang|ja}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090925012808/http://kuroishi.or.jp/k_akita.htm Website] of the Akita Ujaku Museum in Kuroishi {{In lang|ja}} * [http://www.seinengekijo.co.jp/frame.html Website] of the Akita Ujaku Boys' Theatre in Tokyo {{In lang|ja}} * [http://www2.odn.ne.jp/teatro-chamomile/ ''Teatoro'']{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}  magazine {{In lang|ja}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100224232944/http://www.honoji.or.jp/s_akita.html Grave] of Akita {{In lang|ja}} * Works by Ujaku Akita at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1883]] b2revfrfdpjnp8o3j1o114qtz5kl7qy 0 145962 818857 811240 2026-04-06T05:36:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Viktor Anatolyevich Bout'''[a] (/buːt/; Rasha: Viktor Anatolievich But, Viktor Anatelyevich But; an haife shi 13 Janairu 1967) ɗan kasuwar makamai ne kuma ɗan siyasa na Rasha. Mai kera makamai kuma tsohon mai fassara na soja na Soviet, ya yi amfani da kamfanoninsa don shigo da makamai daga Gabashin Turai zuwa Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin shekarun 1990 da farkon 2000s. Bout ya sami lakabin "Mai Kasuwanci na Mutuwa" bayan ministan Burtaniya Peter Hain ya karanta wani rahoto ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekara ta 2003 game da ayyukan Bout masu yawa, abokan ciniki masu yawa, da kuma shirye-shiryen kauce wa embargoes. Bayan ya koma Rasha, Bout ya shiga Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party of Russia a 2022 kuma ya lashe kujerar a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ulyanovsk Oblast a matsayin memba na LDPR a ranar 2 ga Yulin 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hopkins |first=Valerie |date=10 September 2023 |title=Russia's 'Merchant of Death' Is Looking to Forge a New Life in Politics |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/10/world/europe/russia-bout-arms-dealing-politics.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230910093116/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/10/world/europe/russia-bout-arms-dealing-politics.html/ |archive-date=10 September 2023 |access-date=10 September 2023 |website=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In Russian |url=http://www.ulyanovsk.izbirkom.ru/gallery/news-2023/09/12-09/1%20(2).jpg |website=Election Committee of Ulyanovsk Region }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Asalin Bout ba a bayyane yake ba. Takardun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Bout da kansa dukansu sun bayyana wurin haihuwarsa a matsayin [[Dushanbe]], Tajik SSR, [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] (yanzu babban birnin [[Tajikistan]]), kuma cewa ranar haihuwarsa mai yiwuwa 13 ga Janairu 1967, kodayake wasu kwanakin da yawa suna yiwuwa.<ref name="ethz">{{Cite web |date=24 June 2008 |title=The deadly convenience of Victor Bout |url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/Security-Watch/Detail/?id=88499&lng=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130105324/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/Security-Watch/Detail/?id=88499&lng=en |archive-date=30 January 2010 |access-date=24 October 2009 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref> Yana da babban ɗan'uwa mai suna Sergei Bout.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1 December 2005 |title=Security Council Committee on Liberia Updates Assets Freeze List {{!}} United Nations Press Release |url=https://press.un.org/en/2005/sc8570.doc.htm |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=United Nations – Press Releases}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2005 |title=Treasury Designates Viktor Bout's International Arms Trafficking Network |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/js2406 |website=U.S. Department of the Treasury}}</ref> == Ayyukan soja == Bout ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Soviet. Babu wani bayani game da aikin soja sai dai ya kammala karatu daga Cibiyar Sojojin Soviet ta Harsunan Kasashen Waje a ƙarshen shekarun 1980. Horarwar Bout ta ba shi damar zama mai magana da harsuna da yawa kuma ya iya harsuna biyar na kasashen waje: Portuguese, English, Faransanci, Larabci, da Farsi. An ruwaito cewa yana da ƙwarewa a [[Esperanto]], wanda ya koya yana da shekaru 12 a farkon shekarun 1980 a matsayin memba na kulob din Esperanto na Dushanbe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Light |first=Felix |date=8 December 2022 |title=Who is Viktor Bout, the Russian arms dealer swapped for Griner? |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/who-is-viktor-bout-russian-arms-dealer-swapped-griner-2022-12-08/ |access-date=27 Jan 2025 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Shafin yanar gizon Bout ya bayyana cewa ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Soviet a matsayin mai fassara, yana riƙe da matsayin mataimakin. Ba a san wane matsayi Bout ya rike ba yayin da yake soja. A wata hira da aka yi da Rediyo Echo Moskvy, Bout da kansa ya ce ya yi ritaya tare da "sashin [[hafsa|jami'in]]". Sauran rahotanni sun bayyana Bout a matsayin tsohon [[Major (rank)|babba]] jami'in. An yi tunanin an sallami Bout daga Sojojin Soviet a lokacin da aka rushe shi a 1991 tare da matsayi na [[Lieutenant colonel|Lieutenant Colonel]], inda ya fara kasuwancin jigilar kayayyaki. Sauran kafofin sun bayyana cewa ya kasance babban jami'i a cikin [[GRU (Soviet Union)|GRU]], jami'in [[Soviet Air Forces|Sojojin Sama na Soviet]], cewa ya kammala karatu daga shirin horar da leken asiri na soja na Soviet, ko kuma ma'aikacin [[KGB]]. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] m4kohjormt2c0qn38slqpezlndwsjp5 0 146117 818938 811713 2026-04-06T08:55:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wendy Craig CBE''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-03 |title=Wendy Craig awarded CBE and vows to keep on working |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/uk-news/18277458.wendy-craig-awarded-cbe-vows-keep-working/ |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref> (an haife ta '''Anne Gwendolyn Craig'''; 20 Yuni 1934) <ref name="mbc">{{Cite web |last=Pickering |first=David |title=Craig, Wendy&nbsp;– British Actor |url=http://www.museum.tv/eotvsection.php?entrycode=craigwendy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507134925/http://www.museum.tv/eotvsection.php?entrycode=craigwendy |archive-date=7 May 2013 |access-date=9 January 2012 |website=Museum.TV |publisher=The Museum of Broadcast Communications}}</ref> 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ingila wacce aka fi sani da bayyanarta a cikin sitcoms Not in Front of the Children (1967-1970), ''...'' ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id=]...''_Mother_Makes_Three" id="mwGw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="...And Mother Makes Three">Kuma Uwar ta Yi Uku (1971-1973), ... ''Kuma Uwar ta Yi Biyar'' (1974-1976) da ''Butterflies'' (1978-1983). Ta taka rawar Matron a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV The Royal (2003-2011). An zabi Craig don Kyautar BAFTA don Sabon Sabon da ya fi dacewa da Matsayin Fim don <nowiki><i id="mwJQ">Bawan</i></nowiki> da ta taka a cikin The Servant (1963) kuma ta lashe Kyautar BATA don Mafi kyawun Actress a 1969 don Not in Front of the Children . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Most Promising Newcomer To Leading Film Roles |url=https://www.bafta.org/awards/film/most-promising-newcomer-to-leading-film-roles |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Bafta |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Actress |url=https://www.bafta.org/awards/television/actress-television |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Bafta |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Anne Gwendolyn Craig a ranar 20 ga Yuni 1934 a Sacriston, County Durham, <ref name="mbc"/> 'yar manomi George Craig da matarsa Anne (née Lindsay). <ref name="Gazette20100409">{{Cite web |last=Morgan |first=Mike |date=8 August 2010 |title=Actress Wendy Craig talks up Teesside |url=http://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/local-news/actress-wendy-craig-talks-up-3700251 |website=gazettelive}}</ref> Ta halarci Durham High School for Girls, da farko a matsayin dalibi na rana sannan daga baya a matsayin mai zama, wanda ta sake komawa a watan Oktoba 2007 don buɗe sabon gini wanda aka sanya masa suna.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2007 |title=A few Butterflies as children meet actress |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/1762378.a-few-butterflies-as-children-meet-actress/ |website=The Northern Echo}}</ref> Ta wuce jarrabawar 11+ kuma ta tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Darlington. Lokacin da take 'yar shekara goma sha biyu iyalin suka koma Picton, North Yorkshire kuma ta halarci Makarantar Yarm Grammar School da ke kusa.<ref name="Gazette20100409" /> Ta horar da ita a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Makarantar Magana da Wasan kwaikwayo ta Tsakiya, sannan ta kasance a Royal Albert Hall, London. <ref name="cssd">{{Cite web |title=Central School of Speech and Drama High Profile Alumni |url=https://www.cssd.ac.uk/alumni/our-alumni/high-profile-alumni |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506015319/https://www.cssd.ac.uk/alumni/our-alumni/high-profile-alumni |archive-date=6 May 2022 |access-date=3 March 2025 |website=cssd.ac.uk}}</ref> A shekara ta 1956, Craig ya bayyana a West End tare da Robertson Hare a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na John Dighton Man Alive!. == Ayyuka == Ɗaya daga cikin bayyanarta ta farko a talabijin ya kasance a cikin wani labari na jerin Danger Man da ake kira "The Gallows Tree" (1961). <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gallows Tree (1961) |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b696b083d |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013142826/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b696b083d |archive-date=13 October 2019 |website=BFI}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1960 Craig ta bayyana a fina-finai na Burtaniya kamar The Servant (1963) da The Nanny (1965) tare da Bette Davis, amma bayyanarta ce a cikin sitcoms na Burtaniya na ƙarshen shekarun 1960/1970 wanda ya haifar da ta zama sunan gida, yawanci tana wasa da uwar gida mai tsakiya.<ref name="bfi">{{Cite web |title=Wendy Craig |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9f03f92a |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401003157/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9f03f92a |archive-date=1 April 2016 |website=BFI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2008 |title=Not In Front Of The Children |url=https://www.britishclassiccomedy.co.uk/not-front-children |access-date=7 March 2023 |website=British Classic Comedy}}</ref> Ta tafi daga [[BBC]]'s Not in Front of the Children (1967-1970) zuwa ITV's ''...'' And Mother Makes Three (1971-1973), inda ta taka ''Bawan'' iyaye guda, wanda ya samo asali a cikin sakamakonsa ''...'' ''Kuma Uwar ta Yi Biyar'' (1974-1976). Sa'an nan kuma ya zo ''Butterflies'' (1978-1983), wasan kwaikwayo mai nasara a BBC2. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BFI Screenonline: Butterflies (1978-83) |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/1180242/index.html |website=www.screenonline.org.uk}}</ref> Craig ta koma wasan kwaikwayo tare da jerin Nanny (1981-1983), jerin da ta kirkira, kuma ta rubuta wasu abubuwan da ta faru da kanta a matsayin Jonathan Marr, sunan da ta yi amfani da shi kafin lokacin da take rubuta abubuwan ''...'' ''Kuma Uwar ta Yi Biyar''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sally's Diary (1976) |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b824a22ca |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013151321/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b824a22ca |archive-date=13 October 2019 |website=BFI}}</ref> Shekaru ashirin bayan haka, ta buga Matron a cikin ITV's The Royal (2003-2011) kuma ta kuma fito da yawa a cikin 2002 na littafin John Galsworthy The Forsyte Saga .<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2016 |title=The Sunday Post: Wendy Craig |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/webarchive/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fblogs%2Fgenome%2Fentries%2Fdaee8c95-09af-43e2-a159-36e56d6c6273 |website=BBC}}</ref> Koyaya, ta ci gaba da kasancewa da alaƙa da wasan kwaikwayo, bayan ta ɗauki ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsayi a matsayin Annie a ''Brighton Belles'' (1993-1994), ɗan gajeren lokaci na Burtaniya na The Golden Girls . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brighton Belles (1993) |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7c259f24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013145113/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7c259f24 |archive-date=13 October 2019 |website=BFI}}</ref> Ta bayyana a matsayin mahaifiyar Reggie a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na BBC One ''Reggie Perrin'' (2009-2010), sabuntawa na jerin shekarun 1970 The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin . <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC One - Reggie Perrin, Series 2, Episode 6 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00w5ct9 |website=BBC}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Craig ya auri Jack Bentley, mai ba da labari, marubuci da ɗan jarida, daga 1955 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1994.[1] A lokacin aurenta da Bentley, tana da 'ya'ya maza biyu: Alaster, wanda daga baya ya zama babban oboist na Birmingham Royal Ballet Sinfonia [1] kuma, sakamakon wani al'amari tare da John Mortimer, Ross, mai ba da shawara kan IT. [2][3] A shekara ta 2004, bayan da ta ji cewa asirin ya ɓace, Wendy ta ziyarci Mortimer don bayyana a hukumance cewa al'amarin su ya haifar da ɗa, sannan 42.[4] Ta kasance a lokacin da ɓarkewar ta bayyana a cikin wani labari na Midsomer Murders; tauraron jerin John Nettles daga baya ya ce daya daga cikin abubuwan da ya fi so game da jerin yana karɓar kwafin The Daily Telegraph a lokacin wannan fim tare da taken da ke bayyana asirin, yana mai cewa "Ya zama kamar cikakke Midsomer".[5] Tun daga shekarun 1990s, Craig ya zauna a Cookham, Berkshire . An nada ta [[Order of the British Empire|Kwamandan Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) a cikin 2020 New Year Honours don hidimomi ga wasan kwaikwayo da sadaka.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=62866|supp=y|page=N8|date=28 December 2019}}</ref> == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == * ''Wurin Asirin'' (1957) * ''Gidan da ke saman'' (1959) * ''Candida'' (1961) <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 1961 |title=Candida |url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/1493beceb5e04d9eaf2b4aeb4ca5e180 |access-date=14 March 2026 |publisher=[[BBC Genome Project]] |archive-date=25 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025025202/http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/1493beceb5e04d9eaf2b4aeb4ca5e180 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Zuciya zuwa Zuciya'' (1962) <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 1962 |title=BBC Television presents: The Largest Theatre in the World: Heart to Heart |url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/d23315d09a1c4f9e9d6e2dad84677c22 |access-date=14 March 2026 |publisher=[[BBC Genome Project]]}}</ref> * The Mind Benders (1963) * ''Bawan'' (1963) * Nanny (1965) * ''Kamar Mace'' (1967) * ''Ba zan taɓa mantawa da sunan ba'' (1967) * ''Joseph Andrews'' (1977) * gudu don matarka (2012) * ''Mafi Girma Maƙaryaci'' (2017-2019) * ''Emmerdale'' (2018) * ''Likitoci'' (2019) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] ir94p2nbaox60qwvujgoi8srht7dzgr 3 146397 818829 818104 2026-04-05T21:48:36Z Saad Nuhu 43323 /* JInjina: Ayyuka masu kyau Clément Lenglet da sauran su. */ Mayarwa 818829 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Saad Nuhu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Saad Nuhu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 23 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Goge Shafi [[Umar Shehu Buba]] == Assalam, Zamu goge wannan shafi [[Umar Shehu Buba]] saboda akwai shafin a Hausa Wikipedia [[Shehu Buba Umar]] [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 11:22, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) :Wannan ma [[Abdul Ningi]] akwai shi [[Abdul Ahmed Ningi]].. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 11:39, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) :[[User:Saad Nuhu|Saad Nuhu]] ([[User talk:Saad Nuhu|talk]]) 15:25, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) ok toh ba damuwa inshallah == Blanked Page [[Rodrigo Mendoza]] == Assalam, Na ga ka kirkiri wannan shafi [[Rodrigo Mendoza]] kuma ka share komai daga shafin. Shin akwai dalili? [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 10:01, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == JInjina: Ayyuka masu kyau [[Clément Lenglet]] da sauran su. == Assalam <nowiki>Wannan jijina ne musamman saboda fassarorin da ka yi na mukalun 'yan wasa wanda sunyi kyau sosai. Da fatan za'a cigaba da kirkirar ayyuka masu kyau a shafin Hausa.~~~Z</nowiki> [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 10:19, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) :Eh Inshallah zamu ci gaba da aiki mai kyau, fatan za kuci gaba da hakuri da kuma tai maka mana akai [[User:Saad Nuhu|Saad Nuhu]] ([[User talk:Saad Nuhu|talk]]) 21:48, 5 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) c3gqxiuumjmq1ulp0rziflmtd98k3yi 818830 818829 2026-04-05T21:54:15Z Saad Nuhu 43323 /* Blanked Page Rodrigo Mendoza */ Mayarwa 818830 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Saad Nuhu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Saad Nuhu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 23 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Goge Shafi [[Umar Shehu Buba]] == Assalam, Zamu goge wannan shafi [[Umar Shehu Buba]] saboda akwai shafin a Hausa Wikipedia [[Shehu Buba Umar]] [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 11:22, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) :Wannan ma [[Abdul Ningi]] akwai shi [[Abdul Ahmed Ningi]].. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 11:39, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) :[[User:Saad Nuhu|Saad Nuhu]] ([[User talk:Saad Nuhu|talk]]) 15:25, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) ok toh ba damuwa inshallah == Blanked Page [[Rodrigo Mendoza]] == Assalam, Na ga ka kirkiri wannan shafi [[Rodrigo Mendoza]] kuma ka share komai daga shafin. Shin akwai dalili? [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 10:01, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) :Eh tabbas nayi ne akan dalilai guda biyu.Na farko saboda in tabbatar da Hausa admins suna bibiyar abun da nakeyi sosae ko a'a na biyu kuma manazartan mendoza basu da sahihancin da zan wallafa bayanan shi, sai na kara fadada bincike akan shi, da zan goge shi sai ban goge ba [[User:Saad Nuhu|Saad Nuhu]] ([[User talk:Saad Nuhu|talk]]) 21:54, 5 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == JInjina: Ayyuka masu kyau [[Clément Lenglet]] da sauran su. == Assalam <nowiki>Wannan jijina ne musamman saboda fassarorin da ka yi na mukalun 'yan wasa wanda sunyi kyau sosai. Da fatan za'a cigaba da kirkirar ayyuka masu kyau a shafin Hausa.~~~Z</nowiki> [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 10:19, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) :Eh Inshallah zamu ci gaba da aiki mai kyau, fatan za kuci gaba da hakuri da kuma tai maka mana akai [[User:Saad Nuhu|Saad Nuhu]] ([[User talk:Saad Nuhu|talk]]) 21:48, 5 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) cvqw1dt7zdzuvon1s3nhengl8mtppl0 0 147241 818924 816936 2026-04-06T07:23:45Z BnHamid 12586 818924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Regina Mukiibi''' (wani lokacin ana kiranta Regina Mukiib Mugongo <ref>{{Cite web |last=Africa |first=Forbes Woman |date=2014-02-01 |title=From Banker To The Business Of Burial |url=https://www.forbesafrica.com/woman/2014/02/01/banker-business-burial/ |access-date=2020-03-04 |website=Forbes Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> da Regina Naluyima Mukiibi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uganda Funeral Services Ltd still top |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1444501/uganda-funeral-services |access-date=2020-03-04 |website=www.newvision.co.ug}}</ref>) 'yar kasuwa ce kuma 'yar kasuwa ta Uganda da aka sani da kasancewa darektan Gidan jana'izar farko a kasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Women Mean Business |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/witness/2013/09/ugandan-women-mean-business-2013930114515487270.html |access-date=2020-03-05 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> == Tarihi da ilimi == Yayin da ta shiga cikin kasuwancin gudanar da jana'izar, Regina Mukiibi ta gudanar da horo na sana'a a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Salisbury da Embalming a London.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Africa |first=Forbes Woman |date=2014-02-01 |title=From Banker To The Business Of Burial |url=https://www.forbesafrica.com/woman/2014/02/01/banker-business-burial/ |access-date=2020-03-04 |website=Forbes Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kasuwancin Kasuwanci == Bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai lissafi tare da Bankin Kasuwancin Uganda wanda yanzu ya ɓace, [1] ta gudanar da kamfani na yawon shakatawa da tafiye-tafiye [2] [3] wanda ta bar don fara kasuwancin Gudanar da jana'izar. A cikin 1996, Regina Mukiibi ta yi rajistar Uganda Funeral Services, kamfanin gudanar da sabis na jana'izar tare da ita tun bayan marigayi ɗan'uwanta, Freddie Katamba Mukiibi . [4][5] == Kyaututtuka == * Uganda Investment Authority Mata 'Yar kasuwa ta Shekara - 2007 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Masinde |first=Andrew |date=20 January 2017 |title=Uganda Funeral Services Ltd still top |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/digital_assets/de1c3d7d-a1d1-4b9c-9cca-25a35ba4ec0a/Binder1-2.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=4 March 2020 |website=New Vision}}</ref> * Mai saka hannun jari na Shekara Kyautar Kasa - 2009 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |title=Uganda Funeral Services Ltd Marks 20 years |url=https://www.redpepper.co.ug/75795-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219121607/http://www.redpepper.co.ug/75795-2/ |archive-date=2017-02-19 |access-date=2020-03-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Ci gaba ta Kasa - 2009 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |title=Uganda Funeral Services Ltd Marks 20 years |url=https://www.redpepper.co.ug/75795-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219121607/http://www.redpepper.co.ug/75795-2/ |archive-date=2017-02-19 |access-date=2020-03-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] sibcelatgvk5rn9bsksqilf1dhskvpc 0 147403 818752 817748 2026-04-05T17:59:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 818752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography|name=Tyler Fredricson|full_name=Tyler David Fredricson|birth_date={{Birth date and age|2005|2|23}}|birth_place=Manchester, England |position=Defender|currentclub=Manchester United|clubnumber=|youthyears1=2014–2023|youthclubs1=Manchester United|years1=2023–|clubs1=Manchester United|caps1=0|goals1=0|nationalyears1=2021|nationalteam1=England U17|nationalcaps1=3|nationalgoals1=0|club-update=1 April 2026|nationalteam-update=1 April 2026}}'''Tyler David Fredricson''' (an haife shi 23 ga Fabrairu 2005) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[England]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tyler Fredricson Profile |url=https://www.manutd.com |publisher=Manchester United}}</ref> == Rayuwar Farko == An haifi Tyler Fredricson a birnin [[Manchester]], Ingila, inda ya taso yana sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Academy Player Profiles |url=https://www.manutd.com/en/players-and-staff/academy}}</ref> Ya shiga makarantar matasa ta Manchester United tun yana ƙarami, inda ya samu horo a tsarin koyar da matasa na ƙungiyar.<ref>{{Cite news |title=United youth prospects |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk |work=Manchester Evening News}}</ref> == Aikin Ƙungiya == === Manchester United Academy === Fredricson ya taka leda a rukunan U18 da U21 na [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan wasan baya da ake sa ran za su taka muhimmiyar rawa a nan gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manchester United U18 Squad |url=https://www.premierleague.com}}</ref> Ya taka rawa a gasar FA Youth Cup da kuma Premier League 2.<ref>{{Cite news |title=FA Youth Cup report |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> === Babbar Ƙungiya === Bayan nuna ƙwarewa a matakin matasa, an fara saka sunansa cikin jerin ‘yan wasa na babbar ƙungiya a wasu wasannin gasar cin kofuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Team Squad List |url=https://www.manutd.com}}</ref> Ana kallonsa a matsayin matashi mai makoma mai kyau a tsaron baya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rising defenders at United |url=https://www.skysports.com |work=Sky Sports}}</ref> == Aikin Ƙasa == Fredricson ya wakilci [[England national under-17 football team|England U17]] a shekarar 2021, inda ya samu damar taka leda a wasannin sada zumunci da na gasar matasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=England U17 Squad |url=https://www.thefa.com}}</ref> == Salon Wasa == Shi mai tsaron baya ne wanda yake da ƙwarewa wajen karanta wasan, kwace ƙwallo, da kuma fara kai hari daga baya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Player Analysis: Tyler Fredricson |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk |work=Manchester Evening News}}</ref> Hakanan yana da ƙarfi a bugun kai da kuma iya sarrafa ƙwallo a ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=United academy defensive talents |url=https://theathletic.com/ |work=The Athletic |access-date=2026-04-02 |archive-date=2021-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715120444/https://theathletic.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} dvlbxdpyi4w90gdb6nfzp40t2h6nz7j 0 147605 818757 2026-04-05T18:33:09Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343527106|Lucy Eatock]]" 818757 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lucy Harriet Eatock''' (wacce aka haifa a '''Lucy Wakenshaw;''' 7 ga Yuni 1874 - 12 ga Fabrairu 1950) 'yar fafutukar siyasa ce ta Australiya tare da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Australiya (CPA). Ta auri wani [['Yan asalin Australiya|mutum ɗan asalin ƙasar Aboriginal]] mai suna William Eatock kuma tana da 'ya'ya tara. Ita da 'ya'yanta sun shiga zanga-zanga kuma sun fuskanci wariya daga hukumomi. == Rayuwa == An haifi Eatock a cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiya ta Queensland a wani gari mai suna Springsure . An ce iyayenta 'yan asalin Scotland sune Jane Lindsay (née Cousins) da mijinta, Alexander Wakenshaw . Ita ce ɗansu na tara.<ref name="larb" /> Wasu kafofin sun yi tambaya ko launin fata mai duhu yana nuna cewa tana da wasu iyaye.<ref name="abc">{{Cite web |date=1999-06-26 |editor-last=Redfern |editor-first=Lea |title=Lucy's Legacy |url=https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/hindsight/lucys-legacy/3565372 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922042550/https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/hindsight/lucys-legacy/3565372 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |publisher=ABC listen}}</ref> Mahaifinta, a cikin lokaci, ya zama makiyaya. A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 1895, lokacin da take da shekaru 21 kuma har yanzu tana zaune a Springsure, ta auri wani mutumin Aboriginal mai suna William Eatock, wanda ya kasance mai kiwon dabbobi. <ref name="bluenom">{{Cite web |last=Collingwood |first=Lyn |author-link=Lyn Collingwood |date=2022-08-09 |title=Blue Plaque Nominations Part 6: 148 St Johns Rd Glebe |url=https://glebesociety.org.au/blue-plaque-nominations-part-6-148-st-johns-rd-glebe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930083434/https://glebesociety.org.au/blue-plaque-nominations-part-6-148-st-johns-rd-glebe/ |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=The Glebe Society}}</ref> A cikin 1908, sun kasance a New South Wales inda mijinta ke aiki a cikin [[Kwata|Gidan yanka]]. Suna da 'ya'ya tara kuma suna zaune a cikin gidaje ko alfarwa kusa da Brewarrina, inda rayuwa ta kasance da wahala ga iyali. Sun amince da rabuwa, kuma William ya ɗauki 'ya'yansu maza biyu, yayin da Lucy ta ɗauki' ya'ya mafi ƙanƙanta da tsohuwar 'yar. Lucy ta iya samun aiki ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikaciyar gida, kuma ta inganta yara zuwa wurare da yawa, gami da garin Bowral . A cikin shekarun 1920 tana zaune tare da 'yarta da 'ya'yanta maza huɗu, waɗanda dukansu ma'aikata ne kuma suna da membobin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Ostiraliya (CPA). Lucy, wacce ta halarci zanga-zangar a cikin tufafi masu kyau, da iyalinta, tare da CPA, suna yawan jayayya da hukumomi.<ref name="abc">{{Cite web |date=1999-06-26 |editor-last=Redfern |editor-first=Lea |title=Lucy's Legacy |url=https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/hindsight/lucys-legacy/3565372 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922042550/https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/hindsight/lucys-legacy/3565372 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |publisher=ABC listen}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRedfern1999">Redfern, Lea, ed. (26 June 1999). [https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/hindsight/lucys-legacy/3565372 "Lucy's Legacy"]. ''[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]''. ABC listen. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230922042550/https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/hindsight/lucys-legacy/3565372 Archived] from the original on 22 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 1932, wani jami'in 'yan sanda wanda ke ƙoƙarin kiyaye tsari a cikin masu zanga-zangar da ba su da aikin yi a Glebe a ranar 27 ga Oktoba ya kai mata hari. 'Ya'yanta maza sun bayyana a kotu saboda laifuka da suka taso daga nunawa, kuma daya daga cikin' ya'yanta, Noel, ya kasance a tsakiyar wani abin da ya faru wanda ya jawo goyon baya sosai.<ref name="larb" /> An kama Noel da wani mutum bayan zanga-zangar da aka ji wa wani jami'in 'yan sanda rauni. Noel yana da shaidu waɗanda suka tabbatar da cewa bai kasance a cikin zanga-zangar ba, amma duk da haka ya sami mafi tsanani na shekaru biyu da rabi. Mutumin da aka kama tare da Noel, kuma wanda wasu suka gani a matsayin wanda ake zargi da karfi, tsohon soja ne kuma an sake shi. An ba masu zanga-zangar da ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba hukuncin watanni uku amma an ba 'yan ƙasar asalin ƙasar karin lokaci.<ref name="histofas">{{Cite web |date=15 May 2023 |title=Lucy Eatock joins Communist party {{!}} A History of Aboriginal Sydney |url=https://www.historyofaboriginalsydney.edu.au/central/lucy-eatock-joins-communist-party |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922045036/https://www.historyofaboriginalsydney.edu.au/central/lucy-eatock-joins-communist-party |archive-date=22 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=www.historyofaboriginalsydney.edu.au |publisher=[[University of Sydney]]}}</ref> Lucy ta yi fushi cewa CPA ba ta yi wani abu ba don kula da membobinsu kuma an yi wa Noel mummunan hali. Iyalin sun bar CPA. Noel bai sabunta hulɗa da mahaifiyarsa ba bayan ya kammala hukuncinsa. Lucy ta mutu a shekara ta 1950, 'ya'yanta biyar ne suka tsira.<ref name="bluenom2">{{Cite web |last=Collingwood |first=Lyn |author-link=Lyn Collingwood |date=2022-08-09 |title=Blue Plaque Nominations Part 6: 148 St Johns Rd Glebe |url=https://glebesociety.org.au/blue-plaque-nominations-part-6-148-st-johns-rd-glebe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930083434/https://glebesociety.org.au/blue-plaque-nominations-part-6-148-st-johns-rd-glebe/ |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=The Glebe Society}}</ref> Ɗanta, Lindsay, ya kasance a cikin siyasa amma sauran dangin sun yi ritaya. Zuriyar Lucy sun yi alfahari da kakanninsu na [[Indigenous Australians|'Yan asalin Australiya]] kuma wasu sun yi jayayya cewa Lucy tana da kakanninta na asali, amma Lucy kanta ba ta da'awar wannan.<ref name="abc2">{{Cite web |date=1999-06-26 |editor-last=Redfern |editor-first=Lea |title=Lucy's Legacy |url=https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/hindsight/lucys-legacy/3565372 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922042550/https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/hindsight/lucys-legacy/3565372 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |publisher=ABC listen}}</ref> An zabi gidan Lucy a Glebe don takardar shuɗi don murnar rayuwarta a can.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucy Eatock -Blue Plaque Nominations Part 6: 148 St Johns Rd Glebe |url=https://glebesociety.org.au/tag/lucy-eatock/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922050322/https://glebesociety.org.au/tag/lucy-eatock/ |archive-date=22 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=The Glebe Society}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 1950]] fa4xq3pv4ocz8d7pl8g1yu7r8kzcz87 818758 818757 2026-04-05T18:33:33Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 818758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lucy Harriet Eatock''' (wacce aka haifa a '''Lucy Wakenshaw;''' 7 ga Yuni 1874 - 12 ga Fabrairu 1950) 'yar fafutukar siyasa ce ta Australiya tare da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Australiya (CPA). Ta auri wani [['Yan asalin Australiya|mutum ɗan asalin ƙasar Aboriginal]] mai suna William Eatock kuma tana da 'ya'ya tara. Ita da 'ya'yanta sun shiga zanga-zanga kuma sun fuskanci wariya daga hukumomi. == Rayuwa == An haifi Eatock a cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiya ta Queensland a wani gari mai suna Springsure . An ce iyayenta 'yan asalin Scotland sune Jane Lindsay (née Cousins) da mijinta, Alexander Wakenshaw . Ita ce ɗansu na tara.<ref name="larb" /> Wasu kafofin sun yi tambaya ko launin fata mai duhu yana nuna cewa tana da wasu iyaye.<ref name="abc">{{Cite web |date=1999-06-26 |editor-last=Redfern |editor-first=Lea |title=Lucy's Legacy |url=https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/hindsight/lucys-legacy/3565372 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922042550/https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/hindsight/lucys-legacy/3565372 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |publisher=ABC listen}}</ref> Mahaifinta, a cikin lokaci, ya zama makiyaya. A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 1895, lokacin da take da shekaru 21 kuma har yanzu tana zaune a Springsure, ta auri wani mutumin Aboriginal mai suna William Eatock, wanda ya kasance mai kiwon dabbobi. <ref name="bluenom">{{Cite web |last=Collingwood |first=Lyn |author-link=Lyn Collingwood |date=2022-08-09 |title=Blue Plaque Nominations Part 6: 148 St Johns Rd Glebe |url=https://glebesociety.org.au/blue-plaque-nominations-part-6-148-st-johns-rd-glebe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930083434/https://glebesociety.org.au/blue-plaque-nominations-part-6-148-st-johns-rd-glebe/ |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=The Glebe Society}}</ref> A cikin 1908, sun kasance a New South Wales inda mijinta ke aiki a cikin [[Kwata|Gidan yanka]]. Suna da 'ya'ya tara kuma suna zaune a cikin gidaje ko alfarwa kusa da Brewarrina, inda rayuwa ta kasance da wahala ga iyali. Sun amince da rabuwa, kuma William ya ɗauki 'ya'yansu maza biyu, yayin da Lucy ta ɗauki' ya'ya mafi ƙanƙanta da tsohuwar 'yar. Lucy ta iya samun aiki ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikaciyar gida, kuma ta inganta yara zuwa wurare da yawa, gami da garin Bowral . A cikin shekarun 1920 tana zaune tare da 'yarta da 'ya'yanta maza huɗu, waɗanda dukansu ma'aikata ne kuma suna da membobin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Ostiraliya (CPA). Lucy, wacce ta halarci zanga-zangar a cikin tufafi masu kyau, da iyalinta, tare da CPA, suna yawan jayayya da hukumomi.<ref name="abc">{{Cite web |date=1999-06-26 |editor-last=Redfern |editor-first=Lea |title=Lucy's Legacy |url=https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/hindsight/lucys-legacy/3565372 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922042550/https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/hindsight/lucys-legacy/3565372 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |publisher=ABC listen}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRedfern1999">Redfern, Lea, ed. (26 June 1999). [https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/hindsight/lucys-legacy/3565372 "Lucy's Legacy"]. ''[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]''. ABC listen. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230922042550/https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/hindsight/lucys-legacy/3565372 Archived] from the original on 22 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 1932, wani jami'in 'yan sanda wanda ke ƙoƙarin kiyaye tsari a cikin masu zanga-zangar da ba su da aikin yi a Glebe a ranar 27 ga Oktoba ya kai mata hari. 'Ya'yanta maza sun bayyana a kotu saboda laifuka da suka taso daga nunawa, kuma daya daga cikin' ya'yanta, Noel, ya kasance a tsakiyar wani abin da ya faru wanda ya jawo goyon baya sosai.<ref name="larb" /> An kama Noel da wani mutum bayan zanga-zangar da aka ji wa wani jami'in 'yan sanda rauni. Noel yana da shaidu waɗanda suka tabbatar da cewa bai kasance a cikin zanga-zangar ba, amma duk da haka ya sami mafi tsanani na shekaru biyu da rabi. Mutumin da aka kama tare da Noel, kuma wanda wasu suka gani a matsayin wanda ake zargi da karfi, tsohon soja ne kuma an sake shi. An ba masu zanga-zangar da ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba hukuncin watanni uku amma an ba 'yan ƙasar asalin ƙasar karin lokaci.<ref name="histofas">{{Cite web |date=15 May 2023 |title=Lucy Eatock joins Communist party {{!}} A History of Aboriginal Sydney |url=https://www.historyofaboriginalsydney.edu.au/central/lucy-eatock-joins-communist-party |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922045036/https://www.historyofaboriginalsydney.edu.au/central/lucy-eatock-joins-communist-party |archive-date=22 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=www.historyofaboriginalsydney.edu.au |publisher=[[University of Sydney]]}}</ref> Lucy ta yi fushi cewa CPA ba ta yi wani abu ba don kula da membobinsu kuma an yi wa Noel mummunan hali. Iyalin sun bar CPA. Noel bai sabunta hulɗa da mahaifiyarsa ba bayan ya kammala hukuncinsa. Lucy ta mutu a shekara ta 1950, 'ya'yanta biyar ne suka tsira.