Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.24 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 5489 822099 521201 2026-04-18T09:46:15Z K Bogi 44093 822099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Football4.png|thumb|right|250px|Kofin duniya 2006 kenan.]] [[File:Boys playing street football in Egypt.jpg|thumb|yara na wasa da kwallo]] '''Ƙwallon kafa''' wasa ne wanda ya samu karbuwa sosai a [[Duniya]]; an fara buga kwallon kafa tun a karni na goma, amma an kafa dokokin wasan a karshen karni na sha tara. Kasashe da dama sun samu damar lashe kambun kwallon kafa. ==Gasa Kwallon Kaga== * [[File:William Kempster 1966 World Cup stamp.jpg|thumb|William Kempster a gasar kofin duniya Wanda kuma aka yi a shekarar 1966]]Akwai shahararrun wasannin kwallon kafa da ake gudanarwa a fadin duniya daban-daban, kamar gasar cin kofin kwallon duniya, gasar kwallo ta Olympics da sauran su. == Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="150px"> 7-mannaplaner%E2%80%93flygbild_06_september_2014.jpg|Filin was an kwallo AHSS_Soccer_Field.jpg North_Stand_Skopje_Stadium_08.08.17.jpg Pel%C3%A9_1960.jpg|Pele a 1960 FWC_2018_-_Group_D_-_ARG_v_ISL_-_Messi_penalty_kick.jpg|Messi lokacin gasar kofin duniya 2018 20121209_PSG-Juvisy_-_Team_of_Paris_Saint-Germain_FC_Ladies.jpg Abd_al-Q%C3%A1dir_16.jpg Alt%C4%B1nordu%27dan_bir_sporcu_2014-05-20_23-36.jpg AQ_IMG_4989.JPG BabyFootballer_(3).jpg Bolivian_children_football.jpg Boys_playing_soccer_1_(OSCAL19_trip).jpg Children_play_Europe%27s_most_popular_sport,_soccer.jpg Children_play_football_at_University_of_Liberia_basketball_court.jpg EURO_2012-_UNICEF_Cup_for_Vulnerable_Children_in_Ukraine_(7308186680).jpg Futbol_mixto_ni%C3%B1a_futbol_femenino_river_boca_argentina.jpg Gentle_Pursuer.jpg Sailors_and_Marines_play_football_with_children_in_Thailand_110504-N-IC111-580.jpg SAIS_kids%27_soccer_practice_2.jpg Tallinn_Cup_Football_Tournament_2019-282.jpg </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} [[Category:kwallo|*]] [[Category:Wasa]] 0szab1jaecmurvytygc8bg83cmm4y2m 0 7533 822150 718324 2026-04-18T11:40:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 822150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Napoleon I of France by Andrea Appiani.jpg|alt=Hoton napeleoan|thumb]] '''Napoleone Bonaparte''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, 1769), a Ajaccio, Corsica, shine ɗa na biyu ga Carlo Buonaparte, [[Lauya|lauyan]] zuri'ar Tuscan, da matar sa Letizia Ramolino, kyakkyawar mata wacce ta  haifi yara goma sha uku. Baban Napoleon ya gano yana son shiga aikin soja, sai ya yanke shawarar kai shi makarantar sojoji. ==Karatu== A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1779, aka kai  Napoleon makarantar soji ta Brienne, wurin da ake koyar da yaran manyan iyalai aikin soja wanda sarkin ne ya ɗau nauyin makarantar a waccan lokacin. An karbe shi, kuma yaci gaba da zama a makarantar harna tsawon shekara biyar. A watan [[Satumba]] na 1784, yana ɗan shekara goma sha biyar, an shigar da shi makarantar sojoji a Paris. Bayan shekara guda an ƙara masa girma zuwa ƙaramin Laftanar. yayin da a wanana lokacin turai tana fuskantar rikice -rikicen siyasa. ==Ayyuka== Bayan juyin juya halin [[faransa]] yayin da masu kishin Corsican sukayi  ta zubar da jini kuma suka kawo karshen tsohon tsarin mulki , Napoleon ma yana son bin ra'ayin sabon tsarin. Bayan kwace Bastille, Napoleon yayi ta yada sabon tsarin harma a tsibirin sa. Ya fada cikin rayuwar siyasa, ya gwabza da Pascal paoli (wanda ya ƙirƙiri sabon tsarin siyasar Corsica din kanta ). Ya samu [[kyaututtuka]] da dama wanda sanadiyyar haka tasa a  cikin shekarar 1791 aka naɗa shi kwamandan battalion na Ajaccio National Guard. A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 1789, Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ta ayyana Corsica a matsayin wani bangare na [[Faransa]], inda ta kawo karshen mamayar sojojin da ta fara a 1769.   [[Fayil:David - Napoleon crossing the Alps - Malmaison1.jpg|thumb|Napoleon]] Kuma a lokacin ne faransa ta shiga cikin rikicin siyasa wanda ba'a taba ganin irin sa ba. Bayan faduwar Robespierre. Napoleon a shekara ta 1796, kafin aurensa da Josephine de Beauharnais, an sanya shi ya umurci sojoji a yaƙin neman zaɓen Italiya, lokacin da aka ƙara masa matsayi na mai dabarun yaki. ==Tarihin yaƙi== A ranar 21 ga Janairu, guillotine ya kashe Louis XVI a cikin Place des Revolutions, kuma Napoleon Bonaparte ya karɓi matsayin kyaftin ajin farko, ya shiga cikin murkushe Girondins da tawayen gwamnatin tarayya a biranen Marseille, Lyon da Toulon. A lokacin yaƙin Toulon, matashin kyaftin ɗin yana amfani da ƙwararan dabaru don cimma nasarar hambarar da masarautar. ===Kwamanda=== A ranar 2 ga Maris, 1796, an naɗa shi kwamandan sojojin Italiya kuma, ya kayar da Piedmontese da Austrian, ya yi sulhu tare da Yarjejeniyar Campoform (1797), ta haka ya aza harsashin ginin makomar masarautar italiya. ===Juyin mulki=== [[Fayil:Bonaparte premier Consul Gérard Chantilly.jpg|thumb|Napoleon]] A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 1799, ya sauka a San Rafael bayan ya dawo daga gwagwarmayar da yayi kuma a cikin lokacin ne  daga ranar 9 ga Nuwamba zuwa 10 ga Nuwamba (abin da ake kira watan 18 a kalandar juyin juya hali), bayan ya yi juyin mulki, ya kifar da tsohuwar gwamnati ,  ya sami nasara. Don haka ya zama mai  cikakken iko. A ranar 24 ga Disamba, an bude cibiyar karamin ofishin jakadanci, wanda shine lokacin da aka nada mukamin a karan farko. ===Shugaban ƙasa=== Ya zama Shugaban kasa, kuma an bawa Napoleon,  ikon yin aiki, ya sake fasalin tsarin gwamnati da adalci a lokacin rikon sa. Ya sake kayar da haɗin gwiwar Austrian, ya sanya wa Burtaniya zaman lafiya kuma ya sanya hannu kan Concordat tare da Pius VII a cikin 1801, wanda ya sanya cocin Faransa a cikin hidimar  gwamnati. Bayan haka, ya gano da kuma murƙushe makircin masarautar, a cikin 1804 an shelanta shi a matsayin  sarkin Faransa a ƙarƙashin sunan Napoleon 1. ==Masarauta== Don haka, an ƙirƙiri ainihin "masarautar" a kusa da shi tare da kotuna da mashahuran masarautu, yayin da tsarin da aka kafa ya ci gaba a ƙarƙashin sauye-sauye da sabuntawa: koyarwa, birni, tattalin arziki, fasaha, ƙirƙirar abin da ake kira "Napoleonic Code", wanda yana ba da tushen doka ga kamfani wanda ya fito bayan juyin juya hali. Amma ba da daɗewa ba Napoleon  ya shiga wasu yaƙe -yaƙe. Bayan ya kasa kaiwa Ingila hari a  Yakin Trafalgar, ya sami nasarar kammala jerin kamfe akan Austro-Russian (Austerlitz, 1805), Prussians (Jena, 1806) kuma ya gina babbar daularsa bayan Yarjejeniyar Tilsit a 1807 . A kowane lokaci ingila tana cigaba da zamowa Napoleon kaya , babban abin da ke kawo mata  cikas ga mulkinta na Turai. Shine  dangane da killace jiragen ruwa da London ta yi, Napoleon ya sanya shingen nahiya tsakanin 1806 zuwa 1808 don ware nahiyar dake da  babban iko. Toshewar tana karfafa masana'antar Faransanci da aikin gona, amma yana karya  tattalin arziƙin Turai kuma yana tilasta sarkin ya bi manufar ta faɗaɗa, sakamakon haka, daga Papal States zuwa Portugal da Spain, yana wucewa daga ikon sabon haɗin gwiwar Austria (Wagram 1809). A cikin 1810, Napoleon ya auri Maria Louise ta Austria, wacce ta haifa masa ɗa, Napoleon II. A cikin 1812, rundunar Napoleon ta mamaye Rasha. [[Fayil:Louvre Courtyard, Looking West.jpg|thumb]] Wanda wannan mamayar bata masa kyau ba domin ta jawo barna da zibar da jinin faransawa masu dinbin yawa, Napoleon da sojojin sa basuyi nasara ba wanda hakan tasa turai ma suka mamaye  sojojin Paris a ranar 4 ga Maris, 1814. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, aka tilasta wa Napoleon yin watsi da son iyalan sa sannan, a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1814, aka sauke shi akan ikon sa na sarki Kuma Shugaban kasa. ===Kora=== Aka kore shi akan kursiyin mulki (kujerar mulki) kuma shi kaɗai ba tare da iyalansa ko dan saba, an tilasta masa yin gudin hijira. Daga watan Mayun 1814 zuwa Maris 1815, a lokacin da aka tilasta masa zama a tsibirin Elba. Amma daga baya da Napoleon yaga Auatiachi da Prussians da British da Russia kansu ya rabu lokacin yakin. Sai ya yanke shawarar komawa. Napoleon ya sami nasarar komawa Faransa a cikin Maris 1815, bisa goyan bayan masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Ya dada komawa kan sarauta a karo na biyu amma baiyi nisa ba domin kwana dari kawai yayi a kan mulki. Domin kunno kan bala'in yakin Waterloo Don haka tarihi ya dada maimaita kansa, kuma a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1815, Napoleon ya sake sauka akan mulki. Yayin da ya koma hannin birtaniya kuma birtaniya ta daure shi a tsibiri mai nisa ,tsibirin Sant'Elena a matsayin kurkuku, inda, kafin mutuwarsa a ranar 5 ga Mayu, 1821. yakan tuna da tsibirinsa na Corsica na asali tare da nostalgia. Yayi na damar yake yaken sa wanda tsirarin mutanen daya zauna dasu suka fada. ==Mutuwa== A ranar 5 ga Mayu, 1821, wanda babu shakka shine babban janar kuma jagora Napoleon ya mutu shi kadai kuma anyi watsi dashi a Longwood. Akan Tsibirin Sant'Elen karkashin kulwar birtaniya. KALMOMIN  DA NAPOLEON BONAPARTE YAKE FADA Don zama babban jagora yana buƙatar zama ɗalibin nasara, kuma hanya mafi kyau da na sani ita ce sanin tarihi da tarihin maza waɗanda suka sami nasara. Don haka, gogewar su ta zama gwanina. Rashin mutuwa shine tinanin ka ya kasance a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar mutane. Wannan ra'ayin yana jagorantar manyan Nasarori. Gara kada ku rayu akan rashin nuna alamun kasancewar ku. Bai kamata ku saurari muryar zuciya ba idan tana iya cutar da mutane. A siyasa, maganar banza ba aibu ba ce. Wadanda ke tsoron kada a kayar da su za su iya tabbatar da nasara. Maza sun haɗu ne kawai ta hanyoyi biyu: tsoro da sha'awa. Daga daukaka zuwa abin dariya - mataki ɗaya kawai. Mutane masu haske sune meteors waɗanda aka ƙaddara su ƙone don haskaka shekarunsu. [[Fayil:Andrea Appiani, , Kaiserliche Schatzkammer Wien - Napoleon I. Bonaparte (1769-1821) als König von Italien - GG 2346 - Kunsthistorisches Museum.jpg|thumb|Napoleon]] Jama'a, da son rai, suna ɗaukar fansa don karramawa ko kaskantawa ga sarakuna. ==Manazarta== {{Hujja}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1769]] fbepb1sr8rol418s5jlnnj43aq6i7tr 822151 822150 2026-04-18T11:40:49Z Pharouqenr 25549 822151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Napoleon I of France by Andrea Appiani.jpg|alt=Hoton napeleoan|thumb]] '''Napoleone Bonaparte''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, 1769), a Ajaccio, Corsica, shine ɗa na biyu ga Carlo Buonaparte, lauyan zuri'ar Tuscan, da matar sa Letizia Ramolino, kyakkyawar mata wacce ta  haifi yara goma sha uku. Baban Napoleon ya gano yana son shiga aikin soja, sai ya yanke shawarar kai shi makarantar sojoji. ==Karatu== A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1779, aka kai  Napoleon makarantar soji ta Brienne, wurin da ake koyar da yaran manyan iyalai aikin soja wanda sarkin ne ya ɗau nauyin makarantar a waccan lokacin. An karbe shi, kuma yaci gaba da zama a makarantar harna tsawon shekara biyar. A watan [[Satumba]] na 1784, yana ɗan shekara goma sha biyar, an shigar da shi makarantar sojoji a Paris. Bayan shekara guda an ƙara masa girma zuwa ƙaramin Laftanar. yayin da a wanana lokacin turai tana fuskantar rikice -rikicen siyasa. ==Ayyuka== Bayan juyin juya halin [[faransa]] yayin da masu kishin Corsican sukayi  ta zubar da jini kuma suka kawo karshen tsohon tsarin mulki , Napoleon ma yana son bin ra'ayin sabon tsarin. Bayan kwace Bastille, Napoleon yayi ta yada sabon tsarin harma a tsibirin sa. Ya fada cikin rayuwar siyasa, ya gwabza da Pascal paoli (wanda ya ƙirƙiri sabon tsarin siyasar Corsica din kanta ). Ya samu [[kyaututtuka]] da dama wanda sanadiyyar haka tasa a  cikin shekarar 1791 aka naɗa shi kwamandan battalion na Ajaccio National Guard. A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 1789, Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ta ayyana Corsica a matsayin wani bangare na [[Faransa]], inda ta kawo karshen mamayar sojojin da ta fara a 1769.   [[Fayil:David - Napoleon crossing the Alps - Malmaison1.jpg|thumb|Napoleon]] Kuma a lokacin ne faransa ta shiga cikin rikicin siyasa wanda ba'a taba ganin irin sa ba. Bayan faduwar Robespierre. Napoleon a shekara ta 1796, kafin aurensa da Josephine de Beauharnais, an sanya shi ya umurci sojoji a yaƙin neman zaɓen Italiya, lokacin da aka ƙara masa matsayi na mai dabarun yaki. ==Tarihin yaƙi== A ranar 21 ga Janairu, guillotine ya kashe Louis XVI a cikin Place des Revolutions, kuma Napoleon Bonaparte ya karɓi matsayin kyaftin ajin farko, ya shiga cikin murkushe Girondins da tawayen gwamnatin tarayya a biranen Marseille, Lyon da Toulon. A lokacin yaƙin Toulon, matashin kyaftin ɗin yana amfani da ƙwararan dabaru don cimma nasarar hambarar da masarautar. ===Kwamanda=== A ranar 2 ga Maris, 1796, an naɗa shi kwamandan sojojin Italiya kuma, ya kayar da Piedmontese da Austrian, ya yi sulhu tare da Yarjejeniyar Campoform (1797), ta haka ya aza harsashin ginin makomar masarautar italiya. ===Juyin mulki=== [[Fayil:Bonaparte premier Consul Gérard Chantilly.jpg|thumb|Napoleon]] A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 1799, ya sauka a San Rafael bayan ya dawo daga gwagwarmayar da yayi kuma a cikin lokacin ne  daga ranar 9 ga Nuwamba zuwa 10 ga Nuwamba (abin da ake kira watan 18 a kalandar juyin juya hali), bayan ya yi juyin mulki, ya kifar da tsohuwar gwamnati ,  ya sami nasara. Don haka ya zama mai  cikakken iko. A ranar 24 ga Disamba, an bude cibiyar karamin ofishin jakadanci, wanda shine lokacin da aka nada mukamin a karan farko. ===Shugaban ƙasa=== Ya zama Shugaban kasa, kuma an bawa Napoleon,  ikon yin aiki, ya sake fasalin tsarin gwamnati da adalci a lokacin rikon sa. Ya sake kayar da haɗin gwiwar Austrian, ya sanya wa Burtaniya zaman lafiya kuma ya sanya hannu kan Concordat tare da Pius VII a cikin 1801, wanda ya sanya cocin Faransa a cikin hidimar  gwamnati. Bayan haka, ya gano da kuma murƙushe makircin masarautar, a cikin 1804 an shelanta shi a matsayin  sarkin Faransa a ƙarƙashin sunan Napoleon 1. ==Masarauta== Don haka, an ƙirƙiri ainihin "masarautar" a kusa da shi tare da kotuna da mashahuran masarautu, yayin da tsarin da aka kafa ya ci gaba a ƙarƙashin sauye-sauye da sabuntawa: koyarwa, birni, tattalin arziki, fasaha, ƙirƙirar abin da ake kira "Napoleonic Code", wanda yana ba da tushen doka ga kamfani wanda ya fito bayan juyin juya hali. Amma ba da daɗewa ba Napoleon  ya shiga wasu yaƙe -yaƙe. Bayan ya kasa kaiwa Ingila hari a  Yakin Trafalgar, ya sami nasarar kammala jerin kamfe akan Austro-Russian (Austerlitz, 1805), Prussians (Jena, 1806) kuma ya gina babbar daularsa bayan Yarjejeniyar Tilsit a 1807 . A kowane lokaci ingila tana cigaba da zamowa Napoleon kaya , babban abin da ke kawo mata  cikas ga mulkinta na Turai. Shine  dangane da killace jiragen ruwa da London ta yi, Napoleon ya sanya shingen nahiya tsakanin 1806 zuwa 1808 don ware nahiyar dake da  babban iko. Toshewar tana karfafa masana'antar Faransanci da aikin gona, amma yana karya  tattalin arziƙin Turai kuma yana tilasta sarkin ya bi manufar ta faɗaɗa, sakamakon haka, daga Papal States zuwa Portugal da Spain, yana wucewa daga ikon sabon haɗin gwiwar Austria (Wagram 1809). A cikin 1810, Napoleon ya auri Maria Louise ta Austria, wacce ta haifa masa ɗa, Napoleon II. A cikin 1812, rundunar Napoleon ta mamaye Rasha. [[Fayil:Louvre Courtyard, Looking West.jpg|thumb]] Wanda wannan mamayar bata masa kyau ba domin ta jawo barna da zibar da jinin faransawa masu dinbin yawa, Napoleon da sojojin sa basuyi nasara ba wanda hakan tasa turai ma suka mamaye  sojojin Paris a ranar 4 ga Maris, 1814. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, aka tilasta wa Napoleon yin watsi da son iyalan sa sannan, a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1814, aka sauke shi akan ikon sa na sarki Kuma Shugaban kasa. ===Kora=== Aka kore shi akan kursiyin mulki (kujerar mulki) kuma shi kaɗai ba tare da iyalansa ko dan saba, an tilasta masa yin gudin hijira. Daga watan Mayun 1814 zuwa Maris 1815, a lokacin da aka tilasta masa zama a tsibirin Elba. Amma daga baya da Napoleon yaga Auatiachi da Prussians da British da Russia kansu ya rabu lokacin yakin. Sai ya yanke shawarar komawa. Napoleon ya sami nasarar komawa Faransa a cikin Maris 1815, bisa goyan bayan masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Ya dada komawa kan sarauta a karo na biyu amma baiyi nisa ba domin kwana dari kawai yayi a kan mulki. Domin kunno kan bala'in yakin Waterloo Don haka tarihi ya dada maimaita kansa, kuma a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1815, Napoleon ya sake sauka akan mulki. Yayin da ya koma hannin birtaniya kuma birtaniya ta daure shi a tsibiri mai nisa ,tsibirin Sant'Elena a matsayin kurkuku, inda, kafin mutuwarsa a ranar 5 ga Mayu, 1821. yakan tuna da tsibirinsa na Corsica na asali tare da nostalgia. Yayi na damar yake yaken sa wanda tsirarin mutanen daya zauna dasu suka fada. ==Mutuwa== A ranar 5 ga Mayu, 1821, wanda babu shakka shine babban janar kuma jagora Napoleon ya mutu shi kadai kuma anyi watsi dashi a Longwood. Akan Tsibirin Sant'Elen karkashin kulwar birtaniya. KALMOMIN  DA NAPOLEON BONAPARTE YAKE FADA Don zama babban jagora yana buƙatar zama ɗalibin nasara, kuma hanya mafi kyau da na sani ita ce sanin tarihi da tarihin maza waɗanda suka sami nasara. Don haka, gogewar su ta zama gwanina. Rashin mutuwa shine tinanin ka ya kasance a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar mutane. Wannan ra'ayin yana jagorantar manyan Nasarori. Gara kada ku rayu akan rashin nuna alamun kasancewar ku. Bai kamata ku saurari muryar zuciya ba idan tana iya cutar da mutane. A siyasa, maganar banza ba aibu ba ce. Wadanda ke tsoron kada a kayar da su za su iya tabbatar da nasara. Maza sun haɗu ne kawai ta hanyoyi biyu: tsoro da sha'awa. Daga daukaka zuwa abin dariya - mataki ɗaya kawai. Mutane masu haske sune meteors waɗanda aka ƙaddara su ƙone don haskaka shekarunsu. [[Fayil:Andrea Appiani, , Kaiserliche Schatzkammer Wien - Napoleon I. Bonaparte (1769-1821) als König von Italien - GG 2346 - Kunsthistorisches Museum.jpg|thumb|Napoleon]] Jama'a, da son rai, suna ɗaukar fansa don karramawa ko kaskantawa ga sarakuna. ==Manazarta== {{Hujja}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1769]] rc8hwzt8i7zw9dpzzkgwhoe2oasg3wi 822152 822151 2026-04-18T11:41:10Z Pharouqenr 25549 822152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Napoleon I of France by Andrea Appiani.jpg|alt=Hoton napeleoan|thumb]] '''Napoleone Bonaparte''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, 1769), a Ajaccio, Corsica, shine ɗa na biyu ga Carlo Buonaparte, lauyan zuri'ar Tuscan, da matar sa Letizia Ramolino, kyakkyawar mata wacce ta  haifi yara goma sha uku. Baban Napoleon ya gano yana son shiga aikin soja, sai ya yanke shawarar kai shi makarantar sojoji. ==Karatu== A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1779, aka kai  Napoleon makarantar soji ta Brienne, wurin da ake koyar da yaran manyan iyalai aikin soja wanda sarkin ne ya ɗau nauyin makarantar a waccan lokacin. An karbe shi, kuma yaci gaba da zama a makarantar harna tsawon shekara biyar. A watan [[Satumba]] na 1784, yana ɗan shekara goma sha biyar, an shigar da shi makarantar sojoji a Paris. Bayan shekara guda an ƙara masa girma zuwa ƙaramin Laftanar. yayin da a wanana lokacin turai tana fuskantar rikice -rikicen siyasa. ==Ayyuka== Bayan juyin juya halin [[faransa]] yayin da masu kishin Corsican sukayi  ta zubar da jini kuma suka kawo karshen tsohon tsarin mulki , Napoleon ma yana son bin ra'ayin sabon tsarin. Bayan kwace Bastille, Napoleon yayi ta yada sabon tsarin harma a tsibirin sa. Ya fada cikin rayuwar siyasa, ya gwabza da Pascal paoli (wanda ya ƙirƙiri sabon tsarin siyasar Corsica din kanta ). Ya samu kyaututtuka da dama wanda sanadiyyar haka tasa a  cikin shekarar 1791 aka naɗa shi kwamandan battalion na Ajaccio National Guard. A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 1789, Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ta ayyana Corsica a matsayin wani bangare na [[Faransa]], inda ta kawo karshen mamayar sojojin da ta fara a 1769.   [[Fayil:David - Napoleon crossing the Alps - Malmaison1.jpg|thumb|Napoleon]] Kuma a lokacin ne faransa ta shiga cikin rikicin siyasa wanda ba'a taba ganin irin sa ba. Bayan faduwar Robespierre. Napoleon a shekara ta 1796, kafin aurensa da Josephine de Beauharnais, an sanya shi ya umurci sojoji a yaƙin neman zaɓen Italiya, lokacin da aka ƙara masa matsayi na mai dabarun yaki. ==Tarihin yaƙi== A ranar 21 ga Janairu, guillotine ya kashe Louis XVI a cikin Place des Revolutions, kuma Napoleon Bonaparte ya karɓi matsayin kyaftin ajin farko, ya shiga cikin murkushe Girondins da tawayen gwamnatin tarayya a biranen Marseille, Lyon da Toulon. A lokacin yaƙin Toulon, matashin kyaftin ɗin yana amfani da ƙwararan dabaru don cimma nasarar hambarar da masarautar. ===Kwamanda=== A ranar 2 ga Maris, 1796, an naɗa shi kwamandan sojojin Italiya kuma, ya kayar da Piedmontese da Austrian, ya yi sulhu tare da Yarjejeniyar Campoform (1797), ta haka ya aza harsashin ginin makomar masarautar italiya. ===Juyin mulki=== [[Fayil:Bonaparte premier Consul Gérard Chantilly.jpg|thumb|Napoleon]] A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 1799, ya sauka a San Rafael bayan ya dawo daga gwagwarmayar da yayi kuma a cikin lokacin ne  daga ranar 9 ga Nuwamba zuwa 10 ga Nuwamba (abin da ake kira watan 18 a kalandar juyin juya hali), bayan ya yi juyin mulki, ya kifar da tsohuwar gwamnati ,  ya sami nasara. Don haka ya zama mai  cikakken iko. A ranar 24 ga Disamba, an bude cibiyar karamin ofishin jakadanci, wanda shine lokacin da aka nada mukamin a karan farko. ===Shugaban ƙasa=== Ya zama Shugaban kasa, kuma an bawa Napoleon,  ikon yin aiki, ya sake fasalin tsarin gwamnati da adalci a lokacin rikon sa. Ya sake kayar da haɗin gwiwar Austrian, ya sanya wa Burtaniya zaman lafiya kuma ya sanya hannu kan Concordat tare da Pius VII a cikin 1801, wanda ya sanya cocin Faransa a cikin hidimar  gwamnati. Bayan haka, ya gano da kuma murƙushe makircin masarautar, a cikin 1804 an shelanta shi a matsayin  sarkin Faransa a ƙarƙashin sunan Napoleon 1. ==Masarauta== Don haka, an ƙirƙiri ainihin "masarautar" a kusa da shi tare da kotuna da mashahuran masarautu, yayin da tsarin da aka kafa ya ci gaba a ƙarƙashin sauye-sauye da sabuntawa: koyarwa, birni, tattalin arziki, fasaha, ƙirƙirar abin da ake kira "Napoleonic Code", wanda yana ba da tushen doka ga kamfani wanda ya fito bayan juyin juya hali. Amma ba da daɗewa ba Napoleon  ya shiga wasu yaƙe -yaƙe. Bayan ya kasa kaiwa Ingila hari a  Yakin Trafalgar, ya sami nasarar kammala jerin kamfe akan Austro-Russian (Austerlitz, 1805), Prussians (Jena, 1806) kuma ya gina babbar daularsa bayan Yarjejeniyar Tilsit a 1807 . A kowane lokaci ingila tana cigaba da zamowa Napoleon kaya , babban abin da ke kawo mata  cikas ga mulkinta na Turai. Shine  dangane da killace jiragen ruwa da London ta yi, Napoleon ya sanya shingen nahiya tsakanin 1806 zuwa 1808 don ware nahiyar dake da  babban iko. Toshewar tana karfafa masana'antar Faransanci da aikin gona, amma yana karya  tattalin arziƙin Turai kuma yana tilasta sarkin ya bi manufar ta faɗaɗa, sakamakon haka, daga Papal States zuwa Portugal da Spain, yana wucewa daga ikon sabon haɗin gwiwar Austria (Wagram 1809). A cikin 1810, Napoleon ya auri Maria Louise ta Austria, wacce ta haifa masa ɗa, Napoleon II. A cikin 1812, rundunar Napoleon ta mamaye Rasha. [[Fayil:Louvre Courtyard, Looking West.jpg|thumb]] Wanda wannan mamayar bata masa kyau ba domin ta jawo barna da zibar da jinin faransawa masu dinbin yawa, Napoleon da sojojin sa basuyi nasara ba wanda hakan tasa turai ma suka mamaye  sojojin Paris a ranar 4 ga Maris, 1814. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, aka tilasta wa Napoleon yin watsi da son iyalan sa sannan, a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1814, aka sauke shi akan ikon sa na sarki Kuma Shugaban kasa. ===Kora=== Aka kore shi akan kursiyin mulki (kujerar mulki) kuma shi kaɗai ba tare da iyalansa ko dan saba, an tilasta masa yin gudin hijira. Daga watan Mayun 1814 zuwa Maris 1815, a lokacin da aka tilasta masa zama a tsibirin Elba. Amma daga baya da Napoleon yaga Auatiachi da Prussians da British da Russia kansu ya rabu lokacin yakin. Sai ya yanke shawarar komawa. Napoleon ya sami nasarar komawa Faransa a cikin Maris 1815, bisa goyan bayan masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Ya dada komawa kan sarauta a karo na biyu amma baiyi nisa ba domin kwana dari kawai yayi a kan mulki. Domin kunno kan bala'in yakin Waterloo Don haka tarihi ya dada maimaita kansa, kuma a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1815, Napoleon ya sake sauka akan mulki. Yayin da ya koma hannin birtaniya kuma birtaniya ta daure shi a tsibiri mai nisa ,tsibirin Sant'Elena a matsayin kurkuku, inda, kafin mutuwarsa a ranar 5 ga Mayu, 1821. yakan tuna da tsibirinsa na Corsica na asali tare da nostalgia. Yayi na damar yake yaken sa wanda tsirarin mutanen daya zauna dasu suka fada. ==Mutuwa== A ranar 5 ga Mayu, 1821, wanda babu shakka shine babban janar kuma jagora Napoleon ya mutu shi kadai kuma anyi watsi dashi a Longwood. Akan Tsibirin Sant'Elen karkashin kulwar birtaniya. KALMOMIN  DA NAPOLEON BONAPARTE YAKE FADA Don zama babban jagora yana buƙatar zama ɗalibin nasara, kuma hanya mafi kyau da na sani ita ce sanin tarihi da tarihin maza waɗanda suka sami nasara. Don haka, gogewar su ta zama gwanina. Rashin mutuwa shine tinanin ka ya kasance a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar mutane. Wannan ra'ayin yana jagorantar manyan Nasarori. Gara kada ku rayu akan rashin nuna alamun kasancewar ku. Bai kamata ku saurari muryar zuciya ba idan tana iya cutar da mutane. A siyasa, maganar banza ba aibu ba ce. Wadanda ke tsoron kada a kayar da su za su iya tabbatar da nasara. Maza sun haɗu ne kawai ta hanyoyi biyu: tsoro da sha'awa. Daga daukaka zuwa abin dariya - mataki ɗaya kawai. Mutane masu haske sune meteors waɗanda aka ƙaddara su ƙone don haskaka shekarunsu. [[Fayil:Andrea Appiani, , Kaiserliche Schatzkammer Wien - Napoleon I. Bonaparte (1769-1821) als König von Italien - GG 2346 - Kunsthistorisches Museum.jpg|thumb|Napoleon]] Jama'a, da son rai, suna ɗaukar fansa don karramawa ko kaskantawa ga sarakuna. ==Manazarta== {{Hujja}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1769]] mqz959jur6s4gsgnwjbmywpktqsbtnc 0 8708 821990 728473 2026-04-17T18:34:23Z M Bash Ne 12403 821990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:OandoPetrolStation.jpg |thumb| Gidan mai mallakar kamfanin]] [[File:Global_Shapers_Multilateral_with_Wale_Tinubu,_CEO,_Oando_(26038451168).jpg |thumb| Ma'aikatan Global Shapers Multilateral tare da Wale Tinubu, shugaban kamfanin Oando]] '''Oando''' babban Kamfani ne dake Ƙasar [[Nijeriya]] kuma yanada rassa daban-daban dake cikin ƙasar a kusan duk jihohi. Kamfanin Oando babban kamfanin dake saida man fetur, Kalanzir, bakin Mai ne dama sauransu. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Kamfanoni]] iy1nxztu2r0i2caas8jgk006cj8g9z8 0 8920 822056 559425 2026-04-18T05:28:03Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:El_Faleh_(221650625).jpeg|El_Faleh_(221650625).jpeg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:El Faleh (221650625).jpeg|]]. 822056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Riyadh''' da Larabci|'''''الرياض'''''|, ''ar-Riyāḍ'', <small>[[Najdi Arabic|Najdi]] itace babban birnin kasar [[Saudiya]] kuma garin dakeda mafi yawan al'ummah, fadin Kasar yakai kimanin kilomita 790&nbsp;km (491&nbsp;mi), tana nan ne a arewa maso gabashin [[Makkah]]. Kuma, harwayau itace babban birnin [[Riyadh Province]] kuma tana cikin garuruwan tarihin [[Najd]] da [[Al-Yamama]]. taba nan ne a tsakiyar [[Arabian Peninsula]] akan wani babban plateau, yawan al'umman garin sunfi miliyan shida (6,000,000).<ref>cite web|url=http://www.arriyadh.com/eng/|title=About{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} arriyadh|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=</ref> Ankasa birnin zuwa gundumomi 15, wanda shugaban birnin ke kula dasu, wato shugaban Riyadh da kuma hukumar cigaban birnin Riyadh, wanda gwamnan shine [[Faisal bin Bandar Al Saud]]. Shugaban ta na yanzu shine Ibrahim Mohammed Al-Sultan. Riyadh itama tana daga cikin biranen Duniya kyawawa.<ref>cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2016t.html|title=The{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} World According to GaWC 2016</ref> <gallery> File:Downtown_Riyadh_Through_A_Dusty_Windshield_(221506271).jpeg|Birnin Riyadh File:Fishing_in_Dammam_(5123213813).jpg|Kamun kifi a Riyadh File:K.K.I.A_-TR-3_-_panoramio.jpg|An hango birnin Riyadh File:Masmak_Fort_(221650667).jpeg|Masmark Ford File:Riyadh_(6374689731).jpg|Riyadh File:Riyadh_02918.JPG|Grain Riyadh File:Riyadh_fortress_(12753756423).jpg|Ganuwar Riyadh File:Riyadh_from_kingdom_tower.jpg|Anholango birnin Riyadh daga Kingdom tower File:Riyadh_Sky_(63768841).jpeg|Samaniyan Riyadh File:Stadtautobahn_Riyadh_Saudi_Arabien.jpg File:The_Main_Water_Reservoir,_Muzahimiyah_(1396514141).jpg|Matattarar ruwa a Riyadh File:View_Mamlaka_Tower.jpg|Mamlaka tower File:%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9_04.JPG|kasuwa a Riyadh File:%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_-_panoramio.jpg </gallery> ==Tarihi== ===Farkon Tarihi=== Lokacin zamanin [[Jahiliyya]] birnin dayake a waccan lokaci a inda ake kira Riyadh ayanzu itace ''Hajr'' (حجر), kuma an ruwaito cewar kabilar [[Banu Hanifa]] ne suka kafa ta. Hajr itace babban birnin yankin [[Al-Yamamah]] Wanda gwamnoninta sukeda hurimin gudanar da yawaicin tsakiya da gabashin [[Arabia]] Lokacin zamanin [[Umayyad]] da [[Abbasid]]. Al-Yamamah ta balle daga cikin [[Daular Abbasid]] a 866 sannan garin yafada ƙarƙashin mulkin [[Ukhaydhirites]], Wanda suka canja birnin daga Hajr zuwa kusan da [[Al-Kharj]]. Daga nan garin yashiga cibaya na tsawon lokaci. A karni na 14th, matafiyin nan na Arewacin Afirka [[Ibn Battuta]] yayi rubutu akan ziyararsa zuwa Hajr, inda kuma ya bayyana ta da "Babban birnin Al-Yamamah, kuma sunan ta itace Hajr". Ibn Battuta ya cigaba da bayyana garin a matsayin birnin canals da itatuwa Wanda yawan al'ummah ta ke daga cikin [[Bani Hanifa]], yace yacigaba da tafiya da Shugaban su har zuwa [[Makkah]] da yin aikin [[Hajji]]. Daga baya, garin Hajr ya balle zuwa kananan gidaje da unguwanni, daga cikin shahararrunsu akwai ''Migrin'' (ko ''Muqrin'') da ''Mi'kal'', dukda sunan ''Hajr'' an cigaba da amfani dashi acikin wakokin mawakan garin. Abinda aka dogara dashi dangane da sunan ''Riyadh'' na farko yazone da jerin bukukuwa da aka ruwaito tun a karni na 17th a shekarar 1590. A 1737, Deham ibn Dawwas, Dan gudun hijira dake unguwan [[Manfuha]], ya karbe ikon gudanarwar Riyadh. Ibn Dawwas ya Gina Katanga daya data zagaye the various oasis town in the area, Wanda tazamar dasu cikekken gari dunkulalliya. Sunan "Riyadh," dake nufin "lambuna". ===Kasar Saudiya ta Uku=== {{Gyara Fassara}} [[File:1922 map Riyadh by Philby.png|thumb|1922 map of Riyadh]] A 1744, [[Muhammad ibn Abdel Wahhab]] yayi hadaka da [[Muhammad ibn Saud]], Shugaban garin dake kusa [[Diriyah]]. Ibn Saud ya shirya kwace sauran yankin da burin shigo da ita karkashin mulkin kasar musulunci daya. Ibn Dawwas na Riyadh led the most determined resistance, da hadin gwiwa da mayaka daga [[al-Kharj|Al Kharj]], [[Al-Hasa|Al Ahsa]], da kuma [[Banu Yam]] clan of [[Najran]]. However, Ibn Dawwas fled and Riyadh capitulated to the Saudiya a 1774, Wanda yakawo karshen dogon Lokacin da akai tayi, kuma yakaiga kaddamar da [[First Saudi State]], tareda Diriyah a matsayin babban birni. First Saudi State an lalata ta daga sojojin da [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt]] ya turo, kuma sunyi hakan ne karkashin [[Ottoman Empire]]. Mayakan Ottoman razed the Saudi capital [[Diriyah]] in 1818. They had maintained a garrison at [[Najd]]. This marked the decline of the House of Saud for a short time.(sfn|Farsy|1990|p=14) [[Turki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad]] became the first Amir of the [[Second Saudi State]]; the cousin of Saud bin Saud, he ruled for 19 years till 1834, leading to the consolidation of the area though they were notionally under the control of the Muhammad Ali, the Viceroy of Egypt.(sfn|Farsy|1990|p=14) In 1823, Turki ibn Abdallah chose Riyadh as the new capital.<ref name=Report>cite book|title=The Report: Saudi Arabia 2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gMPjxHzG1xQC&pg=PA208|publisher=Oxford Business Group|isbn=978-1-902339-00-9|page=208}}</ref> Following the assassination of Turki in 1834, his eldest son Faisal killed the assassin and took control, and refused to be controlled by the [[Viceroy of Egypt]]. Najd was then invaded and Faisal taken captive and held in [[Cairo]]. However, as [[Egypt]] became independent of the Ottoman Empire, Faisal escaped after five years of incarceration, returned to Najd and resumed his reign, ruled till 1865, and consolidated the reign of House of Saud.(sfn|Farsy|1990|p=14) Following the death of Faisal, there was rivalry among his sons which situation was exploited by [[Rashidi dynasty|Muhammad bin Rashid]] who took most of Najd, signed a treaty with the Ottomans and also captured [[Al-Hasa|Hasa]] in 1871. In 1889, [[Abdul Rahman bin Faisal]], the third son of Faisal again regained control over Najd and ruled till 1891, whereafter the control was regained by Muhammad bin Raschid.(sfn|Farsy|1990|p=14) Internecine struggles between Turki's grandsons led to the fall of the Second Saudi State in 1891 at the hand of the rival [[Rashidi dynasty|Al Rashid]] clan, which ruled from the northern city of [[Ha'il]]. The [[al-Masmak]] fort dates from that period.<ref name=Report/> Abdul Rahman bin Faisal al-Saud had sought refuge among a tribal community on the outskirts of Najd and then went to [[Kuwait]] with his family and stayed in exile. However, his son [[Ibn Saud|Abdul Aziz]] retrieved his ancestral kingdom of Najd in 1902 and consolidated his rule by 1926, and further expanded his kingdom to cover "most of the Arabian Peninsula."(sfn|Farsy|1990|p=15) He named his kingdom as [[Saudi Arabia]] in September 1932(sfn|Farsy|1990|p=15) with Riyadh as the capital.(sfn|Facey|1992|p=271) King Abdul Aziz died in 1953 and his son Saud took control as per the established succession rule of father to son from the time Muhammad bin Saud had established the Saud rule in 1744. However, this established line of succession was broken when King Saud was succeeded by his brother King Faisal in 1964. In 1975, Faisal was succeeded by his brother King Khalid. In 1982, King Fahd took the reins from his brother. This new line of succession is among the sons of King Abdul Aziz who has 35 sons; this large family of Ibn Saud hold all key positions in the large kingdom.(sfn|Farsy|1990|p=15) ===Tarihi na Zamani=== {{Gyara Fassara}} daga 1940s, Riyadh "mushroomed" daga wani karamin gari da aka wasar dashi zuwa wani ishashen metropolis.<ref>sfn|Elsheshtawy|2008|p=124</ref> sanda sarkin [[Saud of Saudi Arabia|Shah Saud]] ya hau mulki, ya mayar da kudurinsa canja fasalin Riyadh zuwa tazamani, kuma yafara cigaban Annasriyyah, cibiyar fadar sarautar garin, a 1950.<ref>sfn|Elsheshtawy|2008|p=124</ref> biyo bayan misalai kamar birnin American, sabbin garuruwan dake dukkanin unguwan nin anyi sune samfarin grid-like squares of a chess board kuma aka sadar dasu da manyan hanyoyi da suka shiga zuwa cikin garin. Samfarin na grid pattern a birnin an shigo dashi a 1953.<ref>sfn|Elsheshtawy|2008|p=124</ref> Karin yawan al'ummah garin yacigaba da karuwa daga 1974-1992 averaged 8.2 percent a duk shekara. Tun a 1990s, ansamu jerin terrorist attacks akan YAN garin da baki da kuma samun zanga-zanga akan gidan masarautar garin. A 13 November 1995, wani bam a mota daya tashi a wajen wani aji na Saudi National Guard yakashe mutane shida, tareda jikkata mutum sama da 60.<ref>cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9511/saudi_blast/11am/|title=Ambassador{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}: Car bomb destroyed military building|publisher=CNN|date=13 November 1995|accessdate=22 November 201é</ref> A 12 May 2003, mutum 34 sun mutu a [[Riyadh compound bombings|series of suicide attacks]] harin da akakai kan YAN Amurika. A 8 November 2003, a suicide truck bomb attack in the Muhiya residential area with Saudis and Arab foreigners was responsible for killing 18 and injuring 122 people. [[Al-Qaeda]] has claimed responsibility for the attacks. On 23 June 2006, Saudi security forces stormed a suspected hideout of al-Qaeda in the neighborhood of al-Nakhil; a bloody battle ensued during which six extremists and a policeman were killed.<ref>cite book|title=MEED|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4uhHAAAAYAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Economic{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} East Economic Digest, Limited|page=3</ref> The current mayor of Riyadh is Ibrahim Mohammed Al Sultan, an experienced transport official. He was appointed mayor in 2015.<ref>cite web|url=http://www.alriyadh.gov.sa/en/members/Pages/member6.aspx|title=ENG {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921074505/https://www.alriyadh.gov.sa/en/members/Pages/member6.aspx%7Ctitle%3DENG |date=2021-09-21 }}. Turki bin Abdullah Al saud|publisher=Riyadh Municipal Government|accessdate=22 November 2013</ref> Riyadh has the largest all-female university in the world, the [[Princess Nora bint Abdul Rahman University]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Miller|first=David|title=Saudi Arabia opens world's largest women's university|url=http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=220949|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|accessdate=17 January 2012</ref> Riyadh is now the administrative and to a great extent the commercial hub of the Kingdom. According to the [[Saudi Real Estate Companion]], most large companies in the country establish either sole headquarters or a large office in the city.<ref>Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/Saudi-Real-Estate-Companion-Essential-ebook/dp/B01DTNO0SC|title=Saudi Real Estate Companion: Essential Real Estate Skills for the Saudi Arabian Market|last=Mueller|first=H. E.|last2=Williams|first2=A. D.|date=2016-04-04|publisher=Booktango|language=English</ref> For this reason, there has been a significant growth in high rise developments in all areas of the city. Most notable among these is [[King Abdullah Financial District]] which is fast becoming the key business hub in the city.<ref>cite web|url=http://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-43069-interserve-mena-chief-hopeful-of-saudi-fms-growth/|title=Interserve MENA chief hopeful of Saudi FM's growth {{!}} ConstructionWeekOnline.com|last=Bhatia|first=Neha|website=www.constructionweekonline.com|access-date=2017-05-30}}</ref> According to the [[Global Financial Centres Index]], Riyadh ranked at 77 in 2016-2017. Though the rank moved up to 69 in 2018, diversification in the economy of the capital is required in order to avoid what the [[World Bank]] called a "looming poverty crisis" brought on by lingering low oil prices and rich state benefits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/08/21/saudi-arabia-is-backsliding-in-effort-to-build-global-financial-center.html|title=Saudi Arabia is stumbling in its efforts to build a global financial center|publisher=CNBC|accessdate=21 August 2018}}</ref> Since 2017, Riyadh has been the target of missiles from Yemen.<ref>{{cite news |last=Almosawa |first=Shuaib |first2=Anna |last2=Barnard |date=4 November 2017 |title=Saudis Intercept Missile Fired From Yemen That Came Close to Riyadh |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/04/world/middleeast/missile-saudi-arabia-riyadh.html |work=New York Times |location=United States |access-date=9 May 2018 }}<br/>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=Associated Press |title=Yemeni rebel ballistic missile targeting Riyadh intercepted, Saudi forces say |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/saudi-forces-intercept-ballistic-missile-targeting-riyadh-houthis/ |work=CBS News |location=United States |date=11 April 2018 |access-date=9 May 2018 }}</ref> In March 2018, one person died as a result of a missile attack.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Saudi Arabia: Houthi missile attack kills Egyptian in Riyadh |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/03/yemen-houthi-rebels-fire-ballistic-missile-riyadh-180325211734660.html |work=Al Jazeera |location=Qatar |date=26 March 2018 |access-date=9 May 2018 }}</ref> The number of missiles which targeted Riyadh are a small portion of the dozens of missiles fired from Yemen at Saudi Arabia due to the [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]].<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=Associated Press |title=Loud booms in Saudi Arabia's capital as military intercepts missiles from Yemen: report |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2018/05/09/loud-booms-in-saudi-arabias-capital-as-military-intercepts-missiles-from-yemen-report.html |work=Fox News |location=United States |date=9 May 2018 |access-date=9 May 2018 }}</ref> In April 2018, heavy gunfire was heard in Khozama;<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Saudi forces shoot down 'toy drone' near royal palace |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/04/saudi-gunfire-police-shoot-toy-drone-royal-palace-180421201413596.html |work= Al Jazeera |date=21 April 2018 |access-date=23 May 2018 }}<br/>{{cite news |first=Kareem |last=Fahim |first2=Loveday |last2=Morris |title=After rare gunfire in Saudi capital, officials say they shot down a toy drone |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/after-rare-gunfire-in-saudi-capital-officials-say-they-shot-down-a-toy-drone/2018/04/21/c736c60a-459d-11e8-b2dc-b0a403e4720a_story.html |work=Washington Post |location= |date=21 May 2018 |access-date=23 May 2018 }}<br/>{{cite news |first1=Rania |last1=El Gamal |first2=Stephen |last2=Kalin |title=Saudi security shoots down recreational drone near royal palace |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-security/saudi-security-shoots-down-recreational-drone-near-royal-palace-idUSKBN1HS0PZ |work=Reuters |location= |date=21 April 2018 |access-date=23 May 2018 }}</ref> this led to rumors of a coup attempt.<ref>{{cite news |first=Sonam |last=Sheth |first2=Michelle |last2=Mark |title=Confusion erupts after a 'small, drone-type' object was apparently shot down near the king's palace in Saudi Arabia |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/saudi-arabia-king-evacuated-gunfire-riyadh-2018-4?r=UK&IR=T |work=Business Insider |location= |date=22 April 2018 |access-date=23 May 2018 }}<br/>{{cite news |first=Mina |last=Aldroubi |title=Saudi Arabia dismisses rumours of coup attempt |url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/saudi-arabia-dismisses-rumours-of-coup-attempt-1.723754 |work=The National |location= |date=22 April 2018 |access-date=23 May 2018 }}<br/>{{cite news |first=Megan |last=Specia |title=Saudi Arabia Says Toy Drone Shot Down in Capital Riyadh |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/21/world/saudi-drone-riyadh.html |work=New York Times |location= |date=21 April 2018 |access-date=23 May 2018 }}</ref> <div style="overflow:auto;margin:0 2.5em"> {|style="margin:0 auto;" |<div style="overflow:auto;height:400px;">[[File:Night_view_of_City_Riyadh_from_Hauptstadt_Saudi_Arabiens_-_panoramio.jpg|center|1200px|Panoramic night view of Riyadh]]</div> |} </div> {{Asiya}} == Anazarci == {{DEFAULTSORT:Riyadh}} [[Category:Biranen Saudiyya]] rphrx3se3qgexbc8bslh0bo5q87w3lj 0 10151 822113 598703 2026-04-18T09:52:50Z K Bogi 44093 822113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Real Madrid players in 1902-1908.jpg|thumb|ƴan wasar real Madrid a shekara ta 1902-1908]] [[File:Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid 28 September 2013 02.jpg|thumb|real madrid da atletico madrid suna fafatawa a 28 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2013]] [[File:Real Madrid Kaka-2.jpg|thumb|ɗan wasar riyal madrid (Kaka)]] [[File:Real Madrid's Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid, Spain (Ank Kumar) 01.jpg|thumb|sitadiyom ɗin Real Madrid A Supaniya ( Real Madrid stadium at Spain)]] [[File:Real Madrid - Barça (3495454182).jpg|thumb|hoton real Madrid a gida]] [[Fayil:Real Madrid CF (ancien logo).svg|thumb|Hoton tambarin real madri]] [[Fayil:Real Madrid players in 1902-1908.jpg|thumb|yan kwallan real na farko]] [[Fayil:Di stefano real madrid cf (cropped).png|thumb|Hoton Dan kwalo stefano]] [[Fayil:Real Madrid celebration after winning the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final DSC 0494 (41680976994).jpg|thumb|hoyon shugaban real da yan kwalonsa]] [[Fayil:Di stefano real madrid cf (cropped)bw.png|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pasillo Real Madrid - F.C. Barcelona.jpg|thumb|hoton tawagar yan kwslon real da barca]] [[Fayil:Forcejeo Real Madrid - FC Barcelona.jpg|thumb|hoton real da barca lokacin wasa]] [[Fayil:Zinedine Zidane's 1998 Ballon d'Or trophy, Real Madrid Museum, Santiago Bernabéu, Madrid, Spain (Ank Kumar, Infosys Limited) 01.jpg|thumb|hoton kambjn baland or ta zidane]] [[Fayil:Real Madrid FC 1949.jpg|thumb|Hoton tawagar real a 1949]] [[Fayil:Real Madrid C.F. the Winner Of The Champions League in 2018 (1).jpg|thumb|hoton murnar Ashe kofin nshiyat turai a 2018]] [[Fayil:El Real Madrid ofreció la Undécima a los madridistas.webm|thumb|hogon shugan real da yan jarida]] '''[[Emad Hamdy PP|Emab]] Madrid Club de Fútbol''' "Royal Madrid Football Club"), Ana kuma kiran ta da '''Real Madrid''', kungiyar kwararrun kwalon kafa ne dake zaune a birnin [[Madrid]], kasar [[Ispaniya]]. An kafa ƙungiyar a ranar 6 ga watan Maris, shekarar 1902 da sunan Madrid Football Club, kungiyar daman ta kasan ce tun kafuwar ta kayan sawan ýan'wasan ta fari ne. Kalmar ''real'' daga harshen spaniya ne dake nufin "royal" wato ''sarauta'' kuma an laka ba masu sunan ne daga [[Alfonso XIII of Spain|King Alfonso XIII]] a shekarar 1920 tare da royal crown in the emblem.Kulub din na wasan ta a fili mai daukan mutane 81,044 wato [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium]] dake Madrid tun daga shekarar 1947.Real Madrid kulub bakamar sauran kungiyoyin wasannin dake nahiyar turai bane, Dan kuwa waɗanda suka mallake ta tun a farko,Sune suka cigaba da kula da kuma Jan ragamar ta har yanzu. members ('socios'). The club was estimated to be [[Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|worth]] €3.47&nbsp;billion ($4.1&nbsp;billion) in 2018, and in the 2016–17 season it was the [[Deloitte Football Money League|second highest-earning]] football club in the world, with an annual revenue of €674.6&nbsp;million.<ref name="Deloitte">{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title = The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams | url = https://www.forbes.com/soccer-valuations/ | publisher = Forbes}}</ref><ref name="Sports teams">{{cite news. |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2013/07/15/real-madrid-tops-the-worlds-most-valuable-sports-teams/ | title=Real Madrid Tops The World's Most Valuable Sports Teams |date=15 July 2013 |accessdate=13 December 2013 |agency=Forbes| first=Kurt | last=Badenhausen}}</ref> The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world.<ref>[https://azscore.ng/football/leagues/europe/uefa-champions-league UEFA Champions League] </ref><ref>Dongfeng Liu, Girish Ramchandani (2012). "The Global Economics of Sport". p. 65. Routledge,</ref> Real Madrid is one of three founding members of [[La Liga]] that have [[List of unrelegated association football clubs|never been relegated]] from the top division since its inception in 1929, along with [[Athletic Bilbao]] and [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]. The club holds many long-standing rivalries, most notably ''[[El Clásico]]'' with Barcelona and ''[[Madrid Derby|El Derbi]]'' with [[Atlético Madrid]]. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Champions League A 16.JPG|Champions League A 16 File:Bernabeu en un Madrid-Atleti.JPG|Bernabeu en un Madrid-Atleti File:Real madrid champions.jpg </gallery> ==Manazarta== <references/> {{DEFAULTSORT:FC, Real Madrid}} [[Category:Kungiyoyin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] mtpvdyb4o0n12oswdugx4jfq92ewac9 0 10167 821986 814531 2026-04-17T18:14:28Z Joserpkm 35450 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 821986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 27.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 16.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 12.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 13.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 24.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 04.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 22.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 03.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester City FC trophies displayed at the Renzo Barbera Stadium 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester external view.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Manchester United FC - Manchester City FC, 25 October 2015 - 04.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 10.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:City of Manchester Stadium Wikivoyage banner.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Etihad Stadium, Manchester City Football Club (Ank Kumar, Infosys) 27.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Arsenal vs Manchester City (2013).jpg|thumb]] '''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ta kasance kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawanta na gida mai launin girgije tun a shekarar 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu. Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su 2020-2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya. ==Tarihi== An kafa ƙungiyar a shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin 1880, ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League a shekara ta 1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] a 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob din ta fada cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football. [[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]] [[File:2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]] [[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]] Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta 2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City a shekara ta 2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group suka saya a £210&nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]]. Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta 2017–18 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> a shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref>. [[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA a 2011]] Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby. ===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko=== City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu a 1899; tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko. Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a 23 ga Afrilu 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA; 'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja. A shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai a 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United. Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar a 1920, kuma a cikin 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side. A cikin shekarun 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton a 1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth a 1934. A lokacin gudu na 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila. tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga. fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin. Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, a 1955 da 1956; kamar yadda a cikin 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu. Wasan karshe na 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani. ===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya=== Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin Janairu 1965. A lokacin bazara na 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison . A kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin 1967–68, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United. Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA a 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze 2–1 a 1970 na wasan karshe. Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-23. Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda. Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na 1974. Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar 1973-74 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa. Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu. Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne a shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League. Wani dogon lokaci na biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 da 1970. Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu a shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley. Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai. Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi. Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin 1983 da 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko a 1989 kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar a 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid. Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa. City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a 1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su a 1996. mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan 1. FC Magdeburg ta [[Jamus]]. ===Farfadowa ta biyu=== Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi. Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham. Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya. Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar. tsari. Kakar 2002–03 ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–04, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester. Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur. Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2008; Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu. A shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi. Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare. Sannan, a cikin Agusta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni. Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa; Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5. Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA. A lokacin bazara na 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott. A cikin Disamba 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja. City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. ===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola=== Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa. City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA a shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke. City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976. A ranar karshe ta kakar 2010-2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage. An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasa ta 2011–12, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga. A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu. Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada. Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai. A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini. Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa. A shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa. Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2014–15 sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin 2015–16, kodayake kakar 2015–16 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko. Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa. Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama. rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya. Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola. Tsakanin wasannin 2017-18 da 2022-23 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019-20. Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021. A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi. Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda. A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko. A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758</ref> Kakar 2022-23 ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar. Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336</ref> Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League. A cikin 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa. a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.<ref>https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings</ref> A cikin 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa. A shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar. bincike, kuma saboda wannan "tsanani mai tsanani" ya ci tarar kulob din. A cikin 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18. ===Tarihin gasar=== *1892–1899 Division 2 (L2) *1899–1902 Division 1 (L1) *1902–1903 Division 2 (L2) *1903–1909 Division 1 (L1) *1909–1910 Division 2 (L2) *1910–1926 Division 1 (L1) *1926–1928 Division 2 (L2) *1928–1938 Division 1 (L1) *1938–1947 Division 2 (L2) *1947–1950 Division 1 (L1) *1950–1951 Division 2 (L2) *1951–1963 Division 1 (L1) *1963–1966 Division 2 (L2) *1966–1983 Division 1 (L1) *1983–1985 Division 2 (L2) *1985–1987 Division 1 (L1) *1987–1989 Division 2 (L2) *1989–1992 Division 1 (L1) *1992–1996 Premier League (L1) *1996–1998 Division 1 (L2) *1998–1999 Division 2 (L3) *1999–2000 Division 1 (2) *2000–2001 Premier League (L1) *2001–2002 Division 1 (L2) *2002– Premier League (L1) ==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob== Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari. Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki; duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama. Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun 1892 ko kuma baya. Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka. gefen coci. Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka. Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]] h4glk68apn8r8qx7vy8pjhg6r4nlkqh 0 10211 822092 736487 2026-04-18T09:42:18Z K Bogi 44093 822092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Long khanh fallen.jpg|thumb|Yakin Duniya]] [[File:Willem van de Velde II - Dutch men-o'-war and other shipping in a calm.jpg|thumb|Ayarin Sojin Holland]] [[File:A Finnish Maxim M-32 machine gun nest during the Winter War.jpg|thumb|Sojoji sun yi kwantan bauna]] '''Yaƙin Duniya na I''' da turanci ''World War I'' (ana kintse sunan '''WWI''' ko '''WW1'''), kuma ana kiran shi da ''First World War'' da turanci wato '''Yaƙin Duniya na Farko''' kuma '''''Great''' War'' wato '''Babban Yaƙi''',wani yaƙin Duniya ne da ya faro daga nahiyar [[Turai]] wanda aka fara tun daga 28 ga watan Juli na shekara ta alif ɗari 1914 har zuwa 11 ga watan Nuwanban shekarar 1918. Wanda kuma ayanzu ake danganta shi da suna ''"the war to end all wars"'' wato ''Yaƙin da zai tsaida Yaƙoƙi'',<ref>{{cite news |date=10 November 1998 |title=The war to end all wars |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1998/10/98/world_war_i/198172.stm}}</ref> ya kai ga hada fiye da miliyan 70&nbsp;million na [[ma'aikatan soja]], da miliyan 60 na Turawa, wanda yasa yazama ɗaya daga cikin babban yaƙi ɗaya daga cikin yaƙin da aka rasa rayuka da dama a tarihi, an ƙiyasta kusan mutane miliyan 9 [[Mayaƙa]] aka rasa da miliyan 7 na farin hula waɗanda suka mutu sanadiyar yaƙin, wanda ya haifar da kisan kiyashi da cutar wa. Kuma yayi sanadiyar rasa rayukan Mutane miliyan 50 zuwa 100 a duniya baki ɗaya.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Rachel |title=Dual Threat: The Spanish Influenza and World War I |date=2014 |publisher=Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange |location=University of Tennessee Thesis |pages=4–10 |url=https://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=2761&context=utk_chanhonoproj |accessdate=10 September 2018}}</ref> A 28 ga Yunin shekarar 1914, Gavrilo Princip, wani ɗan ƙasar [[Yugoslavia]], ya kashe Archduke Franz Ferdinand wanda shine magajin Archduke Franz Ferdinand a garin Sarajevo, hakan ya haifar da rikkicin watan Yuli.<ref name="AJPT2"> harvnb |Taylor |1998 |pp=80–93}}</ref> akan mayar da martani, a 23 Yuli Wanda amsar da ƙasar Serbia ta bayar bai gamsar da [[Austriya]] ba, yasa suka shiga yaƙi tsakanin su. Haɗakar ƙawance ya faɗaɗa rikicin akan wani ɗan tattaunawa ne tsakanin mutum biyu a Balkans zuwa ga babban rikici da ya game yawancin nahiyar [[Turai]]. A July na shekarar 1914, [[great powers]] dake Turai sun rabu zuwa haɗaka daban-daban: akwai [[Triple Entente]]—wanda ta haɗa da [[French Third Republic|France]], [[Russian Empire|Russia]] da [[British Empire|Britain]] aciki— da kuma [[Triple Alliance (1882)|Triple Alliance]] na [[German Empire|Germany]], [[Austria-Hungary]] da kuma [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] (wanda Triple Alliance sun kasance masu kariya ne, sun bar ƙasar Italiya ta fita daga yaƙin a shekara ta 1914).<ref name="Seymour">{{cite book |title=The Diplomatic Background of the War |author=Charles Seymour |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=1916 |pages=35, 147}}</ref> Rasha ta kasa yin abunda yakama ce ta, na kare Serbia da, bayan Austria-Hungary shelled da babban birnin Serbiya [[Belgrade]] a 28th, an yarda da haɗaka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lieven |first1=Dominic |title=Towards the Flame: Empire, War and the End of Tsarist Russia |date=2016 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0141399744 |page=326}}</ref> Babban haɗakar da Rasha tayi, ta bayyana shi ne a yammacin 30 July; a 31st, Austria-Hungary da Germany suma suka yi haka, sai ita kuma Germany ta nema Rasha data rushe haɗakarta acikin awanni goma sha biyu (12 hours).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Martel |first1=Gordon |title=The Month that Changed the World: July 1914 and WWI |date=2014 |publisher=OUP |location=6286 |edition=Kindle |ref=B00K79UOPK}}</ref> itakuma Rasha taƙi bin wannan umurni, wanda hakan yasa Germany ta ƙaddamar da yaƙi a farkon (1) watan Augusta domin taimakon Austria-Hungary, a tareda Austria-Hungary following suit on 6th; sai ƙasar Faransa ta umurce cikakkiyar haɗaka domin taimakawa Rasha a biyu ga watan Agusta.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Le Président de la République, R. [Raymond] Poincaré et al., 'A La Nation Française' |journal=Journal Officiel de la République Française |date=2 August 1914 |pages=7053–7054 |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/digitized-books/world-war-i-declarations/ww1-gazettes/France-doc-3-OCR-SPLIT.pdf |accessdate=26 August 2018}}</ref> Dabarun ƙasar Jamus na gabza yaƙi akan Faransa da Rasha shine ta tattara sojoji a yamma waɗanda zasu yi galaba akan France cikin makonni huɗu, sannan kuma ta aika da sojojin Gabas dan gabzawa da Rasha kafin ta gama shiryawa; wanan dabarar ce akasa wa suna [[Schlieffen Plan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zuber |first1=Terence |title=Inventing the Schlieffen Plan: German War Planning 1871–1914 |date=2011 |publisher=OUP |isbn=978-0198718055 |pages=46–49 |edition=2014}}</ref> A biyu ga watan August, Germany ta nemi hanya da zata riƙa wucewa ta kasar Belgium, itace muhimmin samun nasara akan Faransa.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Note Given 2 August 1914, at 19 hours, by M. de Below Saleske [Klaus von Below-Saleske], Minister of Germany, to M. Davignon, Minister of Foreign Affairs] |title=Documents Diplomatiques 1914: La Guerre Européenne Diplomatic Documents 1914: The European War |date=1914 |publisher=Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) |page=201 |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/digitized-books/world-war-i-declarations/ww1-gazettes/Belgium-1-OCR.pdf |accessdate=26 August 2018}}</ref> bayan kin hakan, sai domin Jamus ta farwa ƙasar Belgium da safiyar ukun Augusta, kuma suka kaddamar da yaki a Faransa a wannan rana; the Belgian government invoked the [[Treaty of London (1839)|1839 Treaty of London]] and in compliance with its obligations under this, Britaniyasuka kaddamar da yaki akan Jamus (Germany ) a ranar hudu ga watan Agusta. A shabiyu ga watan Agusta, Burtaniya da Faransa suka kaddamar da yaki akan Austria-Hungary; a 23rd, [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] sided with the Entente, seizing German possessions in [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]] and the Pacific. In November 1914, the [[Ottoman Empire]] entered the war on the side of the Alliance, opening fronts in the [[Caucasus Campaign|Caucasus]], [[Mesopotamian campaign|Mesopotamia]] and the [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign|Sinai Peninsula]]. The war was fought in and drew upon each powers' colonial empires as well, spreading the conflict to [[African theatre of World War I|Africa]] and across the globe. The Entente and its allies would eventually become known as the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]], while the grouping of Austria-Hungary, Germany and their allies would become known as the [[Central Powers]]. The German advance into France was halted at the [[First Battle of the Marne|Battle of the Marne]] and by the end of 1914, the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] settled into a [[battle of attrition]], marked by a long series of [[trench warfare|trench lines]] that changed little until 1917 (the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]], by contrast, was marked by much greater exchanges of territory). In 1915, Italy joined the Allied Powers and opened a [[Alpine Front|front in the Alps]]. The [[Kingdom of Bulgaria]] joined the Central Powers in 1915 and the [[Kingdom of Greece]] joined the Allies in 1917, expanding the [[Balkans Campaign (World War I)|war in the Balkans]]. The United States initially remained neutral, though it was an important supplier of war material to the Allies. However, after the sinking of American merchant ships by German submarines, and [[Zimmermann Telegram|the revelation]] that the Germans were trying to incite Mexico to make war on the United States, the [[American entry into World War I|U.S. declared war on Germany]] on 6 April 1917. Trained American forces would not begin arriving at the front in large numbers until mid-1918, but ultimately the [[American Expeditionary Forces|American Expeditionary Force]] would reach some two million troops.<ref>Edward M. Coffman, ''The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I'' (1998)</ref> Though [[Serbian Campaign of World War I|Serbia was defeated in 1915]], and [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] joined the Allied Powers in 1916 [[Romania during World War I|only to be defeated in 1917]], none of the great powers were knocked out of the war until 1918. The 1917 [[February Revolution]] in Russia replaced the [[Tsarist autocracy]] with the [[Russian Provisional Government|Provisional Government]], but continuing discontent at the cost of the war led to the [[October Revolution]], the creation of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Socialist Republic]], and the signing of the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] by the new government in March 1918, ending Russia's involvement in the war. This allowed the transfer of large numbers of German troops from the East to the Western Front, resulting in the [[Spring Offensive|German March 1918 Offensive]]. This offensive was initially successful, but the Allies rallied and drove the Germans back in their [[Hundred Days Offensive]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sheffield |first1=Gary |title=Forgotten Victory |date=2002 |publisher=Review |isbn=978-0747271574 |page=251}}</ref> Bulgaria was the first Central Power to sign an armistice—the [[Armistice of Salonica]] on 29 September 1918. On 30 October, the Ottoman Empire capitulated, signing the [[Armistice of Mudros]].<ref name="indiana.edu-1918" /> On 4 November, the Austro-Hungarian empire agreed to the [[Armistice of Villa Giusti]]. With its allies defeated, [[German Revolution of 1918–19|revolution]] at home, and the military no longer willing to fight, [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser Wilhelm]] abdicated on 9 November and Germany signed an [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|armistice on 11 November 1918]]. World War I was a significant turning point in the political, cultural, economic, and social climate of the world. The war [[Aftermath of World War I|and its immediate aftermath]] sparked numerous [[Revolutions of 1917–1923|revolutions and uprisings]]. The [[The Big Four (World War I)|Big Four]] (Britain, France, the United States, and Italy) imposed their terms on the defeated powers in a series of treaties agreed at the 1919 [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]], the most well known being the German peace treaty—the [[Treaty of Versailles]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gerwath |first1=Robert |title=The Vanquished: Why the First World War Failed to End, 1917–1923 |date=2016 |publisher=Penguin |location=3323–3342 |isbn=978-0141976372 |edition=Kindle}}</ref> Ultimately, as a result of the war the Austro-Hungarian, German, Ottoman, and Russian Empires ceased to exist, with numerous new states created from their remains. However, despite the conclusive Allied victory (and the creation of the [[League of Nations]] during the Peace Conference, intended to prevent future wars), a [[World War II|Second World War]] would follow just over twenty years later. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} m3x11nzxujikgmxih7lmbixasgyve4n 0 10348 821854 821699 2026-04-17T13:29:21Z Lamba6334 25787 /* Tarihi */ 821854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, a cikin [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya kara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama dan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da karshan rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin akidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a karkashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya kulla alaka da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa kwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu kungiyoyin Musulmi kamar kungiyar Izala ta Salafist da 'yan kungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == A Ƙida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya fada, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin kuruciyar sa ya fara bin akidar [[Shi'a]] ne a karkashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma akidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a karkashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana akidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun karyata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai,sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun mallam ja'afar mahmud adam == Kafa gungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan kungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma dan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan kungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar yan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] 0w8jd3tocmtmot18dlk8sfn92kr700n 821855 821854 2026-04-17T13:30:01Z Lamba6334 25787 /* Tarihi */ 821855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya kara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama dan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da karshan rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin akidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a karkashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya kulla alaka da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa kwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu kungiyoyin Musulmi kamar kungiyar Izala ta Salafist da 'yan kungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == A Ƙida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya fada, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin kuruciyar sa ya fara bin akidar [[Shi'a]] ne a karkashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma akidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a karkashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana akidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun karyata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai,sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun mallam ja'afar mahmud adam == Kafa gungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan kungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma dan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan kungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar yan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] t85i2m6kuu0ctq38frphq90m6bjwy0a 821856 821855 2026-04-17T13:33:00Z Lamba6334 25787 /* Tarihi */ 821856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama dan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da karshan rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin akidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a karkashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya kulla alaka da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa kwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu kungiyoyin Musulmi kamar kungiyar Izala ta Salafist da 'yan kungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == A Ƙida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya fada, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin kuruciyar sa ya fara bin akidar [[Shi'a]] ne a karkashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma akidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a karkashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana akidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun karyata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai,sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun mallam ja'afar mahmud adam == Kafa gungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan kungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma dan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan kungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar yan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] htucsu3exygq2smn0clqefs4k2xaajk 821857 821856 2026-04-17T13:33:30Z Lamba6334 25787 /* Tarihi */ 821857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da karshan rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin akidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a karkashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya kulla alaka da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa kwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu kungiyoyin Musulmi kamar kungiyar Izala ta Salafist da 'yan kungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == A Ƙida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya fada, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin kuruciyar sa ya fara bin akidar [[Shi'a]] ne a karkashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma akidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a karkashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana akidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun karyata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai,sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun mallam ja'afar mahmud adam == Kafa gungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan kungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma dan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan kungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar yan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] afl9vsnts00ie5xjydjjtzju9kar91l 821858 821857 2026-04-17T13:34:15Z Lamba6334 25787 /* Tarihi */ 821858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin akidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a karkashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya kulla alaka da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa kwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu kungiyoyin Musulmi kamar kungiyar Izala ta Salafist da 'yan kungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == A Ƙida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya fada, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin kuruciyar sa ya fara bin akidar [[Shi'a]] ne a karkashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma akidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a karkashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana akidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun karyata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai,sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun mallam ja'afar mahmud adam == Kafa gungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan kungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma dan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan kungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar yan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] m1qf6cdk2afyxlvs4oovknnw6eiz3y2 821859 821858 2026-04-17T13:34:59Z Lamba6334 25787 /* Tarihi */ 821859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a karkashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya kulla alaka da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa kwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu kungiyoyin Musulmi kamar kungiyar Izala ta Salafist da 'yan kungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == A Ƙida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya fada, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin kuruciyar sa ya fara bin akidar [[Shi'a]] ne a karkashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma akidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a karkashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana akidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun karyata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai,sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun mallam ja'afar mahmud adam == Kafa gungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan kungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma dan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan kungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar yan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] oh7m0ul75ylvvarjuzju3ir929idmwj 821860 821859 2026-04-17T13:36:49Z Lamba6334 25787 /* Karatu */ 821860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya kulla alaka da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa kwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu kungiyoyin Musulmi kamar kungiyar Izala ta Salafist da 'yan kungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == A Ƙida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya fada, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin kuruciyar sa ya fara bin akidar [[Shi'a]] ne a karkashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma akidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a karkashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana akidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun karyata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai,sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun mallam ja'afar mahmud adam == Kafa gungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan kungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma dan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan kungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar yan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] 6wskidjde8v47ie1rkuvpuzcz77jm21 821861 821860 2026-04-17T13:37:36Z Lamba6334 25787 /* Karatu */ 821861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya ƙulla alaka da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa kwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu kungiyoyin Musulmi kamar kungiyar Izala ta Salafist da 'yan kungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == A Ƙida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya fada, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin kuruciyar sa ya fara bin akidar [[Shi'a]] ne a karkashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma akidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a karkashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana akidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun karyata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai,sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun mallam ja'afar mahmud adam == Kafa gungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan kungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma dan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan kungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar yan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] 3wugyke6jlyujye0sqm8z4w3qnhy2nx 821862 821861 2026-04-17T13:38:00Z Lamba6334 25787 /* Karatu */ 821862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya ƙulla alaƙa da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa kwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu kungiyoyin Musulmi kamar kungiyar Izala ta Salafist da 'yan kungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == A Ƙida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya fada, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin kuruciyar sa ya fara bin akidar [[Shi'a]] ne a karkashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma akidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a karkashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana akidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun karyata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai,sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun mallam ja'afar mahmud adam == Kafa gungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan kungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma dan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan kungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar yan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] g2vlgxm3bnvu8nqxa395zm0r2heyjtj 821863 821862 2026-04-17T13:39:16Z Lamba6334 25787 /* Karatu */ 821863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya ƙulla alaƙa da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa ƙwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu kungiyoyin Musulmi kamar kungiyar Izala ta Salafist da 'yan kungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == A Ƙida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya fada, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin kuruciyar sa ya fara bin akidar [[Shi'a]] ne a karkashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma akidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a karkashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana akidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun karyata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai,sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun mallam ja'afar mahmud adam == Kafa gungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan kungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma dan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan kungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar yan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] 8n91gsf00f4sjkegz305oefk4qu2aoy 821864 821863 2026-04-17T13:40:26Z Lamba6334 25787 /* Karatu */ 821864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya ƙulla alaƙa da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa ƙwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu ƙungiyoyin Musulmi kamar kungiyar Izala ta Salafist da 'yan kungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == A Ƙida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya fada, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin kuruciyar sa ya fara bin akidar [[Shi'a]] ne a karkashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma akidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a karkashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana akidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun karyata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai,sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun mallam ja'afar mahmud adam == Kafa gungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan kungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma dan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan kungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar yan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] lr1kby9lkdk0joi0p9d5494ne5duvwd 821865 821864 2026-04-17T13:40:52Z Lamba6334 25787 /* Karatu */ 821865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya ƙulla alaƙa da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa ƙwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu ƙungiyoyin Musulmi kamar ƙungiyar Izala ta Salafist da 'yan kungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == A Ƙida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya fada, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin kuruciyar sa ya fara bin akidar [[Shi'a]] ne a karkashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma akidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a karkashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana akidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun karyata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai,sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun mallam ja'afar mahmud adam == Kafa gungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan kungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma dan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan kungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar yan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] j7tuc97wwunko2vlrowcdzmlogq1c25 821866 821865 2026-04-17T13:41:13Z Lamba6334 25787 /* Karatu */ 821866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya ƙulla alaƙa da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa ƙwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu ƙungiyoyin Musulmi kamar ƙungiyar Izala ta Salafist da ƴan kungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == A Ƙida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya fada, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin kuruciyar sa ya fara bin akidar [[Shi'a]] ne a karkashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma akidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a karkashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana akidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun karyata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai,sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun mallam ja'afar mahmud adam == Kafa gungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan kungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma dan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan kungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar yan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] 5eruqtgopa19hfgdysn3k2kictsq5i4 821867 821866 2026-04-17T13:41:50Z Lamba6334 25787 /* Karatu */ 821867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya ƙulla alaƙa da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa ƙwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu ƙungiyoyin Musulmi kamar ƙungiyar Izala ta Salafist da ƴan ƙungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == A Ƙida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya fada, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin kuruciyar sa ya fara bin akidar [[Shi'a]] ne a karkashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma akidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a karkashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana akidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun karyata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai,sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun mallam ja'afar mahmud adam == Kafa gungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan kungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma dan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan kungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar yan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] gj8ktg5c1xgiys8fxm98nrgi3ku3zko 821868 821867 2026-04-17T13:43:27Z Lamba6334 25787 /* Karatu */ 821868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya ƙulla alaƙa da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa ƙwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu ƙungiyoyin Musulmi kamar ƙungiyar Izala ta Salafist da ƴan ƙungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == AƘida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya fada, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin kuruciyar sa ya fara bin akidar [[Shi'a]] ne a karkashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma akidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a karkashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana akidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun karyata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai,sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun mallam ja'afar mahmud adam == Kafa gungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan kungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma dan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan kungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar yan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] 3zok7hncrzc80lmlbgqumci8b75t0lh 821869 821868 2026-04-17T13:44:11Z Lamba6334 25787 /* AƘida */ 821869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya ƙulla alaƙa da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa ƙwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu ƙungiyoyin Musulmi kamar ƙungiyar Izala ta Salafist da ƴan ƙungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == AƘida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya faɗa, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin kuruciyar sa ya fara bin akidar [[Shi'a]] ne a karkashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma akidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a karkashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana akidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun karyata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai,sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun mallam ja'afar mahmud adam == Kafa gungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan kungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma dan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan kungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar yan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] g6jczhqlr670o50i1sk5iz697x7xonm 821870 821869 2026-04-17T13:44:43Z Lamba6334 25787 /* AƘida */ 821870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya ƙulla alaƙa da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa ƙwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu ƙungiyoyin Musulmi kamar ƙungiyar Izala ta Salafist da ƴan ƙungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == AƘida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya faɗa, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin ƙuruciyar sa ya fara bin akidar [[Shi'a]] ne a karkashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma akidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a karkashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana akidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun karyata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai,sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun mallam ja'afar mahmud adam == Kafa gungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan kungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma dan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan kungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar yan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] sswooqxnfcfivdfvn5u160tlzu7k8ib 821871 821870 2026-04-17T13:46:29Z Lamba6334 25787 /* AƘida */ 821871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya ƙulla alaƙa da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa ƙwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu ƙungiyoyin Musulmi kamar ƙungiyar Izala ta Salafist da ƴan ƙungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == AƘida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya faɗa, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin ƙuruciyar sa ya fara bin aƙidar [[Shi'a]] ne a karkashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma akidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a karkashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana akidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun karyata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai,sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun mallam ja'afar mahmud adam == Kafa gungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan kungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma dan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan kungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar yan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] fkj540nd42soq8wmqzd31l74sx6l4yn 821872 821871 2026-04-17T13:47:02Z Lamba6334 25787 /* AƘida */ 821872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya ƙulla alaƙa da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa ƙwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu ƙungiyoyin Musulmi kamar ƙungiyar Izala ta Salafist da ƴan ƙungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == AƘida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya faɗa, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin ƙuruciyar sa ya fara bin aƙidar [[Shi'a]] ne a ƙarƙashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma akidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a karkashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana akidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun karyata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai,sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun mallam ja'afar mahmud adam == Kafa gungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan kungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma dan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan kungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar yan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] op563c55e2l10zaak33py2tgut68pnl 821873 821872 2026-04-17T13:47:41Z Lamba6334 25787 /* AƘida */ 821873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya ƙulla alaƙa da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa ƙwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu ƙungiyoyin Musulmi kamar ƙungiyar Izala ta Salafist da ƴan ƙungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == AƘida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya faɗa, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin ƙuruciyar sa ya fara bin aƙidar [[Shi'a]] ne a ƙarƙashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma aƙidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a karkashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana akidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun karyata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai,sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun mallam ja'afar mahmud adam == Kafa gungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan kungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma dan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan kungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar yan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] 6xns7t1j66z0p2b1wjnc4csskuu21xe 821874 821873 2026-04-17T13:48:09Z Lamba6334 25787 /* AƘida */ 821874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya ƙulla alaƙa da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa ƙwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu ƙungiyoyin Musulmi kamar ƙungiyar Izala ta Salafist da ƴan ƙungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == AƘida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya faɗa, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin ƙuruciyar sa ya fara bin aƙidar [[Shi'a]] ne a ƙarƙashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma aƙidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana akidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun karyata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai,sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun mallam ja'afar mahmud adam == Kafa gungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan kungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma dan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan kungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar yan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] emz9febw4xo4gmyk0uiowkh1q8adcbw 821875 821874 2026-04-17T13:49:20Z Lamba6334 25787 /* AƘida */ 821875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya ƙulla alaƙa da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa ƙwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu ƙungiyoyin Musulmi kamar ƙungiyar Izala ta Salafist da ƴan ƙungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == AƘida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya faɗa, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin ƙuruciyar sa ya fara bin aƙidar [[Shi'a]] ne a ƙarƙashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma aƙidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana aƙidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun karyata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai,sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun mallam ja'afar mahmud adam == Kafa gungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan kungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma dan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan kungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar yan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] e66kz9j0ykxhidsnyjyzhaifvct8lnv 821876 821875 2026-04-17T13:50:12Z Lamba6334 25787 /* AƘida */ 821876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya ƙulla alaƙa da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa ƙwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu ƙungiyoyin Musulmi kamar ƙungiyar Izala ta Salafist da ƴan ƙungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == AƘida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya faɗa, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin ƙuruciyar sa ya fara bin aƙidar [[Shi'a]] ne a ƙarƙashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma aƙidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana aƙidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun ƙaryata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai,sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun mallam ja'afar mahmud adam == Kafa gungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan kungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma dan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan kungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar yan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] n4rhzxkzz3cg3c674anxcz88ihm3t9c 821877 821876 2026-04-17T13:50:48Z Lamba6334 25787 /* AƘida */ 821877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya ƙulla alaƙa da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa ƙwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu ƙungiyoyin Musulmi kamar ƙungiyar Izala ta Salafist da ƴan ƙungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == AƘida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya faɗa, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin ƙuruciyar sa ya fara bin aƙidar [[Shi'a]] ne a ƙarƙashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma aƙidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana aƙidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun ƙaryata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai, sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun mallam ja'afar mahmud adam == Kafa gungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan kungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma dan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan kungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar yan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] 5aaa0anu950qui7jdqpe2ssp19sje5l 821878 821877 2026-04-17T13:52:05Z Lamba6334 25787 /* AƘida */ 821878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya ƙulla alaƙa da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa ƙwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu ƙungiyoyin Musulmi kamar ƙungiyar Izala ta Salafist da ƴan ƙungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == AƘida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya faɗa, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin ƙuruciyar sa ya fara bin aƙidar [[Shi'a]] ne a ƙarƙashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma aƙidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana aƙidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun ƙaryata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai, sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam == Kafa gungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan kungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma dan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan kungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar yan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] g4qx6oqdibciqxleckejmj31kuvmudu 821879 821878 2026-04-17T13:52:47Z Lamba6334 25787 /* Kafa gungiya */ 821879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya ƙulla alaƙa da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa ƙwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu ƙungiyoyin Musulmi kamar ƙungiyar Izala ta Salafist da ƴan ƙungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == AƘida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya faɗa, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin ƙuruciyar sa ya fara bin aƙidar [[Shi'a]] ne a ƙarƙashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma aƙidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana aƙidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun ƙaryata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai, sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam == Kafa Ƙungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan kungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma dan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan kungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar yan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] dzthsvgvww4moqwtk9q42lupuus6rf6 821880 821879 2026-04-17T13:53:26Z Lamba6334 25787 /* Kafa Ƙungiya */ 821880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya ƙulla alaƙa da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa ƙwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu ƙungiyoyin Musulmi kamar ƙungiyar Izala ta Salafist da ƴan ƙungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == AƘida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya faɗa, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin ƙuruciyar sa ya fara bin aƙidar [[Shi'a]] ne a ƙarƙashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma aƙidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana aƙidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun ƙaryata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai, sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam == Kafa Ƙungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan ƙungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma dan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan kungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar yan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] jvk6h2bia955ymei5hcxt0xla50pcyy 821881 821880 2026-04-17T13:54:28Z Lamba6334 25787 /* Kafa Ƙungiya */ 821881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya ƙulla alaƙa da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa ƙwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu ƙungiyoyin Musulmi kamar ƙungiyar Izala ta Salafist da ƴan ƙungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == AƘida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya faɗa, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin ƙuruciyar sa ya fara bin aƙidar [[Shi'a]] ne a ƙarƙashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma aƙidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana aƙidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun ƙaryata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai, sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam == Kafa Ƙungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan ƙungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma ɗan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan kungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar yan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] leq65oiyaqy2yvv80aiscsgfcmdljt4 821882 821881 2026-04-17T13:55:54Z Lamba6334 25787 /* Kafa Ƙungiya */ 821882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya ƙulla alaƙa da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa ƙwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu ƙungiyoyin Musulmi kamar ƙungiyar Izala ta Salafist da ƴan ƙungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == AƘida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya faɗa, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin ƙuruciyar sa ya fara bin aƙidar [[Shi'a]] ne a ƙarƙashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma aƙidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana aƙidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun ƙaryata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai, sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam == Kafa Ƙungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan ƙungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma ɗan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan kungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar yan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] fxl0w08azelbbyeeus220c469oynp1i 821883 821882 2026-04-17T13:56:53Z Lamba6334 25787 /* Kafa Ƙungiya */ 821883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya ƙulla alaƙa da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa ƙwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu ƙungiyoyin Musulmi kamar ƙungiyar Izala ta Salafist da ƴan ƙungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == AƘida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya faɗa, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin ƙuruciyar sa ya fara bin aƙidar [[Shi'a]] ne a ƙarƙashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma aƙidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana aƙidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun ƙaryata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai, sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam == Kafa Ƙungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan ƙungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma ɗan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan ƙungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar yan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] hvr12yrd5kddirrhf73vi2ttbcm1k9o 821884 821883 2026-04-17T13:58:08Z Lamba6334 25787 /* Mutuwa */ 821884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya ƙulla alaƙa da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa ƙwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu ƙungiyoyin Musulmi kamar ƙungiyar Izala ta Salafist da ƴan ƙungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == AƘida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya faɗa, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin ƙuruciyar sa ya fara bin aƙidar [[Shi'a]] ne a ƙarƙashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma aƙidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana aƙidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun ƙaryata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai, sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam == Kafa Ƙungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan ƙungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma ɗan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan ƙungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar ƴan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] 9xrbi3vh4i8dq7uu8doof7ts4jez9f3 821886 821884 2026-04-17T13:58:42Z Lamba6334 25787 /* Mutuwa */ 821886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya ƙulla alaƙa da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa ƙwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu ƙungiyoyin Musulmi kamar ƙungiyar Izala ta Salafist da ƴan ƙungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == AƘida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya faɗa, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin ƙuruciyar sa ya fara bin aƙidar [[Shi'a]] ne a ƙarƙashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma aƙidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana aƙidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun ƙaryata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai, sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam == Kafa Ƙungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan ƙungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma ɗan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan ƙungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar ƴan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> ƴan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] 813k6f42s7pnulic4j8t4blb4163zxn 821887 821886 2026-04-17T13:59:21Z Lamba6334 25787 /* Mutuwa */ 821887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya ƙulla alaƙa da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa ƙwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu ƙungiyoyin Musulmi kamar ƙungiyar Izala ta Salafist da ƴan ƙungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == AƘida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya faɗa, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin ƙuruciyar sa ya fara bin aƙidar [[Shi'a]] ne a ƙarƙashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma aƙidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana aƙidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun ƙaryata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai, sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam == Kafa Ƙungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan ƙungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma ɗan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan ƙungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar ƴan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> ƴan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an ƴan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake kokarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] m3a8y18xzw8r1lfjplth5jy8wj6n5r1 821889 821887 2026-04-17T14:00:16Z Lamba6334 25787 /* Mutuwa */ 821889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya ƙulla alaƙa da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa ƙwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu ƙungiyoyin Musulmi kamar ƙungiyar Izala ta Salafist da ƴan ƙungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == AƘida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya faɗa, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin ƙuruciyar sa ya fara bin aƙidar [[Shi'a]] ne a ƙarƙashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma aƙidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana aƙidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun ƙaryata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai, sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam == Kafa Ƙungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan ƙungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma ɗan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan ƙungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar ƴan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> ƴan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an ƴan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake ƙoƙarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ‘ya’ya 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] rmhizzkh6grxl3j4e1xwd635m1rdvqj 821891 821889 2026-04-17T14:01:02Z Lamba6334 25787 /* Rayuwar shi */ 821891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya ƙulla alaƙa da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa ƙwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu ƙungiyoyin Musulmi kamar ƙungiyar Izala ta Salafist da ƴan ƙungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == AƘida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya faɗa, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin ƙuruciyar sa ya fara bin aƙidar [[Shi'a]] ne a ƙarƙashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma aƙidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana aƙidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun ƙaryata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai, sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam == Kafa Ƙungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan ƙungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma ɗan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan ƙungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar ƴan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> ƴan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an ƴan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake ƙoƙarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ƴaƴa 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> daya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] 1ms148yi31gyu8i0nzvxksmv3kmvsyt 821893 821891 2026-04-17T14:01:36Z Lamba6334 25787 /* Rayuwar shi */ 821893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya ƙulla alaƙa da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa ƙwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu ƙungiyoyin Musulmi kamar ƙungiyar Izala ta Salafist da ƴan ƙungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == AƘida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya faɗa, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin ƙuruciyar sa ya fara bin aƙidar [[Shi'a]] ne a ƙarƙashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma aƙidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana aƙidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun ƙaryata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai, sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam == Kafa Ƙungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan ƙungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma ɗan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan ƙungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar ƴan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> ƴan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an ƴan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake ƙoƙarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ƴaƴa 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> ɗaya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin dadi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] nxdamvbiqtiwtdz5bvyfp6lbaah5xa9 821896 821893 2026-04-17T14:03:18Z Lamba6334 25787 /* Mutuwa */ 821896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya ƙulla alaƙa da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa ƙwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu ƙungiyoyin Musulmi kamar ƙungiyar Izala ta Salafist da ƴan ƙungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> A cikin hirar harma ya ce: {{Cquote|personquoted="Akwai wasu fitattun masu wa'azin addinin Islama da suka gani kuma suka fahimta cewa ilimin zamani irin na Yammacin Turai ya gauraya da batutuwan da suka saba wa abin da muka yi imani da shi a Musulunci," in ji shi.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar [[ruwan sama]] . Mun yi imani halittar Allah ce maimakon kazamar ruwa da rana ta haifar wanda ke tattarawa kuma ya zama ruwan sama.}} {{Cquote|personquoted="Kamar faɗin duniya yanki ne . Idan ta ci karo da koyarwar Allah, sai mu ki shi. Mun kuma ki yarda da ka'idar Darwiniyanci."}} == AƘida == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya faɗa, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin ƙuruciyar sa ya fara bin aƙidar [[Shi'a]] ne a ƙarƙashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma aƙidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana aƙidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun ƙaryata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai, sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam == Kafa Ƙungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan ƙungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma ɗan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan ƙungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar ƴan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> ƴan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an ƴan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake ƙoƙarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ƴaƴa 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> ɗaya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin daɗi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] qjfj6tg2bvxvkb54d8gmn0oqidanl9c 821905 821896 2026-04-17T15:27:42Z Pharouqenr 25549 /* Karatu */ 821905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}} {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammad Yusuf cup 1655.jpg|thumb]] '''Muhammad Yusuf''' Ya kasance kuma An Haife shi a ranar<small>:</small> ashirin da tara 29 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba,in miladiyya 1970 - ya <small>Mutu a ranar:</small> 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009), kuma an san shi da Ustaz Muhammad Yusuf, ɗan [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne. wanda ya kafa aƙidar cewa karatun boko haramun ne, an masa kallan [[Ta'addanci|dan ta'adda]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a [[Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2002, wanda yanzu haka tasirin wannan ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram ya shiga ƙasar [[Nijar]], [[Cadi]], da [[Kamaru]], Shi ne shugaban ta na farko har aka kashe shi a rikicin [[Boko Haram]] na farko a cikin garin [[Maiduguri]] <ref name="ADL2">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120109052545/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/boko_haram.htm?Multi_page_sections%3DsHeading_2 Boko Haram: The Emerging Jihadist Threat in West Africa – Background], Anti-Defamation League, December 12, 2011.</ref>, wanda daga baya mataimakin sa [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya ci gaba da jagoranta. Muhammad yusuf ya kasance yana bibiyan karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam wanda mallam Ja'afar ya haɗu da shi a Makkah ya nuna masa wannan aƙida da yake so ya kafa mutane a kai ba daidai ba ne ya rantse da Allah cewar waɗannan mutanan ba ɗalibansa ba ne ya ƙara da cewa shi bai san su ba sai Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam ya ce indai kana son ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida to ka ɗauki alkalin da zai rubuta da yawunka kai ka kuɓuta daga wannan aƙida da ake jingina ka da ita haka Muhammad Yusuf ya sa aka samo alkalin da suke cewa aikin boko haramun ne shine yayi masa rubutu da yaran da ake cewa haramun ne akayi har, Muhammad Yusuf yasamu yadawo najeriya daga baya ya nuna wa duniya shi yana nan akan bakan sa na nunawa duniya cewa yin karatun boko haramun ne. == Tarihi == Yusuf wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Girgir, dake ƙaramar hukumar [[Jakusko]], [[Yobe|jihar Yobe ta yanzu]], a [[Najeriya]], ya sami ilimi a gida, wato a ƙasa Najeriya, musamman ma a [[Borno]]. <ref>"West African Militancy and Violence", page 74</ref> A farkon rayuwar shi ya fara shi'anci ne, daga baya ya tuba ya koma salafiyyanci, Daga baya ya ƙara karatun addinin Musulunci kuma ya zama ɗan [[Salafiyya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7C6BwAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2015-07-01|isbn=9780190225216|language=en|first=Robert A.|last=Dowd|page=102}}</ref> inda a gab da ƙarshen rayuwar sa shugaban salafiyya na Najeriya mai suna [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] ya barran ta da shi, bayan jin aƙidar shi na Boko Haram. == Karatu == A cewar wani masani Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz, a lokacin da yake saurayi Yusuf an koyar da shi [[Shi'a]] a ƙarƙashin jagoran cin [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. daga baya yace ya tuba ya koma [[Ahlus-Sunnah]], inda ya ƙulla alaƙa da [[Salafiyya]], kuma yace yana bin koyarwar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]] .<ref name="cfrBackgrounder2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/africa/boko-haram/p25739|title=Backgrounder – Boko Haram|publisher=Council of Foreign Relations|work=www.cfr.org|date=2011-12-27|access-date=March 12, 2012|author=Johnson, Toni}}</ref> Yana da kwatankwacin karatun digiri na biyu, a cewar wani malami dan Najeriya Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf bai taɓa ƙwarewa sosai a Turanci ba kamar yadda aka ruwaito. Ya yi imani da aiki da shari'ar Musulunci sosai, wanda ke wakiltar abin da ya dace da shi na adalci bisa koyarwar annabin Islama, Muhammad.(SAW) Mayakan Boko Haram za su kashe membobin wasu ƙungiyoyin Musulmi kamar ƙungiyar Izala ta Salafist da ƴan ƙungiyar Sufi Tijjaniyya da Qadiriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/04/VICKY/47604|title=Aux origines de la secte Boko Haram|last=Vicky|first=Alain|date=2012-04-01|website=Le Monde diplomatique|language=fr|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> A cikin hirar da yayi tare da [[BBC Hausa|BBC]], wacce ta yi da shi a shekarar 2009, Yusuf ya bayyana imaninsa cewa batun [[ilmi]] kan cewa duniyan da ke zagaye da sararin samaniya ya saba wa [[Musulunci|koyarwar Musulunci]] kuma ya kamata a yi watsi da shi . Ya kuma yi watsi da juyin halittar masanin kimiyya mai suna Darwin, da kuma batun kewayen halittar da ke samar da ruwan sama. <ref name="bbc20090728">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == AƘid == kamar yadda wani masani a harkan ta'addanci mai suna Paul Lubeck na Jami'ar Kalifoniya ya faɗa, yace Muhammad Yusuf a lokacin ƙuruciyar sa ya fara bin aƙidar [[Shi'a]] ne a ƙarƙashin jagoranci [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], wanda daga baya yace ya tuba, daga bisani sai ya koma aƙidar Salafanci, inda ya fara karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], kuma yana bayyana cewa yana bin koyarwar Shehin Musulunci mai suna [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], bayan ya bayyana aƙidar sa na cewa Boko Haramun ne sai [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria|Albani Zaria]] da [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] suka barran ta da shi, kuma suka yi masa wa'azi gami da raddi. An ruwaito cewa bai iya turanci ba, amma manazarta ilimin sun ƙaryata hakan, rahotanni sun tabbatar da cewar yana yin [[Turanci]] sosai, sannan ya iya larabci daidai gwar gwado kuma yakasance me halartar karatun Mallam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam == Kafa Ƙungiya == Muhammad Yusuf ne ya fara da'awan ƙungiyar mai suna da [[larabci]] ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad,'' wanda a larabci yake nufin "Al'umma masu bin [[Sunna]], masu da'awa da [[jihadi]] ". <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13809501|work=BBC News|title=Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Musulmi ne kuma ɗan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a shekara ta 2002. Shine ya zama shugaban ta har izuwa lokacin da ya rasa ransa a shekarar 2009. Asalin sunan ƙungiyar ita ce ''Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad'' == Mutuwa == Bayan rikicin Boko Haram na watan Yulin 2009, sojojin Najeriya suka kama Yusuf a gidan surukin sa, daga baya sun mayar da shi hannun rundunar ƴan sandan Najeriya. <ref name="BBC Row over killing">{{cite news|title=Nigeria row over militant killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8178820.stm|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=BBC News|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> ƴan sanda sun kashe Yusuf a gaban jama'a a gaban hedkwatar' yan sanda na [[Maiduguri]] . <ref name="nytimes abduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/world/africa/abduction-of-girls-an-act-not-even-al-qaeda-can-condone.html?_r=0|title=Abduction of Girls an Act Not Even Al Qaeda Can Condone|work=The New York Times|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=2014-05-08|author=Adam Nossiter|author2=David D. Kirkpatrick|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="HRW2012">{{cite book|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria|date=11 October 2012|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video">{{cite news|title=Video shows Nigeria 'executions'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html|access-date=27 June 2015|agency=Al Jazeera|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> Jami'an ƴan sanda da farko sun yi ikirarin cewa an harbe Yusuf ne a yayin da yake ƙoƙarin tserewa, ko kuma ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yayin artabu da sojoji.<ref name="HRW2012" /> <ref name="Al Jazeera Video" /> == Rayuwar shi == Yusuf yana da mata hudu da ƴaƴa 12, <ref name="bbc20090731">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm|title=Nigeria sect head dies in custody|work=BBC News|date=2009-07-31|agency=BBC|access-date=May 25, 2012}}</ref> ɗaya daga cikinsu shi ne Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shine shugaban Boko Haram tun shekarar ta 2016 a matsayin sahihin shugaban kungiyar Boko Haram, yana adawa da [[Abubakar Shekau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|title=Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi Of Attempted Coup|work=360nobs|date=4 August 2016|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012857/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/08/shekau-resurfaces-accuses-new-boko-haram-leader-al-barnawi-of-attempted-coup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba da rahoton cewa yana rayuwa na jin daɗi, wanda ya haɗa da mallakan kayan alatu, irin su [[Mercedes-Benz]], wayar hannu da kuma Komfuta.<ref name="bbc200907282">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/8172270.stm|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref> == Diddigin bayanai na waje == * ''Al Jazeera'' (9 Fabrairu 2010), [http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/02/2010298114949112.html Bidiyo ya nuna 'hukuncin kisa' a Najeriya] * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"], ''The Guardian'' * Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (2012), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/11/spiraling-violence-0 "Rikicin Rikici: Hare-haren Boko Haram da Zagin Jami'an Tsaro a Najeriya"], 11 ga Oktoba 2012 * Murtada, Ahmad (2013), [http://download.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_BokoHaram.pdf ''Boko Haram: Tushenta, Ka'idoji da ayyukanta a Najeriya''], Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci,Jami'ar Bayero, Kano, Najeriya * Duodu, Cameron (6 Agusta 2009), [https://www.wix9ja.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/06/mohammed-yusuf-boko-haram-nigeria "kwanakin karshe na Yusuf Yusuf"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Gistlover'' == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Kanuri]] [[Category:Yan ta'adda]] [[Category:Yan Boko Haram]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Borno]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Yan ta'addan a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya]] d35g8xlg3xmai3ddxapt38df9qrq3yx 0 13284 822023 721752 2026-04-17T20:46:02Z Maryam Abdullahi Anka 44060 822023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Анна Шаригіна.jpg|thumb]] '''Anna Borysivna Sharyhina''' (an haife ta c.1978) yar asalin kasar [[Ukraine]] ce kuma mai fafutukar kungiyar LBGT. Ta kuma kasance mai hadin gwiwar Women'sungiyar Mata ta Sphere, ƙungiyar mata ta maza a Kharkiv, da na NGO Kyiv Pride, kwamitin shirya gasar Pride Parade a Kiev . <ref name="LSTW">Claire Gaillard, [https://lezspreadtheword.com/en/anna-sharyhina-ukraine-la-foi-en-lavenir/ Anna Sharyhina – Ukraine, Hope for the Future] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314154146/https://lezspreadtheword.com/en/anna-sharyhina-ukraine-la-foi-en-lavenir/ |date=2020-03-14 }}, ''Les Spread the Word'', 5 October 2015. Translated by Leanne Ross.</ref> Sharyhina da takwararta, Vira Chemygina, sun kasance cikin ƙungiyar LBGT ta Ukraine da ƙungiyoyin 'yan madigo fiye da shekaru goma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://europeanlesbianconference.org/speakers/anna-sharyhina/|title=Anna Sharyhina « EuroCentralAsian Lesbian* Community|website=europeanlesbianconference.org|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref> Sun shirya tafiya ta farko ta Kiev don daidaito. Karo na biyu da Kiev ya yi don daidaitawa, wanda aka gudanar a shekarar 2015, 'yan sanda suna tare da shi kuma yana da goyon bayan dimbin jama'a. Koyaya, maharkin ya dauki tsawon mintina 15 kawai saboda mummunan-hakki da ya nuna kan masu yin hakan..<ref name="KyivPost">Clara Marchaud, [https://www.kyivpost.com/lifestyle/kyiv-pride-week-events-to-raise-awareness-defend-lgbtq-rights.html Kyiv Pride week events to raise awareness, defend LGBTQ rights], ''[[Kyiv Post]]'', June 8, 2018.</ref><ref name="LSTW"/> Mutane 10, ciki har da jami'an 'yan sanda da ke tsaron abin da ya faru, sun ji rauni. <ref name="KyivPost"/><ref>Ganna Grytsenko, [https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/the-real-barriers-to-freedom-of-assembly-in-ukraine/ What are the real barriers to freedom of assembly in Ukraine?], [[openDemocracy]], May 16, 2018.</ref> Sharyhina na mata da ayyukan LBGT sun fuskanci ci gaba da adawa a Ukraine.<ref name=LSTW/> Lokacin da ta ba da lacca kan ƙungiyoyi na LBGT a wani kantin sayar da littattafai na Kharkiv, taron ya buƙaci sake komawa sau biyu: na farko zuwa cibiyar watsa labarai ta Kharkiv ta Nakipelo sannan kuma zuwa cibiyar Izolyatsiya ta Kharv. <ref>Ganna Grytsenko, [https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/the-real-barriers-to-freedom-of-assembly-in-ukraine/ What are the real barriers to freedom of assembly in Ukraine?], [[openDemocracy]], May 16, 2018.</ref> Idean wasan da ke tare da gurneti hayaki sun aukawa PrideHub, cibiyar yankin Kharkiv, a cikin watan Yulin 2018; Daga baya aka lalata ginin da zane da jinin dabba. Kodayake an kai kara ga 'yan sanda, kuma sama da wasika na korafi sama da 1,000 da aka gabatar wa Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida Arsen Avakov, babu wanda aka azabtar da laifin. <ref name="Nemtsova">Anna Nemtsova, [https://www.thedailybeast.com/mike-pompeo-snubs-ukraines-embattled-lgbtq-community Mike Pompeo Snubs Ukraine’s Embattled LGBTQ Community], ''[[The Daily Beast]], Jan 31, 2020.''</ref> <ref name="Wakefield">Lily Wakefield, [https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2020/02/01/mike-pompeo-us-secretary-of-state-lgbt-activists-ukraine-donald-trump-impeachment-trial/ US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo refuses to meet with LGBT activists in Ukraine], ''[[Pink News]]'', February 1, 2020.</ref><ref name=Nemtsova/><ref name=Wakefield/> A watan Maris na shekarar 2019 Sharyhina na cikin wadanda ke shirya Makon Santakatar Mata a Kharkiv a makon farko na Maris: <nowiki>''Muradi bikin shine dawo da ainihin yadda akasan Ranar mta ta duniya take, inda mata ke taruwa dan fafutukar nema wa kansu hakkokinsu, wannan rana ce ta nuna anatare da mata bawai jindadi da bouquets ba, satin nuna tarayya da mata ya ta'</nowiki>allaka ne akan ilimi, don haka mun hadu ne bawai akan wani abu ba, sai dai dan cigaban mata da muhallan su da Kuma dukkanin alummun Ukraine.<ref>Natalia Ivanova, [https://kharkivobserver.com/international-womens-day-breaking-stereotypes/ International Women’s Day: Breaking Stereotypes], ''[[Kharkiv Observer]]'', March 8, 2019.</ref> A watan Janairun 2020 Sharyhina ya soki Mike Pompeo saboda ziyartar Ukraine ba tare da haduwa da shugabannin al'ummomin LGBTQ ba. <ref name="Nemtsova"/> <ref name="Wakefield"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [https://upogau.org/eng/inform/campaign/history-copy_3125.html Labari mai lamba 11.] [https://upogau.org/eng/inform/campaign/history-copy_3125.html Anna Sharyhina] , ''Gay Alliance Ukraine'', Nuwamba 25, 2015. * Chanelle Grand, [https://www.stophomophobie.com/portrait-anna-sharyhina-militante-et-directrice-de-la-marche-de-la-fierte-lgbt-en-ukraine/ Hoto : Anna Sharyhina, militante et directrice de la marche de la nanrté LGBT en Ukraine], STOP Homophobie, 5 Oktoba 2015. * Hanna Sokolova, [https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/ anna-sharyhina-interview-en / "Lokacin da muka sasanta, ya zama kamar mun yarda cewa ba mu yi daidai ba": Anna Sharyhina akan batun mata da kuma hakkokin LGBT a Ukraine], budeDemocracy, 22 Mayu 2019. tv2lwex5f17coq286y0xu0wq8pnhskr 0 13866 822000 508488 2026-04-17T20:30:30Z Maryam Abdullahi Anka 44060 822000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:June07 Anna Kournikova.jpg|thumb|Anna Banner]] [[Fayil:Jul19 Anna Ahlstron.png|thumb|Anna Banner]] '''Anna Ebiere Banner''' (an haifeta ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu, 1995) yar Najeriya ce da ta yi nasara kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo. An nada ta a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Yarinya a Najeriya ) ta 2012 MBGN Sarauniya Isabella Ayuk a 2013 kuma ta wakilci Najeriya a cikin shekarar 2013 World Bookant. An kuma naďa ta Mataimaki na Musamman kan al'adu da yawon shakatawa ga gwamna [[Henry Dickson]] a kan sarautarta a matsayinta na Mafi Kyaun Mata a Najeriya a shekara ta 2012. A cikin 2014, ta fara yin wasan farko a cikin ''Super Labari'' .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gossipboyz.com.ng/2013/07/18yr-old-anna-ebiere-crowne-most.html|title=18yr old Anna Ebiere Banner crowned Most Beautiful Girl In Nigeria 2013 and becomes Special Assistant to Bayelsa State Governor|publisher=GossipBoyz.com.ng|accessdate=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531061244/http://www.gossipboyz.com.ng/2013/07/18yr-old-anna-ebiere-crowne-most.html|archive-date=31 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/07/dickson-appoints-mbgn-2013-winner-ebiere-banner-advicer-on-culture-and-tourism/|title=Dickson appoints MBGN winner Ebiere Banner Culture and Tourism adviser|publisher=vanguardngr.com|accessdate=8 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/04/18/mbgn-2013-anna-ebiere-banner-to-make-acting-debut-in-super-story/|title=MBGN 2013 Anna Ebiere Banner to Make Acting Debut in “Super Story”|publisher=bellanaija.com|accessdate=8 August 2014}}</ref><ref>http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/02/20/happy-19th-anna-ebiere-banner-inside-mbgn-world-2013s-intimate-celebration-in-lagos/</ref> {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1995]] fe3gb3mfnhppm829p1m478xbs14kr89 822001 822000 2026-04-17T20:30:51Z Maryam Abdullahi Anka 44060 822001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:June07 Anna Kournikova.jpg|thumb|Anna Banner]] [[Fayil:Jul19 Anna Ahlstron.png|thumb|Anna Banner]] '''Anna Ebiere Banner''' (an haifeta ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu, 1995) yar Najeriya ce da ta yi nasara kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo. An nada ta a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Yarinya a Najeriya ) ta 2012 MBGN Sarauniya Isabella Ayuk a 2013 kuma ta wakilci Najeriya a cikin shekarar 2013 World Bookant. An kuma naďa ta Mataimaki na Musamman kan al'adu da yawon shakatawa ga gwamna [[Henry Dickson]] a kan sarautarta a matsayinta na Mafi Kyaun Mata a Najeriya a shekara ta 2012. A cikin shekarar 2014, ta fara yin wasan farko a cikin ''Super Labari'' .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gossipboyz.com.ng/2013/07/18yr-old-anna-ebiere-crowne-most.html|title=18yr old Anna Ebiere Banner crowned Most Beautiful Girl In Nigeria 2013 and becomes Special Assistant to Bayelsa State Governor|publisher=GossipBoyz.com.ng|accessdate=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531061244/http://www.gossipboyz.com.ng/2013/07/18yr-old-anna-ebiere-crowne-most.html|archive-date=31 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/07/dickson-appoints-mbgn-2013-winner-ebiere-banner-advicer-on-culture-and-tourism/|title=Dickson appoints MBGN winner Ebiere Banner Culture and Tourism adviser|publisher=vanguardngr.com|accessdate=8 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/04/18/mbgn-2013-anna-ebiere-banner-to-make-acting-debut-in-super-story/|title=MBGN 2013 Anna Ebiere Banner to Make Acting Debut in “Super Story”|publisher=bellanaija.com|accessdate=8 August 2014}}</ref><ref>http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/02/20/happy-19th-anna-ebiere-banner-inside-mbgn-world-2013s-intimate-celebration-in-lagos/</ref> {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1995]] t4chebkvdm3nndrykd0si6freno9iy6 0 14474 821987 413615 2026-04-17T18:26:47Z M Bash Ne 12403 821987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Fidelity-bank-nigeria.png|250px|right|thumbnail|Tambarin Bankin Fidelity na hukuma]] '''Bankin Fidelity''', An kuma sanshi da '''Fidelity Bank Plc.''', bankin kasuwanci ne a [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] . Anyi masa lasisi da bankin kasuwanci tare da izini na [[duniya]], ta hannun [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] ([[CBN]]), [[Babban Banki|babban bankin]] da mai kula da harkokin banki na ƙasa. Bankin Fidelity ya girma daga ƙaramin da ba shi da karfi a shekarar alif 1987, ya zama tsayayyen babban banki. Abin lura a cikin 2005, Bankin Fidelity ya saye FSB International Bank Plc ("FSB") da Manny Bank Plc ("Manny") don ƙirƙirar ɗayan manyan bankuna 10 na Najeriya. A shekarar 2011, Bankin ya kasan ce na 7 a jerin Bankunan da suka fi kowane ƙarfi a Najeriya, banki na 25 da suka fi girma a nahiyar [[Afirka]]. Hakanan, biyo bayan sabon tsarin talla da banki na zamani, Bankin Fidelity ya kasance na 4 mafi kyawun banki a Najeriya a bangaren kasuwar sayar da kayayyaki a KPMG Banking Industry Customer Satisfaction Survey (BICSS) a cikin shekarar 2017. == Tarihi == Bankin Fidelity na [[Najeriya]] an sanya shi cikin shekara ta 1987 kuma ya fara aikinsa a cikin 1988. Da farko ya fara ne da lasisin Bankin [[Kasuwanci]]. Bankin Fidelity ya canza zuwa bankin kasuwanci a shekara ta 1999 a kokarinsa na bunkasa, a matsayin kamfani mai zaman kansa kuma ya zama Kamfanin Kamfanoni na Jama'a shima a shekarar alif 1999, a watan Agusta. Ya sake sanya alama ga Fidelity Bank Plc a waccan shekarar. Ya sami lasisin Bankin Universal a watan Fabrairun 2001 kuma ya sami lasisin Banki na [[Duniya]] a cikin shekarar 2011. Bankin Fidelity na Najeriya ya bunkasa zuwa wani banki mai karko, a lokacin hadin gwiwar Bankin na shekarar 2005, Bankin Fidelity ya sayi FSB International Bank Plc ("FSB") da Manny Bank Plc don zama daya daga cikin manyan bankuna masu karfin [[kudi]] a Najeriya Fidelity Bank a yanzu haka kasancewa a cikin dukkan Jihohi da Manyan biranen Nijeriya, tsawon shekarun da suka gabata ana alfahari da bankin saboda daidaituwar kuɗin sa da amincin sa. Aminci ya ci gaba da kasancewa a tsakanin manyan bankunan Najeriya, tare da babban birnin tarayya daya kusan dala biliyan1 (Dala biliyan daya). == Rassa == Bankin yana da rassa a duk jihohin Najeriya da manyan biranen Najeriya. A halin yanzu yana da ofisoshin kasuwanci 240 da ATM guda 774. == Duba kuma == * [[Bankunan Najeriya|Jerin bankuna a Najeriya]] * Jerin bankuna a Afirka == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fidelity Bank Nigeria}} [[Category:Bankuna]] 36q45ly2k4yfykwgq60ma7d5nn48ieo 0 15598 821906 821842 2026-04-17T15:31:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 821906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mary Njoku.jpg|thumb|Mary Njoku]] '''Mary Nnenna Njoku''' (wacce aka fi sani da Mary Remmy ko Mary Remmy Njoku, an haife tane a ranar ashirin 20 ga watan Maris shekarar alif dari tara da tamanin da biyar miladiyya 1985) 'yar fim ce kuma furodusa a Nijeriya, kuma Darakta Janar ta gidan fim da ke Legas mai suna ROK Studios, a [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]], wanda aka yi kwanan nan wanda katafaren TV din [[Faransa]], CANAL + ya samu<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://social.techcrunch.com/2019/07/15/canal-acquires-african-film-studio-rok-from-irokotv-to-grow-nollywood/|title=Canal+ acquires Nollywood studio ROK from IROKOtv to grow African film|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-30}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta shirya kuma ta yi fice a cikin, ''Mazajen Legas'' ; tauraruwa da kuma jagorantar ''<nowiki/>'Yan'' ''Matan'' da ba ''Festac Town ba'' . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Mary Njoku, wacce ita ce ta shida a cikin iyalai 8, an haife ta ne a Amuwo Odofin, [[Lagos (jiha)|Lagos]], Nigeria. Ta fito daga Nsukka, [[Enugu (jiha)|jihar Enugu]] <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/mary-remmy-njoku-5-things-you-should-know-about-actress-id4828217.html|title=Mary Remmy Njoku: 5 things you should know about actress|last=Izuzu|first=Chidumga|access-date=2018-03-03|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505061107/http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/mary-remmy-njoku-5-things-you-should-know-about-actress-id4828217.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Amuwo Odofin, Kwalejin Kasa ta Bagada da Navy Town Secondary School. Ta yi difloma a fannin Kimiyyar Kwamfuta. Daga shekarar 2010, Njoku ta halarci jami’ar jihar Legas inda ta yi karatun digiri a fannin harshen Turanci. A shekarar 2012, Njoku ta halarci makarantar koyon fina-finai ta London a Burtaniya inda ta yi kwas a kan Producing: Movie Magic Budgeting & Schedule Daga yarinta, tana da sha'awar yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ta fara wasan kwaikwayo a lokacin da take makarantar Sakandire. Njoku ya shiga masana'antar Nollywood ne a shekarar 2003, yana da shekara 17.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-37705445/nigerian-actor-mary-njoku-i-just-want-to-be-bigger|title=Nigerian actor who 'wants to be bigger'|website=BBC News|language=en|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Njoku ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo ne a fim din Nollywood na shekarar 2004 'Home Sickness', wanda ta fito tare da [[Chioma Chukwuka|Chioma Chukwuka Akpotha]] . Ta yi fice sosai bayan ta fito a cikin fitaccen fim din Nollywood mai suna 'Blackberry Babes' a shekarar 2011. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nollywoodforever.com/blackberry-babes/|title=Blackberry Babes|publisher=nollywoodforever.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2018-03-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313145110/http://nollywoodforever.com/blackberry-babes/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tsakanin 2011 da 2013, Njoku ya samar da iROKtv, wani dandalin YouTube wanda ya gabatar da hirarraki tare da mashahuran 'yan Najeriya, tare da gabatar da labaran Afrobeats da Nollywood. A shekarar 2015, Njoku ya zama Babban Jami’in Harkokin Sadarwa a Kawayen IROKO. A watan Maris, ta gudanar da firaminista na farko a duniya don fim dinta na ''Anyi Dadi'' a BFI IMAX London, farkon fim din Nollywood a IMAX. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiewire.com/2015/02/imax-world-premiere-of-nollywood-film-thy-will-be-done-in-london-this-thursday-155544/|title=IMAX World Premiere of Nollywood Film 'Thy Will Be Done' In London this Thursday|last=Sergio|date=2015-02-23|work=IndieWire|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2018-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018082706/https://www.indiewire.com/2015/02/imax-world-premiere-of-nollywood-film-thy-will-be-done-in-london-this-thursday-155544/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2018, Njoku ta shirya fim din Nwanyioma, inda rawarta ta bukaci ta aske gashin kanta gaba daya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/34488/mother-of-two-actress-mary-njoku-goes-bald-for-millions-of.html|title=Mother of Two, Actress Mary Njoku Goes Bald for Millions of Naira (photos)|work=Modern Ghana|access-date=2018-10-26|language=en}}</ref> == ROK Studios == A watan Agusta 2013, Njoku ya kafa ROK Studios. Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a cikin 2013, ROK ya samar da fina-finai 540 da jerin TV 25 na asali, gami da ''Festac Town'', ''Ladan matan da ba su yi aure ba'', <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/02/rok-studios-series-single-ladies-premieres-time-valentines-day/|title=Rok Studios' series 'Single Ladies' premieres in time for Valentine's Day|date=2017-02-09|work=Vanguard News|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref>''Yaren Jiki'', ''Rashin Kulawa'' da ''[[Mazajen Lagos|Mijin Legas]]'' <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/husbands-of-lagos-watch-mary-remmy-njoku-and-kenneth-okolie-as-couple-in-2nd-teaser-id4362955.html|title="Husbands of Lagos": Watch Mary Remmy Njoku and Kenneth Okolie as couple in 2nd teaser|last=Izuzu|first=Chidumga|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2018-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101074430/http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/husbands-of-lagos-watch-mary-remmy-njoku-and-kenneth-okolie-as-couple-in-2nd-teaser-id4362955.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>A cikin 2016, Njoku ya kaddamar da ROK a kan Sky,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.digitaltveurope.com/2016/09/27/rok-studios-to-launch-nollywood-channel-on-sky/|title=Rok Studios to launch Nollywood channel on Sky|date=2016-09-27|work=Digital TV Europe|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2018-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018122422/https://www.digitaltveurope.com/2016/09/27/rok-studios-to-launch-nollywood-channel-on-sky/|url-status=dead}}</ref> cibiyar sadarwar da ke watsawa a cikin Burtaniya. Don murnar kaddamarwa, wasu abokan aikinta na [[Nollywood|Nollywood sun]] halarci bikin kaddamar da wanda ya gudana a Babban Ofishin Jakadancin Najeriya a Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/nollywood-arrives-london-launch-sky-channel-rok|title=Nollywood arrives in London for launch of Sky channel Rok|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2019-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430171129/https://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/nollywood-arrives-london-launch-sky-channel-rok|url-status=dead}}</ref> Njoku ya kuma ƙaddamar da ROK a kan DSTV, cibiyar sadarwar da ke watsa shirye-shiryenta a duk Afirka, a cikin shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nigeriacommunicationsweek.com.ng/rok-studio-to-launch-series-on-dstv-channel-168/|title=ROK Studio to Launch Series on DStv Channel 168|publisher=Nigerian CommunicationWeek|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/mary-njoku-the-rok-woman/|title=Mary Njoku: The Rok Woman|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2018-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225065250/https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/mary-njoku-the-rok-woman/|url-status=dead}}</ref>A watan Afrilu 2018, ROK Studios ya ƙaddamar da sababbin tashoshi biyu, ROK2 da ROK3, don saduwa da buƙatar ROK akan DSTV. ROK2 yana isar da abun ciki wanda ke nuna asalin Nollywood, yayin da ROK3 ke baje kolin baiwa da dama ta kasar Ghana, kuma yana da wata tashar tashar kade kade banda fim din 24hr da kuma jerin zabi. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/life/rok-launches-two-brand-new-channels-on-multichoice/|title=ROK Launches ROK 2 And ROK 3|access-date=2018-10-26|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026222425/https://guardian.ng/life/rok-launches-two-brand-new-channels-on-multichoice/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin 2019, Njoku ya kula da sayan ROK zuwa CANAL +, babbar yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta zamani don alamar Nollywood. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://social.techcrunch.com/2019/07/15/canal-acquires-african-film-studio-rok-from-irokotv-to-grow-nollywood/|title=Canal+ acquires Nollywood studio ROK from IROKOtv to grow African film|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-30}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Walkiya == A watan Agustan 2013, tare da abokan kasuwancin ta Jason Njoku da Bastian Gotter, Njoku sun kaddamar da motar zuba jari ta dala miliyan biyu don fara ayyukan Intanet da ke Legas mai suna Spark.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/05/irokotv-founders-jason-njoku-bastian-gotter-create-spark-a-company-in-support-of-nigerin-technology-internet-entrepreners/|title=iROKOtv Founders Jason Njoku & Bastian Gotter create SPARK – A Company in support of Nigerian Technology & Internet Entrepreners<!--sic-->|publisher=BellaNaija|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref> == Rayuwar ta == Mary Njoku ta auri haifaffen dan asalin kasar [[Birtaniya]] haifaffen kasar Biritaniya, kuma mai saka jari a Afirka, Jason Njoku, a Festac, Legas a ranar 18 ga Agusta 2012, a gaban dangi, abokai da abokan aiki. Sun yi maraba da dansu na fari, Jason Obinna Njoku, a ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 2013, an haifa musu ɗa na biyu Nwakaego Annabelle Njoku a ranar 24 ga Agusta 2015 kuma sun yi maraba da na uku, Amber Nnenna Njoku a ranar 4 ga Agusta 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/mary-remmy-welcomes-3rd-child-see-first-photo-id7100679.html|title=Mary Remmy welcomes 3rd child; See first photo|last=Egbo|first=Vwovwe|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2018-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100145/http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/mary-remmy-welcomes-3rd-child-see-first-photo-id7100679.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Fina finai == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1985]] pz01npgkph6vhw7utu6kyz9mv2t3q1o 821907 821906 2026-04-17T15:32:01Z Pharouqenr 25549 821907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mary Njoku.jpg|thumb|Mary Njoku]] '''Mary Nnenna Njoku''' (wacce aka fi sani da Mary Remmy ko Mary Remmy Njoku, an haife tane a ranar ashirin 20 ga watan Maris shekarar alif dari tara da tamanin da biyar miladiyya 1985) 'yar fim ce kuma furodusa a Nijeriya, kuma Darakta Janar ta gidan fim da ke Legas mai suna ROK Studios, a [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]], wanda aka yi kwanan nan wanda katafaren TV din [[Faransa]], CANAL + ya samu<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://social.techcrunch.com/2019/07/15/canal-acquires-african-film-studio-rok-from-irokotv-to-grow-nollywood/|title=Canal+ acquires Nollywood studio ROK from IROKOtv to grow African film|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-30}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta shirya kuma ta yi fice a cikin, ''Mazajen Legas''; tauraruwa da kuma jagorantar ''<nowiki/>'Yan'' ''Matan'' da ba ''Festac Town ba'' . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Mary Njoku, wacce ita ce ta shida a cikin iyalai 8, an haife ta ne a Amuwo Odofin, [[Lagos (jiha)|Lagos]], Nigeria. Ta fito daga Nsukka, [[Enugu (jiha)|jihar Enugu]] <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/mary-remmy-njoku-5-things-you-should-know-about-actress-id4828217.html|title=Mary Remmy Njoku: 5 things you should know about actress|last=Izuzu|first=Chidumga|access-date=2018-03-03|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505061107/http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/mary-remmy-njoku-5-things-you-should-know-about-actress-id4828217.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Amuwo Odofin, Kwalejin Kasa ta Bagada da Navy Town Secondary School. Ta yi difloma a fannin Kimiyyar Kwamfuta. Daga shekarar 2010, Njoku ta halarci jami’ar jihar Legas inda ta yi karatun digiri a fannin harshen Turanci. A shekarar 2012, Njoku ta halarci makarantar koyon fina-finai ta London a Burtaniya inda ta yi kwas a kan Producing: Movie Magic Budgeting & Schedule Daga yarinta, tana da sha'awar yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ta fara wasan kwaikwayo a lokacin da take makarantar Sakandire. Njoku ya shiga masana'antar Nollywood ne a shekarar 2003, yana da shekara 17.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-37705445/nigerian-actor-mary-njoku-i-just-want-to-be-bigger|title=Nigerian actor who 'wants to be bigger'|website=BBC News|language=en|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Njoku ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo ne a fim din Nollywood na shekarar 2004 'Home Sickness', wanda ta fito tare da [[Chioma Chukwuka|Chioma Chukwuka Akpotha]] . Ta yi fice sosai bayan ta fito a cikin fitaccen fim din Nollywood mai suna 'Blackberry Babes' a shekarar 2011. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nollywoodforever.com/blackberry-babes/|title=Blackberry Babes|publisher=nollywoodforever.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2018-03-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313145110/http://nollywoodforever.com/blackberry-babes/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tsakanin 2011 da 2013, Njoku ya samar da iROKtv, wani dandalin YouTube wanda ya gabatar da hirarraki tare da mashahuran 'yan Najeriya, tare da gabatar da labaran Afrobeats da Nollywood. A shekarar 2015, Njoku ya zama Babban Jami’in Harkokin Sadarwa a Kawayen IROKO. A watan Maris, ta gudanar da firaminista na farko a duniya don fim dinta na ''Anyi Dadi'' a BFI IMAX London, farkon fim din Nollywood a IMAX. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiewire.com/2015/02/imax-world-premiere-of-nollywood-film-thy-will-be-done-in-london-this-thursday-155544/|title=IMAX World Premiere of Nollywood Film 'Thy Will Be Done' In London this Thursday|last=Sergio|date=2015-02-23|work=IndieWire|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2018-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018082706/https://www.indiewire.com/2015/02/imax-world-premiere-of-nollywood-film-thy-will-be-done-in-london-this-thursday-155544/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2018, Njoku ta shirya fim din Nwanyioma, inda rawarta ta bukaci ta aske gashin kanta gaba daya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/34488/mother-of-two-actress-mary-njoku-goes-bald-for-millions-of.html|title=Mother of Two, Actress Mary Njoku Goes Bald for Millions of Naira (photos)|work=Modern Ghana|access-date=2018-10-26|language=en}}</ref> == ROK Studios == A watan Agusta 2013, Njoku ya kafa ROK Studios. Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a cikin 2013, ROK ya samar da fina-finai 540 da jerin TV 25 na asali, gami da ''Festac Town'', ''Ladan matan da ba su yi aure ba'', <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/02/rok-studios-series-single-ladies-premieres-time-valentines-day/|title=Rok Studios' series 'Single Ladies' premieres in time for Valentine's Day|date=2017-02-09|work=Vanguard News|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref>''Yaren Jiki'', ''Rashin Kulawa'' da ''[[Mazajen Lagos|Mijin Legas]]'' <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/husbands-of-lagos-watch-mary-remmy-njoku-and-kenneth-okolie-as-couple-in-2nd-teaser-id4362955.html|title="Husbands of Lagos": Watch Mary Remmy Njoku and Kenneth Okolie as couple in 2nd teaser|last=Izuzu|first=Chidumga|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2018-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101074430/http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/husbands-of-lagos-watch-mary-remmy-njoku-and-kenneth-okolie-as-couple-in-2nd-teaser-id4362955.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>A cikin 2016, Njoku ya kaddamar da ROK a kan Sky,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.digitaltveurope.com/2016/09/27/rok-studios-to-launch-nollywood-channel-on-sky/|title=Rok Studios to launch Nollywood channel on Sky|date=2016-09-27|work=Digital TV Europe|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2018-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018122422/https://www.digitaltveurope.com/2016/09/27/rok-studios-to-launch-nollywood-channel-on-sky/|url-status=dead}}</ref> cibiyar sadarwar da ke watsawa a cikin Burtaniya. Don murnar kaddamarwa, wasu abokan aikinta na [[Nollywood|Nollywood sun]] halarci bikin kaddamar da wanda ya gudana a Babban Ofishin Jakadancin Najeriya a Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/nollywood-arrives-london-launch-sky-channel-rok|title=Nollywood arrives in London for launch of Sky channel Rok|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2019-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430171129/https://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/nollywood-arrives-london-launch-sky-channel-rok|url-status=dead}}</ref> Njoku ya kuma ƙaddamar da ROK a kan DSTV, cibiyar sadarwar da ke watsa shirye-shiryenta a duk Afirka, a cikin shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nigeriacommunicationsweek.com.ng/rok-studio-to-launch-series-on-dstv-channel-168/|title=ROK Studio to Launch Series on DStv Channel 168|publisher=Nigerian CommunicationWeek|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/mary-njoku-the-rok-woman/|title=Mary Njoku: The Rok Woman|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2018-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225065250/https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/mary-njoku-the-rok-woman/|url-status=dead}}</ref>A watan Afrilu 2018, ROK Studios ya ƙaddamar da sababbin tashoshi biyu, ROK2 da ROK3, don saduwa da buƙatar ROK akan DSTV. ROK2 yana isar da abun ciki wanda ke nuna asalin Nollywood, yayin da ROK3 ke baje kolin baiwa da dama ta kasar Ghana, kuma yana da wata tashar tashar kade kade banda fim din 24hr da kuma jerin zabi. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/life/rok-launches-two-brand-new-channels-on-multichoice/|title=ROK Launches ROK 2 And ROK 3|access-date=2018-10-26|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026222425/https://guardian.ng/life/rok-launches-two-brand-new-channels-on-multichoice/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin 2019, Njoku ya kula da sayan ROK zuwa CANAL +, babbar yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta zamani don alamar Nollywood. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://social.techcrunch.com/2019/07/15/canal-acquires-african-film-studio-rok-from-irokotv-to-grow-nollywood/|title=Canal+ acquires Nollywood studio ROK from IROKOtv to grow African film|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-30}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Walkiya == A watan Agustan 2013, tare da abokan kasuwancin ta Jason Njoku da Bastian Gotter, Njoku sun kaddamar da motar zuba jari ta dala miliyan biyu don fara ayyukan Intanet da ke Legas mai suna Spark.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/05/irokotv-founders-jason-njoku-bastian-gotter-create-spark-a-company-in-support-of-nigerin-technology-internet-entrepreners/|title=iROKOtv Founders Jason Njoku & Bastian Gotter create SPARK – A Company in support of Nigerian Technology & Internet Entrepreners<!--sic-->|publisher=BellaNaija|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref> == Rayuwar ta == Mary Njoku ta auri haifaffen dan asalin kasar [[Birtaniya]] haifaffen kasar Biritaniya, kuma mai saka jari a Afirka, Jason Njoku, a Festac, Legas a ranar 18 ga Agusta 2012, a gaban dangi, abokai da abokan aiki. Sun yi maraba da dansu na fari, Jason Obinna Njoku, a ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 2013, an haifa musu ɗa na biyu Nwakaego Annabelle Njoku a ranar 24 ga Agusta 2015 kuma sun yi maraba da na uku, Amber Nnenna Njoku a ranar 4 ga Agusta 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/mary-remmy-welcomes-3rd-child-see-first-photo-id7100679.html|title=Mary Remmy welcomes 3rd child; See first photo|last=Egbo|first=Vwovwe|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2018-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100145/http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/mary-remmy-welcomes-3rd-child-see-first-photo-id7100679.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Fina finai == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1985]] okbj7s1ddvt2av6jc4gszjj945rmly9 821908 821907 2026-04-17T15:32:58Z Pharouqenr 25549 821908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mary Njoku.jpg|thumb|Mary Njoku]] '''Mary Nnenna Njoku''' (wacce aka fi sani da Mary Remmy ko Mary Remmy Njoku, an haife tane a ranar ashirin 20 ga watan Maris shekarar alif dari tara da tamanin da biyar miladiyya 1985) 'yar fim ce kuma furodusa a Nijeriya, kuma Darakta Janar ta gidan fim da ke Legas mai suna ROK Studios, a [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]], wanda aka yi kwanan nan wanda katafaren TV din [[Faransa]], CANAL + ya samu<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://social.techcrunch.com/2019/07/15/canal-acquires-african-film-studio-rok-from-irokotv-to-grow-nollywood/|title=Canal+ acquires Nollywood studio ROK from IROKOtv to grow African film|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-30}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta shirya kuma ta yi fice a cikin, ''Mazajen [[Lagos|Legas]]''; tauraruwa da kuma jagorantar ''<nowiki/>'Yan'' ''Matan'' da ba ''Festac Town ba'' . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Mary Njoku, wacce ita ce ta shida a cikin iyalai 8, an haife ta ne a Amuwo Odofin, [[Lagos (jiha)|Lagos]], Nigeria. Ta fito daga Nsukka, [[Enugu (jiha)|jihar Enugu]] <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/mary-remmy-njoku-5-things-you-should-know-about-actress-id4828217.html|title=Mary Remmy Njoku: 5 things you should know about actress|last=Izuzu|first=Chidumga|access-date=2018-03-03|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505061107/http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/mary-remmy-njoku-5-things-you-should-know-about-actress-id4828217.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Amuwo Odofin, Kwalejin Kasa ta Bagada da Navy Town Secondary School. Ta yi difloma a fannin Kimiyyar Kwamfuta. Daga shekarar 2010, Njoku ta halarci jami’ar jihar Legas inda ta yi karatun digiri a fannin harshen Turanci. A shekarar 2012, Njoku ta halarci makarantar koyon fina-finai ta London a Burtaniya inda ta yi kwas a kan Producing: Movie Magic Budgeting & Schedule Daga yarinta, tana da sha'awar yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ta fara wasan kwaikwayo a lokacin da take makarantar Sakandire. Njoku ya shiga masana'antar Nollywood ne a shekarar 2003, yana da shekara 17.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-37705445/nigerian-actor-mary-njoku-i-just-want-to-be-bigger|title=Nigerian actor who 'wants to be bigger'|website=BBC News|language=en|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Njoku ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo ne a fim din Nollywood na shekarar 2004 'Home Sickness', wanda ta fito tare da [[Chioma Chukwuka|Chioma Chukwuka Akpotha]] . Ta yi fice sosai bayan ta fito a cikin fitaccen fim din Nollywood mai suna 'Blackberry Babes' a shekarar 2011. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nollywoodforever.com/blackberry-babes/|title=Blackberry Babes|publisher=nollywoodforever.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2018-03-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313145110/http://nollywoodforever.com/blackberry-babes/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tsakanin 2011 da 2013, Njoku ya samar da iROKtv, wani dandalin YouTube wanda ya gabatar da hirarraki tare da mashahuran 'yan Najeriya, tare da gabatar da labaran Afrobeats da Nollywood. A shekarar 2015, Njoku ya zama Babban Jami’in Harkokin Sadarwa a Kawayen IROKO. A watan Maris, ta gudanar da firaminista na farko a duniya don fim dinta na ''Anyi Dadi'' a BFI IMAX London, farkon fim din Nollywood a IMAX. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiewire.com/2015/02/imax-world-premiere-of-nollywood-film-thy-will-be-done-in-london-this-thursday-155544/|title=IMAX World Premiere of Nollywood Film 'Thy Will Be Done' In London this Thursday|last=Sergio|date=2015-02-23|work=IndieWire|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2018-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018082706/https://www.indiewire.com/2015/02/imax-world-premiere-of-nollywood-film-thy-will-be-done-in-london-this-thursday-155544/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2018, Njoku ta shirya fim din Nwanyioma, inda rawarta ta bukaci ta aske gashin kanta gaba daya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/34488/mother-of-two-actress-mary-njoku-goes-bald-for-millions-of.html|title=Mother of Two, Actress Mary Njoku Goes Bald for Millions of Naira (photos)|work=Modern Ghana|access-date=2018-10-26|language=en}}</ref> == ROK Studios == A watan Agusta 2013, Njoku ya kafa ROK Studios. Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a cikin 2013, ROK ya samar da fina-finai 540 da jerin TV 25 na asali, gami da ''Festac Town'', ''Ladan matan da ba su yi aure ba'', <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/02/rok-studios-series-single-ladies-premieres-time-valentines-day/|title=Rok Studios' series 'Single Ladies' premieres in time for Valentine's Day|date=2017-02-09|work=Vanguard News|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref>''Yaren Jiki'', ''Rashin Kulawa'' da ''[[Mazajen Lagos|Mijin Legas]]'' <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/husbands-of-lagos-watch-mary-remmy-njoku-and-kenneth-okolie-as-couple-in-2nd-teaser-id4362955.html|title="Husbands of Lagos": Watch Mary Remmy Njoku and Kenneth Okolie as couple in 2nd teaser|last=Izuzu|first=Chidumga|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2018-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101074430/http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/husbands-of-lagos-watch-mary-remmy-njoku-and-kenneth-okolie-as-couple-in-2nd-teaser-id4362955.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>A cikin 2016, Njoku ya kaddamar da ROK a kan Sky,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.digitaltveurope.com/2016/09/27/rok-studios-to-launch-nollywood-channel-on-sky/|title=Rok Studios to launch Nollywood channel on Sky|date=2016-09-27|work=Digital TV Europe|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2018-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018122422/https://www.digitaltveurope.com/2016/09/27/rok-studios-to-launch-nollywood-channel-on-sky/|url-status=dead}}</ref> cibiyar sadarwar da ke watsawa a cikin Burtaniya. Don murnar kaddamarwa, wasu abokan aikinta na [[Nollywood|Nollywood sun]] halarci bikin kaddamar da wanda ya gudana a Babban Ofishin Jakadancin Najeriya a Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/nollywood-arrives-london-launch-sky-channel-rok|title=Nollywood arrives in London for launch of Sky channel Rok|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2019-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430171129/https://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/nollywood-arrives-london-launch-sky-channel-rok|url-status=dead}}</ref> Njoku ya kuma ƙaddamar da ROK a kan DSTV, cibiyar sadarwar da ke watsa shirye-shiryenta a duk Afirka, a cikin shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nigeriacommunicationsweek.com.ng/rok-studio-to-launch-series-on-dstv-channel-168/|title=ROK Studio to Launch Series on DStv Channel 168|publisher=Nigerian CommunicationWeek|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/mary-njoku-the-rok-woman/|title=Mary Njoku: The Rok Woman|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2018-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225065250/https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/mary-njoku-the-rok-woman/|url-status=dead}}</ref>A watan Afrilu 2018, ROK Studios ya ƙaddamar da sababbin tashoshi biyu, ROK2 da ROK3, don saduwa da buƙatar ROK akan DSTV. ROK2 yana isar da abun ciki wanda ke nuna asalin Nollywood, yayin da ROK3 ke baje kolin baiwa da dama ta kasar Ghana, kuma yana da wata tashar tashar kade kade banda fim din 24hr da kuma jerin zabi. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/life/rok-launches-two-brand-new-channels-on-multichoice/|title=ROK Launches ROK 2 And ROK 3|access-date=2018-10-26|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026222425/https://guardian.ng/life/rok-launches-two-brand-new-channels-on-multichoice/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin 2019, Njoku ya kula da sayan ROK zuwa CANAL +, babbar yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta zamani don alamar Nollywood. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://social.techcrunch.com/2019/07/15/canal-acquires-african-film-studio-rok-from-irokotv-to-grow-nollywood/|title=Canal+ acquires Nollywood studio ROK from IROKOtv to grow African film|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-30}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Walkiya == A watan Agustan 2013, tare da abokan kasuwancin ta Jason Njoku da Bastian Gotter, Njoku sun kaddamar da motar zuba jari ta dala miliyan biyu don fara ayyukan Intanet da ke Legas mai suna Spark.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/05/irokotv-founders-jason-njoku-bastian-gotter-create-spark-a-company-in-support-of-nigerin-technology-internet-entrepreners/|title=iROKOtv Founders Jason Njoku & Bastian Gotter create SPARK – A Company in support of Nigerian Technology & Internet Entrepreners<!--sic-->|publisher=BellaNaija|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref> == Rayuwar ta == Mary Njoku ta auri haifaffen dan asalin kasar [[Birtaniya]] haifaffen kasar Biritaniya, kuma mai saka jari a Afirka, Jason Njoku, a Festac, Legas a ranar 18 ga Agusta 2012, a gaban dangi, abokai da abokan aiki. Sun yi maraba da dansu na fari, Jason Obinna Njoku, a ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 2013, an haifa musu ɗa na biyu Nwakaego Annabelle Njoku a ranar 24 ga Agusta 2015 kuma sun yi maraba da na uku, Amber Nnenna Njoku a ranar 4 ga Agusta 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/mary-remmy-welcomes-3rd-child-see-first-photo-id7100679.html|title=Mary Remmy welcomes 3rd child; See first photo|last=Egbo|first=Vwovwe|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2018-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100145/http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/mary-remmy-welcomes-3rd-child-see-first-photo-id7100679.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Fina finai == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1985]] 9d12lkpmci14e1pdytt8zfpk13ofpge 821909 821908 2026-04-17T15:33:22Z Pharouqenr 25549 821909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mary Njoku.jpg|thumb|Mary Njoku]] '''Mary Nnenna Njoku''' (wacce aka fi sani da Mary Remmy ko Mary Remmy Njoku, an haife tane a ranar ashirin 20 ga watan Maris shekarar alif dari tara da tamanin da biyar miladiyya 1985) 'yar fim ce kuma furodusa a Nijeriya, kuma Darakta Janar ta gidan fim da ke Legas mai suna ROK Studios, a [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]], wanda aka yi kwanan nan wanda katafaren TV din [[Faransa]], CANAL + ya samu<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://social.techcrunch.com/2019/07/15/canal-acquires-african-film-studio-rok-from-irokotv-to-grow-nollywood/|title=Canal+ acquires Nollywood studio ROK from IROKOtv to grow African film|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-30}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta shirya kuma ta yi fice a cikin, ''Mazajen [[Lagos|Legas]]''; tauraruwa da kuma jagorantar ''<nowiki/>'Yan'' ''Matan'' da ba ''Festac Town ba'' . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Mary Njoku, wacce ita ce ta shida a cikin iyalai 8, an haife ta ne a Amuwo Odofin, [[Lagos (jiha)|Lagos]], Nigeria. Ta fito daga Nsukka, [[Enugu (jiha)|jihar Enugu]] <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/mary-remmy-njoku-5-things-you-should-know-about-actress-id4828217.html|title=Mary Remmy Njoku: 5 things you should know about actress|last=Izuzu|first=Chidumga|access-date=2018-03-03|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505061107/http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/mary-remmy-njoku-5-things-you-should-know-about-actress-id4828217.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Amuwo Odofin, Kwalejin Kasa ta Bagada da Navy Town Secondary School. Ta yi difloma a fannin Kimiyyar Kwamfuta. Daga shekarar 2010, Njoku ta halarci jami’ar jihar Legas inda ta yi karatun digiri a fannin harshen Turanci. A shekarar 2012, Njoku ta halarci makarantar koyon fina-finai ta London a Burtaniya inda ta yi kwas a kan Producing: Movie Magic Budgeting & Schedule Daga yarinta, tana da sha'awar yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ta fara wasan kwaikwayo a lokacin da take makarantar Sakandire. Njoku ya shiga masana'antar Nollywood ne a shekarar 2003, yana da shekara 17.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-37705445/nigerian-actor-mary-njoku-i-just-want-to-be-bigger|title=Nigerian actor who 'wants to be bigger'|website=BBC News|language=en|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Njoku ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo ne a fim din Nollywood na shekarar 2004 'Home Sickness', wanda ta fito tare da [[Chioma Chukwuka|Chioma Chukwuka Akpotha]] . Ta yi fice sosai bayan ta fito a cikin fitaccen fim din Nollywood mai suna 'Blackberry Babes' a shekarar 2011. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nollywoodforever.com/blackberry-babes/|title=Blackberry Babes|publisher=nollywoodforever.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2018-03-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313145110/http://nollywoodforever.com/blackberry-babes/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tsakanin 2011 da 2013, Njoku ya samar da iROKtv, wani dandalin YouTube wanda ya gabatar da hirarraki tare da mashahuran 'yan Najeriya, tare da gabatar da labaran Afrobeats da Nollywood. A shekarar 2015, Njoku ya zama Babban Jami’in Harkokin Sadarwa a Kawayen IROKO. A watan Maris, ta gudanar da firaminista na farko a duniya don fim dinta na ''Anyi Dadi'' a BFI IMAX London, farkon fim din Nollywood a IMAX. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiewire.com/2015/02/imax-world-premiere-of-nollywood-film-thy-will-be-done-in-london-this-thursday-155544/|title=IMAX World Premiere of Nollywood Film 'Thy Will Be Done' In London this Thursday|last=Sergio|date=2015-02-23|work=IndieWire|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2018-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018082706/https://www.indiewire.com/2015/02/imax-world-premiere-of-nollywood-film-thy-will-be-done-in-london-this-thursday-155544/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2018, Njoku ta shirya fim din Nwanyioma, inda rawarta ta bukaci ta aske gashin kanta gaba daya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/34488/mother-of-two-actress-mary-njoku-goes-bald-for-millions-of.html|title=Mother of Two, Actress Mary Njoku Goes Bald for Millions of Naira (photos)|work=Modern Ghana|access-date=2018-10-26|language=en}}</ref> == ROK Studios == A watan Agusta 2013, Njoku ya kafa ROK Studios. Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a cikin 2013, ROK ya samar da fina-finai 540 da jerin TV 25 na asali, gami da ''Festac Town'', ''Ladan matan da ba su yi aure ba'', <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/02/rok-studios-series-single-ladies-premieres-time-valentines-day/|title=Rok Studios' series 'Single Ladies' premieres in time for Valentine's Day|date=2017-02-09|work=Vanguard News|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref>''Yaren Jiki'', ''Rashin Kulawa'' da ''[[Mazajen Lagos|Mijin Legas]]'' <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/husbands-of-lagos-watch-mary-remmy-njoku-and-kenneth-okolie-as-couple-in-2nd-teaser-id4362955.html|title="Husbands of Lagos": Watch Mary Remmy Njoku and Kenneth Okolie as couple in 2nd teaser|last=Izuzu|first=Chidumga|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2018-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101074430/http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/husbands-of-lagos-watch-mary-remmy-njoku-and-kenneth-okolie-as-couple-in-2nd-teaser-id4362955.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>A cikin 2016, Njoku ya kaddamar da ROK a kan Sky,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.digitaltveurope.com/2016/09/27/rok-studios-to-launch-nollywood-channel-on-sky/|title=Rok Studios to launch Nollywood channel on Sky|date=2016-09-27|work=Digital TV Europe|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2018-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018122422/https://www.digitaltveurope.com/2016/09/27/rok-studios-to-launch-nollywood-channel-on-sky/|url-status=dead}}</ref> cibiyar sadarwar da ke watsawa a cikin Burtaniya. Don murnar kaddamarwa, wasu abokan aikinta na [[Nollywood|Nollywood sun]] halarci bikin kaddamar da wanda ya gudana a Babban Ofishin Jakadancin Najeriya a Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/nollywood-arrives-london-launch-sky-channel-rok|title=Nollywood arrives in London for launch of Sky channel Rok|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2019-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430171129/https://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/nollywood-arrives-london-launch-sky-channel-rok|url-status=dead}}</ref> Njoku ya kuma ƙaddamar da ROK a kan DSTV, cibiyar sadarwar da ke watsa shirye-shiryenta a duk Afirka, a cikin shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nigeriacommunicationsweek.com.ng/rok-studio-to-launch-series-on-dstv-channel-168/|title=ROK Studio to Launch Series on DStv Channel 168|publisher=Nigerian CommunicationWeek|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/mary-njoku-the-rok-woman/|title=Mary Njoku: The Rok Woman|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2018-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225065250/https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/mary-njoku-the-rok-woman/|url-status=dead}}</ref>A watan Afrilu 2018, ROK Studios ya ƙaddamar da sababbin tashoshi biyu, ROK2 da ROK3, don saduwa da buƙatar ROK akan DSTV. ROK2 yana isar da abun ciki wanda ke nuna asalin Nollywood, yayin da ROK3 ke baje kolin baiwa da dama ta kasar Ghana, kuma yana da wata tashar tashar kade kade banda fim din 24hr da kuma jerin zabi. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/life/rok-launches-two-brand-new-channels-on-multichoice/|title=ROK Launches ROK 2 And ROK 3|access-date=2018-10-26|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026222425/https://guardian.ng/life/rok-launches-two-brand-new-channels-on-multichoice/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin 2019, Njoku ya kula da sayan ROK zuwa CANAL +, babbar yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta zamani don alamar Nollywood. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://social.techcrunch.com/2019/07/15/canal-acquires-african-film-studio-rok-from-irokotv-to-grow-nollywood/|title=Canal+ acquires Nollywood studio ROK from IROKOtv to grow African film|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-30}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Walkiya == A watan Agustan 2013, tare da abokan kasuwancin ta Jason Njoku da Bastian Gotter, Njoku sun kaddamar da motar zuba jari ta dala miliyan biyu don fara ayyukan Intanet da ke Legas mai suna Spark.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/05/irokotv-founders-jason-njoku-bastian-gotter-create-spark-a-company-in-support-of-nigerin-technology-internet-entrepreners/|title=iROKOtv Founders Jason Njoku & Bastian Gotter create SPARK – A Company in support of Nigerian Technology & Internet Entrepreners<!--sic-->|publisher=BellaNaija|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref> == Rayuwar ta == Mary Njoku ta auri haifaffen dan asalin kasar [[Birtaniya]] haifaffen kasar Biritaniya, kuma mai saka jari a Afirka, Jason Njoku, a Festac, Legas a ranar 18 ga Agusta 2012, a gaban dangi, abokai da abokan aiki. Sun yi maraba da dansu na fari, Jason Obinna Njoku, a ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 2013, an haifa musu ɗa na biyu Nwakaego Annabelle Njoku a ranar 24 ga Agusta 2015 kuma sun yi maraba da na uku, Amber Nnenna Njoku a ranar 4 ga Agusta 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/mary-remmy-welcomes-3rd-child-see-first-photo-id7100679.html|title=Mary Remmy welcomes 3rd child; See first photo|last=Egbo|first=Vwovwe|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2018-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100145/http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/mary-remmy-welcomes-3rd-child-see-first-photo-id7100679.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1985]] opo0snorcb82mgz5jf9cvkvbdjhxa7j 821910 821909 2026-04-17T15:33:35Z Pharouqenr 25549 821910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mary Njoku.jpg|thumb|Mary Njoku]] '''Mary Nnenna Njoku''' (wacce aka fi sani da Mary Remmy ko Mary Remmy Njoku, an haife tane a ranar ashirin 20 ga watan Maris shekarar alif dari tara da tamanin da biyar miladiyya 1985) 'yar fim ce kuma furodusa a Nijeriya, kuma Darakta Janar ta gidan fim da ke Legas mai suna ROK Studios, a [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]], wanda aka yi kwanan nan wanda katafaren TV din [[Faransa]], CANAL + ya samu<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://social.techcrunch.com/2019/07/15/canal-acquires-african-film-studio-rok-from-irokotv-to-grow-nollywood/|title=Canal+ acquires Nollywood studio ROK from IROKOtv to grow African film|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-30}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta shirya kuma ta yi fice a cikin, ''Mazajen [[Lagos|Legas]]''; tauraruwa da kuma jagorantar ''<nowiki/>'Yan'' ''Matan'' da ba ''Festac Town ba'' . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Mary Njoku, wacce ita ce ta shida a cikin iyalai 8, an haife ta ne a Amuwo Odofin, [[Lagos (jiha)|Lagos]], Nigeria. Ta fito daga Nsukka, [[Enugu (jiha)|jihar Enugu]] <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/mary-remmy-njoku-5-things-you-should-know-about-actress-id4828217.html|title=Mary Remmy Njoku: 5 things you should know about actress|last=Izuzu|first=Chidumga|access-date=2018-03-03|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505061107/http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/mary-remmy-njoku-5-things-you-should-know-about-actress-id4828217.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Amuwo Odofin, Kwalejin Kasa ta Bagada da Navy Town Secondary School. Ta yi difloma a fannin Kimiyyar Kwamfuta. Daga shekarar 2010, Njoku ta halarci jami’ar jihar Legas inda ta yi karatun digiri a fannin harshen Turanci. A shekarar 2012, Njoku ta halarci makarantar koyon fina-finai ta London a Burtaniya inda ta yi kwas a kan Producing: Movie Magic Budgeting & Schedule Daga yarinta, tana da sha'awar yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ta fara wasan kwaikwayo a lokacin da take makarantar Sakandire. Njoku ya shiga masana'antar Nollywood ne a shekarar 2003, yana da shekara 17.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-37705445/nigerian-actor-mary-njoku-i-just-want-to-be-bigger|title=Nigerian actor who 'wants to be bigger'|website=BBC News|language=en|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Njoku ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo ne a fim din Nollywood na shekarar 2004 'Home Sickness', wanda ta fito tare da [[Chioma Chukwuka|Chioma Chukwuka Akpotha]] . Ta yi fice sosai bayan ta fito a cikin fitaccen fim din Nollywood mai suna 'Blackberry Babes' a shekarar 2011. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nollywoodforever.com/blackberry-babes/|title=Blackberry Babes|publisher=nollywoodforever.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2018-03-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313145110/http://nollywoodforever.com/blackberry-babes/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tsakanin 2011 da 2013, Njoku ya samar da iROKtv, wani dandalin YouTube wanda ya gabatar da hirarraki tare da mashahuran 'yan Najeriya, tare da gabatar da labaran Afrobeats da Nollywood. A shekarar 2015, Njoku ya zama Babban Jami’in Harkokin Sadarwa a Kawayen IROKO. A watan Maris, ta gudanar da firaminista na farko a duniya don fim dinta na ''Anyi Dadi'' a BFI IMAX London, farkon fim din Nollywood a IMAX. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiewire.com/2015/02/imax-world-premiere-of-nollywood-film-thy-will-be-done-in-london-this-thursday-155544/|title=IMAX World Premiere of Nollywood Film 'Thy Will Be Done' In London this Thursday|last=Sergio|date=2015-02-23|work=IndieWire|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2018-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018082706/https://www.indiewire.com/2015/02/imax-world-premiere-of-nollywood-film-thy-will-be-done-in-london-this-thursday-155544/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2018, Njoku ta shirya fim din Nwanyioma, inda rawarta ta bukaci ta aske gashin kanta gaba daya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/34488/mother-of-two-actress-mary-njoku-goes-bald-for-millions-of.html|title=Mother of Two, Actress Mary Njoku Goes Bald for Millions of Naira (photos)|work=Modern Ghana|access-date=2018-10-26|language=en}}</ref> == ROK Studios == A watan Agusta 2013, Njoku ya kafa ROK Studios. Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a cikin 2013, ROK ya samar da fina-finai 540 da jerin TV 25 na asali, gami da ''Festac Town'', ''Ladan matan da ba su yi aure ba'', <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/02/rok-studios-series-single-ladies-premieres-time-valentines-day/|title=Rok Studios' series 'Single Ladies' premieres in time for Valentine's Day|date=2017-02-09|work=Vanguard News|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref>''Yaren Jiki'', ''Rashin Kulawa'' da ''Mijin Legas'' <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/husbands-of-lagos-watch-mary-remmy-njoku-and-kenneth-okolie-as-couple-in-2nd-teaser-id4362955.html|title="Husbands of Lagos": Watch Mary Remmy Njoku and Kenneth Okolie as couple in 2nd teaser|last=Izuzu|first=Chidumga|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2018-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101074430/http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/husbands-of-lagos-watch-mary-remmy-njoku-and-kenneth-okolie-as-couple-in-2nd-teaser-id4362955.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>A cikin 2016, Njoku ya kaddamar da ROK a kan Sky,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.digitaltveurope.com/2016/09/27/rok-studios-to-launch-nollywood-channel-on-sky/|title=Rok Studios to launch Nollywood channel on Sky|date=2016-09-27|work=Digital TV Europe|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2018-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018122422/https://www.digitaltveurope.com/2016/09/27/rok-studios-to-launch-nollywood-channel-on-sky/|url-status=dead}}</ref> cibiyar sadarwar da ke watsawa a cikin Burtaniya. Don murnar kaddamarwa, wasu abokan aikinta na [[Nollywood|Nollywood sun]] halarci bikin kaddamar da wanda ya gudana a Babban Ofishin Jakadancin Najeriya a Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/nollywood-arrives-london-launch-sky-channel-rok|title=Nollywood arrives in London for launch of Sky channel Rok|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2019-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430171129/https://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/nollywood-arrives-london-launch-sky-channel-rok|url-status=dead}}</ref> Njoku ya kuma ƙaddamar da ROK a kan DSTV, cibiyar sadarwar da ke watsa shirye-shiryenta a duk Afirka, a cikin shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nigeriacommunicationsweek.com.ng/rok-studio-to-launch-series-on-dstv-channel-168/|title=ROK Studio to Launch Series on DStv Channel 168|publisher=Nigerian CommunicationWeek|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/mary-njoku-the-rok-woman/|title=Mary Njoku: The Rok Woman|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2018-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225065250/https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/mary-njoku-the-rok-woman/|url-status=dead}}</ref>A watan Afrilu 2018, ROK Studios ya ƙaddamar da sababbin tashoshi biyu, ROK2 da ROK3, don saduwa da buƙatar ROK akan DSTV. ROK2 yana isar da abun ciki wanda ke nuna asalin Nollywood, yayin da ROK3 ke baje kolin baiwa da dama ta kasar Ghana, kuma yana da wata tashar tashar kade kade banda fim din 24hr da kuma jerin zabi. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/life/rok-launches-two-brand-new-channels-on-multichoice/|title=ROK Launches ROK 2 And ROK 3|access-date=2018-10-26|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026222425/https://guardian.ng/life/rok-launches-two-brand-new-channels-on-multichoice/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin 2019, Njoku ya kula da sayan ROK zuwa CANAL +, babbar yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta zamani don alamar Nollywood. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://social.techcrunch.com/2019/07/15/canal-acquires-african-film-studio-rok-from-irokotv-to-grow-nollywood/|title=Canal+ acquires Nollywood studio ROK from IROKOtv to grow African film|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-30}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Walkiya == A watan Agustan 2013, tare da abokan kasuwancin ta Jason Njoku da Bastian Gotter, Njoku sun kaddamar da motar zuba jari ta dala miliyan biyu don fara ayyukan Intanet da ke Legas mai suna Spark.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/05/irokotv-founders-jason-njoku-bastian-gotter-create-spark-a-company-in-support-of-nigerin-technology-internet-entrepreners/|title=iROKOtv Founders Jason Njoku & Bastian Gotter create SPARK – A Company in support of Nigerian Technology & Internet Entrepreners<!--sic-->|publisher=BellaNaija|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref> == Rayuwar ta == Mary Njoku ta auri haifaffen dan asalin kasar [[Birtaniya]] haifaffen kasar Biritaniya, kuma mai saka jari a Afirka, Jason Njoku, a Festac, Legas a ranar 18 ga Agusta 2012, a gaban dangi, abokai da abokan aiki. Sun yi maraba da dansu na fari, Jason Obinna Njoku, a ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 2013, an haifa musu ɗa na biyu Nwakaego Annabelle Njoku a ranar 24 ga Agusta 2015 kuma sun yi maraba da na uku, Amber Nnenna Njoku a ranar 4 ga Agusta 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/mary-remmy-welcomes-3rd-child-see-first-photo-id7100679.html|title=Mary Remmy welcomes 3rd child; See first photo|last=Egbo|first=Vwovwe|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2018-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100145/http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/mary-remmy-welcomes-3rd-child-see-first-photo-id7100679.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1985]] sbwxax1yynn94ulwfjztokvj5n9kd3w 0 16403 821993 784883 2026-04-17T19:01:49Z A4Gumel 11922 /* Sarakuna */ 821993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Flag of the Hausa people AoE3DE.svg|thumb|Tutar Hausawa]] Wannan jeri ne na mutanan [[Hausawa]], jerin ya kuma ƙunshi waɗanda suka shahara ne tun a ɓangaren ilimin [[addini]], ma'ana sanannu ne a ƙasar [[hausa]]. == Masana [[Addinin Musulunci|Ilimin Musulunci]] == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Sheikh Ibrahim Khaleel]] * [[Ahmad Abubakar Gumi]] * [[Dahiru Usman Bauchi]] * [[Isa Ali Pantami]] * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] * [[Kabiru Gombe]] * [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] * [[Sani Yahaya Jingir]] * [[Abubakar Gumi]] * [[Ahmad Sulaiman Ibrahim|Alaramma Ahmad Sulaiman]] * [[Aminu Ibrahim Daurawa]] * [[Qaribullah Nasiru Kabara]] * [[Ibrahim Ahmad Maqari]] * [[Atiku Sanka]] * [[Ahmad Tijjani Zango Bare-Bari]] * [[Umar Sani Fagge]] * [[Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemo|Dr Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemu]] {{colend}} * [[Muhammad Bello Yabo|Sheikh Bello Yabo]] * [[ Sheikh Aliyul-khawwas]] *[[Sheikh Isiaka Rabiu]] == Sarakuna == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Abdulmumini Kabir Usman]] * [[Daurama]] * [[Faruk Umar Faruk]] * [[Amina|Queen Amina]] * [[Muhammad Rumfa]] * [[Yaji I]] * [[Yunfa]] * [[Shehu Idris]] * [[Ahmad Garba Gunna]] * [[Muhammad Bara'u Mu'azu]] * [[Sa'idu Namaska]] {{colend}} == Masana [[Ilmi|ilmin]] zamani == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Attahiru Jega]] *[[M. S. Zahraddeen]] *[[Abba Gumel]] *[[Dandatti Abdulkadir]] *[[Sarki Abba Abdulkadir]] *[[Abubakar Adamu Rasheed]] *[[Muhammad Yahuza Bello]] *[[Abdalla Uba Adamu]] *[[Rabia Salihu Sa'id]] *[[Tanko Muhammad]] *[[Abdullahi Mustapha]] *Prof. Ango Abdullahi * [[Ibrahim Garba]] {{colend}} == 'Yan [[Kasuwa (wuri)|Kasuwa]] == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Aliko Dangote]] * [[Alhassan Dantata]] [[Murtala MURG]] *[[Aminu Dantata|Alhaji Aminu Dantata]] *[[Isyaku Rabiu|Alhaji Isyaku Rabiu]] *[[Abdul Samad Rabiu|Alhaji Abdulsamad Rabiu]] *[[Bashir Dalhatu]] *[[A.A Rano]] {{colend}} * [[Alh.Nafiu Rabiu]] == [[Marubuta]] == * [[Zaynab Alkali]] * [[Abdulbaqi Jari]] * [[Fauziyya D Sulaiman]] * [[Hauwa Ali]] * [[Abubakar Imam]] * [[Sharifa Ibrahim Zarma]] * Aliyu Kamal * Danladi Zakariyya Haruna * Auwalu Salisu Ringim * Rahama Abdulmajid * Zahra,u Baba Yakasai * Shafi,U Dauda Giwa * Zuwaira gire == 'Yan Jarida == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Mallam Usman Usman]] * [[Jamilah Tangaza]] * [[Nasiru Salisu Zango]] * [[Ahmed Abba Abdullahi]] * [[Aminu Abdulkadir]] * [[Ibrahim Mijinyawa]] * [[Sulaiman Ibrahim Katsina]] * [[Elhadji Diori Coulibaly]] * [[Imam Saleh]] * [[Aisha Sharif Baffa]] * [[Auwal Ahmad Janyau]] * [[Badariya Tijjani Kalarawi]] * [[Bilkisu Babangida]] * [[Halima Umar Saleh]] * [[Haruna Shehu Tangaza]] * [[Haruna Ibrahim Kakangi]] * [[Raliya Zubairu]] * [[Sani Aliyu]] * [[Umayma Sani Abdulmumin]] * [[Umar Rayyan]] * [[Yusuf Ibrahim Yakasai]] * Khalifa Shehu Dokaji * [[Umar Shehu Elleman]] * [[Ahmad Idi Sumaila]] * [[Abdurrahman Nuraini]] * [[Umar Sa'id Tudun Wada]] * [[Ahmad Garzali Yakubu]] {{colend}} == Masana shari'a == * [[Sidi Bage]] * [[Tanko Muhammad]] == Gidan [[Soja]] == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Abdulrahman Bello Dambazau]] *[[Abdulsalam Abubakar]] *[[Ibrahim Babangida]] *[[Muhammadu Buhari]] *[[Murtala Mohammed]] *[[Sani Abacha]] *[[Mansur Dan Ali]] *[[Mamman Kontagora]] {{colend}} *[[wushishi]] == Mawaƙa == # [[Ali jita]] # [[Hamisu breaker]] # Nura m Inuwa # Umar M Shariff # Ado isa gwanja # Aminu ladan Aka # Hussaini Danko # Isah ayagi # Auta waziri === [[Gargajiya|Na Gargajiya]] === {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Mamman Shata|Alhaji Mamman Shata]] * [[Dan Maraya|Dan Maraya Jos]] *[[Dan Anace]] *[[Garba Supa]] *[[Aliyu Dandawo]] *[[Sani Aliyu Dandawo]] *[[Ibrahim Narambada]] *[[Mahammadu Dahiru - Makaho]] *[[Salihu Jan kiɗi]] *[[Kurna Maradun]] *[[Musa Ɗan Ƙwairo Maradun]] *[[Mamman Sarkin Taushin Katsina]] *[[Illan Kalgo]] *[[Sa'idu Faru]] *[[Ahmadu Ɗan Matawalle]] *[[Mu'azu Ɗan Alalo]] *[[Gawo Filinge]] *[[Ɗan Giwa Zuru]] *[[Garbaliyo Mai Goge]] *[[Audu Karen Gusau]] *[[Audu Wazirin Ɗan Duna]] *[[Adamu Ɗan Maraya Jos]] *[[Ibrahim Ɗan Mani]] *[[Mammalo Shata]] *[[Muhammadu Ganga-ganga]] *[[Uwaliya Mai Amada]] *[[Uwani Zakirai]] *[[Barmani Coge]] *[[Assha Fallatiyya]] *[[Kaka Dawa]] *[[Huruna Uji Hadeja]] *[[Sabo Sayasaya]] *[[Hasan Wayam]] *[[Daɓalo Sarkin Taushin Sarkin Kano]] *[[Sani Mai Bango]] *[[Sani Sabulu Kanowa]] *[[Sani Ɗan Indo]] *[[Ali Mai Mandula]] *[[Shehu Ajilo Ɗanguzuri]] *[[Shana Ɗan Kama]] *[[Rabo Hausawa Makaɗin Maza na Sale]] *[[Gambu Makaɗin Maza]] *[[Hamisu Sarkin Kiɗi]] *[[Adhama mai Kidan Gangi]] *[[Shafi'u Mai Gangi]] *[[Musa Ɗan Ba'u]] *[[Ibrahim Jikan Mujaddadi]] *[[Sale Gambara]] *[[Musa Dan Goma]] *[[Ibrahim Na Habu]] *[[Musa Gumel mai Gurmi]] *[[Surajo Mai Asharalle]] *[[Audu Karakara]] *[[Usman Muhammad Rabiu A.D.]] === Na Zamani === {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Nazifi Asnanic]] * [[Naziru M Ahmad]] * [[Nura M Inuwa]] * [[Sadiq Zazzabi]] * [[Ali Jita]] * [[Abubakar Sani]] {{colend}} == Ƴan Siyasa == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa|Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] *[[Ahmadu Bello|Ahmadu Bello Sardauna]] *[[Maitama Sule]] *[[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] *[[Isa Kaita|Alhaji Isa Kaita]] *[[Yakubu Dogara]] *[[Aminu Tambuwal]] *[[Hadiza Bala Usman]] *[[Kabir Tukur Ibrahim]] *[[Mahamadou Issoufou]] *[[Muhammadu Buhari]] *[[Mustapha Baba Shehuri]] *[[Rabiu Kwankwaso]] *[[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje|Umar Ganduje]] *[[Namadi Sambo]] *[[Umaru Dikko]] *[[Sule Lamido]] *[[Nasir Ahmed El-rufa'i]] *[[Ibrahim Shekarau]] *[[Aminu Kano]] *[[Bello Matawalle]] *[[Aminu Masari]] {{colend}} * [[Suleiman Hunkuyi]] == 'Yan sanda == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Hafiz Ringim]] * [[Suleiman Abba]] * [[Mohammed Dikko Abubakar]] * [[Suleiman Abba]] * [[Muhammad Wakili]] {{colend}} == Jaruman fina-finai == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Ali Nuhu]] * [[Adam A Zango]] * [[Hadiza Aliyu]] * [[Hafsat Idris]] * [[Rahama Sadau]] * [[Shehu Hassan Kano]] * [[Rabilu Musa]] * [[Sani Musa Danja]] * [[Saratu Gidado]] * [[Aisha Tsamiya]] * [[Momi Gombe]] {{colend}} == 'Yan Ƙwallon Ƙafa == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Ahmed Musa|Ahmed Musa (ɗan kwallo]] *[[Amadou Moutari]] *[[Habib Mohamed]] *[[Haruna Babangida]] *[[Masahudu Alhassan]] *[[Mohammed Abu]] *[[Mohammed Rabiu]] *[[Moussa Maâzou]] *[[Sani Kaita]] *[[Shehu Abdullahi]] *[[Tijani Babangida]] *[[Umar Sadiq]] *[[Mubarak Wakaso|Wakaso Mubarak]] {{colend}} ==Manazarta== * http://www.gumel.com/hausa/wakoki/wakoki.htm * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Ibrahim_Khaleel * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayero_University_Kano * https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminu_Daurawa * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanko_Muhammad * https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauziyya_D_Sulaiman * https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallam_Usman_Usman{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://www.bbc.com/hausa/game-da-mu-37377088 {{Reflist}} [[Category:Hausa people]] [[Category:Lists of people by ethnicity]] 2wwgplnwteyfgqnaek447stege5s7aj 0 20080 821963 676655 2026-04-17T17:11:59Z Joserpkm 35450 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 821963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abokai na Yankin Irish da Gwamnatin Ireland''', wanda aka sani da '''Halin Yanayin Ireland''',<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020|title=Friends of the Irish Environment v The Government of Ireland & Ors|url=https://www.courts.ie/view/judgments/681b8633-3f57-41b5-9362-8cbc8e7d9215/981c098a-462b-4a9a-9941-5d601903c9af/2020_IESC_49.pdf/pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=16 November 2020|website=}}</ref> yanki ne na shari'ar canjin yanayi a Kotun Koli ta Irish.<ref>https://oceanfdn.org/ha/tag/canjin-yanayi/</ref> A halin da ake ciki, Kotun Koli ta soke Tsarin Aiwatar da Ƙasa na Gwamnatin Ireland na 2017 bisa hujjar cewa ba ta da takamaiman abin da Dokar Yanayi ta Yankin Irish da Dokar Ci gaban Carbon ta shekarar 2015 ta tanada (Dokar canjin yanayi ta 2015). Kotun Ƙoli ta umarci gwamnati da ta ƙirƙiro da wani sabon tsari wanda ya dace da dokar [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] ta shekarar 2015. == Bayan fage == [[File:Irish_Department_of_the_Environment,_Climate_and_Communications.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irish_Department_of_the_Environment,_Climate_and_Communications.png|thumb|Sashen Kula da Muhalli, Yanayi da Sadarwa na Irish]] [[File:Ireland_cliffs_of_moher3_Pumbaa80.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ireland_cliffs_of_moher3_Pumbaa80.jpg|thumb|Gwanin Moher, Ireland]] Shari'ar ta shafi Tsarin Rage Kasa (Shirin), wanda aka buga a ranar 19 Yuli 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2017|title=National Mitigation Plan 2017|url=https://static.rasset.ie/documents/news/national-mitigation-plan-2017.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=16 November 2020|website=}}</ref> Dokar Sauyin Yanayi ta 2015 ta samar da tsari don kafa "karamin carbon, mai jure yanayin da kuma tattalin arzikin mai dorewa a karshen shekarar 2050" (makasudin mika mulki na ƙasa).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate Action and Low Carbon Development Act 2015 - A Brief Overview|url=https://www.mccannfitzgerald.com/knowledge/construction-and-engineering/climate-action-and-low-carbon-development-act-2015-a-brief-overview|access-date=2020-11-16|website=www.mccannfitzgerald.com}}</ref> Dokar Sauyin Yanayi ta 2015 tana bukatar hakan, don ba wa jihar damar bin manufar sauyin kasa, gwamnati ta samar tare da amincewa da wani shirin ragewa<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2015|title=2015 Climate Act, section 3|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2015/act/46/section/3/enacted/en/html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=16 November 2020|website=}}</ref> na kasa wanda ya kayyade "yadda ta gabatar da shi don cimma burin sauyin kasa".<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2015|title=2015 Climate Act, section 4|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2015/act/46/section/4/enacted/en/html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=16 November 2020|website=}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2015, Ireland ta kasance ta uku mafi yawan iskar gas mai gurɓataccen iska a cikin EU.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change - CSO - Central Statistics Office|url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-eii/eii18/greenhousegasesandclimatechange/#:~:text=Ireland%20had%20the%20third%20highest,EU%20average%20of%208.8%20tonnes|access-date=2020-11-16|website=www.cso.ie|language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Majalisar Shawara kan Canjin Yanayi, wata hukuma mai zaman kanta a Ireland, ta gabatar da rahotonta ga gwamnati. Ya tsara cewa Ireland za ta rasa abubuwan da ta sa gaba na 2020 "ta hanyar tazara mai yawa".<ref>https://climate-calculator.climatehero.org/?source=GoogleKeywords&gad_source=1&gad_campaignid=12575203829&gclid=Cj0KCQjwkILEBhDeARIsAL--pjxuSoYxWcDyhR6rqcUfgkgDGV_PlC9o4VfAsHAMxpSNbmb6LvgjQ7IaAklFEALw_wcB</ref> Ya ba da rahoton cewa ƙarin manufofi da matakan suna da mahimmanci ga Ireland don cimma burinta na 2030 kuma aiwatar da "ingantattun ƙarin manufofi" ana "buƙatar" cikin gaggawa "don burin na Ireland na 2050.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2017|title=Climate Change Advisory Council Periodic Review Report 2017|url=http://www.climatecouncil.ie/media/CCAC_REVIEWREPORT2017.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203095232/http://www.climatecouncil.ie/media/CCAC_REVIEWREPORT2017.pdf|archive-date=3 December 2019|access-date=16 November 2020|website=}}</ref> Shugaban Majalisar, Farfesa John Fitzgerald, ya yi sharhi cewa Shirin yana dauke da "'yan shawarwari" kuma ba zai isa ya cika manufar mika mulki ta Ireland ba.<ref>{{Cite web|last=O'Sullivan|first=Kevin|title=Climate Change Advisory Council strongly criticises Government plan on climate|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/environment/climate-change-advisory-council-strongly-criticises-government-plan-on-climate-1.3316390|access-date=2020-11-16|website=The Irish Times|language=en}}</ref> Ƙungiyar masu rajin kare muhalli Abokai na Muhalli na Yankin Irish (FIE) ne suka kawo karar, wani kamfanin da ba na riba ba wanda aka iyakance shi ta hanyar garantin da kuma rajistar sadaka a cikin Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us - Friends of the Irish Environment|url=https://www.friendsoftheirishenvironment.org/aboutus|access-date=2020-11-16|website=www.friendsoftheirishenvironment.org}}</ref> FIE an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don kawo aikin ta sauran batutuwan yanayin duniya, gami da batun Urgenda da Juliana. v Amurka. FIE ta ce suna fatan shari'ar za ta kawo wani babban mataki na gwamnati kan canjin yanayi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Climate case|url=https://www.climatecaseireland.ie/climate-case/|access-date=2020-11-16|website=Climate Case Ireland|language=en-US}}</ref> An sami goyon bayan jama'a sosai ga shawarar FIE na daukar karar, kamar yadda takardar neman tallafi ga masu shigar da kara ta samu sa hannu sama da 20,000.<ref name=":2" /> == Babban Kotun == A cikin Babbar Kotun, FIE ta yi iƙirarin cewa Tsarin ya kasance mafi girman ƙira game da Dokar Yanayi na shekarar 2015 kuma Tsarin ya keta haƙƙoƙin ƙarƙashin ECHR da Tsarin Mulki na Ireland (Tsarin Mulki). Ta ce gwamnati, wajen amincewa da Tsarin, ta gaza yin komai don tabbatar da cewa an rage fitar da hayaki a cikin gajeren lokaci da matsakaita, don haka zai kasa cimma burin da kasashen duniya suka ga ya dace. Ya dogara ne da gaskiyar cewa, duk da shawarar da Interungiyar Gwamnati mai kula da Canjin Yanayi ta bayar cewa hayakin zai buƙaci ya ragu da aƙalla 25-40% tsakanin 1990-2020 don taimakawa iyakance ɗumamar yanayi zuwa 2°C sama da matakan kafin masana'antu, shirin yayi tsammanin karuwar hayaki 10% a wannan lokacin. FIE ta lura cewa mafi girman ragin zai zama dole don biyan manufar Yarjejeniyar [[Faris|Paris]] don takaita ɗumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5°C sama da matakan kafin masana'antu. FIE ta nemi ganin an yanke hukuncin da gwamnati ta yi na amincewa da Tsarin tare da neman wani umarni da cewa a sake tsarin yadda ya kamata kamar yadda dokar sauyin yanayi ta 2015 ta tanada.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web|title=Friends of the Irish Environment v. Ireland|url=http://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/friends-of-the-irish-environment-v-ireland/|access-date=2020-11-16|website=Climate Change Litigation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Friends of the Irish Environment v. Ireland|url=http://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/friends-of-the-irish-environment-v-ireland/|access-date=2020-11-16|website=Climate Change Litigation|language=en-US}}</ref> Gwamnatin ta jayayya cewa Shirin, a matsayin manufofin gwamnati, ba mai adalci bane. Sun ci gaba da jayayya cewa, saboda FIE kamfani ne ba mutum ba ne, FIE ba ta da ikon neman haƙƙin mutum a ƙarƙashin ECHR ko Tsarin Mulki.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Carolan|first=Mary|title=Supreme Court to hear appeal over Government's 'flawed' climate change plan|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/courts/high-court/supreme-court-to-hear-appeal-over-government-s-flawed-climate-change-plan-1.4176313|access-date=2020-11-15|website=The Irish Times|language=en}}</ref> Mista Justice MacGrath ya gabatar da hukuncin ga Babbar Kotun a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2019. Babbar Kotun ta gano cewa FIE tana da damar gabatar da hujjoji game da haƙƙoƙin da aka yarda da su, don dalilan shari'ar, cewa akwai haƙƙin tsarin mulki wanda ba a ƙididdige shi ba na 'yanayin da ya dace da mutuncin ɗan Adam'. Koyaya, ta gano cewa Tsarin bai keta wannan haƙƙin ba ko haƙƙin tsarin mulki na rayuwa ko mutuncin jiki, kamar yadda FIE ta yi iƙirari. Babbar Kotun ta gano cewa Tsarin ba shi da wata illa ga dokar sauyin yanayi ta shekarar 2015, tana mai lura da "muhimmin gibin da ke cikin hankali" da gwamnati ta more. An ƙi ba da taimako da aka nema.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2019|title=Friends of the Irish Environment CLG v The Government of Ireland|url=https://app-justis-com.jproxy.nuim.ie/case/friends-of-the-irish-enviroment-clg-v-the-government-of-ireland/fulltext-judgment/aXidm5udmWadl|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430083604/https://login.jproxy.nuim.ie/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fapp.justis.com%2Fcase%2Ffriends-of-the-irish-enviroment-clg-v-the-government-of-ireland%2Ffulltext-judgment%2FaXidm5udmWadl|archive-date=30 April 2021|access-date=16 November 2020|website=}}</ref> == Kotun Koli == Bayan da shari’ar tasu ba ta yi nasara ba a Babbar Kotun, Kotun Koli ta amince ta saurari karar kai tsaye, inda ta bai wa FIE damar “tsalle-tsalle” hanyar da ta saba zuwa Kotun Koli ta Kotun daukaka kara. A hukuncin da ta yanke, Kotun Koli ta lura cewa shari'ar ta "ta kowa ce kuma muhimmiyar doka" kuma babu wata takaddama tsakanin bangarorin game da mahimmancin canjin yanayi, kimiyyar yanayi da ke tallafawa Tsarin ko kuma yuwuwar ƙaruwar hayaki a yayin rayuwar Shirin.<ref name=":3" /> Kotun Koli ta kasance alkalai bakwai: Clarke CJ, Irvine P, O'Donnell J, MacMenamin J, Dunne J, O'Malley J da Baker J. Irin wannan abun an kebe shi ne don shari'oi na musamman mahimmancin abubuwa ko sarkakiya.<ref name=":4" /> An saurari karar har tsawon kwanaki biyu. Hukuncin, wanda ya samu goyon baya daga dukkan alkalan bakwai, ya gabatar da Babban Mai Shari'a Clarke a kan 31 Yuli, 2020.<ref name=":1" /> Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa Tsarin na karkashin tsarin shari'a ne, saboda Kotun ba ta yin nazari kan dacewar manufofin gwamnati sai dai kuma wajibin gwamnati ne na samar da wani shiri daidai da Dokar Yanayi na 2015.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Ryall|first=Áine|title=Supreme Court ruling a turning-point for climate governance in Ireland|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/supreme-court-ruling-a-turning-point-for-climate-governance-in-ireland-1.4323848|access-date=2020-11-15|website=The Irish Times|language=en}}</ref> Kotun Koli ta soke Shirin, tana ganin yana da matukar wahala ga gwamnati saboda ba ta bi ka’idar dokar sauyin yanayi ta 2015 ba saboda ba ta ba da takamaiman bayanai game da yadda za a cimma burin mika mulki na kasa ba.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Kenny|first=David|title=Opinion: The Supreme Court's ruling on the government's climate plan is a watershed moment|url=https://www.thejournal.ie/readme/supreme-court-ruling-government-climate-plan-impact-5165222-Aug2020/|access-date=2020-11-15|website=TheJournal.ie|language=en}}</ref> Kotun ta gano cewa Tsarin ya faɗi "da gajarta sosai" na matakin daki-daki da ake buƙata a ƙarƙashin Dokar Yanayi na 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Boland|first=Lauren|title=Supreme Court finds government climate plan falls "well short"|url=https://www.thejournal.ie/supreme-court-climate-case-ireland-5164687-Jul2020/|access-date=2020-11-15|website=TheJournal.ie|language=en}}</ref> Clarke CJ ya kira sassan Tsarin "mara ma'ana ko buri". Ya bayyana cewa shirin ya kamata ya samu isassun bayanai don baiwa wani mai sha'awar jama'a fahimta da kimanta yadda gwamnati ke da niyyar cimma burinta na sauyin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Keena|first=Colm|title=Court’s quashing of climate plan a cause for international embarrassment|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/court-s-quashing-of-climate-plan-a-cause-for-international-embarrassment-1.4318932|access-date=2020-11-15|website=The Irish Times|language=en}}</ref> Kotun ta ba da umarnin cewa gwamnati ta yi wani sabon shiri wanda zai yi aiki da dokar yanayi ta shekarar 2015 wanda kuma ya shafi cikakken lokacin da ya rage zuwa 2050. Kotun ta kuma yanke hukuncin cewa ba za a iya yin makamancin shirin ba a nan gaba.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-31|title=Supreme Court rules in favour of Climate Case Ireland|url=https://greennews.ie/supreme-court-rules-in-favour-of-climate-case/|access-date=2020-11-15|website=Green News Ireland|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117000412/https://greennews.ie/supreme-court-rules-in-favour-of-climate-case/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Duk da yake FIE sun yi nasara a cikin hujjarsu game da haramtaccen Tsarin, amma ba su yi nasara ba a cikin hujjojin haƙƙinsu. Kotun ta gano cewa FIE, a matsayinta na kamfani, ba ta da 'yancin rayuwa ko mutuncin jiki don haka ba ta da tsayuwa dangane da haƙƙoƙin dama da take da shi da take neman gabatarwa a ƙarƙashin ECHR da Tsarin Mulki. Koyaya, Clarke CJ ya yarda da cewa haƙƙin kundin tsarin mulki na iya tsunduma cikin shari'ar muhalli da ta dace a nan gaba, kodayake ya bayyana ra'ayin cewa ba za a iya samun haƙƙin kyakkyawan yanayi daga Tsarin Mulki ba.<ref name=":42" /><ref name=":5" /> == Amsawa == An yaba da shawarar a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Irish a matsayin "sauyin yanayin gudanar da yanayi a cikin Ireland"<ref name=":5" /> kuma "lokacin ruwa".<ref name=":6" /> Hakan kuma ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai na duniya.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Frost|first=Rosie|date=2020-07-31|title=Irish citizens win case to force government action on climate change|url=https://www.euronews.com/living/2020/07/31/irish-citizens-win-case-to-force-government-action-on-climate-change|access-date=2020-11-15|website=living|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-08-01|title=Climate change: 'Huge' implications to Irish climate case across Europe|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53619848|access-date=2020-11-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-31|title=Los jueces reclaman al gobierno de Irlanda un plan de acción climática más exigente|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/natural/20200801/482593085953/irlanda-accion-climatica-emergencia-climatica.html|access-date=2020-11-15|website=La Vanguardia|language=es}}</ref> Ministan Ailan na Aiwatar da Yanayi, Hanyoyin Sadarwa da Sufuri, Eamon Ryan, ya ce ya "yi maraba" da hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta yanke kuma yana taya Abokan Muhalli murnar daukar karar. Ya ce dole ne a yi amfani da hukuncin don "daukaka buri" da kuma "karfafa aiki".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Minister Ryan welcomes the judgement of the Supreme Court today in relation to National Mitigation Plan|url=https://www.gov.ie/en/press-release/410b1-minister-ryan-welcomes-the-judgement-of-the-supreme-court-today-in-relation-to-national-mitigation-plan/|access-date=2020-11-15|website=www.gov.ie|language=en}}</ref> == Tasiri == Shari'ar Yanayi ta Ireland ita ce shari'ar farko da kotunan Ireland suka gabatar wa gwamnati da lissafi game da rashin tasirinsu game da canjin yanayi.<ref name=":7" /> Shari'ar na daga cikin manyan kararraki guda uku makamantan haka, na "dabarun" yanayin kasa da kasa inda kotun kasa mafi girma ta gano cewa manufofin gwamnati na rage yanayi ba sa bin doka.<ref name=":4" /> Wannan shi ne karo na uku game da yanayin a duniya da ya kai babbar kotun ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-14|title=Supreme Court to hear Climate Case Ireland appeal|url=https://www.climatecaseireland.ie/supreme-court-to-hear-climate-case-ireland-appeal/|access-date=2020-11-15|website=Climate Case Ireland|language=en-US}}</ref> Hukuncin ya zo ne bayan irin wannan hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta Dutch ta tabbatar a shari'ar Urgenda a cikin 2019. Tessa Khan, wani lauya ne mai kula da muhalli da ya yi aiki a kan wannan shari'ar, ya yi tsokaci cewa shawarar da Irish ta yanke ya saukaka wasu damuwar cewa shawarar Dutch za ta kasance ta kai tsaye.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Activists took the Irish govt to court over its national climate plan — and won|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-08-13/activists-took-irish-govt-court-over-its-national-climate-plan-and-won|access-date=2020-11-15|website=The World from PRX|language=en}}</ref> Wakilin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] na Musamman kan 'yancin dan adam da kuma muhalli, David R. Boyd, ya kira karar "yanke shawara mai muhimmanci" wanda "ya kafa misali ga kotuna a duk duniya su bi".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-31|title=Amidst a climate and biodiversity crisis, hope emerges: Friends of the Irish Environment win historic ‘Climate Case Ireland’ in the Irish Supreme Court|url=https://www.climatecaseireland.ie/amidst-a-climate-and-biodiversity-crisis-hope-emerges-friends-of-the-irish-environment-win-historic-climate-case-ireland-in-the-irish-supreme-court/|access-date=2020-11-15|website=Climate Case Ireland|language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == jnb7cjqi7aqkvkj10rk4q545p7yv6vf 0 20500 821989 728472 2026-04-17T18:33:03Z M Bash Ne 12403 /* Bungiyar Willbros Inc. */ 821989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Headquarters of NNPC Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Babar hedikwatar NNPC]] [[Fayil:NNPC Oil Tanker.jpg|thumb|'''NNPC Oil Tanker''']] [[Fayil:Nigerian National Petroleum Company logo.svg|thumb|Nnpc]] Kamfanin '''Man Fetur Na Najeriya''' shine kamfanin man fetur wanda gwamnatin [[Najeriya|tarayyar Najeriya]] ta hanyar shi ke tsarawa da kuma shiga masana'antar man fetur ta kasar. Ana gudanar da ayyukan kasuwancin NNPC ta hanyar dabarun Kasuwanci da Rukunin Ayyuka Na [[Kasuwanci]] (SBUs / CSUs), a wurare daban-daban a duk faɗin Nijeriya. A irin wannan halin; Kamfanin Man Fetur na Kasa (NNPC) ya kirkiro da wani tsarin daukar ma'aikata kuma tun daga wancan lokacin, har zuwa yau aikin na NNPC ya kasance tsari ne na shekara-shekara. == Tarihi == [[File:NNPC1.jpg|left|thumb| Hedikwatar NNPC]] An kafa NNPC a ranar 1 ga Afrilun shekara ta 1977 a matsayin haɗakar Kamfanin Mai na Nijeriya da Ma’aikatar Man Fetur da Albarkatun Makamashi ta Tarayya. NNPC ta hanyar doka ce ke kula da hadin gwiwar tsakanin gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya da wasu manyan kamfanonin kasashen waje, wadanda suka hada da [[Shell|Royal Dutch Shell]], Agip, ExxonMobil, Total SA, [[Chevron]], da Texaco (wanda yanzu aka hade da Chevron). Ta hanyar hadin gwiwa da wadannan kamfanoni, gwamnatin Najeriya ke gudanar da bincike da samar da mai. A shekarar 2007, shugaban reshen Najeriya na kungiyar Transparency International ya ce albashin ma’aikatan NNPC ya yi kadan don hana cin hanci. Gidajen NNPC a [[Abuja]] shine hedkwatar NNPC. Gidan yana dauke da hasumiya guda iri daya, hadadden yana kan hanyar Herbert Macaulay, [[Abuja|Central Business District Abuja]] . NNPC kuma tana da ofisoshin shiyya a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] da [[Warri]] . Tana da ofishi na duniya wanda ke [[Landan|London]], United Kingdom. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2019, NNPC ta ce ta sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta biyan dala biliyan 2.5 tare da LNG na Najeriya don ayyukan ci gaban iskar gas. A watan Disamban shekarar 2021, Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya da Kamfanin Mai na Najeriya (NNPC) Ltd sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna ta Naira biliyan 621 don samar da ayyukan gina muhimman ababen more rayuwa a Najeriya. == Shugabanci == Shugaba Buhari ya nada [[Mele Kyari]] a matsayin sabon Manajan Darakta na Kamfanin (GMD) na NNPC. Kyari ya maye gurbin Maikanti Baru. Sabon GMD da sauran jami'an NNPC da aka nada za su yi aiki tare da jami'an yanzu a matsayi daya har zuwa ranar 7 ga watan Yulin 2019. Dokta [[Maikanti Baru]] (7 ga Yuli, 1959 - 29 ga Mayu, 2020) shi ne tsohon Manajan Daraktan Rukuni (GMD). An nada shi Manajan Daraktan Rukuni a ranar 4 ga Yulin, 2016, a karkashin shugabancin [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ; ya gaji Dr. Emmanuel Ibe Kachikwu, karamin Ministan Man Fetur na Najeriya (2015 - 2019). == Tsarin kungiya == Rukunin NNPC ya kunshi Hukumar NNPC, da ofishin manajan darakta, Rukuni bakwai na aiki kamar yadda aka jera a kasa. Kowane ɗayan rukunin yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin babban jami'in gudanarwa (COO). Rukunan nata suna karkashin jagorancin manyan manajojin kungiyar (GGM), yayin da kamfanonin kera ke karkashin jagorancin manajan daraktoci. NNPC tana da rassa da yawa, rassa biyu da wasu kamfanoni masu haɗin gwiwa 16. '''Kungiyoyin Kasuwanci masu zaman kansu:''' * Kamfanin Sama * Kamfanin streamasa * Kamfanin tace kaya * Kamfanin Kasuwanci * Kamfanin Gas & Power '''Kungiyoyin Ayyuka na Corporate:''' * Kudade da Lissafi * Ayyuka na Kamfanin '''Kungiyoyin Kasuwanci da Dabaru sune kamar haka:''' {| class="wikitable" !SBU's / CSU's ! SBU's / CSU's |- | Hukumar Kula da Zuba Jari da Man Fetur ta Kasa | Kamfanin Cinikin NNPC |- | Bangaren Tallan Danyen Mai | Kamfanin Bunkasa Man Fetur na Najeriya |- | Hulda da Gwamnati & Kwadago | Hadadden Ayyukan Bayanai |- | Sakatariyar Kasuwanci, Sashin Shari'a | Kamfanin Kamfanin NNPC |- | Nauyin Jama'a na Haɗin kai | Kamfanin Kasuwancin Kayayyakin Man Fetur |- | Rukunin Jirgin Ruwa | Kamfanin bututun & Kamfanin Adana Najeriya |- | Sabunta makamashi / iyakokin iyaka | Kamfanin matatar mai na Kaduna &amp;amp; Petrochemicals |- | Rukunin Hulda da Jama'a na Rukuni | Kamfanin Warri &amp;amp; Petrochemicals na Warri |- | Mai Kula da Kudi | Kamfanin tace Fatakwal PHRC |- | Baitulmalin | Kamfanin Injin Gas & Power |- | Gudanar da Hakki | Kamfanin Kasuwancin Gas na Najeriya |- | Rukunin Ma'aikata na Rukuni | Kamfanin Gas na Najeriya |- | Injiniya & Fasaha | Kadarorin NNPC |- | Sashin Fasahar Bayanai / SAP | Jirgin Ruwa na NNPC tare da NIDAS & NIKORMA a matsayin idianoni masu zaman kansu |- | Ayyukan Likitocin NNPC | Kamfanin Injiniya da Kasa |- | Kwalejin Shugabancin NNPC | Ayyukan NNPC |- | Kamfanin NNPC | NIGAZ (NNPC / GAZPROM JV) |- | Najeriya LNG Limited NLNG | Asusun fansho na NNPC |- |} == Girkawa == NNPC yana da tafin kafa alhakin cirewa da kuma nisa da tushe aukuwa, kuma aka gurfanar da shi gudãnar da kula da masana'antun man fetur a madadin gwamnatin Nijeriya. A cikin 1988, an sanya kamfanin cikin kasuwanci zuwa manyan rukunin kasuwancin 11, wanda ya shafi dukkanin ayyukan masana'antar mai: bincike da samarwa, ci gaban iskar gas, tacewa, rarrabawa, man fetir, injiniyanci, da saka hannun jari na kasuwanci. A ranar Laraba 10 ga watan Yulin, 2019 a taron hukumomin samar da kudaden shiga da sa ido na Najeriya tare da shugabancin majalisar dattijai a harabar majalisar kasa, Abuja, manajan daraktan kungiyar, Mele Kyari ya yi kira da a samar da isassun kudade daga bangaren man fetur. Kamfanonin rashi sun hada da Kamfanin Bunkasa Man Fetur na Najeriya (NPDC). == Gabatar da doka == A tsarin mulkin Najeriya, duk ma'adanai, gas, da mai da kasar ta mallaka doka ce ta gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya. Saboda haka, kamfanonin man da ke aiki a Najeriya sun dace da kason kudaden shigar su ga gwamnati, wanda ke daukar kusan kashi 60% na kudaden shigar da masana'antar mai ke samu ta wannan hanyar. Kudaden da NNPC ta samu sun kai kashi 76% na kudaden shiga na gwamnatin tarayya da kuma kashi 40% na GDP na kasar baki daya . Ya zuwa shekarar 2000, fitar da mai da gas ya kai kashi 98% na kudaden shigar da Nijeriya ke fitarwa. == Cin hanci da rashawa a NNPC == === Rahoton KPMG === A watan Disambar shekara ta 2011, gwamnatin [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Nijeriya]] ta ba da izinin a buga rahoton binciken da KPMG ta gudanar. Binciken, wanda [[Ma'aikatar Kudin Tarayyar Najeriya|Ma’aikatar Kudi ta ba shi]] biyo bayan damuwar da ta nuna game da yadda kamfanin na NNPC ke nuna gaskiya, ya yi bayani dalla-dalla kan yadda NNPC ke gudanar da kasuwanci, da karya ka’idoji, da fitar da kudi ta jihar ba bisa ka’ida ba, da kuma rashin yin asusu na biliyoyin nairori da ya kamata a biya asusun tarayya. Masu binciken kudi sun gano cewa tsakanin 2007 zuwa 2009 kadai, NNPC ta cire makudan kudade a cikin tallafi har zuwa N28.5&nbsp;biliyan. Ba ta iya lissafin kuɗin tun daga lokacin. === Bungiyar Willbros Inc. === A watan Mayun shekarar 2008, Willbros Group Inc, wani kamfani na Amurka, ya yarda da yin almubazzaranci da suka kai dala 6.3&nbsp;miliyan zuwa ga jami’ai a NNPC da reshenta NAPIMS, a madadin taimako don samun da kuma rike kwangiloli na aiki a kan Tsarin Gas na Tattara Gas (EGGS). === ABB Vetco Grey === A watan Yulin 2004, ABB Vetco Gray, wani kamfani na Amurka, da reshen Burtaniya ABB Vetco Gray UK Ltd, sun yarda da biyan sama da $ 1&nbsp;cin hancin miliyan ga jami’ai a reshen kamfanin NNPC NAPIMS a madadin samun bayanan sirri na tayin da shawarwari masu kyau daga hukumomin gwamnatin Najeriya. === Trafigura da Vitol === A watan Nuwamba na 2013 bayan da kungiyar bayar da shawarwari ta masu zaman kansu ta Switzerland - Erklärung von Bern ta wallafa wani rahoto - zargin badakalar da yawa, inda aka sanya kamfanin na NNPC bisa zargin cire $ 6.8&nbsp;biliyan na kudaden shigar danyen mai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/house-probes-collusion-between-nnpc-swiss-and-nigerian-traders/164208/ |access-date=2021-06-03 |archive-date=2014-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216005110/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/house-probes-collusion-between-nnpc-swiss-and-nigerian-traders/164208/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Kudaden da ba a sakasu ba (2013-2014) === A ranar 9 ga Disambar 2013, wata wasika daga Gwamnan [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi|, Sanusi Lamido Sanusi]] zuwa ga Shugaban Najeriya, [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Ebele Jonathan]], wanda aka nuna kwanan wata 25 ga Satumba 2013 cewa NNPC ba ta aika da sama da $ 49.8 ba&nbsp;biliyan da aka samu na sayar da Gwamnati ga danyen mai. A ranar 13 ga Disambar 2013, NNPC ta ba da amsar cewa babu wani kuɗi da ya ɓace. Kwamitin sulhu (wanda ya kunshi wakilan (i) CBN (ii) NNPC (iii) DPR (iv) FIRS (v) OAGF (vi) Ofishin Kasafin Kudi na Tarayya (vii) [[Ma'aikatar Kudin Tarayyar Najeriya|Ma’aikatar Kudi ta Tarayya]] (viii) Ma’aikatar Albarkatun Man Fetur ta Tarayya ) aka kafa. Kwamitin sulhu ya kiyasta kudaden da ba a sake biya ba zuwa $ 10.8bn a ranar 18 ga Disambar 2013 yayin da CBN ta sauya da'awar zuwa $ 12bn. Daga nan sai CBN ya sanar da kwamitin majalisar dattijai kan harkokin kudi a ranar 4 ga Fabrairun shekara ta 2014 cewa NNPC na bukatar lissafin dala biliyan 20 saboda CBN za ta iya tabbatar da karbar dala biliyan 47 daga dala biliyan 67 na lokacin da ake dubawa. Ministan Kudi na wancan lokacin ya ba da shawarar gudanar da binciken kwastomomi mai zaman kansa kuma ofishin Babban Odita Janar na Tarayya (AuGF) ne ya nada PwC a hukumance don gudanar da binciken kwakwaf kan zargin. Daga cikin matsayar da PwC ta cimma a karshen ayyukansu, kamar yadda suka bayyana a cikin rahoton nasu, wanda aka bayyana a fili akwai: 1. Jimlar kudin da aka shigar cikin asusun tarayya dangane da daga danyen mai ya kai $ 50.81bn da BA dala biliyan 47 kamar yadda kwamitin sulhu ya fada a baya daga watan Janairun shekara ta 2012 zuwa watan Yulin shekara ta 2013. 2. Kamfanin NNPC ya bayar da bayanai kan banbancin da ke haifar da yuwuwar shigar da dala biliyan 0.74 (ba tare da la’akari da kudaden da ake sa ran shigowa daga NPDC ba). Sauran kudaden da ba na kai tsaye ba na dala biliyan 2.83 wadanda ba na bangaren gabatar da kara ga kwamitin majalisar dattijai ba an karkatar da su zuwa wannan matsayin. 3. Babban abin la'akari shine cibiyoyin mallakar albarkatun mai da iskar gas wanda NPDC ke sarrafawa. Dangane da ƙarin bayani da ake bayarwa, mun kiyasta cewa NNPC da NPDC ya kamata su mayar wa Asusun Tarayya aƙalla dala biliyan 1.48 kamar yadda aka taƙaita a shafi na gaba. Babu wani ma'aikacin NNPC ko Ma'aikatar Man Fetur da aka hukunta har yanzu, kodayake a ranar Alhamis, 20 ga Fabrairu 2014, Shugaban Kasa mai dakatar da busa usur ya dakatar da shi daga aiki. === Asusun da ba a sake ba (2016) === Wani bincike na hukuma ya ruwaito a watan Maris na shekara t 2016 cewa NNPC ya kasa biyan {{US$|1.6 billion}}. == Manazarta ==  {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == {{Official website|http://www.nnpcgroup.com/}} [[Category:Tattalin arziki]] [[Category:Ma'aikatun gwamnati]] [[Category:NNPC]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ntvkv180tj676510r3s5wkkyhmcunb3 0 21595 821988 728446 2026-04-17T18:29:25Z M Bash Ne 12403 821988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Guaranty Trust Bank Plc 03.jpg|thumb|250|Guaranty_Trust_Bank_Plc_03]] Kamfanin Guaranty Trust Holding Company PLC wanda aka fi sani da '''GTCO PLC''' kungiya ce ta sabis na kuɗi ta ƙasa da ƙasa, wacce ke ba da banki na tallace-tallace da saka hannun jari, gudanar da fansho, gudanar da kadarori da sabis na biyan kuɗi, hedkwatarsu a [[Tsibirin Victoria, Lagos|Tsibirin Victoria]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Najeriya]]. An kirkiro GTCO Plc a watan Yulin 2021 biyo bayan sake tsara kamfanoni na Guaranty Trust Bank PLC (ko [[Bankin Guaranty Trust|GTBank]]) a cikin Kamfanin Gudanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guaranty Trust Holding Company Completes Corporate Re-organization |url=https://www.proshareng.com/news/STOCK%20&%20ANALYST%20UPDATES/Guaranty-Trust-Holding-Company-Completes-Corporate-Re-organization/58170}}</ref> GTCO Plc ta sake tsarawa yana nufin yanzu zai ba da ƙarin ayyuka fiye da banki; tare da biyan kuɗi kasuwanci kasancewa a saman tunani ga ƙungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2020 |title=One of Nigeria's biggest banks, GTBank is restructuring to take on the fintech industry {{!}} TechCabal |url=https://techcabal.com/2020/03/26/one-of-nigerias-biggest-banks-gtbank-is-restructuring-to-take-on-the-fintech-industry/}}</ref> A karkashin tsohuwar tsarinsa, ba zai iya gudanar da kasuwancin da ba na ba da rance ba saboda ka'idar 2010 ta Babban Bankin Najeriya (CBN) ta ba da umarnin bankunan su daina aiki da rassan da ba na banki ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www.cbn.gov.ng/OUT/2010/CIRCULARS/BSD/CBN%20REGULATION%20ON%20%20NEW%20BANKING%20MODEL%20%20CLEAN%20091110%20FINAL.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212210931/https://www.cbn.gov.ng/OUT/2010/CIRCULARS/BSD/CBN%20REGULATION%20ON%20%20NEW%20BANKING%20MODEL%20%20CLEAN%20091110%20FINAL.PDF |archive-date=12 February 2022 |access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref> Ko dai dole ne su rabu da sabis na ba da rance ko sake fasalin su a matsayin kamfani mai riƙewa. Sabbin kasuwancin ta sun haɗa da biyan kuɗi, gudanar da fansho, gudanar da kadarori, da kasuwancin banki na yanzu. Ofishin banki na GTCO a [[Najeriya]], Guaranty Trust Bank Limited shine bankin da ya fi dacewa a Najeriya ta hanyar darajar kasuwa tare da darajar kasuwa ta baya-bayan nan <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2021 |title=Top 7 banks in Nigeria by market valuation - Nairametrics |url=https://nairametrics.com/2021/06/26/top-7-banks-in-nigeria-by-market-valuation/}}</ref> a N840.26 biliyan. Guaranty Trust Holding Plc asali ya fara ne a matsayin Bankunan Guaranty, kuma sama da matasa 35 na Najeriya ne suka kafa shi a shekarar 1988, wanda Tajo Aderinokun da [[Fola Adeola]] suka jagoranci, amma kuma sun hada da Femi Pedro, Gbolade Osibodu, Femi Akingbe, Akin Opeodu, da sauransu. == Tarihi == An kafa Bankin Guaranty Trust Plc a cikin 1990 a matsayin kamfani mai iyakantaccen alhakin (LLC) wanda Babban Bankin Najeriya ya tsara don samar da kasuwanci da sauran ayyukan banki ga 'yan Najeriya. Bankin ya fara aiki a matsayin bankin kasuwanci a shekarar 1991. Bankin ya kaddamar da Babban Ofishinsa na farko a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 1991, a The Plaza, Adeyemo Alakija, Victoria Island, Legas. A shekara ta 1992, Bankin ya buɗe rassa biyu a Legas (Ikeja da Broad Street), da kuma reshen farko a Kano, da kuma reshe na Port-Harcourt a 1993. A watan Satumbar 1996, Guaranty Trust Bank plc ya zama kamfani ne na jama'a kuma ya karbi lambar yabo ta Shugaban kasa daga Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Najeriya. Bankin ya sami lasisin banki na duniya a watan Fabrairun 2002 kuma daga baya Babban Bankin Najeriya (CBN) ya sanya shi a matsayin bankin sasantawa a shekara ta 2003. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=History - Guaranty Trust Bank Plc |url=http://www.gtbank.com/about-gtbank/our-company/history |access-date=17 August 2017 |website=www.gtbank.com}}</ref> A cikin wannan shekarar, ta kafa rassa a [[Gambiya]] da Saliyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alade |first=Sarah Omotunde |date=2 February 2014 |title=Cross-border expansion of Nigerian banks: has it improved the continent's regulatory and supervisory frameworks? |url=https://ideas.repec.org//h/bis/bisbpc/76-08.html |journal=BIS Papers Chapters |volume=76 |pages=83–96}}</ref> Bankin Guaranty Trust ya gudanar da rabonsa na biyu a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya tara sama da biliyan 11 daga Masu saka hannun jari na Najeriya don fadada ayyukansa.&nbsp; A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2007, GTBank ya zama bankin farko na Subsaharan kuma Kamfanin hadin gwiwa Najeriya na farko da za a jera a London Stock Exchange da Deutsche Börse. IPO ta tara US $ 750,000,000. A cikin wannan shekarar, sun sami nasarar sanya batun Eurobond na farko na Najeriya a kasuwannin manyan kasashe na duniya.{{Clear}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} g47dqxuw8wke8ibaehszdanpxz6u66b 4 21908 822054 821614 2026-04-17T21:27:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 822054 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Numba !Edita !Gudummuwa !Lokacin rajista |- |1 |[[User:Big tycrg|Big tycrg]] |[[Special:Contributions/Big tycrg|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 13 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |2 |[[User:Narrivon|Narrivon]] |[[Special:Contributions/Narrivon|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 13 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |3 |[[User:Odoaker|Odoaker]] |[[Special:Contributions/Odoaker|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 13 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |4 |[[User:Metroitendo|Metroitendo]] |[[Special:Contributions/Metroitendo|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 13 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |5 |[[User:Nyata8819|Nyata8819]] |[[Special:Contributions/Nyata8819|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 13 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |6 |[[User:Sinjarist|Sinjarist]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sinjarist|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 13 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |7 |[[User:Bocardodarapti|Bocardodarapti]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bocardodarapti|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 13 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |8 |[[User:Sshaeff1|Sshaeff1]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sshaeff1|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 13 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |9 |[[User:Käristelijä|Käristelijä]] |[[Special:Contributions/Käristelijä|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 13 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |10 |[[User:Iamsulbasun|Iamsulbasun]] |[[Special:Contributions/Iamsulbasun|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 13 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |11 |[[User:A-fr-wiki-user|A-fr-wiki-user]] |[[Special:Contributions/A-fr-wiki-user|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 13 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |12 |[[User:Zaharaddeen isah|Zaharaddeen isah]] |[[Special:Contributions/Zaharaddeen isah|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 13 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |13 |[[User:Shaatuh|Shaatuh]] |[[Special:Contributions/Shaatuh|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 13 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |14 |[[User:ABDOULRAZAK M|ABDOULRAZAK M]] |[[Special:Contributions/ABDOULRAZAK M|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 13 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |15 |[[User:Salisu yau|Salisu yau]] |[[Special:Contributions/Salisu yau|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 13 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |16 |[[User:Jiddert muhammad|Jiddert muhammad]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jiddert muhammad|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 13 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |17 |[[User:Dead.rabbit|Dead.rabbit]] |[[Special:Contributions/Dead.rabbit|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |18 |[[User:Jerry5001|Jerry5001]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jerry5001|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |19 |[[User:JerryAkpan5001|JerryAkpan5001]] |[[Special:Contributions/JerryAkpan5001|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |20 |[[User:YUKI TANAKA0722|YUKI TANAKA0722]] |[[Special:Contributions/YUKI TANAKA0722|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |21 |[[User:Brotbube|Brotbube]] |[[Special:Contributions/Brotbube|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |22 |[[User:Spode6k|Spode6k]] |[[Special:Contributions/Spode6k|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |23 |[[User:Usman Murtala Maikudi|Usman Murtala Maikudi]] |[[Special:Contributions/Usman Murtala Maikudi|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |24 |[[User:W.ewert|W.ewert]] |[[Special:Contributions/W.ewert|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |25 |[[User:Seppla858|Seppla858]] |[[Special:Contributions/Seppla858|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |26 |[[User:Bloksma|Bloksma]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bloksma|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |27 |[[User:DinkaLWP|DinkaLWP]] |[[Special:Contributions/DinkaLWP|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |28 |[[User:Adamaliyu|Adamaliyu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Adamaliyu|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |29 |[[User:Lepticed7|Lepticed7]] |[[Special:Contributions/Lepticed7|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |30 |[[User:Abdulsalam Surajo|Abdulsalam Surajo]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abdulsalam Surajo|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |31 |[[User:Piastre|Piastre]] |[[Special:Contributions/Piastre|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |32 |[[User:Usama ARZIKA|Usama ARZIKA]] |[[Special:Contributions/Usama ARZIKA|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |33 |[[User:Conor M98|Conor M98]] |[[Special:Contributions/Conor M98|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |34 |[[User:Dabeez1|Dabeez1]] |[[Special:Contributions/Dabeez1|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |35 |[[User:Harryb7|Harryb7]] |[[Special:Contributions/Harryb7|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |36 |[[User:BBKAURA|BBKAURA]] |[[Special:Contributions/BBKAURA|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |37 |[[User:افسانه آرام|افسانه آرام]] |[[Special:Contributions/افسانه آرام|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |38 |[[User:Anas Fajoui|Anas Fajoui]] |[[Special:Contributions/Anas Fajoui|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |39 |[[User:Jeanambr|Jeanambr]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jeanambr|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 14 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |40 |[[User:Findingdory21|Findingdory21]] |[[Special:Contributions/Findingdory21|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |41 |[[User:Ganjabarah|Ganjabarah]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ganjabarah|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |42 |[[User:Anas lawal|Anas lawal]] |[[Special:Contributions/Anas lawal|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |43 |[[User:4houka|4houka]] |[[Special:Contributions/4houka|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |44 |[[User:Liam Kandioty|Liam Kandioty]] |[[Special:Contributions/Liam Kandioty|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |45 |[[User:Suleman saidu samaho|Suleman saidu samaho]] |[[Special:Contributions/Suleman saidu samaho|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |46 |[[User:Adamu dahiru|Adamu dahiru]] |[[Special:Contributions/Adamu dahiru|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |47 |[[User:Muhammad Ismail Makama|Muhammad Ismail Makama]] |[[Special:Contributions/Muhammad Ismail Makama|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |48 |[[User:Applecuckoo|Applecuckoo]] |[[Special:Contributions/Applecuckoo|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |49 |[[User:Ishaq Dahiru|Ishaq Dahiru]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ishaq Dahiru|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |50 |[[User:Maimuna Muhammad|Maimuna Muhammad]] |[[Special:Contributions/Maimuna Muhammad|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |51 |[[User:Kamal Tea Taster and Blender|Kamal Tea Taster and Blender]] |[[Special:Contributions/Kamal Tea Taster and Blender|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |52 |[[User:Sharongasha|Sharongasha]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sharongasha|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |53 |[[User:Anto4355|Anto4355]] |[[Special:Contributions/Anto4355|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |54 |[[User:555demon555|555demon555]] |[[Special:Contributions/555demon555|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |55 |[[User:Feedmepaperr|Feedmepaperr]] |[[Special:Contributions/Feedmepaperr|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |56 |[[User:Lawal samaila|Lawal samaila]] |[[Special:Contributions/Lawal samaila|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |57 |[[User:Abdulkarim sale|Abdulkarim sale]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abdulkarim sale|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |58 |[[User:25.StarGazerPro|25.StarGazerPro]] |[[Special:Contributions/25.StarGazerPro|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |59 |[[User:Hassseno m|Hassseno m]] |[[Special:Contributions/Hassseno m|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |60 |[[User:Abdoul D one|Abdoul D one]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abdoul D one|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |61 |[[User:Murjanatu musa|Murjanatu musa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Murjanatu musa|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |62 |[[User:Abdulwahab 0100|Abdulwahab 0100]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abdulwahab 0100|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |63 |[[User:Bagwe Neza|Bagwe Neza]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bagwe Neza|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |64 |[[User:SE7NEST1ON|SE7NEST1ON]] |[[Special:Contributions/SE7NEST1ON|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |65 |[[User:ArtgumVegan|ArtgumVegan]] |[[Special:Contributions/ArtgumVegan|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |66 |[[User:Princess Selene Luna|Princess Selene Luna]] |[[Special:Contributions/Princess Selene Luna|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |67 |[[User:BarauMJ|BarauMJ]] |[[Special:Contributions/BarauMJ|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |68 |[[User:Kainuwer|Kainuwer]] |[[Special:Contributions/Kainuwer|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 15 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |69 |[[User:Hassanah Sulaiman|Hassanah Sulaiman]] |[[Special:Contributions/Hassanah Sulaiman|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 16 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |70 |[[User:VaguestBirch|VaguestBirch]] |[[Special:Contributions/VaguestBirch|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 16 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |71 |[[User:AdJHu|AdJHu]] |[[Special:Contributions/AdJHu|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 16 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |72 |[[User:AbenBolor|AbenBolor]] |[[Special:Contributions/AbenBolor|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 16 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |73 |[[User:Abubakar Abdussalam Garun gabas Tsohuwa|Abubakar Abdussalam Garun gabas Tsohuwa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abubakar Abdussalam Garun gabas Tsohuwa|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 16 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |74 |[[User:Konnareads|Konnareads]] |[[Special:Contributions/Konnareads|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 16 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |75 |[[User:Daniele Fiorentino|Daniele Fiorentino]] |[[Special:Contributions/Daniele Fiorentino|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 16 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |76 |[[User:PtG|PtG]] |[[Special:Contributions/PtG|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 16 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |77 |[[User:Rickyeadgbe|Rickyeadgbe]] |[[Special:Contributions/Rickyeadgbe|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 16 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |78 |[[User:Narvelos67|Narvelos67]] |[[Special:Contributions/Narvelos67|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 16 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |79 |[[User:Jan Sepawi Tija (Jeffrey Diaz)|Jan Sepawi Tija (Jeffrey Diaz)]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jan Sepawi Tija (Jeffrey Diaz)|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 16 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |80 |[[User:Franco aq|Franco aq]] |[[Special:Contributions/Franco aq|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 16 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |81 |[[User:El Boulboul|El Boulboul]] |[[Special:Contributions/El Boulboul|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 16 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |82 |[[User:Анна Мороз|Анна Мороз]] |[[Special:Contributions/Анна Мороз|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 16 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |83 |[[User:Montaneto|Montaneto]] |[[Special:Contributions/Montaneto|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 16 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |84 |[[User:SAIDU YAKUBU MAGINA|SAIDU YAKUBU MAGINA]] |[[Special:Contributions/SAIDU YAKUBU MAGINA|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 16 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |85 |[[User:Markancrnookan|Markancrnookan]] |[[Special:Contributions/Markancrnookan|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 16 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |86 |[[User:Taheer balewa|Taheer balewa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Taheer balewa|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 16 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |87 |[[User:Jolekuharic1976|Jolekuharic1976]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jolekuharic1976|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 16 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |88 |[[User:Lilium777|Lilium777]] |[[Special:Contributions/Lilium777|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 16 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |89 |[[User:TheSilksongPikmin|TheSilksongPikmin]] |[[Special:Contributions/TheSilksongPikmin|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 16 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |90 |[[User:Archangel1966|Archangel1966]] |[[Special:Contributions/Archangel1966|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 16 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |91 |[[User:Crimson2124|Crimson2124]] |[[Special:Contributions/Crimson2124|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 16 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |92 |[[User:Ahamad roufaï|Ahamad roufaï]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ahamad roufaï|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 16 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |93 |[[User:Ayomide sofolahan|Ayomide sofolahan]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ayomide sofolahan|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |94 |[[User:SG5536B|SG5536B]] |[[Special:Contributions/SG5536B|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |95 |[[User:Sherzad kamal|Sherzad kamal]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sherzad kamal|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |96 |[[User:Cak Noryz|Cak Noryz]] |[[Special:Contributions/Cak Noryz|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |97 |[[User:Goni bulama|Goni bulama]] |[[Special:Contributions/Goni bulama|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |98 |[[User:Bala Abdulkarim|Bala Abdulkarim]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bala Abdulkarim|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |99 |[[User:Maryam Abdullahi Anka|Maryam Abdullahi Anka]] |[[Special:Contributions/Maryam Abdullahi Anka|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |100 |[[User:Mamuda Lurwanu|Mamuda Lurwanu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mamuda Lurwanu|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |101 |[[User:Haladu Isa|Haladu Isa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Haladu Isa|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |102 |[[User:Asiya Maru|Asiya Maru]] |[[Special:Contributions/Asiya Maru|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |103 |[[User:A NIGERIANHouseR.C.C.GViaDepretis11AL|A NIGERIANHouseR.C.C.GViaDepretis11AL]] |[[Special:Contributions/A NIGERIANHouseR.C.C.GViaDepretis11AL|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |104 |[[User:Morkoz|Morkoz]] |[[Special:Contributions/Morkoz|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |105 |[[User:Mercyuniverse|Mercyuniverse]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mercyuniverse|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |106 |[[User:Muqarab Syed|Muqarab Syed]] |[[Special:Contributions/Muqarab Syed|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |107 |[[User:Huwarm|Huwarm]] |[[Special:Contributions/Huwarm|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |108 |[[User:ToluT15|ToluT15]] |[[Special:Contributions/ToluT15|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |109 |[[User:LavaSalt402|LavaSalt402]] |[[Special:Contributions/LavaSalt402|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |110 |[[User:Vwrho|Vwrho]] |[[Special:Contributions/Vwrho|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |111 |[[User:Badbrains13|Badbrains13]] |[[Special:Contributions/Badbrains13|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |} bdkw1m5kkvwynbm8ht3eqt6z20bs7cs 0 22338 821969 645263 2026-04-17T17:21:07Z Joserpkm 35450 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 821969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Haƙƙin kare kai''' (wanda ake kira, idan ya shafi kare wani, '''kare wasu''', '''kare mutum''' Haƙƙi ne ga mutane su yi amfani da ƙarfi ko kuma kariya, don kare rayuwar mutum ( kare kansa ) ko rayukan wasu, gami da wasu halaye, yin amfani da ƙarfi . <ref>For the rationale of Self-defense, see: Boaz Sangero, Self-Defence in Criminal Law 11 - 106 (Hart Publishing, 2006).</ref> Idan wanda ake ƙara yayi amfani da ƙarfi na kariya saboda barazanar wani ko kuma cutar da wani, ko kuma ya fahimci irin wannan cutar, ana cewa mai ƙara yana da wata hujja ta "kare kai". <ref name="CL">Criminal Law Cases and Materials, 7th ed. 2012; John Kaplan, Robert Weisberg, Guyora Binder</ref> Idan wanda ake ƙara yayi amfani da ƙarfi na kariya saboda irin wannan fahimta, kuma tsinkayen bashi da ma'ana, wanda ake ƙara na iya samun " kare kai mara kyau " a matsayin uzuri . == Janar ra'ayi - ƙa'idar doka == <blockquote class="templatequote">Tabbatar da hujja baya sanya aikata laifi ta hanyar amfani da karfi ta hanyar halal; idan yin amfani da karfi yayi daidai, ba zai zama mai laifi ba sam. <ref>Dennis J. Baker, Glanville Williams Textbook of Criminal Law (London: 2012) at Chapter 21.</ref></blockquote>Tunanin farko bai nuna banbanci tsakanin kare mutum da kare dukiyar ba. Ko a sani ko a'a, wannan ya ginu ne bisa ƙa'idar Dokar Roman ta ''dominium'' inda duk wani hari akan membobin dangin ko dukiyar da ya mallaka ya kasance harin kai tsaye ne akan dangin ''dangi''{{Spaced en dash}}Namiji shugaban gida, mai mallakar duk wata dukiya ta gidan, kuma doka ta bashi ikon mallakar dukkan zuriyarsa ta hanyar layin maza komai shekarunsu. <ref>''See generally'', Frier & McGinn, ''A Casebook on Roman Family Law'', Oxford University Press (2004).