<ref name="bluenom2">{{Cite web |last=Collingwood |first=Lyn |author-link=Lyn Collingwood |date=2022-08-09 |title=Blue Plaque Nominations Part 6: 148 St Johns Rd Glebe |url=https://glebesociety.org.au/blue-plaque-nominations-part-6-148-st-johns-rd-glebe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930083434/https://glebesociety.org.au/blue-plaque-nominations-part-6-148-st-johns-rd-glebe/ |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=The Glebe Society}}</ref> Ɗanta, Lindsay, ya kasance a cikin siyasa amma sauran dangin sun yi ritaya. Zuriyar Lucy sun yi alfahari da kakanninsu na [[Indigenous Australians|'Yan asalin Australiya]] kuma wasu sun yi jayayya cewa Lucy tana da kakanninta na asali, amma Lucy kanta ba ta da'awar wannan.<ref name="abc2">{{Cite web |date=1999-06-26 |editor-last=Redfern |editor-first=Lea |title=Lucy's Legacy |url=https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/hindsight/lucys-legacy/3565372 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922042550/https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/hindsight/lucys-legacy/3565372 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |publisher=ABC listen}}</ref> An zabi gidan Lucy a Glebe don takardar shuɗi don murnar rayuwarta a can.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucy Eatock -Blue Plaque Nominations Part 6: 148 St Johns Rd Glebe |url=https://glebesociety.org.au/tag/lucy-eatock/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922050322/https://glebesociety.org.au/tag/lucy-eatock/ |archive-date=22 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=The Glebe Society}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 1950]] cz5thb659eny1c2g1r28x1ylisbg74r 0 147606 818760 2026-04-05T18:37:02Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 Ibrahim abusufyan moved page [[Ciki]] to [[Juna biyu]] 818760 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Juna biyu]] 4vsm5dr8i48o63edfpxknyrs2ux2xll 0 147607 818762 2026-04-05T18:40:25Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337028377|Jane Elizabeth Norton]]" 818762 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jane Elizabeth Norton''' (25 Oktoba 1893 - 24 Nuwamba 1962) ma'aikaciyar laburare ce ta Ingila kuma mai rubuta littattafai . Ita ce mai rubuta littattafai na Edward Gibbon kuma [[Editing|editan]] wasiƙunsa. Jane Norton 'yar Henry Turton Norton ce, wani lauya mai arziki wanda ke zaune a Kentwell Hall a Long Melford . Wani babban ɗan'uwa shi ne [[H. T. J. Norton|HTJ (Harry) Norton]], masanin ilmin lissafi na yawan jama'a a Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge (Henry Tertius James Norton, "HTJN", wanda Lytton Strachey ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa ga Fitattun 'Yan Victoria ). Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Francis Holland kafin ta karanci Tarihi da Tattalin Arziki a Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge sannan ta karanci Kimiyyar Zamani a Jami'ar Columbia . <ref name="TimesObit" /> A shekara ta 1926 ta zama mai kula da ɗakin karatu na girmamawa ga ɗakin karatu na mata, daga baya kamfanin Fawcett Society ya kula da shi, yana tsara tarin mata a can. A shekara ta 1929 Norton ya zama darektan masu sayar da littattafai na [[Birrell and Garnett|Birrell da Garnett]] na London. A can ta yi rubutu da [[Andre Gide]], ta taimaka masa ya sami littattafan da ke da sha'awa a Turanci. Ta kuma tattara kayan aiki don tarihin rayuwarta na Gibbon, wanda ya bayyana a 1940. A lokacin yakin ta taimaka wajen shirya littattafai ga fursunonin yaki, kuma bayan yakin ta tattara Jagora ga National da Provincial Directories for the Royal Historical Society . Koyaya babban aikinta shine shirya fitowarta na wasikun Gibbon, wanda ya bayyana a 1956 kuma ya lashe Kyautar Rose Mary Crawshay ta Kwalejin Burtaniya a shekara ta 1957. A shekara ta 1959 an nada ta babban edita na kundin littafin Pepys Library a Kwalejin Magdalene, Cambridge, kodayake ta mutu kafin a kammala aikin. An zabe ta Fellow na Kwalejin Newnham a shekarar 1960. == Ayyuka == * Littafin littattafai na ayyukan Edward Gibbon, Oxford University Press, 1940 * ''Jagora ga kundin adireshi na ƙasa da na lardin Ingila da Wales, ban da London, wanda aka buga kafin 1856'', 1950 * Harafin Edward Gibbon, 3 vols, 1956 == Manazarta == trlq03bxxdwfqb082edvo4p1lh0tt93 818763 818762 2026-04-05T18:41:13Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337028377|Jane Elizabeth Norton]]" 818763 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jane Elizabeth Norton''' (25 ga Oktoba 1893 - 24 ga Nuwamba 1962) ta kasance mai kula da ɗakin karatu na Ingilishi kuma marubuciya. Ita ce marubuciyar littafin Edward Gibbon kuma [[Editing|edita]] wasikunsa. Jane Norton 'yar Henry Turton Norton ce, wani lauya mai arziki wanda ke zaune a [[Kentwell Hall]] a [[Long Melford]] . Wani ɗan'uwa mai girma shi ne [[H. T. J. Norton|H. T. J. (Harry) Norton]], masanin ilimin lissafi a [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge]] (Henry Tertius James Norton, "H.T.J.N.", wanda aka keɓe masa Eminent Victorians na [[Lytton Strachey]]). Ta yi karatu a [[Francis Holland School|Makarantar Francis Holland]] kafin ta yi karatun Tarihi da Tattalin Arziki a [[Newnham College, Cambridge|Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge]] da kuma karatun Kimiyya ta Jama'a a [[Columbia University|Jami'ar Columbia]] . <ref name="TimesObit2" /> A shekara ta 1926 ta zama mai kula da ɗakin karatu na girmamawa ga ɗakin karatu na mata, daga baya kamfanin Fawcett Society ya kula da shi, yana tsara tarin mata a can. A shekara ta 1929 Norton ya zama darektan masu sayar da littattafai na [[Birrell and Garnett|Birrell da Garnett]] na London. A can ta yi rubutu da Andre Gide, ta taimaka masa ya sami littattafan da ke da sha'awa a Turanci. Ta kuma tattara kayan aiki don tarihin rayuwarta na Gibbon, wanda ya bayyana a 1940. A lokacin yakin ta taimaka wajen shirya littattafai ga fursunonin yaki, kuma bayan yakin ta tattara Jagora ga National da Provincial Directories for the Royal Historical Society . Koyaya babban aikinta shine shirya fitowarta na wasikun Gibbon, wanda ya bayyana a 1956 kuma ya lashe Kyautar Rose Mary Crawshay ta Kwalejin Burtaniya a shekara ta 1957. A shekara ta 1959 an nada ta babban edita na kundin littafin Pepys Library a Kwalejin Magdalene, Cambridge, kodayake ta mutu kafin a kammala aikin. An zabe ta Fellow na Kwalejin Newnham a shekarar 1960. == Manazarta == hf0ybl706ehlvn3vy9k67441ajjqfgr 818764 818763 2026-04-05T18:41:30Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 818764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jane Elizabeth Norton''' (25 ga Oktoba 1893 - 24 ga Nuwamba 1962) ta kasance mai kula da ɗakin karatu na Ingilishi kuma marubuciya. Ita ce marubuciyar littafin Edward Gibbon kuma [[Editing|edita]] wasikunsa. Jane Norton 'yar Henry Turton Norton ce, wani lauya mai arziki wanda ke zaune a [[Kentwell Hall]] a [[Long Melford]] . Wani ɗan'uwa mai girma shi ne [[H. T. J. Norton|H. T. J. (Harry) Norton]], masanin ilimin lissafi a [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge]] (Henry Tertius James Norton, "H.T.J.N.", wanda aka keɓe masa Eminent Victorians na [[Lytton Strachey]]). Ta yi karatu a [[Francis Holland School|Makarantar Francis Holland]] kafin ta yi karatun Tarihi da Tattalin Arziki a [[Newnham College, Cambridge|Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge]] da kuma karatun Kimiyya ta Jama'a a [[Columbia University|Jami'ar Columbia]] . <ref name="TimesObit2" /> A shekara ta 1926 ta zama mai kula da ɗakin karatu na girmamawa ga ɗakin karatu na mata, daga baya kamfanin Fawcett Society ya kula da shi, yana tsara tarin mata a can. A shekara ta 1929 Norton ya zama darektan masu sayar da littattafai na [[Birrell and Garnett|Birrell da Garnett]] na London. A can ta yi rubutu da Andre Gide, ta taimaka masa ya sami littattafan da ke da sha'awa a Turanci. Ta kuma tattara kayan aiki don tarihin rayuwarta na Gibbon, wanda ya bayyana a 1940. A lokacin yakin ta taimaka wajen shirya littattafai ga fursunonin yaki, kuma bayan yakin ta tattara Jagora ga National da Provincial Directories for the Royal Historical Society . Koyaya babban aikinta shine shirya fitowarta na wasikun Gibbon, wanda ya bayyana a 1956 kuma ya lashe Kyautar Rose Mary Crawshay ta Kwalejin Burtaniya a shekara ta 1957. A shekara ta 1959 an nada ta babban edita na kundin littafin Pepys Library a Kwalejin Magdalene, Cambridge, kodayake ta mutu kafin a kammala aikin. An zabe ta Fellow na Kwalejin Newnham a shekarar 1960. == Manazarta == 7bp0bj6qwh7phz1hevrz1y8b5fxmzpw 818773 818764 2026-04-05T19:02:54Z Saudarh2 14842 818773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jane Elizabeth Norton''' (An Haifa ta 25 ga Oktoba 1893 - 24 ga Nuwamba 1962) ta kasance mai kula da ɗakin karatu na Ingilishi kuma marubuciya. Ita ce marubuciyar littafin Edward Gibbon kuma [[Editing|edita]] wasikunsa. Jane Norton 'yar Henry Turton Norton ce, wani lauya mai arziki wanda ke zaune a [[Kentwell Hall]] a [[Long Melford]] . Wani ɗan'uwa mai girma shi ne [[H. T. J. Norton|H. T. J. (Harry) Norton]], masanin ilimin lissafi a [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge]] (Henry Tertius James Norton, "H.T.J.N.", wanda aka keɓe masa Eminent Victorians na [[Lytton Strachey]]). Ta yi karatu a [[Francis Holland School|Makarantar Francis Holland]] kafin ta yi karatun Tarihi da Tattalin Arziki a [[Newnham College, Cambridge|Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge]] da kuma karatun Kimiyya ta Jama'a a [[Columbia University|Jami'ar Columbia]] . <ref name="TimesObit2" /> A shekara ta 1926 ta zama mai kula da ɗakin karatu na girmamawa ga ɗakin karatu na mata, daga baya kamfanin Fawcett Society ya kula da shi, yana tsara tarin mata a can. A shekara ta 1929 Norton ya zama darektan masu sayar da littattafai na [[Birrell and Garnett|Birrell da Garnett]] na London. A can ta yi rubutu da Andre Gide, ta taimaka masa ya sami littattafan da ke da sha'awa a Turanci. Ta kuma tattara kayan aiki don tarihin rayuwarta na Gibbon, wanda ya bayyana a 1940. A lokacin yakin ta taimaka wajen shirya littattafai ga fursunonin yaki, kuma bayan yakin ta tattara Jagora ga National da Provincial Directories for the Royal Historical Society . Koyaya babban aikinta shine shirya fitowarta na wasikun Gibbon, wanda ya bayyana a 1956 kuma ya lashe Kyautar Rose Mary Crawshay ta Kwalejin Burtaniya a shekara ta 1957. A shekara ta 1959 an nada ta babban edita na kundin littafin Pepys Library a Kwalejin Magdalene, Cambridge, kodayake ta mutu kafin a kammala aikin. An zabe ta Fellow na Kwalejin Newnham a shekarar 1960. == Manazarta == mece491cdkysxiemrkmmnupsx3ip2ay 818774 818773 2026-04-05T19:03:18Z Saudarh2 14842 M 818774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jane Elizabeth Norton''' (An Haifa ta 25 ga watan Oktoba 1893 - 24 ga Nuwamba 1962) ta kasance mai kula da ɗakin karatu na Ingilishi kuma marubuciya. Ita ce marubuciyar littafin Edward Gibbon kuma [[Editing|edita]] wasikunsa. Jane Norton 'yar Henry Turton Norton ce, wani lauya mai arziki wanda ke zaune a [[Kentwell Hall]] a [[Long Melford]] . Wani ɗan'uwa mai girma shi ne [[H. T. J. Norton|H. T. J. (Harry) Norton]], masanin ilimin lissafi a [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge]] (Henry Tertius James Norton, "H.T.J.N.", wanda aka keɓe masa Eminent Victorians na [[Lytton Strachey]]). Ta yi karatu a [[Francis Holland School|Makarantar Francis Holland]] kafin ta yi karatun Tarihi da Tattalin Arziki a [[Newnham College, Cambridge|Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge]] da kuma karatun Kimiyya ta Jama'a a [[Columbia University|Jami'ar Columbia]] . <ref name="TimesObit2" /> A shekara ta 1926 ta zama mai kula da ɗakin karatu na girmamawa ga ɗakin karatu na mata, daga baya kamfanin Fawcett Society ya kula da shi, yana tsara tarin mata a can. A shekara ta 1929 Norton ya zama darektan masu sayar da littattafai na [[Birrell and Garnett|Birrell da Garnett]] na London. A can ta yi rubutu da Andre Gide, ta taimaka masa ya sami littattafan da ke da sha'awa a Turanci. Ta kuma tattara kayan aiki don tarihin rayuwarta na Gibbon, wanda ya bayyana a 1940. A lokacin yakin ta taimaka wajen shirya littattafai ga fursunonin yaki, kuma bayan yakin ta tattara Jagora ga National da Provincial Directories for the Royal Historical Society . Koyaya babban aikinta shine shirya fitowarta na wasikun Gibbon, wanda ya bayyana a 1956 kuma ya lashe Kyautar Rose Mary Crawshay ta Kwalejin Burtaniya a shekara ta 1957. A shekara ta 1959 an nada ta babban edita na kundin littafin Pepys Library a Kwalejin Magdalene, Cambridge, kodayake ta mutu kafin a kammala aikin. An zabe ta Fellow na Kwalejin Newnham a shekarar 1960. == Manazarta == 5o0an96wzqxvhb9jt60f3lyqeqcojal 818775 818774 2026-04-05T19:03:37Z Saudarh2 14842 818775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jane Elizabeth Norton''' (An Haifa ta 25 ga watan Oktoba shekarara 1893 - 24 ga Nuwamba 1962) ta kasance mai kula da ɗakin karatu na Ingilishi kuma marubuciya. Ita ce marubuciyar littafin Edward Gibbon kuma [[Editing|edita]] wasikunsa. Jane Norton 'yar Henry Turton Norton ce, wani lauya mai arziki wanda ke zaune a [[Kentwell Hall]] a [[Long Melford]] . Wani ɗan'uwa mai girma shi ne [[H. T. J. Norton|H. T. J. (Harry) Norton]], masanin ilimin lissafi a [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge]] (Henry Tertius James Norton, "H.T.J.N.", wanda aka keɓe masa Eminent Victorians na [[Lytton Strachey]]). Ta yi karatu a [[Francis Holland School|Makarantar Francis Holland]] kafin ta yi karatun Tarihi da Tattalin Arziki a [[Newnham College, Cambridge|Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge]] da kuma karatun Kimiyya ta Jama'a a [[Columbia University|Jami'ar Columbia]] . <ref name="TimesObit2" /> A shekara ta 1926 ta zama mai kula da ɗakin karatu na girmamawa ga ɗakin karatu na mata, daga baya kamfanin Fawcett Society ya kula da shi, yana tsara tarin mata a can. A shekara ta 1929 Norton ya zama darektan masu sayar da littattafai na [[Birrell and Garnett|Birrell da Garnett]] na London. A can ta yi rubutu da Andre Gide, ta taimaka masa ya sami littattafan da ke da sha'awa a Turanci. Ta kuma tattara kayan aiki don tarihin rayuwarta na Gibbon, wanda ya bayyana a 1940. A lokacin yakin ta taimaka wajen shirya littattafai ga fursunonin yaki, kuma bayan yakin ta tattara Jagora ga National da Provincial Directories for the Royal Historical Society . Koyaya babban aikinta shine shirya fitowarta na wasikun Gibbon, wanda ya bayyana a 1956 kuma ya lashe Kyautar Rose Mary Crawshay ta Kwalejin Burtaniya a shekara ta 1957. A shekara ta 1959 an nada ta babban edita na kundin littafin Pepys Library a Kwalejin Magdalene, Cambridge, kodayake ta mutu kafin a kammala aikin. An zabe ta Fellow na Kwalejin Newnham a shekarar 1960. == Manazarta == sw4k5w6abnrzz07h8em9vbb253hd3ij 818776 818775 2026-04-05T19:03:55Z Saudarh2 14842 818776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jane Elizabeth Norton''' (An Haifa ta 25 ga watan Oktoba shekarara 1893 - Ta mutu 24 ga Nuwamba 1962) ta kasance mai kula da ɗakin karatu na Ingilishi kuma marubuciya. Ita ce marubuciyar littafin Edward Gibbon kuma [[Editing|edita]] wasikunsa. Jane Norton 'yar Henry Turton Norton ce, wani lauya mai arziki wanda ke zaune a [[Kentwell Hall]] a [[Long Melford]] . Wani ɗan'uwa mai girma shi ne [[H. T. J. Norton|H. T. J. (Harry) Norton]], masanin ilimin lissafi a [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge]] (Henry Tertius James Norton, "H.T.J.N.", wanda aka keɓe masa Eminent Victorians na [[Lytton Strachey]]). Ta yi karatu a [[Francis Holland School|Makarantar Francis Holland]] kafin ta yi karatun Tarihi da Tattalin Arziki a [[Newnham College, Cambridge|Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge]] da kuma karatun Kimiyya ta Jama'a a [[Columbia University|Jami'ar Columbia]] . <ref name="TimesObit2" /> A shekara ta 1926 ta zama mai kula da ɗakin karatu na girmamawa ga ɗakin karatu na mata, daga baya kamfanin Fawcett Society ya kula da shi, yana tsara tarin mata a can. A shekara ta 1929 Norton ya zama darektan masu sayar da littattafai na [[Birrell and Garnett|Birrell da Garnett]] na London. A can ta yi rubutu da Andre Gide, ta taimaka masa ya sami littattafan da ke da sha'awa a Turanci. Ta kuma tattara kayan aiki don tarihin rayuwarta na Gibbon, wanda ya bayyana a 1940. A lokacin yakin ta taimaka wajen shirya littattafai ga fursunonin yaki, kuma bayan yakin ta tattara Jagora ga National da Provincial Directories for the Royal Historical Society . Koyaya babban aikinta shine shirya fitowarta na wasikun Gibbon, wanda ya bayyana a 1956 kuma ya lashe Kyautar Rose Mary Crawshay ta Kwalejin Burtaniya a shekara ta 1957. A shekara ta 1959 an nada ta babban edita na kundin littafin Pepys Library a Kwalejin Magdalene, Cambridge, kodayake ta mutu kafin a kammala aikin. An zabe ta Fellow na Kwalejin Newnham a shekarar 1960. == Manazarta == 0zhaokffq8soa7nl8gshopnylsiapbv 818777 818776 2026-04-05T19:04:14Z Saudarh2 14842 818777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jane Elizabeth Norton''' (An Haifa ta 25 ga watan Oktoba shekarara 1893 - Ta mutu 24 ga watan Nuwamba 1962) ta kasance mai kula da ɗakin karatu na Ingilishi kuma marubuciya. Ita ce marubuciyar littafin Edward Gibbon kuma [[Editing|edita]] wasikunsa. Jane Norton 'yar Henry Turton Norton ce, wani lauya mai arziki wanda ke zaune a [[Kentwell Hall]] a [[Long Melford]] . Wani ɗan'uwa mai girma shi ne [[H. T. J. Norton|H. T. J. (Harry) Norton]], masanin ilimin lissafi a [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge]] (Henry Tertius James Norton, "H.T.J.N.", wanda aka keɓe masa Eminent Victorians na [[Lytton Strachey]]). Ta yi karatu a [[Francis Holland School|Makarantar Francis Holland]] kafin ta yi karatun Tarihi da Tattalin Arziki a [[Newnham College, Cambridge|Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge]] da kuma karatun Kimiyya ta Jama'a a [[Columbia University|Jami'ar Columbia]] . <ref name="TimesObit2" /> A shekara ta 1926 ta zama mai kula da ɗakin karatu na girmamawa ga ɗakin karatu na mata, daga baya kamfanin Fawcett Society ya kula da shi, yana tsara tarin mata a can. A shekara ta 1929 Norton ya zama darektan masu sayar da littattafai na [[Birrell and Garnett|Birrell da Garnett]] na London. A can ta yi rubutu da Andre Gide, ta taimaka masa ya sami littattafan da ke da sha'awa a Turanci. Ta kuma tattara kayan aiki don tarihin rayuwarta na Gibbon, wanda ya bayyana a 1940. A lokacin yakin ta taimaka wajen shirya littattafai ga fursunonin yaki, kuma bayan yakin ta tattara Jagora ga National da Provincial Directories for the Royal Historical Society . Koyaya babban aikinta shine shirya fitowarta na wasikun Gibbon, wanda ya bayyana a 1956 kuma ya lashe Kyautar Rose Mary Crawshay ta Kwalejin Burtaniya a shekara ta 1957. A shekara ta 1959 an nada ta babban edita na kundin littafin Pepys Library a Kwalejin Magdalene, Cambridge, kodayake ta mutu kafin a kammala aikin. An zabe ta Fellow na Kwalejin Newnham a shekarar 1960. == Manazarta == djj3zm4c040s5akfwwuvz8hh11g9wab 818778 818777 2026-04-05T19:04:27Z Saudarh2 14842 818778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jane Elizabeth Norton''' (An Haifa ta 25 ga watan Oktoba shekarara 1893 - Ta mutu 24 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1962) ta kasance mai kula da ɗakin karatu na Ingilishi kuma marubuciya. Ita ce marubuciyar littafin Edward Gibbon kuma [[Editing|edita]] wasikunsa. Jane Norton 'yar Henry Turton Norton ce, wani lauya mai arziki wanda ke zaune a [[Kentwell Hall]] a [[Long Melford]] . Wani ɗan'uwa mai girma shi ne [[H. T. J. Norton|H. T. J. (Harry) Norton]], masanin ilimin lissafi a [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge]] (Henry Tertius James Norton, "H.T.J.N.", wanda aka keɓe masa Eminent Victorians na [[Lytton Strachey]]). Ta yi karatu a [[Francis Holland School|Makarantar Francis Holland]] kafin ta yi karatun Tarihi da Tattalin Arziki a [[Newnham College, Cambridge|Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge]] da kuma karatun Kimiyya ta Jama'a a [[Columbia University|Jami'ar Columbia]] . <ref name="TimesObit2" /> A shekara ta 1926 ta zama mai kula da ɗakin karatu na girmamawa ga ɗakin karatu na mata, daga baya kamfanin Fawcett Society ya kula da shi, yana tsara tarin mata a can. A shekara ta 1929 Norton ya zama darektan masu sayar da littattafai na [[Birrell and Garnett|Birrell da Garnett]] na London. A can ta yi rubutu da Andre Gide, ta taimaka masa ya sami littattafan da ke da sha'awa a Turanci. Ta kuma tattara kayan aiki don tarihin rayuwarta na Gibbon, wanda ya bayyana a 1940. A lokacin yakin ta taimaka wajen shirya littattafai ga fursunonin yaki, kuma bayan yakin ta tattara Jagora ga National da Provincial Directories for the Royal Historical Society . Koyaya babban aikinta shine shirya fitowarta na wasikun Gibbon, wanda ya bayyana a 1956 kuma ya lashe Kyautar Rose Mary Crawshay ta Kwalejin Burtaniya a shekara ta 1957. A shekara ta 1959 an nada ta babban edita na kundin littafin Pepys Library a Kwalejin Magdalene, Cambridge, kodayake ta mutu kafin a kammala aikin. An zabe ta Fellow na Kwalejin Newnham a shekarar 1960. == Manazarta == k313iwshb4ug4eu5robtjqybjd24ctz 818779 818778 2026-04-05T19:05:22Z Saudarh2 14842 818779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jane Elizabeth Norton''' (An Haifa ta 25 ga watan Oktoba shekarara 1893 - Ta mutu 24 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1962), ta kasance mai kula da ɗakin karatu na Ingilishi kuma marubuciya. Ita ce marubuciyar littafin Edward Gibbon kuma [[Editing|edita]] wasikunsa. Jane Norton 'yar Henry Turton Norton ce, wani lauya mai arziki wanda ke zaune a [[Kentwell Hall]] a [[Long Melford]] . Wani ɗan'uwa mai girma shi ne [[H. T. J. Norton|H. T. J. (Harry) Norton]], masanin ilimin lissafi a [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge]] (Henry Tertius James Norton, "H.T.J.N.", wanda aka keɓe masa Eminent Victorians na [[Lytton Strachey]]). Ta yi karatu a [[Francis Holland School|Makarantar Francis Holland]] kafin ta yi karatun Tarihi da Tattalin Arziki a [[Newnham College, Cambridge|Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge]] da kuma karatun Kimiyya ta Jama'a a [[Columbia University|Jami'ar Columbia]] . <ref name="TimesObit2" /> A shekara ta 1926 ta zama mai kula da ɗakin karatu na girmamawa ga ɗakin karatu na mata, daga baya kamfanin Fawcett Society ya kula da shi, yana tsara tarin mata a can. A shekara ta 1929 Norton ya zama darektan masu sayar da littattafai na [[Birrell and Garnett|Birrell da Garnett]] na London. A can ta yi rubutu da Andre Gide, ta taimaka masa ya sami littattafan da ke da sha'awa a Turanci. Ta kuma tattara kayan aiki don tarihin rayuwarta na Gibbon, wanda ya bayyana a 1940. A lokacin yakin ta taimaka wajen shirya littattafai ga fursunonin yaki, kuma bayan yakin ta tattara Jagora ga National da Provincial Directories for the Royal Historical Society . Koyaya babban aikinta shine shirya fitowarta na wasikun Gibbon, wanda ya bayyana a 1956 kuma ya lashe Kyautar Rose Mary Crawshay ta Kwalejin Burtaniya a shekara ta 1957. A shekara ta 1959 an nada ta babban edita na kundin littafin Pepys Library a Kwalejin Magdalene, Cambridge, kodayake ta mutu kafin a kammala aikin. An zabe ta Fellow na Kwalejin Newnham a shekarar 1960. == Manazarta == cqecucl7h0y5o1xkjkupof5pceuedf4 818780 818779 2026-04-05T19:06:05Z Saudarh2 14842 818780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jane Elizabeth Norton''' (An Haifa ta 25 ga watan Oktoba shekarara 1893 - Ta mutu 24 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1962), ta kasance mai kula da ɗakin karatu na Ingilishi kuma marubuciya. Ita ce marubuciyar littafin Edward Gibbon kuma [[Editing|edita]] wasikunsa. Jane Norton 'yar Henry Turton Norton ce, wani lauya mai arziki wanda ke zaune a [[Kentwell Hall]] a [[Long Melford]] . Wani ɗan'uwa mai girma shi ne [[H. T. J. Norton|H. T. J. (Harry) Norton]], masanin ilimin lissafi a [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge]] (Henry Tertius James Norton, "H.T.J.N.", wanda aka keɓe masa Eminent Victorians na [[Lytton Strachey]]). Ta yi karatu a [[Francis Holland School|Makarantar Francis Holland]] kafin ta yi karatun Tarihi da Tattalin Arziki a [[Newnham College, Cambridge|Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge]] da kuma karatun Kimiyya ta Jama'a a [[Columbia University|Jami'ar Columbia]] . <ref name="TimesObit2" /> A shekara ta 1926 ta zama mai kula da ɗakin karatu na girmamawa ga ɗakin karatu na mata, daga baya kamfanin Fawcett Society ya kula da shi, yana tsara tarin mata a can. A shekara ta 1929 Norton ya zama darektan masu sayar da littattafai na [[Birrell and Garnett|Birrell da Garnett]] na London. A can ta yi rubutu da Andre Gide, ta taimaka masa ya sami littattafan da ke da sha'awa a Turanci. Ta kuma tattara kayan aiki don tarihin rayuwarta na Gibbon, wanda ya bayyana a shekarar 1940. A lokacin yakin ta taimaka wajen shirya littattafai ga fursunonin yaki, kuma bayan yakin ta tattara Jagora ga National da Provincial Directories for the Royal Historical Society . Koyaya babban aikinta shine shirya fitowarta na wasikun Gibbon, wanda ya bayyana a 1956 kuma ya lashe Kyautar Rose Mary Crawshay ta Kwalejin Burtaniya a shekara ta 1957. A shekara ta 1959 an nada ta babban edita na kundin littafin Pepys Library a Kwalejin Magdalene, Cambridge, kodayake ta mutu kafin a kammala aikin. An zabe ta Fellow na Kwalejin Newnham a shekarar 1960. == Manazarta == t3i1n9sdc2rehoy1srzp99n539zor9m 0 147608 818765 2026-04-05T18:43:38Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344910031|Catherine Dickens]]" 818765 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Catherine Thomson''' " '''Kate''' " '''Dickens''' ( ''née'' '''Hogarth''' ; 19 ga Mayu 1815 - 22 ga Nuwamba 1879) marubuciya ce 'yar Birtaniya kuma ana zarginta da zama mai dafa abinci kuma marubuciya a littafin girke-girke na Victorian "What Shall We Have For Dinner" a ƙarƙashin sunan Lady Maria Clutterbuck. Tsawon kimanin shekaru ashirin, ta auri marubuciya [[Charles dickens|Charles Dickens]], a lokacin tana da babban gida kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya goma. Bayan rabuwarsu da aka yi a bainar jama'a kuma mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce, a shekarar 1858, Catherine ta fuskanci bincike mai zurfi a cikin manema labarai kuma ana ƙara ɓata mata suna, ana cewa, an samo ta ne ta hanyar zagin da mijinta ya yi mata a bainar jama'a. Kwanan nan, kimantawa na ilimi sun yi ƙoƙarin dawo da muryarta da kuma nuna mata kulawa, amincewa da gudummawarta ga al'adun gidan Victoria, da kuma sake duba yanayin aurenta na jinsi. == Rayuwa ta farko == [[Fayil:Catherine_Dickens.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Catherine Dickens ta hanyar Samuel Lawrence (1838) ]] An haifi Catherine Hogarth a [[Edinburgh]], Scotland, a cikin 1815, babba cikin 'ya'ya goma na iyayenta, George Hogarth da Georgina Thomson . A shekara ta 1824, iyalin suka koma Ingila, daga ƙarshe suka zauna a London. Catherine ta fito ne daga dangin masu ilimin kafofin watsa labarai. Mahaifinta, George, sanannen ɗan jarida ne, mai sukar kiɗa, kuma tsohon lauya wanda ya rubuta wa wallafe-wallafen kamar Edinburgh Courant kuma daga baya Morning Chronicle . Ta hanyar aikinsa a aikin jarida da zane-zane, Catherine ta nutse tun tana ƙarama a cikin yanayi mai zurfi da al'adu. Rayuwarta ta farko ta samo asali ne daga bayyanar da wallafe-wallafen, kiɗa, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo, wanda mai yiwuwa ya yi wahayi zuwa ga ayyukanta na baya a rubuce-rubuce da marubucin gida. == Ilimi da aikin wallafe-wallafen == Ilimi da aka ba Catherine Hogarth ya kasance na tsakiya kuma ya dace da 'ya'ya mata na ƙwararrun maza a farkon karni na 19 a Burtaniya. Rubuce-rubucen karatun ta, duk da haka, sun kasance kaɗan. Yanayin da ya sa ta kasance mai al'adu sosai ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gabanta: yanayin da aka yaba da karatu da fasaha. Mahaifinta shi ne George Hogarth, ɗan jarida kuma mai sukar kiɗa wanda kuma ya kasance lauya. Gidan Hogarth ya yi wa ƙungiyoyin wallafe-wallafen da fasaha nishaɗi a Edinburgh da London. Catherine ta wallafa "What Shall We Have for Dinner?" a karkashin sunan "Lady Maria Clutterbuck" a cikin 1851. Littafin littafi ne na cikin gida, tare da shirye-shiryen abinci da bayanai game da gudanar da gida, wanda aka nufa ga mata masu matsakaicin matsayi waɗanda suke so su ci gaba da tsammanin gida a lokacin Victorian. Sau da yawa ana watsi da shi azaman littafi ne kawai, amma a zamanin yau masana sun ɗaga bayanin wannan aikin a matsayin ba kawai nishaɗi ba har ma da sanin zamantakewa kuma a matsayin inganta aikin mata na gida yayin da yake wakiltar ɗan ƙaramin lalacewar wannan ginin. Littafin ya sami matsakaiciyar nasara, yana shiga cikin bugu da yawa. Baya ga wannan, yana ɗaukar hangen nesa na mace ta ainihi tare da ƙwarewar hannu ta farko a cikin rayuwar aiki, tsammanin zamantakewa, da kuma jin dadi na mace ta Victoria. == Aure == Dickens nan da nan ya ji daɗin Catherine mai shekaru 19 kuma ya gayyace ta zuwa bikin ranar haihuwarsa ta 23. Ta kasance kyakkyawa, mai basira, mai kirki kuma mai basira.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Maev |date=2024-08-25 |title='It destroys the image Dickens tried to create': unpublished letters give voice to writer's beleaguered wife |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/08/26/dickens-unpublished-letters-give-voice-wife-catherine |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=The Art Newspaper - International art news and events}}</ref> Catherine da Dickens sun yi aure a shekara ta 1835 kuma Rose Emma Drummond ta zana kamanninsa a kan hauren giwa a matsayin kyauta. Sun yi aure a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1836 a Cocin St Luke, Chelsea, suna tafiya a hutun amarya a Chalk, kusa da Chatham a Kent kuma suna kafa gida a Bloomsbury. Ta yi juna biyu kusan nan take kuma ma'auratan sun ci gaba da samun 'ya'yara goma a cikin shekaru 15 masu zuwa, kuma aƙalla zubar da ciki biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hawksley |first=Lucinda |date=19 May 2016 |title=The forgotten wife of Charles Dickens |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20160519-the-forgotten-wife-of-charles-dickens |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=BBC |language=en}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Charles ya rubuta cewa ko da ya zama mai arziki da kuma sananne, ba zai taɓa yin farin ciki kamar yadda yake a wannan ƙaramin gida tare da Catherine ba. 'Yar'uwar Catherine, Mary Hogarth, ta shiga gidan Dickens na Doughty Street don ba da tallafi ga sabon' yar'uwarta da surukinta. Ya zama al'ada ga 'yar'uwar mace marar aure ta zauna tare da taimakawa sababbin ma'aurata. Dickens ya kasance mai matukar damuwa da Maryamu, tare da masana tarihi suna muhawara game da yanayin dangantakar, kuma ta mutu a hannunsa bayan taƙaitaccen rashin lafiya a 1837. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parker |first=David |date=1996 |title=Dickens and the Death of Mary Hogarth |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/45291584 |journal=Dickens Quarterly |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=67–75 |issn=0742-5473 |jstor=45291584}}</ref> Ta zama hali a yawancin littattafansa, kuma an yi la'akari da mutuwarta a matsayin mutuwar Little Nell. Ƙaramar 'yar'uwar Catherine, Georgina Hogarth, ta shiga gidan Dickens a cikin 1842 lokacin da Dickens da Catherine suka tashi zuwa [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], suna kula da iyalin da suka bari a baya. A lokacin tafiyarsu, Dickens ya rubuta a cikin wata wasika ga aboki cewa Catherine ba ta taɓa jin bakin ciki ko rasa ƙarfin zuciya a duk tsawon tafiyarsu ta jirgin ruwa, kuma "ta saba da kowane yanayi ba tare da gunaguni ba". A cikin 1845, Charles Dickens ya samar da wasan kwaikwayo na ''Kowane Mutum a cikin Humour'' don amfanin Leigh Hunt . A cikin wasan kwaikwayon da ya biyo baya, Catherine, wacce ke da ƙaramin rawa, ta fadi ta ƙofar tarko. A shekara ta 1851, a matsayin "Lady Maria Clutterbuck", Catherine ta wallafa wani littafi na dafa abinci, Menene Za mu Yi don Dinner? [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dT4CAAAAQAAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&dq=What+Shall+we+Have+for+Dinner%3F+Satisfactorily+Answered+by+Numerous+Bills+of+Fare+for+from+Two+to+Eighteen+Persons.&source=gbs_navlinks_s An amsa shi da gamsuwa ta hanyar takardun shaida da yawa daga mutane biyu zuwa goma sha takwas.] Ya ƙunshi menus da yawa da aka ba da shawarar don abinci mai rikitarwa daban-daban tare da wasu girke-girke. Ya wuce ta hanyar bugu da yawa har zuwa 1860. Har ila yau, a cikin 1851, an yi zargin cewa tana da ciwon zuciya bayan mutuwar 'yarta, Dora Annie Dickens, mai shekaru bakwai. == Rabuwa == [[Fayil:Catherine_Hogarth-oil.jpg|thumb|270x270px|''Hoton Catherine Dickens'' {{Circa}} 1847 na Daniel Maclise]] A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Dickens ya yi iƙirarin Catherine ta zama uwa mara ƙwarewa da mai kula da gida. Ya kuma zarge ta da haihuwar 'ya'yansu goma, wanda ya sa ya damu da kudi. Ya yi fatan ba zai sami ƙarin ba bayan haihuwar ɗansu na huɗu Walter, kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa fitowarta daga babban iyali ta haifar da haihuwar yara da yawa. Don tabbatar da cewa ba za a iya haihuwar yara ba, ya ba da umarnin a raba gadonsu kuma a sanya ɗakunan littattafai tsakanin su, sannan ya fita gaba ɗaya daga ɗakinsu kuma ya rufe ƙofar haɗin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Maev |date=2024-08-25 |title='It destroys the image Dickens tried to create': unpublished letters give voice to writer's beleaguered wife |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/08/26/dickens-unpublished-letters-give-voice-wife-catherine |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=The Art Newspaper - International art news and events}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKennedy2024">Kennedy, Maev (25 August 2024). [https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/08/26/dickens-unpublished-letters-give-voice-wife-catherine "'It destroys the image Dickens tried to create': unpublished letters give voice to writer's beleaguered wife"]. ''The Art Newspaper - International art news and events''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ya yi ƙoƙari ya gano ta a matsayin mai rashin lafiya na hankali don a sanya ta cikin mafaka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2019 |title=Letters reveal Charles Dickens tried to place his wife in an asylum |url=https://www.york.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/2019/research/dickens-letters-asylum/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=University of York |language=en}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1858, Charles da Catherine Dickens sun rabu, kuma ta koma wani yanki a Gloucester Crescent a garin Camden. Sun shirya sharuddan rabuwa da su ta hanyar aiki maimakon sauraron kotu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Nayder |first=Lillian |date=2002 |title=The Widowhood of Catherine Dickens |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44372060 |journal=Dickens Studies Annual |volume=32 |pages=277–298 |issn=0084-9812 |jstor=44372060}}</ref> Ba ta da haƙƙin kula da 'ya'yanta a ƙarƙashin dokar Ingila, amma an yi mata alkawarin "kyauta ga dukan ko kowane ɗayan' ya'yanta ko a kowane wuri" a cikin aikin.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Nayder |first=Lillian |date=2006 |title=Catherine Dickens and Her Colonial Sons |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44372159 |journal=Dickens Studies Annual |volume=37 |pages=81–93 |issn=0084-9812 |jstor=44372159}}</ref> Ba a san dalilin rabuwa ba, kodayake kulawa a lokacin kuma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan jita-jita game da wani al'amari tsakanin Dickens da Ellen Ternan da / ko 'yar'uwar Catherine, Georgina Hogarth. An ba da mundaye da aka yi wa Ellen Ternan ga gidan Dickens wasu watanni da suka gabata, wanda ya haifar da zargi da musantawa. Abokin Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, ya tabbatar da cewa rabuwa da Dickens daga Catherine saboda hulɗa ne da Ternan, maimakon da Georgina Hogarth kamar yadda aka sanya masa. Wannan magana ta zo ga Dickens, Dickens ya yi fushi sosai har kusan ya kawo karshen abokantaka ta Dickens-Thackeray. Sauran abokai da yawa, dangi da al'umma sun yi sharhi game da rabuwa, tare da mafi yawan goyon bayan Catherine da kuma taruwa don kare ta. [[Elizabeth Barrett Browning]] ta kira yadda Dickens ya bi da matarsa "mai laifi" da kuma takwararta da kuma mai ba da agaji [[Angela Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts|Angela Burdett Coutts]], tsohuwar abokiyar Dickens, daga ƙarshe ta yanke abokantakarsu game da rabuwa.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Nayder |first=Lillian |date=2002 |title=The Widowhood of Catherine Dickens |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44372060 |journal=Dickens Studies Annual |volume=32 |pages=277–298 |issn=0084-9812 |jstor=44372060}}</ref> Har ila yau, mutanen zamani sun yaba wa Catherine saboda shiru da mutunci, <ref name=":22" /> saboda ba ta yi magana mai tsanani a fili game da maganin mijinta ba. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Maev |date=2024-08-25 |title='It destroys the image Dickens tried to create': unpublished letters give voice to writer's beleaguered wife |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/08/26/dickens-unpublished-letters-give-voice-wife-catherine |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=The Art Newspaper - International art news and events}}</ref> Georgina, Charles da dukkan yaran sai dai [[Charles Dickens Jr.]], sun kasance a gidansu a Tavistock House, yayin da Catherine da Charles Jr. suka fita.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Nayder |first=Lillian |date=2006 |title=Catherine Dickens and Her Colonial Sons |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44372159 |journal=Dickens Studies Annual |volume=37 |pages=81–93 |issn=0084-9812 |jstor=44372159}}</ref> Georgina Hogarth ta gudanar da gidan Dickens.<ref name=":32" /> A ranar 12 ga Yuni 1858, Dickens ya wallafa wata kasida a cikin mujallarsa, Household Words, yana musanta jita-jita game da rabuwa yayin da ba ya bayyana su ko kuma ya bayyana halin da ake ciki. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mmgb82bfuaud2et2km0h3vfcvwwq2cw 818766 818765 2026-04-05T18:44:02Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 818766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Catherine Thomson''' " '''Kate''' " '''Dickens''' ( ''née'' '''Hogarth''' ; 19 ga Mayu 1815 - 22 ga Nuwamba 1879) marubuciya ce 'yar Birtaniya kuma ana zarginta da zama mai dafa abinci kuma marubuciya a littafin girke-girke na Victorian "What Shall We Have For Dinner" a ƙarƙashin sunan Lady Maria Clutterbuck. Tsawon kimanin shekaru ashirin, ta auri marubuciya [[Charles dickens|Charles Dickens]], a lokacin tana da babban gida kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya goma. Bayan rabuwarsu da aka yi a bainar jama'a kuma mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce, a shekarar 1858, Catherine ta fuskanci bincike mai zurfi a cikin manema labarai kuma ana ƙara ɓata mata suna, ana cewa, an samo ta ne ta hanyar zagin da mijinta ya yi mata a bainar jama'a. Kwanan nan, kimantawa na ilimi sun yi ƙoƙarin dawo da muryarta da kuma nuna mata kulawa, amincewa da gudummawarta ga al'adun gidan Victoria, da kuma sake duba yanayin aurenta na jinsi. == Rayuwa ta farko == [[Fayil:Catherine_Dickens.