</ref> An fassara haƙƙin kare kai a matsayin ''ƙa'idar vim vi repellere licet'' ("an halatta ta tunkude ƙarfi ta hanyar ƙarfi") a cikin <nowiki><i id="mwMQ">Digest</i></nowiki> na Justitian (ƙarni na 6). Wani amfani na farko na wannan shi ne ra'ayin Martin Luther na adawa mai kyau ga mai mulkin Beerwolf, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin koyarwar ƙaramin majistare da aka gabatar a cikin ''Maganar ta'' shekara ta 1550 Magdeburg. A cikin ''Leviathan'' (1651), Hobbes (ta amfani da kalmar turanci ta ''kare kai a'' karo na farko) ya gabatar da ka’idar siyasa da ke rarrabe tsakanin yanayin yanayi inda babu wata hukuma da ta zamani. Hobbes yayi jayayya cewa kodayake wasu na iya zama masu ƙarfi ko masu hankali fiye da wasu a cikin yanayin su, babu wanda ya fi ƙarfin da zai iya wucewa daga tsoron mummunan tashin hankali, wanda ya ba da kariya ta kai a matsayin mafi buƙata. A cikin ''Yarjejeniyar Biyun na Gwamnati'', John Locke ya tabbatar da dalilin da ya sa mai shi zai ba da ikon kansu:<blockquote>... jin daɗin dukiyar da yake da ita a wannan jihar bashi da aminci sosai, ba shi da tsaro sosai. Wannan ya sa ya yarda ya bar yanayin, wanda, duk da haka kyauta, yana cike da tsoro da haɗari na ci gaba: kuma ba tare da dalili ba, yake nema, kuma yana shirye ya shiga cikin jama'a tare da wasu, waɗanda sun riga sun kasance haɗe, ko suna da hankalin da za su haɗa kai, don kiyaye rayukansu, 'yanci da kadarorinsu, wanda da yawa ke kira da babban suna, dukiya.</blockquote>A lokutan da suka gabata kafin ci gaban aikin ƴan sanda na ƙasa, harin da aka kai wa gidan dangi ya zama mummunan hari ne ga mutanen da ke ciki ko kuma kai musu hari ta hanyar kai tsaye ta hanyar hana su mafaka da / ko hanyoyin samarwa. Wannan dangantakar tsakanin kai hari ta mutum da dukiya sun raunana yayin da al'ummomi suka ci gaba amma barazanar tashin hankali shine babban jigon. A matsayin wani ɓangare na ikon mallaka, a cikin jawabinsa na 1918 ''Siyasa als Beruf'' ( Siyasa a Matsayin Kira), Max Weber ya bayyana wata ƙasa a matsayin hukuma mai da'awar mallakar ita kanta ta halal ta hanyar amfani da ƙarfi ta zahiri a cikin iyakokin yanki. Ganin cewa tsarin zamani na kasashe ya fito ne daga amfani da karfi, Weber ya tabbatar da cewa yin amfani da karfi ta hanyar cibiyoyin [[Gwamnati|gwamnati ya]] kasance ba dole ba ne ga ingantacciyar gwamnati a kowane mataki wanda kuma hakan ya nuna cewa taimakon kai yana da iyaka idan ba a kebe shi ba. Ga masu ilimin zamani, batun kare kai yana daga cikin kyawawan halaye a cikin al'umma don saita iyaka ga yin biyayya ga jihar da dokokin ta da aka ba da hatsarin da ke yaɗuwa a cikin duniyar da ke cike da makamai.Kuma a cikin al'ummomin zamani, jihohi suna ta ƙara ba da izini ko bayar da ikon tilasta su ga kamfanoni masu ba da sabis na tsaro ko dai don ƙarin ko maye gurbin abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin ikon. Gaskiyar cewa jihohin ba sa ƙara yin ikirarin mallakar withinan sanda a cikin iyakokinsu, yana haɓaka gardamar cewa mutane na iya amfani da dama ko damar amfani da tashin hankali don kare kansu. Tabbas, 'yanci na zamani ya nuna yawancin dokoki a matsayin masu kutse ga cin gashin kai na mutum kuma, musamman, yana jayayya cewa haƙƙin kare kai daga tilastawa (gami da tashin hankali [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|) haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam]] ne na asali, kuma a cikin kowane hali, ba tare da togiya ba, yana ba da damar duka amfani da tashin hankali wanda ya samo asali daga wannan haƙƙin, ba tare da kariya ga mutum ko dukiya ba. A cikin wannan mahallin, ka lura da cewa Mataki na 12 [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Sanarwar Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta]] ce:<blockquote>Ba wanda wani zai shiga sha'aninsa na sirri ba tare da yardarsa ba, ko danginsa, ko gidansa, ko wasiƙun sa, kuma ba wanda zai kai hari ga mutuncin sa da mutuncin sa. Kowane mutum na da haƙƙin kasancewa a cikin ja-gorancin ɗan adam.</blockquote>Haɗa kariya daga dangi da gida ya san amfanin da ake da shi a duniya wanda ya samo asali daga mallakar mallakar zaman lafiya na dangi na dangi. Wannan tsarin na gaba daya ya shafi mayar da hankali ga Hohfeld akan alaƙar da ke tsakanin dama da aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na mu'amalar ɗan adam sabanin haƙƙoƙin da ake ganin yana da mahimmanci saboda sun haɗu da mutum ta hanyar mallakar mallakarsa. Bugu da ari, ya biyo baya cewa, a cikin wannan aikin daidaita dabi'un, dokoki dole ne lokaci guda su aikata laifin zalunci wanda ke haifar da asara ko rauni, amma yanke hukunci daidai-dai da rikici wanda ke haifar da asara ko rauni saboda ana amfani da shi wajen kare kai. A matsayin ƙuduri na wannan abin da ya bayyana na banbanci da bijire wa Hohfeld, Robert Nozick ya tabbatar da cewa babu kyawawan 'yancin jama'a, kawai' yancin mallakar abu ne da kuma ikon cin gashin kai. A cikin wannan ka'idar, "ka'idar mallakar" ta bayyana cewa mutane suna da ikon karewa da adana duk abin da suka mallaka ta hanyar da ta dace kuma "ka'idar gyarawa" tana bukatar duk wani keta ka'ida ta farko da za a gyara ta hanyar mayar da kadarori ga masu su a matsayin rarrabawa "sau daya" Saboda haka, a tsoran kariyar kai a matakin farko, duk wata lalacewar dukiya dole ne ta zama mai kyau ko ta wani fanni ko ta ƙima. Hakazalika, masana ilimin tunani irin su George Fletcher da Robert Schopp sun dauki ra'ayoyin Turawa game da cin gashin kai a ra'ayoyinsu na sassaucin ra'ayi don ba da hujja ga mai rike da madafun iko ta hanyar amfani da dukkan karfin da ya dace don kare ikonsa da 'yancinsa. Wannan haƙƙin ya jujjuya ƙa'idodin ''amfani'' da amfani tare da tashin hankali wanda ya kasance mafi alkhairi ga mutum, amma daidai yake nuna Jeremy Bentham wanda ya ga dukiya a matsayin ƙarfin motsawa don bawa mutane damar haɓaka ayyukan su ta hanyar saka hannun jari da kasuwanci. A ka'idar masu sassaucin ra'ayi, saboda haka, don ƙara yawan mai amfani, babu buƙatar ja da baya ko amfani da ƙarfi daidai gwargwado. An ce maharin ya sadaukar da kariyar doka lokacin da ya fara harin. A wannan yanayin, dokar aikata laifi ba kayan aikin jin daɗin ƙasa bane wanda ke ba da kariya ga kowa lokacin da suka ji rauni. Koyaya, dole ne a yarda da wasu iyakoki azaman inda ƙaramin hari na farko ya zama kawai dalilin azabtarwa da wuce gona da iri. Tsarin dokar farar hula yana da ka'idar "cin zarafin 'yanci" don bayyana kin yarda da hujja a irin waɗannan munanan lamura. == Ka'idar ɗabi'a == Hakkin kiyaye kai da makami ya samo asali ne daga ka'idar Graeco-Roman Natural Rights, wanda wani dan kasar Roman Cicero (106–43 BC) da sauran masu ilimin falsafa suka fada a fili, wanda [[Aristotle]] ya yi tasiri. Miguel Faria, marubucin littafin ''Amurka, Bindigogi, da 'Yanci'' a shekarar (2019), da yake rubutu a Surgical Neurology International ya bayyana cewa mutane suna da haƙƙin kare mutanensu ta hanyar haƙƙinsu na ɗabi'a na kare kai; cewa mutane suna da hakkin kare kansu kawai amma kuma suna da kyawawan halaye na kare iyalai da makwabta; cewa haƙƙin kare kai da makami ya faɗaɗa ga al'umma don taƙaitawa ko hana azzalumar gwamnati. Haƙƙin 'yanci na maza su dauki makami don kare kai, ya zama aikin kare wadanda ke karkashin iyalansu da kulawa. Yawancin addinai, musamman a cikin al'adun Yahudu-Krista sun yarda da haƙƙin kare kai da kariya ta gida da makamai. Katolika ta katolika da aka samo asali daga aikin tauhidin na St Thomas Aquinas. Ya karanta cewa: "Tsaron doka na iya zama ba wai kawai hakki ba ne amma kuma babban aiki ne ga wanda ke da alhakin rayuwar wasu. Kare lafiyar gama gari yana bukatar a sanya zalunci mai zalunci ba zai iya cutar da shi ba. " Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda "ya faru cewa buƙatar sa mahaukaci ya kasa haifar da cutarwa wani lokacin ya ƙunshi ɗaukar ransa." Masanin falsafar Ingilishi John Locke (1632-1704) ya gabatar da cewa haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam sun bayyana a fili kuma sun ba mutum ikon "neman rayuwa, lafiya, 'yanci da mallaka," da kuma haƙƙin kare kansa. Waɗanda suka kafa Amurka ne suka ɗauki wannan ra'ayin kuma [[Thomas Jefferson]] ya tsara shi a bayyane na 'Yancin kai. A cikin sharhinsa game da David Kopel's ɗabi'ar ''kare kai da daukar matakin soja: Al'adar Yahudu da Nasara'' (2017), Faria ta kammala da cewa: "'Yanci da hakkin kiyaye rayuwa ta hanyar kare kai hakkokin mutane ne na dabi'a - wato, kyaututtuka daga Allah ko Dabi'a zuwa mutum - da gwamnatocin da ke yunƙurin ƙetare waɗancan haƙƙoƙin ba su da halattattun gwamnatoci sai ɓarnata. Mummunan gwamnatoci da kwace daga mulki sun riga sun yi tawaye ga Allah da mutum, don haka mutane suna da haƙƙin haƙƙin kare kai ta hanyar tawaye don kifar da waɗannan gwamnatocin. ” <ref name="SNI">{{cite web |last1=Faria |first1=Miguel A. |title=The moral philosophy of self-defense and resistance to tyranny in the Judeo-Christian Tradition |url=https://surgicalneurologyint.com/surgicalint-articles/the-moral-philosophy-of-self-defense-and-resistance-to-tyranny-in-the-judeo-christian-tradition-a-review-of-david-kopels-the-morality-of-self-defense-and-military-action-the-judeo/ |website=Surgical Neurology International (SNI) |access-date=10 August 2020}}</ref> == Kare wasu == Dokokin iri ɗaya ne yayin amfani da ƙarfi don kare ''wani'' daga hatsari. <ref name="CL">Criminal Law Cases and Materials, 7th ed. 2012; John Kaplan, Robert Weisberg, Guyora Binder</ref> Gabaɗaya, mai tuhuma dole ne ya yi imani mai kyau cewa ɓangare na uku yana cikin matsayi inda suke da haƙƙin kare kai. Misali, mutumin da ba da sani ba ga wasu 'yan wasan kwaikwayo biyu da suke yin faɗa zai iya kare ikonsu na wanda ya bayyana da zalunci. == Kariyar doka don iƙirarin kare kai == Da'awar shari'ar kare kai zai dogara ne ga barazanar. Wannan ya haɗa da ko barazanar magana ce ta sa mutum ya ji tsoro, har suka ji bukatar kare kansu. Hakanan zai dogara ne idan barazanar ta kusa ko a'a. Wasu tambayoyin da za ku yi shine barazanar tana faruwa kuma shin rayuwar mutum tana cikin haɗari da gaske? Shin sun tsokani mutum ne don harin ya faru? Lokacin da mutumin ya far wa mutumin, shin kare kansa ya yi daidai da barazanar, ko kuwa har ya kai ga mutun ya mutu lokacin da ba sa bukatar a kashe shi? Shin ' kariyar koyaswa ' tsaro? Shin da gangan suka fasa gidan mutum kuma suka yi ƙoƙarin cutar da mutumin ko danginsa har ta kai su ga kare kansu ko wasu ta amfani da ƙarfi? == Dokar Final ta yanzi == Dokar Final ta yanzu a Amurika mai lamba §3.04 ta ƙunshi ingantaccen tsari don amfani da ƙarfi, gami da lokacin da ya cancanta, da iyakancewa akan dalilin. <ref name="CL">Criminal Law Cases and Materials, 7th ed. 2012; John Kaplan, Robert Weisberg, Guyora Binder</ref> Model Penal Code ba dokar hukuma bace a cikin Amurka, kodayake kotuna da jihohi da yawa suna cin bashi mai yawa daga gare ta. == Shari'o'in gama gari == A cikin ''Mutane v.'' ''La Voie'', Kotun ƙoli na Colorado, 395 P.2d 1001 (1964), Kotun ta rubuta, ''"Idan mutum yana da dalilai masu ma'ana na yin imani, kuma a zahiri ya gaskata, cewa haɗarin kashe shi, ko na karɓar babban jiki cutarwa, ta gabato, yana iya yin aiki a kan irin wannan bayyani kuma ya kare kansa, har zuwa matakin ɗaukar ran mutum lokacin da ya cancanta, kodayake yana iya zama cewa bayyanuwar ƙarya ce, ko da yake yana iya kuskurewa game da girman ainihin hatsari. "'' == Ma'anar a takamaiman ƙasashe == * Ostiraliya * Jamhuriyar Czech * Sweden * Ingila da Wales * Amurka == Duba kuma == * Koyarwar gida * Siyasar bindiga * Kariyar kai mara kyau * Kisan kai mai adalci * Ossian Mai Dadi * Pikuach nefesh * 'Yanci don kiyayewa da ɗaukar makamai * ''Assaultan cin mutunci'' * Amfani da karfi ci gaba == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Bibliography == *   * Sir Edward Coke, ''Sashi na Farko na Cibiyoyin Laws of England, ko, Bayani kan Littleton'' (London, 1628, ed. F. Hargrave da C. Butler, 19th ed., London, 1832) * Dressler, Joshua, ''Sabbin Tunani Game da Ka'idar Tabbatarwa a cikin Dokar Laifi: Sanarwar Tunanin Fletcher da Tunawa'', (1984) 32 UCLA L. Rev. 61. * Fletcher, George P. (1990) ''Laifukan Kare Kai: Bernhard Goetz da Doka a Shari'ar'', Chicago: Jami'ar Chicago Press,  . * Fletcher, George P. (2000) ''Rethinking Laifin Laifi'', Oxford: Jami'ar Oxford Pres.   * Schopp, Robert F. (1998) ''Adalcin kariya da adalci'', Cambridge: Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridg.   * Semeraro, (2006) [http://wwwdata.unibg.it/dati/bacheca/567/18910.pdf Osservazioni sulla riforma della legittima difesa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721043058/http://wwwdata.unibg.it/dati/bacheca/567/18910.pdf |date=2011-07-21 }} * Vitu, Halayyar kare doka da keta doka, Revue de Science Criminelle, 1987, 865. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.useofforce.us UseofForce.us]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, mai zaman kansa, zurfin rashi na dokokin kare kai na Amurka. *   [[Category:Hakkin tsaro]] [[Category:Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]] [[Category:Ƴancin ɗan adam] oy50rnziaezarboi2v9kxf8ahi4tyma 0 24173 822060 502273 2026-04-18T07:29:28Z Garbu Audu 44085 822060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} [[File:Hilum_of_the_liver-ar.png |thumb|Hilum ]] [[File:Birika_hiloa.png |thumb|Hilum ]] [[File:Hilum_of_the_liver.png|thumb| Hilum na hanta .]] A surar halittar mutum ko kuma ilmin jikin mutum, da '''hilum''' ( /h aɪ l ə m / ; jam'i '''hila),''' wani lokacin ana kiranshi da ko kuma akan kirashi da '''hilus''' ( /h aɪ l ə s / ; jam'i '''hili),''' shi ne wani ciki ko fissure inda kuma Tsarin kamar jini kuma jijiyoyi suna shiga [[Gaɓa (jiki)|gabobi]] . Misalai sun haɗa da ko kuma kamar haka: * Hilum na koda, ya yarda da jijiyar koda, jijiya, ureter, da jijiyoyi * Splenic hilum, a saman farji, ya yarda da jijiyoyin jini, jijiya, tasoshin lymph, da jijiyoyi * Hilum na huhu, ɓacin rai mai kusurwa uku inda tsarin da ke samar da tushen huhu ya shiga ya bar [[Gaɓa (jiki)|viscus]] * Hilum na kumburin kumburin, wani ɓangaren kumburin kumburin da tasoshin jiragen ruwa ke fita * Hilus na gyrus na haƙori, wani ɓangare na hippocampus wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin mossy. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} hzmul096op5kmomqr2zb0b2xweia3mq 0 29779 822019 472729 2026-04-17T20:43:35Z Maryam Abdullahi Anka 44060 822019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[File:Anna_Sten_1927.JPG|200px|right|thumbnail|Anna Sten, 1927]] [[File:Anna_Sten_Photo.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Anna Sten]] '''Anna Sten''' ( 'yar Ukraine ce; '''Anna Petrovna Fesak''',tayi rayu tsakanin Disamba 3, 1908{{Spaced en dash}}Nuwamba 12, 1993) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka wacce aka haifa a Ukrainian. Ta kuma fara aikinta a fagen wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai a Tarayyar Soviet kafin ta tafi Jamus, inda ta fito a fina-finai da dama. Mai shirya fina-finai Samuel Goldwyn ya lura da ayyukanta, wanda ya kawo ta Amurka da nufin ƙirƙirar sabon yanayin fim ga kishiyar adawarsa Greta Garbo. Bayan wasu fina-finan da ba su yi nasara ba, Goldwyn ya sake ta daga kwangilar ta. Ta kuma ci gaba da yin aiki lokaci-lokaci har zuwa fitowarta a fim dinta na ƙarshe a 1962.<ref name=":0">Pace, Eric (November 15, 1993). "Anna Sten Is Dead; Film Actress Touted As Another Garbo". ''The New York Times''. Retrieved November 2, 2011.</ref> == Kuruciya da ilimi == An kuma haifi Sten a ranar 3 ga Disamba, 1908, a [[Kiev]], sa'an nan kuma wani ɓangare na Daular Rasha.<ref>Shipman, David (November 19, 1993). "Obituary: Anna Sten". ''The Independent''. Retrieved December 8, 2012.</ref><ref>"Anna Sten Biography". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved October 16, 2014.</ref> Akwai wasu kwanakin haihuwa masu karo da juna: 1910 da 1906 daga kwanakin da aka rubuta da kansu a cikin takardun neman aiki daga kwaleji. Mahaifiyarta Alexandra, ta lissafta ranar haihuwar Anna a matsayin ranar 29 ga Oktoban shekarar 1906, bayan isowarta a Amurka, kodayake wasu bambance-bambancen na iya kasancewa daga canjin kalandar Julian (har yanzu ana amfani da su a cikin Daular Rasha har zuwa 1918) zuwa ga Kalandar Gregorian. Bisa ga hukuma tarihin rayuwa, an haifi mahaifinta daga wani Cossack iyali, yi aiki a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo artist da m. Mahaifiyarta ’yar kasar Sweden ce ta haihuwa kuma ‘yar wasan ballerina ce. A Kiev a tsakiyar shekarun 1920 ta auri mai wasan kwaikwayo da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Boris Sten (né Bernstein), kuma ta ɗauki sunansa a matsayin nata. A mafi yawan ayyukan ta na ƙasashen waje sunayen da ake kiranta su ne Stenska da Sudakevich, ko kuma hade da su (kamar bambance-bambancen Anel (Anyushka) Stenska-Sudakevich ko Annel (Anjuschka) Stenskaja Sudakewitsch), wanda shine dalilin da ya sa Sten ya yi kuskure tare da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo na Rasha. Anel Sudakevich, wanda ya taka rawa a cikin fina-finan Soviet a lokaci guda kuma tare da wasu daraktoci guda kamar Anna Sten. ’Yan fim din sun sha rudewa junansu. [[Fayil:Anna Sten Argentinean Magazine AD (cropped).jpg|thumb|Anna Sten]] Sten ta samu ilimi a Kiev State Theatre College, tayi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto sannan kuma ta taka rawa a Kiev Maly Theater, ta halarci azuzuwan a studiyon wasan kwaikwayo inda ta yi aiki a cikin Stanislavsky System. A shekarar 1926, ta samu nasarar cinye jarrabawarta na samun aikinta na farko a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Proletcult, Moscow. == Sana'a == A shekara ta 1926, bayan kuma kammala karatunta a makarantar wasan kwaikwayo na Kiev, Sten ta gayyaci darektan fina-finai na Ukraine Viktor Turin don fitowa a cikin fim din ''Provokator'', bisa ga littafin da marubucin kasar Ukraine Oles Dosvitnyi ya rubuta. [Note 1] Daraktan mataki na Rasha kuma malami Konstantin Stanislavsky ne ya gano baiwar Sten, wanda ya shirya mata wani gabaarwa a Kwalejin Fim na Moscow.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}} ta cigaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo a Ukraine da Rasha, gami da wasan barkwanci na Boris Barnet ''The Girl with a Hatbox'' (1927). Ita da mijinta, darektan fina-finan Rasha Fedor Ozep, sun yi tafiya zuwa Jamus don fitowa a cikin wani fim da Jamus da Soviet Studios suka shirya, ''The Yellow Ticket'' (1928). Bayan an kammala fim din, Anna Sten da mijinta sun yanke shawarar kada su koma Tarayyar Soviet.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}} [[File:Gary_Cooper_and_Anna_Sten_in_The_Wedding_Night_1935.jpg|alt=Photo of Gary Cooper and Anna Sten embracing each other|thumb| Hoton tallata Gary Cooper da Anna Sten don ''<a href="./The%20Wedding%20Night" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="The Wedding Night" class="cx-link" data-linkid="94">The Wedding Night</a>,'', 1935]] Yin gyare-gyare mai sauƙi ga hotuna masu magana, Sten ta fito a cikin irin waɗannan fina-finan na Jamus kamar ''Salto Mortale'' (1931) da kuma ''The Murderer Dimitri Karamazov'' (1931) har sai da ta zo hankalin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka Samuel Goldwyn . Goldwyn yana neman 'yar wasan kwaikwayo na waje wanda zai iya ginawa a matsayin kishiya ga Greta Garbo, kuma mai yiwuwa magaji ga Vilma Bánky, wanda Goldwyn ya sami babban nasara a zamanin shiru. Shekaru biyu bayan kawo Sten zuwa Amurka, Goldwyn ya sami horon sabon tauraronsa a Turanci kuma ya koyar da hanyoyin wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood. Ya ba da lokaci mai yawa da kuɗi a cikin fim ɗin Amurka na farko na Sten, ''Nana'' (1934), wani nau'i mai kama da juna na littafin abin kunya na karni na 19 na Émile Zola . Amma fim din bai yi nasara ba a ofishin akwatin, kuma ba a yi fina-finai na biyu na Goldwyn ba, ''We Live Again'' (1934) da ''The Wedding Night'' (1935), suna wasa da Gary Cooper . Ba tare da so ba, Goldwyn ya narkar da kwantiraginsa da "sabon Garbo". An kuma ambaci koyarwar Goldwyn na Sten a cikin waƙar Cole Porter ta 1934 " Duk abin da ke faruwa " daga mawaƙa na wannan sunan : "Lokacin da Sam Goldwyn zai iya da babban tabbaci / umurci Anna Sten a cikin ƙamus / Sa'an nan Anna ya nuna / Duk abin da ke faruwa." A cikin shekarar 1940s, Sten ta fito a cikin fina-finai da yawa, ciki har ''da "The Man I Married"'' (1940), ''So Ends Our Night'' (1941), ''Chetniks!'' ''Guerrillas Fighting'' (1943), ''They Came to Blow Up America"'' (1943), ''[[Three Russian Girls]]'' (1943), da ''Let's Live a Little'' (1948). Sten ta ci gaba da yin fina-finai a Amurka da Ingila, amma babu wanda ya ci nasara a cikinsu. Ƙoƙarin gyara wannan yanayin ta hanyar karatu a The Actors Studio, Sten ya bayyana a cikin jerin talabijin da yawa a lokacin 1950s, ciki har da ''The Red Skelton Show'' (1956), ''Fayil na Walter Winchell'' (1957), da ''Adventures a cikin Aljanna'' ( 1959). == Rayuwar ta daga baya == Yawancin fina-finan da Sten ke fitowa daga baya sun kasance ta dalilin alfarman mijinta ne. Ta ɗan ƙaramin tawaya a cikin fim dinta da Frenke ya shirya wato ''Heaven Knows, Mista Allison'' (1957), da cikakken jagora a cikin fim ɗinta na ƙarshe (wanda Frenke kuma ya samar), ''The Nun and the Sergeant'' (1962). [[Fayil:Cooper Sten Wedding Night.jpg|thumb|Anna Sten]] Sten ta mutu a ranar 12 ga Nuwamban shekarar 1993, a birnin New York a lokacin tana da shekaru 84.<ref name=":0" /> == Rayuwa ta sirri == [[Fayil:Arar01 neutra.jpg|thumb|Anna Sten]] Sten ya auri mai shirya fim Eugene Frenke, wanda ya yi fice a Hollywood bayan ya bi matarsa a can a shekarar 1932. Anna Sten tana da ɗiya Anya Sten wacce daliba ce a Makarantar Monticello da ke Los Angeles tun farkon shekarar 1930s. == Cikakkun fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" width="95%" |+Fina-finai ! width="5%" | Shekara ! width="30%" | Take ! width="30%" | Matsayi ! class="unsortable" width="30%" | Bayanan kula |- | 1926 | ''Predatel'' | Karuwa | |- | 1926 | ''Miss Mend'' | Mai bugawa | Ba a yarda ba, ''Kasadar Masu Jarida Uku'' |- | 1927 |''[[The Girl with a Hatbox]]'' | Natasha | ''Moscow Mai kuka da dariya''<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> ''Devushka s korobkoy'' |- | 1928 |''[[The Yellow Ticket (1928 film)|The Yellow Ticket]]'' | Mariya | |- | 1928 |''[[My Son (1928 film)|My Son]]'' | Olga Surina | |- | 1928 |''[[The White Eagle]]'' | Matar gwamna | |- | 1928 | ''Yego kar'yera'' | dalibin Lipa | |- | 1929 |''[[Golden Beak]]'' | Varanka | |- | 1930 |''[[Bookkeeper Kremke]]'' | 'Yar Kremke | |- | 1931 |''[[The Murderer Dimitri Karamazov]]'' | rowspan="2" | Gruschenka | |- | 1931 | ''Karamazoff'' | |- | 1931 | ''Salto Mortale'' | Marina | |- | 1931 |''[[Bombs on Monte Carlo (1931 film)|Bombs on Monte Carlo]]'' | Königin Yola I. von Pontenero | ''Bomben auf Monte Carlo'' |- | 1932 |''[[Storms of Passion]]'' | Russen-Anya | |- | 1934 | ''Nana'' | Nana | |- | 1934 |''[[We Live Again]]'' | Katusha Maslova | |- | 1935 |''[[The Wedding Night]]'' | Manya Novak | |- | 1936 |''[[A Woman Alone (1936 film)|A Woman Alone]]'' | Maria Krasnova | |- | 1939 | ''Exile Express'' | Nadine Nikolas | |- | 1940 |''[[The Man I Married]]'' | Frieda Heinkel asalin | |- | 1941 |''[[So Ends Our Night]]'' | Lilo | |- | 1943 |''[[Chetniks! The Fighting Guerrillas]]'' | Lubitca Mihailovitch asalin | |- | 1943 |''[[They Came to Blow Up America]]'' | Frau Reiter | |- | 1943 |''[[Three Russian Girls]]'' | Natasha | |- | 1948 |''[[Let's Live a Little]]'' | Michele Bennett | |- | 1955 |''[[Soldier of Fortune (1955 film)|Soldier of Fortune]]'' | Madame Dupree | |- | 1956 |''[[Runaway Daughters (1956 film)|Runaway Daughters]]'' | Ruth Barton | |- | 1962 |''[[The Nun and the Sergeant]]'' | Nun | |} {| class="wikitable sortable" width="95%" |+Talabijin ! width="5%" | Shekara ! width="30%" | Jerin ! width="30%" | Matsayi ! class="unsortable" width="30%" | Episode |- | 1956 |''[[The Red Skelton Show]]'' | Sarauniyar Livonia |"County Fair or Minister of Agriculture" |- | 1957 |''[[The Walter Winchell File]]'' | Frieda | "The Cupcake" |- | 1959 |''[[Adventures in Paradise (TV series)|Adventures in Paradise]]'' | Antoniya |"The Bamboo Curtain" |- | 1964 |''[[Arrest and Trial]]'' | Mrs. Van de Heuven | "Modus Operandi", (shirin ta na karshe) |} == Duba kuma == * Allah Nazimov * Kathe von Nagy * Igor Ilyinsky * Ivan Mozzhukhin * Ossip Runitsch * Vera Kholodnaya == Manazarta == ; Bayanan kula  ; ambato {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|0826479}} * Anna Sten * [http://film.virtual-history.com/person.php?personid=625 Hotuna da wallafe-wallafe] * Anna Sten * [http://www.calend.ru/person/3958 Anna Sten Biography (a cikin Rashanci)] * [http://ukrweekly.com/archive/pdf1/1934/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1934-17.pdf "Anna Sten ba Rasha ba", Ukrainian Mako 1934 / No.17, shafi na 3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229020156/http://ukrweekly.com/archive/pdf1/1934/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1934-17.pdf |date=2017-12-29 }} * [http://www.ukrweekly.com/archive/1937/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1937-52.pdf "Shin Anna Sten yar Ukrainian ce?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229002333/http://www.ukrweekly.com/archive/1937/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1937-52.pdf |date=2017-12-29 }} [http://www.ukrweekly.com/archive/1937/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1937-52.pdf , Ukrainian Mako-mako 1937 / No.52, shafi 4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229002333/http://www.ukrweekly.com/archive/1937/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1937-52.pdf |date=2017-12-29 }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Jaruman fim daga Kyiv]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1908]] [[Category:Mutuwar 1993]] [[Category:Kiristocin Russia]] izx4dvle1rvveskm8ylozfd8hsvhwrg 822020 822019 2026-04-17T20:44:14Z Maryam Abdullahi Anka 44060 822020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[File:Anna_Sten_1927.JPG|200px|right|thumbnail|Anna Sten, 1927]] [[File:Anna_Sten_Photo.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Anna Sten]] '''Anna Sten''' ( 'yar Ukraine ce; '''Anna Petrovna Fesak''',tayi rayu tsakanin Disamba 3, 1908{{Spaced en dash}}Nuwamba 12, 1993) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka wacce aka haifa a Ukrainian. Ta kuma fara aikinta a fagen wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai a Tarayyar Soviet kafin ta tafi Jamus, inda ta fito a fina-finai da dama. Mai shirya fina-finai Samuel Goldwyn ya lura da ayyukanta, wanda ya kawo ta Amurka da nufin ƙirƙirar sabon yanayin fim ga kishiyar adawarsa Greta Garbo. Bayan wasu fina-finan da ba su yi nasara ba, Goldwyn ya sake ta daga kwangilar ta. Ta kuma ci gaba da yin aiki lokaci-lokaci har zuwa fitowarta a fim dinta na ƙarshe a 1962.<ref name=":0">Pace, Eric (November 15, 1993). "Anna Sten Is Dead; Film Actress Touted As Another Garbo". ''The New York Times''. Retrieved November 2, 2011.</ref> == Kuruciya da ilimi == An kuma haifi Sten a ranar 3 ga Disamba, 1908, a [[Kiev]], sa'an nan kuma wani ɓangare na Daular Rasha.<ref>Shipman, David (November 19, 1993). "Obituary: Anna Sten". ''The Independent''. Retrieved December 8, 2012.</ref><ref>"Anna Sten Biography". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved October 16, 2014.</ref> Akwai wasu kwanakin haihuwa masu karo da juna: 1910 da 1906 daga kwanakin da aka rubuta da kansu a cikin takardun neman aiki daga kwaleji. Mahaifiyarta Alexandra, ta lissafta ranar haihuwar Anna a matsayin ranar 29 ga Oktoban shekarar 1906, bayan isowarta a Amurka, kodayake wasu bambance-bambancen na iya kasancewa daga canjin kalandar Julian (har yanzu ana amfani da su a cikin Daular Rasha har zuwa 1918) zuwa ga Kalandar Gregorian. Bisa ga hukuma tarihin rayuwa, an haifi mahaifinta daga wani Cossack iyali, yi aiki a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo artist da m. Mahaifiyarta ’yar kasar Sweden ce ta haihuwa kuma ‘yar wasan ballerina ce. A Kiev a tsakiyar shekarun 1920 ta auri mai wasan kwaikwayo da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Boris Sten (né Bernstein), kuma ta ɗauki sunansa a matsayin nata. A mafi yawan ayyukan ta na ƙasashen waje sunayen da ake kiranta su ne Stenska da Sudakevich, ko kuma hade da su (kamar bambance-bambancen Anel (Anyushka) Stenska-Sudakevich ko Annel (Anjuschka) Stenskaja Sudakewitsch), wanda shine dalilin da ya sa Sten ya yi kuskure tare da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo na Rasha. Anel Sudakevich, wanda ya taka rawa a cikin fina-finan Soviet a lokaci guda kuma tare da wasu daraktoci guda kamar Anna Sten. ’Yan fim din sun sha rudewa junansu. [[Fayil:Anna Sten Argentinean Magazine AD (cropped).jpg|thumb|Anna Sten]] Sten ta samu ilimi a Kiev State Theatre College, tayi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto sannan kuma ta taka rawa a Kiev Maly Theater, ta halarci azuzuwan a studiyon wasan kwaikwayo inda ta yi aiki a cikin Stanislavsky System. A shekarar 1926, ta samu nasarar cinye jarrabawarta na samun aikinta na farko a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Proletcult, Moscow. == Sana'a == A shekara ta 1926, bayan kuma kammala karatunta a makarantar wasan kwaikwayo na Kiev, Sten ta gayyaci darektan fina-finai na Ukraine Viktor Turin don fitowa a cikin fim din ''Provokator'', bisa ga littafin da marubucin kasar Ukraine Oles Dosvitnyi ya rubuta. [Note 1] Daraktan mataki na Rasha kuma malami Konstantin Stanislavsky ne ya gano baiwar Sten, wanda ya shirya mata wani gabaarwa a Kwalejin Fim na Moscow.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}} ta cigaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo a Ukraine da Rasha, gami da wasan barkwanci na Boris Barnet ''The Girl with a Hatbox'' (1927). Ita da mijinta, darektan fina-finan Rasha Fedor Ozep, sun yi tafiya zuwa Jamus don fitowa a cikin wani fim da Jamus da Soviet Studios suka shirya, ''The Yellow Ticket'' (1928). Bayan an kammala fim din, Anna Sten da mijinta sun yanke shawarar kada su koma Tarayyar Soviet.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}} [[File:Gary_Cooper_and_Anna_Sten_in_The_Wedding_Night_1935.jpg|alt=Photo of Gary Cooper and Anna Sten embracing each other|thumb| Hoton tallata Gary Cooper da Anna Sten don ''<a href="./The%20Wedding%20Night" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="The Wedding Night" class="cx-link" data-linkid="94">The Wedding Night</a>,'', 1935]] Yin gyare-gyare mai sauƙi ga hotuna masu magana, Sten ta fito a cikin irin waɗannan fina-finan na Jamus kamar ''Salto Mortale'' (1931) da kuma ''The Murderer Dimitri Karamazov'' (1931) har sai da ta zo hankalin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka Samuel Goldwyn . Goldwyn yana neman 'yar wasan kwaikwayo na waje wanda zai iya ginawa a matsayin kishiya ga Greta Garbo, kuma mai yiwuwa magaji ga Vilma Bánky, wanda Goldwyn ya sami babban nasara a zamanin shiru. Shekaru biyu bayan kawo Sten zuwa Amurka, Goldwyn ya sami horon sabon tauraronsa a Turanci kuma ya koyar da hanyoyin wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood. Ya ba da lokaci mai yawa da kuɗi a cikin fim ɗin Amurka na farko na Sten, ''Nana'' (1934), wani nau'i mai kama da juna na littafin abin kunya na karni na 19 na Émile Zola . Amma fim din bai yi nasara ba a ofishin akwatin, kuma ba a yi fina-finai na biyu na Goldwyn ba, ''We Live Again'' (1934) da ''The Wedding Night'' (1935), suna wasa da Gary Cooper . Ba tare da so ba, Goldwyn ya narkar da kwantiraginsa da "sabon Garbo". An kuma ambaci koyarwar Goldwyn na Sten a cikin waƙar Cole Porter ta 1934 " Duk abin da ke faruwa " daga mawaƙa na wannan sunan : "Lokacin da Sam Goldwyn zai iya da babban tabbaci / umurci Anna Sten a cikin ƙamus / Sa'an nan Anna ya nuna / Duk abin da ke faruwa." A cikin shekarar 1940s, Sten ta kuma fito a cikin fina-finai da yawa, ciki har ''da "The Man I Married"'' (1940), ''So Ends Our Night'' (1941), ''Chetniks!'' ''Guerrillas Fighting'' (1943), ''They Came to Blow Up America"'' (1943), ''[[Three Russian Girls]]'' (1943), da ''Let's Live a Little'' (1948). Sten ta ci gaba da yin fina-finai a Amurka da Ingila, amma babu wanda ya ci nasara a cikinsu. Ƙoƙarin gyara wannan yanayin ta hanyar karatu a The Actors Studio, Sten ya bayyana a cikin jerin talabijin da yawa a lokacin 1950s, ciki har da ''The Red Skelton Show'' (1956), ''Fayil na Walter Winchell'' (1957), da ''Adventures a cikin Aljanna'' ( 1959). == Rayuwar ta daga baya == Yawancin fina-finan da Sten ke fitowa daga baya sun kasance ta dalilin alfarman mijinta ne. Ta ɗan ƙaramin tawaya a cikin fim dinta da Frenke ya shirya wato ''Heaven Knows, Mista Allison'' (1957), da cikakken jagora a cikin fim ɗinta na ƙarshe (wanda Frenke kuma ya samar), ''The Nun and the Sergeant'' (1962). [[Fayil:Cooper Sten Wedding Night.jpg|thumb|Anna Sten]] Sten ta mutu a ranar 12 ga Nuwamban shekarar 1993, a birnin New York a lokacin tana da shekaru 84.<ref name=":0" /> == Rayuwa ta sirri == [[Fayil:Arar01 neutra.jpg|thumb|Anna Sten]] Sten ya auri mai shirya fim Eugene Frenke, wanda ya yi fice a Hollywood bayan ya bi matarsa a can a shekarar 1932. Anna Sten tana da ɗiya Anya Sten wacce daliba ce a Makarantar Monticello da ke Los Angeles tun farkon shekarar 1930s. == Cikakkun fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" width="95%" |+Fina-finai ! width="5%" | Shekara ! width="30%" | Take ! width="30%" | Matsayi ! class="unsortable" width="30%" | Bayanan kula |- | 1926 | ''Predatel'' | Karuwa | |- | 1926 | ''Miss Mend'' | Mai bugawa | Ba a yarda ba, ''Kasadar Masu Jarida Uku'' |- | 1927 |''[[The Girl with a Hatbox]]'' | Natasha | ''Moscow Mai kuka da dariya''<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> ''Devushka s korobkoy'' |- | 1928 |''[[The Yellow Ticket (1928 film)|The Yellow Ticket]]'' | Mariya | |- | 1928 |''[[My Son (1928 film)|My Son]]'' | Olga Surina | |- | 1928 |''[[The White Eagle]]'' | Matar gwamna | |- | 1928 | ''Yego kar'yera'' | dalibin Lipa | |- | 1929 |''[[Golden Beak]]'' | Varanka | |- | 1930 |''[[Bookkeeper Kremke]]'' | 'Yar Kremke | |- | 1931 |''[[The Murderer Dimitri Karamazov]]'' | rowspan="2" | Gruschenka | |- | 1931 | ''Karamazoff'' | |- | 1931 | ''Salto Mortale'' | Marina | |- | 1931 |''[[Bombs on Monte Carlo (1931 film)|Bombs on Monte Carlo]]'' | Königin Yola I. von Pontenero | ''Bomben auf Monte Carlo'' |- | 1932 |''[[Storms of Passion]]'' | Russen-Anya | |- | 1934 | ''Nana'' | Nana | |- | 1934 |''[[We Live Again]]'' | Katusha Maslova | |- | 1935 |''[[The Wedding Night]]'' | Manya Novak | |- | 1936 |''[[A Woman Alone (1936 film)|A Woman Alone]]'' | Maria Krasnova | |- | 1939 | ''Exile Express'' | Nadine Nikolas | |- | 1940 |''[[The Man I Married]]'' | Frieda Heinkel asalin | |- | 1941 |''[[So Ends Our Night]]'' | Lilo | |- | 1943 |''[[Chetniks! The Fighting Guerrillas]]'' | Lubitca Mihailovitch asalin | |- | 1943 |''[[They Came to Blow Up America]]'' | Frau Reiter | |- | 1943 |''[[Three Russian Girls]]'' | Natasha | |- | 1948 |''[[Let's Live a Little]]'' | Michele Bennett | |- | 1955 |''[[Soldier of Fortune (1955 film)|Soldier of Fortune]]'' | Madame Dupree | |- | 1956 |''[[Runaway Daughters (1956 film)|Runaway Daughters]]'' | Ruth Barton | |- | 1962 |''[[The Nun and the Sergeant]]'' | Nun | |} {| class="wikitable sortable" width="95%" |+Talabijin ! width="5%" | Shekara ! width="30%" | Jerin ! width="30%" | Matsayi ! class="unsortable" width="30%" | Episode |- | 1956 |''[[The Red Skelton Show]]'' | Sarauniyar Livonia |"County Fair or Minister of Agriculture" |- | 1957 |''[[The Walter Winchell File]]'' | Frieda | "The Cupcake" |- | 1959 |''[[Adventures in Paradise (TV series)|Adventures in Paradise]]'' | Antoniya |"The Bamboo Curtain" |- | 1964 |''[[Arrest and Trial]]'' | Mrs. Van de Heuven | "Modus Operandi", (shirin ta na karshe) |} == Duba kuma == * Allah Nazimov * Kathe von Nagy * Igor Ilyinsky * Ivan Mozzhukhin * Ossip Runitsch * Vera Kholodnaya == Manazarta == ; Bayanan kula  ; ambato {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|0826479}} * Anna Sten * [http://film.virtual-history.com/person.php?personid=625 Hotuna da wallafe-wallafe] * Anna Sten * [http://www.calend.ru/person/3958 Anna Sten Biography (a cikin Rashanci)] * [http://ukrweekly.com/archive/pdf1/1934/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1934-17.pdf "Anna Sten ba Rasha ba", Ukrainian Mako 1934 / No.17, shafi na 3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229020156/http://ukrweekly.com/archive/pdf1/1934/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1934-17.pdf |date=2017-12-29 }} * [http://www.ukrweekly.com/archive/1937/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1937-52.pdf "Shin Anna Sten yar Ukrainian ce?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229002333/http://www.ukrweekly.com/archive/1937/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1937-52.pdf |date=2017-12-29 }} [http://www.ukrweekly.com/archive/1937/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1937-52.pdf , Ukrainian Mako-mako 1937 / No.52, shafi 4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229002333/http://www.ukrweekly.com/archive/1937/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1937-52.pdf |date=2017-12-29 }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Jaruman fim daga Kyiv]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1908]] [[Category:Mutuwar 1993]] [[Category:Kiristocin Russia]] fl2rcccq2hsbb93x2hgtbbhpk8jpn4l 0 29900 822185 683189 2026-04-18T11:57:57Z Pharouqenr 25549 822185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Tulsa Skyline.jpg|thumb|Ambaliya da haɓaka kogin Tulsa]] Haɗuwa da yanayin a kogi Maisa ambaliya cikin Tulsa, yankin [[Oklahoma]] sun haifar da ambaliyar ruwa akai-akai, ''musamman'' a kusa da koguna waɗanda galibi ke zubar da yankin. An kafa birnin a saman wani bluff akan kogin [[Arkansas (jiha)|Arkansas]]. Don haka, tsayin ya kare yawancin mazaunan da dukiyoyinsu daga lalacewa lokacin da kogin ya yi ambaliya. Koyaya, ya zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20 haɓakar yawan jama'a ya matsa kusa da kogin, kuma filayen da ke yammacin Arkansas sun fara haɓaka suma. Ambaliyar ta saba haifar da asarar dukiya da kuma asarar rayuka<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cnllkgx248eo.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17539922003352&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fcnllkgx248eo</ref>. A cikin shekarata 1920s, ambaliyar ruwa na Arkansas na yanayi ya fara haifar da mummunar lalacewa da asarar rayuka. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, shugabannin birni sun amsa irin waɗannan abubuwan ta hanyar sake ginawa da maye gurbin dukiyoyin da aka lalata ''a wurin'' . Sai a shekarar 1970 gwamnatin birnin ta fara bullo da dabarun dakile ambaliyar ruwa ko kuma rage asarar dukiyoyi da kuma hana asarar rayuka. Wannan labarin ya bayyana wasu fitattun ambaliyar ruwa a Tulsa, sannan hanyoyin ragewa da dabarun sarrafawa waɗanda suka samo asali daga gare su. Ambaliyar ruwa ta ci gaba da yin barazana ga rayuka da dukiyoyi, yayin da birnin ya mamaye filayen noma da ke kewaye. Hukumomin birni sun yanke shawarar cewa ƙa'idodin Tarayya na lokacin ba su isa ba don sarrafa yanayin gida kuma sun fara haɓaka ƙarin buƙatu. Shirin Tulsa ya samo asali kuma a yanzu ya shafi dukkanin magudanar ruwa, gami da sauran al'ummomi a cikin babban birnin Tulsa . Ko da yake ba za a iya hana aukuwar ambaliya kwata-kwata ba, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Tarayya (FEMA) da wasu kungiyoyi da dama sun amince da shirin shawo kan ambaliyar Tulsa a matsayin nasara. Za a ci gaba da kokarin shawo kan lamarin muddin mutane suna zaune a wurare masu rauni ko rashin ƙarfi. == Manyan ambaliyar ruwa == Bayanan ambaliya ba su da yawa kafin shekarata 1900. A cikin 1908, shekara guda kacal bayan zama jiha, ambaliyar kogin Arkansas a Tulsa ya haifar da asarar $250,000 ($ 6.45 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). Garin ya kasance a saman kogin kogin, don haka ya kare ambaliya. Sai dai gadar layin dogo ta tsallake rijiya da baya, lamarin da ya kawo cikas ga zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa zuwa yamma har sai an sauya gadar. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1923 ambaliya === A shekara ta 1920, yawan man fetur ya haifar da ci gaba mai sauri wanda aka gina gidaje a kan ƙananan ƙasa kusa da kogin Arkansas, A ranar 13 ga Yuni, shekarata 1923, kogin ya mamaye wadannan ƙananan wurare, ya haifar da $ 500,000 a cikin diyya ($ 9.83 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). ), da kuma barin gida 4,000. Ambaliyar ta hada da aikin ruwa na Tulsa, wanda ke a yanzu a Newblock Park, An gina sabbin ayyukan ruwa a kan tudu mai tsayi a arewa maso gabashin Tulsa, kusa da Bird Creek . Wannan {{Convert|2800|acre|m2}} yanki ya zama Mohawk Park, ɗayan manyan wuraren shakatawa na birni na ƙasar. Har ila yau, birnin ya fitar da shirinsa na shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa na farko, inda ya yi kokarin sanya gidaje a kan tudu da kuma tanadin guraben wuraren shakatawa. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1943 ambaliya === Wani ambaliya a kan kogin Arkansas ya yi barazana ga matatun mai a yammacin Tulsa a shekarata 1943. Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Injiniya (USACE) nan da nan ta gina matsuguni a kusa da matatun, waɗanda aka ɗauka suna da mahimmanci ga sojojin Amurka a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] . Wani tanadi a cikin Dokar Kula da Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Mississippi ta 1928 ta ba da izini ga USACE don gina madatsun ruwa da lefi kamar yadda ake buƙata don sarrafa ambaliya. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Duk da haka, ambaliyar ta kashe mutane 21, tare da raunata 26, ta kuma bar kusan 4,000 da gidajensu. Ko da yake ba a samu barnar kudi ba, gidaje 413 sun lalace sannan 3,800 sun lalace. <ref>Flanagan, p. III-1. Retrieved June 15, 2014.</ref> === 1970 ambaliya === Kamar yadda Tulsa ta faɗaɗa cikin karkarar da ke kewaye bayan WWII, ambaliya na yankunan birane akai-akai, yawanci kowacce shekara biyu zuwa huɗu. A cikin 1966, Tulsa ta mamaye magudanar ruwan Mingo Creek. Ambaliyar Ranar Mata ta a shekarar 1970 a Tulsa ta haifar da asarar dala 163,000 ($ 1.07 miliyan a cikin dala miliyan 2019) zuwa yankunan da ke ci gaba da sauri tare da kogin Mingo da Joe a gabashin birnin. Har yanzu, farfadowa ya ƙunshi gyara ko maye gurbin gine-ginen da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye a wurarensu na asali. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1974 ambaliya === Ambaliyar ruwa uku ta faru a watan Afrilu da Mayu shekarata 1974. An kiyasta lalacewar dala $744,000 ($3.86 miliyan a cikin dala miliyan 2019) tare da Bird Creek. A watan Yuni, ambaliyar ruwa ta afku tare da Fry, Haikey, Joe da Mingo Creek. Wannan lokacin an kiyasta asarar sama da dala miliyan 18 ($93.30 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). Mingo Creek ta sake yin ambaliya a ranar 19 ga Satumba, shekarata 1974. {{Efn|Editor's note: No damage estimate was given for this flood.}} <ref name="Tulsa-floods">[https://www.cityoftulsa.org/city-services/flood-control/flooding-history.aspx "Flood Control and Drainage."] City of Tulsa. Retrieved May 25, 2014.</ref> === 1976 ambaliya === Ambaliyar Ranar Tunawa da Mutuwar Shekara ta 1976 ta nuna wani ci gaba a cikin binciken Tulsa na neman mafita. Ruwan ruwa mai tsawon sa'o'i uku, mai inci 10 ya afku a kan magudanar ruwan Mingo, Joe da Haikey. Sakamakon ambaliya ya kashe mutane uku tare da haddasa asarar dala miliyan 40 ($179.65 a dala miliyan 2019) ga gine-gine sama da 3,000. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1984 ambaliya === Gaban sanyi wanda ya tsaya kan yankin Tulsa a ranar 26-27 ga Mayu, shekarata 1984 ya faɗi tsakanin inci 6 zuwa 15 (15 da 38).&nbsp;cm) ruwan sama ya mamaye sassa da dama na birnin. Ambaliyar ta kashe mutane 14 tare da yin asarar dala miliyan 180 (dalar Amurka miliyan 442.72 a shekarar 2019). Yankunan da ke kusa da Mingo Creek a gabashin Tulsa da Cherry Creek a yammacin Tulsa sun kasance da wahala musamman. <ref name="Throwback">Jackson, Debbie and Hilary Pittman.[http://www.tulsaworld.com/blogs/news/throwbacktulsa/throwback-tulsa-memorial-weekend-deluge-was-years-ago/article_5249d055-09cb-5528-8763-626ebcc08d59.html "Throwback Tulsa: Memorial weekend deluge was 30 years ago."] ''Tulsa World''. May 22, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.</ref> === 1986 ambaliya ===  A cikin Satumba shekarata 1986, ragowar guguwa a kudu maso yammacin Mexico sun isa yankin Tulsa kuma sun haifar da ruwan sama na inci 24 (61).&nbsp;cm) arewa maso yamma na Keystone Lake . <ref name="TulsaPartners">[http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/25th-anniversary-of-the-1986-arkansas-river-flood/ "25th Anniversary of the 1986 Arkansas River Flood."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004194847/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/25th-anniversary-of-the-1986-arkansas-river-flood/ |date=2016-10-04 }} Tulsa Partners. October 23, 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2014.</ref> An yi ruwan sama mai yawa cikin kankanin lokaci, ta yadda za a iya cewa matakin tafkin zai kai kololuwar dam. Rundunar Sojojin Amurka (USACE) na buƙatar buɗe ƙofofin ambaliya tare da sakin kusan cfs 300,000 na ruwa a cikin Kogin Arkansas. Wannan adadin zai haifar da rikodin ambaliya tare da kogin daga Keystone zuwa Muskogee. Shiyasa Mutane da yawa da ke zaune kusa da kogin a Tulsa sun yi gudun hijira bisa radin kansu. An ba da umarnin ficewa na tilas a Jenks da Bixby. <ref name="Palmer">Parts of Southern Broken Arrow; known as Indian Springs flooded. Including the Indian Springs Athletic Club, Golf Course, And Elementary School. [http://newsok.com/tulsa-area-residents-move-out-as-corps-releases-record-flood/article/2161843 Palmer, Griff and Bobby Trammell. "Tulsa Area Residents Move Out As Corps Releases Record Flood."] NewsOK. October 5, 1986. Retrieved May 29, 2014.</ref> Wani lefe mai zaman kansa a Yammacin Tulsa ya gaza, wanda ya haifar da kiyasin dala miliyan 1.3 (dala miliyan 3.03 a cikin dala 2019). Gine-gine 64 ne suka lalace, ciki har da goma sha uku da za a rushe. Sauran yankunan da ke kusa sun ba da rahoton barna kamar: $32.5 miliyan ($75.78 a dala miliyan 2019) a cikin Sand Springs da dala miliyan 13.4 (dala miliyan 31.24 a cikin dala 2019). Gundumar Tulsa ta ba da rahoton asarar dala miliyan 63.5 ($148.06 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). <ref name="TulsaPartners" /> === 2019 ambaliya === A cikin watan Mayun shekarata 2019, jerin tsawa mai tsanani sun yi ruwan sama a arewacin Oklahoma. Ruwan ya gangara daga koramai zuwa tafkin Keystone . Dangane da martani, Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Injiniya sun fara sakin ruwa daga Dam ɗin Keystone zuwa Kogin Arkansas . A shirye-shiryen sake zagayowar guguwa, Rundunar Sojojin Amurka ta rage yawan ruwan da ake sakowa a cikin kogin, tare da fatan ba da damar ruwanta ya ja da baya don samun karin ruwan sama. Guguwar tsawa ta biyu ta yi ta jefar da yawan ruwan sama da ya haifar da guguwa da yawa. Wannan karin ruwan sama kuma ya mamaye tafkin Keystone, da dai sauransu, kuma an tilastawa Rundunar Sojoji suka bude kofofin kara. Kashegari, yayin da ruwa ya ci gaba da cika tafkin, Rundunar Sojan ta yi ƙoƙari don daidaita ruwan shiga da barin tafkin. Duk da haka, ba su da wani zaɓi illa ci gaba da ɗaga ƙofofin sama ko ƙasa da matakin ruwa ya wuce madatsar ruwa. Sakamakon kwararar ruwa ya fara a barazana ga unguwanni da birane. Yankunan Sapulpa, Kudancin Broken Arrow (wanda aka fi sani da Indian Springs), da Bixby, Oklahoma sun nutse. A ranar 22 ga Watan Mayu, an ɗaga ƙofofin daɗaɗa girma cikin yini. An kori Webbers Falls yayin da garin ya fara nutsewa cikin ruwa. Ruwan da ke gefen kogin Tulsa ya fara tashi sosai, wanda hakan ya sa makarantun gwamnati na Sand Springs da Jenks soke azuzuwa a sauran shekarar karatu saboda matsalar ambaliyar ruwa. An fara bullowa a cikin da kewayen yankin Tulsa, inda aka samu rahotannin motoci da ke shiga cikinsu. Tsarin gine-ginen da aka gina tare da bakin kogi, kamar Kogin Ruhun Casino da Riverwalk, an rufe su da gangan kuma an fara tattara su a cikin kogin da sauran sanannun wuraren ambaliya kamar Tulsa Zoo . Gwamna Kevin Stitt da Magajin Garin Tulsa GT Bynum sun yi shawagi a kan metro na Tulsa don duba ambaliyar tare da ayyana dokar ta baci ga [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda 66. Yayin da rana ta koma dare, wani guguwa mai tsananin gaske ya fara tashi a kusa da birnin Oklahoma, ya nufi Tulsa. Barges sun balle a kan kogin da ke kan hanyar zuwa Makullin Falls na Webbers da Dam, suna barazanar yin karo a cikin ginin. Jiragen ruwan sun bace ne da dare kuma ba a gano su ba sai da safe. A safiyar ranar 23 ga Mayu, an ci gaba da ɗaga kofofin ambaliya na Keystone yayin da Ruwan ya kai 100%, yana ƙara yawan kwarara zuwa cfs 221,000 tare da shirye-shiryen haɓaka wannan zuwa 250,000 cfs da tsakar rana. Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Kasa a Tulsa ta haɓaka matakin hasashen kogin Arkansas daga ƙafa 21 zuwa ƙafa 23, wanda hakan ya sanya kogin cikin babban matakin ambaliya kuma ƙafar 2 kawai na jin kunyar matakan da aka kai a cikin Oktoban shekarar 1986. A halin da ake ciki dai, jiragen ruwan sun sake ballewa jim kadan kafin karfe 11 na safe, inda suka sake yin barazana ga dam din. Jim kadan kafin azahar ne jiragen ruwan suka yi karo da dam din suka nutse. Bayan duba dam din, an bayyana cewa ya samu barnar kadan. A ranar 24 ga Mayu, Gwamna Stitt ya faɗaɗa dokar ta-baci don haɗa dukkan larduna guda 77 na Oklahoma. [[Donald Trump|Shugaba Trump ya]] amince da ayyana bala'in a washegari, yana ba da umarnin taimakon tarayya don ƙara martanin Jiha, kabilanci, da na cikin gida. <ref>[https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-approves-oklahoma-emergency-declaration/ www.whitehouse.gov]</ref> Rundunar Sojin ta yi niyyar ci gaba da sakin a kan cfs 250,000 har zuwa ranar Lahadi, 26 ga Mayu. Bayan karin tsawa da aka yi a daren ranar 24-25 ga Mayu, rundunar ta sauya shirinsu na ci gaba da tafiya a haka har zuwa ranar Laraba, 29 ga Mayu kuma ta ba da shawarar karin hazo na iya haifar da wani tsawaitawa. Magajin garin Bynum ya kuma bukaci 'yan kasar da ke samun kariya daga lefes da su fara yin tsare-tsare na son rai na ficewa. Ya bayyana cewa, duk da cewa a halin yanzu leve din suna gudanar da aikinsu, amma ba a taba gwada su ba. Ƙarin guguwa a cikin dare na Mayu 25-26 ya sa Corps su tsawaita jadawalin sakin su wata rana zuwa 30 ga Mayu. Sun kuma ƙara adadin sakin a cikin Arkansas da farko zuwa 265,000 cfs sannan kuma sun haɓaka shi zuwa 275,000 da safe. A cikin farkon sa'o'i na Ranar Tunawa da Tunawa da Mutuwar, duk da haka wani zagaye na mummunar guguwa ya sake yin hazo tare da babban kogin Arkansas a arewa maso yamma da arewa ta tsakiya Oklahoma da kuma kudancin tsakiyar Kansas. A ranar 28 ga Watan Mayu, tafkin a ƙarshe ya shawo kan wata babbar matsala kuma ya fara komawa baya. Guguwar da aka yi hasashe ta tafi kudancin dam ɗin, wanda ya ba da damar ruwan tafkin ya daidaita. Kashegari, ko da wani zagaye na guguwa ke tafe a Tulsa, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta sanar da cewa za ta fara yanke sakewa a madatsar ruwa. Da karfe 4 na yamma, an rage kwararar zuwa cfs 265,000 sannan a rage 10,000 cfs kowane awa 6. Manufar su shine a rage adadin zuwa cfs 150,000 a ranar Asabar da 100,000 cfs farkon mako mai zuwa. A halin yanzu, guguwar da aka yi a Tulsa ta kara tsayin kogin da inci kusan 6, amma kuma bai yi tasiri sosai a tafkin Keystone ba. Duk da haka, cikin sauri kogin ya koma kasa da tsayin da ya gabata. == Ragewa da kariya == Gwamnatin Tulsa ta mayar da martani ga ambaliya ta shekarar 1970 ta hanyar shiga cikin "tsarin gaggawa" na Shirin Inshorar Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Kasa (NFIP) da kuma yin alƙawarin ɗaukar ka'idojin ambaliyar ruwa na tarayya. A watan Agustan shekarata 1971, NFIP ta fitar da taswirar ƙimar toshe. Bayan wata guda, a Ranar Ma'aikata, Flat Rock, Bird da Haikey koguna sun yi ambaliya, wanda ya shafi al'ummomin karkara da yawa. A cikin Disamba, Bird Creek ta sake yin ambaliya. Daga nan Tulsa ta shiga cikin shirin “na yau da kullun” na NFIP, ta ɗauki sabon ƙayyadaddun ambaliya na shekaru 100, kuma ta yi alƙawarin daidaita yadda ake amfani da filayen ambaliya. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Bayan ambaliyar ruwa guda uku da aka yi a shekarar 1974, wadanda abin ya shafa sun bukaci da a dauki matakin da ya dace daga birnin, wanda a cewarsu ba ya aiwatar da ka’idojin NFIP. Sun yi kokarin dakatar da ci gaba, don guje wa barnar ambaliyar ruwa har sai an magance matsalolin da ake da su. Masu haɓakawa sun yi kakkausar suka, inda suka fara muhawara game da gudanar da ambaliyar ruwa, wanda ake kira "Babban Yaƙin Magudanar ruwa" daga kafofin watsa labaru na cikin gida, wanda ya ɗauki shekaru da yawa. Birnin ya zo don ganawa da manajoji tare da shirin fadada wani yanki na Mingo Creek. Wani bangare na shirin ya hada da cire kayan da suka lalace. An kwashe gidaje 33 a hannun dama kafin ambaliyar ruwa ta biyo baya. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Ambaliyara a shekarata 1984 ta nuna cewa masu kula da gaggawa ba za su iya samun cikakkun bayanai da sauri ba game da ci gaban ambaliya. Wannan gaskiya ne a ko'ina cikin jihar, da kuma a Tulsa. Bayanai daga radar filin jirgin sama, sabunta sa'o'i, bai isa ba don biyan bukatun manajoji. Jami'ar Oklahoma da Jami'ar Jihar Oklahoma sun haɗa kai tare da Binciken Yanayin yanayi da sauran hukumomin jama'a da masu zaman kansu don ƙirƙirar Oklahoma Mesonet . Wannan tsarin yana tattara bayanan yanayi (misali, saurin iska, ruwan sama, zazzabi) kowane minti a ƙalla 5 daga tashoshin Mesonet 120 a duk faɗin Oklahoma. Masu tsara shirin gaggawa yanzu za su iya sa ido kan bayanan yanayi na zamani kafin isowar guguwar da ke gabatowa. Labarin ya ambato wani jami'in Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Tulsa yana cewa ma'aikatansa suna amfani da Oklahoma Mesonet a kowace rana. <ref name="mesonet">Peterson, Althea. [http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/weather/oklahoma-mesonet-had-roots-in-the-memorial-weekend-flooding/article_fda77cdd-e7d3-5938-82e1-3e8c72c6f7b0.html "Oklahoma Mesonet had roots in the 1984 Memorial weekend flooding."] ''Tulsa World''. May 27, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.</ref> a cikin shekarata 1985, Tulsa ta daidaita alhakin duk ambaliya na birni, magudanar ruwa, da shirye-shiryen ruwan guguwa a cikin Sashen Kula da Ruwan Ruwa. An kafa kuɗin amfani da ruwan sama ta hanyar doka a cikin shekarar 1986 don gudanar da shirin. Ana buƙatar masu duk kadarorin da ke cikin birni su biya kuɗin, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar doka akan $ 2.58 kowace wata. Ana harajin kadarorin kasuwanci a $2.58 kowace wata ga kowane {{Convert|2,650|ft2|m2}} na m surface. Dokar ta ware gabaɗayan kuɗin na musamman don ayyukan kula da ambaliyar ruwa da ruwan guguwa, tare da tabbatar da samar da tsayayyen kudade don kulawa da gudanarwa. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Shirin kare ambaliyar ruwa na Tulsa yana da manufofi guda uku: hana sababbin matsaloli; gyara matsalolin da ke akwai; inganta aminci, muhalli da ingancin rayuwa. Jami'an birnin sun yi imanin cewa ƙa'idodin da NFIP ta gindaya ba su isa ba, dangane da gogewar Tulsa a baya. Tulsa yana buƙatar fayyace filayen ambaliya bisa ga ci gaban da ake tsammani a gaba, maimakon yanayin ci gaba a lokacin. NFIP kuma yana buƙatar mafi ƙanƙanta matakin gine-gine a cikin filayen ambaliya ya kasance ko sama da tsayin ambaliya na shekaru a ƙalla 100. Tulsa yana buƙatar kuma yana tilasta ƙarin ƙafa ɗaya (30.5&nbsp;cm) na allon kyauta sama da hawan ambaliya. Kafin a canza kadarorin da ke cikin filayen ambaliyar ruwa, dole ne mai shi ya sami izinin ci gaban magudanar ruwa. == Gane ci gaba == A farkon shekarata 1990s, FEMA ta sanya Tulsa ta farko a cikin al'umma don shirin kula da ambaliyar ruwa. barin Tulsans su ji daɗin ƙimar inshorar ambaliyar ruwa mafi ƙasƙanci. An kuma karrama shirin da lambar yabo ta FEMA ta shekarar 1992 da ta yi fice a ma'aikatan gwamnati; da Ƙungiyar Manajojin Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Jiha ta ba Tulsa lambar yabo ta gida sau biyu don Ƙarfafawa. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> FEMA ta ƙara ƙimar al'ummar Tulsa daga Aji na 5 zuwa Aji na 3, wanda hakan ya sa Tulsans suka cancanci rangwame kashi 35 akan ƙimar inshorar ambaliyar ruwa. Ƙimar aji na 5 da ya gabata ya ba da rangwamen kashi 25 cikin ɗari. Ana daidaita ma'auni na lokaci-lokaci don nuna raguwar haɗarin al'umma ta hanyar ƙoƙarinta na inganta "...bayanin jama'a, taswira da ka'idoji, shirye-shiryen ambaliya da rage lalacewar ambaliya. Rangwamen yana cikin haɓaka kashi biyar daga Class 9 (kashi biyar) zuwa Class 1 (kashi 45)." Tun daga shekarata 2000, Tulsa ita ce kawai al'ummar Amurka da aka ƙima a matsayin Class 3. <ref name="FEMA release">[http://www.fema.gov/news-release/2000/09/13/fema-honors-tulsa-oklahoma-nations-leading-floodplain-management-community FEMA news release. "FEMA Honors Tulsa, Oklahoma As Nation's Leading Floodplain Management Community."] September 13, 2000. Release Number: HQ-00-046a. Retrieved June 15, 2014.</ref> Takamaiman ayyuka da FEMA ta ambata sune:"...Samun kusan kaddarorin da ke fama da ambaliyar ruwa da kuma adana fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na ambaliyarsa a matsayin fili; ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin gini, gami da buƙatun yanayin aminci na ƙafa biyu ( freeboard) a cikin gine-ginen ambaliya; da kuma wayar da kan jama'a don ba da shawara ga mazauna haɗarin ambaliya da ba da mafita na ragewa da taimakon fasaha." <ref name="FEMA release"/> == Bayanan kula == {{Notelist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == [http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf Hukumar Ba da Shawarar Ruwa ta Tulsa Stormwater da Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021402/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf |date=2017-04-09 }} [http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf "Daga Rufin zuwa Kogi: Hanyar Tulsa zuwa Filin Ambaliyar Ruwa da Gudanar da Ruwa."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021402/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf |date=2017-04-09 }} [http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf Mayu, 1994.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021402/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf |date=2017-04-09 }} An shiga Afrilu 7, 2017. [http://www.stormtrack.org/library/damage/mingo1.htm Marshall, Timothy P. "Tasirin Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafa Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Mingo Creek Watershed."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004173741/http://www.stormtrack.org/library/damage/mingo1.htm |date=2013-10-04 }} (1984) An dawo da shi Mayu 25, 2014 [http://www.rdflanagan.com/Mooser/Mooser.pdf "Mooser Creek Greenway: Maidowa da Kiyaye Rafi na Tarihi."] Flanagan, John D. An Shirya Don Birnin Tulsa, Oklahoma. Afrilu 2004. An dawo da Yuni 15, 2014. [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha707 Bergman, Deroy L. da kuma Robert L. Tortorelli.] [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha707 "Ambaliya daga Mayu 26-27, 1984 a Tulsa, Oklahoma."] [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha707 USGS Hydrologic Atlas 707. 1988.] An shiga Afrilu 7, 2017. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Ruwa]] [[Category:Kogi]] [[Category:Ambaliya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fg6ef105a50hb4itnslci5fe29icilu 822186 822185 2026-04-18T11:58:11Z Pharouqenr 25549 822186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Tulsa Skyline.jpg|thumb|Ambaliya da haɓaka kogin Tulsa]] Haɗuwa da yanayin a kogi Maisa ambaliya cikin Tulsa, yankin [[Oklahoma]] sun haifar da ambaliyar ruwa akai-akai, ''musamman'' a kusa da koguna waɗanda galibi ke zubar da yankin. An kafa birnin a saman wani bluff akan kogin [[Arkansas (jiha)|Arkansas]]. Don haka, tsayin ya kare yawancin mazaunan da dukiyoyinsu daga lalacewa lokacin da kogin ya yi ambaliya. Koyaya, ya zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20 haɓakar yawan jama'a ya matsa kusa da kogin, kuma filayen da ke yammacin Arkansas sun fara haɓaka suma. Ambaliyar ta saba haifar da asarar dukiya da kuma asarar rayuka<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cnllkgx248eo.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17539922003352&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fcnllkgx248eo</ref>. A cikin shekarata 1920s, ambaliyar ruwa na Arkansas na yanayi ya fara haifar da mummunar lalacewa da asarar rayuka. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, shugabannin birni sun amsa irin waɗannan abubuwan ta hanyar sake ginawa da maye gurbin dukiyoyin da aka lalata ''a wurin'' . Sai a shekarar 1970 gwamnatin birnin ta fara bullo da dabarun dakile ambaliyar ruwa ko kuma rage asarar dukiyoyi da kuma hana asarar rayuka. Wannan labarin ya bayyana wasu fitattun ambaliyar ruwa a Tulsa, sannan hanyoyin ragewa da dabarun sarrafawa waɗanda suka samo asali daga gare su. Ambaliyar ruwa ta ci gaba da yin barazana ga rayuka da dukiyoyi, yayin da birnin ya mamaye filayen noma da ke kewaye. Hukumomin birni sun yanke shawarar cewa ƙa'idodin Tarayya na lokacin ba su isa ba don sarrafa yanayin gida kuma sun fara haɓaka ƙarin buƙatu. Shirin Tulsa ya samo asali kuma a yanzu ya shafi dukkanin magudanar ruwa, gami da sauran al'ummomi a cikin babban birnin Tulsa . Ko da yake ba za a iya hana aukuwar ambaliya kwata-kwata ba, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Tarayya (FEMA) da wasu kungiyoyi da dama sun amince da shirin shawo kan ambaliyar Tulsa a matsayin nasara. Za a ci gaba da kokarin shawo kan lamarin muddin mutane suna zaune a wurare masu rauni ko rashin ƙarfi. == Manyan ambaliyar ruwa == Bayanan ambaliya ba su da yawa kafin shekarata 1900. A cikin 1908, shekara guda kacal bayan zama jiha, ambaliyar kogin Arkansas a Tulsa ya haifar da asarar $250,000 ($ 6.45 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). Garin ya kasance a saman kogin kogin, don haka ya kare ambaliya. Sai dai gadar layin dogo ta tsallake rijiya da baya, lamarin da ya kawo cikas ga zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa zuwa yamma har sai an sauya gadar. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1923 ambaliya === A shekara ta 1920, yawan man fetur ya haifar da ci gaba mai sauri wanda aka gina gidaje a kan ƙananan ƙasa kusa da kogin Arkansas, A ranar 13 ga Yuni, shekarata 1923, kogin ya mamaye wadannan ƙananan wurare, ya haifar da $ 500,000 a cikin diyya ($ 9.83 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). ), da kuma barin gida 4,000. Ambaliyar ta hada da aikin ruwa na Tulsa, wanda ke a yanzu a Newblock Park, An gina sabbin ayyukan ruwa a kan tudu mai tsayi a arewa maso gabashin Tulsa, kusa da Bird Creek . Wannan {{Convert|2800|acre|m2}} yanki ya zama Mohawk Park, ɗayan manyan wuraren shakatawa na birni na ƙasar. Har ila yau, birnin ya fitar da shirinsa na shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa na farko, inda ya yi kokarin sanya gidaje a kan tudu da kuma tanadin guraben wuraren shakatawa. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1943 ambaliya === Wani ambaliya a kan kogin Arkansas ya yi barazana ga matatun mai a yammacin Tulsa a shekarata 1943. Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Injiniya (USACE) nan da nan ta gina matsuguni a kusa da matatun, waɗanda aka ɗauka suna da mahimmanci ga sojojin Amurka a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] . Wani tanadi a cikin Dokar Kula da Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Mississippi ta 1928 ta ba da izini ga USACE don gina madatsun ruwa da lefi kamar yadda ake buƙata don sarrafa ambaliya. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Duk da haka, ambaliyar ta kashe mutane 21, tare da raunata 26, ta kuma bar kusan 4,000 da gidajensu. Ko da yake ba a samu barnar kudi ba, gidaje 413 sun lalace sannan 3,800 sun lalace. <ref>Flanagan, p. III-1. Retrieved June 15, 2014.</ref> === 1970 ambaliya === Kamar yadda Tulsa ta faɗaɗa cikin karkarar da ke kewaye bayan WWII, ambaliya na yankunan birane akai-akai, yawanci kowacce shekara biyu zuwa huɗu. A cikin 1966, Tulsa ta mamaye magudanar ruwan Mingo Creek. Ambaliyar Ranar Mata ta a shekarar 1970 a Tulsa ta haifar da asarar dala 163,000 ($ 1.07 miliyan a cikin dala miliyan 2019) zuwa yankunan da ke ci gaba da sauri tare da kogin Mingo da Joe a gabashin birnin. Har yanzu, farfadowa ya ƙunshi gyara ko maye gurbin gine-ginen da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye a wurarensu na asali. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1974 ambaliya === Ambaliyar ruwa uku ta faru a watan Afrilu da Mayu shekarata 1974. An kiyasta lalacewar dala $744,000 ($3.86 miliyan a cikin dala miliyan 2019) tare da Bird Creek. A watan Yuni, ambaliyar ruwa ta afku tare da Fry, Haikey, Joe da Mingo Creek. Wannan lokacin an kiyasta asarar sama da dala miliyan 18 ($93.30 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). Mingo Creek ta sake yin ambaliya a ranar 19 ga Satumba, shekarata 1974. {{Efn|Editor's note: No damage estimate was given for this flood.}} <ref name="Tulsa-floods">[https://www.cityoftulsa.org/city-services/flood-control/flooding-history.aspx "Flood Control and Drainage."] City of Tulsa. Retrieved May 25, 2014.</ref> === 1976 ambaliya === Ambaliyar Ranar Tunawa da Mutuwar Shekara ta 1976 ta nuna wani ci gaba a cikin binciken Tulsa na neman mafita. Ruwan ruwa mai tsawon sa'o'i uku, mai inci 10 ya afku a kan magudanar ruwan Mingo, Joe da Haikey. Sakamakon ambaliya ya kashe mutane uku tare da haddasa asarar dala miliyan 40 ($179.65 a dala miliyan 2019) ga gine-gine sama da 3,000. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1984 ambaliya === Gaban sanyi wanda ya tsaya kan yankin Tulsa a ranar 26-27 ga Mayu, shekarata 1984 ya faɗi tsakanin inci 6 zuwa 15 (15 da 38).&nbsp;cm) ruwan sama ya mamaye sassa da dama na birnin. Ambaliyar ta kashe mutane 14 tare da yin asarar dala miliyan 180 (dalar Amurka miliyan 442.72 a shekarar 2019). Yankunan da ke kusa da Mingo Creek a gabashin Tulsa da Cherry Creek a yammacin Tulsa sun kasance da wahala musamman. <ref name="Throwback">Jackson, Debbie and Hilary Pittman.[http://www.tulsaworld.com/blogs/news/throwbacktulsa/throwback-tulsa-memorial-weekend-deluge-was-years-ago/article_5249d055-09cb-5528-8763-626ebcc08d59.html "Throwback Tulsa: Memorial weekend deluge was 30 years ago."] ''Tulsa World''. May 22, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.</ref> === 1986 ambaliya ===  A cikin Satumba shekarata 1986, ragowar guguwa a kudu maso yammacin Mexico sun isa yankin Tulsa kuma sun haifar da ruwan sama na inci 24 (61).&nbsp;cm) arewa maso yamma na Keystone Lake . <ref name="TulsaPartners">[http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/25th-anniversary-of-the-1986-arkansas-river-flood/ "25th Anniversary of the 1986 Arkansas River Flood."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004194847/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/25th-anniversary-of-the-1986-arkansas-river-flood/ |date=2016-10-04 }} Tulsa Partners. October 23, 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2014.</ref> An yi ruwan sama mai yawa cikin kankanin lokaci, ta yadda za a iya cewa matakin tafkin zai kai kololuwar dam. Rundunar Sojojin Amurka (USACE) na buƙatar buɗe ƙofofin ambaliya tare da sakin kusan cfs 300,000 na ruwa a cikin Kogin Arkansas. Wannan adadin zai haifar da rikodin ambaliya tare da kogin daga Keystone zuwa Muskogee. Shiyasa Mutane da yawa da ke zaune kusa da kogin a Tulsa sun yi gudun hijira bisa radin kansu. An ba da umarnin ficewa na tilas a Jenks da Bixby. <ref name="Palmer">Parts of Southern Broken Arrow; known as Indian Springs flooded. Including the Indian Springs Athletic Club, Golf Course, And Elementary School. [http://newsok.com/tulsa-area-residents-move-out-as-corps-releases-record-flood/article/2161843 Palmer, Griff and Bobby Trammell. "Tulsa Area Residents Move Out As Corps Releases Record Flood."] NewsOK. October 5, 1986. Retrieved May 29, 2014.</ref> Wani lefe mai zaman kansa a Yammacin Tulsa ya gaza, wanda ya haifar da kiyasin dala miliyan 1.3 (dala miliyan 3.03 a cikin dala 2019). Gine-gine 64 ne suka lalace, ciki har da goma sha uku da za a rushe. Sauran yankunan da ke kusa sun ba da rahoton barna kamar: $32.5 miliyan ($75.78 a dala miliyan 2019) a cikin Sand Springs da dala miliyan 13.4 (dala miliyan 31.24 a cikin dala 2019). Gundumar Tulsa ta ba da rahoton asarar dala miliyan 63.5 ($148.06 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). <ref name="TulsaPartners" /> === 2019 ambaliya === A cikin watan Mayun shekarata 2019, jerin tsawa mai tsanani sun yi ruwan sama a arewacin Oklahoma. Ruwan ya gangara daga koramai zuwa tafkin Keystone . Dangane da martani, Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Injiniya sun fara sakin ruwa daga Dam ɗin Keystone zuwa Kogin Arkansas . A shirye-shiryen sake zagayowar guguwa, Rundunar Sojojin Amurka ta rage yawan ruwan da ake sakowa a cikin kogin, tare da fatan ba da damar ruwanta ya ja da baya don samun karin ruwan sama. Guguwar tsawa ta biyu ta yi ta jefar da yawan ruwan sama da ya haifar da guguwa da yawa. Wannan karin ruwan sama kuma ya mamaye tafkin Keystone, da dai sauransu, kuma an tilastawa Rundunar Sojoji suka bude kofofin kara. Kashegari, yayin da ruwa ya ci gaba da cika tafkin, Rundunar Sojan ta yi ƙoƙari don daidaita ruwan shiga da barin tafkin. Duk da haka, ba su da wani zaɓi illa ci gaba da ɗaga ƙofofin sama ko ƙasa da matakin ruwa ya wuce madatsar ruwa. Sakamakon kwararar ruwa ya fara a barazana ga unguwanni da birane. Yankunan Sapulpa, Kudancin Broken Arrow (wanda aka fi sani da Indian Springs), da Bixby, Oklahoma sun nutse. A ranar 22 ga Watan Mayu, an ɗaga ƙofofin daɗaɗa girma cikin yini. An kori Webbers Falls yayin da garin ya fara nutsewa cikin ruwa. Ruwan da ke gefen kogin Tulsa ya fara tashi sosai, wanda hakan ya sa makarantun gwamnati na Sand Springs da Jenks soke azuzuwa a sauran shekarar karatu saboda matsalar ambaliyar ruwa. An fara bullowa a cikin da kewayen yankin Tulsa, inda aka samu rahotannin motoci da ke shiga cikinsu. Tsarin gine-ginen da aka gina tare da bakin kogi, kamar Kogin Ruhun Casino da Riverwalk, an rufe su da gangan kuma an fara tattara su a cikin kogin da sauran sanannun wuraren ambaliya kamar Tulsa Zoo . Gwamna Kevin Stitt da Magajin Garin Tulsa GT Bynum sun yi shawagi a kan metro na Tulsa don duba ambaliyar tare da ayyana dokar ta baci ga [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda 66. Yayin da rana ta koma dare, wani guguwa mai tsananin gaske ya fara tashi a kusa da birnin Oklahoma, ya nufi Tulsa. Barges sun balle a kan kogin da ke kan hanyar zuwa Makullin Falls na Webbers da Dam, suna barazanar yin karo a cikin ginin. Jiragen ruwan sun bace ne da dare kuma ba a gano su ba sai da safe. A safiyar ranar 23 ga Mayu, an ci gaba da ɗaga kofofin ambaliya na Keystone yayin da Ruwan ya kai 100%, yana ƙara yawan kwarara zuwa cfs 221,000 tare da shirye-shiryen haɓaka wannan zuwa 250,000 cfs da tsakar rana. Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Kasa a Tulsa ta haɓaka matakin hasashen kogin Arkansas daga ƙafa 21 zuwa ƙafa 23, wanda hakan ya sanya kogin cikin babban matakin ambaliya kuma ƙafar 2 kawai na jin kunyar matakan da aka kai a cikin Oktoban shekarar 1986. A halin da ake ciki dai, jiragen ruwan sun sake ballewa jim kadan kafin karfe 11 na safe, inda suka sake yin barazana ga dam din. Jim kadan kafin azahar ne jiragen ruwan suka yi karo da dam din suka nutse. Bayan duba dam din, an bayyana cewa ya samu barnar kadan. A ranar 24 ga Mayu, Gwamna Stitt ya faɗaɗa dokar ta-baci don haɗa dukkan larduna guda 77 na Oklahoma. [[Donald Trump|Shugaba Trump ya]] amince da ayyana bala'in a washegari, yana ba da umarnin taimakon tarayya don ƙara martanin Jiha, kabilanci, da na cikin gida. <ref>[https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-approves-oklahoma-emergency-declaration/ www.whitehouse.gov]</ref> Rundunar Sojin ta yi niyyar ci gaba da sakin a kan cfs 250,000 har zuwa ranar Lahadi, 26 ga Mayu. Bayan karin tsawa da aka yi a daren ranar 24-25 ga Mayu, rundunar ta sauya shirinsu na ci gaba da tafiya a haka har zuwa ranar Laraba, 29 ga Mayu kuma ta ba da shawarar karin hazo na iya haifar da wani tsawaitawa. Magajin garin Bynum ya kuma bukaci 'yan kasar da ke samun kariya daga lefes da su fara yin tsare-tsare na son rai na ficewa. Ya bayyana cewa, duk da cewa a halin yanzu leve din suna gudanar da aikinsu, amma ba a taba gwada su ba. Ƙarin guguwa a cikin dare na Mayu 25-26 ya sa Corps su tsawaita jadawalin sakin su wata rana zuwa 30 ga Mayu. Sun kuma ƙara adadin sakin a cikin Arkansas da farko zuwa 265,000 cfs sannan kuma sun haɓaka shi zuwa 275,000 da safe. A cikin farkon sa'o'i na Ranar Tunawa da Tunawa da Mutuwar, duk da haka wani zagaye na mummunar guguwa ya sake yin hazo tare da babban kogin Arkansas a arewa maso yamma da arewa ta tsakiya Oklahoma da kuma kudancin tsakiyar Kansas. A ranar 28 ga Watan Mayu, tafkin a ƙarshe ya shawo kan wata babbar matsala kuma ya fara komawa baya. Guguwar da aka yi hasashe ta tafi kudancin dam ɗin, wanda ya ba da damar ruwan tafkin ya daidaita. Kashegari, ko da wani zagaye na guguwa ke tafe a Tulsa, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta sanar da cewa za ta fara yanke sakewa a madatsar ruwa. Da karfe 4 na yamma, an rage kwararar zuwa cfs 265,000 sannan a rage 10,000 cfs kowane awa 6. Manufar su shine a rage adadin zuwa cfs 150,000 a ranar Asabar da 100,000 cfs farkon mako mai zuwa. A halin yanzu, guguwar da aka yi a Tulsa ta kara tsayin kogin da inci kusan 6, amma kuma bai yi tasiri sosai a tafkin Keystone ba. Duk da haka, cikin sauri kogin ya koma kasa da tsayin da ya gabata. == Ragewa da kariya == Gwamnatin Tulsa ta mayar da martani ga ambaliya ta shekarar 1970 ta hanyar shiga cikin "tsarin gaggawa" na Shirin Inshorar Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Kasa (NFIP) da kuma yin alƙawarin ɗaukar ka'idojin ambaliyar ruwa na tarayya. A watan Agustan shekarata 1971, NFIP ta fitar da taswirar ƙimar toshe. Bayan wata guda, a Ranar Ma'aikata, Flat Rock, Bird da Haikey koguna sun yi ambaliya, wanda ya shafi al'ummomin karkara da yawa. A cikin Disamba, Bird Creek ta sake yin ambaliya. Daga nan Tulsa ta shiga cikin shirin “na yau da kullun” na NFIP, ta ɗauki sabon ƙayyadaddun ambaliya na shekaru 100, kuma ta yi alƙawarin daidaita yadda ake amfani da filayen ambaliya.<ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Bayan ambaliyar ruwa guda uku da aka yi a shekarar 1974, wadanda abin ya shafa sun bukaci da a dauki matakin da ya dace daga birnin, wanda a cewarsu ba ya aiwatar da ka’idojin NFIP. Sun yi kokarin dakatar da ci gaba, don guje wa barnar ambaliyar ruwa har sai an magance matsalolin da ake da su. Masu haɓakawa sun yi kakkausar suka, inda suka fara muhawara game da gudanar da ambaliyar ruwa, wanda ake kira "Babban Yaƙin Magudanar ruwa" daga kafofin watsa labaru na cikin gida, wanda ya ɗauki shekaru da yawa. Birnin ya zo don ganawa da manajoji tare da shirin fadada wani yanki na Mingo Creek. Wani bangare na shirin ya hada da cire kayan da suka lalace. An kwashe gidaje 33 a hannun dama kafin ambaliyar ruwa ta biyo baya. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Ambaliyara a shekarata 1984 ta nuna cewa masu kula da gaggawa ba za su iya samun cikakkun bayanai da sauri ba game da ci gaban ambaliya. Wannan gaskiya ne a ko'ina cikin jihar, da kuma a Tulsa. Bayanai daga radar filin jirgin sama, sabunta sa'o'i, bai isa ba don biyan bukatun manajoji. Jami'ar Oklahoma da Jami'ar Jihar Oklahoma sun haɗa kai tare da Binciken Yanayin yanayi da sauran hukumomin jama'a da masu zaman kansu don ƙirƙirar Oklahoma Mesonet . Wannan tsarin yana tattara bayanan yanayi (misali, saurin iska, ruwan sama, zazzabi) kowane minti a ƙalla 5 daga tashoshin Mesonet 120 a duk faɗin Oklahoma. Masu tsara shirin gaggawa yanzu za su iya sa ido kan bayanan yanayi na zamani kafin isowar guguwar da ke gabatowa. Labarin ya ambato wani jami'in Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Tulsa yana cewa ma'aikatansa suna amfani da Oklahoma Mesonet a kowace rana. <ref name="mesonet">Peterson, Althea. [http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/weather/oklahoma-mesonet-had-roots-in-the-memorial-weekend-flooding/article_fda77cdd-e7d3-5938-82e1-3e8c72c6f7b0.html "Oklahoma Mesonet had roots in the 1984 Memorial weekend flooding."] ''Tulsa World''. May 27, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.</ref> a cikin shekarata 1985, Tulsa ta daidaita alhakin duk ambaliya na birni, magudanar ruwa, da shirye-shiryen ruwan guguwa a cikin Sashen Kula da Ruwan Ruwa. An kafa kuɗin amfani da ruwan sama ta hanyar doka a cikin shekarar 1986 don gudanar da shirin. Ana buƙatar masu duk kadarorin da ke cikin birni su biya kuɗin, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar doka akan $ 2.58 kowace wata. Ana harajin kadarorin kasuwanci a $2.58 kowace wata ga kowane {{Convert|2,650|ft2|m2}} na m surface. Dokar ta ware gabaɗayan kuɗin na musamman don ayyukan kula da ambaliyar ruwa da ruwan guguwa, tare da tabbatar da samar da tsayayyen kudade don kulawa da gudanarwa. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Shirin kare ambaliyar ruwa na Tulsa yana da manufofi guda uku: hana sababbin matsaloli; gyara matsalolin da ke akwai; inganta aminci, muhalli da ingancin rayuwa. Jami'an birnin sun yi imanin cewa ƙa'idodin da NFIP ta gindaya ba su isa ba, dangane da gogewar Tulsa a baya. Tulsa yana buƙatar fayyace filayen ambaliya bisa ga ci gaban da ake tsammani a gaba, maimakon yanayin ci gaba a lokacin. NFIP kuma yana buƙatar mafi ƙanƙanta matakin gine-gine a cikin filayen ambaliya ya kasance ko sama da tsayin ambaliya na shekaru a ƙalla 100. Tulsa yana buƙatar kuma yana tilasta ƙarin ƙafa ɗaya (30.5&nbsp;cm) na allon kyauta sama da hawan ambaliya. Kafin a canza kadarorin da ke cikin filayen ambaliyar ruwa, dole ne mai shi ya sami izinin ci gaban magudanar ruwa. == Gane ci gaba == A farkon shekarata 1990s, FEMA ta sanya Tulsa ta farko a cikin al'umma don shirin kula da ambaliyar ruwa. barin Tulsans su ji daɗin ƙimar inshorar ambaliyar ruwa mafi ƙasƙanci. An kuma karrama shirin da lambar yabo ta FEMA ta shekarar 1992 da ta yi fice a ma'aikatan gwamnati; da Ƙungiyar Manajojin Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Jiha ta ba Tulsa lambar yabo ta gida sau biyu don Ƙarfafawa. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> FEMA ta ƙara ƙimar al'ummar Tulsa daga Aji na 5 zuwa Aji na 3, wanda hakan ya sa Tulsans suka cancanci rangwame kashi 35 akan ƙimar inshorar ambaliyar ruwa. Ƙimar aji na 5 da ya gabata ya ba da rangwamen kashi 25 cikin ɗari. Ana daidaita ma'auni na lokaci-lokaci don nuna raguwar haɗarin al'umma ta hanyar ƙoƙarinta na inganta "...bayanin jama'a, taswira da ka'idoji, shirye-shiryen ambaliya da rage lalacewar ambaliya. Rangwamen yana cikin haɓaka kashi biyar daga Class 9 (kashi biyar) zuwa Class 1 (kashi 45)." Tun daga shekarata 2000, Tulsa ita ce kawai al'ummar Amurka da aka ƙima a matsayin Class 3. <ref name="FEMA release">[http://www.fema.gov/news-release/2000/09/13/fema-honors-tulsa-oklahoma-nations-leading-floodplain-management-community FEMA news release. "FEMA Honors Tulsa, Oklahoma As Nation's Leading Floodplain Management Community."] September 13, 2000. Release Number: HQ-00-046a. Retrieved June 15, 2014.</ref> Takamaiman ayyuka da FEMA ta ambata sune:"...Samun kusan kaddarorin da ke fama da ambaliyar ruwa da kuma adana fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na ambaliyarsa a matsayin fili; ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin gini, gami da buƙatun yanayin aminci na ƙafa biyu ( freeboard) a cikin gine-ginen ambaliya; da kuma wayar da kan jama'a don ba da shawara ga mazauna haɗarin ambaliya da ba da mafita na ragewa da taimakon fasaha." <ref name="FEMA release"/> == Bayanan kula == {{Notelist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == [http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf Hukumar Ba da Shawarar Ruwa ta Tulsa Stormwater da Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021402/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf |date=2017-04-09 }} [http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf "Daga Rufin zuwa Kogi: Hanyar Tulsa zuwa Filin Ambaliyar Ruwa da Gudanar da Ruwa."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021402/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf |date=2017-04-09 }} [http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf Mayu, 1994.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021402/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf |date=2017-04-09 }} An shiga Afrilu 7, 2017. [http://www.stormtrack.org/library/damage/mingo1.htm Marshall, Timothy P. "Tasirin Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafa Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Mingo Creek Watershed."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004173741/http://www.stormtrack.org/library/damage/mingo1.htm |date=2013-10-04 }} (1984) An dawo da shi Mayu 25, 2014 [http://www.rdflanagan.com/Mooser/Mooser.pdf "Mooser Creek Greenway: Maidowa da Kiyaye Rafi na Tarihi."] Flanagan, John D. An Shirya Don Birnin Tulsa, Oklahoma. Afrilu 2004. An dawo da Yuni 15, 2014. [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha707 Bergman, Deroy L. da kuma Robert L. Tortorelli.] [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha707 "Ambaliya daga Mayu 26-27, 1984 a Tulsa, Oklahoma."] [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha707 USGS Hydrologic Atlas 707. 1988.] An shiga Afrilu 7, 2017. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Ruwa]] [[Category:Kogi]] [[Category:Ambaliya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jymjnyoduwchraf6acs7uceqgu9e2mx 822187 822186 2026-04-18T11:58:32Z Pharouqenr 25549 822187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Tulsa Skyline.jpg|thumb|Ambaliya da haɓaka kogin Tulsa]] Haɗuwa da yanayin a kogi Maisa ambaliya cikin Tulsa, yankin [[Oklahoma]] sun haifar da ambaliyar ruwa akai-akai, ''musamman'' a kusa da koguna waɗanda galibi ke zubar da yankin. An kafa birnin a saman wani bluff akan kogin [[Arkansas (jiha)|Arkansas]]. Don haka, tsayin ya kare yawancin mazaunan da dukiyoyinsu daga lalacewa lokacin da kogin ya yi ambaliya. Koyaya, ya zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20 haɓakar yawan jama'a ya matsa kusa da kogin, kuma filayen da ke yammacin Arkansas sun fara haɓaka suma. Ambaliyar ta saba haifar da asarar dukiya da kuma asarar rayuka<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cnllkgx248eo.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17539922003352&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fcnllkgx248eo</ref>. A cikin shekarata 1920s, ambaliyar ruwa na Arkansas na yanayi ya fara haifar da mummunar lalacewa da asarar rayuka. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, shugabannin birni sun amsa irin waɗannan abubuwan ta hanyar sake ginawa da maye gurbin dukiyoyin da aka lalata ''a wurin'' . Sai a shekarar 1970 gwamnatin birnin ta fara bullo da dabarun dakile ambaliyar ruwa ko kuma rage asarar dukiyoyi da kuma hana asarar rayuka. Wannan labarin ya bayyana wasu fitattun ambaliyar ruwa a Tulsa, sannan hanyoyin ragewa da dabarun sarrafawa waɗanda suka samo asali daga gare su. Ambaliyar ruwa ta ci gaba da yin barazana ga rayuka da dukiyoyi, yayin da birnin ya mamaye filayen noma da ke kewaye. Hukumomin birni sun yanke shawarar cewa ƙa'idodin Tarayya na lokacin ba su isa ba don sarrafa yanayin gida kuma sun fara haɓaka ƙarin buƙatu. Shirin Tulsa ya samo asali kuma a yanzu ya shafi dukkanin magudanar ruwa, gami da sauran al'ummomi a cikin babban birnin Tulsa . Ko da yake ba za a iya hana aukuwar ambaliya kwata-kwata ba, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Tarayya (FEMA) da wasu kungiyoyi da dama sun amince da shirin shawo kan ambaliyar Tulsa a matsayin nasara. Za a ci gaba da kokarin shawo kan lamarin muddin mutane suna zaune a wurare masu rauni ko rashin ƙarfi. == Manyan ambaliyar ruwa == Bayanan ambaliya ba su da yawa kafin shekarata 1900. A cikin 1908, shekara guda kacal bayan zama jiha, ambaliyar kogin Arkansas a Tulsa ya haifar da asarar $250,000 ($ 6.45 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). Garin ya kasance a saman kogin kogin, don haka ya kare ambaliya. Sai dai gadar layin dogo ta tsallake rijiya da baya, lamarin da ya kawo cikas ga zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa zuwa yamma har sai an sauya gadar. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1923 ambaliya === A shekara ta 1920, yawan man fetur ya haifar da ci gaba mai sauri wanda aka gina gidaje a kan ƙananan ƙasa kusa da kogin Arkansas, A ranar 13 ga Yuni, shekarata 1923, kogin ya mamaye wadannan ƙananan wurare, ya haifar da $ 500,000 a cikin diyya ($ 9.83 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). ), da kuma barin gida 4,000. Ambaliyar ta hada da aikin ruwa na Tulsa, wanda ke a yanzu a Newblock Park, An gina sabbin ayyukan ruwa a kan tudu mai tsayi a arewa maso gabashin Tulsa, kusa da Bird Creek . Wannan {{Convert|2800|acre|m2}} yanki ya zama Mohawk Park, ɗayan manyan wuraren shakatawa na birni na ƙasar. Har ila yau, birnin ya fitar da shirinsa na shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa na farko, inda ya yi kokarin sanya gidaje a kan tudu da kuma tanadin guraben wuraren shakatawa. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1943 ambaliya === Wani ambaliya a kan kogin Arkansas ya yi barazana ga matatun mai a yammacin Tulsa a shekarata 1943. Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Injiniya (USACE) nan da nan ta gina matsuguni a kusa da matatun, waɗanda aka ɗauka suna da mahimmanci ga sojojin Amurka a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] . Wani tanadi a cikin Dokar Kula da Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Mississippi ta 1928 ta ba da izini ga USACE don gina madatsun ruwa da lefi kamar yadda ake buƙata don sarrafa ambaliya. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Duk da haka, ambaliyar ta kashe mutane 21, tare da raunata 26, ta kuma bar kusan 4,000 da gidajensu. Ko da yake ba a samu barnar kudi ba, gidaje 413 sun lalace sannan 3,800 sun lalace. <ref>Flanagan, p. III-1. Retrieved June 15, 2014.</ref> === 1970 ambaliya === Kamar yadda Tulsa ta faɗaɗa cikin karkarar da ke kewaye bayan WWII, ambaliya na yankunan birane akai-akai, yawanci kowacce shekara biyu zuwa huɗu. A cikin 1966, Tulsa ta mamaye magudanar ruwan Mingo Creek. Ambaliyar Ranar Mata ta a shekarar 1970 a Tulsa ta haifar da asarar dala 163,000 ($ 1.07 miliyan a cikin dala miliyan 2019) zuwa yankunan da ke ci gaba da sauri tare da kogin Mingo da Joe a gabashin birnin. Har yanzu, farfadowa ya ƙunshi gyara ko maye gurbin gine-ginen da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye a wurarensu na asali. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1974 ambaliya === Ambaliyar ruwa uku ta faru a watan Afrilu da Mayu shekarata 1974. An kiyasta lalacewar dala $744,000 ($3.86 miliyan a cikin dala miliyan 2019) tare da Bird Creek. A watan Yuni, ambaliyar ruwa ta afku tare da Fry, Haikey, Joe da Mingo Creek. Wannan lokacin an kiyasta asarar sama da dala miliyan 18 ($93.30 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). Mingo Creek ta sake yin ambaliya a ranar 19 ga Satumba, shekarata 1974. {{Efn|Editor's note: No damage estimate was given for this flood.}} <ref name="Tulsa-floods">[https://www.cityoftulsa.org/city-services/flood-control/flooding-history.aspx "Flood Control and Drainage."] City of Tulsa. Retrieved May 25, 2014.</ref> === 1976 ambaliya === Ambaliyar Ranar Tunawa da Mutuwar Shekara ta 1976 ta nuna wani ci gaba a cikin binciken Tulsa na neman mafita. Ruwan ruwa mai tsawon sa'o'i uku, mai inci 10 ya afku a kan magudanar ruwan Mingo, Joe da Haikey. Sakamakon ambaliya ya kashe mutane uku tare da haddasa asarar dala miliyan 40 ($179.65 a dala miliyan 2019) ga gine-gine sama da 3,000. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1984 ambaliya === Gaban sanyi wanda ya tsaya kan yankin Tulsa a ranar 26-27 ga Mayu, shekarata 1984 ya faɗi tsakanin inci 6 zuwa 15 (15 da 38).&nbsp;cm) ruwan sama ya mamaye sassa da dama na birnin. Ambaliyar ta kashe mutane 14 tare da yin asarar dala miliyan 180 (dalar Amurka miliyan 442.72 a shekarar 2019). Yankunan da ke kusa da Mingo Creek a gabashin Tulsa da Cherry Creek a yammacin Tulsa sun kasance da wahala musamman. <ref name="Throwback">Jackson, Debbie and Hilary Pittman.[http://www.tulsaworld.com/blogs/news/throwbacktulsa/throwback-tulsa-memorial-weekend-deluge-was-years-ago/article_5249d055-09cb-5528-8763-626ebcc08d59.html "Throwback Tulsa: Memorial weekend deluge was 30 years ago."] ''Tulsa World''. May 22, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.</ref> === 1986 ambaliya ===  A cikin Satumba shekarata 1986, ragowar guguwa a kudu maso yammacin Mexico sun isa yankin Tulsa kuma sun haifar da ruwan sama na inci 24 (61).&nbsp;cm) arewa maso yamma na Keystone Lake . <ref name="TulsaPartners">[http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/25th-anniversary-of-the-1986-arkansas-river-flood/ "25th Anniversary of the 1986 Arkansas River Flood."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004194847/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/25th-anniversary-of-the-1986-arkansas-river-flood/ |date=2016-10-04 }} Tulsa Partners. October 23, 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2014.</ref> An yi ruwan sama mai yawa cikin kankanin lokaci, ta yadda za a iya cewa matakin tafkin zai kai kololuwar dam. Rundunar Sojojin Amurka (USACE) na buƙatar buɗe ƙofofin ambaliya tare da sakin kusan cfs 300,000 na ruwa a cikin Kogin Arkansas. Wannan adadin zai haifar da rikodin ambaliya tare da kogin daga Keystone zuwa Muskogee. Shiyasa Mutane da yawa da ke zaune kusa da kogin a Tulsa sun yi gudun hijira bisa radin kansu. An ba da umarnin ficewa na tilas a Jenks da Bixby. <ref name="Palmer">Parts of Southern Broken Arrow; known as Indian Springs flooded. Including the Indian Springs Athletic Club, Golf Course, And Elementary School. [http://newsok.com/tulsa-area-residents-move-out-as-corps-releases-record-flood/article/2161843 Palmer, Griff and Bobby Trammell. "Tulsa Area Residents Move Out As Corps Releases Record Flood."] NewsOK. October 5, 1986. Retrieved May 29, 2014.</ref> Wani lefe mai zaman kansa a Yammacin Tulsa ya gaza, wanda ya haifar da kiyasin dala miliyan 1.3 (dala miliyan 3.03 a cikin dala 2019). Gine-gine 64 ne suka lalace, ciki har da goma sha uku da za a rushe. Sauran yankunan da ke kusa sun ba da rahoton barna kamar: $32.5 miliyan ($75.78 a dala miliyan 2019) a cikin Sand Springs da dala miliyan 13.4 (dala miliyan 31.24 a cikin dala 2019). Gundumar Tulsa ta ba da rahoton asarar dala miliyan 63.5 ($148.06 miliyan a cikin dala 2019).<ref name="TulsaPartners" /> === 2019 ambaliya === A cikin watan Mayun shekarata 2019, jerin tsawa mai tsanani sun yi ruwan sama a arewacin Oklahoma. Ruwan ya gangara daga koramai zuwa tafkin Keystone . Dangane da martani, Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Injiniya sun fara sakin ruwa daga Dam ɗin Keystone zuwa Kogin Arkansas . A shirye-shiryen sake zagayowar guguwa, Rundunar Sojojin Amurka ta rage yawan ruwan da ake sakowa a cikin kogin, tare da fatan ba da damar ruwanta ya ja da baya don samun karin ruwan sama. Guguwar tsawa ta biyu ta yi ta jefar da yawan ruwan sama da ya haifar da guguwa da yawa. Wannan karin ruwan sama kuma ya mamaye tafkin Keystone, da dai sauransu, kuma an tilastawa Rundunar Sojoji suka bude kofofin kara. Kashegari, yayin da ruwa ya ci gaba da cika tafkin, Rundunar Sojan ta yi ƙoƙari don daidaita ruwan shiga da barin tafkin. Duk da haka, ba su da wani zaɓi illa ci gaba da ɗaga ƙofofin sama ko ƙasa da matakin ruwa ya wuce madatsar ruwa. Sakamakon kwararar ruwa ya fara a barazana ga unguwanni da birane. Yankunan Sapulpa, Kudancin Broken Arrow (wanda aka fi sani da Indian Springs), da Bixby, Oklahoma sun nutse. A ranar 22 ga Watan Mayu, an ɗaga ƙofofin daɗaɗa girma cikin yini. An kori Webbers Falls yayin da garin ya fara nutsewa cikin ruwa. Ruwan da ke gefen kogin Tulsa ya fara tashi sosai, wanda hakan ya sa makarantun gwamnati na Sand Springs da Jenks soke azuzuwa a sauran shekarar karatu saboda matsalar ambaliyar ruwa. An fara bullowa a cikin da kewayen yankin Tulsa, inda aka samu rahotannin motoci da ke shiga cikinsu. Tsarin gine-ginen da aka gina tare da bakin kogi, kamar Kogin Ruhun Casino da Riverwalk, an rufe su da gangan kuma an fara tattara su a cikin kogin da sauran sanannun wuraren ambaliya kamar Tulsa Zoo . Gwamna Kevin Stitt da Magajin Garin Tulsa GT Bynum sun yi shawagi a kan metro na Tulsa don duba ambaliyar tare da ayyana dokar ta baci ga [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda 66. Yayin da rana ta koma dare, wani guguwa mai tsananin gaske ya fara tashi a kusa da birnin Oklahoma, ya nufi Tulsa. Barges sun balle a kan kogin da ke kan hanyar zuwa Makullin Falls na Webbers da Dam, suna barazanar yin karo a cikin ginin. Jiragen ruwan sun bace ne da dare kuma ba a gano su ba sai da safe. A safiyar ranar 23 ga Mayu, an ci gaba da ɗaga kofofin ambaliya na Keystone yayin da Ruwan ya kai 100%, yana ƙara yawan kwarara zuwa cfs 221,000 tare da shirye-shiryen haɓaka wannan zuwa 250,000 cfs da tsakar rana. Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Kasa a Tulsa ta haɓaka matakin hasashen kogin Arkansas daga ƙafa 21 zuwa ƙafa 23, wanda hakan ya sanya kogin cikin babban matakin ambaliya kuma ƙafar 2 kawai na jin kunyar matakan da aka kai a cikin Oktoban shekarar 1986. A halin da ake ciki dai, jiragen ruwan sun sake ballewa jim kadan kafin karfe 11 na safe, inda suka sake yin barazana ga dam din. Jim kadan kafin azahar ne jiragen ruwan suka yi karo da dam din suka nutse. Bayan duba dam din, an bayyana cewa ya samu barnar kadan. A ranar 24 ga Mayu, Gwamna Stitt ya faɗaɗa dokar ta-baci don haɗa dukkan larduna guda 77 na Oklahoma. [[Donald Trump|Shugaba Trump ya]] amince da ayyana bala'in a washegari, yana ba da umarnin taimakon tarayya don ƙara martanin Jiha, kabilanci, da na cikin gida. <ref>[https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-approves-oklahoma-emergency-declaration/ www.whitehouse.gov]</ref> Rundunar Sojin ta yi niyyar ci gaba da sakin a kan cfs 250,000 har zuwa ranar Lahadi, 26 ga Mayu. Bayan karin tsawa da aka yi a daren ranar 24-25 ga Mayu, rundunar ta sauya shirinsu na ci gaba da tafiya a haka har zuwa ranar Laraba, 29 ga Mayu kuma ta ba da shawarar karin hazo na iya haifar da wani tsawaitawa. Magajin garin Bynum ya kuma bukaci 'yan kasar da ke samun kariya daga lefes da su fara yin tsare-tsare na son rai na ficewa. Ya bayyana cewa, duk da cewa a halin yanzu leve din suna gudanar da aikinsu, amma ba a taba gwada su ba. Ƙarin guguwa a cikin dare na Mayu 25-26 ya sa Corps su tsawaita jadawalin sakin su wata rana zuwa 30 ga Mayu. Sun kuma ƙara adadin sakin a cikin Arkansas da farko zuwa 265,000 cfs sannan kuma sun haɓaka shi zuwa 275,000 da safe. A cikin farkon sa'o'i na Ranar Tunawa da Tunawa da Mutuwar, duk da haka wani zagaye na mummunar guguwa ya sake yin hazo tare da babban kogin Arkansas a arewa maso yamma da arewa ta tsakiya Oklahoma da kuma kudancin tsakiyar Kansas. A ranar 28 ga Watan Mayu, tafkin a ƙarshe ya shawo kan wata babbar matsala kuma ya fara komawa baya. Guguwar da aka yi hasashe ta tafi kudancin dam ɗin, wanda ya ba da damar ruwan tafkin ya daidaita. Kashegari, ko da wani zagaye na guguwa ke tafe a Tulsa, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta sanar da cewa za ta fara yanke sakewa a madatsar ruwa. Da karfe 4 na yamma, an rage kwararar zuwa cfs 265,000 sannan a rage 10,000 cfs kowane awa 6. Manufar su shine a rage adadin zuwa cfs 150,000 a ranar Asabar da 100,000 cfs farkon mako mai zuwa. A halin yanzu, guguwar da aka yi a Tulsa ta kara tsayin kogin da inci kusan 6, amma kuma bai yi tasiri sosai a tafkin Keystone ba. Duk da haka, cikin sauri kogin ya koma kasa da tsayin da ya gabata. == Ragewa da kariya == Gwamnatin Tulsa ta mayar da martani ga ambaliya ta shekarar 1970 ta hanyar shiga cikin "tsarin gaggawa" na Shirin Inshorar Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Kasa (NFIP) da kuma yin alƙawarin ɗaukar ka'idojin ambaliyar ruwa na tarayya. A watan Agustan shekarata 1971, NFIP ta fitar da taswirar ƙimar toshe. Bayan wata guda, a Ranar Ma'aikata, Flat Rock, Bird da Haikey koguna sun yi ambaliya, wanda ya shafi al'ummomin karkara da yawa. A cikin Disamba, Bird Creek ta sake yin ambaliya. Daga nan Tulsa ta shiga cikin shirin “na yau da kullun” na NFIP, ta ɗauki sabon ƙayyadaddun ambaliya na shekaru 100, kuma ta yi alƙawarin daidaita yadda ake amfani da filayen ambaliya.<ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Bayan ambaliyar ruwa guda uku da aka yi a shekarar 1974, wadanda abin ya shafa sun bukaci da a dauki matakin da ya dace daga birnin, wanda a cewarsu ba ya aiwatar da ka’idojin NFIP. Sun yi kokarin dakatar da ci gaba, don guje wa barnar ambaliyar ruwa har sai an magance matsalolin da ake da su. Masu haɓakawa sun yi kakkausar suka, inda suka fara muhawara game da gudanar da ambaliyar ruwa, wanda ake kira "Babban Yaƙin Magudanar ruwa" daga kafofin watsa labaru na cikin gida, wanda ya ɗauki shekaru da yawa. Birnin ya zo don ganawa da manajoji tare da shirin fadada wani yanki na Mingo Creek. Wani bangare na shirin ya hada da cire kayan da suka lalace. An kwashe gidaje 33 a hannun dama kafin ambaliyar ruwa ta biyo baya. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Ambaliyara a shekarata 1984 ta nuna cewa masu kula da gaggawa ba za su iya samun cikakkun bayanai da sauri ba game da ci gaban ambaliya. Wannan gaskiya ne a ko'ina cikin jihar, da kuma a Tulsa. Bayanai daga radar filin jirgin sama, sabunta sa'o'i, bai isa ba don biyan bukatun manajoji. Jami'ar Oklahoma da Jami'ar Jihar Oklahoma sun haɗa kai tare da Binciken Yanayin yanayi da sauran hukumomin jama'a da masu zaman kansu don ƙirƙirar Oklahoma Mesonet . Wannan tsarin yana tattara bayanan yanayi (misali, saurin iska, ruwan sama, zazzabi) kowane minti a ƙalla 5 daga tashoshin Mesonet 120 a duk faɗin Oklahoma. Masu tsara shirin gaggawa yanzu za su iya sa ido kan bayanan yanayi na zamani kafin isowar guguwar da ke gabatowa. Labarin ya ambato wani jami'in Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Tulsa yana cewa ma'aikatansa suna amfani da Oklahoma Mesonet a kowace rana. <ref name="mesonet">Peterson, Althea. [http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/weather/oklahoma-mesonet-had-roots-in-the-memorial-weekend-flooding/article_fda77cdd-e7d3-5938-82e1-3e8c72c6f7b0.html "Oklahoma Mesonet had roots in the 1984 Memorial weekend flooding."] ''Tulsa World''. May 27, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.</ref> a cikin shekarata 1985, Tulsa ta daidaita alhakin duk ambaliya na birni, magudanar ruwa, da shirye-shiryen ruwan guguwa a cikin Sashen Kula da Ruwan Ruwa. An kafa kuɗin amfani da ruwan sama ta hanyar doka a cikin shekarar 1986 don gudanar da shirin. Ana buƙatar masu duk kadarorin da ke cikin birni su biya kuɗin, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar doka akan $ 2.58 kowace wata. Ana harajin kadarorin kasuwanci a $2.58 kowace wata ga kowane {{Convert|2,650|ft2|m2}} na m surface. Dokar ta ware gabaɗayan kuɗin na musamman don ayyukan kula da ambaliyar ruwa da ruwan guguwa, tare da tabbatar da samar da tsayayyen kudade don kulawa da gudanarwa. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Shirin kare ambaliyar ruwa na Tulsa yana da manufofi guda uku: hana sababbin matsaloli; gyara matsalolin da ke akwai; inganta aminci, muhalli da ingancin rayuwa. Jami'an birnin sun yi imanin cewa ƙa'idodin da NFIP ta gindaya ba su isa ba, dangane da gogewar Tulsa a baya. Tulsa yana buƙatar fayyace filayen ambaliya bisa ga ci gaban da ake tsammani a gaba, maimakon yanayin ci gaba a lokacin. NFIP kuma yana buƙatar mafi ƙanƙanta matakin gine-gine a cikin filayen ambaliya ya kasance ko sama da tsayin ambaliya na shekaru a ƙalla 100. Tulsa yana buƙatar kuma yana tilasta ƙarin ƙafa ɗaya (30.5&nbsp;cm) na allon kyauta sama da hawan ambaliya. Kafin a canza kadarorin da ke cikin filayen ambaliyar ruwa, dole ne mai shi ya sami izinin ci gaban magudanar ruwa. == Gane ci gaba == A farkon shekarata 1990s, FEMA ta sanya Tulsa ta farko a cikin al'umma don shirin kula da ambaliyar ruwa. barin Tulsans su ji daɗin ƙimar inshorar ambaliyar ruwa mafi ƙasƙanci. An kuma karrama shirin da lambar yabo ta FEMA ta shekarar 1992 da ta yi fice a ma'aikatan gwamnati; da Ƙungiyar Manajojin Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Jiha ta ba Tulsa lambar yabo ta gida sau biyu don Ƙarfafawa. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> FEMA ta ƙara ƙimar al'ummar Tulsa daga Aji na 5 zuwa Aji na 3, wanda hakan ya sa Tulsans suka cancanci rangwame kashi 35 akan ƙimar inshorar ambaliyar ruwa. Ƙimar aji na 5 da ya gabata ya ba da rangwamen kashi 25 cikin ɗari. Ana daidaita ma'auni na lokaci-lokaci don nuna raguwar haɗarin al'umma ta hanyar ƙoƙarinta na inganta "...bayanin jama'a, taswira da ka'idoji, shirye-shiryen ambaliya da rage lalacewar ambaliya. Rangwamen yana cikin haɓaka kashi biyar daga Class 9 (kashi biyar) zuwa Class 1 (kashi 45)." Tun daga shekarata 2000, Tulsa ita ce kawai al'ummar Amurka da aka ƙima a matsayin Class 3. <ref name="FEMA release">[http://www.fema.gov/news-release/2000/09/13/fema-honors-tulsa-oklahoma-nations-leading-floodplain-management-community FEMA news release. "FEMA Honors Tulsa, Oklahoma As Nation's Leading Floodplain Management Community."] September 13, 2000. Release Number: HQ-00-046a. Retrieved June 15, 2014.</ref> Takamaiman ayyuka da FEMA ta ambata sune:"...Samun kusan kaddarorin da ke fama da ambaliyar ruwa da kuma adana fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na ambaliyarsa a matsayin fili; ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin gini, gami da buƙatun yanayin aminci na ƙafa biyu ( freeboard) a cikin gine-ginen ambaliya; da kuma wayar da kan jama'a don ba da shawara ga mazauna haɗarin ambaliya da ba da mafita na ragewa da taimakon fasaha." <ref name="FEMA release"/> == Bayanan kula == {{Notelist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == [http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf Hukumar Ba da Shawarar Ruwa ta Tulsa Stormwater da Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021402/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf |date=2017-04-09 }} [http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf "Daga Rufin zuwa Kogi: Hanyar Tulsa zuwa Filin Ambaliyar Ruwa da Gudanar da Ruwa."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021402/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf |date=2017-04-09 }} [http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf Mayu, 1994.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021402/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf |date=2017-04-09 }} An shiga Afrilu 7, 2017. [http://www.stormtrack.org/library/damage/mingo1.htm Marshall, Timothy P. "Tasirin Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafa Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Mingo Creek Watershed."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004173741/http://www.stormtrack.org/library/damage/mingo1.htm |date=2013-10-04 }} (1984) An dawo da shi Mayu 25, 2014 [http://www.rdflanagan.com/Mooser/Mooser.pdf "Mooser Creek Greenway: Maidowa da Kiyaye Rafi na Tarihi."] Flanagan, John D. An Shirya Don Birnin Tulsa, Oklahoma. Afrilu 2004. An dawo da Yuni 15, 2014. [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha707 Bergman, Deroy L. da kuma Robert L. Tortorelli.] [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha707 "Ambaliya daga Mayu 26-27, 1984 a Tulsa, Oklahoma."] [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha707 USGS Hydrologic Atlas 707. 1988.] An shiga Afrilu 7, 2017. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Ruwa]] [[Category:Kogi]] [[Category:Ambaliya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n2zxslsswzllrt42wx8jbmpt2qi78xw 822188 822187 2026-04-18T11:58:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 822188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Tulsa Skyline.jpg|thumb|Ambaliya da haɓaka kogin Tulsa]] Haɗuwa da yanayin a kogi Maisa ambaliya cikin Tulsa, yankin [[Oklahoma]] sun haifar da ambaliyar ruwa akai-akai, ''musamman'' a kusa da koguna waɗanda galibi ke zubar da yankin. An kafa birnin a saman wani bluff akan kogin [[Arkansas (jiha)|Arkansas]]. Don haka, tsayin ya kare yawancin mazaunan da dukiyoyinsu daga lalacewa lokacin da kogin ya yi ambaliya. Koyaya, ya zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20 haɓakar yawan jama'a ya matsa kusa da kogin, kuma filayen da ke yammacin Arkansas sun fara haɓaka suma. Ambaliyar ta saba haifar da asarar dukiya da kuma asarar rayuka<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cnllkgx248eo.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17539922003352&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fcnllkgx248eo</ref>. A cikin shekarata 1920s, ambaliyar ruwa na Arkansas na yanayi ya fara haifar da mummunar lalacewa da asarar rayuka. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, shugabannin birni sun amsa irin waɗannan abubuwan ta hanyar sake ginawa da maye gurbin dukiyoyin da aka lalata ''a wurin'' . Sai a shekarar 1970 gwamnatin birnin ta fara bullo da dabarun dakile ambaliyar ruwa ko kuma rage asarar dukiyoyi da kuma hana asarar rayuka. Wannan labarin ya bayyana wasu fitattun ambaliyar ruwa a Tulsa, sannan hanyoyin ragewa da dabarun sarrafawa waɗanda suka samo asali daga gare su. Ambaliyar ruwa ta ci gaba da yin barazana ga rayuka da dukiyoyi, yayin da birnin ya mamaye filayen noma da ke kewaye. Hukumomin birni sun yanke shawarar cewa ƙa'idodin Tarayya na lokacin ba su isa ba don sarrafa yanayin gida kuma sun fara haɓaka ƙarin buƙatu. Shirin Tulsa ya samo asali kuma a yanzu ya shafi dukkanin magudanar ruwa, gami da sauran al'ummomi a cikin babban birnin Tulsa . Ko da yake ba za a iya hana aukuwar ambaliya kwata-kwata ba, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Tarayya (FEMA) da wasu kungiyoyi da dama sun amince da shirin shawo kan ambaliyar Tulsa a matsayin nasara. Za a ci gaba da kokarin shawo kan lamarin muddin mutane suna zaune a wurare masu rauni ko rashin ƙarfi. == Manyan ambaliyar ruwa == Bayanan ambaliya ba su da yawa kafin shekarata 1900. A cikin 1908, shekara guda kacal bayan zama jiha, ambaliyar kogin Arkansas a Tulsa ya haifar da asarar $250,000 ($ 6.45 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). Garin ya kasance a saman kogin kogin, don haka ya kare ambaliya. Sai dai gadar layin dogo ta tsallake rijiya da baya, lamarin da ya kawo cikas ga zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa zuwa yamma har sai an sauya gadar. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1923 ambaliya === A shekara ta 1920, yawan man fetur ya haifar da ci gaba mai sauri wanda aka gina gidaje a kan ƙananan ƙasa kusa da kogin Arkansas, A ranar 13 ga Yuni, shekarata 1923, kogin ya mamaye wadannan ƙananan wurare, ya haifar da $ 500,000 a cikin diyya ($ 9.83 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). ), da kuma barin gida 4,000. Ambaliyar ta hada da aikin ruwa na Tulsa, wanda ke a yanzu a Newblock Park, An gina sabbin ayyukan ruwa a kan tudu mai tsayi a arewa maso gabashin Tulsa, kusa da Bird Creek . Wannan {{Convert|2800|acre|m2}} yanki ya zama Mohawk Park, ɗayan manyan wuraren shakatawa na birni na ƙasar. Har ila yau, birnin ya fitar da shirinsa na shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa na farko, inda ya yi kokarin sanya gidaje a kan tudu da kuma tanadin guraben wuraren shakatawa. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1943 ambaliya === Wani ambaliya a kan kogin Arkansas ya yi barazana ga matatun mai a yammacin Tulsa a shekarata 1943. Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Injiniya (USACE) nan da nan ta gina matsuguni a kusa da matatun, waɗanda aka ɗauka suna da mahimmanci ga sojojin Amurka a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] . Wani tanadi a cikin Dokar Kula da Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Mississippi ta 1928 ta ba da izini ga USACE don gina madatsun ruwa da lefi kamar yadda ake buƙata don sarrafa ambaliya. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Duk da haka, ambaliyar ta kashe mutane 21, tare da raunata 26, ta kuma bar kusan 4,000 da gidajensu. Ko da yake ba a samu barnar kudi ba, gidaje 413 sun lalace sannan 3,800 sun lalace. <ref>Flanagan, p. III-1. Retrieved June 15, 2014.</ref> === 1970 ambaliya === Kamar yadda Tulsa ta faɗaɗa cikin karkarar da ke kewaye bayan WWII, ambaliya na yankunan birane akai-akai, yawanci kowacce shekara biyu zuwa huɗu. A cikin 1966, Tulsa ta mamaye magudanar ruwan Mingo Creek. Ambaliyar Ranar Mata ta a shekarar 1970 a Tulsa ta haifar da asarar dala 163,000 ($ 1.07 miliyan a cikin dala miliyan 2019) zuwa yankunan da ke ci gaba da sauri tare da kogin Mingo da Joe a gabashin birnin. Har yanzu, farfadowa ya ƙunshi gyara ko maye gurbin gine-ginen da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye a wurarensu na asali. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1974 ambaliya === Ambaliyar ruwa uku ta faru a watan Afrilu da Mayu shekarata 1974. An kiyasta lalacewar dala $744,000 ($3.86 miliyan a cikin dala miliyan 2019) tare da Bird Creek. A watan Yuni, ambaliyar ruwa ta afku tare da Fry, Haikey, Joe da Mingo Creek. Wannan lokacin an kiyasta asarar sama da dala miliyan 18 ($93.30 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). Mingo Creek ta sake yin ambaliya a ranar 19 ga Satumba, shekarata 1974. {{Efn|Editor's note: No damage estimate was given for this flood.}} <ref name="Tulsa-floods">[https://www.cityoftulsa.org/city-services/flood-control/flooding-history.aspx "Flood Control and Drainage."] City of Tulsa. Retrieved May 25, 2014.</ref> === 1976 ambaliya === Ambaliyar Ranar Tunawa da Mutuwar Shekara ta 1976 ta nuna wani ci gaba a cikin binciken Tulsa na neman mafita. Ruwan ruwa mai tsawon sa'o'i uku, mai inci 10 ya afku a kan magudanar ruwan Mingo, Joe da Haikey. Sakamakon ambaliya ya kashe mutane uku tare da haddasa asarar dala miliyan 40 ($179.65 a dala miliyan 2019) ga gine-gine sama da 3,000. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1984 ambaliya === Gaban sanyi wanda ya tsaya kan yankin Tulsa a ranar 26-27 ga Mayu, shekarata 1984 ya faɗi tsakanin inci 6 zuwa 15 (15 da 38).&nbsp;cm) ruwan sama ya mamaye sassa da dama na birnin. Ambaliyar ta kashe mutane 14 tare da yin asarar dala miliyan 180 (dalar Amurka miliyan 442.72 a shekarar 2019). Yankunan da ke kusa da Mingo Creek a gabashin Tulsa da Cherry Creek a yammacin Tulsa sun kasance da wahala musamman. <ref name="Throwback">Jackson, Debbie and Hilary Pittman.[http://www.tulsaworld.com/blogs/news/throwbacktulsa/throwback-tulsa-memorial-weekend-deluge-was-years-ago/article_5249d055-09cb-5528-8763-626ebcc08d59.html "Throwback Tulsa: Memorial weekend deluge was 30 years ago."] ''Tulsa World''. May 22, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.</ref> === 1986 ambaliya ===  A cikin Satumba shekarata 1986, ragowar guguwa a kudu maso yammacin Mexico sun isa yankin Tulsa kuma sun haifar da ruwan sama na inci 24 (61).&nbsp;cm) arewa maso yamma na Keystone Lake . <ref name="TulsaPartners">[http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/25th-anniversary-of-the-1986-arkansas-river-flood/ "25th Anniversary of the 1986 Arkansas River Flood."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004194847/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/25th-anniversary-of-the-1986-arkansas-river-flood/ |date=2016-10-04 }} Tulsa Partners. October 23, 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2014.</ref> An yi ruwan sama mai yawa cikin kankanin lokaci, ta yadda za a iya cewa matakin tafkin zai kai kololuwar dam. Rundunar Sojojin Amurka (USACE) na buƙatar buɗe ƙofofin ambaliya tare da sakin kusan cfs 300,000 na ruwa a cikin Kogin Arkansas. Wannan adadin zai haifar da rikodin ambaliya tare da kogin daga Keystone zuwa Muskogee. Shiyasa Mutane da yawa da ke zaune kusa da kogin a Tulsa sun yi gudun hijira bisa radin kansu. An ba da umarnin ficewa na tilas a Jenks da Bixby.<ref name="Palmer">Parts of Southern Broken Arrow; known as Indian Springs flooded. Including the Indian Springs Athletic Club, Golf Course, And Elementary School. [http://newsok.com/tulsa-area-residents-move-out-as-corps-releases-record-flood/article/2161843 Palmer, Griff and Bobby Trammell. "Tulsa Area Residents Move Out As Corps Releases Record Flood."] NewsOK. October 5, 1986. Retrieved May 29, 2014.</ref> Wani lefe mai zaman kansa a Yammacin Tulsa ya gaza, wanda ya haifar da kiyasin dala miliyan 1.3 (dala miliyan 3.03 a cikin dala 2019). Gine-gine 64 ne suka lalace, ciki har da goma sha uku da za a rushe. Sauran yankunan da ke kusa sun ba da rahoton barna kamar: $32.5 miliyan ($75.78 a dala miliyan 2019) a cikin Sand Springs da dala miliyan 13.4 (dala miliyan 31.24 a cikin dala 2019). Gundumar Tulsa ta ba da rahoton asarar dala miliyan 63.5 ($148.06 miliyan a cikin dala 2019).<ref name="TulsaPartners" /> === 2019 ambaliya === A cikin watan Mayun shekarata 2019, jerin tsawa mai tsanani sun yi ruwan sama a arewacin Oklahoma. Ruwan ya gangara daga koramai zuwa tafkin Keystone . Dangane da martani, Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Injiniya sun fara sakin ruwa daga Dam ɗin Keystone zuwa Kogin Arkansas . A shirye-shiryen sake zagayowar guguwa, Rundunar Sojojin Amurka ta rage yawan ruwan da ake sakowa a cikin kogin, tare da fatan ba da damar ruwanta ya ja da baya don samun karin ruwan sama. Guguwar tsawa ta biyu ta yi ta jefar da yawan ruwan sama da ya haifar da guguwa da yawa. Wannan karin ruwan sama kuma ya mamaye tafkin Keystone, da dai sauransu, kuma an tilastawa Rundunar Sojoji suka bude kofofin kara. Kashegari, yayin da ruwa ya ci gaba da cika tafkin, Rundunar Sojan ta yi ƙoƙari don daidaita ruwan shiga da barin tafkin. Duk da haka, ba su da wani zaɓi illa ci gaba da ɗaga ƙofofin sama ko ƙasa da matakin ruwa ya wuce madatsar ruwa. Sakamakon kwararar ruwa ya fara a barazana ga unguwanni da birane. Yankunan Sapulpa, Kudancin Broken Arrow (wanda aka fi sani da Indian Springs), da Bixby, Oklahoma sun nutse. A ranar 22 ga Watan Mayu, an ɗaga ƙofofin daɗaɗa girma cikin yini. An kori Webbers Falls yayin da garin ya fara nutsewa cikin ruwa. Ruwan da ke gefen kogin Tulsa ya fara tashi sosai, wanda hakan ya sa makarantun gwamnati na Sand Springs da Jenks soke azuzuwa a sauran shekarar karatu saboda matsalar ambaliyar ruwa. An fara bullowa a cikin da kewayen yankin Tulsa, inda aka samu rahotannin motoci da ke shiga cikinsu. Tsarin gine-ginen da aka gina tare da bakin kogi, kamar Kogin Ruhun Casino da Riverwalk, an rufe su da gangan kuma an fara tattara su a cikin kogin da sauran sanannun wuraren ambaliya kamar Tulsa Zoo . Gwamna Kevin Stitt da Magajin Garin Tulsa GT Bynum sun yi shawagi a kan metro na Tulsa don duba ambaliyar tare da ayyana dokar ta baci ga [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda 66. Yayin da rana ta koma dare, wani guguwa mai tsananin gaske ya fara tashi a kusa da birnin Oklahoma, ya nufi Tulsa. Barges sun balle a kan kogin da ke kan hanyar zuwa Makullin Falls na Webbers da Dam, suna barazanar yin karo a cikin ginin. Jiragen ruwan sun bace ne da dare kuma ba a gano su ba sai da safe. A safiyar ranar 23 ga Mayu, an ci gaba da ɗaga kofofin ambaliya na Keystone yayin da Ruwan ya kai 100%, yana ƙara yawan kwarara zuwa cfs 221,000 tare da shirye-shiryen haɓaka wannan zuwa 250,000 cfs da tsakar rana. Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Kasa a Tulsa ta haɓaka matakin hasashen kogin Arkansas daga ƙafa 21 zuwa ƙafa 23, wanda hakan ya sanya kogin cikin babban matakin ambaliya kuma ƙafar 2 kawai na jin kunyar matakan da aka kai a cikin Oktoban shekarar 1986. A halin da ake ciki dai, jiragen ruwan sun sake ballewa jim kadan kafin karfe 11 na safe, inda suka sake yin barazana ga dam din. Jim kadan kafin azahar ne jiragen ruwan suka yi karo da dam din suka nutse. Bayan duba dam din, an bayyana cewa ya samu barnar kadan. A ranar 24 ga Mayu, Gwamna Stitt ya faɗaɗa dokar ta-baci don haɗa dukkan larduna guda 77 na Oklahoma. [[Donald Trump|Shugaba Trump ya]] amince da ayyana bala'in a washegari, yana ba da umarnin taimakon tarayya don ƙara martanin Jiha, kabilanci, da na cikin gida. <ref>[https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-approves-oklahoma-emergency-declaration/ www.whitehouse.gov]</ref> Rundunar Sojin ta yi niyyar ci gaba da sakin a kan cfs 250,000 har zuwa ranar Lahadi, 26 ga Mayu. Bayan karin tsawa da aka yi a daren ranar 24-25 ga Mayu, rundunar ta sauya shirinsu na ci gaba da tafiya a haka har zuwa ranar Laraba, 29 ga Mayu kuma ta ba da shawarar karin hazo na iya haifar da wani tsawaitawa. Magajin garin Bynum ya kuma bukaci 'yan kasar da ke samun kariya daga lefes da su fara yin tsare-tsare na son rai na ficewa. Ya bayyana cewa, duk da cewa a halin yanzu leve din suna gudanar da aikinsu, amma ba a taba gwada su ba. Ƙarin guguwa a cikin dare na Mayu 25-26 ya sa Corps su tsawaita jadawalin sakin su wata rana zuwa 30 ga Mayu. Sun kuma ƙara adadin sakin a cikin Arkansas da farko zuwa 265,000 cfs sannan kuma sun haɓaka shi zuwa 275,000 da safe. A cikin farkon sa'o'i na Ranar Tunawa da Tunawa da Mutuwar, duk da haka wani zagaye na mummunar guguwa ya sake yin hazo tare da babban kogin Arkansas a arewa maso yamma da arewa ta tsakiya Oklahoma da kuma kudancin tsakiyar Kansas. A ranar 28 ga Watan Mayu, tafkin a ƙarshe ya shawo kan wata babbar matsala kuma ya fara komawa baya. Guguwar da aka yi hasashe ta tafi kudancin dam ɗin, wanda ya ba da damar ruwan tafkin ya daidaita. Kashegari, ko da wani zagaye na guguwa ke tafe a Tulsa, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta sanar da cewa za ta fara yanke sakewa a madatsar ruwa. Da karfe 4 na yamma, an rage kwararar zuwa cfs 265,000 sannan a rage 10,000 cfs kowane awa 6. Manufar su shine a rage adadin zuwa cfs 150,000 a ranar Asabar da 100,000 cfs farkon mako mai zuwa. A halin yanzu, guguwar da aka yi a Tulsa ta kara tsayin kogin da inci kusan 6, amma kuma bai yi tasiri sosai a tafkin Keystone ba. Duk da haka, cikin sauri kogin ya koma kasa da tsayin da ya gabata. == Ragewa da kariya == Gwamnatin Tulsa ta mayar da martani ga ambaliya ta shekarar 1970 ta hanyar shiga cikin "tsarin gaggawa" na Shirin Inshorar Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Kasa (NFIP) da kuma yin alƙawarin ɗaukar ka'idojin ambaliyar ruwa na tarayya. A watan Agustan shekarata 1971, NFIP ta fitar da taswirar ƙimar toshe. Bayan wata guda, a Ranar Ma'aikata, Flat Rock, Bird da Haikey koguna sun yi ambaliya, wanda ya shafi al'ummomin karkara da yawa. A cikin Disamba, Bird Creek ta sake yin ambaliya. Daga nan Tulsa ta shiga cikin shirin “na yau da kullun” na NFIP, ta ɗauki sabon ƙayyadaddun ambaliya na shekaru 100, kuma ta yi alƙawarin daidaita yadda ake amfani da filayen ambaliya.<ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Bayan ambaliyar ruwa guda uku da aka yi a shekarar 1974, wadanda abin ya shafa sun bukaci da a dauki matakin da ya dace daga birnin, wanda a cewarsu ba ya aiwatar da ka’idojin NFIP. Sun yi kokarin dakatar da ci gaba, don guje wa barnar ambaliyar ruwa har sai an magance matsalolin da ake da su. Masu haɓakawa sun yi kakkausar suka, inda suka fara muhawara game da gudanar da ambaliyar ruwa, wanda ake kira "Babban Yaƙin Magudanar ruwa" daga kafofin watsa labaru na cikin gida, wanda ya ɗauki shekaru da yawa. Birnin ya zo don ganawa da manajoji tare da shirin fadada wani yanki na Mingo Creek. Wani bangare na shirin ya hada da cire kayan da suka lalace. An kwashe gidaje 33 a hannun dama kafin ambaliyar ruwa ta biyo baya. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Ambaliyara a shekarata 1984 ta nuna cewa masu kula da gaggawa ba za su iya samun cikakkun bayanai da sauri ba game da ci gaban ambaliya. Wannan gaskiya ne a ko'ina cikin jihar, da kuma a Tulsa. Bayanai daga radar filin jirgin sama, sabunta sa'o'i, bai isa ba don biyan bukatun manajoji. Jami'ar Oklahoma da Jami'ar Jihar Oklahoma sun haɗa kai tare da Binciken Yanayin yanayi da sauran hukumomin jama'a da masu zaman kansu don ƙirƙirar Oklahoma Mesonet . Wannan tsarin yana tattara bayanan yanayi (misali, saurin iska, ruwan sama, zazzabi) kowane minti a ƙalla 5 daga tashoshin Mesonet 120 a duk faɗin Oklahoma. Masu tsara shirin gaggawa yanzu za su iya sa ido kan bayanan yanayi na zamani kafin isowar guguwar da ke gabatowa. Labarin ya ambato wani jami'in Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Tulsa yana cewa ma'aikatansa suna amfani da Oklahoma Mesonet a kowace rana. <ref name="mesonet">Peterson, Althea. [http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/weather/oklahoma-mesonet-had-roots-in-the-memorial-weekend-flooding/article_fda77cdd-e7d3-5938-82e1-3e8c72c6f7b0.html "Oklahoma Mesonet had roots in the 1984 Memorial weekend flooding."] ''Tulsa World''. May 27, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.</ref> a cikin shekarata 1985, Tulsa ta daidaita alhakin duk ambaliya na birni, magudanar ruwa, da shirye-shiryen ruwan guguwa a cikin Sashen Kula da Ruwan Ruwa. An kafa kuɗin amfani da ruwan sama ta hanyar doka a cikin shekarar 1986 don gudanar da shirin. Ana buƙatar masu duk kadarorin da ke cikin birni su biya kuɗin, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar doka akan $ 2.58 kowace wata. Ana harajin kadarorin kasuwanci a $2.58 kowace wata ga kowane {{Convert|2,650|ft2|m2}} na m surface. Dokar ta ware gabaɗayan kuɗin na musamman don ayyukan kula da ambaliyar ruwa da ruwan guguwa, tare da tabbatar da samar da tsayayyen kudade don kulawa da gudanarwa. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Shirin kare ambaliyar ruwa na Tulsa yana da manufofi guda uku: hana sababbin matsaloli; gyara matsalolin da ke akwai; inganta aminci, muhalli da ingancin rayuwa. Jami'an birnin sun yi imanin cewa ƙa'idodin da NFIP ta gindaya ba su isa ba, dangane da gogewar Tulsa a baya. Tulsa yana buƙatar fayyace filayen ambaliya bisa ga ci gaban da ake tsammani a gaba, maimakon yanayin ci gaba a lokacin. NFIP kuma yana buƙatar mafi ƙanƙanta matakin gine-gine a cikin filayen ambaliya ya kasance ko sama da tsayin ambaliya na shekaru a ƙalla 100. Tulsa yana buƙatar kuma yana tilasta ƙarin ƙafa ɗaya (30.5&nbsp;cm) na allon kyauta sama da hawan ambaliya. Kafin a canza kadarorin da ke cikin filayen ambaliyar ruwa, dole ne mai shi ya sami izinin ci gaban magudanar ruwa. == Gane ci gaba == A farkon shekarata 1990s, FEMA ta sanya Tulsa ta farko a cikin al'umma don shirin kula da ambaliyar ruwa. barin Tulsans su ji daɗin ƙimar inshorar ambaliyar ruwa mafi ƙasƙanci. An kuma karrama shirin da lambar yabo ta FEMA ta shekarar 1992 da ta yi fice a ma'aikatan gwamnati; da Ƙungiyar Manajojin Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Jiha ta ba Tulsa lambar yabo ta gida sau biyu don Ƙarfafawa. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> FEMA ta ƙara ƙimar al'ummar Tulsa daga Aji na 5 zuwa Aji na 3, wanda hakan ya sa Tulsans suka cancanci rangwame kashi 35 akan ƙimar inshorar ambaliyar ruwa. Ƙimar aji na 5 da ya gabata ya ba da rangwamen kashi 25 cikin ɗari. Ana daidaita ma'auni na lokaci-lokaci don nuna raguwar haɗarin al'umma ta hanyar ƙoƙarinta na inganta "...bayanin jama'a, taswira da ka'idoji, shirye-shiryen ambaliya da rage lalacewar ambaliya. Rangwamen yana cikin haɓaka kashi biyar daga Class 9 (kashi biyar) zuwa Class 1 (kashi 45)." Tun daga shekarata 2000, Tulsa ita ce kawai al'ummar Amurka da aka ƙima a matsayin Class 3. <ref name="FEMA release">[http://www.fema.gov/news-release/2000/09/13/fema-honors-tulsa-oklahoma-nations-leading-floodplain-management-community FEMA news release. "FEMA Honors Tulsa, Oklahoma As Nation's Leading Floodplain Management Community."] September 13, 2000. Release Number: HQ-00-046a. Retrieved June 15, 2014.</ref> Takamaiman ayyuka da FEMA ta ambata sune:"...Samun kusan kaddarorin da ke fama da ambaliyar ruwa da kuma adana fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na ambaliyarsa a matsayin fili; ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin gini, gami da buƙatun yanayin aminci na ƙafa biyu ( freeboard) a cikin gine-ginen ambaliya; da kuma wayar da kan jama'a don ba da shawara ga mazauna haɗarin ambaliya da ba da mafita na ragewa da taimakon fasaha." <ref name="FEMA release"/> == Bayanan kula == {{Notelist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == [http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf Hukumar Ba da Shawarar Ruwa ta Tulsa Stormwater da Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021402/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf |date=2017-04-09 }} [http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf "Daga Rufin zuwa Kogi: Hanyar Tulsa zuwa Filin Ambaliyar Ruwa da Gudanar da Ruwa."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021402/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf |date=2017-04-09 }} [http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf Mayu, 1994.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021402/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf |date=2017-04-09 }} An shiga Afrilu 7, 2017. [http://www.stormtrack.org/library/damage/mingo1.htm Marshall, Timothy P. "Tasirin Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafa Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Mingo Creek Watershed."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004173741/http://www.stormtrack.org/library/damage/mingo1.htm |date=2013-10-04 }} (1984) An dawo da shi Mayu 25, 2014 [http://www.rdflanagan.com/Mooser/Mooser.pdf "Mooser Creek Greenway: Maidowa da Kiyaye Rafi na Tarihi."] Flanagan, John D. An Shirya Don Birnin Tulsa, Oklahoma. Afrilu 2004. An dawo da Yuni 15, 2014. [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha707 Bergman, Deroy L. da kuma Robert L. Tortorelli.] [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha707 "Ambaliya daga Mayu 26-27, 1984 a Tulsa, Oklahoma."] [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha707 USGS Hydrologic Atlas 707. 1988.] An shiga Afrilu 7, 2017. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Ruwa]] [[Category:Kogi]] [[Category:Ambaliya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qdqpjuxx91ntyemv1r3dhhipnoemy6q 0 31354 821962 683429 2026-04-17T17:10:41Z Joserpkm 35450 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 821962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Environmental technology is an ancient science - the Hupobi heritage project (IA environmentaltec00lipp).pdf|thumb|wannan littafi Yana bayani game da ilimin gargajiya hade da muhalli]] '''Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya''' ('''TEK'''), yana bayyana ilimin mutanen asalin gari da sauran ilimin gargajiya na [[Albarkatun dan'adam|albarkatun kasa]]. A matsayin fannin nazari a cikin ilimin ɗan adam na Arewacin Amurka, [[Ilimin muhalli]] na gargajiya yana nufin "ɗaɗɗen ilimin ilimi, imani, da aiki, haɓakawa ta hanyar tarin [[Ilimin muhalli]] na gargajiya kuma ana ba dasu ta cikin tsararraki ta hanyar waƙoƙin gargajiya, labarai da imani. Ya shafi alakar rayayyun halittu (ciki har da [[Mutumin da yake ciki|mutum]]) da kungiyoyin su na al’ada da muhallinsu.”<ref>Berkes, F. (1993). "Weaving Traditional Ecological Knowledge into Biological Education: A Call to Action". ''BioScience''. '''52''' (5): 432. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]] 10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052&#x26;#91;0432:WTEKIB&#x26;#93;2.0.CO;2</ref> Yana da kyau a lura cewa ilimin asali ba ra'ayi ba ne na duniya a tsakanin al'ummomi daban-daban, amma ana magana dashi ga tsarin al'adu ko ayyuka na ilimi waɗanda suka dogara ga "wuri.<ref>Madden, Brooke (June 2, 2015). "Pedagogical pathways for Indigenous education with/in teacher education". ''Teacher and Teacher Education''. '''51''': 1–15. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1016/j.tate.2015.05.005 – via Elsevier ScienceDirect.</ref> Ana amfani da irin wannan ilimin a cikin sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa a madadin tushen bayanan muhalli a lokuta inda babu ƙaramin bayanan kimiyya da aka yi rikodin,<ref>Freeman, M.M.R. 1992. The nature and utility of traditional ecological knowledge. ''Northern Perspectives'', 20(1):9-12</ref> ko kuma yana iya nufin hanyoyin kimiyyar Yammacin Turai na sarrafa muhalli<ref>https://www.rfi.fr/ha/shirye-shirye/kimiya-da-fasa/</ref>. Aiwatar da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a fagen kula da muhalli da kimiyya har yanzu yana da rigima, kamar yadda hanyoyin samun da kuma tattara ilimi-ko da yake sau da yawa ya haɗa da nau'ikan bincike da gwaje-gwaje - ya bambanta da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don ƙirƙira da tabbatar da ilimin muhalli na kimiyya daga hangen nesa na yamma.<ref>McGregor, D. (2004). Coming full circle: indigenous knowledge, environment, and our future. ''American Indian Quarterly'', 28(3 & 4), 385-410</ref> <ref>Becker, C. D., Ghimire, K. (2003). Synergy between traditional ecological knowledge and conservation science supports forest preservation in Ecuador. ''Conservation Ecology'', 8(1): 1</ref> Hukumomin gwamnati da ba na kabilanci ba, irin su US EPA, sun kafa shirye-shiryen haɗin kai tare da wasu gwamnatocin kabilanci don haɗa Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya cikin tsare-tsaren muhalli da bin diddigin sauyin yanayi. Akwai muhawara ko ƴan asalin ƙasar suna riƙe da haƙƙin mallakar fasaha akan ilimin gargajiya da kuma ko amfani da wannan ilimin yana buƙatar izini da lasisi kafin aiki da shi.<ref>Simeone, T. (2004). Indigenous traditional knowledge and intellectual property rights. Library of Parliament: PRB 03-38E. Parliamentary Research Branch Political and Social Affairs Division.</ref> Wannan yana da rikitarwa musamman saboda ana kiyaye TEK akai-akai azaman al'adar baka kuma don haka na iya rasa ingantattun takaddun takaddun. Don haka, hanyoyin da za su iya warware batun takardun shaida don biyan bukatun yammacin Turai na iya yin illa ga yanayin ilimin gargajiya. Ana amfani da ilimin gargajiya don kula da albarkatun kasa wadanda ake bukata don rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://shr.aaas.org/tek/connection.htm |title=AAAS - Science and Human Rights Program. 2008. 10 February 2009 |access-date=21 April 2022 |archive-date=9 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209125203/http://shr.aaas.org/tek/connection.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yayin da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya ita kanta, da kuma al'ummomin da ke da alaƙa da al'adar baka, na iya zama cikin barazana saboda saurin [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] ko lalacewar muhalli,<ref>Henriksen, John (2007). ''HIGHLY VULNERABLE INDIGENOUS AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES, INTER ALIA, OF THE ARCTIC, SMALL ISLAND STATES AND HIGH ALTITUDES, CONCERNING THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND ACCELERATED THREATS, SUCH AS POLLUTION, DROUGHT AND DESERTIFICATION, TO TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES WITH A FOCUS OF CAUSES AND SOLUTION''. Montreal: UNEP/Convention on Biological Diversity. p. 30.</ref> TEK yana nuna mahimmanci don fahimtar tasirin waɗannan canje-canje a cikin yanayin muhalli. Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya na iya komawa zuwa '''ilimin muhalli na gargajiya''' wanda ke jaddada sassa daban-daban da mu'amalar muhalli.<ref>"What is Traditional Knowledge".</ref> == Ci gaban fannin ilimin == An gudanar da karatun farko na tsarin Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a cikin nazarin ɗan adam. An yi nazarin ilimin halittu ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na ethnoecology, "hanyar da ke mai da hankali kan tunanin dangantakar muhalli da mutane ko al'adu ke gudanarwa," a fahimtar yadda tsarin ilimi ya samo asali ta hanyar al'ada.<ref name=":0">"Berkes, Fikret (1993). "Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Perspective" (PDF).</ref> Harold Colyer Conklin, wani Ba’amurke ƙwararren ɗan adam wanda ya fara nazarin ilimin ƙabilanci, ya jagoranci tattara bayanan ƴan asali hanyoyin fahimtar duniyar halitta. Conklin da sauransu sun rubuta yadda al'ummomin gargajiya, irin su masu sana'ar noma na Philippine, suka nuna na ban mamaki da cikakken cikakken sani game da tarihin yanayin wuraren da suka zauna. Shiga kai tsaye cikin tarawa, kera kayayyaki daga, da amfani da tsire-tsire da dabbobi na gida ya haifar da wani tsari wanda duniyar halittu da duniyar al'adu ke da alaƙa da juna. Kodayake filin Tek ya fara da takardun jerin nau'ikan halittun da kungiyoyi daban-daban da kuma "biyan haraji daga cikin ƙasa don la'akari da la'akari da dangantakar dangantaka da hanyoyin da aka bayar tashi zuwa filin kamar yadda ake gane shi a yau. A cikin ƙarfafa nazarin hanyoyin daidaitawa, wanda ke ba da hujjar cewa ƙungiyar zamantakewa kanta amsa ce ta daidaita yanayin muhalli ta ƙungiyar zuwa yanayin gida, dangantakar ɗan adam da dabarun aiki waɗanda waɗannan alaƙa da al'adu suka dogara, filin TEK na iya yin nazari kan Tambayoyi masu yawa da suka shafi yanayin al'adu da ilimin halin ɗan adam.<ref name=":1">Berkes, Fikret. "Traditional Ecological Knowledge" (PDF).</ref> A tsakiyar 1980s, an rubuta ɗimbin wallafe-wallafen da ke haɓaka ilimin muhalli na gargajiya duka ilimin muhalli da ƴan asali daban-daban suke da shi da kuma dangantakarsu ta muhalli.<ref name=":0" /> Nazarin ya haɗa da nazarin "nama da kiyaye halittu masu rai a cikin yanayin yanayi na wurare masu zafi, da ilimin gargajiya da tsarin gudanarwa a cikin kamun kifi na bakin teku da lagoons, yankunan da ba su da ruwa, da kuma Arctic." Abin da waɗannan binciken ya kwatanta shi ne cewa "al'ummar gargajiya iri-iri suna da nasu fahimtar dangantakar muhalli da al'adun sarrafa albarkatun."<ref name=":1" /> Haɓaka ilimin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a wannan lokacin ya haifar da fahimtar duniya game da yuwuwar aikace-aikacen sa a cikin ayyukan sarrafa albarkatun da ci gaba mai dorewa. Rahoton na 1987 na Hukumar Kula da Muhalli da Ci gaba ta Duniya ya nuna yarjejeniya a lokacin. Rahoton ya yi nuni da cewa nasarorin da aka samu a karni na 20 (raguwar mace-macen jarirai, da karuwa a tsawon rayuwa, da karuwar karatu, da samar da abinci a duniya) sun haifar da al’amuran da suka haifar da gurbacewar muhalli “a cikin duniya da ta fi gurbace a tsakanin abada. rage albarkatun."<ref>"Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future" (PDF). March 20, 1987.</ref> Fata, duk da haka, ya wanzu don salon rayuwa na gargajiya. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa al'ummomin kabilu da na asali suna da salon rayuwa da za su iya samar wa al'ummomin zamani darussa kan sarrafa albarkatun da ke cikin dazuzzuka masu sarkakiya, da tsaunuka, da kuma juji. === Bambance-bambance daga kimiyya === [[File:2005_Comparing_Traditional_Ecological_Knowledge_(TEK)_to_Western_Science_-_Fish_&_Wildlife_Service_chart_circa_2014.svg|thumb| Kwatanta TEK da Kimiyyar Yamma ]] Fulvio Mazzocchi na Cibiyar Italian National Research Council na ma'aikatar kula da gurbacear yanayi ya bambanta ilimin gargajiya daga ilimin kimiyya kamar haka: == Abubuwan suka shafi ilimin muhalli na gargajiya == Abubuwan da ke tattare da ilimin muhalli na gargajiya suna ba da nau'o'i daban-daban ta yadda ake amfani da su da fahimtarsa. Waɗannan alamu ne masu kyau game da yadda ake amfani da shi ta fuskoki daban-daban da kuma yadda suke da alaƙa da juna, suna ba da ƙarin fifiko kan "Gudanar da haɗin gwiwa don mafi kyawun gano wuraren da ke da bambanci da haɗuwa yayin ƙoƙarin kawo hanyoyin tunani da sanin juna biyu." <ref>Houde, N. (2007) Ecology and Society.</ref> === Binciken gaskiya === Houde ya gano fuskoki shida na ilimin muhalli na gargajiya.<ref>Houde, Nicolas (2007-12-20). "The Six Faces of Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Challenges and Opportunities for Canadian Co-Management Arrangements" (PDF). ''Ecology and Society''. '''12''' (2). [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.5751/ES-02270-120234. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 1708-3087</ref> Bangaren farko na ilimin ilimin halitta na gargajiya ya haɗa da ainihin, takamaiman abubuwan lura da aka samar ta hanyar tantancewa, suna, da rarrabuwa na sassa daban-daban na muhalli. Wannan al'amari shine game da fahimtar alaƙar da ke tsakanin nau'o'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i da kuma kewaye da su. Har ila yau, saiti ne na duka abubuwan lura da bayanai da ke jaddada al'amuran dabbobi da dabi'unsu, da muhallinsu, da sifofin zahiri na nau'in, da yawan dabbobi. Wannan ya fi amfani don kimanta haɗarin haɗari da gudanarwa wanda ke ba ƙasashe damar yin tasiri akan sarrafa albarkatun. To sai dai idan al'umma ba ta yi aiki ba, to kasa za ta iya aiwatar da muradun kanta. Irin wannan "ilimin ƙwaƙƙwara ya ƙunshi jerin abubuwan lura da aka gudanar na dogon lokaci kuma an ƙarfafa su ta hanyar asusun wasu masu riƙe TEK." <ref>Usher, P.J. 2000. Traditional Ecological Knowledge in environmental assessment and management</ref> === Tsarin gudanarwa === Fuska ta biyu tana nufin yin amfani da albarkatu cikin ɗa'a da dorewa dangane da tsarin gudanarwa. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar dabarun tsare-tsare don tabbatar da kiyaye albarkatu. Musamman ma wannan fuskar ta ƙunshi ma'amala da sarrafa kwari, sauya albarkatu, tsarin noman noma da yawa, da hanyoyin ƙididdige yanayin albarkatun. <ref>Berkes 1988, Gunn et all. 1988</ref> Hakanan yana mai da hankali kan sarrafa albarkatu da yadda ya dace da yanayin gida. === Amfani na baya da na yanzu === Fuska ta uku tana nufin girman lokaci na Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya, yana mai da hankali kan amfani da muhallin da ake yadawa ta hanyar tarihin baka, <ref>Usher 2000</ref> kamar amfani da ƙasa, zama, zama, da matakan girbi. Musamman tsire-tsire na magani da wuraren tarihi suna da matukar damuwa. Ana amfani da tarihin baka don isar da al'adun gargajiya daga tsara zuwa tsara, kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar dangi da al'umma. === Da'a da dabi'u === Fuska ta huɗu tana nufin maganganun ƙima da alaƙa tsakanin tsarin gaskatawa da kuma tsara gaskiya. Game da Ilimin gargajiya akan muhalli yana nufin xa'a na muhalli wanda ke kiyaye ikon amfani da bincike. Har ila yau, wannan fuska tana nufin bayyanar da dabi'u game da dangantaka da wuraren zama na nau'i da kuma kewaye da su - yanayin dangantakar mutum. === Al'adu da asali === [[File:Lithospermum_canescens.jpg|alt=|thumb| Ilimin Muhalli na Gargajiya akai-akai yana da alaƙa da ilimin da ke kewaye da tsirrai da ganye.]] Fuska ta biyar tana nufin rawar da harshe da hotunan da suka gabata ke bunkasa ga al'adu. <ref>Houde 2007</ref> Dangantaka tsakanin Aboriginal (mazaunan asali) da muhallinsu na da mahimmanci don dorewar abubuwan al'adu da ke ayyana su. Wannan fuskar tana nuna labaru, dabi'u, da alakar zamantakewa da ke zaune a wuraren da ke ba da gudummawa ga rayuwa, haifuwa, da haɓakar al'adun ƴan asalin, da kuma ganewa. Hakanan ya jaddada "fa'idodin maidowa na shimfidar al'adu a matsayin wuraren sabuntawa" <ref>Lewis and Sheppard 2005</ref> === Ilimin sararin samaniya === Fuska ta shida ita ce ilmin sararin samaniya ta al'ada wacce ita ce ginshikin sauran bangarorin. Ilimin sararin samaniya wato Cosmology shine ra'ayi na yadda duniya ke aiki don al'adu da yawa. Wannan na iya bambanta sosai daga al'ada ɗaya zuwa na gaba. Misali a Amurka, akwai sama da kabilu 577 da gwamnatin tarayya ta amince da su tare da nasu al'adu, harsuna da tsarin imani. Yawancin waɗannan kabilun sun fahimci kansu a matsayin haɗin gwiwa da ƙasar. Kalmar 'cosmology' tana da alaƙa da zato da imani game da yadda al'amura ke gudana, kuma yana bayyana hanyar da abubuwa ke haɗuwa, kuma yana ba da ƙa'idodi waɗanda ke daidaita dangantakar ɗan adam da dabba da kuma matsayin ɗan adam a duniya. Daga hangen nesa na ɗan adam, ilmin sararin samaniya yana ƙoƙarin fahimtar dangantakar ɗan adam da dabba da kuma yadda waɗannan ke tasiri kai tsaye alaƙar zamantakewa, wajibai ga membobin al'umma, da ayyukan gudanarwa. A cikin ''A Yupiaq Worldview: Hanya zuwa Ilimin Halittu da Ruhi''<ref>Kawagley, A. Oscar (2006). ''A Yupiaq worldview: a pathway to ecology and spirit'' (2nd ed.). Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Musamman:BookSources/1-57766-384-5|<bdi>1-57766-384-5</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 64668378.</ref> na Angayuqaq Oscar Kawagley, masanin ilimin ɗan adam ɗan asalin ƙasar, ya ce "Ma'auni na yanayi, ko hangen nesa na muhalli, yana da matuƙar mahimmanci ga Yupiaq. Tarihi da binciken archaeological na kabila daban-daban a duniya yana da alama suna nuni da zaren falsafa ko muhalli guda ɗaya a tsakanin dukkan mutane, kuma wannan haɗin kai da ke bayyana yana haifar da tunanin haɗin kai na kowane abu na sararin samaniya. Mutanen Yupiaq sun kasance, kuma har yanzu, masu goyon bayan wannan ra'ayi na duniya ne, duk da raunin yanayin da ake samu ta hanyar kutse na zamani." Kawagley yayi karin bayani akan Ilimin gargajiya akan muhalli a cikin mahallin duniya na Yupiaq da cewa, “Hanyoyin mutum na Yupiaq sun hada da lura, gogewa, hulɗar zamantakewa, da sauraron tattaunawa da tambayoyi na duniyar halitta da ta ruhaniya tare da hankali. Mutum ko da yaushe mai halarta-mai kallo ne." == Gudanar da yanayin muhalli == [[File:Grass_tree_on_fire_during_controlled_burn.jpg|thumb| Misalin wannan shine gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta ba wa ’yan asalin ƙasar ƙasar don aiwatar da al’adarsu ta yadda ake sarrafa gobara. Hakan ya sa yankunan sun bambanta ta fuskar halitta kuma sun rage barazanar gobarar daji da tsananin su.]] Kula da yanayin muhalli hanya ce mai fuskoki da dama kuma cikakke hanya na sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa. Ya ƙunshi duka ilimin kimiyya da ilimin muhalli na gargajiya don tattara bayanai daga matakan dogon lokaci waɗanda kimiyya ba za su iya ba. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar masana kimiyya da masu bincike tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da ƴan asalin ƙasar ta hanyar yanke shawara tare da biyan bukatun zamantakewa, siyasa da al'adu na zamani da na gaba. Ilimin 'yan asali ya samar da hanyar da za ta magance sarkakiya yayin da kimiyyar yamma ke da dabaru da kayan aiki. Wannan dangantaka ce mai kyau don samun wanda ke haifar da kyakkyawan sakamako ga ɓangarorin biyu da muhalli. Hatsarin da ke tattare da yin aiki tare shi ne, kasashe ba sa cin moriyar adalci ko kwata-kwata. Sau da yawa an yi amfani da ilimin ɗan asalin waje a wajen al'umma ba tare da izini ba ( al'adar al'adu ), amincewa, ko ramuwa. Ilimin ƴan asali na iya kiyaye muhalli, duk da haka yana iya zama ilimi mai tsarki. === Maido da ingancin muhalli === Maido da ingancin muhalli shine al'adar maido da gurbataccen muhalli ta hanyar sa hannun ɗan adam. Akwai haɗe-haɗe da yawa tsakanin maido da muhalli da ayyukan sarrafa yanayin muhalli da suka shafi Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya, duk da haka sarrafa yanayin muhallin Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya ya fi zurfi ta hanyar alakar tarihi da wurin.<ref>Douterlungne, David; Levy‐Tacher, Samuel I.; Golicher, Duncan J.; Dañobeytia, Francisco Román (2010). "Applying Indigenous Knowledge to the Restoration of Degraded Tropical Rain Forest Clearings Dominated by Bracken Fern". ''Restoration Ecology''. '''18'''(3): 322–329. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1111/j.1526-100X.2008.00459.x. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 1526-100X.</ref> Saboda rashin daidaiton iko da aka ambata a baya tsakanin ƴan asali da kuma waɗanda ba na asali ba, yana da mahimmanci cewa haɗin gwiwa ya daidaita don dawo da rashin adalci na zamantakewa kuma wannan ya tabbatar da samun nasara lokacin da ƴan asalin ƙasar suka jagoranci ayyukan maido da muhalli.<ref>Hall, Monique Mae; [[Priscilla Wehi|Wehi, Priscilla M.]]; Whaanga, Hēmi; Walker, Erana T.; Koia, Jonni Hazeline; Wallace, Kiri Joy (2021). "Promoting social and environmental justice to support Indigenous partnerships in urban ecosystem restoration". ''Restoration Ecology''. '''29''' (1): e13305. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1111/rec.13305. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 1526-100X. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 228960211.</ref> == Ilimin gargajiya da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka == Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ta kasance daya daga cikin hukumomin tarayya na farko da suka samar da tsare-tsare na yau da kullun da ke bayanin yadda za ta hada kai da gwamnatocin kabilu da kuma amincewa da muradun kabilanci wajen aiwatar da shirye-shiryenta "don kare lafiyar dan adam da muhalli."<ref>"EPA Policy for the Administration of Environmental Programs on Indian Reservations (1984 Indian Policy)". ''United States Environmental Protection Agency''. 2015-04-28. Retrieved 2017-04-12.</ref> A cikin fahimtar alaƙar ƙabilanci da mahalli, EPA ta nemi haɓaka shirye-shiryen muhalli waɗanda ke haɗa ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a cikin "kimiyyar muhalli, manufofin, da hanyoyin yanke shawara."<ref>Woolford, James (January 17, 2017). "Consideration of Tribal Treaty Rights and Traditional Ecological Knowledge" (PDF).</ref> Ko da yake a halin yanzu ba a san Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a matsayin muhimmin sashi na yanke shawarar muhalli na yau da kullun ba, masana kimiyya suna aiki kan haɓaka shirye-shiryen ƙwarewar kimiyya waɗanda suka dace da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya da haɓaka wadatar kai da azama.<ref>"Integration of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) in Environmental Science, Policy and Decision-Making" (PDF). June 2011.</ref> Rashin sanin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya wajen tantance hanyoyin magance matsalolin muhalli shine wakilcin ɗabi'ar ƙabilanci don ƙima kimiyya akan ƙirar gargajiya. Don haka, hukumomin da ke haɗa kimiyya da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya dole ne su amince da ƙimar hanyoyin koyarwa na musamman don yin cikakken amfani da fa'idodin kimiyya da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya. Misali, dole ne hukumomin Amurka su koyi game da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin ta hanyar yin aiki kafada da kafada da dattawan 'yan asalin, tattara bayanai na hannu daga takamaiman wurin da ake tambaya, da haɗa ƙimar 'yan asalin cikin ƙimar su ta kimiya.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin Nuwamban 2000, Shugaban Amurka Bill Clinton ya ba da umarnin zartarwa mai lamba 13175, wanda ke buƙatar sassan tarayya da hukumomin tarayya su tuntuɓi gwamnatocin ƙabilun Indiya don haɓaka manufofin da za su sami tasirin kabilanci.<ref>"Traditional Environmental Knowledge in Federal Natural Resource Management Agencies" (PDF). ''U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service''.</ref> Tasirin kabilanci ana bayyana ta EPA da cewa yana da "tasirin kai tsaye ga ɗaya ko fiye da kabilun Indiya, akan dangantakar da ke tsakanin gwamnatin tarayya da kabilun Indiya, ko kuma akan rabon iko da nauyi tsakanin gwamnatin tarayya da kabilun Indiya."<ref>"Summary of Executive Order 13175 - Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments". ''United States Environmental Protection Agency''. 2013-02-22. Retrieved 2017-03-17.</ref> A matsayin hukumar tarayya ta gwamnatin Amurka, an buƙaci EPA ta kafa ƙa'idodin tsarin tuntuɓar. A matsayin martaninta na farko, hukumar ta samar da wasu ka’idoji da za su ba da damar yin sadarwa mai ma’ana da daidaitawa tsakanin hukumar da jami’an kabilanci kafin hukumar ta dauki matakai ko aiwatar da shawarwarin da ka iya shafan kabilu. Ka'idojin sun kuma tsara lambobin tuntuɓar EPA don haɓaka daidaito da daidaita tsarin tuntuɓar, da kafa kulawar gudanarwa da bayar da rahoto don tabbatar da gaskiya da gaskiya. Wani nau'i na tuntuɓar Majalisar Ƙabila ta EPA. A cikin 2000, Ofishin Bincike da Ci gaba na EPA ya kafa Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabilanci ta EPA. Majalisar, wadda ta kunshi wakilai daga kabilu a fadin kasar, ana nufin samar da tsari don shigar da kabilu cikin kokarin kimiyya na EPA, da kuma zama abin hawa wanda ta hanyar EPA za ta iya samun fahimtar batutuwan kimiyya wadanda suka fi fifiko ga kabilu. a matakin kasa. Majalisar kuma tana ba wa kabilu dama don yin tasiri akan ajandar kimiyya ta EPA ta hanyar ɗaga waɗannan batutuwan da suka fi fifiko ga ƙungiyar EPA mai fa'ida.<ref>"Policy on Environmental Justice for Working with Federally Recognized Tribes and Indigenous Peoples" (PDF). ''www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/''. July 24, 2014.</ref> Muhimmanci ga membobin kabilanci a farkon taron Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabilanci ta EPA shine bambance-bambancen da ke cikin al'adun gargajiya na kabilanci da kuma kimiyyar yamma. Waɗannan hanyoyin rayuwa sun haɗa da "haɗin ruhi, tunani, jiki, da tunani da mahalli; alaƙa waɗanda suka dogara akan ƙima mai ƙima da ƙima"; da kuma fahimtar cewa albarkatun ƙasa za su samar da duk abin da ya dace don cigaban rayuwar ɗan adam. Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabilanci ta EPA, duk da haka, ana nufin yin aiki a matsayin wurin taro inda ƙungiyoyin biyu za su iya "raba bayanan da za su iya ba da gudummawa ga kare muhalli ga duk al'ummomin da ba al'adar da ke barin asalinta ba." A ƙoƙari na kare TTL Majalisar ta gano zama a matsayin yanki mai mahimmanci don bincike. Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabila ta EPA ta ayyana rayuwa a matsayin: “dangantaka tsakanin mutane da muhallinsu, hanyar rayuwa. Rayuwa ta ƙunshi haɗin kai na ruhaniya da ƙasa, kuma ya haɗa da fahimtar cewa albarkatun ƙasa za su samar da duk abin da ya dace don rayuwar ɗan adam. Mutanen da suke rayuwa daga tushen albarkatun ƙasa sun kasance suna da alaƙa da waɗannan albarkatun, suna rayuwa a cikin da'irar rayuwa. Rayuwa ta kasance game da rayuwa a hanyar da za ta tabbatar da amincin albarkatun ƙasa don amfanin tsararraki masu zuwa." Saboda TTL ko TEK ya keɓanta da wuri kuma ya haɗa da alaƙa tsakanin tsire-tsire da dabbobi, da alaƙar rayayyun halittu da muhalli, amincewa da rayuwa a matsayin fifiko yana ba da damar ilimi da ayyukan TTL su sami kariya. Misali, a wani bangare na shawarwarin da suka yi game da abin da za su ci, Majalisar ta amince da gano gurbacewar albarkatu a matsayin "batun kimiyyar kabilanci mafi mahimmanci a wannan lokacin." Domin mutanen ƙabilun da ke da salon rayuwa sun dogara da muhalli don dabarun gargajiya na noma, farauta. kamun kifi, gandun daji, da magunguna, da bukukuwa, gurɓatattun abubuwa suna yin tasiri daidai gwargwado kuma suna jefa TTL ɗinsu cikin haɗari. Kamar yadda Majalisar EPA ta bayyana, "Yawan cin abinci na kabilanci ya ninka sau da yawa fiye da na yawan jama'a, yana sa tasirin gurɓataccen albarkatun ƙasa ya fi damuwa nan da nan." Yayin da ‘yan asalin kasar ke kokawa da gurbacewar albarkatu, majalisar ta samu ci gaba wajen binciken illolinta. Duk da irin wannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce, har yanzu akwai shingaye don ci gaba a cikin Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabila ta EPA. Misali, daya cikas shine yanayin hanyoyin rayuwar gargajiya. Hanyoyin Rayuwa na Gargajiya na kabilanci ana ba da su ta hanyar labari, daga zamani zuwa zamani, tsara zuwa tsara, yayin da kimiyyar yammacin duniya ta dogara da rubutacciyar kalma, sadarwa ta hanyar ilimi da ilimi. Ƙoƙarin tattara masana kimiyya na yammacin duniya da mutanen ƙabilanci su ma sun sami cikas ta hanyar fahimtar ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka cewa ana sanya nazarin kimiyya a cikin "baƙar akwatin" na misalta wanda ke hana shigar da kabilanci. Ko da kuwa, EPA ta fahimci ikon ilimin ɗan asalin don haɓaka fahimtar kimiyya da samar da sabbin bayanai da ra'ayoyi waɗanda za su iya amfanar yanayi da lafiyar ɗan adam. Inganta hanyoyin rayuwar gargajiya cikin tsarin kimanta haɗarin EPA misali ɗaya ne na yadda Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabila ta EPA ta sami damar aiwatar da canji a al'adun EPA. Tsarin tantance haɗarin haɗari shine "tsarin tsara don nazarin kimiyya na yuwuwar tasirin cutarwa ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli sakamakon kamuwa da gurɓatawa ko wasu matsalolin muhalli." EPA ta yi amfani da kimar haɗari don kafa "matakan tsaftacewa a wuraren sharar gida masu haɗari, ingancin ruwa da ka'idojin iska, shawarwarin kifi, da hana ko ƙuntata amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da sauran sinadarai masu guba." Mutanen ƙabilanci sun damu, duk da haka, hanyoyin tantance haɗarin na yanzu ba su da cikakkiyar ƙima ga al'adun kabilanci, dabi'u, da/ko hanyoyin rayuwa. Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabilanci tana neman haɗa TTL cikin tunanin fallasa wanzuwa a cikin tsarin tantance haɗarin EPA. Maƙasudin dogon lokaci don Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabilanci ta EPA, duk da haka, cikakken canji ne a kimanta yanke shawara daga haɗari zuwa kiyaye mutane da muhalli masu lafiya. Kamar yadda aka fada a sama, mutanen kabilanci ba sa yarda da rabuwa da yanayin ɗan adam da muhalli lokacin da suka nuna haɗari. Ta hanyar EPA da aka ƙaddamar da taron karawa juna sani, tarurrukan bita, da ayyuka, ƙabilun sun sami damar yin tattaunawa game da haɗa hanyoyin rayuwa ta al'ada ta kabilanci cikin kimanta haɗarin EPA da yanke shawara. Wannan ya faru ta hanyoyi da yawa: haɗa ayyukan al'adu na musamman na ƙabilanci kamar kwando na asali, mahimmancin kifin kifi da sauran kifaye, magungunan tsire-tsire na gida, cin kifi da nama mai yawa, da wuraren gumi a matsayin fallasa don ƙididdige haɗarin haɗari. ga mutane ko ga al'umma. Kodayake ana iya haɗa waɗannan nau'ikan takamaiman ayyuka na ƙabilanci a cikin kimanta haɗarin EPA, babu tabbacin cewa za a haɗa su kuma babu daidaito kan yadda za a iya amfani da su a wurare daban-daban a duk faɗin ƙasar. <ref name=":3" /> A cikin Yulin 2014, Kungiyar EPA ta ba da sanarwar "Manufa kan Adalci na Muhalli don Yin Aiki tare da Ƙabilun Ƙabilu da 'Yan Asalin Ƙasar Tarayya," suna gabatar da ka'idodinta don shirye-shiryen da suka danganci kabilu da 'yan asalin tarayya da aka amince da su don "goyi bayan aiwatar da gaskiya da inganci na tarayya. dokokin muhalli, da kuma ba da kariya daga tasirin da bai dace ba da kuma manyan haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli." Daga cikin ka'idoji 17 akwai # 3 ("EPA tana aiki don fahimtar ma'anar lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli daga mahangar ƙabilun da aka amince da tarayya, 'yan asali a duk faɗin Amurka, da sauran waɗanda ke zaune a ƙasar Indiya"); #6 ("EPA tana ƙarfafa, kamar yadda ya dace kuma gwargwadon iya aiki kuma doka ta ba da izini, haɗa ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a cikin ilimin muhalli na hukumar, manufofin, da hanyoyin yanke shawara, don fahimta da magance matsalolin adalci na muhalli da sauƙaƙe shirin. aiwatarwa"); da kuma #7 ("EPA tana la'akari da abubuwan da suka shafi sirri game da bayanai akan wurare masu tsarki, albarkatun al'adu, da sauran ilimin gargajiya, kamar yadda doka ta yarda." ). Yayin da wannan manufar ke gano jagorori da matakai na EPA dangane da ka'idodin adalci na muhalli kamar yadda suke da alaƙa da ƙabilu da ƴan asalin ƙasar, hukumar ta lura cewa ba su da wata hanyar da za a iya amfani da su azaman dokoki ko ƙa'idodi . Ba za a iya amfani da su ga wani yanayi na musamman ba ko canza ko musanya kowace doka, ƙa'ida, ko duk wani abin da ake buƙata na doka kuma ba a aiwatar da doka ba. <ref name="Policy" /> == Illolin lalacewar muhalli dangane da ilimin gargajiya == A wasu yankuna, gurɓacewar muhalli ya haifar da raguwar ilimin halittu na gargajiya. Misali, a al'ummar Aamjiwnaang na Anishnaabe First Nations mutane a Sarnia, Ontario, Canada, mazauna suna fama da "nasarawar raguwar yawan haihuwar namiji ..., wanda mazauna ke danganta su ga kusancinsu ga tsire-tsire masu guba":<ref>Hoover, Elizabeth (2012). "Indigenous Peoples of North America: Environmental Exposures and Reproductive Justice". ''Environmental Health Perspectives''. '''120''' (12): 1645–1649. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1289/ehp.1205422. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]] 23323091. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]] 3548285. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]] 22899635.</ref> == Canjin yanayi == [[File:Climate Change and the Health of Indigenous Populations (US EPA, 2016) (IA indigenous-health-climate-change).pdf|thumb| Jama'ar asali da Canjin Yanayi: Taswirar gaskiya game da tasirin lafiyar canjin yanayi a kan 'yan asalin]] Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya yana ba da bayanai game da sauyin yanayi a cikin tsararraki da labarin ƙasa na ainihin mazauna yankin. Ilimin muhalli na al'ada yana jaddada kuma ya sanya bayanai game da lafiya da hulɗar muhalli su zama cibiyar bayanan da yake ɗauka.<ref>"Moffa, Anthony. "Traditional Ecological Rulemaking" (PDF). Retrieved 16 March 2017.</ref> [[Canjin yanayi]] yana shafar ilimin ilimin halittu na gargajiya ta nau'ikan asalin ƴan asalin ƙasar da yadda suke rayuwa. Ilimin al'ada yana yada daga tsara zuwa tsara kuma yana ci gaba a yau. ’Yan asalin ƙasar sun dogara da waɗannan al’adu don rayuwarsu. Don lokutan girbi da yawa, ƴan asalin ƙasar sun canza ayyukansu watannin kadan saboda tasirin sauyin yanayi. Haɓakar yanayin zafi yana kara zama barazana ga yanayin halittu saboda yana cutar da rayuwar wasu bishiyoyi da nau'ikan tsire-tsire. Haɗin haɓakar yanayin zafi da canjin yanayin hazo yana shafar wuraren tsiro. Hakanan ɗumamar yanayi na shafar kwari da dabbobi. Canjin yanayin zafi zai iya shafar abubuwa da yawa tun daga lokacin da kwari ke fitowa a cikin shekara zuwa canje-canjen mazaunin dabbobi a cikin canje-canjen yanayi.<ref>Bennet, T.M. Bull; et al. (2014). "National Climate Assessment: Indigenous Peoples, Lands, and Resources". ''Global Change''. US Global Change Research Program. Retrieved 13 March 2017.</ref> Yayin da zafin yanayi ke ƙara zafi, gobarar daji ta zama mai yiwuwa. Wata al'umma ta asali a Ostiraliya kwanan nan an ba su ƙasa kuma suna dawo da al'adarsu ta al'ada na sarrafa konewa. Wannan ya haifar da karuwar bambancin halittu da kuma rage tsananin gobarar daji.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2022}} Ba wai kawai nau'o'i daban-daban na yanayin ya shafa ba, amma tare, lafiyar muhalli na shafar sauyin yanayi don haka albarkatun muhalli da ke samuwa ga 'yan asali na iya canzawa a cikin adadin da ake da su da kuma ingancin albarkatun. Yayin da matakan kankarar teku ke raguwa, mutanen [[Alaska]] na fuskantar canje-canje a rayuwarsu na yau da kullun; kamun kifi, sufuri, zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin rayuwarsu sun zama marasa aminci. Daskarewar ƙasa ya haifar da lahani ga gine-gine da hanyoyin titi. Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa yana ƙara tsananta yayin da albarkatun ruwa mai tsabta ke raguwa. Canjin yanayi na lalata rayuwar yau da kullun na 'yan asalin ƙasar a matakai da yawa. Canjin yanayi da ƴan asalin ƙasar suna da alaƙa daban-daban dangane da yankin yanki wanda ke buƙatar daidaitawa daban-daban da ayyukan ragewa. Misali, don tunkarar waɗannan yanayi nan da nan, ƴan asalin ƙasar sun daidaita lokacin girbi da abin da suka girbe sannan kuma su daidaita amfani da albarkatun su. Canjin yanayi na iya canza daidaiton bayanan ilimin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya. Mutanen ƴan asalin ƙasar sun dogara sosai kan alamu na yanayi don tsara ayyuka har ma da hasashen yanayi na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Sakamakon karuwar rashin jin daɗi, ƴan asalin ƙasar suna ƙaura don nemo wasu hanyoyin tsira. A sakamakon haka, an yi asarar alakar al'adu da kasashen da suka taba zama a kai, haka kuma an yi hasarar ilmin ilmin muhalli na gargajiya da suka yi da kasar a can. Sauye-sauyen yanayi da ba a tsara su yadda ya kamata ko aiwatar da su ba na iya cutar da ƴan asalin ƙasar. Kungiyar EPA ta ambaci cewa za ta ɗauki ilimin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya cikin la'akari wajen tsara daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi. Hukumar Kula da Albarkatun Kasa ta Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta yi amfani da hanyoyin ƴan asalin ƙasar wajen yaƙar yanayin sauyin yanayi. === Nazarin bincike: Savoonga da Shaktoolik, Alaska === A wani bincike, mazauna kauyukan Savoonga da Shaktoolik, Alaska, sun ba da rahoton cewa, a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka wuce na rayuwarsu, yanayi ya yi wuya a iya hasashensa, lokacin sanyi ya ragu, ana samun matsala wajen hasashen yawan shuke-shuken da za a girbi., akwai bambance-bambance a cikin hijirar dabbobi, an sami ƙarin ganin sabbin nau'in halittu, wanda ake gani fiye da baya, kuma ayyukan farauta da tarawa ba su zama abin da ake iya gani ba kuma ba su faru ba sau da yawa saboda ƙarancin samun damar yin hakan. Mazauna garin sun ga wani sauyi a yanayinsu wanda kuma ya shafi rayuwarsu. Tsirrai da dabbobin ba su yi daidai da samuwarsu ba wanda ya shafi farauta da tara jama’a saboda babu abin da za a yi farauta ko tarawa. Bayyanar sabbin nau'ikan tsire-tsire da dabbobi kuma abin damuwa ne na lafiyar jiki da abinci mai gina jiki saboda ba a al'adance suke cikin ƙasa ba. == Kungiyar harsunanTEK == === Karuk da Yurok Burning a matsayin TEK === A cewar masanin zamantakewar muhalli Kirsten Vinyeta da mai binciken canjin yanayi na kabila Kathy Lynn, "Karuk Tribe na [[California]] sun mamaye ƙasar ƴan asali a tsakiyar tsakiyar Klamath da Salmon Rivers a Arewacin California. Yankin ƙabilar ta ƙabilar ta ƙunshi kimanin eka miliyan 1.38 a cikin Kogin Klamath. Ayyukan ƙonawa na al'ada sun kasance masu mahimmanci ga Karuk tun a tarihi. Ga Kabila, wuta tana aiki azaman kayan aikin sarrafa ƙasa mai mahimmanci da kuma aikin ruhaniya." A cewar farfesa nazarin muhalli Tony Marks-Block, mai bincike kan muhalli Frank K. Lake da ƙwararrun gandun daji na wurare masu zafi Lisa M. Curran, "kafin manufofin keɓancewar wuta, Indiyawan Amurka sun yi amfani da watsar da gobarar da ba ta da tushe ko konewar al'adu don haɓaka albarkatun da ke da alaƙa don rayuwarsu da al'adunsu. ayyuka. Don dawo da albarkatun al'adun da suka lalace daga shekarun da suka gabata na keɓe gobara da kuma rage haɗarin gobarar daji, ƙabilar Karuk da Yurok na Arewa maso yammacin California suna jagorantar ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa na yanki don faɗaɗa gobarar watsa shirye-shirye da rage yawan man fetur a kan jama'a, masu zaman kansu, da ƙasashen kabilanci a cikin yankunan kakanninsu. "<ref>Marks-Block, Tony; Lake, Frank K.; Curran, Lisa M. (2019-10-15). "Effects of understory fire management treatments on California Hazelnut, an ecocultural resource of the Karuk and Yurok Indians in the Pacific Northwest". ''Forest Ecology and Management''. '''450''': 117517. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117517. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 0378-1127. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 201207806.</ref> Tony Marks-Block, Frank K. Lake da Lisa M. Curran suma sun bayyana cewa "a yankin Karuk, gwamnatin tarayya ba ta kafa wani wurin kebabbe ba, inda ta bar murabba'in kilomita 3.83 na Karuk a cikin yankin kakanninsu, saura kuma ya kasance karkashin kasa. ikon dazuzzukan Klamath da koguna shida na ƙasa da kuma watsewar gidaje masu zaman kansu. Sakamakon haka, membobin kabilar Karuk da hukumomin gudanarwa dole ne su kewaya da'awar sabis ɗin gandun daji na USDA akan yankin kakanninsu kuma suna da iyakataccen zaɓi don faɗaɗa tushen ƙasarsu ta hanyar mallakar filaye masu zaman kansu. A cikin yankin Yurok, hukunce-hukuncen da suka haɗa da juna sun faru ciki har da gandun daji na Redwood da gandun daji na Kogin shida a wajen ajiyar da gwamnatin tarayya ta kafa. Ajiye yana ƙarƙashin mallakar kamfanin katako mai zaman kansa. Saboda haka, kabilar Yurok dole ne ko dai su daidaita ko yin hulɗa tare da ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa a cikin yankin kakanninsu, amma a halin yanzu suna da zaɓi mafi girma don samun kadarori masu zaman kansu fiye da kabilar Karuk." A cewar farfesa a fannin zamantakewar zamantakewa Kari Norgaard da dan kabilar Karuk William Tripp, "wannan tsari za a iya maimaita shi kuma a fadada shi zuwa sauran al'ummomi a yammacin Klamath Mountains da kuma bayansa. Hoopa da Yurok tanoak sun tsaya cewa gogaggun gobarar da aka maimaita sun fi jure wa cutar kan lokaci. Wasu bincike sun nuna bambance-bambancen ban mamaki game da kamuwa da cututtuka nan da nan bayan gobarar daji (sau 72 ba a iya samunta a konewa ba tare da wuraren da ba a kone ba a wuri guda), kodayake an nuna cewa tana ci gaba da warkewa idan ba a sake samun gobara ba, domin cutar na iya rayuwa. a cikin rundunonin da wuta ba ta kashe su ba.”<ref>Norgaard, Kari; Tripp, William (March 2019). Karuk Climate Adaptation Plan (PDF). ''Karuk Tribe Department of Natural Resources'' (Report).</ref> === Kiyaye Muhalli na Anishinabe a matsayin TEK === A cewar mawallafa Bobbie Kalman da Niki Walker, "'yan asalin wuri, ko 'yan ƙasa, mutane sun zauna a yankin Great Lakes na dubban shekaru. Mutanen al'ummar Anishinabe (Anishinabe) sun zauna a yankuna a yankin Babban Tafkuna na yamma. Bisa ga al'adar baka, mutanen Anishinabe sun taɓa rayuwa ta wurin wani katon ruwan gishiri, wanda watakila ya kasance [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] ko Hudson's Bay. Mutanen sun sami annabci, ko annabci cewa idan sun yi tafiya cikin ƙasa, za su sami wurin da abinci ke tsiro a kan ruwa. Wasu sun tafi yamma, suna bin hangen nesa na megis, ko harsashi na cowrie, wanda ya jagorance su zuwa Babban Tafkuna na yamma. Mutanen sun rabu gida biyu suka zauna a wurare daban-daban wadanda suka hada da al'ummar Anishinabe. Anishinabe yana da dangantaka ta kud da kut da wasu al'ummomi biyu a yankin Manyan Tafkuna na yamma kasancewar Odawa ([[Ottawa]]) da Potawatomi. Mutanen waɗannan al’ummai uku sukan auri juna, suna fatauci, kuma su yi aiki tare don sasanta rigingimu. Sun kuma taru a majalisu, inda suka yanke shawara tare.”<ref>Kalman, Bobbie; Walker, Niki (2003). ''Life in an Anishinabe Camp''. Crabtree Publishing Company. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-7787-0373-0|<bdi>978-0-7787-0373-0</bdi>]].</ref> A cewar masanin falsafar ɗan asalin ƙasashe kuma masanin shari'a na yanayi / muhalli Kyle Powys Whyte, "Mutanen Anishinabe a ko'ina cikin yankin Great Lakes sune kan gaba wajen kiyaye nau'in asali na asali da kuma maido da muhalli. Nmé shine mafi girma kuma mafi tsufa kifaye mai rai a cikin Babban Tekuna, wani lokacin yana wuce shekaru 100. Nmé ya yi hidima ga mutanen Asnishinabe a matsayin tushen abinci mai mahimmanci, nau'in nuna alama don sa ido kan muhalli, da kuma lachlan, yana taka rawa a cikin bukukuwa da labarai. Kenny Pheasant, wani dattijo ya ce, “Rashin sturgeon ya yi daidai da raguwar dangin sturgeon. Iyalan dangin sturgeon kaɗan ne kawai aka san su a nan" (Little River Band). Sashen Albarkatun Halitta na Indiyawan Ottawa sun fara rukunin mahallin al'adu, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan ƴan kabilu da masana ilimin halitta, waɗanda suka haɓaka maƙasudai da manufofin maidowa. Manufar ita ce a dawo da jituwa da haɗin kai tsakanin Nmé da mutanen Anishinabe kuma a dawo da su duka zuwa kogin. Daga ƙarshe, sashen ya ƙirƙiri wurin renon farko na rafi don kare matasa sturgeon kafin a sake su a kowace faɗuwa don kiyaye asalin mahaifarsu. Shinkafar daji, ko manoomin, tana tsirowa a cikin magudanan ruwa, bayyanannu, da tafiyar hawainiya kuma ana iya girbe su a farkon kaka. Bayan girbi, ana sarrafa manoomin ta hanyar ayyuka kamar bushewa, bushewa, ƙwanƙwasa, bushewa, da tsaftacewa. Bayan Anishinabe ya yi hijira daga Gabas kuma ya isa yankin Great Lakes inda za su iya noman amfanin gona a kan ruwa, ƙungiyoyin maƙwabta na Amurka da Kanada da kamfanoni suna gudanar da ayyuka kamar [[hakar ma'adinai]], damming, noma na kasuwanci da motsa jiki na nishaɗi. Waɗannan ayyukan suna shafar manoomin kai tsaye da wurin zama. A yau al’ummar Anishinabe sune jagororin kula da noman shinkafar daji. Taron Nibi (ruwa) da Manoomin Symposium, wanda ke gudana kowace shekara biyu, yana kawo masu girbin [[shinkafa]] na kabilanci a cikin manyan tabkuna, masana na asali, masu noman shinkafa na paddy, wakilai daga kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai da hukumomin jihohi, da masu binciken jami'o'i da ke sha'awar canjin kwayoyin halittar shinkafa. tare. Dattawa suna ba da labarunsu game da manoomin kuma matasa suna raba ra'ayinsu kan yadda manoomin ya dace da makomarsu. ’Yan asalin ƙasar da ke aiki a matsayin masana kimiyya a cikin ƙabilunsu suna ba da gogewar aiki tare da dattawa don fahimtar zurfin abubuwan tarihi na aikin da suke yi don nazari da adana manoomin. Ana gayyatar sauran ’yan asalin ƙasar don ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru na maidowa da kiyaye sauran nau’in ’yan asali, irin su taro da masara.”<ref>Whyte, Kyle. ''Our Ancestors' Dystopia Now''. kylewhyte.cal.msu.edu. pp. 209–211.</ref> === Kiyaye Killer Whales dake kudancin Ƙasar Lummi ta Jihar Washington a matsayin matakinTEK === A cewar masana ilimin muhalli Paul Guernsey, Kyle Keeler da kuma mamban Lummi Jeremiah Julius, “Al’ummar Lummi ta Jihar Washington, ƙabilar Amurka ce ta Tekun Salish. A cikin 2018, Ƙasar Lummi ta sadaukar da kanta ga Tafiya ta Totem Pole a duk faɗin Amurka suna kira ga dawowar 'yan uwansu "Lolita" (wani mazaunin Kudancin Killer Whale) zuwa ruwan gida. A cikin yaren Salish, ana kiran killer whales da qwe 'lhol mechen, ma'ana 'dangantakar mu a ƙarƙashin raƙuman ruwa', amma Lummi ba wai kawai 'dangantaka' ne da kifin kifin a cikin wani nau'i na nau'in kifin ba, kifayen suna da alaƙa a ma'ana. cewa danginsu ne. Lokacin da NOAA ta fara sanya Killer Whale na Kudancin Kudancin wani yanki mai hatsarin gaske (DPS) a cikin 2005, bisa doka sun kawar da "Lolita" a matsayin dan uwa. Shawarar ta karanta, "Mazaunin Kudancin Killer Whale DPS bai haɗa da kifayen kifaye daga J, K ko L kwaf ɗin da aka sanya su cikin bauta kafin a jera su ba, kuma baya haɗa da 'ya'yan da aka haifa a fursuna" (NOAA, 2005). Lummi suna neman NOAA don hada kai wajen ciyar da kifin har sai chinook na sautin Puget zai iya kiyaye su. Lummi sun fara ciyar da danginsu biki, amma NOAA ta gaya musu cewa babban yunƙuri na buƙatar izinin tarayya da haɗin gwiwa. Ko da yake ɗaya daga cikin manufofin kiyayewa na ƙungiyar shine tabbatar da 'isasshen adadi, inganci da samun damar nau'in ganima', NOAA ta fahimci wannan manufar sosai a matsayin batun wurin zama. Sun bayyana karara cewa yanzu ba lokacin jin dadi ba ne saboda 'karancin bayanai' ko rashin tabbas. Lummi na ci gaba da Tafiya na Totem Pole na shekara-shekara don kare ƴan'uwansu mazan, kifin baki, da kuma kiyaye gawayi, mai da sauran barazana daga cikin Tekun Salish. An tsara waɗannan ayyukan warkaswa don magance abin da Maria Yellow Horse Brave Heart da Lemyra M. DeBruyn suka kira "bakin ciki na tarihi wanda ba a warware ba har yau".