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Catherine Dickens ta hanyar Samuel Lawrence (1838) ]] An haifi Catherine Hogarth a [[Edinburgh]], Scotland, a cikin 1815, babba cikin 'ya'ya goma na iyayenta, George Hogarth da Georgina Thomson . A shekara ta 1824, iyalin suka koma Ingila, daga ƙarshe suka zauna a London. Catherine ta fito ne daga dangin masu ilimin kafofin watsa labarai. Mahaifinta, George, sanannen ɗan jarida ne, mai sukar kiɗa, kuma tsohon lauya wanda ya rubuta wa wallafe-wallafen kamar Edinburgh Courant kuma daga baya Morning Chronicle . Ta hanyar aikinsa a aikin jarida da zane-zane, Catherine ta nutse tun tana ƙarama a cikin yanayi mai zurfi da al'adu. Rayuwarta ta farko ta samo asali ne daga bayyanar da wallafe-wallafen, kiɗa, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo, wanda mai yiwuwa ya yi wahayi zuwa ga ayyukanta na baya a rubuce-rubuce da marubucin gida. == Ilimi da aikin wallafe-wallafen == Ilimi da aka ba Catherine Hogarth ya kasance na tsakiya kuma ya dace da 'ya'ya mata na ƙwararrun maza a farkon karni na 19 a Burtaniya. Rubuce-rubucen karatun ta, duk da haka, sun kasance kaɗan. Yanayin da ya sa ta kasance mai al'adu sosai ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gabanta: yanayin da aka yaba da karatu da fasaha. Mahaifinta shi ne George Hogarth, ɗan jarida kuma mai sukar kiɗa wanda kuma ya kasance lauya. Gidan Hogarth ya yi wa ƙungiyoyin wallafe-wallafen da fasaha nishaɗi a Edinburgh da London. Catherine ta wallafa "What Shall We Have for Dinner?" a karkashin sunan "Lady Maria Clutterbuck" a cikin 1851. Littafin littafi ne na cikin gida, tare da shirye-shiryen abinci da bayanai game da gudanar da gida, wanda aka nufa ga mata masu matsakaicin matsayi waɗanda suke so su ci gaba da tsammanin gida a lokacin Victorian. Sau da yawa ana watsi da shi azaman littafi ne kawai, amma a zamanin yau masana sun ɗaga bayanin wannan aikin a matsayin ba kawai nishaɗi ba har ma da sanin zamantakewa kuma a matsayin inganta aikin mata na gida yayin da yake wakiltar ɗan ƙaramin lalacewar wannan ginin. Littafin ya sami matsakaiciyar nasara, yana shiga cikin bugu da yawa. Baya ga wannan, yana ɗaukar hangen nesa na mace ta ainihi tare da ƙwarewar hannu ta farko a cikin rayuwar aiki, tsammanin zamantakewa, da kuma jin dadi na mace ta Victoria. == Aure == Dickens nan da nan ya ji daɗin Catherine mai shekaru 19 kuma ya gayyace ta zuwa bikin ranar haihuwarsa ta 23. Ta kasance kyakkyawa, mai basira, mai kirki kuma mai basira.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Maev |date=2024-08-25 |title='It destroys the image Dickens tried to create': unpublished letters give voice to writer's beleaguered wife |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/08/26/dickens-unpublished-letters-give-voice-wife-catherine |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=The Art Newspaper - International art news and events}}</ref> Catherine da Dickens sun yi aure a shekara ta 1835 kuma Rose Emma Drummond ta zana kamanninsa a kan hauren giwa a matsayin kyauta. Sun yi aure a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1836 a Cocin St Luke, Chelsea, suna tafiya a hutun amarya a Chalk, kusa da Chatham a Kent kuma suna kafa gida a Bloomsbury. Ta yi juna biyu kusan nan take kuma ma'auratan sun ci gaba da samun 'ya'yara goma a cikin shekaru 15 masu zuwa, kuma aƙalla zubar da ciki biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hawksley |first=Lucinda |date=19 May 2016 |title=The forgotten wife of Charles Dickens |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20160519-the-forgotten-wife-of-charles-dickens |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=BBC |language=en}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Charles ya rubuta cewa ko da ya zama mai arziki da kuma sananne, ba zai taɓa yin farin ciki kamar yadda yake a wannan ƙaramin gida tare da Catherine ba. 'Yar'uwar Catherine, Mary Hogarth, ta shiga gidan Dickens na Doughty Street don ba da tallafi ga sabon' yar'uwarta da surukinta. Ya zama al'ada ga 'yar'uwar mace marar aure ta zauna tare da taimakawa sababbin ma'aurata. Dickens ya kasance mai matukar damuwa da Maryamu, tare da masana tarihi suna muhawara game da yanayin dangantakar, kuma ta mutu a hannunsa bayan taƙaitaccen rashin lafiya a 1837. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parker |first=David |date=1996 |title=Dickens and the Death of Mary Hogarth |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/45291584 |journal=Dickens Quarterly |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=67–75 |issn=0742-5473 |jstor=45291584}}</ref> Ta zama hali a yawancin littattafansa, kuma an yi la'akari da mutuwarta a matsayin mutuwar Little Nell. Ƙaramar 'yar'uwar Catherine, Georgina Hogarth, ta shiga gidan Dickens a cikin 1842 lokacin da Dickens da Catherine suka tashi zuwa [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], suna kula da iyalin da suka bari a baya. A lokacin tafiyarsu, Dickens ya rubuta a cikin wata wasika ga aboki cewa Catherine ba ta taɓa jin bakin ciki ko rasa ƙarfin zuciya a duk tsawon tafiyarsu ta jirgin ruwa, kuma "ta saba da kowane yanayi ba tare da gunaguni ba". A cikin 1845, Charles Dickens ya samar da wasan kwaikwayo na ''Kowane Mutum a cikin Humour'' don amfanin Leigh Hunt . A cikin wasan kwaikwayon da ya biyo baya, Catherine, wacce ke da ƙaramin rawa, ta fadi ta ƙofar tarko. A shekara ta 1851, a matsayin "Lady Maria Clutterbuck", Catherine ta wallafa wani littafi na dafa abinci, Menene Za mu Yi don Dinner? [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dT4CAAAAQAAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&dq=What+Shall+we+Have+for+Dinner%3F+Satisfactorily+Answered+by+Numerous+Bills+of+Fare+for+from+Two+to+Eighteen+Persons.&source=gbs_navlinks_s An amsa shi da gamsuwa ta hanyar takardun shaida da yawa daga mutane biyu zuwa goma sha takwas.] Ya ƙunshi menus da yawa da aka ba da shawarar don abinci mai rikitarwa daban-daban tare da wasu girke-girke. Ya wuce ta hanyar bugu da yawa har zuwa 1860. Har ila yau, a cikin 1851, an yi zargin cewa tana da ciwon zuciya bayan mutuwar 'yarta, Dora Annie Dickens, mai shekaru bakwai. == Rabuwa == [[Fayil:Catherine_Hogarth-oil.jpg|thumb|270x270px|''Hoton Catherine Dickens'' {{Circa}} 1847 na Daniel Maclise]] A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Dickens ya yi iƙirarin Catherine ta zama uwa mara ƙwarewa da mai kula da gida. Ya kuma zarge ta da haihuwar 'ya'yansu goma, wanda ya sa ya damu da kudi. Ya yi fatan ba zai sami ƙarin ba bayan haihuwar ɗansu na huɗu Walter, kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa fitowarta daga babban iyali ta haifar da haihuwar yara da yawa. Don tabbatar da cewa ba za a iya haihuwar yara ba, ya ba da umarnin a raba gadonsu kuma a sanya ɗakunan littattafai tsakanin su, sannan ya fita gaba ɗaya daga ɗakinsu kuma ya rufe ƙofar haɗin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Maev |date=2024-08-25 |title='It destroys the image Dickens tried to create': unpublished letters give voice to writer's beleaguered wife |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/08/26/dickens-unpublished-letters-give-voice-wife-catherine |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=The Art Newspaper - International art news and events}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKennedy2024">Kennedy, Maev (25 August 2024). [https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/08/26/dickens-unpublished-letters-give-voice-wife-catherine "'It destroys the image Dickens tried to create': unpublished letters give voice to writer's beleaguered wife"]. ''The Art Newspaper - International art news and events''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ya yi ƙoƙari ya gano ta a matsayin mai rashin lafiya na hankali don a sanya ta cikin mafaka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2019 |title=Letters reveal Charles Dickens tried to place his wife in an asylum |url=https://www.york.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/2019/research/dickens-letters-asylum/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=University of York |language=en}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1858, Charles da Catherine Dickens sun rabu, kuma ta koma wani yanki a Gloucester Crescent a garin Camden. Sun shirya sharuddan rabuwa da su ta hanyar aiki maimakon sauraron kotu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Nayder |first=Lillian |date=2002 |title=The Widowhood of Catherine Dickens |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44372060 |journal=Dickens Studies Annual |volume=32 |pages=277–298 |issn=0084-9812 |jstor=44372060}}</ref> Ba ta da haƙƙin kula da 'ya'yanta a ƙarƙashin dokar Ingila, amma an yi mata alkawarin "kyauta ga dukan ko kowane ɗayan' ya'yanta ko a kowane wuri" a cikin aikin.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Nayder |first=Lillian |date=2006 |title=Catherine Dickens and Her Colonial Sons |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44372159 |journal=Dickens Studies Annual |volume=37 |pages=81–93 |issn=0084-9812 |jstor=44372159}}</ref> Ba a san dalilin rabuwa ba, kodayake kulawa a lokacin kuma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan jita-jita game da wani al'amari tsakanin Dickens da Ellen Ternan da / ko 'yar'uwar Catherine, Georgina Hogarth. An ba da mundaye da aka yi wa Ellen Ternan ga gidan Dickens wasu watanni da suka gabata, wanda ya haifar da zargi da musantawa. Abokin Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, ya tabbatar da cewa rabuwa da Dickens daga Catherine saboda hulɗa ne da Ternan, maimakon da Georgina Hogarth kamar yadda aka sanya masa. Wannan magana ta zo ga Dickens, Dickens ya yi fushi sosai har kusan ya kawo karshen abokantaka ta Dickens-Thackeray. Sauran abokai da yawa, dangi da al'umma sun yi sharhi game da rabuwa, tare da mafi yawan goyon bayan Catherine da kuma taruwa don kare ta. [[Elizabeth Barrett Browning]] ta kira yadda Dickens ya bi da matarsa "mai laifi" da kuma takwararta da kuma mai ba da agaji [[Angela Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts|Angela Burdett Coutts]], tsohuwar abokiyar Dickens, daga ƙarshe ta yanke abokantakarsu game da rabuwa.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Nayder |first=Lillian |date=2002 |title=The Widowhood of Catherine Dickens |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44372060 |journal=Dickens Studies Annual |volume=32 |pages=277–298 |issn=0084-9812 |jstor=44372060}}</ref> Har ila yau, mutanen zamani sun yaba wa Catherine saboda shiru da mutunci, <ref name=":22" /> saboda ba ta yi magana mai tsanani a fili game da maganin mijinta ba. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Maev |date=2024-08-25 |title='It destroys the image Dickens tried to create': unpublished letters give voice to writer's beleaguered wife |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/08/26/dickens-unpublished-letters-give-voice-wife-catherine |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=The Art Newspaper - International art news and events}}</ref> Georgina, Charles da dukkan yaran sai dai [[Charles Dickens Jr.]], sun kasance a gidansu a Tavistock House, yayin da Catherine da Charles Jr. suka fita.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Nayder |first=Lillian |date=2006 |title=Catherine Dickens and Her Colonial Sons |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44372159 |journal=Dickens Studies Annual |volume=37 |pages=81–93 |issn=0084-9812 |jstor=44372159}}</ref> Georgina Hogarth ta gudanar da gidan Dickens.<ref name=":32" /> A ranar 12 ga Yuni 1858, Dickens ya wallafa wata kasida a cikin mujallarsa, Household Words, yana musanta jita-jita game da rabuwa yayin da ba ya bayyana su ko kuma ya bayyana halin da ake ciki. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==manazarta== 9lj3h1lqegylw6n07e5kz4rlzkt9mzl 818767 818766 2026-04-05T18:46:35Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 /* Rabuwa */ 818767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Catherine Thomson''' " '''Kate''' " '''Dickens''' ( ''née'' '''Hogarth''' ; 19 ga Mayu 1815 - 22 ga Nuwamba 1879) marubuciya ce 'yar Birtaniya kuma ana zarginta da zama mai dafa abinci kuma marubuciya a littafin girke-girke na Victorian "What Shall We Have For Dinner" a ƙarƙashin sunan Lady Maria Clutterbuck. Tsawon kimanin shekaru ashirin, ta auri marubuciya [[Charles dickens|Charles Dickens]], a lokacin tana da babban gida kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya goma. Bayan rabuwarsu da aka yi a bainar jama'a kuma mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce, a shekarar 1858, Catherine ta fuskanci bincike mai zurfi a cikin manema labarai kuma ana ƙara ɓata mata suna, ana cewa, an samo ta ne ta hanyar zagin da mijinta ya yi mata a bainar jama'a. Kwanan nan, kimantawa na ilimi sun yi ƙoƙarin dawo da muryarta da kuma nuna mata kulawa, amincewa da gudummawarta ga al'adun gidan Victoria, da kuma sake duba yanayin aurenta na jinsi. == Rayuwa ta farko == [[Fayil:Catherine_Dickens.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Catherine Dickens ta hanyar Samuel Lawrence (1838) ]] An haifi Catherine Hogarth a [[Edinburgh]], Scotland, a cikin 1815, babba cikin 'ya'ya goma na iyayenta, George Hogarth da Georgina Thomson . A shekara ta 1824, iyalin suka koma Ingila, daga ƙarshe suka zauna a London. Catherine ta fito ne daga dangin masu ilimin kafofin watsa labarai. Mahaifinta, George, sanannen ɗan jarida ne, mai sukar kiɗa, kuma tsohon lauya wanda ya rubuta wa wallafe-wallafen kamar Edinburgh Courant kuma daga baya Morning Chronicle . Ta hanyar aikinsa a aikin jarida da zane-zane, Catherine ta nutse tun tana ƙarama a cikin yanayi mai zurfi da al'adu. Rayuwarta ta farko ta samo asali ne daga bayyanar da wallafe-wallafen, kiɗa, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo, wanda mai yiwuwa ya yi wahayi zuwa ga ayyukanta na baya a rubuce-rubuce da marubucin gida. == Ilimi da aikin wallafe-wallafen == Ilimi da aka ba Catherine Hogarth ya kasance na tsakiya kuma ya dace da 'ya'ya mata na ƙwararrun maza a farkon karni na 19 a Burtaniya. Rubuce-rubucen karatun ta, duk da haka, sun kasance kaɗan. Yanayin da ya sa ta kasance mai al'adu sosai ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gabanta: yanayin da aka yaba da karatu da fasaha. Mahaifinta shi ne George Hogarth, ɗan jarida kuma mai sukar kiɗa wanda kuma ya kasance lauya. Gidan Hogarth ya yi wa ƙungiyoyin wallafe-wallafen da fasaha nishaɗi a Edinburgh da London. Catherine ta wallafa "What Shall We Have for Dinner?" a karkashin sunan "Lady Maria Clutterbuck" a cikin 1851. Littafin littafi ne na cikin gida, tare da shirye-shiryen abinci da bayanai game da gudanar da gida, wanda aka nufa ga mata masu matsakaicin matsayi waɗanda suke so su ci gaba da tsammanin gida a lokacin Victorian. Sau da yawa ana watsi da shi azaman littafi ne kawai, amma a zamanin yau masana sun ɗaga bayanin wannan aikin a matsayin ba kawai nishaɗi ba har ma da sanin zamantakewa kuma a matsayin inganta aikin mata na gida yayin da yake wakiltar ɗan ƙaramin lalacewar wannan ginin. Littafin ya sami matsakaiciyar nasara, yana shiga cikin bugu da yawa. Baya ga wannan, yana ɗaukar hangen nesa na mace ta ainihi tare da ƙwarewar hannu ta farko a cikin rayuwar aiki, tsammanin zamantakewa, da kuma jin dadi na mace ta Victoria. == Aure == Dickens nan da nan ya ji daɗin Catherine mai shekaru 19 kuma ya gayyace ta zuwa bikin ranar haihuwarsa ta 23. Ta kasance kyakkyawa, mai basira, mai kirki kuma mai basira.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Maev |date=2024-08-25 |title='It destroys the image Dickens tried to create': unpublished letters give voice to writer's beleaguered wife |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/08/26/dickens-unpublished-letters-give-voice-wife-catherine |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=The Art Newspaper - International art news and events}}</ref> Catherine da Dickens sun yi aure a shekara ta 1835 kuma Rose Emma Drummond ta zana kamanninsa a kan hauren giwa a matsayin kyauta. Sun yi aure a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1836 a Cocin St Luke, Chelsea, suna tafiya a hutun amarya a Chalk, kusa da Chatham a Kent kuma suna kafa gida a Bloomsbury. Ta yi juna biyu kusan nan take kuma ma'auratan sun ci gaba da samun 'ya'yara goma a cikin shekaru 15 masu zuwa, kuma aƙalla zubar da ciki biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hawksley |first=Lucinda |date=19 May 2016 |title=The forgotten wife of Charles Dickens |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20160519-the-forgotten-wife-of-charles-dickens |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=BBC |language=en}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Charles ya rubuta cewa ko da ya zama mai arziki da kuma sananne, ba zai taɓa yin farin ciki kamar yadda yake a wannan ƙaramin gida tare da Catherine ba. 'Yar'uwar Catherine, Mary Hogarth, ta shiga gidan Dickens na Doughty Street don ba da tallafi ga sabon' yar'uwarta da surukinta. Ya zama al'ada ga 'yar'uwar mace marar aure ta zauna tare da taimakawa sababbin ma'aurata. Dickens ya kasance mai matukar damuwa da Maryamu, tare da masana tarihi suna muhawara game da yanayin dangantakar, kuma ta mutu a hannunsa bayan taƙaitaccen rashin lafiya a 1837. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parker |first=David |date=1996 |title=Dickens and the Death of Mary Hogarth |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/45291584 |journal=Dickens Quarterly |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=67–75 |issn=0742-5473 |jstor=45291584}}</ref> Ta zama hali a yawancin littattafansa, kuma an yi la'akari da mutuwarta a matsayin mutuwar Little Nell. Ƙaramar 'yar'uwar Catherine, Georgina Hogarth, ta shiga gidan Dickens a cikin 1842 lokacin da Dickens da Catherine suka tashi zuwa [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], suna kula da iyalin da suka bari a baya. A lokacin tafiyarsu, Dickens ya rubuta a cikin wata wasika ga aboki cewa Catherine ba ta taɓa jin bakin ciki ko rasa ƙarfin zuciya a duk tsawon tafiyarsu ta jirgin ruwa, kuma "ta saba da kowane yanayi ba tare da gunaguni ba". A cikin 1845, Charles Dickens ya samar da wasan kwaikwayo na ''Kowane Mutum a cikin Humour'' don amfanin Leigh Hunt . A cikin wasan kwaikwayon da ya biyo baya, Catherine, wacce ke da ƙaramin rawa, ta fadi ta ƙofar tarko. A shekara ta 1851, a matsayin "Lady Maria Clutterbuck", Catherine ta wallafa wani littafi na dafa abinci, Menene Za mu Yi don Dinner? [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dT4CAAAAQAAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&dq=What+Shall+we+Have+for+Dinner%3F+Satisfactorily+Answered+by+Numerous+Bills+of+Fare+for+from+Two+to+Eighteen+Persons.&source=gbs_navlinks_s An amsa shi da gamsuwa ta hanyar takardun shaida da yawa daga mutane biyu zuwa goma sha takwas.] Ya ƙunshi menus da yawa da aka ba da shawarar don abinci mai rikitarwa daban-daban tare da wasu girke-girke. Ya wuce ta hanyar bugu da yawa har zuwa 1860. Har ila yau, a cikin 1851, an yi zargin cewa tana da ciwon zuciya bayan mutuwar 'yarta, Dora Annie Dickens, mai shekaru bakwai. == Rabuwa == [[Fayil:Catherine_Hogarth-oil.jpg|thumb|270x270px|''Hoton Catherine Dickens'' {{Circa}} 1847 na Daniel Maclise]] A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Dickens ta yi iƙirarin Catherine ta zama uwa mara ƙwarewa da mai kula da gida. Ya kuma zarge ta da haihuwar 'ya'yansu goma, wanda ya sa ya damu da kudi. Ya yi fatan ba zai sami ƙarin ba bayan haihuwar ɗansu na huɗu Walter, kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa fitowarta daga babban iyali ta haifar da haihuwar yara da yawa. Don tabbatar da cewa ba za a iya haihuwar yara ba, ya ba da umarnin a raba gadonsu kuma a sanya ɗakunan littattafai tsakanin su, sannan ya fita gaba ɗaya daga ɗakinsu kuma ya rufe ƙofar haɗin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Maev |date=2024-08-25 |title='It destroys the image Dickens tried to create': unpublished letters give voice to writer's beleaguered wife |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/08/26/dickens-unpublished-letters-give-voice-wife-catherine |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=The Art Newspaper - International art news and events}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKennedy2024">Kennedy, Maev (25 August 2024). [https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/08/26/dickens-unpublished-letters-give-voice-wife-catherine "'It destroys the image Dickens tried to create': unpublished letters give voice to writer's beleaguered wife"]. ''The Art Newspaper - International art news and events''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ta yi ƙoƙari ya gano ta a matsayin mai rashin lafiya ta hankali don a sanya ta cikin mafaka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2019 |title=Letters reveal Charles Dickens tried to place his wife in an asylum |url=https://www.york.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/2019/research/dickens-letters-asylum/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=University of York |language=en}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1858, Charles da Catherine Dickens sun rabu, kuma ta koma wani yanki a Gloucester Crescent a garin Camden. Sun shirya sharuddan rabuwa da su ta hanyar aiki maimakon sauraron kotu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Nayder |first=Lillian |date=2002 |title=The Widowhood of Catherine Dickens |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44372060 |journal=Dickens Studies Annual |volume=32 |pages=277–298 |issn=0084-9812 |jstor=44372060}}</ref> Ba ta da haƙƙin kula da 'ya'yanta a ƙarƙashin dokar Ingila, amma an yi mata alkawarin "kyauta ga dukan ko kowane ɗayan' ya'yanta ko a kowane wuri" a cikin aikin.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Nayder |first=Lillian |date=2006 |title=Catherine Dickens and Her Colonial Sons |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44372159 |journal=Dickens Studies Annual |volume=37 |pages=81–93 |issn=0084-9812 |jstor=44372159}}</ref> Ba a san dalilin rabuwa ba, kodayake kulawa a lokacin kuma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan jita-jita game da wani al'amari tsakanin Dickens da Ellen Ternan da / ko 'yar'uwar Catherine, Georgina Hogarth. An ba da mundaye da aka yi wa Ellen Ternan ga gidan Dickens wasu watanni da suka gabata, wanda ya haifar da zargi da musantawa. Abokin Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, ya tabbatar da cewa rabuwa da Dickens daga Catherine saboda hulɗa ne da Ternan, maimakon da Georgina Hogarth kamar yadda aka sanya masa. Wannan magana ta zo ga Dickens, Dickens ya yi fushi sosai har kusan ya kawo karshen abokantaka ta Dickens-Thackeray. Sauran abokai da yawa, dangi da al'umma sun yi sharhi game da rabuwa, tare da mafi yawan goyon bayan Catherine da kuma taruwa don kare ta. [[Elizabeth Barrett Browning]] ta kira yadda Dickens ya bi da matarsa "mai laifi" da kuma takwararta da kuma mai ba da agaji [[Angela Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts|Angela Burdett Coutts]], tsohuwar abokiyar Dickens, daga ƙarshe ta yanke abokantakarsu game da rabuwa.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Nayder |first=Lillian |date=2002 |title=The Widowhood of Catherine Dickens |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44372060 |journal=Dickens Studies Annual |volume=32 |pages=277–298 |issn=0084-9812 |jstor=44372060}}</ref> Har ila yau, mutanen zamani sun yaba wa Catherine saboda shiru da mutunci, <ref name=":22" /> saboda ba ta yi magana mai tsanani a fili game da maganin mijinta ba. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Maev |date=2024-08-25 |title='It destroys the image Dickens tried to create': unpublished letters give voice to writer's beleaguered wife |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/08/26/dickens-unpublished-letters-give-voice-wife-catherine |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=The Art Newspaper - International art news and events}}</ref> Georgina, Charles da dukkan yaran sai dai [[Charles Dickens Jr.]], sun kasance a gidansu a Tavistock House, yayin da Catherine da Charles Jr. suka fita.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Nayder |first=Lillian |date=2006 |title=Catherine Dickens and Her Colonial Sons |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44372159 |journal=Dickens Studies Annual |volume=37 |pages=81–93 |issn=0084-9812 |jstor=44372159}}</ref> Georgina Hogarth ta gudanar da gidan Dickens.<ref name=":32" /> A ranar 12 ga Yuni 1858, Dickens ya wallafa wata kasida a cikin mujallarsa, Household Words, yana musanta jita-jita game da rabuwa yayin da ba ya bayyana su ko kuma ya bayyana halin da ake ciki. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==manazarta== jfajw1ref7w54jsukzawd5ox2he99jn 0 147609 818768 2026-04-05T18:48:24Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1292608778|Catherine Nicks]]" 818768 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Catherine Nicks''' (ta mutu a shekara ta 1709) 'yar kasuwa ce 'yar Ingila. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brock |first=Aske Laursen |date=2023 |title="Your sister growes rich by her great trade": Catherine Nicks's Intimate Economy |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/itinerario/article/abs/your-sister-growes-rich-by-her-great-trade-catherine-nickss-intimate-economy/E4A497E2D630066E889B2425221F330E |journal=Itinerario |language=en |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=345–355 |doi=10.1017/S0165115322000250 |issn=0165-1153 |s2cid=254517567 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An yi mata lakabi da mace ta farko 'yar kasuwa a [[Chennai|Madras]] . An saka ta a cikin jerin mata biyar 'yan Ingila marasa aure a Madras a shekarar 1678. Ta auri John Nicks (wanda ya rasu a shekarar 1711), wani abokin gwamna Elihu Yale, wanda ta haifi 'ya'ya huɗu da shi. Duk da kasancewa mace mai aure kuma ta haka ne a ƙarƙashin kulawar mijinta, Catherine Nicks ta gudanar da kasuwanci a cikin nata mai suna da kanta daga mijinta kuma tana aiki a matsayin mai ciniki, tana da invoices da asusun da sunanta, tana kasuwanci a cikin masana'antu da lu'u-lu'u. Ya bayyana yayin da ta yi aiki a matsayin wakilin kasuwanci na Yale, tana sayar da kayan da aka sace daga kamfanin. Daga shekara ta 1689, lokacin da matar gwamnan ta koma Ingila, Catherine Nicks da gwauruwar Jacques (Jaime) de Paiva (Pavia) sun yi aiki a matsayin matan farko na gidan gwamnan. Mijinta ya tafi a matsayin shugaban kamfanin a Connimere. A shekara ta 1692, Elihu Yale ya sauka a matsayin gwamna kuma ya fuskanci bincike, yayin da aka kama John Nicks. Catherine Nicks ta yi ritaya tare da Yale da [[Hieronima de Paiva|Hieronima na Paiva]] zuwa gidan lambu na Yale, wanda ya haifar da abin kunya. An gurfanar da ita a gaban shari'a kuma an ci tarar ta saboda sayar da kayayyaki daga kamfanonin kamfanin a asusun sirri na Yale. An ba ta izinin tashi zuwa Ingila, kuma Yale ta haɗu da ita, wanda ya kawo mijinta da 'ya'yanta tare da shi, a cikin shekara ta 1699. Nicks ta koma Madras, inda ta ci gaba a matsayin wakilin kasuwanci na Yale. == Manazarta == knt6ud5nu2xsek7tjhtcmv0gnlii5yq 818769 818768 2026-04-05T18:48:43Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 818769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Catherine Nicks''' (ta mutu a shekara ta 1709) 'yar kasuwa ce 'yar Ingila. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brock |first=Aske Laursen |date=2023 |title="Your sister growes rich by her great trade": Catherine Nicks's Intimate Economy |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/itinerario/article/abs/your-sister-growes-rich-by-her-great-trade-catherine-nickss-intimate-economy/E4A497E2D630066E889B2425221F330E |journal=Itinerario |language=en |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=345–355 |doi=10.1017/S0165115322000250 |issn=0165-1153 |s2cid=254517567 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An yi mata lakabi da mace ta farko 'yar kasuwa a [[Chennai|Madras]] . An saka ta a cikin jerin mata biyar 'yan Ingila marasa aure a Madras a shekarar 1678. Ta auri John Nicks (wanda ya rasu a shekarar 1711), wani abokin gwamna Elihu Yale, wanda ta haifi 'ya'ya huɗu da shi. Duk da kasancewa mace mai aure kuma ta haka ne a ƙarƙashin kulawar mijinta, Catherine Nicks ta gudanar da kasuwanci a cikin nata mai suna da kanta daga mijinta kuma tana aiki a matsayin mai ciniki, tana da invoices da asusun da sunanta, tana kasuwanci a cikin masana'antu da lu'u-lu'u. Ya bayyana yayin da ta yi aiki a matsayin wakilin kasuwanci na Yale, tana sayar da kayan da aka sace daga kamfanin. Daga shekara ta 1689, lokacin da matar gwamnan ta koma Ingila, Catherine Nicks da gwauruwar Jacques (Jaime) de Paiva (Pavia) sun yi aiki a matsayin matan farko na gidan gwamnan. Mijinta ya tafi a matsayin shugaban kamfanin a Connimere. A shekara ta 1692, Elihu Yale ya sauka a matsayin gwamna kuma ya fuskanci bincike, yayin da aka kama John Nicks. Catherine Nicks ta yi ritaya tare da Yale da [[Hieronima de Paiva|Hieronima na Paiva]] zuwa gidan lambu na Yale, wanda ya haifar da abin kunya. An gurfanar da ita a gaban shari'a kuma an ci tarar ta saboda sayar da kayayyaki daga kamfanonin kamfanin a asusun sirri na Yale. An ba ta izinin tashi zuwa Ingila, kuma Yale ta haɗu da ita, wanda ya kawo mijinta da 'ya'yanta tare da shi, a cikin shekara ta 1699. Nicks ta koma Madras, inda ta ci gaba a matsayin wakilin kasuwanci na Yale. == Manazarta == lfr5u56gxcvbgeqjqcyjevqcvyscojv 0 147610 818796 2026-04-05T19:25:50Z Jidda3711 14843 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343643955|Mohamed Konaté (footballer, born 1997)]]" 818796 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Mohamed Konaté''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, 1997) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda yake buga ƙwallon gaba a ƙungiyar Akhmat Grozny ta Rasha. An haife shi a Ivory Coast, yana wakiltar Burkina Faso a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. == Aikin kulob == Konaté ya fara buga wasan sa a gasar Premier ta Rasha a Ural Yekaterinburg a ranar 17 ga watan Satumba, 2016, a wasan da suka yi da Anzhi Makhachkala. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2016 |title=Game Report by RPL |url=https://eng.premierliga.ru/match/match_11480.html |publisher=[[Russian Premier League]]}}</ref> Konaté ya bar Ural Yekaterinburg a watan Fabrairun 2017 domin neman ƙarin mabiya ƙwallon ƙafa ta farko. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=Не выдержал конкуренции: ивуарийский нападающий Мохамед Конате покидает Урал |url=http://www.nakanune.ru/news/2017/2/28/22462229 |access-date=21 April 2017 |website=nakanune.ru |publisher=Nakanune |language=Russian}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga watan Afrilu, 2017, ya fara buga wasa ga sabuwar ƙungiyarsa, Latvian Babīte, kuma ya cinye a wasansa na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2017 |title=Spartaks Jurmala-Babīte |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/04/22/latvia/virsliga/spartaks-jurmala/babte/2407096/ |publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2017, Konaté da Cédric Gogoua sun koma ƙungiyar Kairat ta makarantar Kairat har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2017 |title=Официально: Мохамед Конате и Седрик Гогуа игроки Кайрат А |url=http://fckairat.com/publ/fk_kajrat_2016/kajrat_m/oficialno_mokhamed_konate_i_sedrik_gogua_igroki_kajrat_a/10-1-0-1649 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713002624/http://fckairat.com/publ/fk_kajrat_2016/kajrat_m/oficialno_mokhamed_konate_i_sedrik_gogua_igroki_kajrat_a/10-1-0-1649 |archive-date=13 July 2017 |access-date=11 July 2017 |website=fckairat.com |publisher=FC Kairat |language=Russian}}</ref> Bayan kammala [[2017 Kazakhstan First Division|gasar Kazakhstan ta 2017]], Konaté ya shiga gwaji tare da ƙungiyar Gomel ta Belarusian Premier League. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2017 |title=Игрок Кайрат А находится на просмотре в белорусском клубе |url=https://www.sports.kz/news/igrok-kayrat-a-nahoditsya-na-prosmotre-v-belorusskom-klube |access-date=13 November 2017 |website=sports.kz |publisher=Sports KZ |language=Russian}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga watan Yuni 2018, Pyunik ya sanar da sanya hannu a kan Konaté. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2018 |title=ՓՅՈՒՆԻԿԸ ՀԻՆԳ ՆՈՐԵԿ ՈՒՆԻ |url=http://fcpyunik.am/%D6%83%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A8-%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3-%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%AF-%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB/ |access-date=28 June 2018 |website=fcpyunik.am |publisher=FC Pyunik |language=Armenian}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga watan Yuni 2019, Pyunik ya saki Konaté. <ref name="Six Released">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2019 |title=6 ֆուտբոլիստներ հեռացան Փյունիկից |url=http://fcpyunik.am/hy/article/177 |access-date=1 June 2019 |website=fcpyunik.am/ |publisher=FC Pyunik |language=Armenian}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga watan Satumba, 2019, ya sanya hannu da ƙungiyar Khimki ta ƙasar Rasha. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2019 |title=МОХАМЕД КОНАТЕ - НОВЫЙ НАПАДАЮЩИЙ "ХИМОК" |trans-title=Mohamed Konate is the new forward of Khimki |url=http://www.fckhimki.ru/news/sezon-2019-2020/sentyabr/mokhamed-konate-novyy-napadayushchiy-khimok/ |publisher=[[FC Khimki]] |language=Russian}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga watan Mayu 2021, Akhmat Grozny ya sanar da sanya hannu kan Konaté a kwantiragin shekara ɗaya, tare da zaɓin ƙarin shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2021 |title=Мохамед Конате перешел в Ахмат |url=http://fc-akhmat.ru/page/12367 |access-date=18 May 2021 |website=fc-akhmat.ru |publisher=FC Akhmat Grozny |language=Russian}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga watan Mayu 2024, Konaté ya bar Akhmat yayin da kwantiraginsa ya ƙare. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2024 |title=Мохамед Конате покидает нашу команду |url=https://fc-akhmat.ru/news/fc-akhmat/klub/mokhamed-konate-pokidaet-nashu-komandu/# |access-date=31 May 2024 |publisher=FC Akhmat Grozny |language=ru}}</ref> Konaté ya koma kungiyar Al-Riyadh ta Saudi Pro League a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2024 |title=الرياض يعلن التعاقد مع المهاجم البوركيني كوناتي |url=https://www.sportksa.net/main/archives/485453 |publisher=sportksa.net |language=arabic}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2024 |title=Mohamed Konaté révèle pourquoi il a signé à Al Riyadh |url=https://africafoot.com/mohamed-konate-revele-pourquoi-il-a-signe-a-al-riyadh/ |publisher=africafoot.com |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga watan Yuli, 2025, Konaté ya koma Akhmat Grozny kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2025 |title=Мохамед Конате — снова в Грозном! |url=https://fc-akhmat.ru/news/fc-akhmat/klub/mokhamed-konate-snova-v-groznom/ |access-date=11 July 2025 |publisher=FC Akhmat Grozny |language=ru}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An haifi Konaté a [[Ivory Coast]], kuma asalinsa ɗan Burkinabe ne. A ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba 2020, Konaté ya wakilci [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Burkina Faso|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Burkina Faso]] a wasan sada zumunci da suka doke [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta DR Congo|DR Congo]] da ci 3-0. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Burkina Faso vs RD Congo - Amicaux internationaux - 09 Octobre 2020 |url=https://fr.besoccer.com/ |website=fr.besoccer.com}}</ref> Ya buga wasansa na farko a hukumance a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba 2020 da Malawi a wasannin share fage na gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 2021 . Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 2 ga watan Satumba 2021 a wasan da suka yi da Nijar a wasannin share fage na gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022 . An zaɓi Konaté don shiga gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Burkina Faso : 29 joueurs convoqués pour la CAN 2021, la liste |url=https://www.koaci.com/article/2021/12/23/burkina-faso/sport/burkina-faso-29-joueurs-convoques-pour-la-can-2021-la-liste_156412.html |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Koaci.com |language=fr}}</ref> Ya fara wasa a wasanni biyar a lokacin gasar, inda ya mayar da bugunsa zuwa ƙwallo a wasan ƙarshe na takwas da suka yi da Gabon. Yana kuma shiga [[Gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afrika 2023|gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2023.]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Trinite Singbo |date=2023-12-20 |title=CAN 2023 : La liste du Burkina Faso dévoilée |url=https://africafootunited.com/can-2023-la-liste-du-burkina-faso-devoilee/ |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=AfricaFootUnited.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Shi ne babban ɗan wasan da ya kai hari sau uku, ciki har da zura kwallo a raga a wasan da suka yi da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|Algeria]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=M. Gr. |date=2024-01-20 |title=L'Algérie arrache le match nul sur le fil face au Burkina Faso grâce à Baghdad Bounedjah |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/L-algerie-arrache-le-match-nul-sur-le-fil-face-au-burkina-faso-grace-a-baghdad-bounedjah/1443496 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=[[L'Équipe|lequipe.fr]] |language=fr}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == A watan Agusta na 2023, ya sami takardar zama ɗan ƙasar Rasha. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-27 |title=Африканский футболист клуба РПЛ получил российский паспорт |url=https://sportrbc.ru/news/64eb04219a79471bcb76bb77 |website=[[РБК]] |language=ru}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 15 March 2026}}<ref>{{Soccerway|mohamed-konate/459786}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3xn9lgttiryfkr70z1s8ir89oy8hai4 818797 818796 2026-04-05T19:26:55Z Jidda3711 14843 Saka databox 818797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mohamed Konaté''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, 1997) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda yake buga ƙwallon gaba a ƙungiyar Akhmat Grozny ta Rasha. An haife shi a Ivory Coast, yana wakiltar Burkina Faso a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. == Aikin kulob == Konaté ya fara buga wasan sa a gasar Premier ta Rasha a Ural Yekaterinburg a ranar 17 ga watan Satumba, 2016, a wasan da suka yi da Anzhi Makhachkala. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2016 |title=Game Report by RPL |url=https://eng.premierliga.ru/match/match_11480.html |publisher=[[Russian Premier League]]}}</ref> Konaté ya bar Ural Yekaterinburg a watan Fabrairun 2017 domin neman ƙarin mabiya ƙwallon ƙafa ta farko. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=Не выдержал конкуренции: ивуарийский нападающий Мохамед Конате покидает Урал |url=http://www.nakanune.ru/news/2017/2/28/22462229 |access-date=21 April 2017 |website=nakanune.ru |publisher=Nakanune |language=Russian}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga watan Afrilu, 2017, ya fara buga wasa ga sabuwar ƙungiyarsa, Latvian Babīte, kuma ya cinye a wasansa na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2017 |title=Spartaks Jurmala-Babīte |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/04/22/latvia/virsliga/spartaks-jurmala/babte/2407096/ |publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2017, Konaté da Cédric Gogoua sun koma ƙungiyar Kairat ta makarantar Kairat har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2017 |title=Официально: Мохамед Конате и Седрик Гогуа игроки Кайрат А |url=http://fckairat.com/publ/fk_kajrat_2016/kajrat_m/oficialno_mokhamed_konate_i_sedrik_gogua_igroki_kajrat_a/10-1-0-1649 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713002624/http://fckairat.com/publ/fk_kajrat_2016/kajrat_m/oficialno_mokhamed_konate_i_sedrik_gogua_igroki_kajrat_a/10-1-0-1649 |archive-date=13 July 2017 |access-date=11 July 2017 |website=fckairat.com |publisher=FC Kairat |language=Russian}}</ref> Bayan kammala [[2017 Kazakhstan First Division|gasar Kazakhstan ta 2017]], Konaté ya shiga gwaji tare da ƙungiyar Gomel ta Belarusian Premier League. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2017 |title=Игрок Кайрат А находится на просмотре в белорусском клубе |url=https://www.sports.kz/news/igrok-kayrat-a-nahoditsya-na-prosmotre-v-belorusskom-klube |access-date=13 November 2017 |website=sports.kz |publisher=Sports KZ |language=Russian}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga watan Yuni 2018, Pyunik ya sanar da sanya hannu a kan Konaté. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2018 |title=ՓՅՈՒՆԻԿԸ ՀԻՆԳ ՆՈՐԵԿ ՈՒՆԻ |url=http://fcpyunik.am/%D6%83%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A8-%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3-%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%AF-%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB/ |access-date=28 June 2018 |website=fcpyunik.am |publisher=FC Pyunik |language=Armenian}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga watan Yuni 2019, Pyunik ya saki Konaté. <ref name="Six Released">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2019 |title=6 ֆուտբոլիստներ հեռացան Փյունիկից |url=http://fcpyunik.am/hy/article/177 |access-date=1 June 2019 |website=fcpyunik.am/ |publisher=FC Pyunik |language=Armenian}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga watan Satumba, 2019, ya sanya hannu da ƙungiyar Khimki ta ƙasar Rasha. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2019 |title=МОХАМЕД КОНАТЕ - НОВЫЙ НАПАДАЮЩИЙ "ХИМОК" |trans-title=Mohamed Konate is the new forward of Khimki |url=http://www.fckhimki.ru/news/sezon-2019-2020/sentyabr/mokhamed-konate-novyy-napadayushchiy-khimok/ |publisher=[[FC Khimki]] |language=Russian}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga watan Mayu 2021, Akhmat Grozny ya sanar da sanya hannu kan Konaté a kwantiragin shekara ɗaya, tare da zaɓin ƙarin shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2021 |title=Мохамед Конате перешел в Ахмат |url=http://fc-akhmat.ru/page/12367 |access-date=18 May 2021 |website=fc-akhmat.ru |publisher=FC Akhmat Grozny |language=Russian}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga watan Mayu 2024, Konaté ya bar Akhmat yayin da kwantiraginsa ya ƙare. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2024 |title=Мохамед Конате покидает нашу команду |url=https://fc-akhmat.ru/news/fc-akhmat/klub/mokhamed-konate-pokidaet-nashu-komandu/# |access-date=31 May 2024 |publisher=FC Akhmat Grozny |language=ru}}</ref> Konaté ya koma kungiyar Al-Riyadh ta Saudi Pro League a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2024 |title=الرياض يعلن التعاقد مع المهاجم البوركيني كوناتي |url=https://www.sportksa.net/main/archives/485453 |publisher=sportksa.net |language=arabic}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2024 |title=Mohamed Konaté révèle pourquoi il a signé à Al Riyadh |url=https://africafoot.com/mohamed-konate-revele-pourquoi-il-a-signe-a-al-riyadh/ |publisher=africafoot.com |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga watan Yuli, 2025, Konaté ya koma Akhmat Grozny kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2025 |title=Мохамед Конате — снова в Грозном! |url=https://fc-akhmat.ru/news/fc-akhmat/klub/mokhamed-konate-snova-v-groznom/ |access-date=11 July 2025 |publisher=FC Akhmat Grozny |language=ru}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An haifi Konaté a [[Ivory Coast]], kuma asalinsa ɗan Burkinabe ne. A ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba 2020, Konaté ya wakilci [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Burkina Faso|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Burkina Faso]] a wasan sada zumunci da suka doke [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta DR Congo|DR Congo]] da ci 3-0. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Burkina Faso vs RD Congo - Amicaux internationaux - 09 Octobre 2020 |url=https://fr.besoccer.com/ |website=fr.besoccer.com}}</ref> Ya buga wasansa na farko a hukumance a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba 2020 da Malawi a wasannin share fage na gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 2021 . Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 2 ga watan Satumba 2021 a wasan da suka yi da Nijar a wasannin share fage na gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022 . An zaɓi Konaté don shiga gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Burkina Faso : 29 joueurs convoqués pour la CAN 2021, la liste |url=https://www.koaci.com/article/2021/12/23/burkina-faso/sport/burkina-faso-29-joueurs-convoques-pour-la-can-2021-la-liste_156412.html |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Koaci.com |language=fr}}</ref> Ya fara wasa a wasanni biyar a lokacin gasar, inda ya mayar da bugunsa zuwa ƙwallo a wasan ƙarshe na takwas da suka yi da Gabon. Yana kuma shiga [[Gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afrika 2023|gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2023.]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Trinite Singbo |date=2023-12-20 |title=CAN 2023 : La liste du Burkina Faso dévoilée |url=https://africafootunited.com/can-2023-la-liste-du-burkina-faso-devoilee/ |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=AfricaFootUnited.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Shi ne babban ɗan wasan da ya kai hari sau uku, ciki har da zura kwallo a raga a wasan da suka yi da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|Algeria]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=M. Gr. |date=2024-01-20 |title=L'Algérie arrache le match nul sur le fil face au Burkina Faso grâce à Baghdad Bounedjah |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/L-algerie-arrache-le-match-nul-sur-le-fil-face-au-burkina-faso-grace-a-baghdad-bounedjah/1443496 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=[[L'Équipe|lequipe.fr]] |language=fr}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == A watan Agusta na 2023, ya sami takardar zama ɗan ƙasar Rasha. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-27 |title=Африканский футболист клуба РПЛ получил российский паспорт |url=https://sportrbc.ru/news/64eb04219a79471bcb76bb77 |website=[[РБК]] |language=ru}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 15 March 2026}}<ref>{{Soccerway|mohamed-konate/459786}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4v1u95557kpujy6k5wk3f3pqjj2rgvv 3 147611 818805 2026-04-05T21:23:13Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 818805 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ersinmailk2017! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ersinmailk2017|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 5 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) apbnvenwtoztcc7j4al5c8wxebvrpm6 3 147612 818806 2026-04-05T21:23:23Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 818806 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Jeephunter20! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Jeephunter20|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 5 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) bwnogis6u9keeds9lky1bjpf7yd0vd7 3 147613 818807 2026-04-05T21:23:33Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 818807 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Dadystar7! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Dadystar7|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 5 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) 8oemierju7h1x0mt6313bc0fkvytati 3 147614 818808 2026-04-05T21:23:43Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 818808 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Shatouu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Shatouu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 5 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) r78so5e7pe1ioyvitjj1nadrl83eje6 3 147615 818809 2026-04-05T21:23:53Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 818809 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Dadystar! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Dadystar|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 5 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) shd5nxj2d8ozlupddp182dsxnok0jfv 3 147616 818810 2026-04-05T21:24:03Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 818810 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Don-dvddy001! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Don-dvddy001|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 5 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) cfoxoi8pt6ubzitby7xjrdre0hgw9wm 3 147617 818811 2026-04-05T21:24:13Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 818811 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Nana Aisha Aliyu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Nana Aisha Aliyu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 5 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) 3836rtfnhqswuhkxb257tszw5w5wpvm 3 147618 818812 2026-04-05T21:24:23Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 818812 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Italyino! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Italyino|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 5 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) iwbg29kw960ni1kbh5pu4u0gmpqu60g 3 147619 818813 2026-04-05T21:24:33Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 818813 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Addvisor! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Addvisor|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 5 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) seobaxiezyi34f4wkk0zyag1ylibaqo 3 147620 818814 2026-04-05T21:24:43Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 818814 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Areeb422! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Areeb422|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 5 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) 6cviyk248j9bv64lnbw6fknonrvasf3 3 147621 818815 2026-04-05T21:24:53Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 818815 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Fábio Aurélio Domingues! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Fábio Aurélio Domingues|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 5 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) 1tghzizoj3lf22fkeo7rjvosdp0u1ye 3 147622 818816 2026-04-05T21:25:03Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 818816 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bwoart! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bwoart|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 5 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) p1wrnruakujkgw40wg8zdseyj0hs867 3 147623 818817 2026-04-05T21:25:13Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 818817 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Malassaperde! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Malassaperde|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 5 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) tvjlqr2pswg55k9aybx8ru39dwrjwkh 3 147624 818818 2026-04-05T21:25:23Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 818818 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, LastCelebration! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/LastCelebration|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 5 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) 11o60aw34f5h6edqu27ctpmv3dz60kr 3 147625 818819 2026-04-05T21:25:33Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 818819 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Liptink0! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Liptink0|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 5 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) l8czuu6oydfmeba0q5cskwule6ywyyj 3 147626 818820 2026-04-05T21:25:43Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 818820 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Endrecserna! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Endrecserna|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 5 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) 6qpxuyuo7xhz5cvmwlzang91c2g3q81 3 147627 818821 2026-04-05T21:25:53Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 818821 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Shagetsu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Shagetsu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 5 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) hedunukse5u8gsigl39we6y83eos0rq 3 147628 818822 2026-04-05T21:26:03Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 818822 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, UHSABO! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/UHSABO|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 5 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) 9bd57n0uj7mgqp5gbqcx39a3h64cqw8 3 147629 818823 2026-04-05T21:26:13Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 818823 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Coolomon Tetris! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Coolomon Tetris|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 5 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) cloae0hvmw4ffzfx2i9ik3niz6k745y 3 147630 818824 2026-04-05T21:26:23Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 818824 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bananakingler! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bananakingler|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 5 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) h3n4jxhvpp8lc75mtfvfkeolv15hac6 3 147631 818825 2026-04-05T21:26:33Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 818825 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Davidot! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Davidot|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 5 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) el8vum4pqwjw31sf0ev5k4wakcde43f 3 147632 818826 2026-04-05T21:26:43Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 818826 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sebastieaan! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sebastieaan|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 5 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) gpwgz4taaid6gui60c28kgdwgwiydny 3 147633 818827 2026-04-05T21:26:53Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 818827 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kokoshneta! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kokoshneta|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 5 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) j98q7ikx6vp41dnt6coqtvpyhtnbhsl 1 147634 818831 2026-04-05T21:55:27Z ~2026-21152-42 43722 /* Emallawasa */ sabon sashe 818831 wikitext text/x-wiki == Emallawasa == samaila boukari [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21152-42|&#126;2026-21152-42]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21152-42|talk]]) 21:55, 5 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) 92s2qsove9akxycf59h8awey6q8l2vt 0 147635 818832 2026-04-05T22:14:23Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1290217982|Amina Afzali]]" 818832 wikitext text/x-wiki   Amena Safi Afzali (an haife ta a shekara ta 1957 [1] ) 'yar siyasa ce a Afghanistan, wacce ta zama Ministar Aiki, Harkokin Jama'a, Shahada, da Nakasassu a watan Janairun 2010 bayan ta sami kuri'ar amincewa daga Majalisar Dokokin Afghanistan . Ta taba yin aiki a matsayin kwamishina a Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam Mai Zaman Kanta har zuwa 2004. Kuma a matsayin Ministar Ma'aikatar Matasa har sai da ta hade da Ma'aikatar Labarai da Al'adu. == Rayuwa == An haifi Amena Safi Afzali a shekarar 1957 a [[Herat|birnin Herat]], Afghanistan. Ta kammala karatunta na gaba a fannin ilimin kimiyya na Jami'ar Kabul a shekarar 1978. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Amina Afzali details |url=http://www.afghanistanembassy.no/article/70976/H-E-Amina-Afzali |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004119/http://www.afghanistanembassy.no/article/70976/H-E-Amina-Afzali |archive-date=2013-12-03 |access-date=2013-08-20}}</ref> Ita ce ta kafa Cibiyoyin Ilimi da Horarwa na mata, kuma ita ce makaranta ta farko kyauta a Kabul a shekarar 1994. An kafa wallafe-wallafe kamar 'Rahrawan Samia', 'Al-Momenat', 'Paiwand', da 'Mother' a ƙarƙashin kulawarta. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin kwamishina a Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam Mai Zaman Kanta har zuwa 2004. Ita memba ce a Hukumar Kula da Al'adu ta Jamee. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Earlier Work |url=http://www.afghanistanembassy.no/article/70976/H-E-Amina-Afzali |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004119/http://www.afghanistanembassy.no/article/70976/H-E-Amina-Afzali |archive-date=2013-12-03 |access-date=2013-08-20}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Majalisar Ministoci * Siyasar Afghanistan * Mata 1000 Masu Zaman Lafiya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004119/http://www.afghanistanembassy.no/article/70976/H-E-Amina-Afzali https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004119/http://www.afghanistenembassy.no/article/70976/HE-Amina-Afzali] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] enhonxt9zx1g5wda66c8q7xgb21jkla 818834 818832 2026-04-05T22:14:47Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 818834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Amena Safi Afzali (an haife ta a shekara ta 1957 [1] ) 'yar siyasa ce a Afghanistan, wacce ta zama Ministar Aiki, Harkokin Jama'a, Shahada, da Nakasassu a watan Janairun 2010 bayan ta sami kuri'ar amincewa daga Majalisar Dokokin Afghanistan . Ta taba yin aiki a matsayin kwamishina a Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam Mai Zaman Kanta har zuwa 2004. Kuma a matsayin Ministar Ma'aikatar Matasa har sai da ta hade da Ma'aikatar Labarai da Al'adu. == Rayuwa == An haifi Amena Safi Afzali a shekarar 1957 a [[Herat|birnin Herat]], Afghanistan. Ta kammala karatunta na gaba a fannin ilimin kimiyya na Jami'ar Kabul a shekarar 1978. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Amina Afzali details |url=http://www.afghanistanembassy.no/article/70976/H-E-Amina-Afzali |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004119/http://www.afghanistanembassy.no/article/70976/H-E-Amina-Afzali |archive-date=2013-12-03 |access-date=2013-08-20}}</ref> Ita ce ta kafa Cibiyoyin Ilimi da Horarwa na mata, kuma ita ce makaranta ta farko kyauta a Kabul a shekarar 1994. An kafa wallafe-wallafe kamar 'Rahrawan Samia', 'Al-Momenat', 'Paiwand', da 'Mother' a ƙarƙashin kulawarta. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin kwamishina a Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam Mai Zaman Kanta har zuwa 2004. Ita memba ce a Hukumar Kula da Al'adu ta Jamee. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Earlier Work |url=http://www.afghanistanembassy.no/article/70976/H-E-Amina-Afzali |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004119/http://www.afghanistanembassy.no/article/70976/H-E-Amina-Afzali |archive-date=2013-12-03 |access-date=2013-08-20}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Majalisar Ministoci * Siyasar Afghanistan * Mata 1000 Masu Zaman Lafiya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004119/http://www.afghanistanembassy.no/article/70976/H-E-Amina-Afzali https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004119/http://www.afghanistenembassy.no/article/70976/HE-Amina-Afzali] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] bxqkuooudiuo4h295149m9taxk1jjij 818835 818834 2026-04-05T22:15:59Z Halima Waziri 29451 Karamin gyera 818835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Amena Safi Afzali (an haife ta a shekara ta 1957 [1] ) 'yar siyasa ce a Afghanistan, wacce ta zama Ministar Aiki, Harkokin Jama'a, Shahada, da Nakasassu a watan Janairun shekara ta 2010 bayan ta sami kuri'ar amincewa daga Majalisar Dokokin Afghanistan . Ta taba yin aiki a matsayin kwamishina a Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam Mai Zaman Kanta har zuwa 2004. Kuma a matsayin Ministar Ma'aikatar Matasa har sai da ta hade da Ma'aikatar Labarai da Al'adu. == Rayuwa == An haifi Amena Safi Afzali a shekarar 1957 a [[Herat|birnin Herat]], Afghanistan. Ta kammala karatunta na gaba a fannin ilimin kimiyya na Jami'ar Kabul a shekarar 1978. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Amina Afzali details |url=http://www.afghanistanembassy.no/article/70976/H-E-Amina-Afzali |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004119/http://www.afghanistanembassy.no/article/70976/H-E-Amina-Afzali |archive-date=2013-12-03 |access-date=2013-08-20}}</ref> Ita ce ta kafa Cibiyoyin Ilimi da Horarwa na mata, kuma ita ce makaranta ta farko kyauta a Kabul a shekarar 1994. An kafa wallafe-wallafe kamar 'Rahrawan Samia', 'Al-Momenat', 'Paiwand', da 'Mother' a ƙarƙashin kulawarta. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin kwamishina a Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam Mai Zaman Kanta har zuwa 2004. Ita memba ce a Hukumar Kula da Al'adu ta Jamee. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Earlier Work |url=http://www.afghanistanembassy.no/article/70976/H-E-Amina-Afzali |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004119/http://www.afghanistanembassy.no/article/70976/H-E-Amina-Afzali |archive-date=2013-12-03 |access-date=2013-08-20}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Majalisar Ministoci * Siyasar Afghanistan * Mata 1000 Masu Zaman Lafiya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004119/http://www.afghanistanembassy.no/article/70976/H-E-Amina-Afzali https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004119/http://www.afghanistenembassy.no/article/70976/HE-Amina-Afzali] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] rmgp20m1cc6ydwklhvg2xdp6svzmulc 0 147636 818837 2026-04-05T22:27:27Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon wallafa akan Dan kwallon kafa na Atletico Madrid 818837 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Thiago Almada (53062996583) (cropped).jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox football biography | name = Thiago Almada | full_name = Thiago Ezequiel Almada | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|4|26}} | birth_place = Ciudadela, Buenos Aires, Argentina | position = Attacking midfielder / Winger | currentclub = Atlanta United | clubnumber = 23 | youthyears1 = 2007–2018 | youthclubs1 = Vélez Sarsfield | years1 = 2018–2022 | clubs1 = Vélez Sarsfield | caps1 = 100+ | goals1 = 20+ | years2 = 2022– | clubs2 = Atlanta United | caps2 = 60+ | goals2 = 15+ | nationalyears1 = 2019 | nationalteam1 = Argentina U20 | nationalcaps1 = 9 | nationalgoals1 = 1 | nationalyears2 = 2022– | nationalteam2 = Argentina | nationalcaps2 = 5+ | nationalgoals2 = 0 }} '''Thiago Ezequiel Almada''' (an haife shi ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 2001) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Argentina wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai kai hari a tsakiya ko winger. Ya fara shahara ne a kulob ɗin Vélez Sarsfield kafin ya koma Atlanta United a gasar Major League Soccer (MLS).<ref>{{cite web|title=Thiago Almada Profile|url=https://www.atlutd.com/players/thiago-almada/|publisher=Atlanta United}}</ref> ==Rayuwar Farko== An haifi Almada a Ciudadela, wani yanki a Buenos Aires, Argentina. Ya taso a cikin iyali mai ƙaramin ƙarfi, inda ya fara buga ƙwallo tun yana ƙarami a unguwarsu kafin ya shiga makarantar horar da matasa ta Vélez Sarsfield.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thiago Almada: From the streets of Buenos Aires to stardom|publisher=Goal|url=https://www.goal.com/}}</ref> ==Aikin Kulob== ===Vélez Sarsfield=== Almada ya fara taka leda a babban rukunin Vélez Sarsfield a shekarar 2018 yana da shekaru 17. Ya zama ɗaya daga cikin matasan ‘yan wasa mafi tasiri a gasar Argentina Primera División, inda ya jawo hankalin manyan kulob-kulob na Turai.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thiago Almada Stats|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/thiago-almada/}}</ref> ===Atlanta United=== A shekarar 2022, Almada ya koma Atlanta United a MLS kan kuɗi mai yawa wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi tsada da kulob ɗin ya taɓa siya. Ya taka rawar gani wajen ƙirƙirar damammaki da zura ƙwallaye, kuma ya lashe kyaututtuka a matakin gasar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Atlanta United sign Thiago Almada|url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/}}</ref> ==Aikin Ƙasa== Almada ya wakilci Argentina a matakin ‘yan ƙasa da shekara 20, inda ya buga gasar U-20 South American Championship. Daga baya an kira shi cikin tawagar Argentina ta manya kuma yana cikin tawagar da ta lashe gasar kofin duniya ta 2022 a Qatar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Argentina World Cup Squad 2022|url=https://www.fifa.com/}}</ref> ==Salon Wasanni== Almada ana saninsa da saurin motsi, iya dribbling, da kuma ƙwarewar bugun daga nesa. Yakan taka rawar gani a matsayin lamba 10 ko kuma a gefen fili.<ref>{{cite news|title=Scout Report: Thiago Almada|publisher=The Athletic|url=https://theathletic.com/}}</ref> ==Lambobin Yabo== ;Argentina * '''FIFA World Cup''': 2022<ref>{{cite web|title=FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 Final|url=https://www.fifa.com/}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin Waje== * [https://www.mlssoccer.com/players/thiago-almada/ Thiago Almada a MLS] * [https://www.transfermarkt.com/thiago-almada/profil/spieler/555891 Thiago Almada a Transfermarkt] {{Argentina squad 2022 FIFA World Cup}} {{Authority control}} atcju7qbhk57ykbwcigh815wqxkyupb 0 147637 818842 2026-04-06T05:01:12Z Abusule dankofa 24259 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346440968|Arijanet Muric]]" 818842 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Arijanet Anan Muric''' [ A ] (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 1998) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] a ƙungiyar Sassuolo ta Serie A, a matsayin aro daga ƙungiyar EFL Championship ta Ipswich Town . An haife shi a [[Switzerland]], kuma yana wakiltar ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Kosovo . == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikinsa da Manchester City === Muric ya samo asali ne daga ƙungiyoyin matasa daban-daban na Switzerland kamar Young Fellows Juventus, Zürich da Grasshoppers . A shekarar 2015, ya shiga ƙungiyar matasa ta [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] . A ranar 27 ga Yuli, 2017, Muric ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin shekaru uku da [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] . <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=mancityacademy|access-date=27 July 2017|title=We are delighted to announce that Arijanet Muric has signed a three-year contract extension with the Club! Well done, Aro! #mcfc}}</ref> [[Fayil:Goalkeeper_Arijanet_Muric_(36243874430-cropped2).jpg|left|thumb|Muric tare da [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] a watan Yulin 2017]] ==== Lamunin ɗan gajeren lokaci a NAC Breda da dawowa daga aro ==== A ranar 31 ga Yuli 2018, Muric ya koma ƙungiyar NAC Breda ta Eredivisie, a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2018 |title=NAC huurt Muric van City |trans-title=NAC loan Muric from City |url=http://www.nac.nl/108/newsid/12663/NAC-huurt-Muric-van-City.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731153705/http://www.nac.nl/108/newsid/12663/NAC-huurt-Muric-van-City.html |archive-date=31 July 2018 |access-date=31 July 2018 |publisher=NAC Breda |language=nl}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Agusta 2018, ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararre a wasan da suka doke De Graafschap da ci 3-0 a gida bayan an sanya shi a cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko. Kwanaki huɗu bayan fara wasa da NAC Breda, Manchester City ta dawo da Muric daga aro don maye gurbin mai tsaron gida Claudio Bravo da ya ji rauni a matsayin zaɓi na biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2018 |title=Muric keert terug naar Manchester City |trans-title=Muric returns to Manchester City |url=http://www.nac.nl/108/newsid/12712/Muric-keert-terug-naar-Manchester-City.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301005602/http://www.nac.nl/108/newsid/12712/Muric-keert-terug-naar-Manchester-City.html |archive-date=1 March 2019 |access-date=22 August 2018 |publisher=NAC Breda |language=nl}}</ref> Bayan kwana uku, an naɗa shi a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Manchester City a karon farko a wasan [[Premier League|Premier]] da Wolverhampton Wanderers . Wasansa na farko da Manchester City ya faru ne a ranar 25 ga Satumba a zagaye na uku na Kofin EFL na 2018-19 da Oxford United bayan an sanya shi a cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko. ==== Aro daga Nottingham Forest ==== A ranar 9 ga Yuli 2019, Muric ya koma ƙungiyar EFL Championship [[Nottingham Forest FC|ta Nottingham Forest]], a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa. A ranar 3 ga Agusta 2019, ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka sha kashi a gida da ci 2-1 a hannun West Bromwich Albion bayan an sanya shi a cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko. Komawar Muric aro bai yi nasara ba, inda ya kasance mai tsaron gida na biyu a bayan [[Brice Samba]], kuma ya kasa haɗuwa da sauran 'yan wasan Forest. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Sam |date=19 December 2019 |title=City's run in the Carabao Cup should be made for Aro Muric but he's gone backwards at Forest |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/1462149/2019/12/19/citys-run-in-the-carabao-cup-should-be-made-for-aro-muric-but-hes-gone-backwards-at-forest/ |access-date=1 August 2020 |website=The Athletic}}</ref> ==== Aron a Girona ==== A ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2020, Muric ya koma ƙungiyar Segunda División ta Girona, a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa. [1] Kwanaki takwas bayan haka, ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Sporting Gijón da ci 2-0 a waje bayan an sanya shi a cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko. ==== Aron Willem II ==== A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2021, an ba Muric aro ga ƙungiyar Eredivisie Willem II har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa, don maye gurbin Robbin Ruiter da ya ji rauni a matsayin wanda zai fara wasa. Kwanaki 13 bayan haka, ya fara wasa a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Feyenoord da ci 5-0 a waje bayan an sanya shi a cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko. ==== Aron dan wasa daga Adana Demirspor ==== A ranar 5 ga Agusta 2021, Muric ya koma ƙungiyar Adana Demirspor ta Süper Lig, a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=AdsKulubu|author=Adana Demirspor|title=Kulübümüz Manchester City ve Kosova Milli Takımı kalecisi 22 yaşındaki Arijanet Muric ile bir yıllık kiralık anlaşmaya varmıştır. Hoş geldin #Muric!}}</ref> Bayan kwana goma, ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka sha kashi a gida da ci 1-0 a hannun Fenerbahçe bayan an sanya shi a cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko. <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=AdsKulubu|author=Adana Demirspor|title=Fenerbahçe karşılaşmasında sahaya çıkacak ilk 11'imiz belli oldu. #ADSvFB #SaldırAdanaDemir}}</ref> === Burnley === A ranar 22 ga Yulin 2022, Muric ya koma ƙungiyar Championship ta Burnley bayan ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru huɗu kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2022 |title=Burnley capture Muric |url=https://www.burnleyfootballclub.com/content/burnley-capture-muric |publisher=[[Burnley F.C.]]}}</ref> Bayan kwana bakwai, ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka yi da Huddersfield Town da ci 1-0 a waje bayan an sanya shi a cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko. <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=BurnleyOfficial|title=6 Clarets make their debut in tonight's season opener {{!}} #HUDBUR}}</ref> === Garin Ipswich === A ranar 17 ga Yulin 2024, Muric ya koma ƙungiyar Ipswich Town da aka ƙara wa matsayi EFL Championship bayan ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru huɗu kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2024 |title=TOWN SIGN KEEPER MURIC |url=https://www.itfc.co.uk/news/2024/july/17/town-sign-keeper-muric/ |publisher=[[Ipswich Town F.C.]]}}</ref> === Sassuolo === A ranar 13 ga Agusta 2025, Muric ya koma kulob din Sassuolo na Serie A a matsayin aro don kakar wasa ta 2025/26. <ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Ipswich Town |date=2025-08-13 |title=SERIE A MOVE FOR ARO |url=https://www.itfc.co.uk/news/2025/august/13/serie-a-move-for-aro/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=Ipswich Town FC |language=en}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] np60wfoc8kzbvfeln4hvts61doktiiy 818843 818842 2026-04-06T05:02:01Z Abusule dankofa 24259 818843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arijanet Anan Muric''' [ A ] (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 1998) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] a ƙungiyar Sassuolo ta Serie A, a matsayin aro daga ƙungiyar EFL Championship ta Ipswich Town . An haife shi a [[Switzerland]], kuma yana wakiltar ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Kosovo . == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikinsa da Manchester City === Muric ya samo asali ne daga ƙungiyoyin matasa daban-daban na Switzerland kamar Young Fellows Juventus, Zürich da Grasshoppers . A shekarar 2015, ya shiga ƙungiyar matasa ta [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] . A ranar 27 ga Yuli, 2017, Muric ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin shekaru uku da [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] . <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=mancityacademy|access-date=27 July 2017|title=We are delighted to announce that Arijanet Muric has signed a three-year contract extension with the Club! Well done, Aro! #mcfc}}</ref> [[Fayil:Goalkeeper_Arijanet_Muric_(36243874430-cropped2).jpg|left|thumb|Muric tare da [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] a watan Yulin 2017]] ==== Lamunin ɗan gajeren lokaci a NAC Breda da dawowa daga aro ==== A ranar 31 ga Yuli 2018, Muric ya koma ƙungiyar NAC Breda ta Eredivisie, a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2018 |title=NAC huurt Muric van City |trans-title=NAC loan Muric from City |url=http://www.nac.nl/108/newsid/12663/NAC-huurt-Muric-van-City.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731153705/http://www.nac.nl/108/newsid/12663/NAC-huurt-Muric-van-City.html |archive-date=31 July 2018 |access-date=31 July 2018 |publisher=NAC Breda |language=nl}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Agusta 2018, ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararre a wasan da suka doke De Graafschap da ci 3-0 a gida bayan an sanya shi a cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko. Kwanaki huɗu bayan fara wasa da NAC Breda, Manchester City ta dawo da Muric daga aro don maye gurbin mai tsaron gida Claudio Bravo da ya ji rauni a matsayin zaɓi na biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2018 |title=Muric keert terug naar Manchester City |trans-title=Muric returns to Manchester City |url=http://www.nac.nl/108/newsid/12712/Muric-keert-terug-naar-Manchester-City.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301005602/http://www.nac.nl/108/newsid/12712/Muric-keert-terug-naar-Manchester-City.html |archive-date=1 March 2019 |access-date=22 August 2018 |publisher=NAC Breda |language=nl}}</ref> Bayan kwana uku, an naɗa shi a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Manchester City a karon farko a wasan [[Premier League|Premier]] da Wolverhampton Wanderers . Wasansa na farko da Manchester City ya faru ne a ranar 25 ga Satumba a zagaye na uku na Kofin EFL na 2018-19 da Oxford United bayan an sanya shi a cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko. ==== Aro daga Nottingham Forest ==== A ranar 9 ga Yuli 2019, Muric ya koma ƙungiyar EFL Championship [[Nottingham Forest FC|ta Nottingham Forest]], a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa. A ranar 3 ga Agusta 2019, ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka sha kashi a gida da ci 2-1 a hannun West Bromwich Albion bayan an sanya shi a cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko. Komawar Muric aro bai yi nasara ba, inda ya kasance mai tsaron gida na biyu a bayan [[Brice Samba]], kuma ya kasa haɗuwa da sauran 'yan wasan Forest. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Sam |date=19 December 2019 |title=City's run in the Carabao Cup should be made for Aro Muric but he's gone backwards at Forest |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/1462149/2019/12/19/citys-run-in-the-carabao-cup-should-be-made-for-aro-muric-but-hes-gone-backwards-at-forest/ |access-date=1 August 2020 |website=The Athletic}}</ref> ==== Aron a Girona ==== A ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2020, Muric ya koma ƙungiyar Segunda División ta Girona, a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa. [1] Kwanaki takwas bayan haka, ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Sporting Gijón da ci 2-0 a waje bayan an sanya shi a cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko. ==== Aron Willem II ==== A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2021, an ba Muric aro ga ƙungiyar Eredivisie Willem II har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa, don maye gurbin Robbin Ruiter da ya ji rauni a matsayin wanda zai fara wasa. Kwanaki 13 bayan haka, ya fara wasa a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Feyenoord da ci 5-0 a waje bayan an sanya shi a cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko. ==== Aron dan wasa daga Adana Demirspor ==== A ranar 5 ga Agusta 2021, Muric ya koma ƙungiyar Adana Demirspor ta Süper Lig, a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=AdsKulubu|author=Adana Demirspor|title=Kulübümüz Manchester City ve Kosova Milli Takımı kalecisi 22 yaşındaki Arijanet Muric ile bir yıllık kiralık anlaşmaya varmıştır. Hoş geldin #Muric!