<ref>Guernsey, J.; Keeler, Kyle; Julius, J. (July 30, 2021). "How the Lummi Nation revealed the limits of species and Habitats as Conservation Values in the Endangered Species Act: Healing as Indigenous Conservation". ''ResearchGate''.</ref> == Duba kuma == * Agroecology * Braiding Sweetgrass * Samfurin gandun daji ba na katako ba * Ilimin gargajiya * Afirka Insect TEK == Manazarta == === Bayanan kula === {{Reflist|30em}} === Ci gaba da karatu === * * Robin Wall Kimmerer (2013) ''.'' ''Braiding Sweetgrass: Hikimar 'Yan Asalin Kasa, Ilimin Kimiyya, da Koyarwar Tsirrai'' (Bugu na Milkweed)  . == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.nps.gov/subjects/tek/index.htm Ilimin Muhalli na Gargajiya: Kula da Tsare-Tsare na Uwar Duniya, Sabis na Kula da Wuta na Ƙasa] * [http://www.esf.edu/nativepeoples/ Cibiyar Jama'ar Ƙasa da Muhalli, a Jami'ar Jihar New York, Kwalejin Kimiyyar Muhalli da Gandun daji] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100221015133/http://www.ser.org/iprn/default.asp Restoration Network (IPRN)] * [http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/bc/gwaiihaanas/index.aspx Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve da Haida Heritage Site] * [http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss2/art34/table1.html Teburin Fuskoki Shida na TEK] {{Indigenous rights footer}}{{Environmental humanities}}{{Science and technology studies}} [[Category:Muha]] [[Category:Ilimin gargajiya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9z5xwf8fbb4nyc5kzfndqu1awbnhc7p 0 32249 821975 638883 2026-04-17T17:26:28Z Joserpkm 35450 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 821975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Reza''' kayan aiki ne mai wutsiya da ake amfani da shi da farko wajen cire gashin jiki ta hanyar askewa . Ire-iren reza sun haɗa da reza kai tsaye, reza da za a iya zubarwa, da reza mai amfani da wutar lantarki. Yayin da reza ta kasance tun kafin shekarun Bronze Age (abin da ya fi daɗewa mai kama da reza an rubuta shi zuwa karni na18,000 BC ), mafi yawan nau'in reza da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu shine reza mai amfani da wutar lantarki, ko da yake wasu kalar har yanzu ana amfani dasu. == Tarihi == [[File:Rasoio_in_bronzo_da_tomba_a_pozzetto_8_del_fosso_di_sodacavalli,_800-750_ac_ca.JPG|thumb| Reza tagulla.]] An gano reza daga al'adun zamanin Bronze da yawa. An yi waɗannan da tagulla ko obsidian kuma gaba ɗaya sun kasance ma siffa, tare da ƙaramin tang ɗin da ke fitowa daga ɗayan gajerun ƙarshen. <ref name="warwickshire">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121010195541/http://www.warwickshire.gov.uk/web/corporate/pages.nsf/Links/C2011A4E41BA470980256F2B0043FBFE Warwickshire County Council: New Prehistoric Archaeology Objects] <br />"Even further away in time, during the Bronze Age, we now have evidence of people taking care of their appearance. This leaf-shaped bronze razor was found near Bidford on Avon and is one of only a few of this type of Bronze Age razor to be found in this country."</ref> An yi amfani da reza iri-iri a cikin tarihi, waɗanda suka bambanta a bayyanar amma kama da amfani da reza madaidaiciya na zamani. A zamanin da, an kaifi harsashi, haƙoran kifin shark, da dutsen dutse ana yin aski da su. An samo zane-zane na irin waɗannan ruwan wuƙaƙe a cikin kogo na tarihi. Wasu ƙabilu har yanzu suna amfani da wuƙaƙe na dutse har yau<ref><nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza#:~:text=Reza%20(Persian%3A%20%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7%2C%20romanized,contented%3B%20contentment%2C%20approval%23</nowiki></ref>Binciken da aka yi a [[Misra|Masar]] ya gano tsantsar zinari da reza na tagulla a cikin kaburbura tun daga ƙarni na 4 BC. An yi amfani da reza da ƙera su a Kerma a zamanin Bronze Age An dawo da reza da yawa da kuma wasu kayan tarihi na tsafta daga wuraren binne shekarun Bronze a arewacin Turai kuma an yi imanin cewa suna cikin manyan mutane. <ref>Kincade, Kaitlin, "The Razor's Edge: Constructing Male Identity in Bronze and Iron Age Northern Europe" (2014). Theses and Dissertations. Paper 500</ref> Masanin tarihin Romawa Livy ya ruwaito cewa an gabatar da reza a tsohuwar [[Roma]] a ƙarni na 6 BC. ta sarkin almara Lucius Tarquinius Priscus . Priscus ya riga ya wuce lokacinsa saboda reza ba su zo ga amfani da su ba sai bayan ƙarni ɗaya. An gina reza madaidaiciyar zamani ta farko mai cike da kayan hannu da aka yi wa ado da fatun ƙasa a Sheffield, a Ingila, cibiyar masana'antar yankan, a ƙarni na 18 da 19. Benjamin Huntsman ya samar da madaidaicin matakin ƙarfe na farko, ta hanyar tsari na musamman, wanda ya dace da amfani da shi a zaman kayan ruwa a cikin 1740, koda yake an ƙi shi da farko a Ingila. Faransawa sun karɓi tsarin Huntsman daga baya; duk da rashin so da farko saboda kishin ƙasa. Masu masana'antun Ingilishi sun ma fi na Faransanci yin amfani da tsarin kuma sun yi haka ne kawai bayan sun ga nasararsa a Faransa. Ƙarfe Sheffield, ƙarfe ne mai gogewa sosai, wanda kuma aka sani da Sheffield ƙarfe n azurfa kuma sananne ne don [[gamawa]] mai sheƙi mai zurfi, ana ɗaukarsa mafi ingancin ƙarfe kuma har yanzu ana amfani dashi har yau a Faransa ta hanyar masana'anta kamar Thiers Issard . [[File:Magdalenenberg_cut_and_shave.jpg|left|thumb| Reza (saman) da mai yankan ƙusa tare da hannun kashi (kasa) da aka samu a cikin wani kabari na al'adun Hallstatt .]] A ƙarni na 18 da na 19, masu hannu da shuni suna da bayin da za su aske su ko kuma suna iya yawan shagunan aski. Aski yau da kullun ba al'ada ce da ta yaɗu ba a ƙarni na 19 don haka wasu mutane ba su taɓa yin aski ba. Al'adar aski a kowace rana tsakanin mazan Amurkawa wani sabon abu ne na ƙarni na 20 wanda aka fara shi bayan ƴaƙin duniya na ɗaya. An buƙaci maza su riƙa aski a kullum domin abin rufe fuska na gas ɗin ya dace da kyau kuma hakan ya samu sauƙi sosai bayan bayyanar reza mai aminci, wanda hakan ya ƙara sauki. ya kasance daidaitaccen batu a lokacin ƴaƙin. A cikin ƙarni na 19, masu yankan a Sheffield, Ingila da Solingen, Jamus sun samar da reza iri-iri. [[File:Rasoir_Acy-Romance.jpg|thumb| Razor da aka yi da tagulla tun farkon zamanin ƙarfe]] Reza madaidaiciya sune mafi yawan nau'in aski kafin ƙarni na 20 kuma sun kasance gama gari a ƙasashe da yawa har zuwa shekarun 1950. An horar da masu aski na musamman don baiwa abokan ciniki suski da sauri, kuma tarin reza madaidaiciya da aka shirya don amfani da su ya kasance abin gani gama gari a yawancin shagunan aski. Har yanzu aski suna da su, amma ba sa amfani da su sau da yawa. Reza madaidaici daga ƙarshe sun faɗi daga salon. Mai ƙalubalen su na farko King C. Gillette ne ya ƙera shi: reza aminci mai kaifi biyu tare da wuƙaƙe masu maye gurbin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2015}} amfani da manufar " shugaban asara ", wanda aka siyar da reza a cikin asara, amma ɓangarorin maye gurbin sun sami babban rata kuma suna ba da tallace-tallace na ci gaba. Sun yi nasara sosai saboda kamfen ɗin talla da taken ƙasƙantar da ingancin reza kai tsaye da kuma tambayar amincin sa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2015}} Waɗannan sabbin reza masu aminci ba su buƙatar kowane horo mai ƙarfi don amfani da su. Wuraren suna da matuƙar wahala a kaifafa, kuma ana so a jefar da su bayan an yi amfani da su, kuma su yi tsatsa da sauri idan ba a jefar da su ba. Hakanan sun buƙaci ƙaramin saka hannun jari na farko, kodayake suna da ƙari akan lokaci. Duk da fa'idodinsa na dogon lokaci, madaidaiciyar reza ta rasa babban rabon kasuwa. Kuma yayin da aski ya zama ƙasa da ban tsoro kuma maza suka fara aske kansu, buƙatun masu aski waɗanda ke ba da askin reza kai tsaye ya ragu. [[File:Vintage_Gillette_Fat_Handle_Tech_DE_3-Piece_Safety_Razor,_Made_In_USA,_No_Date_Code,_Circa_1938_-_1945_(47992902421).jpg|left|thumb| A 1940s reza daga Amurka]] A cikin 1960, bakin karfe wanda za a iya amfani da shi fiye da sau ɗaya ya zama samuwa, yana rage farashin aminci-reza. Kamfanin Wilkinson, sanannen mai yin takuba, a Sheffield ne ya yi irin wannan na farko. Ba da da ewa Gillette, Schick, da sauran masana'antun suna yin bakin-karfe ruwan wukake. Wadannan sun biyo bayan harsashin ruwa mai yawa da reza da za a iya zubarwa. Ga kowane nau'in ruwan wukake mai maye, gabaɗaya akwai reza da za a iya zubarwa. A cikin 1930s, ana samun reza na lantarki. Waɗannan za su iya yin hamayya da farashin madaidaiciyar reza mai kyau, kodayake duka kayan aski madaidaiciya-reza na iya wuce farashin ko da aska mai tsada na lantarki. == Madaidaicin reza == [[File:Wacker_Rasiermesser_auf_Streichriemen.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px| Madaidaicin reza akan strop na fata]] Reza madaidaiciya tare da buɗaɗɗen ruwan ƙarfe, wanda kuma aka fi sani da yanke-maƙogwaro, sune reza da aka fi amfani da su kafin ƙarni na 20. Reza madaidaici sun ƙunshi ƙwanƙolin da aka kaifi a gefe ɗaya. The ruwa za a iya yi da ko dai bakin karfe, wanda shi ne a hankali zuwa hone da strop, amma ya fi sauƙi don kula tun da shi ba ya tabo sauƙi, ko high carbon karfe, wanda hones da strops da sauri da kuma kiyaye gefen da kyau, amma tsatsa da kuma. tabo cikin sauƙi idan ba a tsaftace ba kuma a bushe da sauri. A halin yanzu, ɓangarorin bakin ƙarfe suna da wahalar samu fiye da ƙarfe na carbon, amma duka biyun suna cikin samarwa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2022}} Ruwan ruwa yana jujjuyawa akan fil ta cikin tang ɗinsa tsakanin guda biyu masu kariya da ake kira ma'auni: idan an naɗe shi cikin ma'auni, ruwan ruwan ana kiyaye shi daga lalacewa, kuma ana kiyaye mai amfani. Ana yin sikelin hannu da abubuwa daban-daban, ciki har da uwar-lu'u-lu'u, celluloid, kashi, filastik da itace. Da zarar an yi da hauren hauren giwa, an daina yin hakan, kodayake ana amfani da hauren giwar burbushin lokaci-lokaci. === Raza madaidaiciya === Waɗannan reza suna kama da amfani da kuma kamanni zuwa madaidaicin reza, amma suna amfani da wukake da za a iya zubarwa, ko dai daidaitaccen mai kaifi biyu a yanka a cikin rabi ko na musamman kerarre guda ɗaya. Ana amfani da waɗannan aski kamar yadda ake amfani da reza kai tsaye amma ba sa buƙatar tsutsawa da honing. == Reza aminci == [[File:Vintage_Durham-Duplex_Straight_Razor,_The_Blades_Men_Swear_By--Not_At,_Made_In_USA_(26268173968).jpg|thumb|250x250px| Madaidaicin reza mai gadin tsefe da ruwan da za a iya zubarwa]] Mataki na farko zuwa ga reza mafi aminci don amfani shine reza mai gadi - wanda kuma ake kira reza madaidaiciyar aminci - wanda ya kara mai gadi zuwa madaidaicin reza na yau da kullun. Mai yiyuwa ne irin wannan reza na farko ya ƙirƙira shi ne da wani mai yankan Faransa Jean-Jacques Perret a shekara ta 1762. {{Sfn|Waits|2014}} Wannan ƙirƙira ta samo asali ne daga jirgin mai haɗin gwiwa kuma ainihin reza ce madaidaiciya tare da gemunsa kewaye da hannun katako. {{Sfn|Waits|2013}} Masu gadin reza na farko suna da hakora masu kama da tsefe kuma ana iya haɗa su kawai a gefe ɗaya na reza; wani mai gadi mai juyi yana ɗaya daga cikin gyare-gyaren farko da aka yi don gadin reza. {{Sfn|Waits|2014}} An samo bayanin farko na reza mai aminci mai kama da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a yau akan aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka na William Samuel Henson na 1847 don gadin haƙori. Ana iya haɗa wannan gadin zuwa madaidaicin reza ko kuma zuwa reza "yanke ruwa wanda ke kusa da kusurwoyi daidai tare da abin hannu, kuma yayi kama da wani nau'i na farat gama gari." {{Sfn|Waits|2013}} Around 1875 wani sabon zane tare da ƙarami ruwa sanya a saman wani rike aka sayar da Kampfe Brothers a matsayin "mafi kyawun samuwa Hanyar aski a kasuwa wanda ba zai yanke mai amfani, kamar madaidaiciya karfe reza." === Reza masu cire ruwa === [[File:Parker-76R_Safety_Razor.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px| Reza da ruwan wukake na zamani mai kaifi biyu]] Kalmar aminci reza an fara amfani da ita ne a cikin 1880 {{Sfn|Waits|2014}} kuma ta kwatanta reza ta asali tare da abin da aka makala a kai inda za'a iya sanya ruwan wukake mai cirewa. Sannan an kare gefen ta hanyar tsefe -tsafe a kai don kare fata. A cikin mafi zamani samar da aminci reza, yanzu an fi maye gurbin tsefe da sandar tsaro. Akwai nau'ikan reza masu aminci iri biyu, mai kaifi ɗaya da mai kaifi biyu. Reza mai kaifi ɗaya da gaske shine {{Convert|4|cm}} dogon yanki na madaidaicin reza. Gilashin aminci mai kaifi biyu shine reza tare da sanduna mara nauyi wanda za'a iya amfani dashi a bangarorin biyu, tare da buɗaɗɗen gefuna biyu. Wurin da ke kan reza aminci mai kaifi biyu yana ɗan lanƙwasa don ba da izinin aske mai santsi da tsafta. A cikin 1901, mai ƙirƙira Ba'amurke King Camp Gillette, tare da taimakon William Nickerson, ya ƙaddamar da takardar shaidar sabon saɓani na reza mai aminci tare da ruwan wukake da za a iya zubarwa wanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin 1904. Dalili ɗaya shine cewa aske da aska mai aminci yakamata ya kasance mafi aminci kuma ya fi dacewa fiye da aski tare da reza madaidaiciya madaidaiciya mai kaifi. Za'a iya sake amfani da kauri na waɗannan reza masu aminci. Gillette ta gane cewa za a iya samun riba ta hanyar siyar da reza mara tsada tare da wukake. Wannan an kira shi samfurin kasuwanci na reza da ruwan wukake, kuma ya zama al'ada na yau da kullum don samfurori iri-iri. Yawancin wasu nau'ikan reza masu aminci sun zo sun tafi. Yawancin gasar ta dogara ne akan zayyana ruwan wukake wanda zai dace da salon reza guda ɗaya kawai har sai an daidaita siffar ruwan wuka ta hanyar shigar da tashar tsakiya mai fuskoki daban-daban zuwa ruwan wukake wanda zai ɗauki nau'ikan ƙira iri-iri na tsare-tsare na shinge; misali fil uku, siririyar karfen karfe, da sauransu. Ko da a yau, waɗannan nau'ikan amintattun nau'ikan har yanzu suna dagewa a cikin nau'ikan su a cikin DE reza, duk suna karɓar ƙirar ƙirar duniya iri ɗaya. === Rezan harsashi === [[File:Mach-3-Razor.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px| Reza aminci na zamani tare da harsashi mai canzawa]] Yin amfani da tsarin kasuwanci iri ɗaya da reza da ruwan wukake kamar yadda aka yi majagaba a farkon ƙarni na 20, an ƙera reza harsashi a shekarun 1960 kuma yanzu shine nau'in aske da aka fi sani a ƙasashen da suka ci gaba. Ko da yake an tsara shi don samun ƙarin ergonomic siffa a duka hannu da kai (ciki har da kan daɗaɗɗen kai wanda ke kiyaye ruwan wukake zuwa fata a kusurwar da aka riga aka ƙaddara ta hanyar motsin shaving) ra'ayin yana kama da na reza baki biyu. . Koyaya, a nan an cire duka babban taron shugaban (wanda aka sani da harsashi) kuma ana zubar dashi, ba kawai ruwan wukake ba. Har ila yau, ya zama ruwan dare ga waɗannan kawuna na harsashi suna da ɓangarorin reza da yawa a cikin su, yawanci tsakanin ruwan wukake biyu zuwa biyar. === Reza masu aminci da za a iya zubarwa === [[File:Disposable_Razor.JPG|thumb| Reza na asali da za a iya zubarwa.]] Reza masu aminci da ake zubarwa suna da kamanni sosai a ƙira da reza harsashi, waɗanda aka gina daga kayan marasa tsada (wanda aka ƙera polycarbonate na yau da kullun){{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}}, duk da haka ana nufin su zama abin zubarwa gaba ɗaya bayan amfani ba tare da ƙwanƙwasa ko maye mai yiwuwa ba. An ƙirƙira na'ura ɗaya a cikin 1963 ta Ba'amurke ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai ƙirƙira Paul Winchell . === Tsawon rayuwa === Za a iya tsawaita rayuwar reza ta hanyar bushewar ruwan wukake bayan amfani. == Reza mai amfani da Wutar lantarki ==   [[File:Oscillating_electric_razor.jpg|thumb| Askin lantarki irin na foil]] Reza na lantarki (wanda kuma aka sani da busasshen aski) yana da [[wuƙa]] mai juyawa ko motsi. Reza na lantarki yawanci baya buƙatar amfani da kirim, sabulu, ko ruwa. Ana iya yin amfani da reza ta ƙaramin motar DC, wanda ko dai ana amfani da shi ta batura ko wutar lantarki . Yawancin na zamani ana amfani da su ta amfani da batura masu caji . A madadin, za a iya amfani da oscillator-mechanical oscillator wanda na'urar solenoid mai kuzarin AC ke motsawa. Wasu injinan aski na farko ba su da injin lantarki kuma dole ne a yi amfani da su da hannu, misali ta hanyar jan igiya don tuƙi. John F. O'Rourke ya kirkiro reza na farko na lantarki a shekara ta 1898. An fara samar da injunan reza na lantarki a cikin 1937 ta kamfanin Amurka Remington Rand bisa haƙƙin mallaka na Jacob Schick daga 1928. Tun 1939 kamfanin Philips na Holland ya kera injin reza na lantarki. Daya daga cikin manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin reza na lantarki shine fasahar aske da suke amfani da ita. Galibi injunan aski na lantarki suna amfani da wukake mai jujjuyawa da yawa ko kuma fasahar askewa a kwance. == Sauran reza == [[File:BeardClipSqueeze.jpg|thumb| Yanke gemu da hannu]] Masu kauri, masu kauri, reza mai kaifi ɗaya kamar wuƙaƙen kayan aiki ana amfani da su don ayyuka daban-daban na hannu. Aikace-aikace sun haɗa da cikakken aikin kafinta kamar yashi da gogewa (a cikin ƙwararriyar mariƙi), yankan takarda don zanen fasaha, aikin famfo da gamawa kamar grouting da tsaftacewa, da cire fenti daga filaye masu lebur kamar gilashin gilashi. Ba kamar aske reza ba, nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan masana'antu da ake amfani da su a cikin waɗannan kayan aikin galibi ana yin su ne daga ƙarfe mara ƙarfe kamar ƙarfe na carbon, kuma suna da ƙaƙƙarfan baki kuma mara nauyi. Gurguwa reza ce da ake amfani da ita wajen samar da [[Gurasa|biredi]] don yanke saman biredi da ba a toya ba. == Duba kuma == * Gyaran gashi * Ciwon kai * Razor ruwa karfe == Manazarta == === ambato === {{Reflist}} [[Category:Aski]] [[Category:Abun cire gashi.]] [[Category:Reza.]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kuv9zxp28e26yy98cfnnu0c1vsmbciq 0 33064 821925 659257 2026-04-17T16:31:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 821925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Loza irsh gerb.png|thumb|Loza Aberas club]] '''Loza Abera Geinore''' ( Amharic :loza Abera) ta kasance 'yar wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon]] ƙafa ce ta [[Itofiya|Habasha]] wacce a halin yanzu tana taka leda a Bankin Nigd na [[Gasar Firimiya ta Mata ta Habasha|gasar firimiya ta mata ta]] Habasha da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Habasha a matsayin 'yar gaba. == Rayuwar farko == 'Yar wasan mata daya tilo a garinsu na Durame, Abera ta fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa tun tana da shekaru shida. A shekara ta 2011, ta halarci wasannin All Ethiopia da ke wakiltar jihar SNNP, gasar da ta ci ƙwallaye bakwai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethiosports.com/2015/10/31/loza-abera-the-promising-goal-prodigy/|title=Loza Abera, the promising goal prodigy|last=Samuel|first=Rahel|date=October 31, 2019|work=Ethiosports}}<nowiki></ref> == Aikin kulob == === Habasha === Abera ta shiga ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar ta ta farko, Hawassa City SC Women, a cikin 2012. Ta shafe shekaru biyu a kulob din, ta taimaka wa kulob din zuwa matsayi na biyu a matsayi na 3 a gasar yayin da ya kasance dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallo a raga a kakar wasanni biyu. Bayan gayyata daga kociyan kungiyar Asrat Abate na wancan lokacin, Abera ya koma kungiyar Mata ta Dedebit (yanzu ta fice daga gasar). Ta shafe shekaru hudu a Dedebit FC, inda ta lashe gasar lig da kuma mafi yawan kwallaye a cikin shekaru hudu. Ta kare kakar [[Gasar Firimiya ta Mata ta Habasha|EWPL]] ta 2015-16 da kwallaye 47 a kakar wasa da kwallaye 10 a gasar fidda gwani. Duk da tayin da ta samu daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, ta yi wa kanta alkawarin kammala karatun sakandare. Ta yi, kuma ta wuce makarantar kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Addis-Abeba yayin da ta sanya hannu kan kwangila daga yankin. Abera ta rattaba hannu tare da matan Adama City tsakiyar tsakiyar lokacin 2018-19 [[Gasar Firimiya ta Mata ta Habasha|EWPL]] bayan ɗan gajeren zamanta a [[Sweden]] tare da Kungsbaka DFF. A ci gaba da samun nasararta a kasarta, ta taimakawa Adama City lashe gasar EWPL ta farko. Bayan ta shafe shekaru shida tana wasa a gasar EWPL, Abera ta zura ƙwallaye sama da 200 kuma ta riƙe tarihin mafi yawan ƙwallaye a tarihin gasar. A watan Nuwamba 2020, ta rattaba hannu a bankin Nigd na gasar Premier ta mata ta Habasha. === Waje === Abera ta yi gwaji tare da Antalyaspor (Turkiyya) da Kungsbaka DFF (Sweden). A lokacin zamanta a Kungsbaka, ta taimaka wa kungiyar ta lashe kambun yanki da kuma samun daukaka zuwa mataki na gaba. Sai dai zamanta da kulob din ya kare bayan kakar wasa ta bana saboda dalilai na kudi. <ref name=":1" /> A cikin Satumba 2019, ta rattaba hannu kan Birkirkara FC (mata) Mata na Gasar Premier Mata na [[Malta]]. Ta kammala kakar wasanta na farko a matsayin wadda ta fi zura kwallaye a gasar lig ta Malta da kwallaye 30 a wasanni 12 da ta buga. == Kyauta == An saka Abera a cikin jerin sunayen mata 100 na BBC da aka sanar a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 2020. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] nkphlipwwgnrjbv1eqf18m2m19okhqu 821926 821925 2026-04-17T16:32:04Z Pharouqenr 25549 821926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Loza irsh gerb.png|thumb|Loza Aberas club]] '''Loza Abera Geinore''' ( Amharic :loza Abera) ta kasance 'yar wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon]] ƙafa ce ta [[Itofiya|Habasha]] wacce a halin yanzu tana taka leda a Bankin Nigd na [[Gasar Firimiya ta Mata ta Habasha|gasar firimiya ta mata ta]] [[Itofiya|Habasha]] da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Habasha a matsayin 'yar gaba. == Rayuwar farko == 'Yar wasan mata daya tilo a garinsu na Durame, Abera ta fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa tun tana da shekaru shida. A shekara ta 2011, ta halarci wasannin All Ethiopia da ke wakiltar jihar SNNP, gasar da ta ci ƙwallaye bakwai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethiosports.com/2015/10/31/loza-abera-the-promising-goal-prodigy/|title=Loza Abera, the promising goal prodigy|last=Samuel|first=Rahel|date=October 31, 2019|work=Ethiosports}}<nowiki></ref> == Aikin kulob == === Habasha === Abera ta shiga ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar ta ta farko, Hawassa City SC Women, a cikin 2012. Ta shafe shekaru biyu a kulob din, ta taimaka wa kulob din zuwa matsayi na biyu a matsayi na 3 a gasar yayin da ya kasance dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallo a raga a kakar wasanni biyu. Bayan gayyata daga kociyan kungiyar Asrat Abate na wancan lokacin, Abera ya koma kungiyar Mata ta Dedebit (yanzu ta fice daga gasar). Ta shafe shekaru hudu a Dedebit FC, inda ta lashe gasar lig da kuma mafi yawan kwallaye a cikin shekaru hudu. Ta kare kakar [[Gasar Firimiya ta Mata ta Habasha|EWPL]] ta 2015-16 da kwallaye 47 a kakar wasa da kwallaye 10 a gasar fidda gwani. Duk da tayin da ta samu daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, ta yi wa kanta alkawarin kammala karatun sakandare. Ta yi, kuma ta wuce makarantar kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Addis-Abeba yayin da ta sanya hannu kan kwangila daga yankin. Abera ta rattaba hannu tare da matan Adama City tsakiyar tsakiyar lokacin 2018-19 [[Gasar Firimiya ta Mata ta Habasha|EWPL]] bayan ɗan gajeren zamanta a [[Sweden]] tare da Kungsbaka DFF. A ci gaba da samun nasararta a kasarta, ta taimakawa Adama City lashe gasar EWPL ta farko. Bayan ta shafe shekaru shida tana wasa a gasar EWPL, Abera ta zura ƙwallaye sama da 200 kuma ta riƙe tarihin mafi yawan ƙwallaye a tarihin gasar. A watan Nuwamba 2020, ta rattaba hannu a bankin Nigd na gasar Premier ta mata ta Habasha. === Waje === Abera ta yi gwaji tare da Antalyaspor (Turkiyya) da Kungsbaka DFF (Sweden). A lokacin zamanta a Kungsbaka, ta taimaka wa kungiyar ta lashe kambun yanki da kuma samun daukaka zuwa mataki na gaba. Sai dai zamanta da kulob din ya kare bayan kakar wasa ta bana saboda dalilai na kudi. <ref name=":1" /> A cikin Satumba 2019, ta rattaba hannu kan Birkirkara FC (mata) Mata na Gasar Premier Mata na [[Malta]]. Ta kammala kakar wasanta na farko a matsayin wadda ta fi zura kwallaye a gasar lig ta Malta da kwallaye 30 a wasanni 12 da ta buga. == Kyauta == An saka Abera a cikin jerin sunayen mata 100 na BBC da aka sanar a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 2020. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] ltaoacbhg5mi3ne1oylgerdusgxiq11 821927 821926 2026-04-17T16:32:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 821927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Loza irsh gerb.png|thumb|Loza Aberas club]] '''Loza Abera Geinore''' ( Amharic :loza Abera) ta kasance 'yar wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon]] ƙafa ce ta [[Itofiya|Habasha]] wacce a halin yanzu tana taka leda a Bankin Nigd na [[Gasar Firimiya ta Mata ta Habasha|gasar firimiya ta mata ta]] [[Itofiya|Habasha]] da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Habasha a matsayin 'yar gaba. == Rayuwar farko == 'Yar wasan mata daya tilo a garinsu na Durame, Abera ta fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa tun tana da shekaru shida. A shekara ta 2011, ta halarci wasannin All Ethiopia da ke wakiltar jihar SNNP, gasar da ta ci ƙwallaye bakwai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethiosports.com/2015/10/31/loza-abera-the-promising-goal-prodigy/|title=Loza Abera, the promising goal prodigy|last=Samuel|first=Rahel|date=October 31, 2019|work=Ethiosports}}<nowiki></ref> == Aikin kulob == === Habasha === Abera ta shiga ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar ta ta farko, Hawassa City SC Women, a cikin 2012. Ta shafe shekaru biyu a kulob din, ta taimaka wa kulob din zuwa matsayi na biyu a matsayi na 3 a gasar yayin da ya kasance dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallo a raga a kakar wasanni biyu. Bayan gayyata daga kociyan kungiyar Asrat Abate na wancan lokacin, Abera ya koma kungiyar Mata ta Dedebit (yanzu ta fice daga gasar). Ta shafe shekaru hudu a Dedebit FC, inda ta lashe gasar lig da kuma mafi yawan kwallaye a cikin shekaru hudu. Ta kare kakar [[Gasar Firimiya ta Mata ta Habasha|EWPL]] ta 2015-16 da kwallaye 47 a kakar wasa da kwallaye 10 a gasar fidda gwani. Duk da tayin da ta samu daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, ta yi wa kanta alkawarin kammala karatun sakandare. Ta yi, kuma ta wuce makarantar kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Addis-Abeba yayin da ta sanya hannu kan kwangila daga yankin. Abera ta rattaba hannu tare da matan Adama City tsakiyar tsakiyar lokacin 2018-19 [[Gasar Firimiya ta Mata ta Habasha|EWPL]] bayan ɗan gajeren zamanta a [[Sweden]] tare da Kungsbaka DFF. A ci gaba da samun nasararta a kasarta, ta taimakawa Adama City lashe gasar EWPL ta farko. Bayan ta shafe shekaru shida tana wasa a gasar EWPL, Abera ta zura ƙwallaye sama da 200 kuma ta riƙe tarihin mafi yawan ƙwallaye a tarihin gasar. A watan Nuwamba 2020, ta rattaba hannu a bankin Nigd na gasar Premier ta mata ta Habasha. === Waje === Abera ta yi gwaji tare da Antalyaspor (Turkiyya) da Kungsbaka DFF (Sweden). A lokacin zamanta a Kungsbaka, ta taimaka wa kungiyar ta lashe kambun yanki da kuma samun daukaka zuwa mataki na gaba. Sai dai zamanta da kulob din ya kare bayan kakar wasa ta bana saboda dalilai na kudi.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin Satumba 2019, ta rattaba hannu kan Birkirkara FC (mata) Mata na Gasar Premier Mata na [[Malta]]. Ta kammala kakar wasanta na farko a matsayin wadda ta fi zura kwallaye a gasar lig ta Malta da kwallaye 30 a wasanni 12 da ta buga. == Kyauta == An saka Abera a cikin jerin sunayen mata 100 na BBC da aka sanar a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 2020. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] p29syyr56q2ler6t7oyp4jtvv1jy8rs 821928 821927 2026-04-17T16:33:03Z Pharouqenr 25549 821928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Loza irsh gerb.png|thumb|Loza Aberas club]] '''Loza Abera Geinore''' ( Amharic :loza Abera) ta kasance 'yar wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon]] ƙafa ce ta [[Itofiya|Habasha]] wacce a halin yanzu tana taka leda a Bankin Nigd na [[Gasar Firimiya ta Mata ta Habasha|gasar firimiya ta mata ta]] [[Itofiya|Habasha]] da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta [[Itofiya|Habasha]] a matsayin 'yar gaba. == Rayuwar farko == 'Yar wasan mata daya tilo a garinsu na Durame, Abera ta fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa tun tana da shekaru shida. A shekara ta 2011, ta halarci wasannin All Ethiopia da ke wakiltar jihar SNNP, gasar da ta ci ƙwallaye bakwai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethiosports.com/2015/10/31/loza-abera-the-promising-goal-prodigy/|title=Loza Abera, the promising goal prodigy|last=Samuel|first=Rahel|date=October 31, 2019|work=Ethiosports}}<nowiki></ref> == Aikin kulob == === Habasha === Abera ta shiga ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar ta ta farko, Hawassa City SC Women, a cikin 2012. Ta shafe shekaru biyu a kulob din, ta taimaka wa kulob din zuwa matsayi na biyu a matsayi na 3 a gasar yayin da ya kasance dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallo a raga a kakar wasanni biyu. Bayan gayyata daga kociyan kungiyar Asrat Abate na wancan lokacin, Abera ya koma kungiyar Mata ta Dedebit (yanzu ta fice daga gasar). Ta shafe shekaru hudu a Dedebit FC, inda ta lashe gasar lig da kuma mafi yawan kwallaye a cikin shekaru hudu. Ta kare kakar [[Gasar Firimiya ta Mata ta Habasha|EWPL]] ta 2015-16 da kwallaye 47 a kakar wasa da kwallaye 10 a gasar fidda gwani. Duk da tayin da ta samu daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, ta yi wa kanta alkawarin kammala karatun sakandare. Ta yi, kuma ta wuce makarantar kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Addis-Abeba yayin da ta sanya hannu kan kwangila daga yankin. Abera ta rattaba hannu tare da matan Adama City tsakiyar tsakiyar lokacin 2018-19 [[Gasar Firimiya ta Mata ta Habasha|EWPL]] bayan ɗan gajeren zamanta a [[Sweden]] tare da Kungsbaka DFF. A ci gaba da samun nasararta a kasarta, ta taimakawa Adama City lashe gasar EWPL ta farko. Bayan ta shafe shekaru shida tana wasa a gasar EWPL, Abera ta zura ƙwallaye sama da 200 kuma ta riƙe tarihin mafi yawan ƙwallaye a tarihin gasar. A watan Nuwamba 2020, ta rattaba hannu a bankin Nigd na gasar Premier ta mata ta Habasha. === Waje === Abera ta yi gwaji tare da Antalyaspor (Turkiyya) da Kungsbaka DFF (Sweden). A lokacin zamanta a Kungsbaka, ta taimaka wa kungiyar ta lashe kambun yanki da kuma samun daukaka zuwa mataki na gaba. Sai dai zamanta da kulob din ya kare bayan kakar wasa ta bana saboda dalilai na kudi.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin Satumba 2019, ta rattaba hannu kan Birkirkara FC (mata) Mata na Gasar Premier Mata na [[Malta]]. Ta kammala kakar wasanta na farko a matsayin wadda ta fi zura kwallaye a gasar lig ta Malta da kwallaye 30 a wasanni 12 da ta buga. == Kyauta == An saka Abera a cikin jerin sunayen mata 100 na BBC da aka sanar a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 2020. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] qhwatoiz5x1cd61muj8pcco7biupca6 821929 821928 2026-04-17T16:33:22Z Pharouqenr 25549 821929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Loza irsh gerb.png|thumb|Loza Aberas club]] '''Loza Abera Geinore''' ( Amharic :loza Abera) ta kasance 'yar wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon]] ƙafa ce ta [[Itofiya|Habasha]] wacce a halin yanzu tana taka leda a Bankin Nigd na [[Gasar Firimiya ta Mata ta Habasha|gasar firimiya ta mata ta]] [[Itofiya|Habasha]] da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta [[Itofiya|Habasha]] a matsayin 'yar gaba. == Rayuwar farko == 'Yar wasan mata daya tilo a garinsu na Durame, Abera ta fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa tun tana da shekaru shida. A shekara ta 2011, ta halarci wasannin All Ethiopia da ke wakiltar jihar SNNP, gasar da ta ci ƙwallaye bakwai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethiosports.com/2015/10/31/loza-abera-the-promising-goal-prodigy/|title=Loza Abera, the promising goal prodigy|last=Samuel|first=Rahel|date=October 31, 2019|work=Ethiosports}}<nowiki></ref> == Aikin kulob == === Habasha === Abera ta shiga ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar ta ta farko, Hawassa City SC Women, a cikin 2012. Ta shafe shekaru biyu a kulob din, ta taimaka wa kulob din zuwa matsayi na biyu a matsayi na 3 a gasar yayin da ya kasance dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallo a raga a kakar wasanni biyu. Bayan gayyata daga kociyan kungiyar Asrat Abate na wancan lokacin, Abera ya koma kungiyar Mata ta Dedebit (yanzu ta fice daga gasar). Ta shafe shekaru hudu a Dedebit FC, inda ta lashe gasar lig da kuma mafi yawan kwallaye a cikin shekaru hudu. Ta kare kakar [[Gasar Firimiya ta Mata ta Habasha|EWPL]] ta 2015-16 da kwallaye 47 a kakar wasa da kwallaye 10 a gasar fidda gwani. Duk da tayin da ta samu daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, ta yi wa kanta alkawarin kammala karatun sakandare. Ta yi, kuma ta wuce makarantar kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Addis-Abeba yayin da ta sanya hannu kan kwangila daga yankin. Abera ta rattaba hannu tare da matan Adama City tsakiyar tsakiyar lokacin 2018-19 [[Gasar Firimiya ta Mata ta Habasha|EWPL]] bayan ɗan gajeren zamanta a [[Sweden]] tare da Kungsbaka DFF. A ci gaba da samun nasararta a kasarta, ta taimakawa Adama City lashe gasar EWPL ta farko. Bayan ta shafe shekaru shida tana wasa a gasar EWPL, Abera ta zura ƙwallaye sama da 200 kuma ta riƙe tarihin mafi yawan ƙwallaye a tarihin gasar. A watan Nuwamba 2020, ta rattaba hannu a bankin Nigd na gasar Premier ta mata ta Habasha. === Waje === Abera ta yi gwaji tare da Antalyaspor (Turkiyya) da Kungsbaka DFF (Sweden). A lokacin zamanta a Kungsbaka, ta taimaka wa kungiyar ta lashe kambun yanki da kuma samun daukaka zuwa mataki na gaba. Sai dai zamanta da kulob din ya kare bayan kakar wasa ta bana saboda dalilai na kudi.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin Satumba 2019, ta rattaba hannu kan Birkirkara FC (mata) Mata na Gasar Premier Mata na [[Malta]]. Ta kammala kakar wasanta na farko a matsayin wadda ta fi zura kwallaye a gasar lig ta Malta da kwallaye 30 a wasanni 12 da ta buga. == Kyauta == An saka Abera a cikin jerin sunayen mata 100 na BBC da aka sanar a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 2020. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] ej44vk6t3joferhu3pnpzqrpuapgton 0 34934 821922 571019 2026-04-17T16:30:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 821922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gibril Adamu Mohammed,''' ɗan siyasan [[Ghana]] ne na Jamhuriyar Ghana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Peace FM|title=Ghana Election 2004 Results - Asawase Constituency|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/ashanti/10/index.php|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2022-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805143919/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/ashanti/10/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Elections 2004; Ghana's Parliamentary and Presidential Elections|publisher=Electoral Commission of Ghana; Friedrich Ebert Stiftung|year=2005|isbn=|location=Accra|pages=120}}</ref> Ya kasance dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Asawase na yankin Ashanti na Ghana a majalisa ta 4, a jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ya kasance memba na National Democratic Congress.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Aiki == Mohammed likita ne a sana'a.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Ghana Parliamentary Register, 2004-2008|publisher=The Office of Parliament|year=2004|isbn=|location=Accra|pages=}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa == Mohammed memba a National Democratic Congress ne.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ya zama dan majalisa ne daga watan Janairun 2005 bayan ya zama zakara a zaben gama gari a watan Disambar 2004.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> An zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Asawase a majalisa ta hudu na jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Zabe == An zabi Mohammed a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Asawase na yankin Ashanti na Ghana a karon farko a babban zaben Ghana na shekara ta 2004.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ya yi nasara akan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Mazabarsa wani bangare ne na kujeru uku na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 39 da jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress ta samu a zaben na yankin Ashanti.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-10|title=Statistics of Presidential and Parliamentary Election Results|url=https://www.fact-checkghana.com/statistics-presidential-parliamentary-election-results/|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Fact Check Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref> Jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress ta lashe kujeru 94 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 230.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Peace FM|title=Ghana Election 2004 Results - President|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/president/index.php|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106102817/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/president/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> An zabe shi da kuri'u 33,541 daga cikin 67,485 da aka kada.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Wannan yayi daidai da 49.7% na jimlar ƙuri'un da aka jefa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> An zabe shi a kan Thomas Atigah na People's National Convention, Patricia Appiagyei na New Patriotic Party, Hassan B. A. Abu-Bong na jam'iyyar Convention People's Party, Adam Diyawu Rahaman na Democratic People's Party da Abdul Majeed Alhassan dan takara mai zaman kansa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Wadannan sun samu kuri'u 1,598, 29,067, 570, 204 da 2,505 bi da bi na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Waɗannan sun yi daidai da 2.4%, 43.1%, 0.8%, 0.3% da 3.7% na jimlar ƙuri'un da aka jefa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Mohammed musulmi ne.<ref name=":2" /> == Rasuwa == Mohammed ya rasu ne jim kadan bayan ya lashe kujerar majalisar wakilai a mazabar Asawase a ranar 15 ga Fabrairun 2005.<ref name=":2" /> == Manazarta == 4nnw27g4pftid2swcdg7e2nwpbvf5fx 821923 821922 2026-04-17T16:31:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 821923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gibril Adamu Mohammed,''' ɗan siyasan [[Ghana]] ne na Jamhuriyar [[Ghana]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Peace FM|title=Ghana Election 2004 Results - Asawase Constituency|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/ashanti/10/index.php|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2022-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805143919/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/ashanti/10/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Elections 2004; Ghana's Parliamentary and Presidential Elections|publisher=Electoral Commission of Ghana; Friedrich Ebert Stiftung|year=2005|isbn=|location=Accra|pages=120}}</ref> Ya kasance dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Asawase na yankin Ashanti na Ghana a majalisa ta 4, a jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ya kasance memba na National Democratic Congress.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Aiki == Mohammed likita ne a sana'a.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Ghana Parliamentary Register, 2004-2008|publisher=The Office of Parliament|year=2004|isbn=|location=Accra|pages=}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa == Mohammed memba a National Democratic Congress ne.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ya zama dan majalisa ne daga watan Janairun 2005 bayan ya zama zakara a zaben gama gari a watan Disambar 2004.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> An zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Asawase a majalisa ta hudu na jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Zabe == An zabi Mohammed a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Asawase na yankin Ashanti na Ghana a karon farko a babban zaben Ghana na shekara ta 2004.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ya yi nasara akan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Mazabarsa wani bangare ne na kujeru uku na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 39 da jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress ta samu a zaben na yankin Ashanti.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-10|title=Statistics of Presidential and Parliamentary Election Results|url=https://www.fact-checkghana.com/statistics-presidential-parliamentary-election-results/|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Fact Check Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref> Jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress ta lashe kujeru 94 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 230.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Peace FM|title=Ghana Election 2004 Results - President|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/president/index.php|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106102817/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/president/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> An zabe shi da kuri'u 33,541 daga cikin 67,485 da aka kada.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Wannan yayi daidai da 49.7% na jimlar ƙuri'un da aka jefa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> An zabe shi a kan Thomas Atigah na People's National Convention, Patricia Appiagyei na New Patriotic Party, Hassan B. A. Abu-Bong na jam'iyyar Convention People's Party, Adam Diyawu Rahaman na Democratic People's Party da Abdul Majeed Alhassan dan takara mai zaman kansa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Wadannan sun samu kuri'u 1,598, 29,067, 570, 204 da 2,505 bi da bi na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Waɗannan sun yi daidai da 2.4%, 43.1%, 0.8%, 0.3% da 3.7% na jimlar ƙuri'un da aka jefa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Mohammed musulmi ne.<ref name=":2" /> == Rasuwa == Mohammed ya rasu ne jim kadan bayan ya lashe kujerar majalisar wakilai a mazabar Asawase a ranar 15 ga Fabrairun 2005.<ref name=":2" /> == Manazarta == iz6tvns6dbfkk2nr51g4stfcy2w6i6v 821924 821923 2026-04-17T16:31:29Z Pharouqenr 25549 821924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gibril Adamu Mohammed,''' ɗan siyasan [[Ghana]] ne na Jamhuriyar [[Ghana]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Peace FM|title=Ghana Election 2004 Results - Asawase Constituency|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/ashanti/10/index.php|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2022-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805143919/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/ashanti/10/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Elections 2004; Ghana's Parliamentary and Presidential Elections|publisher=Electoral Commission of Ghana; Friedrich Ebert Stiftung|year=2005|isbn=|location=Accra|pages=120}}</ref> Ya kasance dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Asawase na yankin Ashanti na Ghana a majalisa ta 4, a jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ya kasance memba na National Democratic Congress.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Aiki == Mohammed likita ne a sana'a.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Ghana Parliamentary Register, 2004-2008|publisher=The Office of Parliament|year=2004|isbn=|location=Accra|pages=}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa == Mohammed memba a National Democratic Congress ne.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ya zama dan majalisa ne daga watan Janairun 2005 bayan ya zama zakara a zaben gama gari a watan Disambar 2004.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> An zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Asawase a majalisa ta hudu na jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Zabe == An zabi Mohammed a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Asawase na yankin Ashanti na Ghana a karon farko a babban zaben Ghana na shekara ta 2004.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ya yi nasara akan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Mazabarsa wani bangare ne na kujeru uku na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 39 da jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress ta samu a zaben na yankin Ashanti.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-10|title=Statistics of Presidential and Parliamentary Election Results|url=https://www.fact-checkghana.com/statistics-presidential-parliamentary-election-results/|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Fact Check Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref> Jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress ta lashe kujeru 94 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 230.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Peace FM|title=Ghana Election 2004 Results - President|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/president/index.php|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106102817/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/president/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> An zabe shi da kuri'u 33,541 daga cikin 67,485 da aka kada.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Wannan yayi daidai da 49.7% na jimlar ƙuri'un da aka jefa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> An zabe shi a kan Thomas Atigah na People's National Convention, Patricia Appiagyei na New Patriotic Party, Hassan B. A. Abu-Bong na jam'iyyar Convention People's Party, Adam Diyawu Rahaman na Democratic People's Party da Abdul Majeed Alhassan dan takara mai zaman kansa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Wadannan sun samu kuri'u 1,598, 29,067, 570, 204 da 2,505 bi da bi na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Waɗannan sun yi daidai da 2.4%, 43.1%, 0.8%, 0.3% da 3.7% na jimlar ƙuri'un da aka jefa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Mohammed [[musulmi]] ne.<ref name=":2" /> == Rasuwa == Mohammed ya rasu ne jim kadan bayan ya lashe kujerar majalisar wakilai a mazabar Asawase a ranar 15 ga Fabrairun 2005.<ref name=":2" /> == Manazarta == tl12gt44wshuu49o8k06j3okki030jv 0 41360 821992 728471 2026-04-17T18:35:54Z M Bash Ne 12403 /* Haɗin waje */ 821992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   Keystone Bank Limited, Bankin kasuwanci ne a Najeriya. Bankin yana daya daga cikin bankunan kasuwanci na [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] ya ba da lasisi, mai kula da banki na kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Central Bank of Nigeria {{!}} Commercial Banks |url=http://www.cenbank.org/Supervision/Inst-DM.asp |access-date=2017-08-29 |website=Cenbank.org |language=en}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Bankin Keystone yana ba da sabis na banki ga manyan kamfanoni, cibiyoyin jama'a, kanana zuwa matsakaitan masana'antu (SMEs) da daidaikun mutane.  Bankin babban mai ba da sabis na kudi ne a Najeriya.  Ya zuwa watan Disambar 2012[sabunta], jimillar kadarorin bankin sun kai dalar Amurka biliyan 1.916 (NGN: biliyan 307.5), tare da daidaiton masu hannun jarin da ya kai kimanin dalar Amurka miliyan 213.3 (NGN:34.23 biliyan).. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Audited December 2012 Financial Statement |url=http://www.keystonebankng.com/2012AnnualReport/4.%20FINANCIALS%20pages%2051%20to%2073.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407031227/http://www.keystonebankng.com/2012AnnualReport/4.%20FINANCIALS%20pages%2051%20to%2073.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=15 October 2017 |website=Keystonebankng.com}}</ref> == Tarihi == A ranar Jumma'a 5 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2011, [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] (CBN) ya ba da lasisin banki na kasuwanci. A wannan rana, CBN ta soke lasisin banki na [[Bank PHB|Bankin PHB]]. Bankin Keystone ya ɗauki kadarorin da wasu alhakin Bankin PHB wanda yanzu ya ɓace. A ranar 22 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, Kamfanin Gudanar da Kasuwanci na Najeriya ya ba da sanarwar cewa an sayar da bankin Keystone ga masu saka hannun jari na naira biliyan 25 ($ 81.5 miliyan). An sayar da shi ga ƙungiyar Sigma Golf-Riverbank . A ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 2025, Kotun Laifuka ta Musamman ta Jihar Legas ta ba da umarnin kwace raka'a biliyan 6.3 na hannun jari na yau da kullun a Bankin Keystone Limited ga Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya. Hukuncin ya biyo bayan ikirarin da Sigma Golf Nigeria Limited ta yi a cikin shari'ar zamba biliyan 20 da Hukumar Kula da Laifukan Tattalin Arziki da Kudi (EFCC) ta gabatar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporters |first=Our |date=2025-02-11 |title=Court orders forfeiture of 6.3bn Keystone Bank shares to FG |url=https://punchng.com/court-orders-forfeiture-of-6-3bn-keystone-bank-shares-to-fg/ |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> == Mallaka == The bank was previously owned by the '''Asset Management Corporation of Nigeria''' (AMCON), an arm of the [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Federal Government of Nigeria]]. The bank is currently owned by Sigma Golf River Bank Consortium after being acquired from the Asset Management Corporation of Nigeria (AMCON) in March 2017.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Kungiyar Bankin Keystone == Bankin tare da rassansa na kan teku da na ketare, sun zama Rukunin Bankin Keystone.  Kamfanonin bankin sun hada da kamar haka <ref>{{Cite web |last=James |first=Ikpeme |title=Keystone Bank {{!}} Convenience & Reliability : Information Centre » |url=http://www.keystonebankng.com/informationcentre.php?p=9&mode=content |access-date=2017-08-29 |website=Keystonebankng.com}}</ref> * Bankin Duniya Laberiya - [[Monrovia]], Laberiya * Inshora na Keystone - [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya == Cibiyar sadarwa ta reshe == A cewar shafin yanar gizon, bankin yana kula da cibiyar sadarwa ta ofisoshin kasuwanci sama da 150 da wurare a duk jihohin [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=James |first=Ikpeme |title=Keystone Bank {{!}} Convenience & Reliability : Inside Keystone Bank » |url=http://www.keystonebankng.com/aboutusde.php?p=55&mode=content |access-date=2017-08-29 |website=Keystonebankng.com}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin samfuran da aka bayar ga jama'a sun haɗa da; QuickSave / QuickSave Plus, Asusun Biya, Abokin Hulɗa Plus, Active Dom / Dom Extra, Asusun Growbiz, Asusun Makomar, NIDA da sauransu. == Gudanarwa == Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2024, manajan darektan kuma babban jami'in zartarwa na bankin shine '''Hassan Imam''' Babban darektan Keystone Bank Limited shine [[Nnenna Okoro|Nnenna Anyim Okoro]]. == Kyaututtuka == An ba Bankin Kyautar Bankin Kasuwanci na Shekara a Taron Masana'antu da Ci Gaban Afirka da Kyaututtuka (AIDCA) a cikin 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Keystone Wins Retail Bank of the Year 2024 Award – THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/07/11/keystone-wins-retail-bank-of-the-year-2024-award/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref> Ya sami Bankin Kasuwanci mafi Kyau na Najeriya na shekara, da kuma Mafi Kyawun Mai ba da Sabis na Abokin Ciniki na Afirka bi da bi a 2018 a bikin Kyautar Bankin Duniya. == Dubi kuma == * [[Bank PHB|Bankin PHB]] * [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] * [[Tattalin arzikin Najeriya]] * Bankin Gabas * [[Bankunan Najeriya|Jerin bankunan a Najeriya]] == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * [http://www.keystonebankng.com/ Shafin yanar gizo na Keystone Bank Limited] * [http://www.cenbank.org/ Shafin yanar gizon Babban Bankin Najeriya] * [https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/226699-amcon-names-new-buyers-keystone-bank.html?tztc=1/ AMCON sunayen sabbin masu siye na Bankin Keystone] A ranar 21 ga Maris 2017. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ejee32fg3jq6h91une493v3jykst6wr 0 44186 821950 347760 2026-04-17T16:47:57Z Pharouqenr 25549 821950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Joel Biggie Matiza''' an hife shi a 17 ga watan Augustan 1960 a Murewa, Mashonaland a Iyalin Shona, ta kasance shine da na farko a cikin ahalinsa su shidda maza hudu mata biyu .<ref> Staff (27 January 2021). "Obituary Dr Joel Biggie Matiza". The Herald (Zimbabwe). Archived from the original on 29 January 2021</ref> ==Karatu== Ya shiga makarantar firamare a makarantu da dama, Nyamutumbu da kambarami duka a Murewa, sai kuma Monte Casino Mission daga b1966 zuwa 1972, daga nan ya tafi Murewa High School inda yayi matakin gaba na Sakandare a 1973 zuwa 1975. Ya yi katratu a Nigerian Federal Governnmert College a kano dake Najeriya daga nan ya tafi jami'ar Ahmadu Bello dake Zarriya in ya karanci Bsc.Architecture ilimin gine-gine sannan yayi karatun digirinsa na biyu a bangaren Strategic Management daga JAmi'ar Derby, a A shekara ta 2020 ya samu shaidar digiri na ukku wato Doctarate Digiri a bangaren Business Administration daga Jami'ar Kimiya da fasaha ta Chinhoyi.<ref> Staff (27 January 2021). "Obituary Dr Joel Biggie Matiza". The Herald (Zimbabwe). Archived from the original on 29 January 2021</ref> ==Gwagwarmaya== ==Aiki== BAyan dawowarsa daga NAjeriya don yi karatu, matiza yayi aiki da wani kamfanin gine gine kafin mai'aikatar kula da raya birane ta dauke shi aiki daga bayua, ya kasance yana da rijista da kungoyar kwararrun masana harkokin gini na kasar zimbabwe, Matiza ya smar da kamfaninsa na Studio Arts Inc a shekrar ta 1991 aiyukkan su sun kunshi zanawa kasar zimbabwe ta zamani, kuma su suka gyara ginin ma'aikatar Victoria Falls Airport wanda suka kammaa a 2016. <ref>"Victoria Falls Airport". Studio Arts Inc</ref><ref> "The New Parliament". Studio Arts Inc. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017</ref><ref> "Upgraded airport opens up tourism around Victoria Falls". Future Airport. Global Trade Media. Archived from the original on 26 July 2017</ref> ==Mutuwa== Joel Matiza ya rasu sakamakion cutar annobar Corona a shekara ta 2021, lokacin da cutar ta barke a kasar zimbabwae, yayi jinya a asibitin killacewa kafin ya rasu. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[category:Mutuwan 2021]] 1bfmxrppyoms7wowlydr24c6duip9ie 821951 821950 2026-04-17T16:48:09Z Pharouqenr 25549 821951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Joel Biggie Matiza''' an hife shi a 17 ga watan Augustan 1960 a Murewa, Mashonaland a Iyalin Shona, ta kasance shine ɗa na farko a cikin ahalinsa su shidda maza hudu mata biyu .<ref> Staff (27 January 2021). "Obituary Dr Joel Biggie Matiza". The Herald (Zimbabwe). Archived from the original on 29 January 2021</ref> ==Karatu== Ya shiga makarantar firamare a makarantu da dama, Nyamutumbu da kambarami duka a Murewa, sai kuma Monte Casino Mission daga b1966 zuwa 1972, daga nan ya tafi Murewa High School inda yayi matakin gaba na Sakandare a 1973 zuwa 1975. Ya yi katratu a Nigerian Federal Governnmert College a kano dake Najeriya daga nan ya tafi jami'ar Ahmadu Bello dake Zarriya in ya karanci Bsc.Architecture ilimin gine-gine sannan yayi karatun digirinsa na biyu a bangaren Strategic Management daga JAmi'ar Derby, a A shekara ta 2020 ya samu shaidar digiri na ukku wato Doctarate Digiri a bangaren Business Administration daga Jami'ar Kimiya da fasaha ta Chinhoyi.<ref> Staff (27 January 2021). "Obituary Dr Joel Biggie Matiza". The Herald (Zimbabwe). Archived from the original on 29 January 2021</ref> ==Gwagwarmaya== ==Aiki== BAyan dawowarsa daga NAjeriya don yi karatu, matiza yayi aiki da wani kamfanin gine gine kafin mai'aikatar kula da raya birane ta dauke shi aiki daga bayua, ya kasance yana da rijista da kungoyar kwararrun masana harkokin gini na kasar zimbabwe, Matiza ya smar da kamfaninsa na Studio Arts Inc a shekrar ta 1991 aiyukkan su sun kunshi zanawa kasar zimbabwe ta zamani, kuma su suka gyara ginin ma'aikatar Victoria Falls Airport wanda suka kammaa a 2016. <ref>"Victoria Falls Airport". Studio Arts Inc</ref><ref> "The New Parliament". Studio Arts Inc. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017</ref><ref> "Upgraded airport opens up tourism around Victoria Falls". Future Airport. Global Trade Media. Archived from the original on 26 July 2017</ref> ==Mutuwa== Joel Matiza ya rasu sakamakion cutar annobar Corona a shekara ta 2021, lokacin da cutar ta barke a kasar zimbabwae, yayi jinya a asibitin killacewa kafin ya rasu. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[category:Mutuwan 2021]] ktkifpqrvzrrg4t2ttmxuvjfysh1e62 821952 821951 2026-04-17T16:48:28Z Pharouqenr 25549 821952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Joel Biggie Matiza''' an hife shi a 17 ga watan Augustan 1960 a Murewa, Mashonaland a Iyalin Shona, ta kasance shine ɗa na farko a cikin ahalinsa su shidda maza hudu mata biyu .<ref> Staff (27 January 2021). "Obituary Dr Joel Biggie Matiza". The Herald (Zimbabwe). Archived from the original on 29 January 2021</ref> ==Karatu== Ya shiga makarantar firamare a makarantu da dama, Nyamutumbu da kambarami duka a Murewa, sai kuma Monte Casino Mission daga b1966 zuwa 1972, daga nan ya tafi Murewa High School inda yayi matakin gaba na Sakandare a 1973 zuwa 1975. Ya yi katratu a Nigerian Federal Governnmert College a kano dake Najeriya daga nan ya tafi jami'ar Ahmadu Bello dake Zarriya in ya karanci Bsc.Architecture ilimin gine-gine sannan yayi karatun digirinsa na biyu a bangaren Strategic Management daga JAmi'ar Derby, a A shekara ta 2020 ya samu shaidar digiri na ukku wato Doctarate Digiri a bangaren Business Administration daga Jami'ar Kimiya da fasaha ta Chinhoyi.<ref> Staff (27 January 2021). "Obituary Dr Joel Biggie Matiza". The Herald (Zimbabwe). Archived from the original on 29 January 2021</ref> ==Gwagwarmaya== ==Aiki== BAyan dawowarsa daga NAjeriya don yi karatu, matiza yayi aiki da wani kamfanin gine gine kafin mai'aikatar kula da raya birane ta dauke shi aiki daga bayua, ya kasance yana da rijista da kungoyar kwararrun masana harkokin gini na kasar zimbabwe, Matiza ya smar da kamfaninsa na Studio Arts Inc a shekrar ta 1991 aiyukkan su sun kunshi zanawa kasar zimbabwe ta zamani, kuma su suka gyara ginin ma'aikatar Victoria Falls Airport wanda suka kammaa a 2016. <ref>"Victoria Falls Airport". Studio Arts Inc</ref><ref> "The New Parliament". Studio Arts Inc. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017</ref><ref> "Upgraded airport opens up tourism around Victoria Falls". Future Airport. Global Trade Media. Archived from the original on 26 July 2017</ref> ==Mutuwa== Joel Matiza ya rasu sakamakion cutar annobar Corona a shekara ta 2021, lokacin da cutar ta barke a kasar zimbabwae, yayi jinya a asibitin killacewa kafin ya rasu. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[category:Mutuwan 2021]] 2bsun4xhya2re65e6h9htu0vy8g8rox 821953 821952 2026-04-17T16:48:43Z Pharouqenr 25549 821953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Joel Biggie Matiza''' an hife shi a 17 ga watan Augustan 1960 a Murewa, Mashonaland a Iyalin Shona, ta kasance shine ɗa na farko a cikin ahalinsa su shidda maza hudu mata biyu .<ref> Staff (27 January 2021). "Obituary Dr Joel Biggie Matiza". The Herald (Zimbabwe). Archived from the original on 29 January 2021</ref> ==Karatu== Ya shiga makarantar firamare a makarantu da dama, Nyamutumbu da kambarami duka a Murewa, sai kuma Monte Casino Mission daga b1966 zuwa 1972, daga nan ya tafi Murewa High School inda yayi matakin gaba na Sakandare a 1973 zuwa 1975. Ya yi katratu a Nigerian Federal Governnmert College a kano dake Najeriya daga nan ya tafi jami'ar Ahmadu Bello dake Zarriya in ya karanci Bsc.Architecture ilimin gine-gine sannan yayi karatun digirinsa na biyu a bangaren Strategic. Management daga JAmi'ar Derby, a A shekara ta 2020 ya samu shaidar digiri na ukku wato Doctarate Digiri a bangaren Business Administration daga Jami'ar Kimiya da fasaha ta Chinhoyi.<ref> Staff (27 January 2021). "Obituary Dr Joel Biggie Matiza". The Herald (Zimbabwe). Archived from the original on 29 January 2021</ref> ==Gwagwarmaya== ==Aiki== BAyan dawowarsa daga NAjeriya don yi karatu, matiza yayi aiki da wani kamfanin gine gine kafin mai'aikatar kula da raya birane ta dauke shi aiki daga bayua, ya kasance yana da rijista da kungoyar kwararrun masana harkokin gini na kasar zimbabwe, Matiza ya smar da kamfaninsa na Studio Arts Inc a shekrar ta 1991 aiyukkan su sun kunshi zanawa kasar zimbabwe ta zamani, kuma su suka gyara ginin ma'aikatar Victoria Falls Airport wanda suka kammaa a 2016. <ref>"Victoria Falls Airport". Studio Arts Inc</ref><ref> "The New Parliament". Studio Arts Inc. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017</ref><ref> "Upgraded airport opens up tourism around Victoria Falls". Future Airport. Global Trade Media. Archived from the original on 26 July 2017</ref> ==Mutuwa== Joel Matiza ya rasu sakamakion cutar annobar Corona a shekara ta 2021, lokacin da cutar ta barke a kasar zimbabwae, yayi jinya a asibitin killacewa kafin ya rasu. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[category:Mutuwan 2021]] 75tqqa8zn4gtfdmktf384r5gew2uv6e 821954 821953 2026-04-17T16:49:01Z Pharouqenr 25549 821954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Joel Biggie Matiza''' an hife shi a 17 ga watan Augustan 1960 a Murewa, Mashonaland a Iyalin Shona, ta kasance shine ɗa na farko a cikin ahalinsa su shidda maza hudu mata biyu .<ref> Staff (27 January 2021). "Obituary Dr Joel Biggie Matiza". The Herald (Zimbabwe). Archived from the original on 29 January 2021</ref> ==Karatu== Ya shiga makarantar firamare a makarantu da dama, Nyamutumbu da kambarami duka a Murewa, sai kuma Monte Casino Mission daga b1966 zuwa 1972, daga nan ya tafi Murewa High School inda yayi matakin gaba na Sakandare a 1973 zuwa 1975. Ya yi katratu a Nigerian Federal Governnmert College a kano dake Najeriya daga nan ya tafi jami'ar Ahmadu Bello dake Zarriya in ya karanci Bsc.Architecture ilimin gine-gine sannan yayi karatun digirinsa na biyu a bangaren Strategic. Management daga JAmi'ar Derby, a A shekara ta 2020 ya samu shaidar digiri na ukku wato Doctarate Digiri a bangaren Business Administration daga Jami'ar Kimiya da fasaha ta Chinhoyi.<ref> Staff (27 January 2021). "Obituary Dr Joel Biggie Matiza". The Herald (Zimbabwe). Archived from the original on 29 January 2021</ref> ==Gwagwarmaya== ==Aiki== BAyan dawowarsa daga NAjeriya don yi karatu, matiza yayi aiki da wani kamfanin gine gine kafin mai'aikatar kula da raya birane ta dauke shi aiki daga bayua, ya kasance yana da rijista da kungoyar kwararrun masana harkokin gini na kasar zimbabwe, Matiza ya smar da kamfaninsa na Studio Arts Inc a shekrar ta 1991 aiyukkan su sun kunshi zanawa kasar zimbabwe ta zamani, kuma su suka gyara ginin ma'aikatar Victoria Falls Airport wanda suka kammaa a 2016. <ref>"Victoria Falls Airport". Studio Arts Inc</ref><ref> "The New Parliament". Studio Arts Inc. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017</ref><ref> "Upgraded airport opens up tourism around Victoria Falls". Future Airport. Global Trade Media. Archived from the original on 26 July 2017</ref> ==Mutuwa== Joel Matiza ya rasu sakamakion cutar annobar Corona a shekara ta 2021, lokacin da cutar ta barke a kasar zimbabwae, yayi jinya a asibitin killacewa kafin ya rasu. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[category:Mutuwan 2021]] ptpft4epwul354h921qyuzq09y295kx 821955 821954 2026-04-17T16:49:39Z Pharouqenr 25549 821955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Joel Biggie Matiza''' an hife shi a 17 ga watan Augustan 1960 a Murewa, Mashonaland a Iyalin Shona, ta kasance shine ɗa na farko a cikin ahalinsa su shidda maza hudu mata biyu.<ref> Staff (27 January 2021). "Obituary Dr Joel Biggie Matiza". The Herald (Zimbabwe). Archived from the original on 29 January 2021</ref> ==Karatu== Ya shiga makarantar firamare a makarantu da dama, Nyamutumbu da kambarami duka a Murewa, sai kuma Monte Casino Mission daga b1966 zuwa 1972, daga nan ya tafi Murewa High School inda yayi matakin gaba na Sakandare a 1973 zuwa 1975. Ya yi katratu a Nigerian Federal Governnmert College a kano dake Najeriya daga nan ya tafi jami'ar Ahmadu Bello dake Zarriya in ya karanci Bsc.Architecture ilimin gine-gine sannan yayi karatun digirinsa na biyu a bangaren Strategic. Management daga JAmi'ar Derby, a A shekara ta 2020 ya samu shaidar digiri na ukku wato Doctarate Digiri a bangaren Business Administration daga Jami'ar Kimiya da fasaha ta Chinhoyi.<ref> Staff (27 January 2021). "Obituary Dr Joel Biggie Matiza". The Herald (Zimbabwe). Archived from the original on 29 January 2021</ref> ==Gwagwarmaya== ==Aiki== BAyan dawowarsa daga NAjeriya don yi karatu, matiza yayi aiki da wani kamfanin gine gine kafin mai'aikatar kula da raya birane ta dauke shi aiki daga bayua, ya kasance yana da rijista da kungoyar kwararrun masana harkokin gini na kasar zimbabwe, Matiza ya smar da kamfaninsa na Studio Arts Inc a shekrar ta 1991 aiyukkan su sun kunshi zanawa kasar zimbabwe ta zamani, kuma su suka gyara ginin ma'aikatar Victoria Falls Airport wanda suka kammaa a 2016. <ref>"Victoria Falls Airport". Studio Arts Inc</ref><ref> "The New Parliament". Studio Arts Inc. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017</ref><ref> "Upgraded airport opens up tourism around Victoria Falls". Future Airport. Global Trade Media. Archived from the original on 26 July 2017</ref> ==Mutuwa== Joel Matiza ya rasu sakamakion cutar annobar Corona a shekara ta 2021, lokacin da cutar ta barke a kasar zimbabwae, yayi jinya a asibitin killacewa kafin ya rasu. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[category:Mutuwan 2021]] spa4mvgkr9ckfcwl1pztrp4nbcp5i4x 821956 821955 2026-04-17T16:50:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 821956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Joel Biggie Matiza''' an hife shi a 17 ga watan Augustan 1960 a Murewa, Mashonaland a Iyalin Shona, ta kasance shine ɗa na farko a cikin ahalinsa su shidda maza hudu mata biyu.<ref> Staff (27 January 2021). "Obituary Dr Joel Biggie Matiza". The Herald (Zimbabwe). Archived from the original on 29 January 2021</ref> ==Karatu== Ya shiga makarantar firamare a makarantu da dama, Nyamutumbu da kambarami duka a Murewa, sai kuma Monte Casino Mission daga b1966 zuwa 1972, daga nan ya tafi Murewa High School inda yayi matakin gaba na Sakandare a 1973 zuwa 1975. Ya yi katratu a Nigerian Federal Governnmert College a kano dake Najeriya daga nan ya tafi jami'ar Ahmadu Bello dake Zarriya in ya karanci Bsc.Architecture ilimin gine-gine sannan yayi karatun digirinsa na biyu a bangaren Strategic. Management daga JAmi'ar Derby, a A shekara ta 2020 ya samu shaidar digiri na ukku wato Doctarate Digiri a bangaren Business Administration daga Jami'ar Kimiya da fasaha ta Chinhoyi.<ref> Staff (27 January 2021). "Obituary Dr Joel Biggie Matiza". The Herald (Zimbabwe). Archived from the original on 29 January 2021</ref> ==Aiki== Bayan dawowarsa daga NAjeriya don yi karatu, matiza yayi aiki da wani kamfanin gine gine kafin mai'aikatar kula da raya birane ta dauke shi aiki daga bayua, ya kasance yana da rijista da kungoyar kwararrun masana harkokin gini na kasar zimbabwe, Matiza ya smar da kamfaninsa na Studio Arts Inc a shekrar ta 1991 aiyukkan su sun kunshi zanawa kasar zimbabwe ta zamani, kuma su suka gyara ginin ma'aikatar Victoria Falls Airport wanda suka kammaa a 2016. <ref>"Victoria Falls Airport". Studio Arts Inc</ref><ref> "The New Parliament". Studio Arts Inc. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017</ref><ref> "Upgraded airport opens up tourism around Victoria Falls". Future Airport. Global Trade Media. Archived from the original on 26 July 2017</ref> ==Mutuwa== Joel Matiza ya rasu sakamakion cutar annobar Corona a shekara ta 2021, lokacin da cutar ta barke a kasar zimbabwae, yayi jinya a asibitin killacewa kafin ya rasu. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[category:Mutuwan 2021]] qbg53rmrnpuw5wv40mesagsxbb4f07e 0 47971 821940 284614 2026-04-17T16:39:57Z Pharouqenr 25549 821940 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adabin Afirka''' [[Adabi|wallafe-wallafen]] ne daga [[Afirka]], ko dai baki ("orature") ko rubuce-rubuce a cikin yarukan Afirka da Afro-Asiatic. Misalai na wallafe-wallafen Afirka na mulkin mallaka za a iya gano su zuwa akalla karni na huɗu AD. Mafi sanannun shine Kebra Negast, ko "Littafin Sarakuna". Wani batu na yau da kullun a lokacin mulkin mallaka shine labarin bawa, sau da yawa ana rubuta shi a Turanci ko Faransanci don masu sauraro na yamma. Daga cikin sassan farko na wallafe-wallafen Afirka da suka sami yabo mai mahimmanci a duniya shine Things Fall Apart, na [[Chinua Achebe]], wanda aka buga a 1958. Littattafan Afirka a ƙarshen zamanin mulkin mallaka suna ƙara nuna jigogi na 'yanci da' yancin kai. Littattafan bayan mulkin mallaka sun zama masu yawa, tare da wasu marubuta da suka koma yarensu. Jigogi na yau da kullun sun haɗa da rikici tsakanin baya da yanzu, al'ada da zamani, kai da al'umma, da kuma siyasa da ci gaba. Gabaɗaya, marubutan mata a yau suna da wakilci sosai a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka fiye da yadda suka kasance kafin samun 'yancin kai. Har ila yau, intanet ta canza yanayin wallafe-wallafen Afirka, wanda ya haifar da hauhawar karatun dijital da dandamali na bugawa kamar OkadaBooks. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Kamar yadda George Joseph ya lura a cikin babi na wallafe-wallafen Afirka a cikin ''Fahimtar Afirka ta zamani'', yayin da ra'ayoyin Turai game da wallafe-walfinai suka jaddada rabuwa da fasaha da abun ciki, wayar da kan jama'a ta Afirka ta haɗa kuma " wallafe- wallafe-finai" na iya nufin amfani da kalmomi na fasaha don kare fasaha kadai. A al'ada, 'yan Afirka ba sa raba fasaha daga koyarwa. Maimakon rubuta ko raira waƙa don kyakkyawa a cikin kanta, marubutan Afirka, suna karɓar alamun su daga wallafe-wallafen baki, suna amfani da kyakkyawa don taimakawa sadarwa da muhimman gaskiya da bayanai ga al'umma. Ana ɗaukar abu mai kyau saboda gaskiyar da yake bayyana da kuma al'ummomin da yake taimakawa wajen ginawa.<ref>Joseph (1996), p. 304.</ref> == Littattafan baki == Littattafan baki (ko orature, kalmar da masanin Uganda Pio Zirimu<ref>George, Joseph, "African Literature", in Gordon and Gordon, ''Understanding Contemporary Africa'' (1996), ch. 14, p. 303.</ref> ya kirkira) na iya kasancewa a cikin layi ko aya. Sau da yawa rubutun yana da tatsuniyoyi ko tarihi kuma sau da yawa ya haɗa da labarun halin trickster. Masu ba da labari a Afirka wani lokacin suna amfani da dabarun kira da amsawa don ba da labarinsu. Waƙoƙi sun bayyana waka mai ba da labari wanda ya dogara da ɗan gajeren labari kuma ana yawan rera shi, ta hanyar: [[Epic Poetry|labari]] mai ban sha'awa, aya ta sana'a, aya ta al'ada, waƙoƙin yabo na sarakuna da sauran fitattun mutane. Yabon mawaƙa, bards wani lokacin da ake kira "griots", suna ba da labarinsu tare da kiɗa.<ref>[http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/ent/A0802673.html "African literature" at info-please.]</ref> Har ila yau ana maimaitawa, sau da yawa ana raira waƙa, waƙoƙin soyayya, waƙoƙi na aiki, waƙomin yara, tare da rubutun kalmomi, [[karin magana]] da [[Kacici-kacici|ma'ana]]. Wadannan al'adun baki sun kasance a cikin harsuna da yawa ciki har da [[Fillanci|Fula]], [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]], [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]], da Wolof.<ref>Gunner, E., and H. Scheub (2018), [https://www.britannica.com/art/African-literature/Oral-traditions-and-the-written-word "African Literature"]. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</ref> A [[Aljeriya]], waƙoƙin baki wani muhimmin bangare ne na al'adun [[Abzinawa|Berber]] lokacin da yawancin jama'a ba su iya karatu ba. Wadannan waƙoƙin, da ake kira ''Isefra'', an yi amfani da su don fannoni na rayuwar addini da ta duniya. Waƙoƙin addini sun haɗa da ibada, labaran annabci, da waƙoƙin girmama tsarkaka. Waƙoƙin duniya na iya kasancewa game da bukukuwan kamar haihuwa da bukukuwannin aure, ko asusun jarumai jarumawa.<ref>Aoudjit, A. (2017). ''Algerian literature : A reader's guide and anthology'' (Francophone cultures and literatures; v. 66). New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing, p. 77.</ref> A matsayin wani misali, a [[Mali]], ana ci gaba da watsa shirye-shiryen baki ko tatsuniyoyi a rediyo a cikin harshen Booma. == Littattafan da suka gabata == Misalan wallafe-wallafen Afirka na mulkin mallaka suna da yawa. A [[Itofiya|Habasha]], akwai manyan wallafe-wallafen da aka rubuta a cikin Ge'ez wanda ya koma akalla zuwa ƙarni na huɗu AD; aikin da aka fi sani da wannan al'adar shine ''Kebra Negast'', ko "Littafin Sarakuna". Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun al'adun gargajiya na Afirka shine labarin "trickster", inda karamin dabba ke amfani da basirarsa don tsira daga haɗuwa da manyan halittu. Misalan masu yaudarar dabbobi sun haɗa da Anansi, gizo-gizo a cikin al'adun mutanen [[Mutanen Ashanti|Ashanti]] na [[Ghana]]; Ijàpá, tururuwa a cikin al-adun [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] na [[Najeriya]]; da Sungura, zomo da aka samo a cikin al al'adun tsakiya da Gabashin Afirka. Sauran ayyukan da aka rubuta suna da yawa, wato a Arewacin Afirka, yankunan [[Sahel]] na yammacin Afirka da kuma bakin tekun Swahili. Daga [[Timbuktu]] kadai, akwai kimanin rubuce-rubuce 300,000 ko fiye da aka ɓoye a cikin ɗakunan karatu daban-daban da tarin masu zaman kansu, galibi an rubuta su a [[Larabci]] amma wasu a cikin harsunan asali (watau [[Fillanci|Fula]] da [[Harsunan Songhay|Songhai]]). An rubuta mutane da yawa a sanannen Jami'ar Timbuktu . Abubuwan sun rufe batutuwa da yawa, gami da ilimin taurari, shayari, doka, tarihi, bangaskiya, siyasa, da falsafar. Littattafan Swahili, kamar haka, sun samo asali ne daga koyarwar Islama amma sun bunkasa a cikin yanayin asali, daya daga cikin shahararrun kuma farkon littattafan Swahili shine ''Utendi wa Tambuka'' ko "Labarin Tambuka". Amma ga Maghreb, 'yan Arewacin Afirka kamar [[Ibn Kaldun|Ibn Khaldun]] sun sami babban bambanci a cikin wallafe-wallafen Larabci. Jami'o'i na Arewacin Afirka na Tsakiya sun yi alfahari da jami'o'in kamar na [[Fas|Fes]] da [[Kairo|Alkahira]], tare da adadi mai yawa na wallafe-wallafen don kara musu. == Littattafan mulkin mallaka na Afirka == Ayyukan Afirka da aka fi sani da su a Yamma daga lokutan mulkin mallaka da cinikin bayi sune ainihin labarun bayi, kamar Olaudah Equiano's The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equano (1789). A lokacin mulkin mallaka, 'yan Afirka da suka fallasa harsunan Yamma sun fara rubutu a cikin waɗannan harsuna. A cikin 1911, Joseph Ephraim Casely Hayford (wanda aka fi sani da Ekra-Agiman) na Gold Coast (yanzu Ghana) ya buga abin da mai yiwuwa shine littafin Afirka na farko da aka rubuta a Turanci, Habasha Unbound: Nazarin Race Emancipation .<ref>Newell, Stephanie, ''Literary Culture in Colonial Ghana: 'How to Play the Game of Life' '', Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2002, p. 135, ch. 7, "Ethical Fiction: J.E. Casely Hayford's ''Ethiopia Unbound''".</ref> Kodayake aikin yana motsawa tsakanin fiction da goyon bayan siyasa, bugawa da sake dubawa mai kyau a cikin manema labarai na Yammacin Turai sun nuna lokacin canji a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka. A wannan lokacin, wasannin Afirka da aka rubuta a Turanci sun fara fitowa. Herbert Isaac Ernest Dhlomo na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ya buga wasan Afirka na farko na harshen Ingilishi, The Girl Who Killed to Save: Nongqawuse the Liberator a [[Adabi A 1935|1935]]. A cikin 1962, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o na [[Kenya]] ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Gabashin Afirka, The ''Black Hermit'', labari mai gargadi game da "kabilanci" ( [[Wariya|nuna bambanci]] tsakanin kabilun Afirka). Daga cikin sassan farko na wallafe-wallafen Afirka da suka sami yabo mai mahimmanci a duniya shine littafin Things Fall Apart, na [[Chinua Achebe]] . An buga shi a shekara ta 1958, a ƙarshen zamanin mulkin mallaka, Things Fall Apart ya bincika tasirin mulkin mallaka a kan al'ummar Afirka ta gargajiya. Littattafan Afirka a ƙarshen mulkin mallaka (tsakanin ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]] da ƴancin kai) sun ƙara nuna jigogi na' yanci, ƴancin 'yancin kansu, da kuma (tsakanirukan' yan Afirka a yankunan francophone) baƙar fata. Ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ƙungiyar negritude, mawaki kuma shugaban [[Senegal]], Léopold Sédar Senghor, ya buga a cikin 1948 tarihin farko na waƙoƙin Faransanci da 'yan Afirka suka rubuta, ''Anthologie'' de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache de langue française (Anthology of the New Black and Malagasy Poetry in the French Language), wanda ke nuna gabatarwar marubucin Faransanci Jean-Paul Sartre. Ga marubutan da yawa wannan girmamawa ba ta ƙuntata ga bugawa ba. Mutane da yawa, hakika, sun sha wahala sosai kuma kai tsaye: an zarge su da jefa alhakinsu na fasaha don shiga cikin yaƙi, an kashe Christopher Okigbo a yaƙin [[Biyafara|Biafra]] da ƙungiyar Najeriya ta [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasa]] na shekarun 1960; An tsare Mongane Wally Serote a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ta'addanci ta Afirka ta Kudu No. 83 na 1967 tsakanin 1969 da 1970, kuma daga baya ba tare da an taɓa yin shari'a ba; Dan kasarsa Arthur Norjeunta ya kashe kansa; Jack Mapanje na [[Malawi]] a kurkuku ba tare da tuhuma ko shari'ar Swarwarwarwar ba; Ken Swarwar da aka dakatar da shi a jami'a; [[Ken Saro-Wiwa|Ken]] Sharwarwarwar; == Littattafan Afirka na bayan mulkin mallaka == Tare da 'yanci da karuwar karatu da rubutu tun lokacin da yawancin ƙasashen Afirka suka sami ƴancin kansu a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960, wallafe-wallafen Afirka sun karu sosai da yawa da kuma karbuwa, tare da ayyukan Afirka da yawa da ke bayyana a cikin tsarin karatun ilimi na Yamma da kuma jerin "mafi kyawun" da aka tattara tun daga ƙarshen karni na 20. Marubutan Afirka a wannan lokacin sun rubuta a cikin yarukan Yamma (musamman [[Turanci]], [[Faransanci]], da [[Harshen Portuguese|Portuguese]]) da kuma cikin yarukan gargajiya na Afirka kamar [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] . Ali A. Mazrui da sauransu sun ambaci rikice-rikice bakwai a matsayin jigogi: rikici tsakanin Afirka da ta gabata da ta yanzu, tsakanin al'ada da zamani, tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar da na waje, tsakanin mutum da al'umma, tsakanin zamantakewa da jari-hujja, tsakanin ci gaba da dogaro da kai da kuma tsakanin Afirka da bil'adama.<ref>[[Ali A. Mazrui|Mazrui, Ali A.]], et al. "The development of modern literature since 1935" as ch. 19 of [[UNESCO]]'s ''[[General History of Africa]]'', vol. VIII, pp. 564f. Collaborating with Ali A. Mazrui on this chapter were [[Mario Pinto de Andrade]], M'hamed Alaoui Abdalaoui, [[Daniel P. Kunene]] and [[Jan Vansina]].</ref> Sauran jigogi a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da matsalolin zamantakewa kamar cin hanci da rashawa, bambancin tattalin arziki a cikin sabbin ƙasashe masu zaman kansu, da haƙƙoƙi da matsayin mata. Marubutan mata a yau suna da wakilci sosai a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka da aka buga fiye da yadda suka kasance kafin samun 'yancin kai. A shekara ta 1986, [[Wole Soyinka]] na Najeriya ya zama marubucin Afirka na farko bayan samun ƴancin kai don lashe [[kyautar Nobel]] a cikin adabi. A baya, an ba da kyautar Albert Camus wanda aka haifa a [[Aljeriya]] a shekara ta 1957. Sauran wadanda suka lashe kyautar Nobel ta Afirka a cikin adabi sune Naguib Mahfouz (Masar) a shekarar 1988, Nadine Gordimer (Afirka ta Kudu) a shekarar 1991, John Maxwell Coetzee (Afirika ta Kudu) A shekarar 2003, [[Doris Lessing]] (UK / Zimbabwe) a shekarar 2007, da kuma Abdulrazak Gurnah (Tanzania) a shekarar 2021. == Ci gaban zamani == Akwai rubuce-rubuce da yawa a Afirka tun farkon shekarun da suka gabata (2010), kodayake masu karatu ba koyaushe ne suke bin adadi mai yawa ba.<ref>"La littérature africaine est en mouvement" (African literature is on the move): [http://africultures.com/tribune-litterature-africaine-ne-manque-de-genies-de-critiques-14104/ Africultures.com]</ref> Hakanan mutum na iya lura da bayyanar wasu rubuce-rubucen da suka karya tsarin ilimi.<ref>This article compares the "rebellious" style of a young author ([[Eric Mendi]]) with the more classical style of [[Alain Mabanckou]]: [http://www.jeuneafrique.com/452019/culture/theorie-de-leau-de-javel-alain-mabanckou-eric-mendi/ Jeuneafrique.com]</ref> Bugu da kari, ana iya yin nadama game da karancin masu sukar adabi a nahiyar a zamanin yau. Abubuwan da suka faru na wallafe-wallafen suna da kyau sosai, gami da kyaututtuka na wallafe'o'i, wasu daga cikinsu za a iya rarrabe su ta hanyar ra'ayoyinsu na asali. Al'amarin Grand Prix of Literary Associations yana da kyau sosai.<ref>This prize receives books in three languages (Spanish, English and French), the books are proposed to the Jury by literary associations: [https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/09/grand-prix-of-literary-associations-2017/ Bellanaija.com]</ref> Brittle Paper, wani dandamali na kan layi wanda Ainehi Edoro ya kafa, an bayyana shi a matsayin "babban jaridar wallafe-wallafen Afirka". Kamar yadda Bhakti Shringarpure ya lura, "tsarin dijital na kirkirar Afirka ba wai kawai sun canza wallafe-wallafen Afirka ba har ma sun canza al'adun wallafe-walfinai kamar yadda muka sani". Ƙarin amfani da intanet ya kuma canza yadda masu karatu na wallafe-wallafen Afirka suka sami damar samun abubuwan da ke cikin littattafan Afirka. Wannan ya haifar da hauhawar karatun dijital da dandamali na bugawa kamar OkadaBooks .<ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=40–64}}</ref> == Littattafan da aka buga a Afirka == An kaddamar da shi a cikin 1980 kuma yana gudana har zuwa 2009, an gabatar da kyautar Noma don Bugawa a Afirka ga fitattun marubutan Afirka da malaman da aka buga a Afirka.<ref>Jay, Mary (23 June 2006), [http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/abpr.2006.32.issue-2/abpr.2006.116/abpr.2006.116.xml "25 Years of the Noma Award for Publishing in Africa: an historic overview"], ''The African Book Publishing Record'', Volume 32, Issue 2, pp. 116–118, ISSN (Print) 0306-0322, DOI: 10.1515/ABPR.2006.116, 2 January 2008.</ref> == Shahararrun litattafan marubuta na Afirka == <!--Alphabetically ordered by surname--> {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[Peter Abrahams]] (Afrika ta Kudu): ''Mine Boy'' (1946), ''This Island Now'', ''A Wreath for Udomo'' (1956) * [[Chinua Achebe]] (Najeriya): ''Arrow of God'' (1964), ''No Longer At Ease'' (1960), ''Things Fall Apart'' (1958), ''A Man of the People'' (1966), ''Anthills of the Savannah'' (1987), <!--not novels ''There Was a Country'', ''Girls at War and Other Stories'', ''Chike and the River''--> * [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] (Nigeria): ''Purple Hibiscus'' (2003), ''Half of a Yellow Sun'' (2006), ''Americanah'' (2013) * [[Chigozie Obioma]] (Nigeria): ''The Fishermen'' (2015), ''An Orchestra of Minorities' (2019) * José Eduardo Agualusa ([[Angola]]): ''Rainy Season'', ''Creole'', ''The Book of Chameleons'', ''My Father's Wives'' * Ama Ata Aidoo (Ghana): ''Our Sister Killjo'' (1977), ''Changes: a Love Story'' (1991) <!