}}</ref> Bayan kwana goma, ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka sha kashi a gida da ci 1-0 a hannun Fenerbahçe bayan an sanya shi a cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko. <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=AdsKulubu|author=Adana Demirspor|title=Fenerbahçe karşılaşmasında sahaya çıkacak ilk 11'imiz belli oldu. #ADSvFB #SaldırAdanaDemir}}</ref> === Burnley === A ranar 22 ga Yulin 2022, Muric ya koma ƙungiyar Championship ta Burnley bayan ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru huɗu kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2022 |title=Burnley capture Muric |url=https://www.burnleyfootballclub.com/content/burnley-capture-muric |publisher=[[Burnley F.C.]]}}</ref> Bayan kwana bakwai, ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka yi da Huddersfield Town da ci 1-0 a waje bayan an sanya shi a cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko. <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=BurnleyOfficial|title=6 Clarets make their debut in tonight's season opener {{!}} #HUDBUR}}</ref> === Garin Ipswich === A ranar 17 ga Yulin 2024, Muric ya koma ƙungiyar Ipswich Town da aka ƙara wa matsayi EFL Championship bayan ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru huɗu kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2024 |title=TOWN SIGN KEEPER MURIC |url=https://www.itfc.co.uk/news/2024/july/17/town-sign-keeper-muric/ |publisher=[[Ipswich Town F.C.]]}}</ref> === Sassuolo === A ranar 13 ga Agusta 2025, Muric ya koma kulob din Sassuolo na Serie A a matsayin aro don kakar wasa ta 2025/26. <ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Ipswich Town |date=2025-08-13 |title=SERIE A MOVE FOR ARO |url=https://www.itfc.co.uk/news/2025/august/13/serie-a-move-for-aro/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=Ipswich Town FC |language=en}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ===manazarta=== jjt06y279wfo9wnmokolb0pzk3twlzu 0 147638 818844 2026-04-06T05:03:01Z Abusule dankofa 24259 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344097908|Bagher Larijani]]" 818844 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bagher Ardeshir Larijani''' (an haife shi a watan Mayu 1961) fitaccen likitan ƙasar Iran ne (Farfesa a fannin likitancin ciki da ilimin halittar jiki) a Jami'ar Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Tehran . <ref>{{Cite web |title=باقر اردشير لاريجاني - دانشگاه علوم پزشکي و خدمات بهداشتي درماني تهران |url=https://www.tums.ac.ir/faculties/Larijani?lang=fa&display=mysite |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001002935/https://www.tums.ac.ir/faculties/Larijani?lang=fa&display=mysite |archive-date=2020-10-01 |access-date=2020-03-07}}</ref> Ya kasance Daraktan Cibiyar Bincike ta Endocrinology da Metabolism (EMRI). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Institute |url=https://emri.tums.ac.ir/(X(1)S(0ddz1xexr1agzwqpncloj1ff))/En?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 |website=emri.tums.ac.ir}}</ref> == Littattafai da Matsayin Edita == A cewar bayanan Scopus, ya rubuta labarai sama da 1,785 da suka shafi fannoni daban-daban. Larijani yana da muhimman ayyuka na edita da bita a cikin wasu manyan mujallu na likitanci na Farisa da Ingilishi. == Nauyin Zartarwa == Larijani ya kasance shugaban jami'ar Tehran ta kimiyyar likitanci daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2013 lokacin da ya yi murabus. == Duba kuma == * Fazel Larijani (brother) * Sadiq Larijani (brother) * Ali Larijani (brother) * Mohammad-Javad Larijani (brother) [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] k4pta43lylvn26297bjutnlrxue095u 818845 818844 2026-04-06T05:03:52Z Abusule dankofa 24259 818845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bagher Ardeshir Larijani''' (an haife shi a watan Mayu 1961) fitaccen likitan ƙasar Iran ne (Farfesa a fannin likitancin ciki da ilimin halittar jiki) a Jami'ar Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Tehran . <ref>{{Cite web |title=باقر اردشير لاريجاني - دانشگاه علوم پزشکي و خدمات بهداشتي درماني تهران |url=https://www.tums.ac.ir/faculties/Larijani?lang=fa&display=mysite |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001002935/https://www.tums.ac.ir/faculties/Larijani?lang=fa&display=mysite |archive-date=2020-10-01 |access-date=2020-03-07}}</ref> Ya kasance Daraktan Cibiyar Bincike ta Endocrinology da Metabolism (EMRI). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Institute |url=https://emri.tums.ac.ir/(X(1)S(0ddz1xexr1agzwqpncloj1ff))/En?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 |website=emri.tums.ac.ir}}</ref> == Littattafai da Matsayin Edita == A cewar bayanan Scopus, ya rubuta labarai sama da 1,785 da suka shafi fannoni daban-daban. Larijani yana da muhimman ayyuka na edita da bita a cikin wasu manyan mujallu na likitanci na Farisa da Ingilishi. == Nauyin Zartarwa == Larijani ya kasance shugaban jami'ar Tehran ta kimiyyar likitanci daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2013 lokacin da ya yi murabus. == Duba kuma == * Fazel Larijani (brother) * Sadiq Larijani (brother) * Ali Larijani (brother) * Mohammad-Javad Larijani (brother) [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ===manazarta=== feqqjnmt56ta90szalnmu528ay37llh 0 147639 818847 2026-04-06T05:05:30Z Abusule dankofa 24259 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344737976|Mohammad-Javad Larijani]]" 818847 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Mohammad-Javad Ardashir Larijani''' ( Persian ; an haife shi a 1951 ( 1951 ) ) ɗan siyasa ne mai ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma tsohon jami'in diflomasiyya na ƙasar Iran. Ya kasance babban mai ba da shawara ga Shugaban Addini na wancan lokacin [[Ali Khamenei]] a harkokin ƙasashen waje kuma sakataren [[Babban Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam|Majalisar Haƙƙin Dan Adam, Shari'a ta Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2016 |title=Is Iran judiciary open to negotiating on human rights? |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/08/iran-judiciary-human-rights-larijani-negotiations.html |access-date=24 September 2016 |publisher=[[Al-Monitor]]}}</ref> Ya kasance babban mai tsara manufofin harkokin waje na Iran, kuma ya jagoranci tattaunawar tsagaita wuta bayan yakin Iran da Iraki . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Larijani, wanda aka rene shi a cikin iyali masu addini, ya kammala karatunsa na hawa kafin ya fara karatunsa na gaba a fannin injiniyan lantarki a Jami'ar Aryamehr, yana sanye da kayan aikin tsawon shekaru huɗu. Daga baya ya ci gaba da karatunsa a wajen Iran, sannan ya fara karatun digirin digirgir a fannin lissafi a Jami'ar California, Berkeley . Duk da haka, bai kammala karatunsa a Berkeley ba. == Sana'a == Larijani babban mai ba da shawara ne ga Shugaban Koli kuma shugaban kwamitin [['Yancin Dan Adam a Iran|kare hakkin dan adam]] a fannin shari'a. Majalisar ta yi watsi da nadin Wakilin Musamman kan Kare Hakkin Dan Adam a Iran da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi, kuma tana adawa da matsayin kasashen yamma game da halin da ake ciki a Iran. An sha zargin Iran da take hakkin dan adam, kwanan nan bayan zanga-zangar Nuwamba 2019. Rahoton Wakilin Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan halin da ake ciki na kare hakkin dan adam a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ya bayyana cewa "Jawabin Musamman ya yi matukar mamaki da adadin mace-mace, raunuka masu tsanani da rahotannin rashin da'a da aka samu a zanga-zangar Nuwamba 2019. A cewar rahotanni, ana azabtar da wadanda aka tsare ko kuma ana shan wasu nau'ikan rashin da'a, wani lokacin don a tilasta musu furta laifuka. Akwai kuma rahotannin hana magani, ciki har da raunukan da jami'an tsaro suka yi sakamakon amfani da karfi fiye da kima, tare da tsare wasu fursunoni ba tare da saninsu ba ko kuma a tilasta musu bacewa. Yana damuwa da rahotannin da ke cewa an yi wa iyalan mutanen da jami'an tsaro suka kashe barazana da kada su yi magana. Har yanzu yana cikin damuwa game da ci gaba da takaita 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran. |url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/IR/Report_of_the_Special_Rapporteur_on_the_situation_of_human_rights_in_the_Islamic_Republic_of_IranA4361.pdf |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=ohchr.org |publisher=Human Rights Council}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, Larijani ya kasance darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Lissafi da Lissafi a [[Tehran]] . A da, ya kasance wakilin Majlis kuma darektan Cibiyar Bincike ta Majlis . Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin ministan harkokin waje a shekarun 1980. <ref name="katzman13">{{Cite web |last=Katzman |first=Kenneth |date=17 June 2013 |title=Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL32048.pdf |access-date=3 August 2013 |website=Congressional Research Service |format=CRS Report for US Congress}}</ref> === Ra'ayoyi === A wata hira da aka yi da NBC News a shekarar 2010, Larijani ta kare kamen Nasrin Sotoudeh, wata mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata 'yan kasar Iran, kuma fitacciyar lauya mai kare hakkin dan adam. An tsare Sotoudeh a watan Satumba kuma tana fuskantar shari'a kan "hada baki da tsaron kasa" da kuma "yaɗa farfaganda kan Jamhuriyar Musulunci." [1] Larijani ta shaida wa NBC News cewa hukumomin Iran sun yi imanin cewa tana cikin "wani mummunan kamfen" kan tsaron kasa na Iran. Nasrin Sotoudeh tana aiki ne a kamfanin lauyoyi na Shirin Ebadi . Shirin Ebadi ita ce wadda ta sami kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel ta 2003. A watan Nuwamba na 2011, Larijani ya yi ikirarin cewa [[makaman nukiliya]] sun keta Musulunci. A martanin da Larijani ta mayar kan [[Satumba shekara ta 2022 'Yan ƙasar Iran sukayi zanga- zanga|zanga-zangar Mahsa Amini]], ta ce a tashar talabijin ta 3 (Iran) ta Iran wadda MEMRI ta fassara, "'Yan sanda sun tsare [Mahsa Amini], kuma tana cikin aji lokacin da ta faɗi kwatsam. 'Yan sanda suna aiwatar da dokar hana tsiraici a bainar jama'a. Kuna iya kiranta 'hijabi,' kunya, ko wani abu makamancin haka, amma a duk ƙasashe - ba tare da togiya ba - akwai iyaka ga tsiraici a bainar jama'a." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Khamenei Advisor Mohammad-Javad Larijani: Mahsa Amini Died While Police Was Enforcing Law Against Public Nudity, Such Laws Exist Everywhere; US, Zionists Are Behind Protests |url=https://www.memri.org/tv/former-khamenei-advisor-larijani-nuclear-weapons-mahsa-amini-protests-american-zionist-conspiracy |website=[[MEMRI]]}}</ref> A wata hira da ya yi da gidan talabijin na Iran a watan Yulin 2025, ya ce: "Turai ba za su iya yin yawo cikin kwanciyar hankali a ƙasashensu ba," bayan [[Yaƙin Iran da Isra'ila]], ya yi iƙirarin cewa ƙasashen Yamma ba za su iya jin daɗin zama lafiya ba, domin jiragen sama marasa matuƙa guda biyar za su iya kai hari ga kowace birni ta Turai nan gaba kaɗan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-13 |title=Drones could soon strike a European city, Iranian official warns |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202507134712 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=www.iranintl.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oghbai |first=Mehdi |date=2025-07-13 |title=Iran News: Official Threatens European Cities with Drone Strikes Amid Rising Tensions |url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/terrorism-a-fundamentalism/iran-news-official-threatens-european-cities-with-drone-strikes-amid-rising-tensions/ |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=NCRI |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan barazanar da aka yi wa Shugaba [[Donald Trump|Donald J. Trump]] a farkon watan Yuli inda aka ambato shi yana cewa "Trump ba zai iya yin rana a Mar-a-Lago ba, domin yayin da yake kwance, ƙaramin jirgi mara matuƙi na iya kai hari ya kai masa hari a cikin cibiya,". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-09 |title=Iran could assassinate sunbathing Trump at Mar-a-Lago, Khamenei ally says |url=https://www.newsweek.com/iran-could-assassinate-sunbathing-trump-mar-lago-khamenei-ally-says-2096628 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref> == Takaddama == === Ra'ayoyi kan hukuncin kisa ga laifukan miyagun ƙwayoyi === Larijani ya yaba wa bangaren shari'a na Iran kan hukuncin kisa kan laifukan miyagun kwayoyi. Ya bayyana cewa ya kamata duniya ta yi koyi da Iran kan wannan batu. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] 4vtk1ykcrdir5mczpga0z57nzyg301b 818848 818847 2026-04-06T05:06:11Z Abusule dankofa 24259 818848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Mohammad-Javad Ardashir Larijani''' ( Persian ; an haife shi a 1951 ( 1951 ) ) ɗan siyasa ne mai ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma tsohon jami'in diflomasiyya na ƙasar Iran. Ya kasance babban mai ba da shawara ga Shugaban Addini na wancan lokacin [[Ali Khamenei]] a harkokin ƙasashen waje kuma sakataren [[Babban Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam|Majalisar Haƙƙin Dan Adam, Shari'a ta Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2016 |title=Is Iran judiciary open to negotiating on human rights? |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/08/iran-judiciary-human-rights-larijani-negotiations.html |access-date=24 September 2016 |publisher=[[Al-Monitor]]}}</ref> Ya kasance babban mai tsara manufofin harkokin waje na Iran, kuma ya jagoranci tattaunawar tsagaita wuta bayan yakin Iran da Iraki . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Larijani, wanda aka rene shi a cikin iyali masu addini, ya kammala karatunsa na hawa kafin ya fara karatunsa na gaba a fannin injiniyan lantarki a Jami'ar Aryamehr, yana sanye da kayan aikin tsawon shekaru huɗu. Daga baya ya ci gaba da karatunsa a wajen Iran, sannan ya fara karatun digirin digirgir a fannin lissafi a Jami'ar California, Berkeley . Duk da haka, bai kammala karatunsa a Berkeley ba. == Sana'a == Larijani babban mai ba da shawara ne ga Shugaban Koli kuma shugaban kwamitin [['Yancin Dan Adam a Iran|kare hakkin dan adam]] a fannin shari'a. Majalisar ta yi watsi da nadin Wakilin Musamman kan Kare Hakkin Dan Adam a Iran da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi, kuma tana adawa da matsayin kasashen yamma game da halin da ake ciki a Iran. An sha zargin Iran da take hakkin dan adam, kwanan nan bayan zanga-zangar Nuwamba 2019. Rahoton Wakilin Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan halin da ake ciki na kare hakkin dan adam a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ya bayyana cewa "Jawabin Musamman ya yi matukar mamaki da adadin mace-mace, raunuka masu tsanani da rahotannin rashin da'a da aka samu a zanga-zangar Nuwamba 2019. A cewar rahotanni, ana azabtar da wadanda aka tsare ko kuma ana shan wasu nau'ikan rashin da'a, wani lokacin don a tilasta musu furta laifuka. Akwai kuma rahotannin hana magani, ciki har da raunukan da jami'an tsaro suka yi sakamakon amfani da karfi fiye da kima, tare da tsare wasu fursunoni ba tare da saninsu ba ko kuma a tilasta musu bacewa. Yana damuwa da rahotannin da ke cewa an yi wa iyalan mutanen da jami'an tsaro suka kashe barazana da kada su yi magana. Har yanzu yana cikin damuwa game da ci gaba da takaita 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran. |url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/IR/Report_of_the_Special_Rapporteur_on_the_situation_of_human_rights_in_the_Islamic_Republic_of_IranA4361.pdf |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=ohchr.org |publisher=Human Rights Council}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, Larijani ya kasance darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Lissafi da Lissafi a [[Tehran]] . A da, ya kasance wakilin Majlis kuma darektan Cibiyar Bincike ta Majlis . Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin ministan harkokin waje a shekarun 1980. <ref name="katzman13">{{Cite web |last=Katzman |first=Kenneth |date=17 June 2013 |title=Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL32048.pdf |access-date=3 August 2013 |website=Congressional Research Service |format=CRS Report for US Congress}}</ref> === Ra'ayoyi === A wata hira da aka yi da NBC News a shekarar 2010, Larijani ta kare kamen Nasrin Sotoudeh, wata mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata 'yan kasar Iran, kuma fitacciyar lauya mai kare hakkin dan adam. An tsare Sotoudeh a watan Satumba kuma tana fuskantar shari'a kan "hada baki da tsaron kasa" da kuma "yaɗa farfaganda kan Jamhuriyar Musulunci." [1] Larijani ta shaida wa NBC News cewa hukumomin Iran sun yi imanin cewa tana cikin "wani mummunan kamfen" kan tsaron kasa na Iran. Nasrin Sotoudeh tana aiki ne a kamfanin lauyoyi na Shirin Ebadi . Shirin Ebadi ita ce wadda ta sami kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel ta 2003. A watan Nuwamba na 2011, Larijani ya yi ikirarin cewa [[makaman nukiliya]] sun keta Musulunci. A martanin da Larijani ta mayar kan [[Satumba shekara ta 2022 'Yan ƙasar Iran sukayi zanga- zanga|zanga-zangar Mahsa Amini]], ta ce a tashar talabijin ta 3 (Iran) ta Iran wadda MEMRI ta fassara, "'Yan sanda sun tsare [Mahsa Amini], kuma tana cikin aji lokacin da ta faɗi kwatsam. 'Yan sanda suna aiwatar da dokar hana tsiraici a bainar jama'a. Kuna iya kiranta 'hijabi,' kunya, ko wani abu makamancin haka, amma a duk ƙasashe - ba tare da togiya ba - akwai iyaka ga tsiraici a bainar jama'a." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Khamenei Advisor Mohammad-Javad Larijani: Mahsa Amini Died While Police Was Enforcing Law Against Public Nudity, Such Laws Exist Everywhere; US, Zionists Are Behind Protests |url=https://www.memri.org/tv/former-khamenei-advisor-larijani-nuclear-weapons-mahsa-amini-protests-american-zionist-conspiracy |website=[[MEMRI]]}}</ref> A wata hira da ya yi da gidan talabijin na Iran a watan Yulin 2025, ya ce: "Turai ba za su iya yin yawo cikin kwanciyar hankali a ƙasashensu ba," bayan [[Yaƙin Iran da Isra'ila]], ya yi iƙirarin cewa ƙasashen Yamma ba za su iya jin daɗin zama lafiya ba, domin jiragen sama marasa matuƙa guda biyar za su iya kai hari ga kowace birni ta Turai nan gaba kaɗan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-13 |title=Drones could soon strike a European city, Iranian official warns |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202507134712 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=www.iranintl.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oghbai |first=Mehdi |date=2025-07-13 |title=Iran News: Official Threatens European Cities with Drone Strikes Amid Rising Tensions |url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/terrorism-a-fundamentalism/iran-news-official-threatens-european-cities-with-drone-strikes-amid-rising-tensions/ |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=NCRI |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan barazanar da aka yi wa Shugaba [[Donald Trump|Donald J. Trump]] a farkon watan Yuli inda aka ambato shi yana cewa "Trump ba zai iya yin rana a Mar-a-Lago ba, domin yayin da yake kwance, ƙaramin jirgi mara matuƙi na iya kai hari ya kai masa hari a cikin cibiya,". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-09 |title=Iran could assassinate sunbathing Trump at Mar-a-Lago, Khamenei ally says |url=https://www.newsweek.com/iran-could-assassinate-sunbathing-trump-mar-lago-khamenei-ally-says-2096628 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref> == Takaddama == === Ra'ayoyi kan hukuncin kisa ga laifukan miyagun ƙwayoyi === Larijani ya yaba wa bangaren shari'a na Iran kan hukuncin kisa kan laifukan miyagun kwayoyi. Ya bayyana cewa ya kamata duniya ta yi koyi da Iran kan wannan batu. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] ===manazarta=== cgjp58foza0kilkpgi6kigqprqbg81b 818849 818848 2026-04-06T05:07:14Z Abusule dankofa 24259 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344737976|Mohammad-Javad Larijani]]" 818849 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohammad-Javad Ardashir Larijani''' ( Persian ; an haife shi a 1951 ( 1951 ) ) ɗan siyasa ne mai ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma tsohon jami'in diflomasiyya na ƙasar Iran. Ya kasance babban mai ba da shawara ga Shugaban Addini na wancan lokacin [[Ali Khamenei]] a harkokin ƙasashen waje kuma sakataren [[Babban Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam|Majalisar Haƙƙin Dan Adam, Shari'a ta Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2016 |title=Is Iran judiciary open to negotiating on human rights? |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/08/iran-judiciary-human-rights-larijani-negotiations.html |access-date=24 September 2016 |publisher=[[Al-Monitor]]}}</ref> Ya kasance babban mai tsara manufofin harkokin waje na Iran, kuma ya jagoranci tattaunawar tsagaita wuta bayan yakin Iran da Iraki . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Mohammad Javad Larijani haifaffen iyayen Iran ne kuma kane ne ga Ali Larijani, tsohon shugaban majalisar dokoki da Sadegh Larijani, tsohon babban alkalin alkalai . <ref name="katzman13">{{Cite web |last=Katzman |first=Kenneth |date=17 June 2013 |title=Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL32048.pdf |access-date=3 August 2013 |website=Congressional Research Service |format=CRS Report for US Congress}}</ref> Larijani kani ne ga Ahmad Tavakkoli, wanda shi ne shugaban cibiyar bincike na Majlis a yanzu . Larijani, raised in a religious family, graduated from a hawza before starting his higher education in electrical engineering in Aryamehr University, wearing the uniform for the full four years. He later continued his studies outside Iran, and began to study in the PhD program in mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley. However, he did not complete his studies at Berkeley. == Sana'a == Larijani babban mai ba da shawara ne ga Shugaban Koli kuma shugaban kwamitin [['Yancin Dan Adam a Iran|kare hakkin dan adam]] a fannin shari'a. Majalisar ta yi watsi da nadin Wakilin Musamman kan Kare Hakkin Dan Adam a Iran da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi, kuma tana adawa da matsayin kasashen yamma game da halin da ake ciki a Iran. An sha zargin Iran da take hakkin dan adam, kwanan nan bayan zanga-zangar Nuwamba 2019. Rahoton Wakilin Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan halin da ake ciki na kare hakkin dan adam a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ya bayyana cewa "Jawabin Musamman ya yi matukar mamaki da adadin mace-mace, raunuka masu tsanani da rahotannin rashin da'a da aka samu a zanga-zangar Nuwamba 2019. A cewar rahotanni, ana azabtar da wadanda aka tsare ko kuma ana shan wasu nau'ikan rashin da'a, wani lokacin don a tilasta musu furta laifuka. Akwai kuma rahotannin hana magani, ciki har da raunukan da jami'an tsaro suka yi sakamakon amfani da karfi fiye da kima, tare da tsare wasu fursunoni ba tare da saninsu ba ko kuma a tilasta musu bacewa. Yana damuwa da rahotannin da ke cewa an yi wa iyalan mutanen da jami'an tsaro suka kashe barazana da kada su yi magana. Har yanzu yana cikin damuwa game da ci gaba da takaita 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran. |url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/IR/Report_of_the_Special_Rapporteur_on_the_situation_of_human_rights_in_the_Islamic_Republic_of_IranA4361.pdf |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=ohchr.org |publisher=Human Rights Council}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, Larijani ya kasance darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Lissafi da Lissafi a [[Tehran]] . A da, ya kasance wakilin Majlis kuma darektan Cibiyar Bincike ta Majlis . Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin ministan harkokin waje a shekarun 1980. <ref name="katzman13">{{Cite web |last=Katzman |first=Kenneth |date=17 June 2013 |title=Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL32048.pdf |access-date=3 August 2013 |website=Congressional Research Service |format=CRS Report for US Congress}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKatzman2013">Katzman, Kenneth (17 June 2013). [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL32048.pdf "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses"] <span class="cs1-format">(CRS Report for US Congress)</span>. ''Congressional Research Service''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> === Ra'ayoyi === A wata hira da aka yi da NBC News a shekarar 2010, Larijani ta kare kamen Nasrin Sotoudeh, wata mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata 'yan kasar Iran, kuma fitacciyar lauya mai kare hakkin dan adam. An tsare Sotoudeh a watan Satumba kuma tana fuskantar shari'a kan "hada baki da tsaron kasa" da kuma "yaɗa farfaganda kan Jamhuriyar Musulunci." [1] Larijani ta shaida wa NBC News cewa hukumomin Iran sun yi imanin cewa tana cikin "wani mummunan kamfen" kan tsaron kasa na Iran. Nasrin Sotoudeh tana aiki ne a kamfanin lauyoyi na Shirin Ebadi . Shirin Ebadi ita ce wadda ta sami kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel ta 2003. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] 0rf1t25ut2w1tzx98htllyu5odxx722 818850 818849 2026-04-06T05:08:05Z Abusule dankofa 24259 818850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohammad-Javad Ardashir Larijani''' ( Persian ; an haife shi a 1951 ( 1951 ) ) ɗan siyasa ne mai ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma tsohon jami'in diflomasiyya na ƙasar Iran. Ya kasance babban mai ba da shawara ga Shugaban Addini na wancan lokacin [[Ali Khamenei]] a harkokin ƙasashen waje kuma sakataren [[Babban Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam|Majalisar Haƙƙin Dan Adam, Shari'a ta Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2016 |title=Is Iran judiciary open to negotiating on human rights? |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/08/iran-judiciary-human-rights-larijani-negotiations.html |access-date=24 September 2016 |publisher=[[Al-Monitor]]}}</ref> Ya kasance babban mai tsara manufofin harkokin waje na Iran, kuma ya jagoranci tattaunawar tsagaita wuta bayan yakin Iran da Iraki . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Mohammad Javad Larijani haifaffen iyayen Iran ne kuma kane ne ga Ali Larijani, tsohon shugaban majalisar dokoki da Sadegh Larijani, tsohon babban alkalin alkalai . <ref name="katzman13">{{Cite web |last=Katzman |first=Kenneth |date=17 June 2013 |title=Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL32048.pdf |access-date=3 August 2013 |website=Congressional Research Service |format=CRS Report for US Congress}}</ref> Larijani kani ne ga Ahmad Tavakkoli, wanda shi ne shugaban cibiyar bincike na Majlis a yanzu . Larijani, raised in a religious family, graduated from a hawza before starting his higher education in electrical engineering in Aryamehr University, wearing the uniform for the full four years. He later continued his studies outside Iran, and began to study in the PhD program in mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley. However, he did not complete his studies at Berkeley. == Sana'a == Larijani babban mai ba da shawara ne ga Shugaban Koli kuma shugaban kwamitin [['Yancin Dan Adam a Iran|kare hakkin dan adam]] a fannin shari'a. Majalisar ta yi watsi da nadin Wakilin Musamman kan Kare Hakkin Dan Adam a Iran da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi, kuma tana adawa da matsayin kasashen yamma game da halin da ake ciki a Iran. An sha zargin Iran da take hakkin dan adam, kwanan nan bayan zanga-zangar Nuwamba 2019. Rahoton Wakilin Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan halin da ake ciki na kare hakkin dan adam a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ya bayyana cewa "Jawabin Musamman ya yi matukar mamaki da adadin mace-mace, raunuka masu tsanani da rahotannin rashin da'a da aka samu a zanga-zangar Nuwamba 2019. A cewar rahotanni, ana azabtar da wadanda aka tsare ko kuma ana shan wasu nau'ikan rashin da'a, wani lokacin don a tilasta musu furta laifuka. Akwai kuma rahotannin hana magani, ciki har da raunukan da jami'an tsaro suka yi sakamakon amfani da karfi fiye da kima, tare da tsare wasu fursunoni ba tare da saninsu ba ko kuma a tilasta musu bacewa. Yana damuwa da rahotannin da ke cewa an yi wa iyalan mutanen da jami'an tsaro suka kashe barazana da kada su yi magana. Har yanzu yana cikin damuwa game da ci gaba da takaita 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran. |url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/IR/Report_of_the_Special_Rapporteur_on_the_situation_of_human_rights_in_the_Islamic_Republic_of_IranA4361.pdf |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=ohchr.org |publisher=Human Rights Council}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, Larijani ya kasance darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Lissafi da Lissafi a [[Tehran]] . A da, ya kasance wakilin Majlis kuma darektan Cibiyar Bincike ta Majlis . Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin ministan harkokin waje a shekarun 1980. <ref name="katzman13">{{Cite web |last=Katzman |first=Kenneth |date=17 June 2013 |title=Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL32048.pdf |access-date=3 August 2013 |website=Congressional Research Service |format=CRS Report for US Congress}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKatzman2013">Katzman, Kenneth (17 June 2013). [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL32048.pdf "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses"] <span class="cs1-format">(CRS Report for US Congress)</span>. ''Congressional Research Service''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> === Ra'ayoyi === A wata hira da aka yi da NBC News a shekarar 2010, Larijani ta kare kamen Nasrin Sotoudeh, wata mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata 'yan kasar Iran, kuma fitacciyar lauya mai kare hakkin dan adam. An tsare Sotoudeh a watan Satumba kuma tana fuskantar shari'a kan "hada baki da tsaron kasa" da kuma "yaɗa farfaganda kan Jamhuriyar Musulunci." [1] Larijani ta shaida wa NBC News cewa hukumomin Iran sun yi imanin cewa tana cikin "wani mummunan kamfen" kan tsaron kasa na Iran. Nasrin Sotoudeh tana aiki ne a kamfanin lauyoyi na Shirin Ebadi . Shirin Ebadi ita ce wadda ta sami kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel ta 2003. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] ===manazarta=== jx1jso3puem2ckwi72ij4fwdzmiw47g 0 147640 818851 2026-04-06T05:10:37Z Abusule dankofa 24259 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347271297|Ali Larijani]]" 818851 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ali Ardashir Larijani''' {{Efn|{{langx|fa|علی اردشیر لاریجانی}}, {{IPA|fa|æliː-e lɒːɾiːdʒɒːniː}}; {{langx|mzn|علی اردشیر لاریجانی|ʿAlī Ardashīr Lārījānī}}}} (3 Yuni 1958 - 17 Maris 2026) ɗan siyasa ne na ƙasar Iran, jami'in soja, kuma masanin falsafa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren Majalisar Tsaron Ƙasa ta Koli daga 2025 har zuwa kisan gillar da aka yi masa a 2026. Ya taɓa yin aiki a matsayin daga 2005 zuwa 2007. Daga ƙarshen Disamba 2025 har zuwa kisan gillar da aka yi masa, ana ''ɗaukarsa'' a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Iran. <ref name="defacto">{{Cite web |title=Iran's 'suave' de facto leader the real power behind Mojtaba |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_MRE170_a_BIN&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fbusiness%2Fthe-wall-street-journal%2Fde-facto-wartime-leader-ali-larijani-steers-irans-defiant-response-to-us%2Fnews-story%2F94590da082ac796310224d35aff6e764&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&v21=GROUPA-Segment-1-NOSCORE |url-access=subscription |website=The Australian}}</ref> An haife shi a [[Najaf]], Iraki, daga dangin Larijani na ƙabilar Mazani, kuma ya yi karatun falsafar Yamma a Jami'ar Tehran . Ya yi fice a cikin Jamhuriyar Musulunci bayan ya shiga [[Dakarun kare juyin juya halin Musulunci|Rundunar Tsaron Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci]] (IRGC) a 1981. Ya yi aiki a matsayin kakakin Majalisar Dokokin Iran daga 2008 zuwa 2020. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Fahimtar Juriya tun 2020, bayan ya yi aiki daga 1997 zuwa 2008. Ya nemi tsayawa takara a zaben shugaban ƙasa na 2024, amma daga ƙarshe aka kore shi. A baya ya yi takara a 2005, amma ya kare a matsayi na shida, kuma an hana shi tsayawa takara a 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orla Ryan |date=28 May 2008 |title=Ahmadinejad rival elected as Iranian speaker |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/may/28/iran.middleeast |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Larijani yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai biyu na Jagoran Juyin Juya Halin Iran Ali Khamenei a majalisar, ɗayan kuma shine Hassan Rouhani . A matsayinsa na sakatare, ya yi aiki yadda ya kamata a matsayin babban mai shiga tsakani kan batutuwan tsaron ƙasa, ciki har da shirin nukiliya na Iran . Hakanan ya kasance memba na Majalisar Koli ta Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu . Daga {{Circa|28 December 2025}} zuwa 17 ga Maris 2026, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Raphael |date=2 March 2026 |title=Ali Laridschani: Er ist nun Irans inoffizieller Staatschef – und ein Pragmatiker |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/iran-krieg-chamenei-ali-laridschani-portraet-li.3396528 |website=Süddeutsche.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2026 |title=Khamenei, planning for possible assassination, appoints Larijani to key role – report |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/khamenei-planning-for-possible-assassination-appoints-larijani-to-key-role-report/ |via=www.timesofisrael.com}}</ref> Jaridu da dama kamar ''Haaretz'' sun bayyana Larijani a matsayin mutumin da ya fi ƙarfin ƙasar, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lev |first=Gid'on |date=14 March 2026 |title=Ruthless Leader and Brilliant Philosopher: Who Is Ali Larijani, Iran's Most Powerful Man? |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/2026-03-14/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/ruthless-leader-brilliant-philosopher-ali-larijani-irans-most-powerful-man/0000019c-e193-d6d5-af9c-e5f35e980000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260316031546/https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/2026-03-14/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/ruthless-leader-brilliant-philosopher-ali-larijani-irans-most-powerful-man/0000019c-e193-d6d5-af9c-e5f35e980000 |archive-date=16 March 2026 |access-date=17 March 2026 |website=[[Haaretz]] |language=en}}</ref> ko kuma shugaban ''da ya fi ƙarfin halin yanzu'' daga The Australian da sauransu. <ref name="defacto">{{Cite web |title=Iran's 'suave' de facto leader the real power behind Mojtaba |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_MRE170_a_BIN&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fbusiness%2Fthe-wall-street-journal%2Fde-facto-wartime-leader-ali-larijani-steers-irans-defiant-response-to-us%2Fnews-story%2F94590da082ac796310224d35aff6e764&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&v21=GROUPA-Segment-1-NOSCORE |url-access=subscription |website=The Australian}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore=""><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_MRE170_a_BIN&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fbusiness%2Fthe-wall-street-journal%2Fde-facto-wartime-leader-ali-larijani-steers-irans-defiant-response-to-us%2Fnews-story%2F94590da082ac796310224d35aff6e764&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&v21=GROUPA-Segment-1-NOSCORE "Iran's 'suave' de facto leader the real power behind Mojtaba"]</span>. </cite></ref> An ruwaito cewa [[Dakarun kare juyin juya halin Musulunci|IRGC]] ta goyi bayan shugabancinsa ''na gaskiya'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Baram |first=Amatzia |date=12 March 2026 |title=Revolutionary Guards take the reins in Iran |url=https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/revolutionary-guards-iran/ |access-date=17 March 2026 |website=GIS Reports |publisher=Geopolitical Intelligence Services AG}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Janairu 2026, bayan zanga-zangar Iran ta 2025-2026 da kuma kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Iran a 2026, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta sanya sabbin takunkumi ga Larijani, saboda rawar da ya taka wajen danne masu zanga-zanga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fatima Hussein |date=15 January 2026 |title=US sanctions Iranian officials accused of repressing protests against the government |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-treasury-iran-bessent-sanctions-d528538fae2c90e5d922c101b4f816a4 |access-date=15 January 2026 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vanjani |first=Karishma |title=U.S. Sanctions Iranian Leaders, Threatens Tariffs on Countries That Trade With Iran |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/us-sanctions-iranian-leaders-tariff-threat-bessent-3fb67d04 |access-date=15 January 2026 |website=barrons |language=en-us}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2025 |title=Secretary Bessent Announces Sanctions Against Architects of Iran's Brutal Crackdown on Peaceful Protests |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0364 |access-date=15 January 2026 |website=U.S. Department of the Treasury |language=en}}</ref> A cewar wani rahoto, Larijani shine "wanda ya jagoranci" wannan farmakin na Janairu 2026, inda ya yi amfani da kusancinsa da kwamandojin IRGC da hukumomin leken asiri, tare da dadadden dangantakar iyalansa da manyan malamai, don hada goyon baya a tsakanin bangarorin da ke hamayya da juna da kuma shirya karbar shugabanci bayan mutuwar Khamenei. Dangane da shawarar [[Tarayyar Turai]] na sanya wa IRGC a matsayin kungiyar ta'addanci, Larijani ya wallafa a shafinsa na Twitter cewa sojojin duk wata kasa da ke goyon bayan shawarar EU kan IRGC za a dauke su a matsayin kungiyoyin ta'addanci kuma za su fuskanci sakamakon ayyukansu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2026 |title=Iran security chief warns Europe after EU action on Guards |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202601307091 |access-date=1 February 2026 |website=iranintl.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Maris 2026, an kashe Larijani a wani harin sama da Isra'ila ta kai . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == [[Fayil:Ali_Larijani_in_childhood.jpg|alt=Black-and-white headshot of a young Ali Larijani, with a short haircut|left|thumb|Larijani tun yana ƙarami, 1965]] An haifi Ali Larijani a ranar 3 ga watan Yunin 1958 a [[Najaf]], Iraki, ga iyayensa 'yan asalin ƙabilar Mazanderani . <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2026 |title=Iran-related Designations |url=https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20260115 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260127042841/https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20260115 |archive-date=27 January 2026 |access-date=17 March 2026 |website=[[Office of Foreign Assets Control]] |publisher=[[US Department of the Treasury]]}}</ref> Ya fito ne daga dangin mabiya addinin [[Shi'a]] masu addini da ke zaune a Amol, wani birni a Lardin Mazandaran, wanda ke arewacin [[Iran]] . Mahaifinsa fitaccen malamin [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Shi'a]] ne mai suna Hashim Larijani . <ref name="Wehrey 2009">{{Cite web |last=Frederic Wehrey |last2=Jerrold D. Green |last3=Brian Nichiporuk |last4=Alireza Nader |last5=Lydia Hansell |last6=Rasool Nafisi |last7=S. R. Bohandy |year=2009 |title=The Rise of the Pasdaran |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2008/RAND_MG821.pdf |access-date=20 August 2013 |website=RAND Corporation}}</ref> Iyayensa sun ƙaura zuwa Najaf a shekarar 1931 saboda matsin lamba daga mai mulkin Reza Shah, amma sun koma Iran a shekarar 1961. A shekarun baya-bayan nan na mulkin Reza Shah, an kai 'yan gidan Larijani, ciki har da Hashim Larijani, zuwa biranen Bukan da Sardasht da Kurdawa ke zaune a arewa maso yammacin Iran, inda suka zauna na ɗan lokaci kafin daga bisani aka ba su izinin komawa arewacin Iran. <ref name="Sahimi 2009" /> Larijani ya kammala karatunsa a Kwalejin Qom . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shmuel Bar |last2=Shmuel Bacher |last3=Rachel Machtiger |date=January 2008 |title=Iranian nuclear decision making under Ahmedinejad |url=http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_uploads/2814shmuelbariranianahmadinejad.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402163527/http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2814ShmuelBarIranianAhmadinejad.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2012 |access-date=29 August 2013 |website=Lauder School of Government}}</ref> Ya kuma yi digirin farko a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta da [[lissafi]] daga Jami'ar Fasaha ta Aryamehr kuma ya yi digiri na biyu da digirin digirgir a fannin falsafar Yamma daga Jami'ar Tehran . Da farko, yana son ci gaba da karatun digirinsa na biyu a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta, amma ya canza batunsa bayan tattaunawa da Morteza Motahhari, surukinsa na gaba. Larijani ya buga littattafai kan [[Immanuel Kant]], Saul Kripke, da David Lewis . Larijani malami ne a Makarantar Adabi da Bil Adama a Jami'ar Tehran. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile of Ali Larijani |url=http://profile.ut.ac.ir/en/~larijani.ali/ateliers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221230514/http://profile.ut.ac.ir/en/~larijani.ali/ateliers |archive-date=21 December 2018 |access-date=12 December 2018 |website=profile.ut.ac.ir}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa (1981–2026) == Larijani ya kasance kwamandan [[Dakarun kare juyin juya halin Musulunci|dakarun kare juyin juya halin Iran]] (IRGC) sannan kuma tsohon soja a yakin Iran da Iraki (1980–1988). <ref name="Wehrey 2009">{{Cite web |last=Frederic Wehrey |last2=Jerrold D. Green |last3=Brian Nichiporuk |last4=Alireza Nader |last5=Lydia Hansell |last6=Rasool Nafisi |last7=S. R. Bohandy |year=2009 |title=The Rise of the Pasdaran |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2008/RAND_MG821.pdf |access-date=20 August 2013 |website=RAND Corporation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFrederic_WehreyJerrold_D._GreenBrian_NichiporukAlireza_Nader2009">Frederic Wehrey; Jerrold D. Green; Brian Nichiporuk; Alireza Nader; Lydia Hansell; Rasool Nafisi; S. R. Bohandy (2009). </cite></ref> Larijani ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin ministan kwadago da harkokin zamantakewa. Daga baya aka nada shi mataimakin ministan bayanai da fasahar sadarwa. A watan Maris na 1994, an nada shi shugaban watsa labarai na Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran (IRIB), inda ya maye gurbin Mohammad Hashemi Rafsanjani a matsayin. Ya kasance a ofis har zuwa 21 ga Yuli 2004 kuma Ezzatollah Zarghami ya gaje shi bayan ya yi shekaru goma a wannan mukamin. Ya zama mai ba da shawara kan tsaro ga Shugaban Koli [[Ali Khamenei|Ayatollah Ali Khamenei]] a watan Agusta na 2004. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Larijani ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa ne a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2005, inda ya zo na shida, inda ya lashe kashi 5.94% na ƙuri'un. An ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa mafi muhimmanci a cikin ƙawancen masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2005. Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyi ta Musulunci (ISE) ta goyi bayansa, tare da sauran ƙungiyoyi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. Shi ne zaɓen ƙarshe na ''Majalisar Ra'ayin mazan jiya don Haɗakar Rundunar Juyin Juya Halin'', wadda ta ƙunshi wakilan wasu jam'iyyu da ƙungiyoyi masu tasiri. Duk da haka, ya tabbatar da cewa shi ne mafi ƙarancin farin jini a cikin 'yan takara uku masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, sauran su ne [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] (matsayi na biyu a zagaye na farko, wanda ya yi nasara a zagaye na biyu) da Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf (matsayi na huɗu a zagaye na farko). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A shekara ta 2005, an naɗa Larijani a matsayin sakataren Majalisar Tsaron Ƙasa ta Koli . Wannan hukumar tana taimakawa wajen tsara manufofin nukiliya da sauran manufofi da Ayatollah ya bayar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kazemzadeh |first=Masoud |year=2007 |title=Ahmadinejad's Foreign Policy |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/cst/summary/v027/27.2kazemzadeh.html |journal=Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=423–449 |doi=10.1215/1089201x-2007-015 |s2cid=144395765 |url-access=subscription |access-date=12 February 2013}}</ref> Ya maye gurbin [[Hassan Rouhani]] a wannan muƙamin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Posch |first=Walter |date=November 2007 |title=Only personal? The Larijani Crisis Revisited |url=http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/iranian.studies/larijani_final01.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Policy Brief |issue=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405112629/http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/iranian.studies/larijani_final01.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2020 |access-date=17 June 2013}}</ref> A matsayinsa na babban mai shiga tsakani kan nukiliya, masu sharhi a Iran sun ce ya bambanta da shugaban ƙasa kan yadda zai ci gaba da tattaunawa da takwarorinsa na Turai kuma sun ce yana goyon bayan wata hanya mafi dacewa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A matsayinsa na babban wakilin nukiliya na Iran, Larijani ya ce a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 2007 cewa yana tsammanin "sabbin ra'ayoyi" daga babban jami'in EU Javier Solana a tattaunawar da za a yi kan warware takaddamar da ke tsakanin kin amincewa da dakatar da shirin nukiliya na Tehran da kuma bukatar Majalisar Tsaron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi hakan [[Fayil:Msc_2007-Sunday,_09.00_-_11.00_Uhr_-Zwez006_Larijani_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Larijani a taron tsaro na Munich, Jamus, 2007]] Larijani ya kasance sakataren Majalisar Tsaron Kasa ta Koli daga 15 ga Agusta 2005 zuwa 20 ga Oktoba 2007, Shugaba [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] ya naɗa shi a matsayin, ya maye gurbin [[Hassan Rouhani]] . An amince da murabus ɗin Larijani daga mukamin sakataren a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2007 bayan Shugaba Ahmadinejad ya ƙi amincewa da murabus ɗin da ya yi a baya. A zaɓen 'yan majalisa na watan Maris na 2008, Larijani ya lashe kujera daga [[Qom]] . Ya ce yana son yin aiki tare da Ahmadinejad; a cewar Larijani, bai yi jayayya da Ahmadinejad kan batutuwan akida ba kuma yana da "bambanci a salo". A watan Mayu na 2008, Larijani ya zama shugaban majalisar . An sake zaɓe shi a shekara mai zuwa a matsayin shugaban majalisar. An sake zaɓe shi a zaɓen 2012 a matsayin ɗan takarar da ya fi samun kuri'u a gundumar Qom. An kuma zaɓe shi na wani wa'adi a matsayin shugaban majalisar a ranar 5 ga Yuni na 2012 kuma aka rantsar da shi a ranar 11 ga Yuni na 2012. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k58vqm65f7ujrnsu4nab73ux2tcja41 818852 818851 2026-04-06T05:11:36Z Abusule dankofa 24259 818852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Data box}} '''Ali Ardashir Larijani''' {{Efn|{{langx|fa|علی اردشیر لاریجانی}}, {{IPA|fa|æliː-e lɒːɾiːdʒɒːniː}}; {{langx|mzn|علی اردشیر لاریجانی|ʿAlī Ardashīr Lārījānī}}}} (3 Yuni 1958 - 17 Maris 2026) ɗan siyasa ne na ƙasar Iran, jami'in soja, kuma masanin falsafa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren Majalisar Tsaron Ƙasa ta Koli daga 2025 har zuwa kisan gillar da aka yi masa a 2026. Ya taɓa yin aiki a matsayin daga 2005 zuwa 2007. Daga ƙarshen Disamba 2025 har zuwa kisan gillar da aka yi masa, ana ''ɗaukarsa'' a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Iran. <ref name="defacto">{{Cite web |title=Iran's 'suave' de facto leader the real power behind Mojtaba |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_MRE170_a_BIN&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fbusiness%2Fthe-wall-street-journal%2Fde-facto-wartime-leader-ali-larijani-steers-irans-defiant-response-to-us%2Fnews-story%2F94590da082ac796310224d35aff6e764&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&v21=GROUPA-Segment-1-NOSCORE |url-access=subscription |website=The Australian}}</ref> An haife shi a [[Najaf]], Iraki, daga dangin Larijani na ƙabilar Mazani, kuma ya yi karatun falsafar Yamma a Jami'ar Tehran . Ya yi fice a cikin Jamhuriyar Musulunci bayan ya shiga [[Dakarun kare juyin juya halin Musulunci|Rundunar Tsaron Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci]] (IRGC) a 1981. Ya yi aiki a matsayin kakakin Majalisar Dokokin Iran daga 2008 zuwa 2020. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Fahimtar Juriya tun 2020, bayan ya yi aiki daga 1997 zuwa 2008. Ya nemi tsayawa takara a zaben shugaban ƙasa na 2024, amma daga ƙarshe aka kore shi. A baya ya yi takara a 2005, amma ya kare a matsayi na shida, kuma an hana shi tsayawa takara a 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orla Ryan |date=28 May 2008 |title=Ahmadinejad rival elected as Iranian speaker |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/may/28/iran.middleeast |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Larijani yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai biyu na Jagoran Juyin Juya Halin Iran Ali Khamenei a majalisar, ɗayan kuma shine Hassan Rouhani . A matsayinsa na sakatare, ya yi aiki yadda ya kamata a matsayin babban mai shiga tsakani kan batutuwan tsaron ƙasa, ciki har da shirin nukiliya na Iran . Hakanan ya kasance memba na Majalisar Koli ta Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu . Daga {{Circa|28 December 2025}} zuwa 17 ga Maris 2026, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Raphael |date=2 March 2026 |title=Ali Laridschani: Er ist nun Irans inoffizieller Staatschef – und ein Pragmatiker |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/iran-krieg-chamenei-ali-laridschani-portraet-li.3396528 |website=Süddeutsche.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2026 |title=Khamenei, planning for possible assassination, appoints Larijani to key role – report |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/khamenei-planning-for-possible-assassination-appoints-larijani-to-key-role-report/ |via=www.timesofisrael.com}}</ref> Jaridu da dama kamar ''Haaretz'' sun bayyana Larijani a matsayin mutumin da ya fi ƙarfin ƙasar, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lev |first=Gid'on |date=14 March 2026 |title=Ruthless Leader and Brilliant Philosopher: Who Is Ali Larijani, Iran's Most Powerful Man? |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/2026-03-14/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/ruthless-leader-brilliant-philosopher-ali-larijani-irans-most-powerful-man/0000019c-e193-d6d5-af9c-e5f35e980000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260316031546/https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/2026-03-14/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/ruthless-leader-brilliant-philosopher-ali-larijani-irans-most-powerful-man/0000019c-e193-d6d5-af9c-e5f35e980000 |archive-date=16 March 2026 |access-date=17 March 2026 |website=[[Haaretz]] |language=en}}</ref> ko kuma shugaban ''da ya fi ƙarfin halin yanzu'' daga The Australian da sauransu. <ref name="defacto">{{Cite web |title=Iran's 'suave' de facto leader the real power behind Mojtaba |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_MRE170_a_BIN&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fbusiness%2Fthe-wall-street-journal%2Fde-facto-wartime-leader-ali-larijani-steers-irans-defiant-response-to-us%2Fnews-story%2F94590da082ac796310224d35aff6e764&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&v21=GROUPA-Segment-1-NOSCORE |url-access=subscription |website=The Australian}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore=""><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_MRE170_a_BIN&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fbusiness%2Fthe-wall-street-journal%2Fde-facto-wartime-leader-ali-larijani-steers-irans-defiant-response-to-us%2Fnews-story%2F94590da082ac796310224d35aff6e764&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&v21=GROUPA-Segment-1-NOSCORE "Iran's 'suave' de facto leader the real power behind Mojtaba"]</span>. </cite></ref> An ruwaito cewa [[Dakarun kare juyin juya halin Musulunci|IRGC]] ta goyi bayan shugabancinsa ''na gaskiya'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Baram |first=Amatzia |date=12 March 2026 |title=Revolutionary Guards take the reins in Iran |url=https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/revolutionary-guards-iran/ |access-date=17 March 2026 |website=GIS Reports |publisher=Geopolitical Intelligence Services AG}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Janairu 2026, bayan zanga-zangar Iran ta 2025-2026 da kuma kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Iran a 2026, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta sanya sabbin takunkumi ga Larijani, saboda rawar da ya taka wajen danne masu zanga-zanga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fatima Hussein |date=15 January 2026 |title=US sanctions Iranian officials accused of repressing protests against the government |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-treasury-iran-bessent-sanctions-d528538fae2c90e5d922c101b4f816a4 |access-date=15 January 2026 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vanjani |first=Karishma |title=U.S. Sanctions Iranian Leaders, Threatens Tariffs on Countries That Trade With Iran |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/us-sanctions-iranian-leaders-tariff-threat-bessent-3fb67d04 |access-date=15 January 2026 |website=barrons |language=en-us}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2025 |title=Secretary Bessent Announces Sanctions Against Architects of Iran's Brutal Crackdown on Peaceful Protests |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0364 |access-date=15 January 2026 |website=U.S. Department of the Treasury |language=en}}</ref> A cewar wani rahoto, Larijani shine "wanda ya jagoranci" wannan farmakin na Janairu 2026, inda ya yi amfani da kusancinsa da kwamandojin IRGC da hukumomin leken asiri, tare da dadadden dangantakar iyalansa da manyan malamai, don hada goyon baya a tsakanin bangarorin da ke hamayya da juna da kuma shirya karbar shugabanci bayan mutuwar Khamenei. Dangane da shawarar [[Tarayyar Turai]] na sanya wa IRGC a matsayin kungiyar ta'addanci, Larijani ya wallafa a shafinsa na Twitter cewa sojojin duk wata kasa da ke goyon bayan shawarar EU kan IRGC za a dauke su a matsayin kungiyoyin ta'addanci kuma za su fuskanci sakamakon ayyukansu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2026 |title=Iran security chief warns Europe after EU action on Guards |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202601307091 |access-date=1 February 2026 |website=iranintl.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Maris 2026, an kashe Larijani a wani harin sama da Isra'ila ta kai . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == [[Fayil:Ali_Larijani_in_childhood.jpg|alt=Black-and-white headshot of a young Ali Larijani, with a short haircut|left|thumb|Larijani tun yana ƙarami, 1965]] An haifi Ali Larijani a ranar 3 ga watan Yunin 1958 a [[Najaf]], Iraki, ga iyayensa 'yan asalin ƙabilar Mazanderani . <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2026 |title=Iran-related Designations |url=https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20260115 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260127042841/https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20260115 |archive-date=27 January 2026 |access-date=17 March 2026 |website=[[Office of Foreign Assets Control]] |publisher=[[US Department of the Treasury]]}}</ref> Ya fito ne daga dangin mabiya addinin [[Shi'a]] masu addini da ke zaune a Amol, wani birni a Lardin Mazandaran, wanda ke arewacin [[Iran]] . Mahaifinsa fitaccen malamin [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Shi'a]] ne mai suna Hashim Larijani . <ref name="Wehrey 2009">{{Cite web |last=Frederic Wehrey |last2=Jerrold D. Green |last3=Brian Nichiporuk |last4=Alireza Nader |last5=Lydia Hansell |last6=Rasool Nafisi |last7=S. R. Bohandy |year=2009 |title=The Rise of the Pasdaran |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2008/RAND_MG821.pdf |access-date=20 August 2013 |website=RAND Corporation}}</ref> Iyayensa sun ƙaura zuwa Najaf a shekarar 1931 saboda matsin lamba daga mai mulkin Reza Shah, amma sun koma Iran a shekarar 1961. A shekarun baya-bayan nan na mulkin Reza Shah, an kai 'yan gidan Larijani, ciki har da Hashim Larijani, zuwa biranen Bukan da Sardasht da Kurdawa ke zaune a arewa maso yammacin Iran, inda suka zauna na ɗan lokaci kafin daga bisani aka ba su izinin komawa arewacin Iran. <ref name="Sahimi 2009" /> Larijani ya kammala karatunsa a Kwalejin Qom . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shmuel Bar |last2=Shmuel Bacher |last3=Rachel Machtiger |date=January 2008 |title=Iranian nuclear decision making under Ahmedinejad |url=http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_uploads/2814shmuelbariranianahmadinejad.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402163527/http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2814ShmuelBarIranianAhmadinejad.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2012 |access-date=29 August 2013 |website=Lauder School of Government}}</ref> Ya kuma yi digirin farko a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta da [[lissafi]] daga Jami'ar Fasaha ta Aryamehr kuma ya yi digiri na biyu da digirin digirgir a fannin falsafar Yamma daga Jami'ar Tehran . Da farko, yana son ci gaba da karatun digirinsa na biyu a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta, amma ya canza batunsa bayan tattaunawa da Morteza Motahhari, surukinsa na gaba. Larijani ya buga littattafai kan [[Immanuel Kant]], Saul Kripke, da David Lewis . Larijani malami ne a Makarantar Adabi da Bil Adama a Jami'ar Tehran. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile of Ali Larijani |url=http://profile.ut.ac.ir/en/~larijani.ali/ateliers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221230514/http://profile.ut.ac.ir/en/~larijani.ali/ateliers |archive-date=21 December 2018 |access-date=12 December 2018 |website=profile.ut.ac.ir}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa (1981–2026) == Larijani ya kasance kwamandan [[Dakarun kare juyin juya halin Musulunci|dakarun kare juyin juya halin Iran]] (IRGC) sannan kuma tsohon soja a yakin Iran da Iraki (1980–1988). <ref name="Wehrey 2009">{{Cite web |last=Frederic Wehrey |last2=Jerrold D. Green |last3=Brian Nichiporuk |last4=Alireza Nader |last5=Lydia Hansell |last6=Rasool Nafisi |last7=S. R. Bohandy |year=2009 |title=The Rise of the Pasdaran |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2008/RAND_MG821.pdf |access-date=20 August 2013 |website=RAND Corporation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFrederic_WehreyJerrold_D._GreenBrian_NichiporukAlireza_Nader2009">Frederic Wehrey; Jerrold D. Green; Brian Nichiporuk; Alireza Nader; Lydia Hansell; Rasool Nafisi; S. R. Bohandy (2009). </cite></ref> Larijani ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin ministan kwadago da harkokin zamantakewa. Daga baya aka nada shi mataimakin ministan bayanai da fasahar sadarwa. A watan Maris na 1994, an nada shi shugaban watsa labarai na Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran (IRIB), inda ya maye gurbin Mohammad Hashemi Rafsanjani a matsayin. Ya kasance a ofis har zuwa 21 ga Yuli 2004 kuma Ezzatollah Zarghami ya gaje shi bayan ya yi shekaru goma a wannan mukamin. Ya zama mai ba da shawara kan tsaro ga Shugaban Koli [[Ali Khamenei|Ayatollah Ali Khamenei]] a watan Agusta na 2004. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Larijani ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa ne a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2005, inda ya zo na shida, inda ya lashe kashi 5.94% na ƙuri'un. An ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa mafi muhimmanci a cikin ƙawancen masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2005. Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyi ta Musulunci (ISE) ta goyi bayansa, tare da sauran ƙungiyoyi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. Shi ne zaɓen ƙarshe na ''Majalisar Ra'ayin mazan jiya don Haɗakar Rundunar Juyin Juya Halin'', wadda ta ƙunshi wakilan wasu jam'iyyu da ƙungiyoyi masu tasiri. Duk da haka, ya tabbatar da cewa shi ne mafi ƙarancin farin jini a cikin 'yan takara uku masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, sauran su ne [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] (matsayi na biyu a zagaye na farko, wanda ya yi nasara a zagaye na biyu) da Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf (matsayi na huɗu a zagaye na farko). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A shekara ta 2005, an naɗa Larijani a matsayin sakataren Majalisar Tsaron Ƙasa ta Koli . Wannan hukumar tana taimakawa wajen tsara manufofin nukiliya da sauran manufofi da Ayatollah ya bayar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kazemzadeh |first=Masoud |year=2007 |title=Ahmadinejad's Foreign Policy |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/cst/summary/v027/27.2kazemzadeh.html |journal=Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=423–449 |doi=10.1215/1089201x-2007-015 |s2cid=144395765 |url-access=subscription |access-date=12 February 2013}}</ref> Ya maye gurbin [[Hassan Rouhani]] a wannan muƙamin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Posch |first=Walter |date=November 2007 |title=Only personal? The Larijani Crisis Revisited |url=http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/iranian.studies/larijani_final01.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Policy Brief |issue=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405112629/http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/iranian.studies/larijani_final01.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2020 |access-date=17 June 2013}}</ref> A matsayinsa na babban mai shiga tsakani kan nukiliya, masu sharhi a Iran sun ce ya bambanta da shugaban ƙasa kan yadda zai ci gaba da tattaunawa da takwarorinsa na Turai kuma sun ce yana goyon bayan wata hanya mafi dacewa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A matsayinsa na babban wakilin nukiliya na Iran, Larijani ya ce a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 2007 cewa yana tsammanin "sabbin ra'ayoyi" daga babban jami'in EU Javier Solana a tattaunawar da za a yi kan warware takaddamar da ke tsakanin kin amincewa da dakatar da shirin nukiliya na Tehran da kuma bukatar Majalisar Tsaron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi hakan [[Fayil:Msc_2007-Sunday,_09.00_-_11.00_Uhr_-Zwez006_Larijani_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Larijani a taron tsaro na Munich, Jamus, 2007]] Larijani ya kasance sakataren Majalisar Tsaron Kasa ta Koli daga 15 ga Agusta 2005 zuwa 20 ga Oktoba 2007, Shugaba [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] ya naɗa shi a matsayin, ya maye gurbin [[Hassan Rouhani]] . An amince da murabus ɗin Larijani daga mukamin sakataren a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2007 bayan Shugaba Ahmadinejad ya ƙi amincewa da murabus ɗin da ya yi a baya. A zaɓen 'yan majalisa na watan Maris na 2008, Larijani ya lashe kujera daga [[Qom]] . Ya ce yana son yin aiki tare da Ahmadinejad; a cewar Larijani, bai yi jayayya da Ahmadinejad kan batutuwan akida ba kuma yana da "bambanci a salo". A watan Mayu na 2008, Larijani ya zama shugaban majalisar . An sake zaɓe shi a shekara mai zuwa a matsayin shugaban majalisar. An sake zaɓe shi a zaɓen 2012 a matsayin ɗan takarar da ya fi samun kuri'u a gundumar Qom. An kuma zaɓe shi na wani wa'adi a matsayin shugaban majalisar a ranar 5 ga Yuni na 2012 kuma aka rantsar da shi a ranar 11 ga Yuni na 2012. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ===manazarta=== pmj2mswncz6i6qymtd6ce42c3oe9sjp 818853 818852 2026-04-06T05:11:56Z Abusule dankofa 24259 818853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ali Ardashir Larijani''' {{Efn|{{langx|fa|علی اردشیر لاریجانی}}, {{IPA|fa|æliː-e lɒːɾiːdʒɒːniː}}; {{langx|mzn|علی اردشیر لاریجانی|ʿAlī Ardashīr Lārījānī}}}} (3 Yuni 1958 - 17 Maris 2026) ɗan siyasa ne na ƙasar Iran, jami'in soja, kuma masanin falsafa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren Majalisar Tsaron Ƙasa ta Koli daga 2025 har zuwa kisan gillar da aka yi masa a 2026. Ya taɓa yin aiki a matsayin daga 2005 zuwa 2007. Daga ƙarshen Disamba 2025 har zuwa kisan gillar da aka yi masa, ana ''ɗaukarsa'' a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Iran. <ref name="defacto">{{Cite web |title=Iran's 'suave' de facto leader the real power behind Mojtaba |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_MRE170_a_BIN&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fbusiness%2Fthe-wall-street-journal%2Fde-facto-wartime-leader-ali-larijani-steers-irans-defiant-response-to-us%2Fnews-story%2F94590da082ac796310224d35aff6e764&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&v21=GROUPA-Segment-1-NOSCORE |url-access=subscription |website=The Australian}}</ref> An haife shi a [[Najaf]], Iraki, daga dangin Larijani na ƙabilar Mazani, kuma ya yi karatun falsafar Yamma a Jami'ar Tehran . Ya yi fice a cikin Jamhuriyar Musulunci bayan ya shiga [[Dakarun kare juyin juya halin Musulunci|Rundunar Tsaron Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci]] (IRGC) a 1981. Ya yi aiki a matsayin kakakin Majalisar Dokokin Iran daga 2008 zuwa 2020. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Fahimtar Juriya tun 2020, bayan ya yi aiki daga 1997 zuwa 2008. Ya nemi tsayawa takara a zaben shugaban ƙasa na 2024, amma daga ƙarshe aka kore shi. A baya ya yi takara a 2005, amma ya kare a matsayi na shida, kuma an hana shi tsayawa takara a 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orla Ryan |date=28 May 2008 |title=Ahmadinejad rival elected as Iranian speaker |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/may/28/iran.middleeast |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Larijani yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai biyu na Jagoran Juyin Juya Halin Iran Ali Khamenei a majalisar, ɗayan kuma shine Hassan Rouhani . A matsayinsa na sakatare, ya yi aiki yadda ya kamata a matsayin babban mai shiga tsakani kan batutuwan tsaron ƙasa, ciki har da shirin nukiliya na Iran . Hakanan ya kasance memba na Majalisar Koli ta Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu . Daga {{Circa|28 December 2025}} zuwa 17 ga Maris 2026, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Raphael |date=2 March 2026 |title=Ali Laridschani: Er ist nun Irans inoffizieller Staatschef – und ein Pragmatiker |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/iran-krieg-chamenei-ali-laridschani-portraet-li.3396528 |website=Süddeutsche.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2026 |title=Khamenei, planning for possible assassination, appoints Larijani to key role – report |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/khamenei-planning-for-possible-assassination-appoints-larijani-to-key-role-report/ |via=www.timesofisrael.com}}</ref> Jaridu da dama kamar ''Haaretz'' sun bayyana Larijani a matsayin mutumin da ya fi ƙarfin ƙasar, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lev |first=Gid'on |date=14 March 2026 |title=Ruthless Leader and Brilliant Philosopher: Who Is Ali Larijani, Iran's Most Powerful Man? |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/2026-03-14/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/ruthless-leader-brilliant-philosopher-ali-larijani-irans-most-powerful-man/0000019c-e193-d6d5-af9c-e5f35e980000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260316031546/https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/2026-03-14/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/ruthless-leader-brilliant-philosopher-ali-larijani-irans-most-powerful-man/0000019c-e193-d6d5-af9c-e5f35e980000 |archive-date=16 March 2026 |access-date=17 March 2026 |website=[[Haaretz]] |language=en}}</ref> ko kuma shugaban ''da ya fi ƙarfin halin yanzu'' daga The Australian da sauransu. <ref name="defacto">{{Cite web |title=Iran's 'suave' de facto leader the real power behind Mojtaba |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_MRE170_a_BIN&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fbusiness%2Fthe-wall-street-journal%2Fde-facto-wartime-leader-ali-larijani-steers-irans-defiant-response-to-us%2Fnews-story%2F94590da082ac796310224d35aff6e764&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&v21=GROUPA-Segment-1-NOSCORE |url-access=subscription |website=The Australian}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore=""><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_MRE170_a_BIN&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fbusiness%2Fthe-wall-street-journal%2Fde-facto-wartime-leader-ali-larijani-steers-irans-defiant-response-to-us%2Fnews-story%2F94590da082ac796310224d35aff6e764&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&v21=GROUPA-Segment-1-NOSCORE "Iran's 'suave' de facto leader the real power behind Mojtaba"]</span>. </cite></ref> An ruwaito cewa [[Dakarun kare juyin juya halin Musulunci|IRGC]] ta goyi bayan shugabancinsa ''na gaskiya'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Baram |first=Amatzia |date=12 March 2026 |title=Revolutionary Guards take the reins in Iran |url=https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/revolutionary-guards-iran/ |access-date=17 March 2026 |website=GIS Reports |publisher=Geopolitical Intelligence Services AG}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Janairu 2026, bayan zanga-zangar Iran ta 2025-2026 da kuma kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Iran a 2026, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta sanya sabbin takunkumi ga Larijani, saboda rawar da ya taka wajen danne masu zanga-zanga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fatima Hussein |date=15 January 2026 |title=US sanctions Iranian officials accused of repressing protests against the government |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-treasury-iran-bessent-sanctions-d528538fae2c90e5d922c101b4f816a4 |access-date=15 January 2026 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vanjani |first=Karishma |title=U.S. Sanctions Iranian Leaders, Threatens Tariffs on Countries That Trade With Iran |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/us-sanctions-iranian-leaders-tariff-threat-bessent-3fb67d04 |access-date=15 January 2026 |website=barrons |language=en-us}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2025 |title=Secretary Bessent Announces Sanctions Against Architects of Iran's Brutal Crackdown on Peaceful Protests |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0364 |access-date=15 January 2026 |website=U.S. Department of the Treasury |language=en}}</ref> A cewar wani rahoto, Larijani shine "wanda ya jagoranci" wannan farmakin na Janairu 2026, inda ya yi amfani da kusancinsa da kwamandojin IRGC da hukumomin leken asiri, tare da dadadden dangantakar iyalansa da manyan malamai, don hada goyon baya a tsakanin bangarorin da ke hamayya da juna da kuma shirya karbar shugabanci bayan mutuwar Khamenei. Dangane da shawarar [[Tarayyar Turai]] na sanya wa IRGC a matsayin kungiyar ta'addanci, Larijani ya wallafa a shafinsa na Twitter cewa sojojin duk wata kasa da ke goyon bayan shawarar EU kan IRGC za a dauke su a matsayin kungiyoyin ta'addanci kuma za su fuskanci sakamakon ayyukansu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2026 |title=Iran security chief warns Europe after EU action on Guards |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202601307091 |access-date=1 February 2026 |website=iranintl.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Maris 2026, an kashe Larijani a wani harin sama da Isra'ila ta kai . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == [[Fayil:Ali_Larijani_in_childhood.jpg|alt=Black-and-white headshot of a young Ali Larijani, with a short haircut|left|thumb|Larijani tun yana ƙarami, 1965]] An haifi Ali Larijani a ranar 3 ga watan Yunin 1958 a [[Najaf]], Iraki, ga iyayensa 'yan asalin ƙabilar Mazanderani . <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2026 |title=Iran-related Designations |url=https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20260115 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260127042841/https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20260115 |archive-date=27 January 2026 |access-date=17 March 2026 |website=[[Office of Foreign Assets Control]] |publisher=[[US Department of the Treasury]]}}</ref> Ya fito ne daga dangin mabiya addinin [[Shi'a]] masu addini da ke zaune a Amol, wani birni a Lardin Mazandaran, wanda ke arewacin [[Iran]] . Mahaifinsa fitaccen malamin [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Shi'a]] ne mai suna Hashim Larijani . <ref name="Wehrey 2009">{{Cite web |last=Frederic Wehrey |last2=Jerrold D. Green |last3=Brian Nichiporuk |last4=Alireza Nader |last5=Lydia Hansell |last6=Rasool Nafisi |last7=S. R. Bohandy |year=2009 |title=The Rise of the Pasdaran |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2008/RAND_MG821.pdf |access-date=20 August 2013 |website=RAND Corporation}}</ref> Iyayensa sun ƙaura zuwa Najaf a shekarar 1931 saboda matsin lamba daga mai mulkin Reza Shah, amma sun koma Iran a shekarar 1961. A shekarun baya-bayan nan na mulkin Reza Shah, an kai 'yan gidan Larijani, ciki har da Hashim Larijani, zuwa biranen Bukan da Sardasht da Kurdawa ke zaune a arewa maso yammacin Iran, inda suka zauna na ɗan lokaci kafin daga bisani aka ba su izinin komawa arewacin Iran. <ref name="Sahimi 2009" /> Larijani ya kammala karatunsa a Kwalejin Qom . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shmuel Bar |last2=Shmuel Bacher |last3=Rachel Machtiger |date=January 2008 |title=Iranian nuclear decision making under Ahmedinejad |url=http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_uploads/2814shmuelbariranianahmadinejad.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402163527/http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2814ShmuelBarIranianAhmadinejad.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2012 |access-date=29 August 2013 |website=Lauder School of Government}}</ref> Ya kuma yi digirin farko a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta da [[lissafi]] daga Jami'ar Fasaha ta Aryamehr kuma ya yi digiri na biyu da digirin digirgir a fannin falsafar Yamma daga Jami'ar Tehran . Da farko, yana son ci gaba da karatun digirinsa na biyu a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta, amma ya canza batunsa bayan tattaunawa da Morteza Motahhari, surukinsa na gaba. Larijani ya buga littattafai kan [[Immanuel Kant]], Saul Kripke, da David Lewis . Larijani malami ne a Makarantar Adabi da Bil Adama a Jami'ar Tehran. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile of Ali Larijani |url=http://profile.ut.ac.ir/en/~larijani.ali/ateliers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221230514/http://profile.ut.ac.ir/en/~larijani.ali/ateliers |archive-date=21 December 2018 |access-date=12 December 2018 |website=profile.ut.ac.ir}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa (1981–2026) == Larijani ya kasance kwamandan [[Dakarun kare juyin juya halin Musulunci|dakarun kare juyin juya halin Iran]] (IRGC) sannan kuma tsohon soja a yakin Iran da Iraki (1980–1988). <ref name="Wehrey 2009">{{Cite web |last=Frederic Wehrey |last2=Jerrold D. Green |last3=Brian Nichiporuk |last4=Alireza Nader |last5=Lydia Hansell |last6=Rasool Nafisi |last7=S. R. Bohandy |year=2009 |title=The Rise of the Pasdaran |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2008/RAND_MG821.pdf |access-date=20 August 2013 |website=RAND Corporation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFrederic_WehreyJerrold_D._GreenBrian_NichiporukAlireza_Nader2009">Frederic Wehrey; Jerrold D. Green; Brian Nichiporuk; Alireza Nader; Lydia Hansell; Rasool Nafisi; S. R. Bohandy (2009). </cite></ref> Larijani ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin ministan kwadago da harkokin zamantakewa. Daga baya aka nada shi mataimakin ministan bayanai da fasahar sadarwa. A watan Maris na 1994, an nada shi shugaban watsa labarai na Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran (IRIB), inda ya maye gurbin Mohammad Hashemi Rafsanjani a matsayin. Ya kasance a ofis har zuwa 21 ga Yuli 2004 kuma Ezzatollah Zarghami ya gaje shi bayan ya yi shekaru goma a wannan mukamin. Ya zama mai ba da shawara kan tsaro ga Shugaban Koli [[Ali Khamenei|Ayatollah Ali Khamenei]] a watan Agusta na 2004. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Larijani ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa ne a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2005, inda ya zo na shida, inda ya lashe kashi 5.94% na ƙuri'un. An ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa mafi muhimmanci a cikin ƙawancen masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2005. Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyi ta Musulunci (ISE) ta goyi bayansa, tare da sauran ƙungiyoyi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. Shi ne zaɓen ƙarshe na ''Majalisar Ra'ayin mazan jiya don Haɗakar Rundunar Juyin Juya Halin'', wadda ta ƙunshi wakilan wasu jam'iyyu da ƙungiyoyi masu tasiri. Duk da haka, ya tabbatar da cewa shi ne mafi ƙarancin farin jini a cikin 'yan takara uku masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, sauran su ne [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] (matsayi na biyu a zagaye na farko, wanda ya yi nasara a zagaye na biyu) da Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf (matsayi na huɗu a zagaye na farko). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A shekara ta 2005, an naɗa Larijani a matsayin sakataren Majalisar Tsaron Ƙasa ta Koli . Wannan hukumar tana taimakawa wajen tsara manufofin nukiliya da sauran manufofi da Ayatollah ya bayar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kazemzadeh |first=Masoud |year=2007 |title=Ahmadinejad's Foreign Policy |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/cst/summary/v027/27.2kazemzadeh.html |journal=Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=423–449 |doi=10.1215/1089201x-2007-015 |s2cid=144395765 |url-access=subscription |access-date=12 February 2013}}</ref> Ya maye gurbin [[Hassan Rouhani]] a wannan muƙamin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Posch |first=Walter |date=November 2007 |title=Only personal? The Larijani Crisis Revisited |url=http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/iranian.studies/larijani_final01.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Policy Brief |issue=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405112629/http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/iranian.studies/larijani_final01.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2020 |access-date=17 June 2013}}</ref> A matsayinsa na babban mai shiga tsakani kan nukiliya, masu sharhi a Iran sun ce ya bambanta da shugaban ƙasa kan yadda zai ci gaba da tattaunawa da takwarorinsa na Turai kuma sun ce yana goyon bayan wata hanya mafi dacewa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A matsayinsa na babban wakilin nukiliya na Iran, Larijani ya ce a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 2007 cewa yana tsammanin "sabbin ra'ayoyi" daga babban jami'in EU Javier Solana a tattaunawar da za a yi kan warware takaddamar da ke tsakanin kin amincewa da dakatar da shirin nukiliya na Tehran da kuma bukatar Majalisar Tsaron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi hakan [[Fayil:Msc_2007-Sunday,_09.00_-_11.00_Uhr_-Zwez006_Larijani_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Larijani a taron tsaro na Munich, Jamus, 2007]] Larijani ya kasance sakataren Majalisar Tsaron Kasa ta Koli daga 15 ga Agusta 2005 zuwa 20 ga Oktoba 2007, Shugaba [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] ya naɗa shi a matsayin, ya maye gurbin [[Hassan Rouhani]] . An amince da murabus ɗin Larijani daga mukamin sakataren a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2007 bayan Shugaba Ahmadinejad ya ƙi amincewa da murabus ɗin da ya yi a baya. A zaɓen 'yan majalisa na watan Maris na 2008, Larijani ya lashe kujera daga [[Qom]] . Ya ce yana son yin aiki tare da Ahmadinejad; a cewar Larijani, bai yi jayayya da Ahmadinejad kan batutuwan akida ba kuma yana da "bambanci a salo". A watan Mayu na 2008, Larijani ya zama shugaban majalisar . An sake zaɓe shi a shekara mai zuwa a matsayin shugaban majalisar. An sake zaɓe shi a zaɓen 2012 a matsayin ɗan takarar da ya fi samun kuri'u a gundumar Qom. An kuma zaɓe shi na wani wa'adi a matsayin shugaban majalisar a ranar 5 ga Yuni na 2012 kuma aka rantsar da shi a ranar 11 ga Yuni na 2012. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ===manazarta=== 2tn8n73jajc9j4g9as7odexvlsao0e7 0 147641 818889 2026-04-06T07:03:56Z BnHamid 12586 BnHamid moved page [[Korean language education in India]] to [[Ilimin harshen Koriya a Indiya]] 818889 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ilimin harshen Koriya a Indiya]] jnha3qn45o9ue1i4qmy9xsew4bohbft 0 147642 818943 2026-04-06T09:27:41Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon wallafa akan Dan kwallon kafa na Atletico Madrid 818943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Obed Vargas | full_name = Obed Vargas | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2005|8|5}} | birth_place = Anchorage, Alaska, United States | position = Midfielder | currentclub = Seattle Sounders FC | clubnumber = 73 | youthyears1 = 2019–2021 | youthclubs1 = Seattle Sounders FC Academy | years1 = 2021– | clubs1 = Seattle Sounders FC | caps1 = 60+ | goals1 = 1+ | nationalyears1 = 2022– | nationalteam1 = Mexico U20 | nationalcaps1 = 10+ | nationalgoals1 = 0 }} '''Obed Vargas''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Agusta, 2005) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan asalin Amurka mai wakiltar Mexico wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan tsakiya (midfielder) a ƙungiyar [[Seattle Sounders FC]] ta gasar Major League Soccer (MLS).<ref>{{cite web |title=Obed Vargas Profile |url=https://www.soundersfc.com/players/obed-vargas/ |publisher=Seattle Sounders FC |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar Farko == An haifi Vargas a birnin Anchorage, Alaska, a ƙasar Amurka, amma yana da asalin ƙasar Mexico ta hannun iyayensa. Ya taso yana sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami, kuma daga baya ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta Seattle Sounders FC Academy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Obed Vargas Biography |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/players/obed-vargas/ |publisher=MLS Soccer |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Aikin Ƙungiya == Vargas ya shiga Seattle Sounders FC Academy a shekarar 2019, inda ya nuna ƙwarewa sosai a matakin matasa. A shekarar 2021, ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararru da babbar ƙungiyar Seattle Sounders FC, lamarin da ya sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin matasa mafi ƙanƙanta da suka taka leda a MLS.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sounders sign Obed Vargas |url=https://www.soundersfc.com/news/sounders-sign-midfielder-obed-vargas |publisher=Seattle Sounders FC |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a hukumance a shekarar 2021, kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a kakar 2022 lokacin da Seattle Sounders ta lashe kofin [[CONCACAF Champions League]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Seattle Sounders win Concacaf Champions League |url=https://www.concacaf.com/champions-league/news/seattle-sounders-win/ |publisher=CONCACAF |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Aikin Ƙasa == Saboda kasancewarsa ɗan asalin Amurka mai jini na Mexico, Vargas yana da damar wakiltar ƙasashen biyu. Ya zaɓi wakiltar Mexico a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 (U20), inda ya fara bugawa a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Obed Vargas called up to Mexico U20 |url=https://miseleccion.mx/noticias/ |publisher=Federación Mexicana de Fútbol |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Salon Wasa == Vargas ɗan tsakiya ne mai iya rarraba ƙwallo da kyau, tare da kwarewa wajen karewa da kuma fara kai hari daga tsakiya. Ana yabonsa saboda hangen nesa, kwantar da hankali, da kuma ƙwarewar sa a matakin matasa duk da ƙarancin shekarunsa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Obed Vargas Scouting Report |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/ |publisher=MLS Soccer |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Seattle Sounders FC * [[CONCACAF Champions League]]: 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=Concacaf Champions League 2022 Final |url=https://www.concacaf.com/champions-league/ |publisher=CONCACAF |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:2005 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American soccer players]] [[Category:Mexican footballers]] [[Category:Seattle Sounders FC players]] [[Category:Major League Soccer players]] 577qqbiya1221hm13yqtdqvn4qt8iw4 0 147643 818944 2026-04-06T09:32:03Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon wallafa akan Dan kwallon kafa na Atletico Madrid 818944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Jano Monserrate | full_name = Juan Carlos Monserrate Ruiz | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|3|10}} | birth_place = Badajoz, Spain | position = Midfielder | currentclub = Atlético Madrid B | clubnumber = 8 | youthyears1 = 2010–2014 | youthclubs1 = Flecha Negra | youthyears2 = 2014–2022 | youthclubs2 = Atlético Madrid | years1 = 2022– | clubs1 = Atlético Madrid B | caps1 = 40 | goals1 = 3 | club-update = 1 April 2026 }} '''Juan Carlos Monserrate Ruiz''' (an haife shi 10 ga Maris 2003), wanda aka fi sani da '''Jano Monserrate''', ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Sifaniya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin '''tsakiya (midfielder)''' a ƙungiyar Atlético Madrid B.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.atleticodemadrid.com |title=Jano Monserrate profile |publisher=Atlético de Madrid Official Website |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar Farko == An haifi Jano Monserrate a garin Badajoz, a ƙasar Sifaniya. Ya fara taka leda tun yana ƙarami a makarantar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Flecha Negra kafin ya koma makarantar matasa ta Atlético Madrid a shekarar 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/jano-monserrate/profil/spieler/ |title=Jano Monserrate – Player profile |publisher=Transfermarkt |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Sana'ar Ƙwallon Ƙafa == Monserrate ya ci gaba da bunƙasa a sashen matasa na Atlético Madrid har zuwa lokacin da aka ɗaga shi zuwa Atlético Madrid B a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Atlético promote youth midfielder Jano Monserrate |publisher=Marca |date=2022 |url=https://www.marca.com}}</ref> Yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsakiyar fili, inda aka san shi da iya rarraba ƙwallo da kuma kare baya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bdfutbol.com |title=Jano Monserrate statistics |publisher=BDFutbol |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Salon Wasa == Ana kallon Jano Monserrate a matsayin ɗan wasa mai ƙwarewa wajen sarrafa ƙwallo, da hangen nesa a fili. Yana taka rawa a matsayin defensive ko central midfielder, kuma yana da ƙwarewa wajen dawo da ƙwallo daga abokan hamayya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.goal.com |title=Jano Monserrate analysis |publisher=Goal.com |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:2003 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Spanish footballers]] [[Category:Atlético Madrid B players]] [[Category:Association football midfielders]] gt03bwsy1h61yebty0xkml30i37et08 0 147644 818945 2026-04-06T09:42:51Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon wallafa akan Dan kwallon kafa na Atletico Madrid 818945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Taufik Seidu | full_name = Taufik Seidu | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|2|10}} | birth_place = Accra, Ghana | position = Forward | currentclub = Hammarby IF | clubnumber = 28 | youthyears1 = –2018 | youthclubs1 = Attram De Visser Academy | years1 = 2018–2020 | clubs1 = WAFA SC | caps1 = 16 | goals1 = 5 | years2 = 2020– | clubs2 = Hammarby IF | caps2 = 30 | goals2 = 8 | nationalyears1 = 2019 | nationalteam1 = Ghana U20 | nationalcaps1 = 5 | nationalgoals1 = 2 }} '''Taufik Seidu''' (an haife shi 10 Fabrairu 2000) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Ghana]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan gaba (forward) a kulob ɗin [[Hammarby IF]] na ƙasar [[Sweden]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/taufik-seidu/|title=Taufik Seidu Profile|website=Soccerway|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> == Rayuwar Farko == An haifi Taufik Seidu a birnin [[Accra]] na ƙasar [[Ghana]]. Ya fara koyon ƙwallon ƙafa ne a makarantar horas da matasa ta Attram De Visser Academy, inda ya nuna ƙwarewa tun yana ƙarami.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanafa.org/|title=Ghana FA Profile|website=Ghana Football Association|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> == Aikin Kulob == === WAFA SC === Seidu ya fara buga wasa a matakin ƙwararru tare da kulob ɗin WAFA SC a gasar Premier ta Ghana. Ya taka rawa wajen taimaka wa ƙungiyar a wasannin kakar 2018–2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/taufik-seidu/profil/spieler/|title=Taufik Seidu Stats|website=Transfermarkt|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> === Hammarby IF === A shekarar 2020, ya koma kulob ɗin [[Hammarby IF]] na Sweden, inda ya fara taka leda a gasar Allsvenskan. Ya ci gaba da nuna bajinta a matsayin ɗan gaba mai sauri da ƙwarewa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hammarbyfotboll.se/|title=Hammarby IF Official Website|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> == Aikin Ƙasa == Seidu ya wakilci Ghana a matakin ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 20 (Ghana U20), inda ya taimaka wajen samun nasarori a wasannin matasa na Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cafonline.com/|title=CAF Youth Competitions|website=CAF Online|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> == Salon Wasa == Taufik Seidu na taka leda a matsayin ɗan gaba (forward). An san shi da sauri, iya zura ƙwallo, da kuma iya motsawa a gefen fili domin ƙirƙirar dama ga abokan wasa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/taufik-seidu/|title=Match Analysis|website=Soccerway|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:2000 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Ghanaian footballers]] [[Category:Association football forwards]] [[Category:Hammarby IF players]] [[Category:WAFA SC players]] 6o4i7hza7iuoopf668fvh1z5qh8avk0 818946 818945 2026-04-06T09:48:50Z Saad Nuhu 43323 818946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Taufik Seidu | full_name = Taufik Seidu | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|2|10}} | birth_place = Accra, Ghana | position = Forward | currentclub = Hammarby IF | clubnumber = 28 | youthyears1 = –2018 | youthclubs1 = Attram De Visser Academy | years1 = 2018–2020 | clubs1 = WAFA SC | caps1 = 16 | goals1 = 5 | years2 = 2020– | clubs2 = Hammarby IF | caps2 = 30 | goals2 = 8 | nationalyears1 = 2019 | nationalteam1 = Ghana U20 | nationalcaps1 = 5 | nationalgoals1 = 2 }} '''Taufik Seidu''' (an haife shi 10 Fabrairu 2000) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Ghana]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan gaba (forward) a kulob ɗin [[Hammarby IF]] na ƙasar [[Sweden]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/taufik-seidu/|title=Taufik Seidu Profile|website=Soccerway|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> == Rayuwar Farko == An haifi Taufik Seidu a birnin [[Accra]] na ƙasar [[Ghana]]. Ya fara koyon ƙwallon ƙafa ne a makarantar horas da matasa ta Attram De Visser Academy, inda ya nuna ƙwarewa tun yana ƙarami.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanafa.org/|title=Ghana FA Profile|website=Ghana Football Association|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> === Rayuwar shi a WAFA SC === Seidu ya fara buga wasa a matakin ƙwararru tare da kulob ɗin WAFA SC a gasar Premier ta Ghana. Ya taka rawa wajen taimaka wa ƙungiyar a wasannin kakar 2018–2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/taufik-seidu/profil/spieler/|title=Taufik Seidu Stats|website=Transfermarkt|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> === Rayuwar shi a Hammarby IF === A shekarar 2020, ya koma kulob ɗin [[Hammarby IF]] na Sweden, inda ya fara taka leda a gasar Allsvenskan. Ya ci gaba da nuna bajinta a matsayin ɗan gaba mai sauri da ƙwarewa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hammarbyfotboll.se/|title=Hammarby IF Official Website|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> == Aikin Ƙasa == Seidu ya wakilci Ghana a matakin ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 20 (Ghana U20), inda ya taimaka wajen samun nasarori a wasannin matasa na Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cafonline.com/|title=CAF Youth Competitions|website=CAF Online|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> == Salon Wasa == Taufik Seidu na taka leda a matsayin ɗan gaba (forward). An san shi da sauri, iya zura ƙwallo, da kuma iya motsawa a gefen fili domin ƙirƙirar dama ga abokan wasa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/taufik-seidu/|title=Match Analysis|website=Soccerway|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:2000 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Ghanaian footballers]] [[Category:Association football forwards]] [[Category:Hammarby IF players]] [[Category:WAFA SC players]] k2htmmk611jtzvsk2ny59dbyta9ib7o 0 147645 818947 2026-04-06T09:54:46Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon wallafa akan Dan kwallon kafa na Atletico Madrid 818947 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Saint-Amand-les-Eaux - Paris-Roubaix juniors, 14 avril 2019, départ (A074).JPG|thumb|Javier Serrano]] {{Infobox football biography | name = Javier Serrano | full_name = Javier Serrano Martínez | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|1|9}} | birth_place = Madrid, Spain | height = 1.83 m | position = Midfielder | currentclub = Atlético Madrid B | clubnumber = | youthyears1 = 2010–2021 | youthclubs1 = Atlético Madrid | years1 = 2021– | clubs1 = Atlético Madrid B | caps1 = | goals1 = | years2 = 2022– | clubs2 = Atlético Madrid | caps2 = | goals2 = | nationalyears1 = 2019 | nationalteam1 = Spain U16 | nationalcaps1 = | nationalgoals1 = | club-update = | nationalteam-update = }} '''Javier Serrano Martínez''' (an haife shi 9 ga Janairu 2003) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Spain wanda ke taka leda a matsayin '''midfielder''' ga ƙungiyar Atlético Madrid B da kuma babbar ƙungiyar Atlético Madrid.<ref name="atleti-profile">{{cite web |title=Javier Serrano |url=https://www.atleticodemadrid.com/ |publisher=Atlético de Madrid |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar Farko == An haifi Javier Serrano a Madrid, Spain. Ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta Atlético Madrid tun yana ƙarami, inda ya taso a tsarin horaswa na kulob ɗin.<ref name="atleti-profile" /> == Aikin Kulob == === Atlético Madrid B === Serrano ya fara taka leda a matakin babbar ƙungiyar matasa ta Atlético Madrid B a shekarar 2021, inda ya riƙa buga wasa a gasar Segunda División RFEF.<ref>{{cite web |title=Javier Serrano – Match Log |url=https://int.soccerway.com/ |publisher=Soccerway |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> === Atlético Madrid === Ya fara samun damar shiga babbar ƙungiyar Atlético Madrid a shekarar 2022, inda ya buga wasanni a gasar La Liga da sauran gasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Javier Serrano |url=https://www.laliga.com/ |publisher=La Liga |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Aikin Ƙasa == Serrano ya wakilci Spain a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 16 (Spain U16), inda ya buga wasanni na sada zumunci da na gasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Javier Serrano – Spain Youth |url=https://www.rfef.es/ |publisher=Royal Spanish Football Federation |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Salon Wasa == Javier Serrano ɗan wasa ne mai taka rawa a tsakiya (central midfielder), wanda aka san shi da iya sarrafa ƙwallo, wucewa mai kyau, da kuma taimakawa wajen kare gida.<ref name="atleti-profile" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:2003 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Spanish footballers]] [[Category:Atlético Madrid B players]] [[Category:Atlético Madrid footballers]] [[Category:Association football midfielders]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Madrid]] 1w4rh0fsy095gbfcxm73ga2mybelbqr 818948 818947 2026-04-06T09:55:27Z Saad Nuhu 43323 818948 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Saint-Amand-les-Eaux - Paris-Roubaix juniors, 14 avril 2019, départ (A074).JPG|thumb|Javier Serrano]] {{Infobox football biography | name = Javier Serrano | full_name = Javier Serrano Martínez | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|1|9}} | birth_place = Madrid, Spain | position = Midfielder | currentclub = Atlético Madrid B | clubnumber = | youthyears1 = 2010–2021 | youthclubs1 = Atlético Madrid | years1 = 2021– | clubs1 = Atlético Madrid B | caps1 = | goals1 = | years2 = 2022– | clubs2 = Atlético Madrid | caps2 = | goals2 = | nationalyears1 = 2019 | nationalteam1 = Spain U16 | nationalcaps1 = | nationalgoals1 = | club-update = | nationalteam-update = }} '''Javier Serrano Martínez''' (an haife shi 9 ga Janairu 2003) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Spain wanda ke taka leda a matsayin '''midfielder''' ga ƙungiyar Atlético Madrid B da kuma babbar ƙungiyar Atlético Madrid.<ref name="atleti-profile">{{cite web |title=Javier Serrano |url=https://www.atleticodemadrid.com/ |publisher=Atlético de Madrid |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar Farko == An haifi Javier Serrano a Madrid, Spain. Ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta Atlético Madrid tun yana ƙarami, inda ya taso a tsarin horaswa na kulob ɗin.<ref name="atleti-profile" /> == Aikin Kulob == === Atlético Madrid B === Serrano ya fara taka leda a matakin babbar ƙungiyar matasa ta Atlético Madrid B a shekarar 2021, inda ya riƙa buga wasa a gasar Segunda División RFEF.<ref>{{cite web |title=Javier Serrano – Match Log |url=https://int.soccerway.com/ |publisher=Soccerway |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> === Atlético Madrid === Ya fara samun damar shiga babbar ƙungiyar Atlético Madrid a shekarar 2022, inda ya buga wasanni a gasar La Liga da sauran gasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Javier Serrano |url=https://www.laliga.com/ |publisher=La Liga |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Aikin Ƙasa == Serrano ya wakilci Spain a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 16 (Spain U16), inda ya buga wasanni na sada zumunci da na gasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Javier Serrano – Spain Youth |url=https://www.rfef.es/ |publisher=Royal Spanish Football Federation |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Salon Wasa == Javier Serrano ɗan wasa ne mai taka rawa a tsakiya (central midfielder), wanda aka san shi da iya sarrafa ƙwallo, wucewa mai kyau, da kuma taimakawa wajen kare gida.<ref name="atleti-profile" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:2003 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Spanish footballers]] [[Category:Atlético Madrid B players]] [[Category:Atlético Madrid footballers]] [[Category:Association football midfielders]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Madrid]] rqeci44e38qdf01e35m3o1ehg8ca8oa 818963 818948 2026-04-06T11:04:49Z Uncle Bash007 9891 818963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Javier Serrano | full_name = Javier Serrano Martínez | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|1|9}} | birth_place = Madrid, Spain | position = Midfielder | currentclub = Atlético Madrid B | clubnumber = | youthyears1 = 2010–2021 | youthclubs1 = Atlético Madrid | years1 = 2021– | clubs1 = Atlético Madrid B | caps1 = | goals1 = | years2 = 2022– | clubs2 = Atlético Madrid | caps2 = | goals2 = | nationalyears1 = 2019 | nationalteam1 = Spain U16 | nationalcaps1 = | nationalgoals1 = | club-update = | nationalteam-update = }} [[Fayil:Saint-Amand-les-Eaux - Paris-Roubaix juniors, 14 avril 2019, départ (A074).JPG|thumb|Javier Serrano]] '''Javier Serrano Martínez''' (an haife shi 9 ga Janairu 2003) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Spain wanda ke taka leda a matsayin '''midfielder''' ga ƙungiyar Atlético Madrid B da kuma babbar ƙungiyar Atlético Madrid.<ref name="atleti-profile">{{cite web |title=Javier Serrano |url=https://www.atleticodemadrid.com/ |publisher=Atlético de Madrid |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar Farko == An haifi Javier Serrano a Madrid, Spain. Ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta Atlético Madrid tun yana ƙarami, inda ya taso a tsarin horaswa na kulob ɗin.<ref name="atleti-profile" /> == Aikin Kulob == === Atlético Madrid B === Serrano ya fara taka leda a matakin babbar ƙungiyar matasa ta Atlético Madrid B a shekarar 2021, inda ya riƙa buga wasa a gasar Segunda División RFEF.<ref>{{cite web |title=Javier Serrano – Match Log |url=https://int.soccerway.com/ |publisher=Soccerway |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> === Atlético Madrid === Ya fara samun damar shiga babbar ƙungiyar Atlético Madrid a shekarar 2022, inda ya buga wasanni a gasar La Liga da sauran gasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Javier Serrano |url=https://www.laliga.com/ |publisher=La Liga |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Aikin Ƙasa == Serrano ya wakilci Spain a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 16 (Spain U16), inda ya buga wasanni na sada zumunci da na gasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Javier Serrano – Spain Youth |url=https://www.rfef.es/ |publisher=Royal Spanish Football Federation |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Salon Wasa == Javier Serrano ɗan wasa ne mai taka rawa a tsakiya (central midfielder), wanda aka san shi da iya sarrafa ƙwallo, wucewa mai kyau, da kuma taimakawa wajen kare gida.<ref name="atleti-profile" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:2003 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Spanish footballers]] [[Category:Atlético Madrid B players]] [[Category:Atlético Madrid footballers]] [[Category:Association football midfielders]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Madrid]] p9r8hl5l6a71wcctnq8zr5td1ju653l 818964 818963 2026-04-06T11:05:24Z Uncle Bash007 9891 818964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Javier Serrano | full_name = Javier Serrano Martínez | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|1|9}} | birth_place = Madrid, Spain | position = Midfielder | currentclub = Atlético Madrid B | clubnumber = | youthyears1 = 2010–2021 | youthclubs1 = Atlético Madrid | years1 = 2021– | clubs1 = Atlético Madrid B | caps1 = | goals1 = | years2 = 2022– | clubs2 = Atlético Madrid | caps2 = | goals2 = | nationalyears1 = 2019 | nationalteam1 = Spain U16 | nationalcaps1 = | nationalgoals1 = | club-update = | nationalteam-update = }} [[Fayil:Saint-Amand-les-Eaux - Paris-Roubaix juniors, 14 avril 2019, départ (A074).JPG|thumb|Javier Serrano]] '''Javier Serrano Martínez''' (an haife shi 9 ga Janairu 2003) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Spain wanda ke taka leda a matsayin '''dan tsakiya''' ga ƙungiyar Atlético Madrid B da kuma babbar ƙungiyar Atlético Madrid.<ref name="atleti-profile">{{cite web |title=Javier Serrano |url=https://www.atleticodemadrid.com/ |publisher=Atlético de Madrid |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar Farko == An haifi Javier Serrano a Madrid, Spain. Ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta Atlético Madrid tun yana ƙarami, inda ya taso a tsarin horaswa na kulob ɗin.<ref name="atleti-profile" /> == Aikin Kulob == === Atlético Madrid B === Serrano ya fara taka leda a matakin babbar ƙungiyar matasa ta Atlético Madrid B a shekarar 2021, inda ya riƙa buga wasa a gasar Segunda División RFEF.<ref>{{cite web |title=Javier Serrano – Match Log |url=https://int.soccerway.com/ |publisher=Soccerway |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> === Atlético Madrid === Ya fara samun damar shiga babbar ƙungiyar Atlético Madrid a shekarar 2022, inda ya buga wasanni a gasar La Liga da sauran gasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Javier Serrano |url=https://www.laliga.com/ |publisher=La Liga |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Aikin Ƙasa == Serrano ya wakilci Spain a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 16 (Spain U16), inda ya buga wasanni na sada zumunci da na gasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Javier Serrano – Spain Youth |url=https://www.rfef.es/ |publisher=Royal Spanish Football Federation |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Salon Wasa == Javier Serrano ɗan wasa ne mai taka rawa a tsakiya (central midfielder), wanda aka san shi da iya sarrafa ƙwallo, wucewa mai kyau, da kuma taimakawa wajen kare gida.<ref name="atleti-profile" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:2003 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Spanish footballers]] [[Category:Atlético Madrid B players]] [[Category:Atlético Madrid footballers]] [[Category:Association football midfielders]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Madrid]] 19m844fgsctuqlkgecxwa9q6mznyj9e 818965 818964 2026-04-06T11:05:34Z Uncle Bash007 9891 818965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Javier Serrano | full_name = Javier Serrano Martínez | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|1|9}} | birth_place = Madrid, Spain | position = Midfielder | currentclub = Atlético Madrid B | clubnumber = | youthyears1 = 2010–2021 | youthclubs1 = Atlético Madrid | years1 = 2021– | clubs1 = Atlético Madrid B | caps1 = | goals1 = | years2 = 2022– | clubs2 = Atlético Madrid | caps2 = | goals2 = | nationalyears1 = 2019 | nationalteam1 = Spain U16 | nationalcaps1 = | nationalgoals1 = | club-update = | nationalteam-update = }} [[Fayil:Saint-Amand-les-Eaux - Paris-Roubaix juniors, 14 avril 2019, départ (A074).JPG|thumb|Javier Serrano]] '''Javier Serrano Martínez''' (an haife shi 9 ga Janairu 2003) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Spain wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan tsakiya ga ƙungiyar Atlético Madrid B da kuma babbar ƙungiyar Atlético Madrid.<ref name="atleti-profile">{{cite web |title=Javier Serrano |url=https://www.atleticodemadrid.com/ |publisher=Atlético de Madrid |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar Farko == An haifi Javier Serrano a Madrid, Spain. Ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta Atlético Madrid tun yana ƙarami, inda ya taso a tsarin horaswa na kulob ɗin.<ref name="atleti-profile" /> == Aikin Kulob == === Atlético Madrid B === Serrano ya fara taka leda a matakin babbar ƙungiyar matasa ta Atlético Madrid B a shekarar 2021, inda ya riƙa buga wasa a gasar Segunda División RFEF.<ref>{{cite web |title=Javier Serrano – Match Log |url=https://int.soccerway.com/ |publisher=Soccerway |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> === Atlético Madrid === Ya fara samun damar shiga babbar ƙungiyar Atlético Madrid a shekarar 2022, inda ya buga wasanni a gasar La Liga da sauran gasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Javier Serrano |url=https://www.laliga.com/ |publisher=La Liga |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Aikin Ƙasa == Serrano ya wakilci Spain a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 16 (Spain U16), inda ya buga wasanni na sada zumunci da na gasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Javier Serrano – Spain Youth |url=https://www.rfef.es/ |publisher=Royal Spanish Football Federation |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Salon Wasa == Javier Serrano ɗan wasa ne mai taka rawa a tsakiya (central midfielder), wanda aka san shi da iya sarrafa ƙwallo, wucewa mai kyau, da kuma taimakawa wajen kare gida.<ref name="atleti-profile" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:2003 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Spanish footballers]] [[Category:Atlético Madrid B players]] [[Category:Atlético Madrid footballers]] [[Category:Association football midfielders]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Madrid]] exlrezqwyqxqfoypuj7l0ntywamze6d 0 147646 818949 2026-04-06T10:05:32Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon wallafa akan Dan kwallon kafa na Atletico Madrid 818949 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Alexander Sørloth for RB Leipzig in 2022 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Alexander Sørloth]] {{Infobox football biography | name = Alexander Sørloth | full_name = Alexander Sørloth | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|12|5}} | birth_place = Trondheim, Norway | position = Forward | currentclub = Villarreal | clubnumber = 11 | nationalteam1 = Norway U21 | nationalyears1 = 2015–2016 | nationalcaps1 = 10 | nationalgoals1 = 5 | nationalteam2 = Norway | nationalyears2 = 2016– | nationalcaps2 = 50+ | nationalgoals2 = 18+ }} '''Alexander Sørloth''' (an haife shi 5 ga Disamba 1995) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Norway wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan gaba (forward) ga ƙungiyar Villarreal da kuma tawagar ƙasar Norway.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Sørloth Profile |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/65452/Alexander_Sorloth.html |publisher=National Football Teams |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Sørloth a birnin Trondheim na ƙasar Norway. Mahaifinsa, Gøran Sørloth, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ya buga wa Rosenborg wasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Sørloth Biography |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/alexander-sorloth/profil/spieler/238407 |publisher=Transfermarkt |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Wannan ya taimaka wajen haɓaka sha’awarsa ga wasan tun yana ƙarami. == Aikin ƙungiya == Sørloth ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru da ƙungiyar Rosenborg a Norway kafin ya koma Bodø/Glimt domin samun damar buga wasa akai-akai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sørloth Club Career |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/alexander-soerloth/ |publisher=WorldFootball |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Daga baya ya buga wasa a ƙasashe daban-daban ciki har da Netherlands (FC Groningen), Denmark (FC Midtjylland), da Ingila inda ya taka leda a Crystal Palace.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Sørloth - Career History |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/12104/Alexander-Sorloth/overview |publisher=Premier League |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, ya koma Trabzonspor na ƙasar Turkiyya inda ya yi fice sosai, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu cin ƙwallaye a Süper Lig.<ref>{{cite web |title=Süper Lig Top Scorers 2019/20 |url=https://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageID=545 |publisher=Turkish Football Federation |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Bayan nasarar da ya samu a Turkiyya, ya koma RB Leipzig a Jamus, sannan daga baya ya yi zaman aro a Real Sociedad da Villarreal a gasar La Liga ta Spain.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Sørloth La Liga Stats |url=https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/player/alexander-sorloth |publisher=La Liga |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa == Sørloth ya fara wakiltar Norway a matakin ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 21 kafin daga bisani ya shiga babbar tawagar ƙasa a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Sørloth International Career |url=https://www.uefa.com/nationalteams/teams/players/250062840--alexander-sorloth/ |publisher=UEFA |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Ya zama muhimmin ɗan wasa a harin Norway tare da haɗin gwiwa da Erling Haaland. == Salon wasa == An san Sørloth da tsayinsa (1.95m), ƙarfin jiki, da iya kai hari ta sama (heading ability). Yana da kwarewa wajen riƙe ƙwallo da kuma taimakawa abokan wasa a gaba.<ref>{{cite web |title=Player Analysis: Alexander Sørloth |url=https://www.whoscored.com/Players/318345/Show/Alexander-Sorloth |publisher=WhoScored |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 11r01zsnirapty478wnt7q86rghw7lw 818957 818949 2026-04-06T10:57:47Z Uncle Bash007 9891 818957 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Alexander Sørloth for RB Leipzig in 2022 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Alexander Sørloth]] {{Infobox football biography | name = Alexander Sørloth | full_name = Alexander Sørloth | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|12|5}} | birth_place = Trondheim, Norway | position = Forward | currentclub = Villarreal | clubnumber = 11 | nationalteam1 = Norway U21 | nationalyears1 = 2015–2016 | nationalcaps1 = 10 | nationalgoals1 = 5 | nationalteam2 = Norway | nationalyears2 = 2016– | nationalcaps2 = 50+ | nationalgoals2 = 18+ }} '''Alexander Sørloth''' (an haife shi 5 ga Disamba 1995) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Norway wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan gaba ga ƙungiyar Villarreal da kuma tawagar ƙasar Norway.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Sørloth Profile |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/65452/Alexander_Sorloth.html |publisher=National Football Teams |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Sørloth a birnin Trondheim na ƙasar Norway. Mahaifinsa, Gøran Sørloth, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ya buga wa Rosenborg wasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Sørloth Biography |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/alexander-sorloth/profil/spieler/238407 |publisher=Transfermarkt |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Wannan ya taimaka wajen haɓaka sha’awarsa ga wasan tun yana ƙarami. == Aikin ƙungiya == Sørloth ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru da ƙungiyar Rosenborg a Norway kafin ya koma Bodø/Glimt domin samun damar buga wasa akai-akai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sørloth Club Career |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/alexander-soerloth/ |publisher=WorldFootball |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Daga baya ya buga wasa a ƙasashe daban-daban ciki har da Netherlands (FC Groningen), Denmark (FC Midtjylland), da Ingila inda ya taka leda a Crystal Palace.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Sørloth - Career History |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/12104/Alexander-Sorloth/overview |publisher=Premier League |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, ya koma Trabzonspor na ƙasar Turkiyya inda ya yi fice sosai, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu cin ƙwallaye a Süper Lig.<ref>{{cite web |title=Süper Lig Top Scorers 2019/20 |url=https://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageID=545 |publisher=Turkish Football Federation |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Bayan nasarar da ya samu a Turkiyya, ya koma RB Leipzig a Jamus, sannan daga baya ya yi zaman aro a Real Sociedad da Villarreal a gasar La Liga ta Spain.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Sørloth La Liga Stats |url=https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/player/alexander-sorloth |publisher=La Liga |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa == Sørloth ya fara wakiltar Norway a matakin ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 21 kafin daga bisani ya shiga babbar tawagar ƙasa a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Sørloth International Career |url=https://www.uefa.com/nationalteams/teams/players/250062840--alexander-sorloth/ |publisher=UEFA |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Ya zama muhimmin ɗan wasa a harin Norway tare da haɗin gwiwa da Erling Haaland. == Salon wasa == An san Sørloth da tsayinsa (1.95m), ƙarfin jiki, da iya kai hari ta sama (heading ability). Yana da kwarewa wajen riƙe ƙwallo da kuma taimakawa abokan wasa a gaba.<ref>{{cite web |title=Player Analysis: Alexander Sørloth |url=https://www.whoscored.com/Players/318345/Show/Alexander-Sorloth |publisher=WhoScored |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 7jpwxv4q6gpl8gt3kt82qsv7gzfpawy 818959 818957 2026-04-06T11:00:04Z Uncle Bash007 9891 818959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Alexander Sørloth | full_name = Alexander Sørloth | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|12|5}} | birth_place = Trondheim, Norway | position = Forward | currentclub = Villarreal | clubnumber = 11 | nationalteam1 = Norway U21 | nationalyears1 = 2015–2016 | nationalcaps1 = 10 | nationalgoals1 = 5 | nationalteam2 = Norway | nationalyears2 = 2016– | nationalcaps2 = 50+ | nationalgoals2 = 18+ }} [[Fayil:Alexander Sørloth for RB Leipzig in 2022 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Alexander Sørloth]] '''Alexander Sørloth''' (an haife shi 5 ga Disamba 1995) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Norway wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan gaba ga ƙungiyar Villarreal da kuma tawagar ƙasar Norway.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Sørloth Profile |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/65452/Alexander_Sorloth.html |publisher=National Football Teams |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Sørloth a birnin Trondheim na ƙasar Norway. Mahaifinsa, Gøran Sørloth, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ya buga wa Rosenborg wasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Sørloth Biography |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/alexander-sorloth/profil/spieler/238407 |publisher=Transfermarkt |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Wannan ya taimaka wajen haɓaka sha’awarsa ga wasan tun yana ƙarami. == Aikin ƙungiya == Sørloth ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru da ƙungiyar Rosenborg a Norway kafin ya koma Bodø/Glimt domin samun damar buga wasa akai-akai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sørloth Club Career |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/alexander-soerloth/ |publisher=WorldFootball |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Daga baya ya buga wasa a ƙasashe daban-daban ciki har da Netherlands (FC Groningen), Denmark (FC Midtjylland), da Ingila inda ya taka leda a Crystal Palace.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Sørloth - Career History |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/12104/Alexander-Sorloth/overview |publisher=Premier League |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, ya koma Trabzonspor na ƙasar Turkiyya inda ya yi fice sosai, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu cin ƙwallaye a Süper Lig.<ref>{{cite web |title=Süper Lig Top Scorers 2019/20 |url=https://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageID=545 |publisher=Turkish Football Federation |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Bayan nasarar da ya samu a Turkiyya, ya koma RB Leipzig a Jamus, sannan daga baya ya yi zaman aro a Real Sociedad da Villarreal a gasar La Liga ta Spain.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Sørloth La Liga Stats |url=https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/player/alexander-sorloth |publisher=La Liga |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa == Sørloth ya fara wakiltar Norway a matakin ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 21 kafin daga bisani ya shiga babbar tawagar ƙasa a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Sørloth International Career |url=https://www.uefa.com/nationalteams/teams/players/250062840--alexander-sorloth/ |publisher=UEFA |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Ya zama muhimmin ɗan wasa a harin Norway tare da haɗin gwiwa da Erling Haaland. == Salon wasa == An san Sørloth da tsayinsa (1.95m), ƙarfin jiki, da iya kai hari ta sama (heading ability). Yana da kwarewa wajen riƙe ƙwallo da kuma taimakawa abokan wasa a gaba.<ref>{{cite web |title=Player Analysis: Alexander Sørloth |url=https://www.whoscored.com/Players/318345/Show/Alexander-Sorloth |publisher=WhoScored |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 85w7x9pvf0l76a53i88n1vwpb3d1yuu 818960 818959 2026-04-06T11:02:05Z Uncle Bash007 9891 818960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Alexander Sørloth | full_name = Alexander Sørloth | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|12|5}} | birth_place = Trondheim, Norway | position = Forward | currentclub = Villarreal | clubnumber = 11 | nationalteam1 = Norway U21 | nationalyears1 = 2015–2016 | nationalcaps1 = 10 | nationalgoals1 = 5 | nationalteam2 = Norway | nationalyears2 = 2016– | nationalcaps2 = 50+ | nationalgoals2 = 18+ }} [[Fayil:Alexander Sørloth for RB Leipzig in 2022 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Alexander Sørloth]] '''Alexander Sørloth''' (an haife shi 5 ga Disamba 1995) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Norway wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan gaba ga ƙungiyar Athletico Madrid da kuma tawagar ƙasar Norway.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Sørloth Profile |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/65452/Alexander_Sorloth.html |publisher=National Football Teams |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Sørloth a birnin Trondheim na ƙasar Norway. Mahaifinsa, Gøran Sørloth, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ya buga wa Rosenborg wasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Sørloth Biography |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/alexander-sorloth/profil/spieler/238407 |publisher=Transfermarkt |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Wannan ya taimaka wajen haɓaka sha’awarsa ga wasan tun yana ƙarami. == Aikin ƙungiya == Sørloth ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru da ƙungiyar Rosenborg a Norway kafin ya koma Bodø/Glimt domin samun damar buga wasa akai-akai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sørloth Club Career |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/alexander-soerloth/ |publisher=WorldFootball |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Daga baya ya buga wasa a ƙasashe daban-daban ciki har da Netherlands (FC Groningen), Denmark (FC Midtjylland), da Ingila inda ya taka leda a Crystal Palace.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Sørloth - Career History |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/12104/Alexander-Sorloth/overview |publisher=Premier League |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, ya koma Trabzonspor na ƙasar Turkiyya inda ya yi fice sosai, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu cin ƙwallaye a Süper Lig.<ref>{{cite web |title=Süper Lig Top Scorers 2019/20 |url=https://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageID=545 |publisher=Turkish Football Federation |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Bayan nasarar da ya samu a Turkiyya, ya koma RB Leipzig a Jamus, sannan daga baya ya yi zaman aro a Real Sociedad da Villarreal a gasar La Liga ta Spain.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Sørloth La Liga Stats |url=https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/player/alexander-sorloth |publisher=La Liga |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa == Sørloth ya fara wakiltar Norway a matakin ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 21 kafin daga bisani ya shiga babbar tawagar ƙasa a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Sørloth International Career |url=https://www.uefa.com/nationalteams/teams/players/250062840--alexander-sorloth/ |publisher=UEFA |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Ya zama muhimmin ɗan wasa a harin Norway tare da haɗin gwiwa da Erling Haaland. == Salon wasa == An san Sørloth da tsayinsa (1.95m), ƙarfin jiki, da iya kai hari ta sama (heading ability). Yana da kwarewa wajen riƙe ƙwallo da kuma taimakawa abokan wasa a gaba.<ref>{{cite web |title=Player Analysis: Alexander Sørloth |url=https://www.whoscored.com/Players/318345/Show/Alexander-Sorloth |publisher=WhoScored |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} iuvxfp8h84d8yze8t71ffo4p26x4kgf 818961 818960 2026-04-06T11:02:52Z Uncle Bash007 9891 818961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Alexander Sørloth | full_name = Alexander Sørloth | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|12|5}} | birth_place = Trondheim, Norway | position = Forward | currentclub = Villarreal | clubnumber = 11 | nationalteam1 = Norway U21 | nationalyears1 = 2015–2016 | nationalcaps1 = 10 | nationalgoals1 = 5 | nationalteam2 = Norway | nationalyears2 = 2016– | nationalcaps2 = 50+ | nationalgoals2 = 18+ }} [[Fayil:Alexander Sørloth for RB Leipzig in 2022 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Alexander Sørloth]] '''Alexander Sørloth''' (an haife shi 5 ga Disamba 1995) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Norway wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan gaba ga ƙungiyar Athletico Madrid da kuma tawagar ƙasar Norway.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Sørloth Profile |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/65452/Alexander_Sorloth.html |publisher=National Football Teams |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Sørloth a birnin Trondheim na ƙasar Norway. Mahaifinsa, Gøran Sørloth, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ya buga wa Rosenborg wasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Sørloth Biography |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/alexander-sorloth/profil/spieler/238407 |publisher=Transfermarkt |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Wannan ya taimaka wajen haɓaka sha’awarsa ga wasan tun yana ƙarami. == Aikin ƙungiya == Sørloth ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru da ƙungiyar Rosenborg a Norway kafin ya koma Bodø/Glimt domin samun damar buga wasa akai-akai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sørloth Club Career |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/alexander-soerloth/ |publisher=WorldFootball |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Daga baya ya buga wasa a ƙasashe daban-daban ciki har da Netherlands (FC Groningen), Denmark (FC Midtjylland), da Ingila inda ya taka leda a Crystal Palace.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Sørloth - Career History |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/12104/Alexander-Sorloth/overview |publisher=Premier League |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, ya koma Trabzonspor na ƙasar Turkiyya inda ya yi fice sosai, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu cin ƙwallaye a Süper Lig.<ref>{{cite web |title=Süper Lig Top Scorers 2019/20 |url=https://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageID=545 |publisher=Turkish Football Federation |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Bayan nasarar da ya samu a Turkiyya, ya koma RB Leipzig a Jamus, sannan daga baya ya yi zaman aro a Real Sociedad da Villarreal a gasar La Liga ta Spain.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Sørloth La Liga Stats |url=https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/player/alexander-sorloth |publisher=La Liga |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa == Sørloth ya fara wakiltar Norway a matakin ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 21 kafin daga bisani ya shiga babbar tawagar ƙasa a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Sørloth International Career |url=https://www.uefa.com/nationalteams/teams/players/250062840--alexander-sorloth/ |publisher=UEFA |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Ya zama muhimmin ɗan wasa a harin Norway tare da haɗin gwiwa da Erling Haaland. == Salon wasa == An san Sørloth da tsayinsa (1.95m), ƙarfin jiki, da iya kai hari ta sama (heading ability). Yana da kwarewa wajen riƙe ƙwallo da kuma taimakawa abokan wasa a gaba.<ref>{{cite web |title=Player Analysis: Alexander Sørloth |url=https://www.whoscored.com/Players/318345/Show/Alexander-Sorloth |publisher=WhoScored |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{stub}} {{reflist}} rx62sxt4sazu9t26tj2ic99n54n8wy8 818962 818961 2026-04-06T11:04:04Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Aikin ƙasa */ patrolled✅ 818962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Alexander Sørloth | full_name = Alexander Sørloth | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|12|5}} | birth_place = Trondheim, Norway | position = Forward | currentclub = Villarreal | clubnumber = 11 | nationalteam1 = Norway U21 | nationalyears1 = 2015–2016 | nationalcaps1 = 10 | nationalgoals1 = 5 | nationalteam2 = Norway | nationalyears2 = 2016– | nationalcaps2 = 50+ | nationalgoals2 = 18+ }} [[Fayil:Alexander Sørloth for RB Leipzig in 2022 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Alexander Sørloth]] '''Alexander Sørloth''' (an haife shi 5 ga Disamba 1995) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Norway wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan gaba ga ƙungiyar Athletico Madrid da kuma tawagar ƙasar Norway.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Sørloth Profile |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/65452/Alexander_Sorloth.html |publisher=National Football Teams |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Sørloth a birnin Trondheim na ƙasar Norway. Mahaifinsa, Gøran Sørloth, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ya buga wa Rosenborg wasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Sørloth Biography |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/alexander-sorloth/profil/spieler/238407 |publisher=Transfermarkt |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Wannan ya taimaka wajen haɓaka sha’awarsa ga wasan tun yana ƙarami. == Aikin ƙungiya == Sørloth ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru da ƙungiyar Rosenborg a Norway kafin ya koma Bodø/Glimt domin samun damar buga wasa akai-akai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sørloth Club Career |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/alexander-soerloth/ |publisher=WorldFootball |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Daga baya ya buga wasa a ƙasashe daban-daban ciki har da Netherlands (FC Groningen), Denmark (FC Midtjylland), da Ingila inda ya taka leda a Crystal Palace.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Sørloth - Career History |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/12104/Alexander-Sorloth/overview |publisher=Premier League |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, ya koma Trabzonspor na ƙasar Turkiyya inda ya yi fice sosai, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu cin ƙwallaye a Süper Lig.<ref>{{cite web |title=Süper Lig Top Scorers 2019/20 |url=https://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageID=545 |publisher=Turkish Football Federation |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Bayan nasarar da ya samu a Turkiyya, ya koma RB Leipzig a Jamus, sannan daga baya ya yi zaman aro a Real Sociedad da Villarreal a gasar La Liga ta Spain.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Sørloth La Liga Stats |url=https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/player/alexander-sorloth |publisher=La Liga |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa == Sørloth ya fara wakiltar Norway a matakin ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 21 kafin daga bisani ya shiga babbar tawagar ƙasa a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Sørloth International Career |url=https://www.uefa.com/nationalteams/teams/players/250062840--alexander-sorloth/ |publisher=UEFA |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Ya zama muhimmin ɗan wasa a harin Norway tare da haɗin gwiwa da Erling Haaland. == Salon wasa == An san Sørloth da tsayinsa (1.95m), ƙarfin jiki, da iya kai hari ta sama (heading ability). Yana da kwarewa wajen riƙe ƙwallo da kuma taimakawa abokan wasa a gaba.<ref>{{cite web |title=Player Analysis: Alexander Sørloth |url=https://www.whoscored.com/Players/318345/Show/Alexander-Sorloth |publisher=WhoScored |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{stub}} {{reflist}} nb9mvqs7t6c3009fl9zof9qcb423wgu 0 147647 818951 2026-04-06T10:27:13Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon wallafa akan Dan kwallon kafa na Atletico Madrid 818951 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Giuliano Simeone, FC Salzburg vs. Atletico Madrid (2025-01-29 UEFA Championsleague) 53 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Giuliano Simeone]] {{Infobox football biography | name = Giuliano Simeone | full_name = Giuliano Simeone Baldini | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|12|18}} | birth_place = Rome, Italy | height = 1.73 m | position = Winger | currentclub = Atlético Madrid | clubnumber = 22 | youthyears1 = 2010–2019 | youthclubs1 = Atlético Madrid | years1 = 2019–2022 | clubs1 = Atlético Madrid B | caps1 = 50 | goals1 = 14 | years2 = 2022– | clubs2 = Atlético Madrid | caps2 = 20 | goals2 = 2 | years3 = 2022–2023 | clubs3 = → Zaragoza (loan) | caps3 = 36 | goals3 = 9 | nationalyears1 = 2022– | nationalteam1 = Argentina U23 | nationalcaps1 = 8 | nationalgoals1 = 2 | club-update = 1 April 2026 | nationalteam-update = 1 April 2026 }} '''Giuliano Simeone Baldini''' (an haife shi 18 Disamba 2002) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan asalin Argentina wanda ke taka leda a matsayin winger a ƙungiyar [[Atlético Madrid]] da kuma tawagar matasan Argentina. Shi ɗan tsohon fitaccen koci kuma tsohon ɗan wasa [[Diego Simeone]] ne.<ref>{{cite web|title=Giuliano Simeone Profile|url=https://www.atleticodemadrid.com|publisher=Atlético Madrid|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Giuliano Simeone a birnin Rome, Italiya, lokacin da mahaifinsa Diego Simeone ke taka leda a ƙasar. Duk da an haife shi a Italiya, ya zaɓi wakiltar Argentina a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news|title=Simeone's son chooses Argentina|url=https://www.tycsports.com|publisher=TyC Sports|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Aikin ƙungiya == === Atlético Madrid B === Simeone ya fara bugawa a matakin matasa na Atlético Madrid kafin ya koma Atlético Madrid B a shekarar 2019. Ya nuna ƙwarewa da saurin kai hari inda ya zura kwallaye da dama a Segunda Federación.<ref>{{cite web|title=Atlético B statistics|url=https://www.bdfutbol.com|publisher=BDFutbol|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> === Aro zuwa Zaragoza === A kakar 2022–2023, an ba shi aro zuwa [[Real Zaragoza]]. A can ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a Segunda División inda ya zura kwallaye 9 cikin wasanni 36.<ref>{{cite news|title=Giuliano Simeone shines at Zaragoza|url=https://www.marca.com|publisher=Marca|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> === Komawa Atlético Madrid === Bayan kammala aro, ya koma Atlético Madrid inda ya fara samun dama a La Liga a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mahaifinsa Diego Simeone.<ref>{{cite web|title=First team debut|url=https://www.laliga.com|publisher=La Liga|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Simeone ya wakilci Argentina a matakin U23, inda ya shiga wasannin sada zumunta da na gasa na matasa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Argentina U23 squad|url=https://www.afa.com.ar|publisher=Argentine Football Association|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Giuliano Simeone ana saninsa da sauri, ƙwazo da kuma iya kai hari daga gefen fili. Yakan taka rawa a matsayin winger amma kuma yana iya taka leda a matsayin ɗan gaba.<ref>{{cite news|title=Player analysis: Giuliano Simeone|url=https://www.goal.com|publisher=Goal|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Shi ɗa ne ga [[Diego Simeone]] da Carolina Baldini. ’Yan’uwansa sun haɗa da Giovanni Simeone, wanda shi ma ƙwararren ɗan wasa ne.<ref>{{cite web|title=Simeone family|url=https://www.espn.com|publisher=ESPN|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:2002 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Argentine footballers]] [[Category:Atlético Madrid players]] [[Category:Association football wingers]] i89q0fo0gj17l3ivxfuabfqdqxfl6fy 818952 818951 2026-04-06T10:42:42Z Saad Nuhu 43323 818952 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Giuliano Simeone, FC Salzburg vs. Atletico Madrid (2025-01-29 UEFA Championsleague) 53 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Giuliano Simeone]] {{Infobox football biography | name = Giuliano Simeone | full_name = Giuliano Simeone Baldini | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|12|18}} | birth_place = Rome, Italy | position = Winger | currentclub = Atlético Madrid | clubnumber = 22 | youthyears1 = 2010–2019 | youthclubs1 = Atlético Madrid | years1 = 2019–2022 | clubs1 = Atlético Madrid B | caps1 = 50 | goals1 = 14 | years2 = 2022– | clubs2 = Atlético Madrid | caps2 = 20 | goals2 = 2 | years3 = 2022–2023 | clubs3 = → Zaragoza (loan) | caps3 = 36 | goals3 = 9 | nationalyears1 = 2022– | nationalteam1 = Argentina U23 | nationalcaps1 = 8 | nationalgoals1 = 2 | club-update = 1 April 2026 | nationalteam-update = 1 April 2026 }} '''Giuliano Simeone Baldini''' (an haife shi 18 Disamba 2002) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan asalin Argentina wanda ke taka leda a matsayin winger a ƙungiyar [[Atlético Madrid]] da kuma tawagar matasan Argentina. Shi ɗan tsohon fitaccen koci kuma tsohon ɗan wasa [[Diego Simeone]] ne.<ref>{{cite web|title=Giuliano Simeone Profile|url=https://www.atleticodemadrid.com|publisher=Atlético Madrid|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Giuliano Simeone a birnin Rome, Italiya, lokacin da mahaifinsa Diego Simeone ke taka leda a ƙasar. Duk da an haife shi a Italiya, ya zaɓi wakiltar Argentina a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news|title=Simeone's son chooses Argentina|url=https://www.tycsports.com|publisher=TyC Sports|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Aikin ƙungiya == === Atlético Madrid B === Simeone ya fara bugawa a matakin matasa na Atlético Madrid kafin ya koma Atlético Madrid B a shekarar 2019. Ya nuna ƙwarewa da saurin kai hari inda ya zura kwallaye da dama a Segunda Federación.<ref>{{cite web|title=Atlético B statistics|url=https://www.bdfutbol.com|publisher=BDFutbol|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> === Aro zuwa Zaragoza === A kakar 2022–2023, an ba shi aro zuwa [[Real Zaragoza]]. A can ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a Segunda División inda ya zura kwallaye 9 cikin wasanni 36.<ref>{{cite news|title=Giuliano Simeone shines at Zaragoza|url=https://www.marca.com|publisher=Marca|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> === Komawa Atlético Madrid === Bayan kammala aro, ya koma Atlético Madrid inda ya fara samun dama a La Liga a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mahaifinsa Diego Simeone.<ref>{{cite web|title=First team debut|url=https://www.laliga.com|publisher=La Liga|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Simeone ya wakilci Argentina a matakin U23, inda ya shiga wasannin sada zumunta da na gasa na matasa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Argentina U23 squad|url=https://www.afa.com.ar|publisher=Argentine Football Association|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Giuliano Simeone ana saninsa da sauri, ƙwazo da kuma iya kai hari daga gefen fili. Yakan taka rawa a matsayin winger amma kuma yana iya taka leda a matsayin ɗan gaba.<ref>{{cite news|title=Player analysis: Giuliano Simeone|url=https://www.goal.com|publisher=Goal|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Shi ɗa ne ga [[Diego Simeone]] da Carolina Baldini. ’Yan’uwansa sun haɗa da Giovanni Simeone, wanda shi ma ƙwararren ɗan wasa ne.<ref>{{cite web|title=Simeone family|url=https://www.espn.com|publisher=ESPN|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:2002 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Argentine footballers]] [[Category:Atlético Madrid players]] [[Category:Association football wingers]] bik1s31pi7vsniqu6x2pqr2ktt42ymi 818953 818952 2026-04-06T10:45:34Z Uncle Bash007 9891 818953 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Giuliano Simeone, FC Salzburg vs. Atletico Madrid (2025-01-29 UEFA Championsleague) 53 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Giuliano Simeone]] {{Infobox football biography | name = Giuliano Simeone | full_name = Giuliano Simeone Baldini | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|12|18}} | birth_place = Rome, Italy | position = Winger | currentclub = Atlético Madrid | clubnumber = 22 | youthyears1 = 2010–2019 | youthclubs1 = Atlético Madrid | years1 = 2019–2022 | clubs1 = Atlético Madrid B | caps1 = 50 | goals1 = 14 | years2 = 2022– | clubs2 = Atlético Madrid | caps2 = 20 | goals2 = 2 | years3 = 2022–2023 | clubs3 = → Zaragoza (loan) | caps3 = 36 | goals3 = 9 | nationalyears1 = 2022– | nationalteam1 = Argentina U23 | nationalcaps1 = 8 | nationalgoals1 = 2 | club-update = 1 April 2026 | nationalteam-update = 1 April 2026 }} '''Giuliano Simeone Baldini''' (an haife shi 18 Disamba 2002) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan asalin Argentina wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan gaba ta gefe a ƙungiyar [[Atlético Madrid]] da kuma tawagar matasan Argentina. Shi ɗan tsohon fitaccen koci kuma tsohon ɗan wasa [[Diego Simeone]] ne.<ref>{{cite web|title=Giuliano Simeone Profile|url=https://www.atleticodemadrid.com|publisher=Atlético Madrid|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Giuliano Simeone a birnin Rome, Italiya, lokacin da mahaifinsa Diego Simeone ke taka leda a ƙasar. Duk da an haife shi a Italiya, ya zaɓi wakiltar kasar Argentina a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news|title=Simeone's son chooses Argentina|url=https://www.tycsports.com|publisher=TyC Sports|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Aikin ƙungiya == === Atlético Madrid B === Simeone ya fara bugawa a matakin matasa na Atlético Madrid kafin ya koma Atlético Madrid B a shekarar 2019. Ya nuna ƙwarewa da saurin kai hari inda ya zura kwallaye da dama a Segunda Federación.<ref>{{cite web|title=Atlético B statistics|url=https://www.bdfutbol.com|publisher=BDFutbol|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> === Aro zuwa Zaragoza === A kakar 2022–2023, an ba shi aro zuwa [[Real Zaragoza]]. A can ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a Segunda División inda ya zura kwallaye 9 cikin wasanni 36.<ref>{{cite news|title=Giuliano Simeone shines at Zaragoza|url=https://www.marca.com|publisher=Marca|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> === Komawa Atlético Madrid === Bayan kammala aro, ya koma Atlético Madrid inda ya fara samun dama a La Liga a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mahaifinsa Diego Simeone.<ref>{{cite web|title=First team debut|url=https://www.laliga.com|publisher=La Liga|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Simeone ya wakilci Argentina a matakin U23, inda ya shiga wasannin sada zumunta da na gasa na matasa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Argentina U23 squad|url=https://www.afa.com.ar|publisher=Argentine Football Association|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Giuliano Simeone ana saninsa da sauri, ƙwazo da kuma iya kai hari daga gefen fili. Yakan taka rawa a matsayin winger amma kuma yana iya taka leda a matsayin ɗan gaba.<ref>{{cite news|title=Player analysis: Giuliano Simeone|url=https://www.goal.com|publisher=Goal|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Shi ɗa ne ga [[Diego Simeone]] da Carolina Baldini. ’Yan’uwansa sun haɗa da Giovanni Simeone, wanda shi ma ƙwararren ɗan wasa ne.<ref>{{cite web|title=Simeone family|url=https://www.espn.com|publisher=ESPN|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:2002 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Argentine footballers]] [[Category:Atlético Madrid players]] [[Category:Association football wingers]] 04lgkl276f4qbdgurho4k8koxz92jfy 818954 818953 2026-04-06T10:46:20Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Rayuwar farko */ 818954 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Giuliano Simeone, FC Salzburg vs. Atletico Madrid (2025-01-29 UEFA Championsleague) 53 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Giuliano Simeone]] {{Infobox football biography | name = Giuliano Simeone | full_name = Giuliano Simeone Baldini | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|12|18}} | birth_place = Rome, Italy | position = Winger | currentclub = Atlético Madrid | clubnumber = 22 | youthyears1 = 2010–2019 | youthclubs1 = Atlético Madrid | years1 = 2019–2022 | clubs1 = Atlético Madrid B | caps1 = 50 | goals1 = 14 | years2 = 2022– | clubs2 = Atlético Madrid | caps2 = 20 | goals2 = 2 | years3 = 2022–2023 | clubs3 = → Zaragoza (loan) | caps3 = 36 | goals3 = 9 | nationalyears1 = 2022– | nationalteam1 = Argentina U23 | nationalcaps1 = 8 | nationalgoals1 = 2 | club-update = 1 April 2026 | nationalteam-update = 1 April 2026 }} '''Giuliano Simeone Baldini''' (an haife shi 18 Disamba 2002) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan asalin Argentina wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan gaba ta gefe a ƙungiyar [[Atlético Madrid]] da kuma tawagar matasan Argentina. Shi ɗan tsohon fitaccen koci kuma tsohon ɗan wasa [[Diego Simeone]] ne.<ref>{{cite web|title=Giuliano Simeone Profile|url=https://www.atleticodemadrid.com|publisher=Atlético Madrid|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Giuliano Simeone a birnin Rome, Italiya, lokacin da mahaifinsa Diego Simeone ke taka leda a ƙasar. Duk da an haife shi a Italiya, ya zaɓi wakiltar kasar Argentina a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news|title=Simeone's son chooses Argentina|url=https://www.tycsports.com|publisher=TyC Sports|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Aikin ƙungiya == === Atlético Madrid B === Simeone ya fara bugawa a matakin matasa na Atlético Madrid kafin ya koma Atlético Madrid B a shekarar 2019. Ya nuna ƙwarewa da saurin kai hari inda ya zura kwallaye da dama a Segunda Federación.<ref>{{cite web|title=Atlético B statistics|url=https://www.bdfutbol.com|publisher=BDFutbol|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> === Aro zuwa Zaragoza === A kakar 2022–2023, an bada shi aro zuwa [[Real Zaragoza]]. A can ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a Segunda División inda ya zura kwallaye 9 cikin wasanni 36.<ref>{{cite news|title=Giuliano Simeone shines at Zaragoza|url=https://www.marca.com|publisher=Marca|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> === Komawa Atlético Madrid === Bayan kammala aro, ya koma Atlético Madrid inda ya fara samun dama a La Liga a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mahaifinsa Diego Simeone.<ref>{{cite web|title=First team debut|url=https://www.laliga.com|publisher=La Liga|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Simeone ya wakilci Argentina a matakin U23, inda ya shiga wasannin sada zumunta da na gasa na matasa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Argentina U23 squad|url=https://www.afa.com.ar|publisher=Argentine Football Association|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Giuliano Simeone an san shi da sauri, ƙwazo da kuma iya kai hari daga gefen fili. Yakan taka rawa a matsayin winger amma kuma yana iya taka leda a matsayin ɗan gaba.<ref>{{cite news|title=Player analysis: Giuliano Simeone|url=https://www.goal.com|publisher=Goal|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Shi ɗa ne ga [[Diego Simeone]] da Carolina Baldini. ’Yan’uwansa sun haɗa da Giovanni Simeone, wanda shi ma ƙwararren ɗan wasa ne.<ref>{{cite web|title=Simeone family|url=https://www.espn.com|publisher=ESPN|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:2002 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Argentine footballers]] [[Category:Atlético Madrid players]] [[Category:Association football wingers]] 3xroddxujrkr7t6xudtttrm4qmvnabq 818955 818954 2026-04-06T10:46:55Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Salon wasa */ patrolled✅ 818955 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Giuliano Simeone, FC Salzburg vs. Atletico Madrid (2025-01-29 UEFA Championsleague) 53 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Giuliano Simeone]] {{Infobox football biography | name = Giuliano Simeone | full_name = Giuliano Simeone Baldini | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|12|18}} | birth_place = Rome, Italy | position = Winger | currentclub = Atlético Madrid | clubnumber = 22 | youthyears1 = 2010–2019 | youthclubs1 = Atlético Madrid | years1 = 2019–2022 | clubs1 = Atlético Madrid B | caps1 = 50 | goals1 = 14 | years2 = 2022– | clubs2 = Atlético Madrid | caps2 = 20 | goals2 = 2 | years3 = 2022–2023 | clubs3 = → Zaragoza (loan) | caps3 = 36 | goals3 = 9 | nationalyears1 = 2022– | nationalteam1 = Argentina U23 | nationalcaps1 = 8 | nationalgoals1 = 2 | club-update = 1 April 2026 | nationalteam-update = 1 April 2026 }} '''Giuliano Simeone Baldini''' (an haife shi 18 Disamba 2002) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan asalin Argentina wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan gaba ta gefe a ƙungiyar [[Atlético Madrid]] da kuma tawagar matasan Argentina. Shi ɗan tsohon fitaccen koci kuma tsohon ɗan wasa [[Diego Simeone]] ne.<ref>{{cite web|title=Giuliano Simeone Profile|url=https://www.atleticodemadrid.com|publisher=Atlético Madrid|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Giuliano Simeone a birnin Rome, Italiya, lokacin da mahaifinsa Diego Simeone ke taka leda a ƙasar. Duk da an haife shi a Italiya, ya zaɓi wakiltar kasar Argentina a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news|title=Simeone's son chooses Argentina|url=https://www.tycsports.com|publisher=TyC Sports|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Aikin ƙungiya == === Atlético Madrid B === Simeone ya fara bugawa a matakin matasa na Atlético Madrid kafin ya koma Atlético Madrid B a shekarar 2019. Ya nuna ƙwarewa da saurin kai hari inda ya zura kwallaye da dama a Segunda Federación.<ref>{{cite web|title=Atlético B statistics|url=https://www.bdfutbol.com|publisher=BDFutbol|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> === Aro zuwa Zaragoza === A kakar 2022–2023, an bada shi aro zuwa [[Real Zaragoza]]. A can ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a Segunda División inda ya zura kwallaye 9 cikin wasanni 36.<ref>{{cite news|title=Giuliano Simeone shines at Zaragoza|url=https://www.marca.com|publisher=Marca|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> === Komawa Atlético Madrid === Bayan kammala aro, ya koma Atlético Madrid inda ya fara samun dama a La Liga a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mahaifinsa Diego Simeone.<ref>{{cite web|title=First team debut|url=https://www.laliga.com|publisher=La Liga|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Simeone ya wakilci Argentina a matakin U23, inda ya shiga wasannin sada zumunta da na gasa na matasa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Argentina U23 squad|url=https://www.afa.com.ar|publisher=Argentine Football Association|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Giuliano Simeone an san shi da sauri, ƙwazo da kuma iya kai hari daga gefen fili. Yakan taka rawa a matsayin winger amma kuma yana iya taka leda a matsayin ɗan gaba.<ref>{{cite news|title=Player analysis: Giuliano Simeone|url=https://www.goal.com|publisher=Goal|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Shi ɗa ne ga [[Diego Simeone]] da Carolina Baldini. ’Yan’uwansa sun haɗa da Giovanni Simeone, wanda shi ma ƙwararren ɗan wasa ne.<ref>{{cite web|title=Simeone family|url=https://www.espn.com|publisher=ESPN|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:2002 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Argentine footballers]] [[Category:Atlético Madrid players]] [[Category:Association football wingers]] njg5mvs4esra50yvfxsbr1asu5xp3cd 818956 818955 2026-04-06T10:47:44Z Uncle Bash007 9891 818956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Giuliano Simeone | full_name = Giuliano Simeone Baldini | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|12|18}} | birth_place = Rome, Italy | position = Winger | currentclub = Atlético Madrid | clubnumber = 22 | youthyears1 = 2010–2019 | youthclubs1 = Atlético Madrid | years1 = 2019–2022 | clubs1 = Atlético Madrid B | caps1 = 50 | goals1 = 14 | years2 = 2022– | clubs2 = Atlético Madrid | caps2 = 20 | goals2 = 2 | years3 = 2022–2023 | clubs3 = → Zaragoza (loan) | caps3 = 36 | goals3 = 9 | nationalyears1 = 2022– | nationalteam1 = Argentina U23 | nationalcaps1 = 8 | nationalgoals1 = 2 | club-update = 1 April 2026 | nationalteam-update = 1 April 2026 }} '''Giuliano Simeone Baldini''' (an haife shi 18 Disamba 2002) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan asalin Argentina wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan gaba ta gefe a ƙungiyar [[Atlético Madrid]] da kuma tawagar matasan Argentina. Shi ɗan tsohon fitaccen koci kuma tsohon ɗan wasa [[Diego Simeone]] ne.<ref>{{cite web|title=Giuliano Simeone Profile|url=https://www.atleticodemadrid.com|publisher=Atlético Madrid|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Giuliano Simeone a birnin Rome, Italiya, lokacin da mahaifinsa Diego Simeone ke taka leda a ƙasar. Duk da an haife shi a Italiya, ya zaɓi wakiltar kasar Argentina a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news|title=Simeone's son chooses Argentina|url=https://www.tycsports.com|publisher=TyC Sports|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Aikin ƙungiya == [[Fayil:Giuliano Simeone, FC Salzburg vs. Atletico Madrid (2025-01-29 UEFA Championsleague) 53 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Giuliano Simeone]] === Atlético Madrid B === Simeone ya fara bugawa a matakin matasa na Atlético Madrid kafin ya koma Atlético Madrid B a shekarar 2019. Ya nuna ƙwarewa da saurin kai hari inda ya zura kwallaye da dama a Segunda Federación.<ref>{{cite web|title=Atlético B statistics|url=https://www.bdfutbol.com|publisher=BDFutbol|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> === Aro zuwa Zaragoza === A kakar 2022–2023, an bada shi aro zuwa [[Real Zaragoza]]. A can ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a Segunda División inda ya zura kwallaye 9 cikin wasanni 36.<ref>{{cite news|title=Giuliano Simeone shines at Zaragoza|url=https://www.marca.com|publisher=Marca|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> === Komawa Atlético Madrid === Bayan kammala aro, ya koma Atlético Madrid inda ya fara samun dama a La Liga a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mahaifinsa Diego Simeone.<ref>{{cite web|title=First team debut|url=https://www.laliga.com|publisher=La Liga|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Simeone ya wakilci Argentina a matakin U23, inda ya shiga wasannin sada zumunta da na gasa na matasa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Argentina U23 squad|url=https://www.afa.com.ar|publisher=Argentine Football Association|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Giuliano Simeone an san shi da sauri, ƙwazo da kuma iya kai hari daga gefen fili. Yakan taka rawa a matsayin winger amma kuma yana iya taka leda a matsayin ɗan gaba.<ref>{{cite news|title=Player analysis: Giuliano Simeone|url=https://www.goal.com|publisher=Goal|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Shi ɗa ne ga [[Diego Simeone]] da Carolina Baldini. ’Yan’uwansa sun haɗa da Giovanni Simeone, wanda shi ma ƙwararren ɗan wasa ne.<ref>{{cite web|title=Simeone family|url=https://www.espn.com|publisher=ESPN|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:2002 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Argentine footballers]] [[Category:Atlético Madrid players]] [[Category:Association football wingers]] 4eqznb6oae53tcpjevnw4vscin0j747