-- not a novel* Mohammed Naseehu Ali (Ghana): ''The Prophet of Zongo Street''--> * Germano Almeida (Cape Verde): ''O dia das calças roladas'' (1982), ''The Last Will and Testament of Senhor da Silva Araújo'' * [[Elechi Amadi]] (Nigeria): ''The Concubine (novel)|The Concubine'' (1966), ''The Great Ponds'', ''Sunset in Biafra'' * Ayi Kwei Armah (Ghana): ''The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born'' (1968), ''Two Thousand Seasons'' (1973) * Sefi Atta (Nigeria): ''Everything Good Will Come'' (2005) * [[Ayesha Harruna Attah]] (Ghana): ''Harmattan Rain'' * Mariama Bâ (Senegal): ''Une si longue lettre'' (''So Long a Letter'') * Chris Barnard (South Africa): ''Bundu'', ''Mahala'' * Ishmael Beah ([[Sierra Leone]]): ''A Long Way Gone'' (2007), ''Radiance of Tomorrow'' * Mongo Beti (Cameroon): ''Poor Christ of Bomba'' (1956 as ''Le Pauvre Christ de Bomba'') * André Brink (South Africa): ''n' Droe Wit Seisoen (''A Dry White Season)'', ''Gerugte van Reen'' (Rumours of Rain)'' * J. M. Coetzee (South Africa): ''Disgrace'' (1999), ''Life & Times of Michael K'' (1983) * Mia Couto ([[Mozambique]]): ''Terra Sonâmbula (Sleepwalking Land)'' * Ungulani Ba Ka Khosa (Mozambique): ''Ualalapi'' (1987) * Luís Bernardo Honwana (Mozambique): ''Nós Matamos O Cão-Tinhoso e Outros Contos'', ''We Killed Mangy Dog and Other Stories'' (1964) * Tsitsi Dangarembga ([[Zimbabwe]]): ''Nervous Conditions'' (1988), ''The Book of Not'' (2006), ''This Mournable Body'' * Mohammed Dib (Algeria): ''La grande maison'' * E. K. M. Dido (South Africa): '''n Stringetjie Blou Krale (A String of Blue Beads)'', ''Die Storie van Monica Peters (The Story of Monica Peters)'' * Assia Djebar (Algeria): ''Les Enfants du Nouveau Monde'' * K. Sello Duiker (South Africa): ''Thirteen Cents'' (2000), ''The Quiet Violence of Dreams'' * [[Buchi Emecheta]] (Nigeria): ''The Bride Price'' (1976), ''The Slave Girl'' (1977), ''The Joys of Motherhood'' (1979), ''Destination Biafra'' (1982) * Daniel Olorunfemi Fagunwa (Nigeria): ''Ogboju odẹ ninu igbo irunmalẹ (The Forest of a Thousand Demons)'' * Nuruddin Farah ([[Somaliya]]): ''From a Crooked Rib'' (1970), ''[[Maps (novel)|Maps]]'', ''[[Sweet and Sour Milk]]'' * [[Athol Fugard]] (South Africa): ''Tsotsi'' * [[Nadine Gordimer]] (South Africa): ''[[Burger's Daughter]]'' (1979), ''[[The Conservationist]]'' (1974), ''[[July's People]]'' (1981) * [[Alex La Guma]] (South Africa): ''[[In the Fog of the Seasons' End]]'' (1972), ''[[The Stone-Country]]'' (1967), ''[[Time of the Butcherbird]]'' (1979), ''[[A Walk in the Night]]'' (2020) * [[Abdulrazak Gurnah]] ([[Tanzania]]): ''[[Paradise (Gurnah novel)|Paradise]]'' (1994), ''[[By the Sea (novel)|By the Sea]]'' (2001), ''[[Afterlives]]'' (2020) * [[Bessie Head]] ([[Botswana]]): ''[[When Rain Clouds Gather]]'' (1968), ''[[Maru (novel)|Maru]]'' (1971), ''A Question of Power'' (1973) * [[Moses Isegawa]] ([[Uganda]]): ''[[Abyssinian Chronicles]]'' (1998) * [[Rayda Jacobs]] (South Africa): ''[[The Slave Book]]'', ''[[Eyes of the Sky]]'', ''[[Confessions of a Gambler]]'' * [[Tahar Ben Jelloun]] ([[Morocco]]): ''[[The Sacred Night]]'', ''[[The Sand Child]]'' (1985), ''[[This Blinding Absence of Light]]'' (2001) * [[Cheikh Hamidou Kane]] (Senegal): ''[[L'Aventure ambiguë]]'' (1961) * [[Malama Katulwende]] (Zambia): ''Bitterness'' * [[Yasmina Khadra]] (Algeria): ''[[The Swallows of Kabul]]'' (2002) * [[Christopher Zacharia Lameck]] ([[Tanzania]]): ''The Mythical Father'', ''Lost'', ''Ztraceni'' ''European Madness'', * [[Camara Laye]] ([[Guinea]]): ''[[The African Child]]'' (''L'Enfant noir'', 1953), ''[[The Radiance of the King]]'' (1954) * [[Naguib Mahfouz]] ([[Egypt]]): ''[[The Beginning and the End (novel)|The Beginning and the End]]'' (1949), ''[[Cairo Trilogy]]'', ''[[Children of Gebelawi]]'', ''[[Midaq Alley (novel)|Midaq Alley]]'' * [[Charles Mangua]] (Kenya): ''[[Son of Woman]]'' (1971), ''[[A Tail in the Mouth]]'' * [[Sarah Ladipo Manyika]] (Nigeria): ''[[In Dependence]]'' (2008) * [[Dambudzo Marechera]] (Zimbabwe): ''[[The House of Hunger]]'' (1978) * [[Dalene Matthee]] (South Africa): ''Kringe in 'n bos'' (''Circles in a Forest'') * [[Zakes Mda]] (South Africa): ''[[Ways of Dying]]'' (1995), ''[[The Heart of Redness]]'' * [[Thomas Mofolo]] (South Africa/[[Lesotho]]): ''[[Chaka (novel)|Chaka]]'' (1925) * [[Nadifa Mohamed]] (Somalia) ''[[Black Mamba Boy]]'' (2010), ''[[The Orchard of Lost Souls]]'' (2013), ''[[The Fortune Men]]'' (2021) * [[Bai Tamia Moore]] (Liberia): ''[[Murder in the Cassava Patch]]'' (1968) * [[Fadhy Mtanga]] ([[Tanzania]]): ''Kizungumkuti'', '' Huba'', ''Fungate'' * [[Meja Mwangi]] (Kenya): ''[[Carcase for Hounds]]'' (1974), ''[[Going Down River Road]]'' (1976), ''[[Kill Me Quick]]'' (1973) * [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] (Kenya): ''[[A Grain of Wheat]]'' (1967), ''[[Matigari ma Njiruungi|Matigari]]'' (1986), ''[[Petals of Blood]]'' (1977), ''[[Weep Not, Child]]'' (1964), ''[[Wizard of the Crow]]'' (2006) * [[Lewis Nkosi]] (South Africa): ''[[Mandela's Ego]]'' (2006), ''[[Mating Birds]]'' (1986), ''[[Underground People]]'' (2002) * [[Flora Nwapa]] (Nigeria): ''[[Efuru]]'' (1966), ''[[Idu (novel)|Idu]]'' (1970), ''[[One is Enough]]'', ''[[Never Again (Nwapa novel)|Never Again]]'', ''[[Women are Different]]'' * [[Nnedi Okorafor]] (Nigeria): ''[[Zahrah the Windseeker]]'' (2005) * [[Ben Okri]] (Nigeria): ''[[The Famished Road]]'' (1991), ''[[Songs of Enchantment]]'' (1993) * [[Deon Opperman]] (South Africa): ''[[Donkerland]] (Dark Land)'', ''[[Kruispad]] (Crossroad)'', ''[[Hartland (novel)|Hartland]] (Heartland)'' * [[Yambo Ouologuem]] (Mali): ''Le Devoir de Violence'' (''Bound to Violence'') * [[Alan Paton]] (South Africa): ''[[Cry, The Beloved Country]]'' (1948) * [[Pepetela]] (Angola) : ''Muana Puó, Mayombe, [[A Gloriosa Família]]'' (1997) * [[Sol Plaatje]] (South Africa): ''[[Mhudi]]'' (1930) * [[Nawal El Saadawi]] (Egypt): ''[[Woman at Point Zero]]'' (1975) * [[Tayeb Salih]] (Sudan): ''[[Season of Migration to the North]]'' (1966) * [[Wilton Sankawulo]] (Liberia): ''[[Birds Are Singing]]'' * [[Karel Schoeman]] (South Africa): ''[[n Ander Land]] (Another Country)'', ''[[Na die Geliefde Land]] (Promised Land)'' * [[Olive Schreiner]] (South Africa): ''[[The Story of an African Farm]]'' (1883) * [[Benjamin Sehene]] ([[Rwanda]]): ''[[Le Feu sous la Soutane]] (Fire under the Cassock)'' * [[Ousmane Sembène]] ([[Senegal]]): ''[[Xala]]'' (1973), ''[[The Black Docker]]'' (''Le Docker Noir''), ''[[God's Bits of Wood]]'' (''Les Bouts de Bois de Dieu''), ''[[The Last of the Empire]]'' (''Le dernier de l'Empire''), ''[[Tribal Scars]]'' (''Voltaïque''), (1962) * [[Wole Soyinka]] (Nigeria): ''[[The Interpreters (novel)|The Interpreters]]'' (1965), ''[[Seasons of Anomy]]'' (1973), ''[[Chronicles from the Land of the Happiest People on Earth]]'' (2021) * [[Amos Tutuola]] (Nigeria): ''[[The Palm Wine Drinkard]]'' (1952), ''[[My Life in the Bush of Ghosts (novel)|My Life in the Bush of Ghosts]]'' (1954), ''Simbi and the Satyr of the Dark Jungle'', ''Feather Woman of the Jungle'', ''The Witch-Herbalist of the Remote Town'', ''Ajaiyi and his Inherited Poverty'' * [[Marlene van Niekerk]] (South Africa): ''Triomf'' (''Triumph'', 1994) * [[Yvonne Vera]] (Zimbabwe): ''[[Butterfly Burning]]'' (1998) * [[José Luandino Vieira]] ([[Angola]]): ''[[Luuanda]]'' (1963) * [[Joseph Jeffrey Walters]] (Liberia): ''[[Guanya Pau: A Story of an African Princess]]'' (1891) * [[Berhanu Zerihun]] (Ethiopia): ''[[Ye'imba debdabbéwoch]]'' ("Tearful Letters") <!-- non-notable*Aoiri Obaigbo (Nigeria): "[[The Wretched Billionaire]]"--> {{div col end}} == Bayani == {{reflist|2}} == Bayanan littattafai == * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga littafin nan. * {{Cite journal|url-status=293–303}} * {{Cite journal|last6=Mineke Schipper|url-status=280–292}} * [[Margaret Busby|Busby]], Margaret (ed.), Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descending from the Ancient Egyptian to the Present, Jonathan Cape, 1992. * Mazrui, Ali A. (ed.), ''Tarihin'' Janar na Afirka, vol.VIII, UNESCO, 1993, shafi na 19, Ali A. Mazrui et al., "Ci gaban wallafe-wallafen zamani tun 1935".{{Free access}} * Gordon, Afrilu A., da Donald L. Gordon, ''Fahimtar Afirka ta zamani'', London: Lynne Rienner, 1996, shafi na 12, George Joseph, "Litattafan Afirka". * Gikandi, Simon (ed.), ''Encyclopedia'' of African Literature, London: Routledge, 2003. * Irele, Abiola, da Simon Gikandi (eds), ''Tarihin Cambridge na'' Littattafan Afirka da Caribbean, 2 vols, Cambridge [u.a.]: Jami'ar Cambridge Press, 2004. [http://www.gbv.de/du/services/agi/B3F431645C8BC864C1256FCC005937EE/420000136828 Tebur na abubuwan da ke ciki] * Shamim, Amna. Gynocentric Contours of the Male Imagination: Nazarin Littattafan Chinua Achebe da Ngugi wa Thiong'o . New Delhi: Idea Publishing, 2017.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9788193326978|9788193326978]] * Marvin x. Black gidan wasan kwaikwayo: wani lokaci na ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na baƙar fata, New York: 1994 == Haɗin waje == * Abubuwan da muka gada: Muryoyi daga Afirka Cordite Poetry Review * [http://www.africanwriter.com/ Sabon albarkatun wallafe-wallafen Afirka] * [[gutenbergwiki:Africa_(Bookshelf)|The Africa_(Bookshelf) a Project Gutenberg]] * [http://www.africanlit.org/ Ƙungiyar Littattafan Afirka] * [http://www.african-literature.net Binciken Littattafan Afirka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523120651/http://www.african-literature.net/ |date=2021-05-23 }} An adana shi *   (Bibliography) [[Category:Afrika]] [[Category:Adabi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fps9oo1omy4rcul505qhn5p1blbd03v 821941 821940 2026-04-17T16:40:19Z Pharouqenr 25549 821941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adabin Afirka''' [[Adabi|wallafe-wallafen]] ne daga [[Afirka]], ko dai baki ("orature") ko rubuce-rubuce a cikin yarukan Afirka da Afro-Asiatic. Misalai na wallafe-wallafen Afirka na mulkin mallaka za a iya gano su zuwa akalla karni na huɗu AD. Mafi sanannun shine Kebra Negast, ko "Littafin Sarakuna". Wani batu na yau da kullun a lokacin mulkin mallaka shine labarin bawa, sau da yawa ana rubuta shi a Turanci ko Faransanci don masu sauraro na yamma. Daga cikin sassan farko na wallafe-wallafen Afirka da suka sami yabo mai mahimmanci a duniya shine Things Fall Apart, na [[Chinua Achebe]], wanda aka buga a 1958. Littattafan Afirka a ƙarshen zamanin mulkin mallaka suna ƙara nuna jigogi na 'yanci da' yancin kai. Littattafan bayan mulkin mallaka sun zama masu yawa, tare da wasu marubuta da suka koma yarensu. Jigogi na yau da kullun sun haɗa da rikici tsakanin baya da yanzu, al'ada da zamani, kai da al'umma, da kuma siyasa da ci gaba. Gabaɗaya, marubutan mata a yau suna da wakilci sosai a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka fiye da yadda suka kasance kafin samun 'yancin kai. Har ila yau, intanet ta canza yanayin wallafe-wallafen Afirka, wanda ya haifar da hauhawar karatun dijital da dandamali na bugawa kamar OkadaBooks. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Kamar yadda George Joseph ya lura a cikin babi na wallafe-wallafen Afirka a cikin ''Fahimtar Afirka ta zamani'', yayin da ra'ayoyin Turai game da wallafe-walfinai suka jaddada rabuwa da fasaha da abun ciki, wayar da kan jama'a ta Afirka ta haɗa kuma " wallafe- wallafe-finai" na iya nufin amfani da kalmomi na fasaha don kare fasaha kadai. A al'ada, 'yan Afirka ba sa raba fasaha daga koyarwa. Maimakon rubuta ko raira waƙa don kyakkyawa a cikin kanta, marubutan Afirka, suna karɓar alamun su daga wallafe-wallafen baki, suna amfani da kyakkyawa don taimakawa sadarwa da muhimman gaskiya da bayanai ga al'umma. Ana ɗaukar abu mai kyau saboda gaskiyar da yake bayyana da kuma al'ummomin da yake taimakawa wajen ginawa.<ref>Joseph (1996), p. 304.</ref> == Littattafan baki == Littattafan baki (ko orature, kalmar da masanin Uganda Pio Zirimu<ref>George, Joseph, "African Literature", in Gordon and Gordon, ''Understanding Contemporary Africa'' (1996), ch. 14, p. 303.</ref> ya kirkira) na iya kasancewa a cikin layi ko aya. Sau da yawa rubutun yana da tatsuniyoyi ko tarihi kuma sau da yawa ya haɗa da labarun halin trickster. Masu ba da labari a Afirka wani lokacin suna amfani da dabarun kira da amsawa don ba da labarinsu. Waƙoƙi sun bayyana waka mai ba da labari wanda ya dogara da ɗan gajeren labari kuma ana yawan rera shi, ta hanyar: [[Epic Poetry|labari]] mai ban sha'awa, aya ta sana'a, aya ta al'ada, waƙoƙin yabo na sarakuna da sauran fitattun mutane. Yabon mawaƙa, bards wani lokacin da ake kira "griots", suna ba da labarinsu tare da kiɗa.<ref>[http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/ent/A0802673.html "African literature" at info-please.]</ref> Har ila yau ana maimaitawa, sau da yawa ana raira waƙa, waƙoƙin soyayya, waƙoƙi na aiki, waƙomin yara, tare da rubutun kalmomi, [[karin magana]] da [[Kacici-kacici|ma'ana]]. Wadannan al'adun baki sun kasance a cikin harsuna da yawa ciki har da [[Fillanci|Fula]], [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]], [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]], da Wolof.<ref>Gunner, E., and H. Scheub (2018), [https://www.britannica.com/art/African-literature/Oral-traditions-and-the-written-word "African Literature"]. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</ref> A [[Aljeriya]], waƙoƙin baki wani muhimmin bangare ne na al'adun [[Abzinawa|Berber]] lokacin da yawancin jama'a ba su iya karatu ba. Wadannan waƙoƙin, da ake kira ''Isefra'', an yi amfani da su don fannoni na rayuwar addini da ta duniya. Waƙoƙin addini sun haɗa da ibada, labaran annabci, da waƙoƙin girmama tsarkaka. Waƙoƙin duniya na iya kasancewa game da bukukuwan kamar haihuwa da bukukuwannin aure, ko asusun jarumai jarumawa.<ref>Aoudjit, A. (2017). ''Algerian literature : A reader's guide and anthology'' (Francophone cultures and literatures; v. 66). New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing, p. 77.</ref> A matsayin wani misali, a [[Mali]], ana ci gaba da watsa shirye-shiryen baki ko tatsuniyoyi a rediyo a cikin harshen Booma. == Littattafan da suka gabata == Misalan wallafe-wallafen Afirka na mulkin mallaka suna da yawa. A [[Itofiya|Habasha]], akwai manyan wallafe-wallafen da aka rubuta a cikin Ge'ez wanda ya koma akalla zuwa ƙarni na huɗu AD; aikin da aka fi sani da wannan al'adar shine ''Kebra Negast'', ko "Littafin Sarakuna". Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun al'adun gargajiya na Afirka shine labarin "trickster", inda karamin dabba ke amfani da basirarsa don tsira daga haɗuwa da manyan halittu. Misalan masu yaudarar dabbobi sun haɗa da Anansi, gizo-gizo a cikin al'adun mutanen [[Mutanen Ashanti|Ashanti]] na [[Ghana]]; Ijàpá, tururuwa a cikin al-adun [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] na [[Najeriya]]; da Sungura, zomo da aka samo a cikin al al'adun tsakiya da Gabashin Afirka. Sauran ayyukan da aka rubuta suna da yawa, wato a Arewacin Afirka, yankunan [[Sahel]] na yammacin Afirka da kuma bakin tekun Swahili. Daga [[Timbuktu]] kadai, akwai kimanin rubuce-rubuce 300,000 ko fiye da aka ɓoye a cikin ɗakunan karatu daban-daban da tarin masu zaman kansu, galibi an rubuta su a [[Larabci]] amma wasu a cikin harsunan asali (watau [[Fillanci|Fula]] da [[Harsunan Songhay|Songhai]]). An rubuta mutane da yawa a sanannen Jami'ar Timbuktu . Abubuwan sun rufe batutuwa da yawa, gami da ilimin taurari, shayari, doka, tarihi, bangaskiya, siyasa, da falsafar. Littattafan Swahili, kamar haka, sun samo asali ne daga koyarwar Islama amma sun bunkasa a cikin yanayin asali, daya daga cikin shahararrun kuma farkon littattafan Swahili shine ''Utendi wa Tambuka'' ko "Labarin Tambuka". Amma ga Maghreb, 'yan Arewacin Afirka kamar [[Ibn Kaldun|Ibn Khaldun]] sun sami babban bambanci a cikin wallafe-wallafen Larabci. Jami'o'i na Arewacin Afirka na Tsakiya sun yi alfahari da jami'o'in kamar na [[Fas|Fes]] da [[Kairo|Alkahira]], tare da adadi mai yawa na wallafe-wallafen don kara musu. == Littattafan mulkin mallaka na Afirka == Ayyukan Afirka da aka fi sani da su a Yamma daga lokutan mulkin mallaka da cinikin bayi sune ainihin labarun bayi, kamar Olaudah Equiano's The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equano (1789). A lokacin mulkin mallaka, 'yan Afirka da suka fallasa harsunan Yamma sun fara rubutu a cikin waɗannan harsuna. A cikin 1911, Joseph Ephraim Casely Hayford (wanda aka fi sani da Ekra-Agiman) na Gold Coast (yanzu Ghana) ya buga abin da mai yiwuwa shine littafin Afirka na farko da aka rubuta a Turanci, Habasha Unbound: Nazarin Race Emancipation .<ref>Newell, Stephanie, ''Literary Culture in Colonial Ghana: 'How to Play the Game of Life' '', Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2002, p. 135, ch. 7, "Ethical Fiction: J.E. Casely Hayford's ''Ethiopia Unbound''".</ref> Kodayake aikin yana motsawa tsakanin fiction da goyon bayan siyasa, bugawa da sake dubawa mai kyau a cikin manema labarai na Yammacin Turai sun nuna lokacin canji a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka. A wannan lokacin, wasannin Afirka da aka rubuta a Turanci sun fara fitowa. Herbert Isaac Ernest Dhlomo na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ya buga wasan Afirka na farko na harshen Ingilishi, The Girl Who Killed to Save: Nongqawuse the Liberator a [[Adabi A 1935|1935]]. A cikin 1962, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o na [[Kenya]] ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Gabashin Afirka, The ''Black Hermit'', labari mai gargadi game da "kabilanci" ( [[Wariya|nuna bambanci]] tsakanin kabilun Afirka). Daga cikin sassan farko na wallafe-wallafen Afirka da suka sami yabo mai mahimmanci a duniya shine littafin Things Fall Apart, na [[Chinua Achebe]] . An buga shi a shekara ta 1958, a ƙarshen zamanin mulkin mallaka, Things Fall Apart ya bincika tasirin mulkin mallaka a kan al'ummar Afirka ta gargajiya. Littattafan Afirka a ƙarshen mulkin mallaka (tsakanin ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]] da ƴancin kai) sun ƙara nuna jigogi na' yanci, ƴancin 'yancin kansu, da kuma (tsakanirukan' yan Afirka a yankunan francophone) baƙar fata. Ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ƙungiyar negritude, mawaki kuma shugaban [[Senegal]], Léopold Sédar Senghor, ya buga a cikin 1948 tarihin farko na waƙoƙin Faransanci da 'yan Afirka suka rubuta, ''Anthologie'' de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache de langue française (Anthology of the New Black and Malagasy Poetry in the French Language), wanda ke nuna gabatarwar marubucin Faransanci Jean-Paul Sartre. Ga marubutan da yawa wannan girmamawa ba ta ƙuntata ga bugawa ba. Mutane da yawa, hakika, sun sha wahala sosai kuma kai tsaye: an zarge su da jefa alhakinsu na fasaha don shiga cikin yaƙi, an kashe Christopher Okigbo a yaƙin [[Biyafara|Biafra]] da ƙungiyar Najeriya ta [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasa]] na shekarun 1960; An tsare Mongane Wally Serote a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ta'addanci ta Afirka ta Kudu No. 83 na 1967 tsakanin 1969 da 1970, kuma daga baya ba tare da an taɓa yin shari'a ba; Dan kasarsa Arthur Norjeunta ya kashe kansa; Jack Mapanje na [[Malawi]] a kurkuku ba tare da tuhuma ko shari'ar Swarwarwarwar ba; Ken Swarwar da aka dakatar da shi a jami'a; [[Ken Saro-Wiwa|Ken]] Sharwarwarwar; == Littattafan Afirka na bayan mulkin mallaka == Tare da 'yanci da karuwar karatu da rubutu tun lokacin da yawancin ƙasashen Afirka suka sami ƴancin kansu a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960, wallafe-wallafen Afirka sun karu sosai da yawa da kuma karbuwa, tare da ayyukan Afirka da yawa da ke bayyana a cikin tsarin karatun ilimi na Yamma da kuma jerin "mafi kyawun" da aka tattara tun daga ƙarshen karni na 20. Marubutan Afirka a wannan lokacin sun rubuta a cikin yarukan Yamma (musamman [[Turanci]], [[Faransanci]], da [[Harshen Portuguese|Portuguese]]) da kuma cikin yarukan gargajiya na Afirka kamar [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] . Ali A. Mazrui da sauransu sun ambaci rikice-rikice bakwai a matsayin jigogi: rikici tsakanin Afirka da ta gabata da ta yanzu, tsakanin al'ada da zamani, tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar da na waje, tsakanin mutum da al'umma, tsakanin zamantakewa da jari-hujja, tsakanin ci gaba da dogaro da kai da kuma tsakanin Afirka da bil'adama.<ref>[[Ali A. Mazrui|Mazrui, Ali A.]], et al. "The development of modern literature since 1935" as ch. 19 of [[UNESCO]]'s ''[[General History of Africa]]'', vol. VIII, pp. 564f. Collaborating with Ali A. Mazrui on this chapter were [[Mario Pinto de Andrade]], M'hamed Alaoui Abdalaoui, [[Daniel P. Kunene]] and [[Jan Vansina]].</ref> Sauran jigogi a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da matsalolin zamantakewa kamar cin hanci da rashawa, bambancin tattalin arziki a cikin sabbin ƙasashe masu zaman kansu, da haƙƙoƙi da matsayin mata. Marubutan mata a yau suna da wakilci sosai a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka da aka buga fiye da yadda suka kasance kafin samun 'yancin kai. A shekara ta 1986, [[Wole Soyinka]] na Najeriya ya zama marubucin Afirka na farko bayan samun ƴancin kai don lashe [[kyautar Nobel]] a cikin adabi. A baya, an ba da kyautar Albert Camus wanda aka haifa a [[Aljeriya]] a shekara ta 1957. Sauran wadanda suka lashe kyautar Nobel ta Afirka a cikin adabi sune Naguib Mahfouz (Masar) a shekarar 1988, Nadine Gordimer (Afirka ta Kudu) a shekarar 1991, John Maxwell Coetzee (Afirika ta Kudu) A shekarar 2003, [[Doris Lessing]] (UK / Zimbabwe) a shekarar 2007, da kuma Abdulrazak Gurnah (Tanzania) a shekarar 2021. == Ci gaban zamani == Akwai rubuce-rubuce da yawa a Afirka tun farkon shekarun da suka gabata (2010), kodayake masu karatu ba koyaushe ne suke bin adadi mai yawa ba.<ref>"La littérature africaine est en mouvement" (African literature is on the move): [http://africultures.com/tribune-litterature-africaine-ne-manque-de-genies-de-critiques-14104/ Africultures.com]</ref> Hakanan mutum na iya lura da bayyanar wasu rubuce-rubucen da suka karya tsarin ilimi.<ref>This article compares the "rebellious" style of a young author ([[Eric Mendi]]) with the more classical style of [[Alain Mabanckou]]: [http://www.jeuneafrique.com/452019/culture/theorie-de-leau-de-javel-alain-mabanckou-eric-mendi/ Jeuneafrique.com]</ref> Bugu da kari, ana iya yin nadama game da karancin masu sukar adabi a nahiyar a zamanin yau. Abubuwan da suka faru na wallafe-wallafen suna da kyau sosai, gami da kyaututtuka na wallafe'o'i, wasu daga cikinsu za a iya rarrabe su ta hanyar ra'ayoyinsu na asali. Al'amarin Grand Prix of Literary Associations yana da kyau sosai.<ref>This prize receives books in three languages (Spanish, English and French), the books are proposed to the Jury by literary associations: [https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/09/grand-prix-of-literary-associations-2017/ Bellanaija.com]</ref> Brittle Paper, wani dandamali na kan layi wanda Ainehi Edoro ya kafa, an bayyana shi a matsayin "babban jaridar wallafe-wallafen Afirka". Kamar yadda Bhakti Shringarpure ya lura, "tsarin dijital na kirkirar Afirka ba wai kawai sun canza wallafe-wallafen Afirka ba har ma sun canza al'adun wallafe-walfinai kamar yadda muka sani". Ƙarin amfani da intanet ya kuma canza yadda masu karatu na wallafe-wallafen Afirka suka sami damar samun abubuwan da ke cikin littattafan Afirka. Wannan ya haifar da hauhawar karatun dijital da dandamali na bugawa kamar OkadaBooks .<ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=40–64}}</ref> == Littattafan da aka buga a Afirka == An kaddamar da shi a cikin 1980 kuma yana gudana har zuwa 2009, an gabatar da kyautar Noma don Bugawa a Afirka ga fitattun marubutan Afirka da malaman da aka buga a Afirka.<ref>Jay, Mary (23 June 2006), [http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/abpr.2006.32.issue-2/abpr.2006.116/abpr.2006.116.xml "25 Years of the Noma Award for Publishing in Africa: an historic overview"], ''The African Book Publishing Record'', Volume 32, Issue 2, pp. 116–118, ISSN (Print) 0306-0322, DOI: 10.1515/ABPR.2006.116, 2 January 2008.</ref> == Shahararrun litattafan marubuta na Afirka == <!--Alphabetically ordered by surname--> {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[Peter Abrahams]] (Afrika ta Kudu): ''Mine Boy'' (1946), ''This Island Now'', ''A Wreath for Udomo'' (1956) * [[Chinua Achebe]] (Najeriya): ''Arrow of God'' (1964), ''No Longer At Ease'' (1960), ''Things Fall Apart'' (1958), ''A Man of the People'' (1966), ''Anthills of the Savannah'' (1987), <!--not novels ''There Was a Country'', ''Girls at War and Other Stories'', ''Chike and the River''--> * [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] (Nigeria): ''Purple Hibiscus'' (2003), ''Half of a Yellow Sun'' (2006), ''Americanah'' (2013) * [[Chigozie Obioma]] (Nigeria): ''The Fishermen'' (2015), ''An Orchestra of Minorities' (2019) * José Eduardo Agualusa ([[Angola]]): ''Rainy Season'', ''Creole'', ''The Book of Chameleons'', ''My Father's Wives'' * Ama Ata Aidoo (Ghana): ''Our Sister Killjo'' (1977), ''Changes: a Love Story'' (1991) <!-- not a novel* Mohammed Naseehu Ali (Ghana): ''The Prophet of Zongo Street''--> * Germano Almeida (Cape Verde): ''O dia das calças roladas'' (1982), ''The Last Will and Testament of Senhor da Silva Araújo'' * [[Elechi Amadi]] (Nigeria): ''The Concubine (novel)|The Concubine'' (1966), ''The Great Ponds'', ''Sunset in Biafra'' * Ayi Kwei Armah (Ghana): ''The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born'' (1968), ''Two Thousand Seasons'' (1973) * Sefi Atta (Nigeria): ''Everything Good Will Come'' (2005) * [[Ayesha Harruna Attah]] (Ghana): ''Harmattan Rain'' * Mariama Bâ (Senegal): ''Une si longue lettre'' (''So Long a Letter'') * Chris Barnard (South Africa): ''Bundu'', ''Mahala'' * Ishmael Beah ([[Sierra Leone]]): ''A Long Way Gone'' (2007), ''Radiance of Tomorrow'' * Mongo Beti (Cameroon): ''Poor Christ of Bomba'' (1956 as ''Le Pauvre Christ de Bomba'') * André Brink (South Africa): ''n' Droe Wit Seisoen (''A Dry White Season)'', ''Gerugte van Reen'' (Rumours of Rain)'' * J. M. Coetzee (South Africa): ''Disgrace'' (1999), ''Life & Times of Michael K'' (1983) * Mia Couto ([[Mozambique]]): ''Terra Sonâmbula (Sleepwalking Land)'' * Ungulani Ba Ka Khosa (Mozambique): ''Ualalapi'' (1987) * Luís Bernardo Honwana (Mozambique): ''Nós Matamos O Cão-Tinhoso e Outros Contos'', ''We Killed Mangy Dog and Other Stories'' (1964) * Tsitsi Dangarembga ([[Zimbabwe]]): ''Nervous Conditions'' (1988), ''The Book of Not'' (2006), ''This Mournable Body'' * Mohammed Dib (Algeria): ''La grande maison'' * E. K. M. Dido (South Africa): '''n Stringetjie Blou Krale (A String of Blue Beads)'', ''Die Storie van Monica Peters (The Story of Monica Peters)'' * Assia Djebar (Algeria): ''Les Enfants du Nouveau Monde'' * K. Sello Duiker (South Africa): ''Thirteen Cents'' (2000), ''The Quiet Violence of Dreams'' * [[Buchi Emecheta]] (Nigeria): ''The Bride Price'' (1976), ''The Slave Girl'' (1977), ''The Joys of Motherhood'' (1979), ''Destination Biafra'' (1982) * Daniel Olorunfemi Fagunwa (Nigeria): ''Ogboju odẹ ninu igbo irunmalẹ (The Forest of a Thousand Demons)'' * Nuruddin Farah ([[Somaliya]]): ''From a Crooked Rib'' (1970), ''[[Maps (novel)|Maps]]'', ''[[Sweet and Sour Milk]]'' * [[Athol Fugard]] (South Africa): ''Tsotsi'' * [[Nadine Gordimer]] (South Africa): ''[[Burger's Daughter]]'' (1979), ''[[The Conservationist]]'' (1974), ''[[July's People]]'' (1981) * [[Alex La Guma]] (South Africa): ''[[In the Fog of the Seasons' End]]'' (1972), ''[[The Stone-Country]]'' (1967), ''[[Time of the Butcherbird]]'' (1979), ''[[A Walk in the Night]]'' (2020) * [[Abdulrazak Gurnah]] ([[Tanzania]]): ''[[Paradise (Gurnah novel)|Paradise]]'' (1994), ''[[By the Sea (novel)|By the Sea]]'' (2001), ''[[Afterlives]]'' (2020) * [[Bessie Head]] ([[Botswana]]): ''[[When Rain Clouds Gather]]'' (1968), ''[[Maru (novel)|Maru]]'' (1971), ''A Question of Power'' (1973) * [[Moses Isegawa]] ([[Uganda]]): ''[[Abyssinian Chronicles]]'' (1998) * [[Rayda Jacobs]] (South Africa): ''[[The Slave Book]]'', ''[[Eyes of the Sky]]'', ''[[Confessions of a Gambler]]'' * [[Tahar Ben Jelloun]] ([[Morocco]]): ''[[The Sacred Night]]'', ''[[The Sand Child]]'' (1985), ''[[This Blinding Absence of Light]]'' (2001) * [[Cheikh Hamidou Kane]] (Senegal): ''[[L'Aventure ambiguë]]'' (1961) * [[Malama Katulwende]] (Zambia): ''Bitterness'' * [[Yasmina Khadra]] (Algeria): ''[[The Swallows of Kabul]]'' (2002) * [[Christopher Zacharia Lameck]] ([[Tanzania]]): ''The Mythical Father'', ''Lost'', ''Ztraceni'' ''European Madness'', * [[Camara Laye]] ([[Guinea]]): ''[[The African Child]]'' (''L'Enfant noir'', 1953), ''[[The Radiance of the King]]'' (1954) * [[Naguib Mahfouz]] ([[Egypt]]): ''[[The Beginning and the End (novel)|The Beginning and the End]]'' (1949), ''[[Cairo Trilogy]]'', ''[[Children of Gebelawi]]'', ''[[Midaq Alley (novel)|Midaq Alley]]'' * [[Charles Mangua]] (Kenya): ''[[Son of Woman]]'' (1971), ''[[A Tail in the Mouth]]'' * [[Sarah Ladipo Manyika]] (Nigeria): ''[[In Dependence]]'' (2008) * [[Dambudzo Marechera]] (Zimbabwe): ''[[The House of Hunger]]'' (1978) * [[Dalene Matthee]] (South Africa): ''Kringe in 'n bos'' (''Circles in a Forest'') * [[Zakes Mda]] (South Africa): ''[[Ways of Dying]]'' (1995), ''[[The Heart of Redness]]'' * [[Thomas Mofolo]] (South Africa/[[Lesotho]]): ''[[Chaka (novel)|Chaka]]'' (1925) * [[Nadifa Mohamed]] (Somalia) ''[[Black Mamba Boy]]'' (2010), ''[[The Orchard of Lost Souls]]'' (2013), ''[[The Fortune Men]]'' (2021) * [[Bai Tamia Moore]] (Liberia): ''[[Murder in the Cassava Patch]]'' (1968) * [[Fadhy Mtanga]] ([[Tanzania]]): ''Kizungumkuti'', '' Huba'', ''Fungate'' * [[Meja Mwangi]] (Kenya): ''[[Carcase for Hounds]]'' (1974), ''[[Going Down River Road]]'' (1976), ''[[Kill Me Quick]]'' (1973) * [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] (Kenya): ''[[A Grain of Wheat]]'' (1967), ''[[Matigari ma Njiruungi|Matigari]]'' (1986), ''[[Petals of Blood]]'' (1977), ''[[Weep Not, Child]]'' (1964), ''[[Wizard of the Crow]]'' (2006) * [[Lewis Nkosi]] (South Africa): ''[[Mandela's Ego]]'' (2006), ''[[Mating Birds]]'' (1986), ''[[Underground People]]'' (2002) * [[Flora Nwapa]] (Nigeria): ''[[Efuru]]'' (1966), ''[[Idu (novel)|Idu]]'' (1970), ''[[One is Enough]]'', ''[[Never Again (Nwapa novel)|Never Again]]'', ''[[Women are Different]]'' * [[Nnedi Okorafor]] (Nigeria): ''[[Zahrah the Windseeker]]'' (2005) * [[Ben Okri]] (Nigeria): ''[[The Famished Road]]'' (1991), ''[[Songs of Enchantment]]'' (1993) * [[Deon Opperman]] (South Africa): ''[[Donkerland]] (Dark Land)'', ''[[Kruispad]] (Crossroad)'', ''[[Hartland (novel)|Hartland]] (Heartland)'' * [[Yambo Ouologuem]] (Mali): ''Le Devoir de Violence'' (''Bound to Violence'') * [[Alan Paton]] (South Africa): ''[[Cry, The Beloved Country]]'' (1948) * [[Pepetela]] (Angola) : ''Muana Puó, Mayombe, [[A Gloriosa Família]]'' (1997) * [[Sol Plaatje]] (South Africa): ''[[Mhudi]]'' (1930) * [[Nawal El Saadawi]] (Egypt): ''[[Woman at Point Zero]]'' (1975) * [[Tayeb Salih]] (Sudan): ''[[Season of Migration to the North]]'' (1966) * [[Wilton Sankawulo]] (Liberia): ''[[Birds Are Singing]]'' * [[Karel Schoeman]] (South Africa): ''[[n Ander Land]] (Another Country)'', ''[[Na die Geliefde Land]] (Promised Land)'' * [[Olive Schreiner]] (South Africa): ''[[The Story of an African Farm]]'' (1883) * [[Benjamin Sehene]] ([[Rwanda]]): ''[[Le Feu sous la Soutane]] (Fire under the Cassock)'' * [[Ousmane Sembène]] ([[Senegal]]): ''[[Xala]]'' (1973), ''[[The Black Docker]]'' (''Le Docker Noir''), ''[[God's Bits of Wood]]'' (''Les Bouts de Bois de Dieu''), ''[[The Last of the Empire]]'' (''Le dernier de l'Empire''), ''[[Tribal Scars]]'' (''Voltaïque''), (1962) * [[Wole Soyinka]] (Nigeria): ''[[The Interpreters (novel)|The Interpreters]]'' (1965), ''[[Seasons of Anomy]]'' (1973), ''[[Chronicles from the Land of the Happiest People on Earth]]'' (2021) * [[Amos Tutuola]] (Nigeria): ''[[The Palm Wine Drinkard]]'' (1952), ''[[My Life in the Bush of Ghosts (novel)|My Life in the Bush of Ghosts]]'' (1954), ''Simbi and the Satyr of the Dark Jungle'', ''Feather Woman of the Jungle'', ''The Witch-Herbalist of the Remote Town'', ''Ajaiyi and his Inherited Poverty'' * [[Marlene van Niekerk]] (South Africa): ''Triomf'' (''Triumph'', 1994) * [[Yvonne Vera]] (Zimbabwe): ''[[Butterfly Burning]]'' (1998) * [[José Luandino Vieira]] ([[Angola]]): ''[[Luuanda]]'' (1963) * [[Joseph Jeffrey Walters]] (Liberia): ''[[Guanya Pau: A Story of an African Princess]]'' (1891) * [[Berhanu Zerihun]] (Ethiopia): ''[[Ye'imba debdabbéwoch]]'' ("Tearful Letters") <!-- non-notable*Aoiri Obaigbo (Nigeria): "[[The Wretched Billionaire]]"--> {{div col end}} == Bayani == {{reflist|2}} == Bayanan littattafai == * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga littafin nan. * {{Cite journal|url-status=293–303}} * {{Cite journal|last6=Mineke Schipper|url-status=280–292}} * [[Margaret Busby|Busby]], Margaret (ed.), Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descending from the Ancient Egyptian to the Present, Jonathan Cape, 1992. * Mazrui, Ali A. (ed.), ''Tarihin'' Janar na Afirka, vol.VIII, UNESCO, 1993, shafi na 19, Ali A. Mazrui et al., "Ci gaban wallafe-wallafen zamani tun 1935".{{Free access}} * Gordon, Afrilu A., da Donald L. Gordon, ''Fahimtar Afirka ta zamani'', London: Lynne Rienner, 1996, shafi na 12, George Joseph, "Litattafan Afirka". * Gikandi, Simon (ed.), ''Encyclopedia'' of African Literature, London: Routledge, 2003. * Irele, Abiola, da Simon Gikandi (eds), ''Tarihin Cambridge na'' Littattafan Afirka da Caribbean, 2 vols, Cambridge [u.a.]: Jami'ar Cambridge Press, 2004. [http://www.gbv.de/du/services/agi/B3F431645C8BC864C1256FCC005937EE/420000136828 Tebur na abubuwan da ke ciki] * Shamim, Amna. Gynocentric Contours of the Male Imagination: Nazarin Littattafan Chinua Achebe da Ngugi wa Thiong'o . New Delhi: Idea Publishing, 2017.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9788193326978|9788193326978]] * Marvin x. Black gidan wasan kwaikwayo: wani lokaci na ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na baƙar fata, New York: 1994 == Haɗin waje == * Abubuwan da muka gada: Muryoyi daga Afirka Cordite Poetry Review * [http://www.africanwriter.com/ Sabon albarkatun wallafe-wallafen Afirka] * [[gutenbergwiki:Africa_(Bookshelf)|The Africa_(Bookshelf) a Project Gutenberg]] * [http://www.africanlit.org/ Ƙungiyar Littattafan Afirka] * [http://www.african-literature.net Binciken Littattafan Afirka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523120651/http://www.african-literature.net/ |date=2021-05-23 }} An adana shi *   (Bibliography) [[Category:Afrika]] [[Category:Adabi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6ajxytg7knef4usc0zyaifuamlvlhww 821942 821941 2026-04-17T16:40:30Z Pharouqenr 25549 821942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adabin Afirka''' [[Adabi|wallafe-wallafen]] ne daga [[Afirka]], ko dai baki ("orature") ko rubuce-rubuce a cikin yarukan Afirka da Afro-Asiatic. Misalai na wallafe-wallafen Afirka na mulkin mallaka za a iya gano su zuwa akalla karni na huɗu AD. Mafi sanannun shine Kebra Negast, ko "Littafin Sarakuna". Wani batu na yau da kullun a lokacin mulkin mallaka shine labarin bawa, sau da yawa ana rubuta shi a Turanci ko Faransanci don masu sauraro na yamma. Daga cikin sassan farko na wallafe-wallafen Afirka da suka sami yabo mai mahimmanci a duniya shine Things Fall Apart, na [[Chinua Achebe]], wanda aka buga a 1958. Littattafan Afirka a ƙarshen zamanin mulkin mallaka suna ƙara nuna jigogi na 'yanci da' yancin kai. Littattafan bayan mulkin mallaka sun zama masu yawa, tare da wasu marubuta da suka koma yarensu. Jigogi na yau da kullun sun haɗa da rikici tsakanin baya da yanzu, al'ada da zamani, kai da al'umma, da kuma siyasa da ci gaba. Gabaɗaya, marubutan mata a yau suna da wakilci sosai a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka fiye da yadda suka kasance kafin samun 'yancin kai. Har ila yau, intanet ta canza yanayin wallafe-wallafen Afirka, wanda ya haifar da hauhawar karatun dijital da dandamali na bugawa kamar OkadaBooks. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Kamar yadda George Joseph ya lura a cikin babi na wallafe-wallafen Afirka a cikin ''Fahimtar Afirka ta zamani'', yayin da ra'ayoyin Turai game da wallafe-walfinai suka jaddada rabuwa da fasaha da abun ciki, wayar da kan jama'a ta Afirka ta haɗa kuma " wallafe- wallafe-finai" na iya nufin amfani da kalmomi na fasaha don kare fasaha kadai. A al'ada, 'yan Afirka ba sa raba fasaha daga koyarwa. Maimakon rubuta ko raira waƙa don kyakkyawa a cikin kanta, marubutan Afirka, suna karɓar alamun su daga wallafe-wallafen baki, suna amfani da kyakkyawa don taimakawa sadarwa da muhimman gaskiya da bayanai ga al'umma. Ana ɗaukar abu mai kyau saboda gaskiyar da yake bayyana da kuma al'ummomin da yake taimakawa wajen ginawa.<ref>Joseph (1996), p. 304.</ref> == Littattafan baki == Littattafan baki (ko orature, kalmar da masanin Uganda Pio Zirimu<ref>George, Joseph, "African Literature", in Gordon and Gordon, ''Understanding Contemporary Africa'' (1996), ch. 14, p. 303.</ref> ya kirkira) na iya kasancewa a cikin layi ko aya. Sau da yawa rubutun yana da tatsuniyoyi ko tarihi kuma sau da yawa ya haɗa da labarun halin trickster. Masu ba da labari a Afirka wani lokacin suna amfani da dabarun kira da amsawa don ba da labarinsu. Waƙoƙi sun bayyana waka mai ba da labari wanda ya dogara da ɗan gajeren labari kuma ana yawan rera shi, ta hanyar: [[Epic Poetry|labari]] mai ban sha'awa, aya ta sana'a, aya ta al'ada, waƙoƙin yabo na sarakuna da sauran fitattun mutane. Yabon mawaƙa, bards wani lokacin da ake kira "griots", suna ba da labarinsu tare da kiɗa.<ref>[http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/ent/A0802673.html "African literature" at info-please.]</ref> Har ila yau ana maimaitawa, sau da yawa ana raira waƙa, waƙoƙin soyayya, waƙoƙi na aiki, waƙomin yara, tare da rubutun kalmomi, [[karin magana]] da [[Kacici-kacici|ma'ana]]. Wadannan al'adun baki sun kasance a cikin harsuna da yawa ciki har da [[Fillanci|Fula]], [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]], [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]], da Wolof.<ref>Gunner, E., and H. Scheub (2018), [https://www.britannica.com/art/African-literature/Oral-traditions-and-the-written-word "African Literature"]. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</ref> A [[Aljeriya]], waƙoƙin baki wani muhimmin bangare ne na al'adun [[Abzinawa|Berber]] lokacin da yawancin jama'a ba su iya karatu ba. Wadannan waƙoƙin, da ake kira ''Isefra'', an yi amfani da su don fannoni na rayuwar addini da ta duniya. Waƙoƙin addini sun haɗa da ibada, labaran annabci, da waƙoƙin girmama tsarkaka. Waƙoƙin duniya na iya kasancewa game da bukukuwan kamar haihuwa da bukukuwannin aure, ko asusun jarumai jarumawa.<ref>Aoudjit, A. (2017). ''Algerian literature : A reader's guide and anthology'' (Francophone cultures and literatures; v. 66). New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing, p. 77.</ref> A matsayin wani misali, a [[Mali]], ana ci gaba da watsa shirye-shiryen baki ko tatsuniyoyi a rediyo a cikin harshen Booma. == Littattafan da suka gabata == Misalan wallafe-wallafen Afirka na mulkin mallaka suna da yawa. A [[Itofiya|Habasha]], akwai manyan wallafe-wallafen da aka rubuta a cikin Ge'ez wanda ya koma akalla zuwa ƙarni na huɗu AD; aikin da aka fi sani da wannan al'adar shine ''Kebra Negast'', ko "Littafin Sarakuna". Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun al'adun gargajiya na Afirka shine labarin "trickster", inda karamin dabba ke amfani da basirarsa don tsira daga haɗuwa da manyan halittu. Misalan masu yaudarar dabbobi sun haɗa da Anansi, gizo-gizo a cikin al'adun mutanen [[Mutanen Ashanti|Ashanti]] na [[Ghana]]; Ijàpá, tururuwa a cikin al-adun [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] na [[Najeriya]]; da Sungura, zomo da aka samo a cikin al al'adun tsakiya da Gabashin Afirka. Sauran ayyukan da aka rubuta suna da yawa, wato a Arewacin Afirka, yankunan [[Sahel]] na yammacin Afirka da kuma bakin tekun Swahili. Daga [[Timbuktu]] kadai, akwai kimanin rubuce-rubuce 300,000 ko fiye da aka ɓoye a cikin ɗakunan karatu daban-daban da tarin masu zaman kansu, galibi an rubuta su a [[Larabci]] amma wasu a cikin harsunan asali (watau [[Fillanci|Fula]] da [[Harsunan Songhay|Songhai]]). An rubuta mutane da yawa a sanannen Jami'ar Timbuktu . Abubuwan sun rufe batutuwa da yawa, gami da ilimin taurari, shayari, doka, tarihi, bangaskiya, siyasa, da falsafar. Littattafan Swahili, kamar haka, sun samo asali ne daga koyarwar Islama amma sun bunkasa a cikin yanayin asali, daya daga cikin shahararrun kuma farkon littattafan Swahili shine ''Utendi wa Tambuka'' ko "Labarin Tambuka". Amma ga Maghreb, 'yan Arewacin Afirka kamar [[Ibn Kaldun|Ibn Khaldun]] sun sami babban bambanci a cikin wallafe-wallafen Larabci. Jami'o'i na Arewacin Afirka na Tsakiya sun yi alfahari da jami'o'in kamar na [[Fas|Fes]] da [[Kairo|Alkahira]], tare da adadi mai yawa na wallafe-wallafen don kara musu. == Littattafan mulkin mallaka na Afirka == Ayyukan Afirka da aka fi sani da su a Yamma daga lokutan mulkin mallaka da cinikin bayi sune ainihin labarun bayi, kamar Olaudah Equiano's The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equano (1789). A lokacin mulkin mallaka, 'yan Afirka da suka fallasa harsunan Yamma sun fara rubutu a cikin waɗannan harsuna. A cikin 1911, Joseph Ephraim Casely Hayford (wanda aka fi sani da Ekra-Agiman) na Gold Coast (yanzu Ghana) ya buga abin da mai yiwuwa shine littafin Afirka na farko da aka rubuta a Turanci, Habasha Unbound: Nazarin Race Emancipation .<ref>Newell, Stephanie, ''Literary Culture in Colonial Ghana: 'How to Play the Game of Life' '', Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2002, p. 135, ch. 7, "Ethical Fiction: J.E. Casely Hayford's ''Ethiopia Unbound''".</ref> Kodayake aikin yana motsawa tsakanin fiction da goyon bayan siyasa, bugawa da sake dubawa mai kyau a cikin manema labarai na Yammacin Turai sun nuna lokacin canji a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka. A wannan lokacin, wasannin Afirka da aka rubuta a Turanci sun fara fitowa. Herbert Isaac Ernest Dhlomo na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ya buga wasan Afirka na farko na harshen Ingilishi, The Girl Who Killed to Save: Nongqawuse the Liberator a [[Adabi A 1935|1935]]. A cikin 1962, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o na [[Kenya]] ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Gabashin Afirka, The ''Black Hermit'', labari mai gargadi game da "kabilanci" ( [[Wariya|nuna bambanci]] tsakanin kabilun Afirka). Daga cikin sassan farko na wallafe-wallafen Afirka da suka sami yabo mai mahimmanci a duniya shine littafin Things Fall Apart, na [[Chinua Achebe]] . An buga shi a shekara ta 1958, a ƙarshen zamanin mulkin mallaka, Things Fall Apart ya bincika tasirin mulkin mallaka a kan al'ummar Afirka ta gargajiya. Littattafan Afirka a ƙarshen mulkin mallaka (tsakanin ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]] da ƴancin kai) sun ƙara nuna jigogi na' yanci, ƴancin 'yancin kansu, da kuma (tsakanirukan' yan Afirka a yankunan francophone) baƙar fata. Ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ƙungiyar negritude, mawaki kuma shugaban [[Senegal]], Léopold Sédar Senghor, ya buga a cikin 1948 tarihin farko na waƙoƙin Faransanci da 'yan Afirka suka rubuta, ''Anthologie'' de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache de langue française (Anthology of the New Black and Malagasy Poetry in the French Language), wanda ke nuna gabatarwar marubucin Faransanci Jean-Paul Sartre. Ga marubutan da yawa wannan girmamawa ba ta ƙuntata ga bugawa ba. Mutane da yawa, hakika, sun sha wahala sosai kuma kai tsaye: an zarge su da jefa alhakinsu na fasaha don shiga cikin yaƙi, an kashe Christopher Okigbo a yaƙin [[Biyafara|Biafra]] da ƙungiyar Najeriya ta [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasa]] na shekarun 1960; An tsare Mongane Wally Serote a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ta'addanci ta Afirka ta Kudu No. 83 na 1967 tsakanin 1969 da 1970, kuma daga baya ba tare da an taɓa yin shari'a ba; Dan kasarsa Arthur Norjeunta ya kashe kansa; Jack Mapanje na [[Malawi]] a kurkuku ba tare da tuhuma ko shari'ar Swarwarwarwar ba; Ken Swarwar da aka dakatar da shi a jami'a; [[Ken Saro-Wiwa|Ken]] Sharwarwarwar; == Littattafan Afirka na bayan mulkin mallaka == Tare da 'yanci da karuwar karatu da rubutu tun lokacin da yawancin ƙasashen Afirka suka sami ƴancin kansu a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960, wallafe-wallafen Afirka sun karu sosai da yawa da kuma karbuwa, tare da ayyukan Afirka da yawa da ke bayyana a cikin tsarin karatun ilimi na Yamma da kuma jerin "mafi kyawun" da aka tattara tun daga ƙarshen karni na 20. Marubutan Afirka a wannan lokacin sun rubuta a cikin yarukan Yamma (musamman [[Turanci]], [[Faransanci]], da [[Harshen Portuguese|Portuguese]]) da kuma cikin yarukan gargajiya na Afirka kamar [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] . Ali A. Mazrui da sauransu sun ambaci rikice-rikice bakwai a matsayin jigogi: rikici tsakanin Afirka da ta gabata da ta yanzu, tsakanin al'ada da zamani, tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar da na waje, tsakanin mutum da al'umma, tsakanin zamantakewa da jari-hujja, tsakanin ci gaba da dogaro da kai da kuma tsakanin Afirka da bil'adama.<ref>[[Ali A. Mazrui|Mazrui, Ali A.]], et al. "The development of modern literature since 1935" as ch. 19 of [[UNESCO]]'s ''[[General History of Africa]]'', vol. VIII, pp. 564f. Collaborating with Ali A. Mazrui on this chapter were [[Mario Pinto de Andrade]], M'hamed Alaoui Abdalaoui, [[Daniel P. Kunene]] and [[Jan Vansina]].</ref> Sauran jigogi a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da matsalolin zamantakewa kamar cin hanci da rashawa, bambancin tattalin arziki a cikin sabbin ƙasashe masu zaman kansu, da haƙƙoƙi da matsayin mata. Marubutan mata a yau suna da wakilci sosai a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka da aka buga fiye da yadda suka kasance kafin samun 'yancin kai. A shekara ta 1986, [[Wole Soyinka]] na Najeriya ya zama marubucin Afirka na farko bayan samun ƴancin kai don lashe [[kyautar Nobel]] a cikin adabi. A baya, an ba da kyautar Albert Camus wanda aka haifa a [[Aljeriya]] a shekara ta 1957. Sauran wadanda suka lashe kyautar Nobel ta Afirka a cikin adabi sune Naguib Mahfouz (Masar) a shekarar 1988, Nadine Gordimer (Afirka ta Kudu) a shekarar 1991, John Maxwell Coetzee (Afirika ta Kudu) A shekarar 2003, [[Doris Lessing]] (UK / Zimbabwe) a shekarar 2007, da kuma Abdulrazak Gurnah (Tanzania) a shekarar 2021. == Ci gaban zamani == Akwai rubuce-rubuce da yawa a Afirka tun farkon shekarun da suka gabata (2010), kodayake masu karatu ba koyaushe ne suke bin adadi mai yawa ba.<ref>"La littérature africaine est en mouvement" (African literature is on the move): [http://africultures.com/tribune-litterature-africaine-ne-manque-de-genies-de-critiques-14104/ Africultures.com]</ref> Hakanan mutum na iya lura da bayyanar wasu rubuce-rubucen da suka karya tsarin ilimi.<ref>This article compares the "rebellious" style of a young author ([[Eric Mendi]]) with the more classical style of [[Alain Mabanckou]]: [http://www.jeuneafrique.com/452019/culture/theorie-de-leau-de-javel-alain-mabanckou-eric-mendi/ Jeuneafrique.com]</ref> Bugu da kari, ana iya yin nadama game da karancin masu sukar adabi a nahiyar a zamanin yau. Abubuwan da suka faru na wallafe-wallafen suna da kyau sosai, gami da kyaututtuka na wallafe'o'i, wasu daga cikinsu za a iya rarrabe su ta hanyar ra'ayoyinsu na asali. Al'amarin Grand Prix of Literary Associations yana da kyau sosai.<ref>This prize receives books in three languages (Spanish, English and French), the books are proposed to the Jury by literary associations: [https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/09/grand-prix-of-literary-associations-2017/ Bellanaija.com]</ref> Brittle Paper, wani dandamali na kan layi wanda Ainehi Edoro ya kafa, an bayyana shi a matsayin "babban jaridar wallafe-wallafen Afirka". Kamar yadda Bhakti Shringarpure ya lura, "tsarin dijital na kirkirar Afirka ba wai kawai sun canza wallafe-wallafen Afirka ba har ma sun canza al'adun wallafe-walfinai kamar yadda muka sani". Ƙarin amfani da intanet ya kuma canza yadda masu karatu na wallafe-wallafen Afirka suka sami damar samun abubuwan da ke cikin littattafan Afirka. Wannan ya haifar da hauhawar karatun dijital da dandamali na bugawa kamar OkadaBooks .<ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=40–64}}</ref> == Littattafan da aka buga a Afirka == An kaddamar da shi a cikin 1980 kuma yana gudana har zuwa 2009, an gabatar da kyautar Noma don Bugawa a Afirka ga fitattun marubutan Afirka da malaman da aka buga a Afirka.<ref>Jay, Mary (23 June 2006), [http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/abpr.2006.32.issue-2/abpr.2006.116/abpr.2006.116.xml "25 Years of the Noma Award for Publishing in Africa: an historic overview"], ''The African Book Publishing Record'', Volume 32, Issue 2, pp. 116–118, ISSN (Print) 0306-0322, DOI: 10.1515/ABPR.2006.116, 2 January 2008.</ref> == Shahararrun litattafan marubuta na Afirka == <!--Alphabetically ordered by surname--> {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[Peter Abrahams]] (Afrika ta Kudu): ''Mine Boy'' (1946), ''This Island Now'', ''A Wreath for Udomo'' (1956) * [[Chinua Achebe]] (Najeriya): ''Arrow of God'' (1964), ''No Longer At Ease'' (1960), ''Things Fall Apart'' (1958), ''A Man of the People'' (1966), ''Anthills of the Savannah'' (1987), <!--not novels ''There Was a Country'', ''Girls at War and Other Stories'', ''Chike and the River''--> * [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] (Nigeria): ''Purple Hibiscus'' (2003), ''Half of a Yellow Sun'' (2006), ''Americanah'' (2013) * [[Chigozie Obioma]] (Nigeria): ''The Fishermen'' (2015), ''An Orchestra of Minorities' (2019) * José Eduardo Agualusa ([[Angola]]): ''Rainy Season'', ''Creole'', ''The Book of Chameleons'', ''My Father's Wives'' * Ama Ata Aidoo (Ghana): ''Our Sister Killjo'' (1977), ''Changes: a Love Story'' (1991) <!-- not a novel* Mohammed Naseehu Ali (Ghana): ''The Prophet of Zongo Street''--> * Germano Almeida (Cape Verde): ''O dia das calças roladas'' (1982), ''The Last Will and Testament of Senhor da Silva Araújo'' * [[Elechi Amadi]] (Nigeria): ''The Concubine (novel)|The Concubine'' (1966), ''The Great Ponds'', ''Sunset in Biafra'' * Ayi Kwei Armah (Ghana): ''The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born'' (1968), ''Two Thousand Seasons'' (1973) * Sefi Atta (Nigeria): ''Everything Good Will Come'' (2005) * [[Ayesha Harruna Attah]] (Ghana): ''Harmattan Rain'' * Mariama Bâ (Senegal): ''Une si longue lettre'' (''So Long a Letter'') * Chris Barnard (South Africa): ''Bundu'', ''Mahala'' * Ishmael Beah ([[Sierra Leone]]): ''A Long Way Gone'' (2007), ''Radiance of Tomorrow'' * Mongo Beti (Cameroon): ''Poor Christ of Bomba'' (1956 as ''Le Pauvre Christ de Bomba'') * André Brink (South Africa): ''n' Droe Wit Seisoen (''A Dry White Season)'', ''Gerugte van Reen'' (Rumours of Rain)'' * J. M. Coetzee (South Africa): ''Disgrace'' (1999), ''Life & Times of Michael K'' (1983) * Mia Couto ([[Mozambique]]): ''Terra Sonâmbula (Sleepwalking Land)'' * Ungulani Ba Ka Khosa (Mozambique): ''Ualalapi'' (1987) * Luís Bernardo Honwana (Mozambique): ''Nós Matamos O Cão-Tinhoso e Outros Contos'', ''We Killed Mangy Dog and Other Stories'' (1964) * Tsitsi Dangarembga ([[Zimbabwe]]): ''Nervous Conditions'' (1988), ''The Book of Not'' (2006), ''This Mournable Body'' * Mohammed Dib (Algeria): ''La grande maison'' * E. K. M. Dido (South Africa): '''n Stringetjie Blou Krale (A String of Blue Beads)'', ''Die Storie van Monica Peters (The Story of Monica Peters)'' * Assia Djebar (Algeria): ''Les Enfants du Nouveau Monde'' * K. Sello Duiker (South Africa): ''Thirteen Cents'' (2000), ''The Quiet Violence of Dreams'' * [[Buchi Emecheta]] (Nigeria): ''The Bride Price'' (1976), ''The Slave Girl'' (1977), ''The Joys of Motherhood'' (1979), ''Destination Biafra'' (1982) * Daniel Olorunfemi Fagunwa (Nigeria): ''Ogboju odẹ ninu igbo irunmalẹ (The Forest of a Thousand Demons)'' * Nuruddin Farah ([[Somaliya]]): ''From a Crooked Rib'' (1970), ''[[Maps (novel)|Maps]]'', ''[[Sweet and Sour Milk]]'' * [[Athol Fugard]] (South Africa): ''Tsotsi'' * [[Nadine Gordimer]] (South Africa): ''[[Burger's Daughter]]'' (1979), ''[[The Conservationist]]'' (1974), ''[[July's People]]'' (1981) * [[Alex La Guma]] (South Africa): ''[[In the Fog of the Seasons' End]]'' (1972), ''[[The Stone-Country]]'' (1967), ''[[Time of the Butcherbird]]'' (1979), ''[[A Walk in the Night]]'' (2020) * [[Abdulrazak Gurnah]] ([[Tanzania]]): ''[[Paradise (Gurnah novel)|Paradise]]'' (1994), ''[[By the Sea (novel)|By the Sea]]'' (2001), ''[[Afterlives]]'' (2020) * [[Bessie Head]] ([[Botswana]]): ''[[When Rain Clouds Gather]]'' (1968), ''[[Maru (novel)|Maru]]'' (1971), ''A Question of Power'' (1973) * [[Moses Isegawa]] ([[Uganda]]): ''[[Abyssinian Chronicles]]'' (1998) * [[Rayda Jacobs]] (South Africa): ''[[The Slave Book]]'', ''[[Eyes of the Sky]]'', ''[[Confessions of a Gambler]]'' * [[Tahar Ben Jelloun]] ([[Morocco]]): ''[[The Sacred Night]]'', ''[[The Sand Child]]'' (1985), ''[[This Blinding Absence of Light]]'' (2001) * [[Cheikh Hamidou Kane]] (Senegal): ''[[L'Aventure ambiguë]]'' (1961) * [[Malama Katulwende]] (Zambia): ''Bitterness'' * [[Yasmina Khadra]] (Algeria): ''[[The Swallows of Kabul]]'' (2002) * [[Christopher Zacharia Lameck]] ([[Tanzania]]): ''The Mythical Father'', ''Lost'', ''Ztraceni'' ''European Madness'', * [[Camara Laye]] ([[Guinea]]): ''[[The African Child]]'' (''L'Enfant noir'', 1953), ''[[The Radiance of the King]]'' (1954) * [[Naguib Mahfouz]] ([[Egypt]]): ''[[The Beginning and the End (novel)|The Beginning and the End]]'' (1949), ''[[Cairo Trilogy]]'', ''[[Children of Gebelawi]]'', ''[[Midaq Alley (novel)|Midaq Alley]]'' * [[Charles Mangua]] (Kenya): ''[[Son of Woman]]'' (1971), ''[[A Tail in the Mouth]]'' * [[Sarah Ladipo Manyika]] (Nigeria): ''[[In Dependence]]'' (2008) * [[Dambudzo Marechera]] (Zimbabwe): ''[[The House of Hunger]]'' (1978) * [[Dalene Matthee]] (South Africa): ''Kringe in 'n bos'' (''Circles in a Forest'') * [[Zakes Mda]] (South Africa): ''[[Ways of Dying]]'' (1995), ''[[The Heart of Redness]]'' * [[Thomas Mofolo]] (South Africa/[[Lesotho]]): ''[[Chaka (novel)|Chaka]]'' (1925) * [[Nadifa Mohamed]] (Somalia) ''[[Black Mamba Boy]]'' (2010), ''[[The Orchard of Lost Souls]]'' (2013), ''[[The Fortune Men]]'' (2021) * [[Bai Tamia Moore]] (Liberia): ''[[Murder in the Cassava Patch]]'' (1968) * [[Fadhy Mtanga]] ([[Tanzania]]): ''Kizungumkuti'', '' Huba'', ''Fungate'' * [[Meja Mwangi]] (Kenya): ''[[Carcase for Hounds]]'' (1974), ''[[Going Down River Road]]'' (1976), ''[[Kill Me Quick]]'' (1973) * [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] (Kenya): ''[[A Grain of Wheat]]'' (1967), ''[[Matigari ma Njiruungi|Matigari]]'' (1986), ''[[Petals of Blood]]'' (1977), ''[[Weep Not, Child]]'' (1964), ''[[Wizard of the Crow]]'' (2006) * [[Lewis Nkosi]] (South Africa): ''[[Mandela's Ego]]'' (2006), ''[[Mating Birds]]'' (1986), ''[[Underground People]]'' (2002) * [[Flora Nwapa]] (Nigeria): ''[[Efuru]]'' (1966), ''[[Idu (novel)|Idu]]'' (1970), ''[[One is Enough]]'', ''[[Never Again (Nwapa novel)|Never Again]]'', ''[[Women are Different]]'' * [[Nnedi Okorafor]] (Nigeria): ''[[Zahrah the Windseeker]]'' (2005) * [[Ben Okri]] (Nigeria): ''[[The Famished Road]]'' (1991), ''[[Songs of Enchantment]]'' (1993) * [[Deon Opperman]] (South Africa): ''[[Donkerland]] (Dark Land)'', ''[[Kruispad]] (Crossroad)'', ''[[Hartland (novel)|Hartland]] (Heartland)'' * [[Yambo Ouologuem]] (Mali): ''Le Devoir de Violence'' (''Bound to Violence'') * [[Alan Paton]] (South Africa): ''[[Cry, The Beloved Country]]'' (1948) * [[Pepetela]] (Angola) : ''Muana Puó, Mayombe, [[A Gloriosa Família]]'' (1997) * [[Sol Plaatje]] (South Africa): ''[[Mhudi]]'' (1930) * [[Nawal El Saadawi]] (Egypt): ''[[Woman at Point Zero]]'' (1975) * [[Tayeb Salih]] (Sudan): ''[[Season of Migration to the North]]'' (1966) * [[Wilton Sankawulo]] (Liberia): ''[[Birds Are Singing]]'' * [[Karel Schoeman]] (South Africa): ''[[n Ander Land]] (Another Country)'', ''[[Na die Geliefde Land]] (Promised Land)'' * [[Olive Schreiner]] (South Africa): ''[[The Story of an African Farm]]'' (1883) * [[Benjamin Sehene]] ([[Rwanda]]): ''[[Le Feu sous la Soutane]] (Fire under the Cassock)'' * [[Ousmane Sembène]] ([[Senegal]]): ''[[Xala]]'' (1973), ''[[The Black Docker]]'' (''Le Docker Noir''), ''[[God's Bits of Wood]]'' (''Les Bouts de Bois de Dieu''), ''[[The Last of the Empire]]'' (''Le dernier de l'Empire''), ''[[Tribal Scars]]'' (''Voltaïque''), (1962) * [[Wole Soyinka]] (Nigeria): ''[[The Interpreters (novel)|The Interpreters]]'' (1965), ''[[Seasons of Anomy]]'' (1973), ''[[Chronicles from the Land of the Happiest People on Earth]]'' (2021) * [[Amos Tutuola]] (Nigeria): ''[[The Palm Wine Drinkard]]'' (1952), ''[[My Life in the Bush of Ghosts (novel)|My Life in the Bush of Ghosts]]'' (1954), ''Simbi and the Satyr of the Dark Jungle'', ''Feather Woman of the Jungle'', ''The Witch-Herbalist of the Remote Town'', ''Ajaiyi and his Inherited Poverty'' * [[Marlene van Niekerk]] (South Africa): ''Triomf'' (''Triumph'', 1994) * [[Yvonne Vera]] (Zimbabwe): ''[[Butterfly Burning]]'' (1998) * [[José Luandino Vieira]] ([[Angola]]): ''[[Luuanda]]'' (1963) * [[Joseph Jeffrey Walters]] (Liberia): ''[[Guanya Pau: A Story of an African Princess]]'' (1891) * [[Berhanu Zerihun]] (Ethiopia): ''[[Ye'imba debdabbéwoch]]'' ("Tearful Letters") <!-- non-notable*Aoiri Obaigbo (Nigeria): "[[The Wretched Billionaire]]"--> {{div col end}} == Bayani == {{reflist|2}} == Bayanan littattafai == * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga littafin nan. * {{Cite journal|url-status=293–303}} * {{Cite journal|last6=Mineke Schipper|url-status=280–292}} * [[Margaret Busby|Busby]], Margaret (ed.), Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descending from the Ancient Egyptian to the Present, Jonathan Cape, 1992. * Mazrui, Ali A. (ed.), ''Tarihin'' Janar na Afirka, vol.VIII, UNESCO, 1993, shafi na 19, Ali A. Mazrui et al., "Ci gaban wallafe-wallafen zamani tun 1935".{{Free access}} * Gordon, Afrilu A., da Donald L. Gordon, ''Fahimtar Afirka ta zamani'', London: Lynne Rienner, 1996, shafi na 12, George Joseph, "Litattafan Afirka". * Gikandi, Simon (ed.), ''Encyclopedia'' of African Literature, London: Routledge, 2003. * Irele, Abiola, da Simon Gikandi (eds), ''Tarihin Cambridge na'' Littattafan Afirka da Caribbean, 2 vols, Cambridge [u.a.]: Jami'ar Cambridge Press, 2004. [http://www.gbv.de/du/services/agi/B3F431645C8BC864C1256FCC005937EE/420000136828 Tebur na abubuwan da ke ciki] * Shamim, Amna. Gynocentric Contours of the Male Imagination: Nazarin Littattafan Chinua Achebe da Ngugi wa Thiong'o . New Delhi: Idea Publishing, 2017.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9788193326978|9788193326978]] * Marvin x. Black gidan wasan kwaikwayo: wani lokaci na ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na baƙar fata, New York: 1994 == Haɗin waje == * Abubuwan da muka gada: Muryoyi daga Afirka Cordite Poetry Review * [http://www.africanwriter.com/ Sabon albarkatun wallafe-wallafen Afirka] * [[gutenbergwiki:Africa_(Bookshelf)|The Africa_(Bookshelf) a Project Gutenberg]] * [http://www.africanlit.org/ Ƙungiyar Littattafan Afirka] * [http://www.african-literature.net Binciken Littattafan Afirka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523120651/http://www.african-literature.net/ |date=2021-05-23 }} An adana shi *   (Bibliography) [[Category:Afrika]] [[Category:Adabi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 71syvftsre2etq2hzjcq1a8oroq0bd9 821943 821942 2026-04-17T16:41:01Z Pharouqenr 25549 821943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adabin Afirka''' [[Adabi|wallafe-wallafen]] ne daga [[Afirka]], ko dai baki ("orature") ko rubuce-rubuce a cikin yarukan Afirka da Afro-Asiatic. Misalai na wallafe-wallafen Afirka na mulkin mallaka za a iya gano su zuwa akalla karni na huɗu AD. Mafi sanannun shine Kebra Negast, ko "Littafin Sarakuna". Wani batu na yau da kullun a lokacin mulkin mallaka shine labarin bawa, sau da yawa ana rubuta shi a Turanci ko Faransanci don masu sauraro na yamma. Daga cikin sassan farko na wallafe-wallafen Afirka da suka sami yabo mai mahimmanci a duniya shine Things Fall Apart, na [[Chinua Achebe]], wanda aka buga a 1958. Littattafan Afirka a ƙarshen zamanin mulkin mallaka suna ƙara nuna jigogi na 'yanci da' yancin kai. Littattafan bayan mulkin mallaka sun zama masu yawa, tare da wasu marubuta da suka koma yarensu. Jigogi na yau da kullun sun haɗa da rikici tsakanin baya da yanzu, al'ada da zamani, kai da al'umma, da kuma siyasa da ci gaba. Gabaɗaya, marubutan mata a yau suna da wakilci sosai a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka fiye da yadda suka kasance kafin samun 'yancin kai. Har ila yau, intanet ta canza yanayin wallafe-wallafen Afirka, wanda ya haifar da hauhawar karatun dijital da dandamali na bugawa kamar OkadaBooks. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Kamar yadda George Joseph ya lura a cikin babi na wallafe-wallafen Afirka a cikin ''Fahimtar Afirka ta zamani'', yayin da ra'ayoyin Turai game da wallafe-walfinai suka jaddada rabuwa da fasaha da abun ciki, wayar da kan jama'a ta Afirka ta haɗa kuma " wallafe- wallafe-finai" na iya nufin amfani da kalmomi na fasaha don kare fasaha kadai. A al'ada, 'yan Afirka ba sa raba fasaha daga koyarwa. Maimakon rubuta ko raira waƙa don kyakkyawa a cikin kanta, marubutan Afirka, suna karɓar alamun su daga wallafe-wallafen baki, suna amfani da kyakkyawa don taimakawa sadarwa da muhimman gaskiya da bayanai ga al'umma. Ana ɗaukar abu mai kyau saboda gaskiyar da yake bayyana da kuma al'ummomin da yake taimakawa wajen ginawa.<ref>Joseph (1996), p. 304.</ref> == Littattafan baki == Littattafan baki (ko orature, kalmar da masanin Uganda Pio Zirimu<ref>George, Joseph, "African Literature", in Gordon and Gordon, ''Understanding Contemporary Africa'' (1996), ch. 14, p. 303.</ref> ya kirkira) na iya kasancewa a cikin layi ko aya. Sau da yawa rubutun yana da tatsuniyoyi ko tarihi kuma sau da yawa ya haɗa da labarun halin trickster. Masu ba da labari a Afirka wani lokacin suna amfani da dabarun kira da amsawa don ba da labarinsu. Waƙoƙi sun bayyana waka mai ba da labari wanda ya dogara da ɗan gajeren labari kuma ana yawan rera shi, ta hanyar: [[Epic Poetry|labari]] mai ban sha'awa, aya ta sana'a, aya ta al'ada, waƙoƙin yabo na sarakuna da sauran fitattun mutane. Yabon mawaƙa, bards wani lokacin da ake kira "griots", suna ba da labarinsu tare da kiɗa.<ref>[http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/ent/A0802673.html "African literature" at info-please.]</ref> Har ila yau ana maimaitawa, sau da yawa ana raira waƙa, waƙoƙin soyayya, waƙoƙi na aiki, waƙomin yara, tare da rubutun kalmomi, [[karin magana]] da [[Kacici-kacici|ma'ana]]. Wadannan al'adun baki sun kasance a cikin harsuna da yawa ciki har da [[Fillanci|Fula]], [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]], [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]], da Wolof.<ref>Gunner, E., and H. Scheub (2018), [https://www.britannica.com/art/African-literature/Oral-traditions-and-the-written-word "African Literature"]. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</ref> A [[Aljeriya]], waƙoƙin baki wani muhimmin bangare ne na al'adun [[Abzinawa|Berber]] lokacin da yawancin jama'a ba su iya karatu ba. Wadannan waƙoƙin, da ake kira ''Isefra'', an yi amfani da su don fannoni na rayuwar addini da ta duniya. Waƙoƙin addini sun haɗa da ibada, labaran annabci, da waƙoƙin girmama tsarkaka. Waƙoƙin duniya na iya kasancewa game da bukukuwan kamar haihuwa da bukukuwannin aure, ko asusun jarumai jarumawa.<ref>Aoudjit, A. (2017). ''Algerian literature : A reader's guide and anthology'' (Francophone cultures and literatures; v. 66). New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing, p. 77.</ref> A matsayin wani misali, a [[Mali]], ana ci gaba da watsa shirye-shiryen baki ko tatsuniyoyi a rediyo a cikin harshen Booma. == Littattafan da suka gabata == Misalan wallafe-wallafen Afirka na mulkin mallaka suna da yawa. A [[Itofiya|Habasha]], akwai manyan wallafe-wallafen da aka rubuta a cikin Ge'ez wanda ya koma akalla zuwa ƙarni na huɗu AD; aikin da aka fi sani da wannan al'adar shine ''Kebra Negast'', ko "Littafin Sarakuna". Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun al'adun gargajiya na Afirka shine labarin "trickster", inda karamin dabba ke amfani da basirarsa don tsira daga haɗuwa da manyan halittu. Misalan masu yaudarar dabbobi sun haɗa da Anansi, gizo-gizo a cikin al'adun mutanen [[Mutanen Ashanti|Ashanti]] na [[Ghana]]; Ijàpá, tururuwa a cikin al-adun [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] na [[Najeriya]]; da Sungura, zomo da aka samo a cikin al al'adun tsakiya da Gabashin Afirka. Sauran ayyukan da aka rubuta suna da yawa, wato a Arewacin Afirka, yankunan [[Sahel]] na yammacin Afirka da kuma bakin tekun Swahili. Daga [[Timbuktu]] kadai, akwai kimanin rubuce-rubuce 300,000 ko fiye da aka ɓoye a cikin ɗakunan karatu daban-daban da tarin masu zaman kansu, galibi an rubuta su a [[Larabci]] amma wasu a cikin harsunan asali (watau [[Fillanci|Fula]] da [[Harsunan Songhay|Songhai]]). An rubuta mutane da yawa a sanannen Jami'ar Timbuktu . Abubuwan sun rufe batutuwa da yawa, gami da ilimin taurari, shayari, doka, tarihi, bangaskiya, siyasa, da falsafar. Littattafan Swahili, kamar haka, sun samo asali ne daga koyarwar Islama amma sun bunkasa a cikin yanayin asali, daya daga cikin shahararrun kuma farkon littattafan Swahili shine ''Utendi wa Tambuka'' ko "Labarin Tambuka". Amma ga Maghreb, 'yan Arewacin Afirka kamar [[Ibn Kaldun|Ibn Khaldun]] sun sami babban bambanci a cikin wallafe-wallafen Larabci. Jami'o'i na Arewacin Afirka na Tsakiya sun yi alfahari da jami'o'in kamar na [[Fas|Fes]] da [[Kairo|Alkahira]], tare da adadi mai yawa na wallafe-wallafen don kara musu. == Littattafan mulkin mallaka na Afirka == Ayyukan Afirka da aka fi sani da su a Yamma daga lokutan mulkin mallaka da cinikin bayi sune ainihin labarun bayi, kamar Olaudah Equiano's The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equano (1789). A lokacin mulkin mallaka, 'yan Afirka da suka fallasa harsunan Yamma sun fara rubutu a cikin waɗannan harsuna. A cikin 1911, Joseph Ephraim Casely Hayford (wanda aka fi sani da Ekra-Agiman) na Gold Coast (yanzu Ghana) ya buga abin da mai yiwuwa shine littafin Afirka na farko da aka rubuta a Turanci, Habasha Unbound: Nazarin Race Emancipation .<ref>Newell, Stephanie, ''Literary Culture in Colonial Ghana: 'How to Play the Game of Life' '', Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2002, p. 135, ch. 7, "Ethical Fiction: J.E. Casely Hayford's ''Ethiopia Unbound''".</ref> Kodayake aikin yana motsawa tsakanin fiction da goyon bayan siyasa, bugawa da sake dubawa mai kyau a cikin manema labarai na Yammacin Turai sun nuna lokacin canji a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka. A wannan lokacin, wasannin Afirka da aka rubuta a Turanci sun fara fitowa. Herbert Isaac Ernest Dhlomo na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ya buga wasan Afirka na farko na harshen Ingilishi, The Girl Who Killed to Save: Nongqawuse the Liberator a [[Adabi A 1935|1935]]. A cikin 1962, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o na [[Kenya]] ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Gabashin Afirka, The ''Black Hermit'', labari mai gargadi game da "kabilanci" ( [[Wariya|nuna bambanci]] tsakanin kabilun Afirka). Daga cikin sassan farko na wallafe-wallafen Afirka da suka sami yabo mai mahimmanci a duniya shine littafin Things Fall Apart, na [[Chinua Achebe]] . An buga shi a shekara ta 1958, a ƙarshen zamanin mulkin mallaka, Things Fall Apart ya bincika tasirin mulkin mallaka a kan al'ummar Afirka ta gargajiya. Littattafan Afirka a ƙarshen mulkin mallaka (tsakanin ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]] da ƴancin kai) sun ƙara nuna jigogi na' yanci, ƴancin 'yancin kansu, da kuma (tsakanirukan' yan Afirka a yankunan francophone) baƙar fata. Ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ƙungiyar negritude, mawaki kuma shugaban [[Senegal]], Léopold Sédar Senghor, ya buga a cikin 1948 tarihin farko na waƙoƙin Faransanci da 'yan Afirka suka rubuta, ''Anthologie'' de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache de langue française (Anthology of the New Black and Malagasy Poetry in the French Language), wanda ke nuna gabatarwar marubucin Faransanci Jean-Paul Sartre. Ga marubutan da yawa wannan girmamawa ba ta ƙuntata ga bugawa ba. Mutane da yawa, hakika, sun sha wahala sosai kuma kai tsaye: an zarge su da jefa alhakinsu na fasaha don shiga cikin yaƙi, an kashe Christopher Okigbo a yaƙin [[Biyafara|Biafra]] da ƙungiyar Najeriya ta [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasa]] na shekarun 1960; An tsare Mongane Wally Serote a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ta'addanci ta Afirka ta Kudu No. 83 na 1967 tsakanin 1969 da 1970, kuma daga baya ba tare da an taɓa yin shari'a ba; Dan kasarsa Arthur Norjeunta ya kashe kansa; Jack Mapanje na [[Malawi]] a kurkuku ba tare da tuhuma ko shari'ar Swarwarwarwar ba; Ken Swarwar da aka dakatar da shi a jami'a; [[Ken Saro-Wiwa|Ken]] Sharwarwarwar; == Littattafan Afirka na bayan mulkin mallaka == Tare da 'yanci da karuwar karatu da rubutu tun lokacin da yawancin ƙasashen Afirka suka sami ƴancin kansu a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960, wallafe-wallafen Afirka sun karu sosai da yawa da kuma karbuwa, tare da ayyukan Afirka da yawa da ke bayyana a cikin tsarin karatun ilimi na Yamma da kuma jerin "mafi kyawun" da aka tattara tun daga ƙarshen karni na 20. Marubutan Afirka a wannan lokacin sun rubuta a cikin yarukan Yamma (musamman [[Turanci]], [[Faransanci]], da [[Harshen Portuguese|Portuguese]]) da kuma cikin yarukan gargajiya na Afirka kamar [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] . Ali A. Mazrui da sauransu sun ambaci rikice-rikice bakwai a matsayin jigogi: rikici tsakanin Afirka da ta gabata da ta yanzu, tsakanin al'ada da zamani, tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar da na waje, tsakanin mutum da al'umma, tsakanin zamantakewa da jari-hujja, tsakanin ci gaba da dogaro da kai da kuma tsakanin Afirka da bil'adama.<ref>[[Ali A. Mazrui|Mazrui, Ali A.]], et al. "The development of modern literature since 1935" as ch. 19 of [[UNESCO]]'s ''[[General History of Africa]]'', vol. VIII, pp. 564f. Collaborating with Ali A. Mazrui on this chapter were [[Mario Pinto de Andrade]], M'hamed Alaoui Abdalaoui, [[Daniel P. Kunene]] and [[Jan Vansina]].</ref> Sauran jigogi a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da matsalolin zamantakewa kamar cin hanci da rashawa, bambancin tattalin arziki a cikin sabbin ƙasashe masu zaman kansu, da haƙƙoƙi da matsayin mata. Marubutan mata a yau suna da wakilci sosai a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka da aka buga fiye da yadda suka kasance kafin samun 'yancin kai. A shekara ta 1986, [[Wole Soyinka]] na Najeriya ya zama marubucin Afirka na farko bayan samun ƴancin kai don lashe [[kyautar Nobel]] a cikin adabi. A baya, an ba da kyautar Albert Camus wanda aka haifa a [[Aljeriya]] a shekara ta 1957. Sauran wadanda suka lashe kyautar Nobel ta Afirka a cikin adabi sune Naguib Mahfouz (Masar) a shekarar 1988, Nadine Gordimer (Afirka ta Kudu) a shekarar 1991, John Maxwell Coetzee (Afirika ta Kudu) A shekarar 2003, [[Doris Lessing]] (UK / Zimbabwe) a shekarar 2007, da kuma Abdulrazak Gurnah (Tanzania) a shekarar 2021. == Ci gaban zamani == Akwai rubuce-rubuce da yawa a Afirka tun farkon shekarun da suka gabata (2010), kodayake masu karatu ba koyaushe ne suke bin adadi mai yawa ba.<ref>"La littérature africaine est en mouvement" (African literature is on the move): [http://africultures.com/tribune-litterature-africaine-ne-manque-de-genies-de-critiques-14104/ Africultures.com]</ref> Hakanan mutum na iya lura da bayyanar wasu rubuce-rubucen da suka karya tsarin ilimi.<ref>This article compares the "rebellious" style of a young author ([[Eric Mendi]]) with the more classical style of [[Alain Mabanckou]]: [http://www.jeuneafrique.com/452019/culture/theorie-de-leau-de-javel-alain-mabanckou-eric-mendi/ Jeuneafrique.com]</ref> Bugu da kari, ana iya yin nadama game da karancin masu sukar adabi a nahiyar a zamanin yau. Abubuwan da suka faru na wallafe-wallafen suna da kyau sosai, gami da kyaututtuka na wallafe'o'i, wasu daga cikinsu za a iya rarrabe su ta hanyar ra'ayoyinsu na asali. Al'amarin Grand Prix of Literary Associations yana da kyau sosai.<ref>This prize receives books in three languages (Spanish, English and French), the books are proposed to the Jury by literary associations: [https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/09/grand-prix-of-literary-associations-2017/ Bellanaija.com]</ref> Brittle Paper, wani dandamali na kan layi wanda Ainehi Edoro ya kafa, an bayyana shi a matsayin "babban jaridar wallafe-wallafen Afirka". Kamar yadda Bhakti Shringarpure ya lura, "tsarin dijital na kirkirar Afirka ba wai kawai sun canza wallafe-wallafen Afirka ba har ma sun canza al'adun wallafe-walfinai kamar yadda muka sani". Ƙarin amfani da intanet ya kuma canza yadda masu karatu na wallafe-wallafen Afirka suka sami damar samun abubuwan da ke cikin littattafan Afirka. Wannan ya haifar da hauhawar karatun dijital da dandamali na bugawa kamar OkadaBooks .<ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=40–64}}</ref> == Littattafan da aka buga a Afirka == An kaddamar da shi a cikin 1980 kuma yana gudana har zuwa 2009, an gabatar da kyautar Noma don Bugawa a Afirka ga fitattun marubutan Afirka da malaman da aka buga a Afirka.<ref>Jay, Mary (23 June 2006), [http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/abpr.2006.32.issue-2/abpr.2006.116/abpr.2006.116.xml "25 Years of the Noma Award for Publishing in Africa: an historic overview"], ''The African Book Publishing Record'', Volume 32, Issue 2, pp. 116–118, ISSN (Print) 0306-0322, DOI: 10.1515/ABPR.2006.116, 2 January 2008.</ref> == Shahararrun litattafan marubuta na Afirka == {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[Peter Abrahams]] (Afrika ta Kudu): ''Mine Boy'' (1946), ''This Island Now'', ''A Wreath for Udomo'' (1956) * [[Chinua Achebe]] (Najeriya): ''Arrow of God'' (1964), ''No Longer At Ease'' (1960), ''Things Fall Apart'' (1958), ''A Man of the People'' (1966), ''Anthills of the Savannah'' (1987), <!--not novels ''There Was a Country'', ''Girls at War and Other Stories'', ''Chike and the River''--> * [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] (Nigeria): ''Purple Hibiscus'' (2003), ''Half of a Yellow Sun'' (2006), ''Americanah'' (2013) * [[Chigozie Obioma]] (Nigeria): ''The Fishermen'' (2015), ''An Orchestra of Minorities' (2019) * José Eduardo Agualusa ([[Angola]]): ''Rainy Season'', ''Creole'', ''The Book of Chameleons'', ''My Father's Wives'' * Ama Ata Aidoo (Ghana): ''Our Sister Killjo'' (1977), ''Changes: a Love Story'' (1991) <!-- not a novel* Mohammed Naseehu Ali (Ghana): ''The Prophet of Zongo Street''--> * Germano Almeida (Cape Verde): ''O dia das calças roladas'' (1982), ''The Last Will and Testament of Senhor da Silva Araújo'' * [[Elechi Amadi]] (Nigeria): ''The Concubine (novel)|The Concubine'' (1966), ''The Great Ponds'', ''Sunset in Biafra'' * Ayi Kwei Armah (Ghana): ''The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born'' (1968), ''Two Thousand Seasons'' (1973) * Sefi Atta (Nigeria): ''Everything Good Will Come'' (2005) * [[Ayesha Harruna Attah]] (Ghana): ''Harmattan Rain'' * Mariama Bâ (Senegal): ''Une si longue lettre'' (''So Long a Letter'') * Chris Barnard (South Africa): ''Bundu'', ''Mahala'' * Ishmael Beah ([[Sierra Leone]]): ''A Long Way Gone'' (2007), ''Radiance of Tomorrow'' * Mongo Beti (Cameroon): ''Poor Christ of Bomba'' (1956 as ''Le Pauvre Christ de Bomba'') * André Brink (South Africa): ''n' Droe Wit Seisoen (''A Dry White Season)'', ''Gerugte van Reen'' (Rumours of Rain)'' * J. M. Coetzee (South Africa): ''Disgrace'' (1999), ''Life & Times of Michael K'' (1983) * Mia Couto ([[Mozambique]]): ''Terra Sonâmbula (Sleepwalking Land)'' * Ungulani Ba Ka Khosa (Mozambique): ''Ualalapi'' (1987) * Luís Bernardo Honwana (Mozambique): ''Nós Matamos O Cão-Tinhoso e Outros Contos'', ''We Killed Mangy Dog and Other Stories'' (1964) * Tsitsi Dangarembga ([[Zimbabwe]]): ''Nervous Conditions'' (1988), ''The Book of Not'' (2006), ''This Mournable Body'' * Mohammed Dib (Algeria): ''La grande maison'' * E. K. M. Dido (South Africa): '''n Stringetjie Blou Krale (A String of Blue Beads)'', ''Die Storie van Monica Peters (The Story of Monica Peters)'' * Assia Djebar (Algeria): ''Les Enfants du Nouveau Monde'' * K. Sello Duiker (South Africa): ''Thirteen Cents'' (2000), ''The Quiet Violence of Dreams'' * [[Buchi Emecheta]] (Nigeria): ''The Bride Price'' (1976), ''The Slave Girl'' (1977), ''The Joys of Motherhood'' (1979), ''Destination Biafra'' (1982) * Daniel Olorunfemi Fagunwa (Nigeria): ''Ogboju odẹ ninu igbo irunmalẹ (The Forest of a Thousand Demons)'' * Nuruddin Farah ([[Somaliya]]): ''From a Crooked Rib'' (1970), ''[[Maps (novel)|Maps]]'', ''[[Sweet and Sour Milk]]'' * [[Athol Fugard]] (South Africa): ''Tsotsi'' * [[Nadine Gordimer]] (South Africa): ''[[Burger's Daughter]]'' (1979), ''[[The Conservationist]]'' (1974), ''[[July's People]]'' (1981) * [[Alex La Guma]] (South Africa): ''[[In the Fog of the Seasons' End]]'' (1972), ''[[The Stone-Country]]'' (1967), ''[[Time of the Butcherbird]]'' (1979), ''[[A Walk in the Night]]'' (2020) * [[Abdulrazak Gurnah]] ([[Tanzania]]): ''[[Paradise (Gurnah novel)|Paradise]]'' (1994), ''[[By the Sea (novel)|By the Sea]]'' (2001), ''[[Afterlives]]'' (2020) * [[Bessie Head]] ([[Botswana]]): ''[[When Rain Clouds Gather]]'' (1968), ''[[Maru (novel)|Maru]]'' (1971), ''A Question of Power'' (1973) * [[Moses Isegawa]] ([[Uganda]]): ''[[Abyssinian Chronicles]]'' (1998) * [[Rayda Jacobs]] (South Africa): ''[[The Slave Book]]'', ''[[Eyes of the Sky]]'', ''[[Confessions of a Gambler]]'' * [[Tahar Ben Jelloun]] ([[Morocco]]): ''[[The Sacred Night]]'', ''[[The Sand Child]]'' (1985), ''[[This Blinding Absence of Light]]'' (2001) * [[Cheikh Hamidou Kane]] (Senegal): ''[[L'Aventure ambiguë]]'' (1961) * [[Malama Katulwende]] (Zambia): ''Bitterness'' * [[Yasmina Khadra]] (Algeria): ''[[The Swallows of Kabul]]'' (2002) * [[Christopher Zacharia Lameck]] ([[Tanzania]]): ''The Mythical Father'', ''Lost'', ''Ztraceni'' ''European Madness'', * [[Camara Laye]] ([[Guinea]]): ''[[The African Child]]'' (''L'Enfant noir'', 1953), ''[[The Radiance of the King]]'' (1954) * [[Naguib Mahfouz]] ([[Egypt]]): ''[[The Beginning and the End (novel)|The Beginning and the End]]'' (1949), ''[[Cairo Trilogy]]'', ''[[Children of Gebelawi]]'', ''[[Midaq Alley (novel)|Midaq Alley]]'' * [[Charles Mangua]] (Kenya): ''[[Son of Woman]]'' (1971), ''[[A Tail in the Mouth]]'' * [[Sarah Ladipo Manyika]] (Nigeria): ''[[In Dependence]]'' (2008) * [[Dambudzo Marechera]] (Zimbabwe): ''[[The House of Hunger]]'' (1978) * [[Dalene Matthee]] (South Africa): ''Kringe in 'n bos'' (''Circles in a Forest'') * [[Zakes Mda]] (South Africa): ''[[Ways of Dying]]'' (1995), ''[[The Heart of Redness]]'' * [[Thomas Mofolo]] (South Africa/[[Lesotho]]): ''[[Chaka (novel)|Chaka]]'' (1925) * [[Nadifa Mohamed]] (Somalia) ''[[Black Mamba Boy]]'' (2010), ''[[The Orchard of Lost Souls]]'' (2013), ''[[The Fortune Men]]'' (2021) * [[Bai Tamia Moore]] (Liberia): ''[[Murder in the Cassava Patch]]'' (1968) * [[Fadhy Mtanga]] ([[Tanzania]]): ''Kizungumkuti'', '' Huba'', ''Fungate'' * [[Meja Mwangi]] (Kenya): ''[[Carcase for Hounds]]'' (1974), ''[[Going Down River Road]]'' (1976), ''[[Kill Me Quick]]'' (1973) * [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] (Kenya): ''[[A Grain of Wheat]]'' (1967), ''[[Matigari ma Njiruungi|Matigari]]'' (1986), ''[[Petals of Blood]]'' (1977), ''[[Weep Not, Child]]'' (1964), ''[[Wizard of the Crow]]'' (2006) * [[Lewis Nkosi]] (South Africa): ''[[Mandela's Ego]]'' (2006), ''[[Mating Birds]]'' (1986), ''[[Underground People]]'' (2002) * [[Flora Nwapa]] (Nigeria): ''[[Efuru]]'' (1966), ''[[Idu (novel)|Idu]]'' (1970), ''[[One is Enough]]'', ''[[Never Again (Nwapa novel)|Never Again]]'', ''[[Women are Different]]'' * [[Nnedi Okorafor]] (Nigeria): ''[[Zahrah the Windseeker]]'' (2005) * [[Ben Okri]] (Nigeria): ''[[The Famished Road]]'' (1991), ''[[Songs of Enchantment]]'' (1993) * [[Deon Opperman]] (South Africa): ''[[Donkerland]] (Dark Land)'', ''[[Kruispad]] (Crossroad)'', ''[[Hartland (novel)|Hartland]] (Heartland)'' * [[Yambo Ouologuem]] (Mali): ''Le Devoir de Violence'' (''Bound to Violence'') * [[Alan Paton]] (South Africa): ''[[Cry, The Beloved Country]]'' (1948) * [[Pepetela]] (Angola) : ''Muana Puó, Mayombe, [[A Gloriosa Família]]'' (1997) * [[Sol Plaatje]] (South Africa): ''[[Mhudi]]'' (1930) * [[Nawal El Saadawi]] (Egypt): ''[[Woman at Point Zero]]'' (1975) * [[Tayeb Salih]] (Sudan): ''[[Season of Migration to the North]]'' (1966) * [[Wilton Sankawulo]] (Liberia): ''[[Birds Are Singing]]'' * [[Karel Schoeman]] (South Africa): ''[[n Ander Land]] (Another Country)'', ''[[Na die Geliefde Land]] (Promised Land)'' * [[Olive Schreiner]] (South Africa): ''[[The Story of an African Farm]]'' (1883) * [[Benjamin Sehene]] ([[Rwanda]]): ''[[Le Feu sous la Soutane]] (Fire under the Cassock)'' * [[Ousmane Sembène]] ([[Senegal]]): ''[[Xala]]'' (1973), ''[[The Black Docker]]'' (''Le Docker Noir''), ''[[God's Bits of Wood]]'' (''Les Bouts de Bois de Dieu''), ''[[The Last of the Empire]]'' (''Le dernier de l'Empire''), ''[[Tribal Scars]]'' (''Voltaïque''), (1962) * [[Wole Soyinka]] (Nigeria): ''[[The Interpreters (novel)|The Interpreters]]'' (1965), ''[[Seasons of Anomy]]'' (1973), ''[[Chronicles from the Land of the Happiest People on Earth]]'' (2021) * [[Amos Tutuola]] (Nigeria): ''[[The Palm Wine Drinkard]]'' (1952), ''[[My Life in the Bush of Ghosts (novel)|My Life in the Bush of Ghosts]]'' (1954), ''Simbi and the Satyr of the Dark Jungle'', ''Feather Woman of the Jungle'', ''The Witch-Herbalist of the Remote Town'', ''Ajaiyi and his Inherited Poverty'' * [[Marlene van Niekerk]] (South Africa): ''Triomf'' (''Triumph'', 1994) * [[Yvonne Vera]] (Zimbabwe): ''[[Butterfly Burning]]'' (1998) * [[José Luandino Vieira]] ([[Angola]]): ''[[Luuanda]]'' (1963) * [[Joseph Jeffrey Walters]] (Liberia): ''[[Guanya Pau: A Story of an African Princess]]'' (1891) * [[Berhanu Zerihun]] (Ethiopia): ''[[Ye'imba debdabbéwoch]]'' ("Tearful Letters") <!-- non-notable*Aoiri Obaigbo (Nigeria): "[[The Wretched Billionaire]]"--> {{div col end}} == Bayani == {{reflist|2}} == Bayanan littattafai == * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga littafin nan. * {{Cite journal|url-status=293–303}} * {{Cite journal|last6=Mineke Schipper|url-status=280–292}} * [[Margaret Busby|Busby]], Margaret (ed.), Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descending from the Ancient Egyptian to the Present, Jonathan Cape, 1992. * Mazrui, Ali A. (ed.), ''Tarihin'' Janar na Afirka, vol.VIII, UNESCO, 1993, shafi na 19, Ali A. Mazrui et al., "Ci gaban wallafe-wallafen zamani tun 1935".{{Free access}} * Gordon, Afrilu A., da Donald L. Gordon, ''Fahimtar Afirka ta zamani'', London: Lynne Rienner, 1996, shafi na 12, George Joseph, "Litattafan Afirka". * Gikandi, Simon (ed.), ''Encyclopedia'' of African Literature, London: Routledge, 2003. * Irele, Abiola, da Simon Gikandi (eds), ''Tarihin Cambridge na'' Littattafan Afirka da Caribbean, 2 vols, Cambridge [u.a.]: Jami'ar Cambridge Press, 2004. [http://www.gbv.de/du/services/agi/B3F431645C8BC864C1256FCC005937EE/420000136828 Tebur na abubuwan da ke ciki] * Shamim, Amna. Gynocentric Contours of the Male Imagination: Nazarin Littattafan Chinua Achebe da Ngugi wa Thiong'o . New Delhi: Idea Publishing, 2017.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9788193326978|9788193326978]] * Marvin x. Black gidan wasan kwaikwayo: wani lokaci na ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na baƙar fata, New York: 1994 == Haɗin waje == * Abubuwan da muka gada: Muryoyi daga Afirka Cordite Poetry Review * [http://www.africanwriter.com/ Sabon albarkatun wallafe-wallafen Afirka] * [[gutenbergwiki:Africa_(Bookshelf)|The Africa_(Bookshelf) a Project Gutenberg]] * [http://www.africanlit.org/ Ƙungiyar Littattafan Afirka] * [http://www.african-literature.net Binciken Littattafan Afirka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523120651/http://www.african-literature.net/ |date=2021-05-23 }} An adana shi *   (Bibliography) [[Category:Afrika]] [[Category:Adabi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7ov1qw8xn8g0jc5imtcvjf2j619beem 821944 821943 2026-04-17T16:41:24Z Pharouqenr 25549 821944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adabin Afirka''' [[Adabi|wallafe-wallafen]] ne daga [[Afirka]], ko dai baki ("orature") ko rubuce-rubuce a cikin yarukan Afirka da Afro-Asiatic. Misalai na wallafe-wallafen Afirka na mulkin mallaka za a iya gano su zuwa akalla karni na huɗu AD. Mafi sanannun shine Kebra Negast, ko "Littafin Sarakuna". Wani batu na yau da kullun a lokacin mulkin mallaka shine labarin bawa, sau da yawa ana rubuta shi a Turanci ko Faransanci don masu sauraro na yamma. Daga cikin sassan farko na wallafe-wallafen Afirka da suka sami yabo mai mahimmanci a duniya shine Things Fall Apart, na [[Chinua Achebe]], wanda aka buga a 1958. Littattafan Afirka a ƙarshen zamanin mulkin mallaka suna ƙara nuna jigogi na 'yanci da' yancin kai. Littattafan bayan mulkin mallaka sun zama masu yawa, tare da wasu marubuta da suka koma yarensu. Jigogi na yau da kullun sun haɗa da rikici tsakanin baya da yanzu, al'ada da zamani, kai da al'umma, da kuma siyasa da ci gaba. Gabaɗaya, marubutan mata a yau suna da wakilci sosai a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka fiye da yadda suka kasance kafin samun 'yancin kai. Har ila yau, intanet ta canza yanayin wallafe-wallafen Afirka, wanda ya haifar da hauhawar karatun dijital da dandamali na bugawa kamar OkadaBooks. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Kamar yadda George Joseph ya lura a cikin babi na wallafe-wallafen Afirka a cikin ''Fahimtar Afirka ta zamani'', yayin da ra'ayoyin Turai game da wallafe-walfinai suka jaddada rabuwa da fasaha da abun ciki, wayar da kan jama'a ta Afirka ta haɗa kuma " wallafe- wallafe-finai" na iya nufin amfani da kalmomi na fasaha don kare fasaha kadai. A al'ada, 'yan Afirka ba sa raba fasaha daga koyarwa. Maimakon rubuta ko raira waƙa don kyakkyawa a cikin kanta, marubutan Afirka, suna karɓar alamun su daga wallafe-wallafen baki, suna amfani da kyakkyawa don taimakawa sadarwa da muhimman gaskiya da bayanai ga al'umma. Ana ɗaukar abu mai kyau saboda gaskiyar da yake bayyana da kuma al'ummomin da yake taimakawa wajen ginawa.<ref>Joseph (1996), p. 304.</ref> == Littattafan baki == Littattafan baki (ko orature, kalmar da masanin Uganda Pio Zirimu<ref>George, Joseph, "African Literature", in Gordon and Gordon, ''Understanding Contemporary Africa'' (1996), ch. 14, p. 303.</ref> ya kirkira) na iya kasancewa a cikin layi ko aya. Sau da yawa rubutun yana da tatsuniyoyi ko tarihi kuma sau da yawa ya haɗa da labarun halin trickster. Masu ba da labari a Afirka wani lokacin suna amfani da dabarun kira da amsawa don ba da labarinsu. Waƙoƙi sun bayyana waka mai ba da labari wanda ya dogara da ɗan gajeren labari kuma ana yawan rera shi, ta hanyar: [[Epic Poetry|labari]] mai ban sha'awa, aya ta sana'a, aya ta al'ada, waƙoƙin yabo na sarakuna da sauran fitattun mutane. Yabon mawaƙa, bards wani lokacin da ake kira "griots", suna ba da labarinsu tare da kiɗa.<ref>[http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/ent/A0802673.html "African literature" at info-please.]</ref> Har ila yau ana maimaitawa, sau da yawa ana raira waƙa, waƙoƙin soyayya, waƙoƙi na aiki, waƙomin yara, tare da rubutun kalmomi, [[karin magana]] da [[Kacici-kacici|ma'ana]]. Wadannan al'adun baki sun kasance a cikin harsuna da yawa ciki har da [[Fillanci|Fula]], [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]], [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]], da Wolof.<ref>Gunner, E., and H. Scheub (2018), [https://www.britannica.com/art/African-literature/Oral-traditions-and-the-written-word "African Literature"]. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</ref> A [[Aljeriya]], waƙoƙin baki wani muhimmin bangare ne na al'adun [[Abzinawa|Berber]] lokacin da yawancin jama'a ba su iya karatu ba. Wadannan waƙoƙin, da ake kira ''Isefra'', an yi amfani da su don fannoni na rayuwar addini da ta duniya. Waƙoƙin addini sun haɗa da ibada, labaran annabci, da waƙoƙin girmama tsarkaka. Waƙoƙin duniya na iya kasancewa game da bukukuwan kamar haihuwa da bukukuwannin aure, ko asusun jarumai jarumawa.<ref>Aoudjit, A. (2017). ''Algerian literature : A reader's guide and anthology'' (Francophone cultures and literatures; v. 66). New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing, p. 77.</ref> A matsayin wani misali, a [[Mali]], ana ci gaba da watsa shirye-shiryen baki ko tatsuniyoyi a rediyo a cikin harshen Booma. == Littattafan da suka gabata == Misalan wallafe-wallafen Afirka na mulkin mallaka suna da yawa. A [[Itofiya|Habasha]], akwai manyan wallafe-wallafen da aka rubuta a cikin Ge'ez wanda ya koma akalla zuwa ƙarni na huɗu AD; aikin da aka fi sani da wannan al'adar shine ''Kebra Negast'', ko "Littafin Sarakuna". Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun al'adun gargajiya na Afirka shine labarin "trickster", inda karamin dabba ke amfani da basirarsa don tsira daga haɗuwa da manyan halittu. Misalan masu yaudarar dabbobi sun haɗa da Anansi, gizo-gizo a cikin al'adun mutanen [[Mutanen Ashanti|Ashanti]] na [[Ghana]]; Ijàpá, tururuwa a cikin al-adun [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] na [[Najeriya]]; da Sungura, zomo da aka samo a cikin al al'adun tsakiya da Gabashin Afirka. Sauran ayyukan da aka rubuta suna da yawa, wato a Arewacin Afirka, yankunan [[Sahel]] na yammacin Afirka da kuma bakin tekun Swahili. Daga [[Timbuktu]] kadai, akwai kimanin rubuce-rubuce 300,000 ko fiye da aka ɓoye a cikin ɗakunan karatu daban-daban da tarin masu zaman kansu, galibi an rubuta su a [[Larabci]] amma wasu a cikin harsunan asali (watau [[Fillanci|Fula]] da [[Harsunan Songhay|Songhai]]). An rubuta mutane da yawa a sanannen Jami'ar Timbuktu . Abubuwan sun rufe batutuwa da yawa, gami da ilimin taurari, shayari, doka, tarihi, bangaskiya, siyasa, da falsafar. Littattafan Swahili, kamar haka, sun samo asali ne daga koyarwar Islama amma sun bunkasa a cikin yanayin asali, daya daga cikin shahararrun kuma farkon littattafan Swahili shine ''Utendi wa Tambuka'' ko "Labarin Tambuka". Amma ga Maghreb, 'yan Arewacin Afirka kamar [[Ibn Kaldun|Ibn Khaldun]] sun sami babban bambanci a cikin wallafe-wallafen Larabci. Jami'o'i na Arewacin Afirka na Tsakiya sun yi alfahari da jami'o'in kamar na [[Fas|Fes]] da [[Kairo|Alkahira]], tare da adadi mai yawa na wallafe-wallafen don kara musu. == Littattafan mulkin mallaka na Afirka == Ayyukan Afirka da aka fi sani da su a Yamma daga lokutan mulkin mallaka da cinikin bayi sune ainihin labarun bayi, kamar Olaudah Equiano's The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equano (1789). A lokacin mulkin mallaka, 'yan Afirka da suka fallasa harsunan Yamma sun fara rubutu a cikin waɗannan harsuna. A cikin 1911, Joseph Ephraim Casely Hayford (wanda aka fi sani da Ekra-Agiman) na Gold Coast (yanzu Ghana) ya buga abin da mai yiwuwa shine littafin Afirka na farko da aka rubuta a Turanci, Habasha Unbound: Nazarin Race Emancipation .<ref>Newell, Stephanie, ''Literary Culture in Colonial Ghana: 'How to Play the Game of Life' '', Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2002, p. 135, ch. 7, "Ethical Fiction: J.E. Casely Hayford's ''Ethiopia Unbound''".</ref> Kodayake aikin yana motsawa tsakanin fiction da goyon bayan siyasa, bugawa da sake dubawa mai kyau a cikin manema labarai na Yammacin Turai sun nuna lokacin canji a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka. A wannan lokacin, wasannin Afirka da aka rubuta a Turanci sun fara fitowa. Herbert Isaac Ernest Dhlomo na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ya buga wasan Afirka na farko na harshen Ingilishi, The Girl Who Killed to Save: Nongqawuse the Liberator a [[Adabi A 1935|1935]]. A cikin 1962, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o na [[Kenya]] ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Gabashin Afirka, The ''Black Hermit'', labari mai gargadi game da "kabilanci" ( [[Wariya|nuna bambanci]] tsakanin kabilun Afirka). Daga cikin sassan farko na wallafe-wallafen Afirka da suka sami yabo mai mahimmanci a duniya shine littafin Things Fall Apart, na [[Chinua Achebe]] . An buga shi a shekara ta 1958, a ƙarshen zamanin mulkin mallaka, Things Fall Apart ya bincika tasirin mulkin mallaka a kan al'ummar Afirka ta gargajiya. Littattafan Afirka a ƙarshen mulkin mallaka (tsakanin ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]] da ƴancin kai) sun ƙara nuna jigogi na' yanci, ƴancin 'yancin kansu, da kuma (tsakanirukan' yan Afirka a yankunan francophone) baƙar fata. Ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ƙungiyar negritude, mawaki kuma shugaban [[Senegal]], Léopold Sédar Senghor, ya buga a cikin 1948 tarihin farko na waƙoƙin Faransanci da 'yan Afirka suka rubuta, ''Anthologie'' de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache de langue française (Anthology of the New Black and Malagasy Poetry in the French Language), wanda ke nuna gabatarwar marubucin Faransanci Jean-Paul Sartre. Ga marubutan da yawa wannan girmamawa ba ta ƙuntata ga bugawa ba. Mutane da yawa, hakika, sun sha wahala sosai kuma kai tsaye: an zarge su da jefa alhakinsu na fasaha don shiga cikin yaƙi, an kashe Christopher Okigbo a yaƙin [[Biyafara|Biafra]] da ƙungiyar Najeriya ta [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasa]] na shekarun 1960; An tsare Mongane Wally Serote a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ta'addanci ta Afirka ta Kudu No. 83 na 1967 tsakanin 1969 da 1970, kuma daga baya ba tare da an taɓa yin shari'a ba; Dan kasarsa Arthur Norjeunta ya kashe kansa; Jack Mapanje na [[Malawi]] a kurkuku ba tare da tuhuma ko shari'ar Swarwarwarwar ba; Ken Swarwar da aka dakatar da shi a jami'a; [[Ken Saro-Wiwa|Ken]] Sharwarwarwar; == Littattafan Afirka na bayan mulkin mallaka == Tare da 'yanci da karuwar karatu da rubutu tun lokacin da yawancin ƙasashen Afirka suka sami ƴancin kansu a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960, wallafe-wallafen Afirka sun karu sosai da yawa da kuma karbuwa, tare da ayyukan Afirka da yawa da ke bayyana a cikin tsarin karatun ilimi na Yamma da kuma jerin "mafi kyawun" da aka tattara tun daga ƙarshen karni na 20. Marubutan Afirka a wannan lokacin sun rubuta a cikin yarukan Yamma (musamman [[Turanci]], [[Faransanci]], da [[Harshen Portuguese|Portuguese]]) da kuma cikin yarukan gargajiya na Afirka kamar [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] . Ali A. Mazrui da sauransu sun ambaci rikice-rikice bakwai a matsayin jigogi: rikici tsakanin Afirka da ta gabata da ta yanzu, tsakanin al'ada da zamani, tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar da na waje, tsakanin mutum da al'umma, tsakanin zamantakewa da jari-hujja, tsakanin ci gaba da dogaro da kai da kuma tsakanin Afirka da bil'adama.<ref>[[Ali A. Mazrui|Mazrui, Ali A.]], et al. "The development of modern literature since 1935" as ch. 19 of [[UNESCO]]'s ''[[General History of Africa]]'', vol. VIII, pp. 564f. Collaborating with Ali A. Mazrui on this chapter were [[Mario Pinto de Andrade]], M'hamed Alaoui Abdalaoui, [[Daniel P. Kunene]] and [[Jan Vansina]].</ref> Sauran jigogi a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da matsalolin zamantakewa kamar cin hanci da rashawa, bambancin tattalin arziki a cikin sabbin ƙasashe masu zaman kansu, da haƙƙoƙi da matsayin mata. Marubutan mata a yau suna da wakilci sosai a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka da aka buga fiye da yadda suka kasance kafin samun 'yancin kai. A shekara ta 1986, [[Wole Soyinka]] na Najeriya ya zama marubucin Afirka na farko bayan samun ƴancin kai don lashe [[kyautar Nobel]] a cikin adabi. A baya, an ba da kyautar Albert Camus wanda aka haifa a [[Aljeriya]] a shekara ta 1957. Sauran wadanda suka lashe kyautar Nobel ta Afirka a cikin adabi sune Naguib Mahfouz (Masar) a shekarar 1988, Nadine Gordimer (Afirka ta Kudu) a shekarar 1991, John Maxwell Coetzee (Afirika ta Kudu) A shekarar 2003, [[Doris Lessing]] (UK / Zimbabwe) a shekarar 2007, da kuma Abdulrazak Gurnah (Tanzania) a shekarar 2021. == Ci gaban zamani == Akwai rubuce-rubuce da yawa a Afirka tun farkon shekarun da suka gabata (2010), kodayake masu karatu ba koyaushe ne suke bin adadi mai yawa ba.<ref>"La littérature africaine est en mouvement" (African literature is on the move): [http://africultures.com/tribune-litterature-africaine-ne-manque-de-genies-de-critiques-14104/ Africultures.com]</ref> Hakanan mutum na iya lura da bayyanar wasu rubuce-rubucen da suka karya tsarin ilimi.<ref>This article compares the "rebellious" style of a young author ([[Eric Mendi]]) with the more classical style of [[Alain Mabanckou]]: [http://www.jeuneafrique.com/452019/culture/theorie-de-leau-de-javel-alain-mabanckou-eric-mendi/ Jeuneafrique.com]</ref> Bugu da kari, ana iya yin nadama game da karancin masu sukar adabi a nahiyar a zamanin yau. Abubuwan da suka faru na wallafe-wallafen suna da kyau sosai, gami da kyaututtuka na wallafe'o'i, wasu daga cikinsu za a iya rarrabe su ta hanyar ra'ayoyinsu na asali. Al'amarin Grand Prix of Literary Associations yana da kyau sosai.<ref>This prize receives books in three languages (Spanish, English and French), the books are proposed to the Jury by literary associations: [https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/09/grand-prix-of-literary-associations-2017/ Bellanaija.com]</ref> Brittle Paper, wani dandamali na kan layi wanda Ainehi Edoro ya kafa, an bayyana shi a matsayin "babban jaridar wallafe-wallafen Afirka". Kamar yadda Bhakti Shringarpure ya lura, "tsarin dijital na kirkirar Afirka ba wai kawai sun canza wallafe-wallafen Afirka ba har ma sun canza al'adun wallafe-walfinai kamar yadda muka sani". Ƙarin amfani da intanet ya kuma canza yadda masu karatu na wallafe-wallafen Afirka suka sami damar samun abubuwan da ke cikin littattafan Afirka. Wannan ya haifar da hauhawar karatun dijital da dandamali na bugawa kamar OkadaBooks .<ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=40–64}}</ref> == Littattafan da aka buga a Afirka == An kaddamar da shi a cikin 1980 kuma yana gudana har zuwa 2009, an gabatar da kyautar Noma don Bugawa a Afirka ga fitattun marubutan Afirka da malaman da aka buga a Afirka.<ref>Jay, Mary (23 June 2006), [http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/abpr.2006.32.issue-2/abpr.2006.116/abpr.2006.116.xml "25 Years of the Noma Award for Publishing in Africa: an historic overview"], ''The African Book Publishing Record'', Volume 32, Issue 2, pp. 116–118, ISSN (Print) 0306-0322, DOI: 10.1515/ABPR.2006.116, 2 January 2008.</ref> == Shahararrun litattafan marubuta na Afirka == {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[Peter Abrahams]] (Afrika ta Kudu): ''Mine Boy'' (1946), ''This Island Now'', ''A Wreath for Udomo'' (1956) * [[Chinua Achebe]] (Najeriya): ''Arrow of God'' (1964), ''No Longer At Ease'' (1960), ''Things Fall Apart'' (1958), ''A Man of the People'' (1966), ''Anthills of the Savannah'' (1987), <!--not novels ''There Was a Country'', ''Girls at War and Other Stories'', ''Chike and the River''--> * [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] (Nigeria): ''Purple Hibiscus'' (2003), ''Half of a Yellow Sun'' (2006), ''Americanah'' (2013) * [[Chigozie Obioma]] (Nigeria): ''The Fishermen'' (2015), ''An Orchestra of Minorities' (2019) * José Eduardo Agualusa ([[Angola]]): ''Rainy Season'', ''Creole'', ''The Book of Chameleons'', ''My Father's Wives'' * Ama Ata Aidoo (Ghana): ''Our Sister Killjo'' (1977), ''Changes: a Love Story'' (1991) <!-- not a novel* Mohammed Naseehu Ali (Ghana): ''The Prophet of Zongo Street''--> * Germano Almeida (Cape Verde): ''O dia das calças roladas'' (1982), ''The Last Will and Testament of Senhor da Silva Araújo'' * [[Elechi Amadi]] (Nigeria): ''The Concubine (novel)|The Concubine'' (1966), ''The Great Ponds'', ''Sunset in Biafra'' * Ayi Kwei Armah (Ghana): ''The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born'' (1968), ''Two Thousand Seasons'' (1973) * Sefi Atta (Nigeria): ''Everything Good Will Come'' (2005) * [[Ayesha Harruna Attah]] (Ghana): ''Harmattan Rain'' * Mariama Bâ (Senegal): ''Une si longue lettre'' (''So Long a Letter'') * Chris Barnard (South Africa): ''Bundu'', ''Mahala'' * Ishmael Beah ([[Sierra Leone]]): ''A Long Way Gone'' (2007), ''Radiance of Tomorrow'' * Mongo Beti (Cameroon): ''Poor Christ of Bomba'' (1956 as ''Le Pauvre Christ de Bomba'') * André Brink (South Africa): ''n' Droe Wit Seisoen (''A Dry White Season)'', ''Gerugte van Reen'' (Rumours of Rain)'' * J. M. Coetzee (South Africa): ''Disgrace'' (1999), ''Life & Times of Michael K'' (1983) * Mia Couto ([[Mozambique]]): ''Terra Sonâmbula (Sleepwalking Land)'' * Ungulani Ba Ka Khosa (Mozambique): ''Ualalapi'' (1987) * Luís Bernardo Honwana (Mozambique): ''Nós Matamos O Cão-Tinhoso e Outros Contos'', ''We Killed Mangy Dog and Other Stories'' (1964) * Tsitsi Dangarembga ([[Zimbabwe]]): ''Nervous Conditions'' (1988), ''The Book of Not'' (2006), ''This Mournable Body'' * Mohammed Dib (Algeria): ''La grande maison'' * E. K. M. Dido (South Africa): '''n Stringetjie Blou Krale (A String of Blue Beads)'', ''Die Storie van Monica Peters (The Story of Monica Peters)'' * Assia Djebar (Algeria): ''Les Enfants du Nouveau Monde'' * K. Sello Duiker (South Africa): ''Thirteen Cents'' (2000), ''The Quiet Violence of Dreams'' * [[Buchi Emecheta]] (Nigeria): ''The Bride Price'' (1976), ''The Slave Girl'' (1977), ''The Joys of Motherhood'' (1979), ''Destination Biafra'' (1982) * Daniel Olorunfemi Fagunwa (Nigeria): ''Ogboju odẹ ninu igbo irunmalẹ (The Forest of a Thousand Demons)'' * Nuruddin Farah ([[Somaliya]]): ''From a Crooked Rib'' (1970), ''[[Maps (novel)|Maps]]'', ''[[Sweet and Sour Milk]]'' * [[Athol Fugard]] (South Africa): ''Tsotsi'' * [[Nadine Gordimer]] (South Africa): ''[[Burger's Daughter]]'' (1979), ''[[The Conservationist]]'' (1974), ''[[July's People]]'' (1981) * [[Alex La Guma]] (South Africa): ''[[In the Fog of the Seasons' End]]'' (1972), ''[[The Stone-Country]]'' (1967), ''[[Time of the Butcherbird]]'' (1979), ''[[A Walk in the Night]]'' (2020) * [[Abdulrazak Gurnah]] ([[Tanzania]]): ''[[Paradise (Gurnah novel)|Paradise]]'' (1994), ''[[By the Sea (novel)|By the Sea]]'' (2001), ''[[Afterlives]]'' (2020) * [[Bessie Head]] ([[Botswana]]): ''[[When Rain Clouds Gather]]'' (1968), ''[[Maru (novel)|Maru]]'' (1971), ''A Question of Power'' (1973) * [[Moses Isegawa]] ([[Uganda]]): ''[[Abyssinian Chronicles]]'' (1998) * [[Rayda Jacobs]] (South Africa): ''[[The Slave Book]]'', ''[[Eyes of the Sky]]'', ''[[Confessions of a Gambler]]'' * [[Tahar Ben Jelloun]] ([[Morocco]]): ''[[The Sacred Night]]'', ''[[The Sand Child]]'' (1985), ''[[This Blinding Absence of Light]]'' (2001) * [[Cheikh Hamidou Kane]] (Senegal): ''[[L'Aventure ambiguë]]'' (1961) * [[Malama Katulwende]] (Zambia): ''Bitterness'' * [[Yasmina Khadra]] (Algeria): ''[[The Swallows of Kabul]]'' (2002) * [[Christopher Zacharia Lameck]] ([[Tanzania]]): ''The Mythical Father'', ''Lost'', ''Ztraceni'' ''European Madness'', * [[Camara Laye]] ([[Guinea]]): ''[[The African Child]]'' (''L'Enfant noir'', 1953), ''[[The Radiance of the King]]'' (1954) * [[Naguib Mahfouz]] ([[Egypt]]): ''[[The Beginning and the End (novel)|The Beginning and the End]]'' (1949), ''[[Cairo Trilogy]]'', ''[[Children of Gebelawi]]'', ''[[Midaq Alley (novel)|Midaq Alley]]'' * [[Charles Mangua]] (Kenya): ''[[Son of Woman]]'' (1971), ''[[A Tail in the Mouth]]'' * [[Sarah Ladipo Manyika]] (Nigeria): ''[[In Dependence]]'' (2008) * [[Dambudzo Marechera]] (Zimbabwe): ''[[The House of Hunger]]'' (1978) * [[Dalene Matthee]] (South Africa): ''Kringe in 'n bos'' (''Circles in a Forest'') * [[Zakes Mda]] (South Africa): ''[[Ways of Dying]]'' (1995), ''[[The Heart of Redness]]'' * [[Thomas Mofolo]] (South Africa/[[Lesotho]]): ''[[Chaka (novel)|Chaka]]'' (1925) * [[Nadifa Mohamed]] (Somalia) ''[[Black Mamba Boy]]'' (2010), ''[[The Orchard of Lost Souls]]'' (2013), ''[[The Fortune Men]]'' (2021) * [[Bai Tamia Moore]] (Liberia): ''[[Murder in the Cassava Patch]]'' (1968) * [[Fadhy Mtanga]] ([[Tanzania]]): ''Kizungumkuti'', '' Huba'', ''Fungate'' * [[Meja Mwangi]] (Kenya): ''[[Carcase for Hounds]]'' (1974), ''[[Going Down River Road]]'' (1976), ''[[Kill Me Quick]]'' (1973) * [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] (Kenya): ''[[A Grain of Wheat]]'' (1967), ''[[Matigari ma Njiruungi|Matigari]]'' (1986), ''[[Petals of Blood]]'' (1977), ''[[Weep Not, Child]]'' (1964), ''[[Wizard of the Crow]]'' (2006) * [[Lewis Nkosi]] (South Africa): ''[[Mandela's Ego]]'' (2006), ''[[Mating Birds]]'' (1986), ''[[Underground People]]'' (2002) * [[Flora Nwapa]] (Nigeria): ''[[Efuru]]'' (1966), ''[[Idu (novel)|Idu]]'' (1970), ''[[One is Enough]]'', ''[[Never Again (Nwapa novel)|Never Again]]'', ''[[Women are Different]]'' * [[Nnedi Okorafor]] (Nigeria): ''[[Zahrah the Windseeker]]'' (2005) * [[Ben Okri]] (Nigeria): ''[[The Famished Road]]'' (1991), ''[[Songs of Enchantment]]'' (1993) * [[Deon Opperman]] (South Africa): ''[[Donkerland]] (Dark Land)'', ''[[Kruispad]] (Crossroad)'', ''[[Hartland (novel)|Hartland]] (Heartland)'' * [[Yambo Ouologuem]] (Mali): ''Le Devoir de Violence'' (''Bound to Violence'') * [[Alan Paton]] (South Africa): ''[[Cry, The Beloved Country]]'' (1948) * [[Pepetela]] (Angola) : ''Muana Puó, Mayombe, [[A Gloriosa Família]]'' (1997) * [[Sol Plaatje]] (South Africa): ''[[Mhudi]]'' (1930) * [[Nawal El Saadawi]] (Egypt): ''[[Woman at Point Zero]]'' (1975) * [[Tayeb Salih]] (Sudan): ''[[Season of Migration to the North]]'' (1966) * [[Wilton Sankawulo]] (Liberia): ''[[Birds Are Singing]]'' * [[Karel Schoeman]] (South Africa): ''[[n Ander Land]] (Another Country)'', ''[[Na die Geliefde Land]] (Promised Land)'' * [[Olive Schreiner]] (South Africa): ''[[The Story of an African Farm]]'' (1883) * [[Benjamin Sehene]] ([[Rwanda]]): ''[[Le Feu sous la Soutane]] (Fire under the Cassock)'' * [[Ousmane Sembène]] ([[Senegal]]): ''[[Xala]]'' (1973), ''[[The Black Docker]]'' (''Le Docker Noir''), ''[[God's Bits of Wood]]'' (''Les Bouts de Bois de Dieu''), ''[[The Last of the Empire]]'' (''Le dernier de l'Empire''), ''[[Tribal Scars]]'' (''Voltaïque''), (1962) * [[Wole Soyinka]] (Nigeria): ''[[The Interpreters (novel)|The Interpreters]]'' (1965), ''[[Seasons of Anomy]]'' (1973), ''[[Chronicles from the Land of the Happiest People on Earth]]'' (2021) * [[Amos Tutuola]] (Nigeria): ''[[The Palm Wine Drinkard]]'' (1952), ''[[My Life in the Bush of Ghosts (novel)|My Life in the Bush of Ghosts]]'' (1954), ''Simbi and the Satyr of the Dark Jungle'', ''Feather Woman of the Jungle'', ''The Witch-Herbalist of the Remote Town'', ''Ajaiyi and his Inherited Poverty'' * [[Marlene van Niekerk]] (South Africa): ''Triomf'' (''Triumph'', 1994) * [[Yvonne Vera]] (Zimbabwe): ''[[Butterfly Burning]]'' (1998) * [[José Luandino Vieira]] ([[Angola]]): ''[[Luuanda]]'' (1963) * [[Joseph Jeffrey Walters]] (Liberia): ''[[Guanya Pau: A Story of an African Princess]]'' (1891) * [[Berhanu Zerihun]] (Ethiopia): ''[[Ye'imba debdabbéwoch]]'' ("Tearful Letters") <!-- non-notable*Aoiri Obaigbo (Nigeria): "[[The Wretched Billionaire]]"--> {{div col end}} == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} == Bayanan littattafai == * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga littafin nan. * {{Cite journal|url-status=293–303}} * {{Cite journal|last6=Mineke Schipper|url-status=280–292}} * [[Margaret Busby|Busby]], Margaret (ed.), Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descending from the Ancient Egyptian to the Present, Jonathan Cape, 1992. * Mazrui, Ali A. (ed.), ''Tarihin'' Janar na Afirka, vol.VIII, UNESCO, 1993, shafi na 19, Ali A. Mazrui et al., "Ci gaban wallafe-wallafen zamani tun 1935".{{Free access}} * Gordon, Afrilu A., da Donald L. Gordon, ''Fahimtar Afirka ta zamani'', London: Lynne Rienner, 1996, shafi na 12, George Joseph, "Litattafan Afirka". * Gikandi, Simon (ed.), ''Encyclopedia'' of African Literature, London: Routledge, 2003. * Irele, Abiola, da Simon Gikandi (eds), ''Tarihin Cambridge na'' Littattafan Afirka da Caribbean, 2 vols, Cambridge [u.a.]: Jami'ar Cambridge Press, 2004. [http://www.gbv.de/du/services/agi/B3F431645C8BC864C1256FCC005937EE/420000136828 Tebur na abubuwan da ke ciki] * Shamim, Amna. Gynocentric Contours of the Male Imagination: Nazarin Littattafan Chinua Achebe da Ngugi wa Thiong'o . New Delhi: Idea Publishing, 2017.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9788193326978|9788193326978]] * Marvin x. Black gidan wasan kwaikwayo: wani lokaci na ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na baƙar fata, New York: 1994 == Haɗin waje == * Abubuwan da muka gada: Muryoyi daga Afirka Cordite Poetry Review * [http://www.africanwriter.com/ Sabon albarkatun wallafe-wallafen Afirka] * [[gutenbergwiki:Africa_(Bookshelf)|The Africa_(Bookshelf) a Project Gutenberg]] * [http://www.africanlit.org/ Ƙungiyar Littattafan Afirka] * [http://www.african-literature.net Binciken Littattafan Afirka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523120651/http://www.african-literature.net/ |date=2021-05-23 }} An adana shi *   (Bibliography) [[Category:Afrika]] [[Category:Adabi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] drkj6pcl429fv5t22289a3g7p3bsyf8 0 51200 822011 630690 2026-04-17T20:38:48Z Maryam Abdullahi Anka 44060 822011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anna Bossman''' (an Haife ta a ranar 1 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1957) 'yar [[Ghana]] ce mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. <ref name="Oyuky">Oyuky, Yvette (4 November 2010). "NS Intro to Journalism Fall 2010: Ghana's Deputy Commissioner: Anna Bossman (Edit Three)" . NS Intro to Journalism Fall 2010 . Retrieved 8 August 2015.{{Cite web}}</ref> Ta taba zama darakta a Sashen Mutunci da Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa na Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB).<ref>"Why I Do What I Do — Bossman" . Realnews Magazine . 8 July 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2015.</ref><ref>"Speakers | The 15th International Anti- Corruption Conference, Brazil, 7–10 November 2012" . 15iacc.org . Retrieved 8 August 2015.</ref> <ref>"16IACC – Speakers" . 16iacc.org . Retrieved 8 August 2015.</ref> A shekarar 2017 an nada ta jakadiyar Ghana a [[Faransa]]. <ref name="Interview"/> == Ilimi == An haife shi a [[Kumasi]], Ghana, mahaifinsa Dr. Jonathan Emmanuel Bossman, tsohon wakilin Ghana a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a Geneva, <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gh.ambafrance.org/Interview-with-Anna-Bossman-4407 |title=Interview with Anna Bossman |access-date=2023-06-08 |archive-date=2024-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126173825/https://gh.ambafrance.org/Interview-with-Anna-Bossman-4407 |url-status=dead }}</ref> da Alice Decker.<ref>UNESCO <nowiki>https://en.unesco.org</nowiki> › anna-boss... Anna Bossman</ref> Anna Bossman ta halarci makarantar Holy Child a Cape Coast, ta ci gaba da zuwa Makarantar Achimota don karatun sakandarenta. <ref name="Interview"/> Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Ghana, Legon tare da digiri na [[Doka|shari'a]] da [[kimiyyar siyasa]] kuma daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana a shekarar 1980, ana kiranta zuwa Bar Ghana a waccan shekarar.<ref>Oyuky, Yvette (4 November 2010). "NS Intro to Journalism Fall 2010: Ghana's Deputy Commissioner: Anna Bossman (Edit Three)" . NS Intro to Journalism Fall 2010 . Retrieved 8 August 2015.</ref><ref><nowiki>https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/person/Anna-Bossman-4321</nowiki></ref> == Sana'a == Bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Lauyar Jiha a Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Ghana, Bossman ta shiga aikin sirri, kuma a cikin shekaru 25 da suka biyo baya zata ci gaba da aiki a masana'antar mai da iskar gas da bangaren makamashi, tana aiki tare da manyan kamfanoni na duniya ciki har da Tenneco) a [[Gabon]] (Inda ta kasance mace ta farko a sakatare-janar na kungiyar kamfanonin mai na Gabon, Kongo, [[Ivory Coast|Cote d'Ivoire]], [[Angola]], da kuma Ghana,<ref><nowiki>https://en.unesco.org/world-press-freedom-day-2018/anna-bossman</nowiki></ref> inda a shekarar 1996 ta kafa Bossman Consultancy Limited don bayar da tallafi ga ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki da makamashi., cibiyoyi na kasa da kasa da hukumomin bayar da tallafi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da masu zuba jari na kasuwanci. <ref name="Interview">[https://gh.ambafrance.org/Interview-with-Anna-Bossman-4407 "Interview with Anna Bossman"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126173825/https://gh.ambafrance.org/Interview-with-Anna-Bossman-4407 |date=2024-11-26 }}, France in Ghana – Embassy of France in Accra.</ref> Ta kasance mataimakiyar kwamishiniyar [[Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam da Adalcin Gudanarwa|hukumar kare hakkin dan adam da shari'a]] ta Ghana (CHRAJ) daga shekarar 2002 zuwa 2010, inda aka nada ta mukaddashyar kwamishina. <ref>Myjoyonline: Derick Romeo Adogla (20 June 2011). "Anna Bossman: I felt frustrated by ruling on Dr. Anane's case" . Modern Ghana . Retrieved 8 August 2015.</ref> A watan Yulin shekarar 2011, kungiyar Bankin Raya Afirka ta dauke ta aiki a matsayin Darakta a Sashen Aminci da Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa, inda take kula da binciken zamba, cin hanci da rashawa da sauran munanan ayyuka. <ref name="Interview"/> === Aikin diflomasiyya === A watan Yuni 2017 an nada ta jakadiyar Ghana a [[Faransa]], kuma ta gabatar da wasikunta na amincewa ga shugaban Faransa [[Emmanuel Macron]] a ranar 13 ga watan Oktoba 2017. <ref name="Interview"/> Ta kasance jakadiyar Ghana a [[Portugal]] kuma wakiliyar kasarta ta dindindin a [[UNESCO]]. <ref>[https://en.unesco.org/world-press-freedom-day-2018/anna-bossman ANNA BOSSMANAmbassador of Ghana to France]</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ta taba auren tsohon dan takarar firaminista a [[Burkina Faso]], Pierre-Claver Damiba; kuma suna da 'ya mace. == Kyaututtukan da aka zaɓa == 2008 – Kyautar Gwanayen Mata ta Ghana don ƙware a Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Doka (Ghana National Honorary Awards of Fame) <ref>[https://www.paris.embassy.gov.gh/the-ambassador/ "Meet Our New Ambassador"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423154635/https://www.paris.embassy.gov.gh/the-ambassador/ |date=2019-04-23 }}, Ghana Embassy, Paris.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}}{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/anna-bossman/9/111/bb6 nasaba A shafi] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1957]] bht0amcfj7254mtyc1zmgkf5i8sxbr8 822012 822011 2026-04-17T20:39:19Z Maryam Abdullahi Anka 44060 822012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anna Bossman''' (an Haife ta a ranar 1 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1957) ýar [[Ghana]] ce mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. <ref name="Oyuky">Oyuky, Yvette (4 November 2010). "NS Intro to Journalism Fall 2010: Ghana's Deputy Commissioner: Anna Bossman (Edit Three)" . NS Intro to Journalism Fall 2010 . Retrieved 8 August 2015.{{Cite web}}</ref> Ta taba zama darakta a Sashen Mutunci da Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa na Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB).<ref>"Why I Do What I Do — Bossman" . Realnews Magazine . 8 July 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2015.</ref><ref>"Speakers | The 15th International Anti- Corruption Conference, Brazil, 7–10 November 2012" . 15iacc.org . Retrieved 8 August 2015.</ref> <ref>"16IACC – Speakers" . 16iacc.org . Retrieved 8 August 2015.</ref> A shekarar 2017 an nada ta jakadiyar Ghana a [[Faransa]]. <ref name="Interview"/> == Ilimi == An haife shi a [[Kumasi]], Ghana, mahaifinsa Dr. Jonathan Emmanuel Bossman, tsohon wakilin Ghana a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a Geneva, <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gh.ambafrance.org/Interview-with-Anna-Bossman-4407 |title=Interview with Anna Bossman |access-date=2023-06-08 |archive-date=2024-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126173825/https://gh.ambafrance.org/Interview-with-Anna-Bossman-4407 |url-status=dead }}</ref> da Alice Decker.<ref>UNESCO <nowiki>https://en.unesco.org</nowiki> › anna-boss... Anna Bossman</ref> Anna Bossman ta halarci makarantar Holy Child a Cape Coast, ta ci gaba da zuwa Makarantar Achimota don karatun sakandarenta. <ref name="Interview"/> Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Ghana, Legon tare da digiri na [[Doka|shari'a]] da [[kimiyyar siyasa]] kuma daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana a shekarar 1980, ana kiranta zuwa Bar Ghana a waccan shekarar.<ref>Oyuky, Yvette (4 November 2010). "NS Intro to Journalism Fall 2010: Ghana's Deputy Commissioner: Anna Bossman (Edit Three)" . NS Intro to Journalism Fall 2010 . Retrieved 8 August 2015.</ref><ref><nowiki>https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/person/Anna-Bossman-4321</nowiki></ref> == Sana'a == Bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Lauyar Jiha a Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Ghana, Bossman ta shiga aikin sirri, kuma a cikin shekaru 25 da suka biyo baya zata ci gaba da aiki a masana'antar mai da iskar gas da bangaren makamashi, tana aiki tare da manyan kamfanoni na duniya ciki har da Tenneco) a [[Gabon]] (Inda ta kasance mace ta farko a sakatare-janar na kungiyar kamfanonin mai na Gabon, Kongo, [[Ivory Coast|Cote d'Ivoire]], [[Angola]], da kuma Ghana,<ref><nowiki>https://en.unesco.org/world-press-freedom-day-2018/anna-bossman</nowiki></ref> inda a shekarar 1996 ta kafa Bossman Consultancy Limited don bayar da tallafi ga ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki da makamashi., cibiyoyi na kasa da kasa da hukumomin bayar da tallafi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da masu zuba jari na kasuwanci. <ref name="Interview">[https://gh.ambafrance.org/Interview-with-Anna-Bossman-4407 "Interview with Anna Bossman"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126173825/https://gh.ambafrance.org/Interview-with-Anna-Bossman-4407 |date=2024-11-26 }}, France in Ghana – Embassy of France in Accra.</ref> Ta kasance mataimakiyar kwamishiniyar [[Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam da Adalcin Gudanarwa|hukumar kare hakkin dan adam da shari'a]] ta Ghana (CHRAJ) daga shekarar 2002 zuwa 2010, inda aka nada ta mukaddashyar kwamishina. <ref>Myjoyonline: Derick Romeo Adogla (20 June 2011). "Anna Bossman: I felt frustrated by ruling on Dr. Anane's case" . Modern Ghana . Retrieved 8 August 2015.</ref> A watan Yulin shekarar 2011, kungiyar Bankin Raya Afirka ta dauke ta aiki a matsayin Darakta a Sashen Aminci da Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa, inda take kula da binciken zamba, cin hanci da rashawa da sauran munanan ayyuka. <ref name="Interview"/> === Aikin diflomasiyya === A watan Yuni 2017 an nada ta jakadiyar Ghana a [[Faransa]], kuma ta gabatar da wasikunta na amincewa ga shugaban Faransa [[Emmanuel Macron]] a ranar 13 ga watan Oktoba 2017. <ref name="Interview"/> Ta kasance jakadiyar Ghana a [[Portugal]] kuma wakiliyar kasarta ta dindindin a [[UNESCO]]. <ref>[https://en.unesco.org/world-press-freedom-day-2018/anna-bossman ANNA BOSSMANAmbassador of Ghana to France]</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ta taba auren tsohon dan takarar firaminista a [[Burkina Faso]], Pierre-Claver Damiba; kuma suna da 'ya mace. == Kyaututtukan da aka zaɓa == 2008 – Kyautar Gwanayen Mata ta Ghana don ƙware a Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Doka (Ghana National Honorary Awards of Fame) <ref>[https://www.paris.embassy.gov.gh/the-ambassador/ "Meet Our New Ambassador"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423154635/https://www.paris.embassy.gov.gh/the-ambassador/ |date=2019-04-23 }}, Ghana Embassy, Paris.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}}{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.linkedin.com/pub/anna-bossman/9/111/bb6 nasaba A shafi] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1957]] oqtdvcthbdgyjoa2902e7fqz051zaif 0 51373 822026 626953 2026-04-17T20:47:40Z Maryam Abdullahi Anka 44060 822026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Anna Sorokin, 2022.jpg|thumb|Hoton anna sorokin]] '''Anna Sorokin''' ({{Lang-ru|Анна Сорокина}};An haife shi a Janairu 23,1991),kuma aka sani da '''Anna Delvey''',ƴaƴa ce kuma ɗan damfara wanda ya fito a matsayin [[Gado a Musulunci|magajiya]] mai arziƙi don samun damar manyan al'amuran zamantakewa da fasaha na New York daga shekarar 2013 zuwa 2017.<ref>"The People of the State of New York – against Anna Sorokin Defendant" (PDF). CBS News. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 11, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.</ref> Haihuwar iyaye masu aiki a cikin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]](yanzu [[Rasha]] ),Sorokin ya yi hijira daga Rasha zuwa Jamus tare da danginta yana da shekaru goma sha shida a 2007.A cikin 2011,ta bar Jamus don zama a London da [[Faris|Paris]] kafin ta koma New York City a 2013,inda ta shiga cikin mujallar Faransanci ''ta Purple''Sorokin ta yi tunanin wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta na membobi da gidauniyar fasaha, wanda ya haɗa da ba da hayar wani babban gini don nuna shagunan talla da nune-nune ta fitattun mawakan da ta hadu da su yayin da suke aiki.Daga baya ta ƙirƙiri takaddun kuɗi na bogi don tabbatar da ikirarinta na samun asusun amintattu na miliyoyin Yuro,kuma ta ƙirƙira wasu tabbaci na musayar waya.<ref>Ransom, Jan; Palmer, Emily (April 25, 2019). "Fake Heiress Who Swindled N.Y.'s Elite Is Found Guilty". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020.</ref> Sorokin ya yi amfani da waɗannan takardu,da kuma cak na zamba,don yaudarar bankuna,abokan aiki,da ƴan kasuwa wajen biyan kuɗi da bayar da lamuni masu yawa ba tare da lamuni ba.<ref>Minutaglio, Rose (February 15, 2022). "Yes, Anna Sorokin from 'Inventing Anna' Really Did Have Saint Laurent Sent to Her in Prison". Elle. Archived from the original on February 23, 2022. Retrieved February 28, 2022.</ref>Ta yi amfani da wannan don samun kuɗaɗen salon rayuwarta, gami da zama a cikin manyan otal-otal masu yawa.Tsakanin 2013 zuwa 2017, Sorokin ya zamba tare da yaudarar manyan cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi,bankuna,otal-otal,da daidaikun mutane kan jimillar $275,000.<ref>"Anna Sorokin: Fake heiress detained by US immigration authorities". BBC News. April 2, 2021. Archived from the original on April 23, 2021</ref> A cikin 2017,NYPD ta kama Sorokin a wani aiki mai tsanani tare da taimakon tsohuwar kawarta,Rachel DeLoache Williams,wanda ya zargi Sorokin da zamba ta $ 62,000.A cikin 2019,an gurfanar da Sorokin da laifi a wata kotun jihar New York da laifin yunƙurin aikata manyan laifuka,<ref>"'Inventing Anna' fraudster took a $35,000 private-jet trip to Berkshire Hathaway's annual meeting without paying – and said she crashed Warren Buffett's VIP party". Markets Insider. Archived from the original on February 12, 2022. Retrieved February 18, 2022.</ref> lalata a mataki na biyu,da satar ayyuka,kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 4 zuwa 12 a gidan yari.Bayan ta yi shekara biyu,an tsare ta a hannun Hukumar Kula da Shige da Fice ta Amurka don a tasa keyar ta zuwa Jamus.A ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2022,an ba Sorokin belin $10,000 kuma an sake shi daga kurkuku.<ref>Palmer, Emily (February 14, 2022). "Anna Sorokin on 'Inventing Anna' and Life After Rikers". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 15, 2022. Retrieved February 15, 2022.</ref> Tun daga Oktoba 2022,ana buƙatar Sorokin ya kasance a cikin sa'o'i 24 na tsare gida tare da saka idanu na lantarki kuma babu damar shiga kafofin watsa labarun.<ref name="Reul" /> HiLabarin Sorokin ya sami karbuwa lokacin da Williams ta rubuta dogon labari a cikin <nowiki><i id="mwMg">Vanity Fair</i></nowiki> game da abubuwan da ta samu tare da Sorokin a cikin 2018.Ta faɗaɗa labarin a cikin littafinta na 2019 ''Abokina Anna''.A wannan shekarar,'yar jarida Jessica Pressler ta rubuta wata kasida ga ''New York'' game da rayuwar Sorokin a matsayin zamantakewa;Netflix ya biya Sorokin $ 320,000 don haƙƙin labarinta kuma ya haɓaka shi a cikin 2022 miniseries ''Inventing Annai''.Labarin rayuwar Sorokin ya kasance batun wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa, tambayoyi,kwasfan fayiloli,da shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Tripney, Natasha (June 1, 2021). "Gatsby, Ripley and the fake heiress: inside the tech fantasy Anna X". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved February 16, 2022.</ref> == Rayuwar farko == [[File:Lenin_place.JPG|thumb| Haihuwarta Domodedovo, wani garin tauraron dan adam a kudu da [[Moscow]]]] An haifi Sorokin a ranar 23 ga Janairu, 1991,a Domodedovo,wani gari mai aiki da tauraron dan adam a kudu da [[Moscow]],<ref>Contreras, Cydney (February 12, 2022). "Breaking Down Julia Garner's Unique Accent on 'Inventing Anna'". NBC News. Archived from the original on February 13, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022</ref> Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Rasha a cikin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]].Mahaifinta,Vadim,ya yi aiki a matsayin direban babbar mota yayin da mahaifiyarta ke da wani ƙaramin kantin sayar da kayayyaki.A cikin 2007,lokacin da Sorokin ke 16<ref>Pressler, Jessica (May 28, 2018). "How an Aspiring 'It' Girl Tricked New York's Party People – and Its Banks". The Cut. Archived from the original on January 24, 2020.</ref>, danginta sun ƙaura zuwa North Rhine-Westphalia,Jamus.A can, mahaifinta ya zama babban jami'in gudanarwa a kamfanin sufuri har sai da kamfanin ya yi rashin ƙarfi a cikin 2013.Daga nan ya buɗe kasuwancin HVAC wanda ya kware akan ingantaccen amfani da makamashi.Mahaifiyar Sorokin matar gida ce.<ref>Shamsian, Jacob (February 11, 2022). "'My parents did not really know what to do with me': Real-life scammer Anna Sorokin explains the tense family relationship in 'Inventing Anna'". Insider. Archived from the original on February 19, 2022. Retrieved February 18, 2022</ref> <ref name="Tricked">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thecut.com/2018/05/how-anna-delvey-tricked-new-york.html|title=How an Aspiring 'It' Girl Tricked New York's Party People – and Its Banks|author-link=Jessica Pressler|last=Pressler|first=Jessica|work=[[The Cut (website)|The Cut]]|date=May 28, 2018|archive-date=January 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124141842/https://www.thecut.com/2018/05/how-anna-delvey-tricked-new-york.html|url-status=live}}</ref>Sorokin ya halarci Bischöfliche Liebfrauenschule Eschweiler(Episcopal School of Our Lady of Eschweiler),makarantar nahawu ta Katolika a Eschweiler.Takwarorinsu sun ce ta yi shiru tana kokawa da [[German language|yaren Jamusanci]].Yayin da yake matashi,Sorokin ya bi ''Vogue'' da sha'awar sha'awa,shafukan yanar gizo,da kuma asusun hoto akan LiveJournal da Flickr.<ref>Palmer, Emily (May 10, 2019). "A Fake Heiress Called Anna Delvey Conned the City's Wealthy. 'I'm Not Sorry,' She Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 3, 2021</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar a watan Yuni 2011,Sorokin ya koma London don halartar Central Saint Martins,makarantar fasaha,amma ba da daɗewa ba ya fita ya koma Jamus.<ref>Tashjian, Rachel (March 28, 2019). "The Alleged "Soho Grifter" Is Using a Courtroom Stylist". GQ. Archived from the original on June 3, 2021.</ref> A cikin 2012,ta ɗan ɗan yi aiki a wani kamfanin hulɗar jama'a a [[Berlin]].Daga nan Sorokin ya ƙaura zuwa Paris,inda ta sami kusan € 400 a kowane wata ta hanyar horarwa don ''Purple'',mujallar fashion ta Faransa.<ref name="Conned" />Duk da cewa Sorokin ba ta yawan tuntuɓar iyayenta,sun ba ta kuɗin haya. <ref name="parents" /> <ref name="Conned" />A wannan lokacin,Sorokin ya fara amfani da sunan"Anna Delvey",wanda ta ce ya dogara ne akan sunan budurwar mahaifiyarta.Iyayen Sorokin,duk da haka,sun "ba su gane sunan sunan ba".Sorokin daga baya ya yarda cewa"kawai ya zo da shi." [[Fayil:2024-04-28 - Jewels at Bolshoi - 46.jpg|thumb|Anna Sorokin]] A tsakiyar 2013,Sorokin ya yi tafiya zuwa [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] don halartar Makon Kasuwanci na New York.Samun samun sauƙin yin abokai a New York fiye da Paris,<ref>Anna Sorokin, who pretended to be a wealthy German heiress, was sentenced to four to 12 years in prison last week". Inside Edition. May 14, 2019. Archived from the original on February 20, 2022. Retrieved February 19, 2022</ref> ta zaɓi zama,ta koma ofishin ''Purple'' {{'}} New York na ɗan gajeren lokaci.Bayan barin ''Purple'',Sorokin ya zo da ra'ayin"Anna Delvey Foundation"-ƙungiyar mambobi masu zaman kansu da kuma gidauniyar fasaha-kuma bai yi nasara ba ya nemi kudade daga masu arziki na zamantakewar birni.Shawararta ta haɗa da ba da hayar dukan Gidan Ofishin Jakadancin Church,wanda ya ƙunshi benaye shida da 45,000 sq ft (4,200 m kuma mallakin Aby Rosen 's RFR Holdings,a matsayin wurin abubuwan da suka shafi abubuwa da yawa da kuma ɗakin studio,inda ta tsara cibiyar [[Zane-zane na gani|fasahar gani]] tare da shagunan tallan da mai zane Daniel Arsham ya keɓe,ɗaya daga cikin abokanta daga horon ta.da nunin nunin Urs Fischer,Damien Hirst,Jeff Koons,da Tracey Emin.Ta sami taimakon shirin daga ɗan ginin Santiago Calatrava.<ref>Williams, Rachel DeLoache (July 18, 2019). "Anna "Delvey" Sorokin Was My Friend. Here's How I Helped Bring the Fake Heiress to Justice". Time. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021</ref> Ta kuma tattauna batun siyar da abubuwan sha a wurin da Roo Rogers.<ref>Anna Delvey Takes Manhattan". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on February 20, 2022. Retrieved February 19, 2022.</ref> DJ Elle Dee ya bayyana wani baƙon gamuwa da Sorokin a wani biki a watan Mayu 2014 a Montauk,<ref>Palmer, Emily (May 10, 2019). "A Fake Heiress Called Anna Delvey Conned the City's Wealthy. 'I'm Not Sorry,' She Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 3, 2021</ref> New York,inda Sorokin ya yi kama da cewa ita ce mai arziƙi kuma ta yi alfahari game da nau'ikan tufafin da take sanye da su,amma kuma ta nemi masu zuwa wurin kwana.Da suka ki,sai ta kwana a mota tana barci.Dee ya kuma bayyana sauran mahalarta taron da ta halarta wanda Sorokin ya shirya a Standard,<ref>Shamsian, Jacob (July 23, 2019). "A Vanity Fair photo editor who says she was scammed by 'SoHo grifter' Anna Delvey wrote a book – and it finally explains how she was caught". Insider. Archived from the original on January 27, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2019.</ref> High Line : "Da kyar ta san su-kamar dai watakila shi ne karo na biyu da suka taba haduwa, irin mu.Kowa ya zauna,shiru yana kallon wayarsa.Dee ya bayyana Sorokin a matsayin"mai hakki da ma'ana"<ref>Con artist who passed herself off as wealthy heiress sentenced to 4 to 12 years in prison". CBS News. Associated Press. May 10, 2019. Archived from the original on May 11, 2019.</ref>, musamman ga mutanen da ke cikin masana'antar sabis.<ref>Dee, Elle (December 16, 2019). "My Anna Delvey story: Strange encounters with a fake heiress". BBC News. Archived from the original on February 17, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.</ref>Ta caccaki mutanen da ba su da mabiya da yawa a [[Instagram]] kuma ta yi alfaharin yadda za ta yi hayar dala 12,000 a kowane wata a saman rufin gida mai dakuna shida.<ref>Williams, Rachel DeLoache (April 13, 2018). "She Paid for Everything: How a Fake Heiress Made My $62,000 Disappear". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019</ref> Dee ya kuma ce Sorokin ta dogara da ita da sauran abokan aikinta ne suka biya mata kudadenta, inda ta ce ta manta da [[jakarta]] ko kuma a ce an yi gaggawar ceredit card dinta ba ta yi aiki ba,tana zubar da hawayen kada wadanda suka bushe da sauri lokacin da ta fahimci shirin.ba zai yi aiki ba.<ref>Kinsella, Eileen (December 10, 2020). "Convicted Fraudster Anna Delvey Conned Collector Michael Xufu Huang. That Didn't Stop Him From Hanging Her Portrait in His New Museum". Artnet. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021.</ref> A cikin 2015,Sorokin ya sadu da mai tattara zane-zane kuma dalibin Jami'ar [[Pennsylvania]] Michael Xufu Huang a wani liyafar cin abinci. Sanin cewa Huang ya shirya ya halarci Venice Biennale, Sorokin ya tambaye shi ko za ta iya raka shi. Huang ya amince kuma ya yi ajiyar jirgin sama da dakin otal don Sorokin bisa fahimtar cewa za a mayar masa da kuɗin dalar Amurka 2,000- $3,000.Lokacin da suka dawo New York,Sorokin ya bayyana don"manta"tsarin kuma ya kasa biya. Da farko Huang ya ɗauka cewa Sorokin ba shi da tunani kawai.<ref>"All you need to know about Alan Reed in 'Inventing Anna'". Newsweek. February 17, 2022</ref> Hakanan a cikin 2015,<ref>Friedman, Vanessa (April 26, 2019). "Does This Dress Make Me Look Guilty?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 13, 2021.</ref> Sorokin ya halarci Art Basel a Miami Beach.Sorokin ta dauki hayar kamfanin hulda da jama'a don yin wa kanta liyafar bikin ranar haihuwa a gidan cin abinci na Sadelle a cikin Janairu 2016;bayan da aka ki karbar katin kiredit nata kuma aka buga hotunan Huang a wurin taron a shafukan sada zumunta,<ref>Dickson, E. J. (April 9, 2019). "How Anna Delvey Managed to Scam Her Way Into a $35,000 Charter Plane Ride". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on June 5, 2021.</ref> ma'aikatan gidan abincin sun tambayi Huang ko yana da bayanan tuntubar Sorokin.<ref name=":0">Fake heiress who dazzled New York elite gets 4 to 12 years for fraud". Reuters. Archived from the original on February 19, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.</ref><ref name=":0" /> A wannan lokacin Huang ta fara shakkun Sorokin,<ref>"Anna Sorokin Case: Victim Calls Fake Heiress 'A Sociopath,' 'An Extreme Narcissist'". CBS News. New York. Archived from the original on February 22, 2022. Retrieved February 22, 2022</ref> kuma ta lura cewa, baƙon abu koyaushe tana biyan kuɗi da kuɗi kuma tana zama a otal,ba ɗaki ba. A ƙarshe an biya shi amma daga asusun Venmo da sunan da ba a sani ba.<ref>Friedman, Vanessa (April 26, 2019). "Does This Dress Make Me Look Guilty?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 13, 2021.</ref> Daga nan ya toshe hanyar sadarwar Sorokin zuwa gare shi a shafukan sada zumunta,inda ya kawo karshen abokantakar su. <ref name="Museum" /><ref>Anna Sorokin, who pretended to be a wealthy German heiress, was sentenced to four to 12 years in prison last week". Inside Edition. May 14, 2019. Archived from the original on February 20, 2022. Retrieved February 19, 2022</ref> A cikin Fabrairu 2016,yayin da Sorokin ke zaune a dakin hotel a cikin Standard,High Line,ta sadu da Rachel DeLoache Williams,sannan editan hoto a ''Vanity Fair'',a wani gidan rawa.Williams ta bayyana Sorokin a matsayin"mai nema da rashin kunya ga masu jiran aiki"kuma ta ce"idan an bude lif,ba za ta jira wasu mutane su sauka ba".Duk da haka, Williams ta zama abokai na kud da kud da Sorokin kuma daga baya ta taimaka wajen kama ta.<ref>Pressler, Jessica (May 28, 2018). "How an Aspiring 'It' Girl Tricked New York's Party People – and Its Banks". The Cut. Archived from the original on January 24, 2020</ref> Sorokin ya yi amfani da Microsoft Word don ƙirƙirar bayanan banki na bogi da wasu takaddun kuɗi waɗanda ke nuna cewa tana da Yuro miliyan 60 a asusun ajiyar banki na Switzerland amma ba za ta iya shiga ba tunda sun amince kuma tana Amurka ] Daya daga cikin abokan Sorokin ya sa ta tuntuɓar lauya Andrew Lance a Gibson Dunn,<ref>Pavia, Lucy (November 5, 2019). "The Anna Delvey Netflix drama has cast its leading lady". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on December 16, 2019.</ref> wanda kuma ya sa ta tuntuɓar manyan cibiyoyin hada-hadar kuɗi da yawa, ciki har da Babban Bankin Ƙasa da Ƙungiyar Zuba Jari .<ref name="Tricked" />A cikin Nuwamba 2016,Sorokin ya gabatar da takaddun karya a matsayin wani ɓangare na neman lamuni na dala miliyan 22 ga City National. City National ta ki ba da bashi lokacin da Sorokin ya kasa samar da tushen kadaroShamsian, Jacob (March 29, 2019). "Alleged 'socialite scammer' Anna Delvey refused to show up to court on Friday because she didn't like her outfit". ''Insider''. Archived from the original on January 27, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2022<ref>Ransom, Jan (May 9, 2019). "Sorokin, Who Swindled N.Y.'s Elite, Is Sentenced to 4 to 12 Years in Prison". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020.</ref> rin Swiss,sannan ta nemi lamuni daga sansanin soja.<ref>"Erasing Anna: From ICE detention, Anna Delvey talks about her new Netflix show and life behind bars". Insider. February 2, 2022. Archived from the original on February 19, 2022. Retrieved February 18, 2022</ref> Fortress ya amince yayi la'akari da aikace-aikacen idan Sorokin ya biya $ 100,000 don biyan kuɗin shari'a dangane da aikace-aikacen.A cikin Disamba 2016,<ref>Pullman, Laura (March 7, 2021). "'Fake Heiress' Anna Delvey on her time in prison and what she'll do next". The Times. Archived from the original on June 3, 2021.</ref> tare da Sorokin ya kasa biyan haya, Gidan Ofishin Jakadancin Ikilisiya a maimakon haka an yi hayar zuwa Fotografiska New York.<ref name="Tricked" /> A ranar 12 ga Janairu,2017,<ref>Shamsian, Jacob (March 29, 2019). "Alleged 'socialite scammer' Anna Delvey refused to show up to court on Friday because she didn't like her outfit". Insider. Archived from the original on January 27, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2021.</ref> Sorokin ya shawo kan City National da ya ba ta wurin yin sama da fadi na wucin gadi kan dala 100,000,bisa alkawarin cewa za a biya cikin gaggawa.<ref>Baker, Vicky (February 20, 2021). "Netflix and Anna Delvey: The race to secure the story of New York's 'fake heiress'". BBC News. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021</ref> Sorokin ya ba da adiresoshin imel na AOL na karya na"Peter Hennecke",manajan kasuwancin da ba ya wanzu; lokacin da zato ya taso,Sorokin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya mutu,sannan ya ƙirƙiro sabon mutum mai suna "Bettina Wagner.<ref>Williams, Rachel (February 10, 2022). "Anna 'Delvey' Sorokin Almost Ruined My Life. Now She's Being Rewarded for Her Crimes". Time. Retrieved September 28, 2022</ref> Masu gabatar da kara a shari'ar ta daga baya sun nuna cewa ta yi amfani da Google don neman"ƙirƙirar imel ɗin karya da ba za a iya ganowa ba".<ref>"Erasing Anna: From ICE detention, Anna Delvey talks about her new Netflix show and life behind bars". Insider. February 2, 2022. Archived from the original on February 19, 2022. Retrieved February 18, 2022</ref> Sorokin ya aika da dala 100,000 zuwa sansanin sansanin don neman rancen amma wani manajan darakta a sansanin sojan ya fara shakku game da bukatar Sorokin saboda rashin daidaito a cikin takardunta - alal misali,ta yi ikirarin cewa ta kasance al'adun Jamus,amma fasfo dinta ya bayyana cewa an haife ta a Rasha.Lokacin da daraktan ya shirya tantance kadarorin Sorokin ta hanyar ganawa da ma’aikatan bankinta a Switzerland,ta janye takardar neman rancen don hana ci gaba da bincike.<ref>Socialite Owes BigLaw Firms Big Time, Prosecutors Say". FindLaw. Archived from the original on February 19, 2022. Retrieved February 18, 2022</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2017,an mayar da kashi $55,000 na juzu'in da ba a kashe da Fortress ba a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin da ya dace ya koma Sorokin.<ref name="Guilty" /> <ref name="Tricked" />Sorokin ya kashe dalla-dalla kan kayan alatu,na'urorin lantarki,da mai horar da mutum,<ref>Netflix Paid Convicted Scammer Anna Sorokin $320,000 To Adapt Her Story For 'Inventing Anna'". Decider. Archived from the original on February 14, 2022. Retrieved February 18, 2022.</ref> da kuma $800 na haskaka gashi da kari na gashin ido $400.<ref name="Tricked" /><ref>Reul, Katie (October 5, 2022). "Anna Sorokin, Con-Artist From 'Inventing Anna,' Released From Prison". Variety. Retrieved October 6, 2022</ref> A cikin Disamba 2019, labarin Sorokin shine batun ''Magajiya Karya'', faifan wasan kwaikwayo-takardun bayanai ta 'yar jarida Vicky Baker da marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Chloe Moss da BBC Radio 4 suka fitar, tare da Bella Dayne a matsayin Sorokin. A cikin jerin talabijin na Amurka na 2020 ''Katy Keene'',halin Pepper Smith,<ref>Siegel, Tatiana; Elzey, Mark (August 15, 2023). "Reinventing Anna Delvey: How House Arrest, Being Hated and Yearning for Freedom Is Changing the Scammer". Variety. Retrieved August 16, 2023.</ref> wanda Julia Chan ta buga, ya dogara da Sorokin.<ref>"Anna Sorokin: Fake heiress released from US prison". BBC News. February 12, 2021. Archived from the original on February 12, 2021.</ref> A ƙarshen Yuli da farkon Agusta 2021<ref>Melendez, Pilar (September 6, 2024). "Anna Delvey and Kelly Cutrone's Latest Project? Their Bucolic Life Upstate". Vanity Fair. Retrieved March 5, 2025.</ref>, ''Anna X'', wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ta labarin Sorokin ta Joseph Charlton tare da Emma Corrin da Nabhaan Rizwan,ya gudu a Harold Pinter Theater a London da The Lowry a Salford.<ref>Siegel, Tatiana; Elzey, Mark (August 15, 2023). "Reinventing Anna Delvey: How House Arrest, Being Hated and Yearning for Freedom Is Changing the Scammer". Variety. Retrieved August 16, 2023.</ref> Shonda Rhimes ne ya ƙirƙira jerin abubuwa tara na Netflix ''Inventing Anna''.<ref>Motion, Davina (February 19, 2021). "What 'fake heiress' Anna Delvey did next". Tatler. Retrieved September 28, 2022.</ref> A cikinta,Julia Garner ta buga Sorokin.An fitar da jerin shirye-shiryen a watan Fabrairu 2022 kuma shine babban shirin da ake kallo akan Netflix a cikin makon da aka fitar. A cikin 2022,Sorokin ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da Bunim/Murray Productions don tauraro a cikin jerin talabijin na gaskiya game da rayuwarta bayan kurkuku.Hakanan tana aiki akan wani littafi game da lokacinta a gidan yari da kuma podcast.A ƙarshen Mayu 2022,Sorokin ya haɗu da ƴan'uwan Paris Hilton da Nicky Rothschild akan wani shiri na faifan podcast na Hilton ''Wannan shine Paris''.<ref>Palmer, Emily (October 8, 2022). "'Exactly What I Wanted': Anna Sorokin's First Night of House Arrest". The New York Times.</ref> == Nunin fasaha da tallace-tallace == Tun daga Disamba 2022, Sorokin ya sayar da fasaha na darajar $340,000.<ref>Melendez, Pilar (September 6, 2024). "Anna Delvey and Kelly Cutrone's Latest Project? Their Bucolic Life Upstate". Vanity Fair. Retrieved March 5, 2025.</ref> An yi amfani da abin da aka samu wajen bayar da beli da biyan hayar watanni uku na gidan Sorokin na $4,250/wata-wata mai daki ɗaya a ƙauyen Gabas, Manhattan.<ref name="herself" /> Sorokin ya ba da autographed,<ref>Shamsian, Jacob (January 29, 2021). "Netflix paid fake heiress Anna Sorokin $320,000 for its show about her, some of which she was legally forced to use to pay the restitution and fines imposed upon her by the courts". Insider. Archived from the original on February 19, 2022. Retrieved February 5, 2022.</ref> iyakanceccen bugu na"Run It Again"yana nuna Sorokin yana ba wa ma'aikacin tallace-tallace umarnin sake gwada katin kiredit/metro ga Chloe Fineman,ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya nuna Sorokin.<ref>[https://nypost.com/2022/07/07/snl-star-chloe-fineman-receives-vip-drawings-from-anna-delvey/ Chloe Fineman of ‘SNL’ gets ‘exclusive’ drawings from scammer Anna Delvey], NY Post, 2022</ref><ref>Birnbaum, Debra; Otterson, Joe (June 8, 2018). "Shonda Rhimes Sets Anna Delvey Series as First Netflix Project". Variety. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018.</ref> === Nunawa === Wani nunin rukuni mai suna"Free Anna Delvey"ya gudana a titin 176 Delancey a Yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya daga Maris 17 zuwa Maris 24, 2022,<ref>Williams, Rachel DeLoache (2019). My Friend Anna: The True Story of a Fake Heiress. New York: Gallery Publishing Group. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1982114091</nowiki>. Archived from the original on February 17, 2022. Retrieved February 16, 2022.</ref> yayin da Sorokin ke ci gaba da tsare.<ref>Williams, Rachel DeLoache (2019). My Friend Anna: The True Story of a Fake Heiress. New York: Gallery Publishing Group. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1982114091</nowiki>. Archived from the original on February 17, 2022. Retrieved February 16, 2022.</ref> Nunin ya ƙunshi fasaha daga masu fasaha 33 da Sorokin ya yi wahayi, gami da Nuhu Becker,mawallafin mujallar ''Whitehot''.An jera kowane yanki don siyarwa akan $10,000.<ref>Stein, Sadie (July 23, 2019). "True Life: I Got Conned by Anna Delvey". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 3, 2021.</ref> Alfredo Martinez, wanda a baya ya kasance gidan yari saboda yin zane-zane na Jean-Michel Basquiat, da Julia Morrison,wacce ta ba da dala 8,000 na kudinta don daukar nauyin wasan kwaikwayon amma ba a biya ta ba duk da alkawuran da Sorokin ya yi. <ref name="Ridiculously" /> Ɗaya daga cikin guda,<ref>Miller, Julie (February 15, 2022). "Inventing Anna Is a 'Dangerous' Distortion, Says Rachel Williams". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on February 16, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.</ref> mai suna ''Send Bitcoin'',yana nuna Sorokin zaune yana sanye da rigar ja yayin aiki akan kwamfuta kuma yana fuskantar nesa daga mai kallo.Sauran sassan sun haɗa da ''Anna akan ICE'', da ''ICE''<ref>Raiken, Amber (May 19, 2022). "Anna Delvey Addresses Crowd at Her New York City Art Show: 'My Narrative From My Perspective'". ''The Independent''.</ref>, duka suna magana ne akan Shige da Fice na Amurka da Tilasta Kwastam.<ref name="Peers" />''UltraNYC'' ta kira guntuwar"doodles" da"ɓangare na sabuwar dabararta don samun riba daga sabon shahararta.."''Grunge'' ya bayyana nunin"gaba daya an nuna shi [Sorokin]cikin tausayawa,<ref>Shamsian, Jacob (March 18, 2022). "Inside the opening of 'Free Anna Delvey,' the art show where the fake heiress hired a notorious art forger to recreate her prison drawings". Business Insider.</ref> idan ba a bayyane yake ba,haske."<ref>Scott, Sheena (February 12, 2022). "'Inventing Anna': A Review Of The New Limited Series On Netflix". Forbes. Archived from the original on February 20, 2022. Retrieved February 20, 2022.</ref> A ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2022,<ref>Reilly, Kaitlin (July 17, 2020). "Pepper Smith Is Katy Keene's Anna Delvey". Refinery29.com. Archived from the original on February 27, 2022. Retrieved February 27, 2022.</ref> yayin da Sorokin ke ci gaba da tsare shi,"Wanda ake zargin"ya buɗe a wani gidan rawa a bene na biyu na Otal ɗin Jama'a a Manhattan.An buɗe wasan kwaikwayon da waƙar"Hasken Haske"na mawakiya Kanye West,sai kuma Sarauniya Yuhua Hamasaki ta ja hankalin jama'a. Samfuran sun bi ta cikin ɗakin suna riƙe da zanen Sorokin a cikin firam ɗin zinariya yayin da suke sanye da fararen safar hannu,tabarau na Versace,da safa baƙar fata suna rufe kawunansu da fuskokinsu. <ref name="Nightclub" />Sorokin ya yi jawabi ga taron ta hanyar faifan rikodin da aka riga aka yi,yana mai cewa wasan kwaikwayon"labari na ne daga hangen nawa". An sake saka farashin zanen akan US$ kowanne,<ref>Peers, Alexandra (March 17, 2022). "Goodbye Anna Delvey, High Society Scammer. Hello Anna Sorokin, Artist". The Daily Beast.</ref> tare da Sorokin ya bayyana kashi 15% na kudaden da aka samu za a kai ga kungiyoyin agaji na yara.<ref>"BBC Sounds – Fake Heiress – Available Episodes". bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on February 21, 2022. Retrieved February 21, 2022</ref> Taron dai ya samu halartar 'yan jarida da masu yada labarai da dama.<ref>Harnes, Anna (April 20, 2022). "The Truth About Anna 'Delvey' Sorokin's Art Career". Static Media.</ref> === Alamomin da ba su da ƙarfi === A cikin Yuni 2022,<ref>Mitchell, Molli (February 17, 2022). "5 Of The Biggest Things Anna Delvey Has Said And Done Since 'Inventing Anna'". Newsweek. Archived from the original on February 17, 2022. Retrieved February 18, 2022.</ref> Sorokin ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana ƙaddamar da tarin abubuwan da ba su da ƙarfi.<ref>"'I just don't feel guilty': Fake German heiress Anna Sorokin has 'no remorse'". 60 Minutes. Archived from the original on February 23, 2022. Retrieved February 22, 2022.</ref> Ta ƙirƙiri irin waɗannan alamu guda 10 waɗanda ta yi iƙirarin ba masu riƙe da“hanyoyi na musamman”zuwa gare ta.<ref>"'20/20' Reports on How 'Fake Heiress Anna Sorokin Fascinated the World as Her Cons Deceiving New York's Elite Unraveled". ABC News. September 28, 2021. Archived from the original on January 26, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2021.</ref><ref>Maida, Stephanie (May 31, 2022). "Paris & Nicky Hilton Just Collabed With... Anna Delvey?!". Guest of a Guest. Retrieved June 1, 2022.</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Sorokin yana kula da asusun kafofin watsa labarun,wanda ta bayyana a matsayin satire,akan [[Twitter]] da [[Instagram]].Ta hanyar Instagram,ta haɗa tare da Julia Fox,<ref>"Power Houses: Inside the Living Rooms of Notable New Yorkers". The New Yorker. May 12, 2025. Retrieved May 5, 2025.</ref> wanda yake shirin haɗin gwiwa.<ref name="life" />A cikin Janairu 2021, Sorokin ta rubuta wasiƙar baƙar magana ga [[Donald Trump]] a cikinta tana tsammanin zama fursuna a tsibirin Rikers. Sorokin yana da saurayi a New York na tsawon shekaru biyu har ya koma [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]].Duk da kiyaye sirrin sirrinsa,Sorokin ya bayyana cewa saurayinta ya ba da tattaunawar TED<ref>Johnson, Lottie Elizabeth (March 29, 2022). "She's a convicted con artist. Now she wants to be... an artist?". Deseret News.</ref> kuma an bayyana shi a cikin ''New Yorker.''Ta ba da shawarar cewa za ta bayyana sunan sa a kan kudi,inda za a fara sayan a kan $10,000;<ref>Raiken, Amber (May 19, 2022). "Anna Delvey Addresses Crowd at Her New York City Art Show: 'My Narrative From My Perspective'". The Independent.</ref> duk da haka,Rachel DeLoache Williams ta bayyana ainihin saurayin shine Hunter Lee Soik.<ref>Sorren, Martha (February 20, 2020). "Why 'Katy Keene' Will Remind You Of A Certain Viral Scam Story". Bustle. Archived from the original on February 27, 2022. Retrieved February 27, 2022.</ref> A cikin 2019,Sorokin ya sanya hannun jari a fasaha da cryptocurrency.A lokacin,burinta ya haɗa da gudanar da asusun zuba jari.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2023}}<ref>Johnson, Lottie Elizabeth (March 29, 2022). "She's a convicted con artist. Now she wants to be... an artist?". Deseret News.</ref> <references responsive="1"></references> == Duba kuma == * Jerin masu fasaha == Nassoshi == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1991]] 4oej803luv1br87yy0d0yj5qpqx87qt 0 53495 821885 583624 2026-04-17T13:58:24Z Usmanmaifada 20279 821885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Kizil Hauzen Bridge 2013.jpg|thumb|kizil]] '''Daraja''' ko '''ƙima:''' Na iya nufin Matsayin da za a iya alakanta mutum ko wani abu da shi. == Dan' adam da zamantakewa: == * Daraja (da'a) a cikin abin da aka faɗi za a iya fassara shi azaman ɗaukar ayyuka da kansu a matsayin abubuwa masu ƙima, suna danganta ƙima da su. ** Kimar (falsafa ta Yamma) tana faɗaɗa ra'ayin ƙima fiye da na ɗabi'a, amma an iyakance ga tushen yamma. * Hasashen zamantakewa shine '''saitin dabi'u''', cibiyoyi, dokoki, da alamomi gama gari ga wani rukunin zamantakewa. * Kididdiga na addini suna nuna imani da ayyuka waɗanda ma'abocin addini ke shiga ciki. == Ilimin tattalin arziki: == * Darajan(tattalin arziki), ma'aunin fa'idar da za a iya samu daga kaya ko sabis. ** Ka'idar darajar (tattalin arziki), nazarin ra'ayi na darajar tattalin arziki. ** Value (marketing), bambanci tsakanin kimantawar abokin ciniki na fa'ida da farashi. ** Vimar saka hannun jari, tsarin saka hannun jari. * Kimar (gado), ma'aunin da ake tantance mahimmancin al'adu na kayan gado. * Darajar yanzu. * Kimar amfanin yanzu. == Kasuwanci: == * Darajar kasuwanci. * darajan abokin ciniki. * Ƙimar darajar ma'aikata. * Darajar (kasuwa). * Shawarar darajar. == Sauran Amfani; == * Ƙimar, wanda kuma aka sani da haske ko sautin, wakilcin bambancin fahimtar launi ko launi na sararin samaniya. * Ƙimar (kimiyyar kwamfuta), furci da ke nuna babu ƙarin sarrafa lissafi; a "na al'ada form". * Ƙimar (ilimin lissafi), dukiya kamar lamba da aka sanya wa ko ƙididdigewa don mai canzawa, akai-akai ko magana. * Darajar (semiotics), mahimmanci, manufa da/ko ma'anar alama kamar yadda wasu alamomi suka ƙaddara ko suka shafa. * Ƙimar bayanin kula, tsawon dangi na bayanin kula na kiɗa. * Values (jam'iyyar siyasa), rusasshiyar jam'iyyar siyasa ta muhalli ta New Zealand. == Duba kuma: == * Ƙimar kayan aiki da ƙima. * Ka'idar ƙimar, hanyoyi da yawa don fahimtar yadda, dalilin da yasa, da kuma wane mataki mutane ke daraja abubuwa. o5oe5w44canmcxcisu2hz8s4xamx4uv 821888 821885 2026-04-17T13:59:36Z Usmanmaifada 20279 /* Ilimin tattalin arziki: */ 821888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Kizil Hauzen Bridge 2013.jpg|thumb|kizil]] '''Daraja''' ko '''ƙima:''' Na iya nufin Matsayin da za a iya alakanta mutum ko wani abu da shi. == Dan' adam da zamantakewa: == * Daraja (da'a) a cikin abin da aka faɗi za a iya fassara shi azaman ɗaukar ayyuka da kansu a matsayin abubuwa masu ƙima, suna danganta ƙima da su. ** Kimar (falsafa ta Yamma) tana faɗaɗa ra'ayin ƙima fiye da na ɗabi'a, amma an iyakance ga tushen yamma. * Hasashen zamantakewa shine '''saitin dabi'u''', cibiyoyi, dokoki, da alamomi gama gari ga wani rukunin zamantakewa. * Kididdiga na addini suna nuna imani da ayyuka waɗanda ma'abocin addini ke shiga ciki. == Ilimin tattalin arziki: == * Darajan(tattalin arziki), ma'aunin fa'idar da za a iya samu daga kaya ko sabis. ** Ka'idar darajar (tattalin arziki), nazarin ra'ayi na darajar tattalin arziki. ** Value (marketing), bambanci tsakanin kimantawar abokin ciniki na fa'ida da farashi. ** Vimar saka hannun jari, tsarin saka hannun jari. * Kimar (gado), ma'aunin da ake tantance mahimmancin al'adu na kayan gado. * Darajar yanzu. * Kimar amfanin yanzu. == Kasuwanci: == * Darajar kasuwanci. * darajan abokin ciniki. * Ƙimar darajar ma'aikata. * Darajar (kasuwa). * Shawarar darajar. == Sauran Amfani; == * Ƙimar, wanda kuma aka sani da haske ko sautin, wakilcin bambancin fahimtar launi ko launi na sararin samaniya. * Ƙimar ([[Kimiyya ta kwamfuta|kimiyyar kwamfuta]]), furci da ke nuna babu ƙarin sarrafa lissafi; a "na al'ada form". * Ƙimar (ilimin lissafi), dukiya kamar lamba da aka sanya wa ko ƙididdigewa don mai canzawa, akai-akai ko magana. * Darajar (semiotics), mahimmanci, manufa da/ko ma'anar alama kamar yadda wasu alamomi suka ƙaddara ko suka shafa. * Ƙimar bayanin kula, tsawon dangi na bayanin kula na kiɗa. * Values (jam'iyyar siyasa), rusasshiyar jam'iyyar siyasa ta muhalli ta New Zealand. == Duba kuma: == * Ƙimar kayan aiki da ƙima. * Ka'idar ƙimar, hanyoyi da yawa don fahimtar yadda, dalilin da yasa, da kuma wane mataki mutane ke daraja abubuwa. ruyia3k1iziub0ngxx43ojxecr9opss 821890 821888 2026-04-17T14:00:40Z Usmanmaifada 20279 /* Sauran Amfani; */ 821890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Kizil Hauzen Bridge 2013.jpg|thumb|kizil]] '''Daraja''' ko '''ƙima:''' Na iya nufin Matsayin da za a iya alakanta mutum ko wani abu da shi. == Dan' adam da zamantakewa: == * Daraja (da'a) a cikin abin da aka faɗi za a iya fassara shi azaman ɗaukar ayyuka da kansu a matsayin abubuwa masu ƙima, suna danganta ƙima da su. ** Kimar (falsafa ta Yamma) tana faɗaɗa ra'ayin ƙima fiye da na ɗabi'a, amma an iyakance ga tushen yamma. * Hasashen zamantakewa shine '''saitin dabi'u''', cibiyoyi, dokoki, da alamomi gama gari ga wani rukunin zamantakewa. * Kididdiga na addini suna nuna imani da ayyuka waɗanda ma'abocin addini ke shiga ciki. == Ilimin tattalin arziki: == * Darajan(tattalin arziki), ma'aunin fa'idar da za a iya samu daga kaya ko sabis. ** Ka'idar darajar (tattalin arziki), nazarin ra'ayi na darajar tattalin arziki. ** Value (marketing), bambanci tsakanin kimantawar abokin ciniki na fa'ida da farashi. ** Vimar saka hannun jari, tsarin saka hannun jari. * Kimar (gado), ma'aunin da ake tantance mahimmancin al'adu na kayan gado. * Darajar yanzu. * Kimar amfanin yanzu. == Kasuwanci: == * Darajar kasuwanci. * darajan abokin ciniki. * Ƙimar darajar ma'aikata. * Darajar (kasuwa). * Shawarar darajar. == Sauran Amfani; == * Ƙimar, wanda kuma aka sani da [[haske]] ko sautin, wakilcin bambancin fahimtar launi ko launi na sararin samaniya. * Ƙimar ([[Kimiyya ta kwamfuta|kimiyyar kwamfuta]]), furci da ke nuna babu ƙarin sarrafa lissafi; a "na al'ada form". * Ƙimar (ilimin lissafi), dukiya kamar lamba da aka sanya wa ko ƙididdigewa don mai canzawa, akai-akai ko magana. * Darajar (semiotics), mahimmanci, manufa da/ko ma'anar alama kamar yadda wasu alamomi suka ƙaddara ko suka shafa. * Ƙimar bayanin kula, tsawon dangi na bayanin kula na kiɗa. * Values (jam'iyyar siyasa), rusasshiyar jam'iyyar siyasa ta muhalli ta New Zealand. == Duba kuma: == * Ƙimar kayan aiki da ƙima. * Ka'idar ƙimar, hanyoyi da yawa don fahimtar yadda, dalilin da yasa, da kuma wane mataki mutane ke daraja abubuwa. 91vdnb0u6lu96klgcetkw0zk1zvrtdk 821892 821890 2026-04-17T14:01:08Z Usmanmaifada 20279 /* Sauran Amfani; */ 821892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Kizil Hauzen Bridge 2013.jpg|thumb|kizil]] '''Daraja''' ko '''ƙima:''' Na iya nufin Matsayin da za a iya alakanta mutum ko wani abu da shi. == Dan' adam da zamantakewa: == * Daraja (da'a) a cikin abin da aka faɗi za a iya fassara shi azaman ɗaukar ayyuka da kansu a matsayin abubuwa masu ƙima, suna danganta ƙima da su. ** Kimar (falsafa ta Yamma) tana faɗaɗa ra'ayin ƙima fiye da na ɗabi'a, amma an iyakance ga tushen yamma. * Hasashen zamantakewa shine '''saitin dabi'u''', cibiyoyi, dokoki, da alamomi gama gari ga wani rukunin zamantakewa. * Kididdiga na addini suna nuna imani da ayyuka waɗanda ma'abocin addini ke shiga ciki. == Ilimin tattalin arziki: == * Darajan(tattalin arziki), ma'aunin fa'idar da za a iya samu daga kaya ko sabis. ** Ka'idar darajar (tattalin arziki), nazarin ra'ayi na darajar tattalin arziki. ** Value (marketing), bambanci tsakanin kimantawar abokin ciniki na fa'ida da farashi. ** Vimar saka hannun jari, tsarin saka hannun jari. * Kimar (gado), ma'aunin da ake tantance mahimmancin al'adu na kayan gado. * Darajar yanzu. * Kimar amfanin yanzu. == Kasuwanci: == * Darajar kasuwanci. * darajan abokin ciniki. * Ƙimar darajar ma'aikata. * Darajar (kasuwa). * Shawarar darajar. == Sauran Amfani; == * Ƙimar, wanda kuma aka sani da [[haske]] ko sautin, wakilcin bambancin fahimtar [[launi]] ko launi na sararin samaniya. * Ƙimar ([[Kimiyya ta kwamfuta|kimiyyar kwamfuta]]), furci da ke nuna babu ƙarin sarrafa lissafi; a "na al'ada form". * Ƙimar (ilimin lissafi), dukiya kamar lamba da aka sanya wa ko ƙididdigewa don mai canzawa, akai-akai ko magana. * Darajar (semiotics), mahimmanci, manufa da/ko ma'anar alama kamar yadda wasu alamomi suka ƙaddara ko suka shafa. * Ƙimar bayanin kula, tsawon dangi na bayanin kula na kiɗa. * Values (jam'iyyar siyasa), rusasshiyar jam'iyyar siyasa ta muhalli ta New Zealand. == Duba kuma: == * Ƙimar kayan aiki da ƙima. * Ka'idar ƙimar, hanyoyi da yawa don fahimtar yadda, dalilin da yasa, da kuma wane mataki mutane ke daraja abubuwa. jn1eywp7v5sk9d5q73lg9xj2vsg5my4 821894 821892 2026-04-17T14:02:43Z Usmanmaifada 20279 /* Dan' adam da zamantakewa: */ 821894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Kizil Hauzen Bridge 2013.jpg|thumb|kizil]] '''Daraja''' ko '''ƙima:''' Na iya nufin Matsayin da za a iya alakanta mutum ko wani abu da shi. == Dan' adam da zamantakewa: == * Daraja (da'a) a cikin abin da aka faɗi za a iya fassara shi azaman ɗaukar ayyuka da kansu a matsayin abubuwa masu ƙima, suna danganta ƙima da su. ** Kimar (falsafa ta Yamma) tana faɗaɗa ra'ayin ƙima fiye da na ɗabi'a, amma an iyakance ga tushen yamma. * Hasashen zamantakewa shine '''saitin dabi'u''', [[Cibiyoyin ilmantar da harshe na kai|cibiyoyi]], dokoki, da alamomi gama gari ga wani rukunin zamantakewa. * Kididdiga na addini suna nuna imani da ayyuka waɗanda ma'abocin addini ke shiga ciki. == Ilimin tattalin arziki: == * Darajan(tattalin arziki), ma'aunin fa'idar da za a iya samu daga kaya ko sabis. ** Ka'idar darajar (tattalin arziki), nazarin ra'ayi na darajar tattalin arziki. ** Value (marketing), bambanci tsakanin kimantawar abokin ciniki na fa'ida da farashi. ** Vimar saka hannun jari, tsarin saka hannun jari. * Kimar (gado), ma'aunin da ake tantance mahimmancin al'adu na kayan gado. * Darajar yanzu. * Kimar amfanin yanzu. == Kasuwanci: == * Darajar kasuwanci. * darajan abokin ciniki. * Ƙimar darajar ma'aikata. * Darajar (kasuwa). * Shawarar darajar. == Sauran Amfani; == * Ƙimar, wanda kuma aka sani da [[haske]] ko sautin, wakilcin bambancin fahimtar [[launi]] ko launi na sararin samaniya. * Ƙimar ([[Kimiyya ta kwamfuta|kimiyyar kwamfuta]]), furci da ke nuna babu ƙarin sarrafa lissafi; a "na al'ada form". * Ƙimar (ilimin lissafi), dukiya kamar lamba da aka sanya wa ko ƙididdigewa don mai canzawa, akai-akai ko magana. * Darajar (semiotics), mahimmanci, manufa da/ko ma'anar alama kamar yadda wasu alamomi suka ƙaddara ko suka shafa. * Ƙimar bayanin kula, tsawon dangi na bayanin kula na kiɗa. * Values (jam'iyyar siyasa), rusasshiyar jam'iyyar siyasa ta muhalli ta New Zealand. == Duba kuma: == * Ƙimar kayan aiki da ƙima. * Ka'idar ƙimar, hanyoyi da yawa don fahimtar yadda, dalilin da yasa, da kuma wane mataki mutane ke daraja abubuwa. 5agg8rv8aexqujawb97y6b5szyer9tc 821895 821894 2026-04-17T14:03:17Z Usmanmaifada 20279 /* Dan' adam da zamantakewa: */ 821895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Kizil Hauzen Bridge 2013.jpg|thumb|kizil]] '''Daraja''' ko '''ƙima:''' Na iya nufin Matsayin da za a iya alakanta mutum ko wani abu da shi. == Dan' adam da zamantakewa: == * Daraja (da'a) a cikin abin da aka faɗi za a iya fassara shi azaman ɗaukar ayyuka da kansu a matsayin abubuwa masu ƙima, suna danganta ƙima da su. ** Kimar (falsafa ta Yamma) tana faɗaɗa ra'ayin ƙima fiye da na ɗabi'a, amma an iyakance ga tushen yamma. * Hasashen zamantakewa shine '''saitin dabi'u''', [[Cibiyoyin ilmantar da harshe na kai|cibiyoyi]], [[dokoki]], da alamomi gama gari ga wani rukunin zamantakewa. * Kididdiga na addini suna nuna imani da ayyuka waɗanda ma'abocin addini ke shiga ciki. == Ilimin tattalin arziki: == * Darajan(tattalin arziki), ma'aunin fa'idar da za a iya samu daga kaya ko sabis. ** Ka'idar darajar (tattalin arziki), nazarin ra'ayi na darajar tattalin arziki. ** Value (marketing), bambanci tsakanin kimantawar abokin ciniki na fa'ida da farashi. ** Vimar saka hannun jari, tsarin saka hannun jari. * Kimar (gado), ma'aunin da ake tantance mahimmancin al'adu na kayan gado. * Darajar yanzu. * Kimar amfanin yanzu. == Kasuwanci: == * Darajar kasuwanci. * darajan abokin ciniki. * Ƙimar darajar ma'aikata. * Darajar (kasuwa). * Shawarar darajar. == Sauran Amfani; == * Ƙimar, wanda kuma aka sani da [[haske]] ko sautin, wakilcin bambancin fahimtar [[launi]] ko launi na sararin samaniya. * Ƙimar ([[Kimiyya ta kwamfuta|kimiyyar kwamfuta]]), furci da ke nuna babu ƙarin sarrafa lissafi; a "na al'ada form". * Ƙimar (ilimin lissafi), dukiya kamar lamba da aka sanya wa ko ƙididdigewa don mai canzawa, akai-akai ko magana. * Darajar (semiotics), mahimmanci, manufa da/ko ma'anar alama kamar yadda wasu alamomi suka ƙaddara ko suka shafa. * Ƙimar bayanin kula, tsawon dangi na bayanin kula na kiɗa. * Values (jam'iyyar siyasa), rusasshiyar jam'iyyar siyasa ta muhalli ta New Zealand. == Duba kuma: == * Ƙimar kayan aiki da ƙima. * Ka'idar ƙimar, hanyoyi da yawa don fahimtar yadda, dalilin da yasa, da kuma wane mataki mutane ke daraja abubuwa. 3deiqogvsvueyy5ooanw7wv15u7v3wx 821897 821895 2026-04-17T14:04:06Z Usmanmaifada 20279 /* Dan' adam da zamantakewa: */ 821897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Kizil Hauzen Bridge 2013.jpg|thumb|kizil]] '''Daraja''' ko '''ƙima:''' Na iya nufin Matsayin da za a iya alakanta mutum ko wani abu da shi. == Dan' adam da zamantakewa: == * Daraja (da'a) a cikin abin da aka faɗi za a iya fassara shi azaman ɗaukar ayyuka da kansu a matsayin abubuwa masu ƙima, suna danganta ƙima da su. ** Kimar (falsafa ta Yamma) tana faɗaɗa ra'ayin ƙima fiye da na ɗabi'a, amma an iyakance ga tushen yamma. * Hasashen zamantakewa shine '''saitin dabi'u''', [[Cibiyoyin ilmantar da harshe na kai|cibiyoyi]], [[dokoki]], da alamomi gama gari ga wani rukunin [[zamantakewa]]. * Kididdiga na addini suna nuna imani da ayyuka waɗanda ma'abocin addini ke shiga ciki. == Ilimin tattalin arziki: == * Darajan(tattalin arziki), ma'aunin fa'idar da za a iya samu daga kaya ko sabis. ** Ka'idar darajar (tattalin arziki), nazarin ra'ayi na darajar tattalin arziki. ** Value (marketing), bambanci tsakanin kimantawar abokin ciniki na fa'ida da farashi. ** Vimar saka hannun jari, tsarin saka hannun jari. * Kimar (gado), ma'aunin da ake tantance mahimmancin al'adu na kayan gado. * Darajar yanzu. * Kimar amfanin yanzu. == Kasuwanci: == * Darajar kasuwanci. * darajan abokin ciniki. * Ƙimar darajar ma'aikata. * Darajar (kasuwa). * Shawarar darajar. == Sauran Amfani; == * Ƙimar, wanda kuma aka sani da [[haske]] ko sautin, wakilcin bambancin fahimtar [[launi]] ko launi na sararin samaniya. * Ƙimar ([[Kimiyya ta kwamfuta|kimiyyar kwamfuta]]), furci da ke nuna babu ƙarin sarrafa lissafi; a "na al'ada form". * Ƙimar (ilimin lissafi), dukiya kamar lamba da aka sanya wa ko ƙididdigewa don mai canzawa, akai-akai ko magana. * Darajar (semiotics), mahimmanci, manufa da/ko ma'anar alama kamar yadda wasu alamomi suka ƙaddara ko suka shafa. * Ƙimar bayanin kula, tsawon dangi na bayanin kula na kiɗa. * Values (jam'iyyar siyasa), rusasshiyar jam'iyyar siyasa ta muhalli ta New Zealand. == Duba kuma: == * Ƙimar kayan aiki da ƙima. * Ka'idar ƙimar, hanyoyi da yawa don fahimtar yadda, dalilin da yasa, da kuma wane mataki mutane ke daraja abubuwa. mkfjlw1kj09twiqztv7n06bj15xli8p 821898 821897 2026-04-17T14:05:36Z Usmanmaifada 20279 /* Dan' adam da zamantakewa: */ 821898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Kizil Hauzen Bridge 2013.jpg|thumb|kizil]] '''Daraja''' ko '''ƙima:''' Na iya nufin Matsayin da za a iya alakanta mutum ko wani abu da shi. == Dan' adam da zamantakewa: == * Daraja (da'a) a cikin abin da aka faɗi za a iya fassara shi azaman ɗaukar ayyuka da kansu a matsayin abubuwa masu ƙima, suna danganta ƙima da su. ** Kimar (falsafa ta Yamma) tana faɗaɗa ra'ayin ƙima fiye da na ɗabi'a, amma an iyakance ga tushen yamma. * Hasashen zamantakewa shine '''saitin dabi'u''', [[Cibiyoyin ilmantar da harshe na kai|cibiyoyi]], [[dokoki]], da alamomi gama gari ga wani rukunin [[zamantakewa]]. * [[Kididdiga]] na addini suna nuna imani da ayyuka waɗanda ma'abocin addini ke shiga ciki. == Ilimin tattalin arziki: == * Darajan(tattalin arziki), ma'aunin fa'idar da za a iya samu daga kaya ko sabis. ** Ka'idar darajar (tattalin arziki), nazarin ra'ayi na darajar tattalin arziki. ** Value (marketing), bambanci tsakanin kimantawar abokin ciniki na fa'ida da farashi. ** Vimar saka hannun jari, tsarin saka hannun jari. * Kimar (gado), ma'aunin da ake tantance mahimmancin al'adu na kayan gado. * Darajar yanzu. * Kimar amfanin yanzu. == Kasuwanci: == * Darajar kasuwanci. * darajan abokin ciniki. * Ƙimar darajar ma'aikata. * Darajar (kasuwa). * Shawarar darajar. == Sauran Amfani; == * Ƙimar, wanda kuma aka sani da [[haske]] ko sautin, wakilcin bambancin fahimtar [[launi]] ko launi na sararin samaniya. * Ƙimar ([[Kimiyya ta kwamfuta|kimiyyar kwamfuta]]), furci da ke nuna babu ƙarin sarrafa lissafi; a "na al'ada form". * Ƙimar (ilimin lissafi), dukiya kamar lamba da aka sanya wa ko ƙididdigewa don mai canzawa, akai-akai ko magana. * Darajar (semiotics), mahimmanci, manufa da/ko ma'anar alama kamar yadda wasu alamomi suka ƙaddara ko suka shafa. * Ƙimar bayanin kula, tsawon dangi na bayanin kula na kiɗa. * Values (jam'iyyar siyasa), rusasshiyar jam'iyyar siyasa ta muhalli ta New Zealand. == Duba kuma: == * Ƙimar kayan aiki da ƙima. * Ka'idar ƙimar, hanyoyi da yawa don fahimtar yadda, dalilin da yasa, da kuma wane mataki mutane ke daraja abubuwa. ha6sgz1lh1kcm8pmz2x64xzip23lrpi 821899 821898 2026-04-17T14:06:34Z Usmanmaifada 20279 /* Dan' adam da zamantakewa: */ 821899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Kizil Hauzen Bridge 2013.jpg|thumb|kizil]] '''Daraja''' ko '''ƙima:''' Na iya nufin Matsayin da za a iya alakanta mutum ko wani abu da shi. == Dan' adam da zamantakewa: == * Daraja (da'a) a cikin abin da aka faɗi za a iya fassara shi azaman ɗaukar ayyuka da kansu a matsayin abubuwa masu ƙima, suna danganta ƙima da su. ** Kimar (falsafa ta Yamma) tana faɗaɗa ra'ayin ƙima fiye da na ɗabi'a, amma an iyakance ga tushen yamma. * Hasashen zamantakewa shine '''saitin dabi'u''', [[Cibiyoyin ilmantar da harshe na kai|cibiyoyi]], [[dokoki]], da alamomi gama gari ga wani rukunin [[zamantakewa]]. * [[Kididdiga]] na addini suna nuna imani da ayyuka waɗanda ma'abocin addini ke shiga ciki. == Ilimin tattalin arziki: == * Darajan(tattalin arziki), ma'aunin fa'idar da za a iya samu daga kaya ko sabis. ** Ka'idar darajar (tattalin arziki), nazarin ra'ayi na darajar tattalin arziki. ** Value (marketing), bambanci tsakanin kimantawar abokin ciniki na fa'ida da farashi. ** Vimar saka hannun jari, tsarin saka hannun jari. * Kimar (gado), ma'aunin da ake tantance mahimmancin [[Al'adun Najeriya na gargajiya|al'adu]] na kayan gado. * Darajar yanzu. * Kimar amfanin yanzu. == Kasuwanci: == * Darajar kasuwanci. * darajan abokin ciniki. * Ƙimar darajar ma'aikata. * Darajar (kasuwa). * Shawarar darajar. == Sauran Amfani; == * Ƙimar, wanda kuma aka sani da [[haske]] ko sautin, wakilcin bambancin fahimtar [[launi]] ko launi na sararin samaniya. * Ƙimar ([[Kimiyya ta kwamfuta|kimiyyar kwamfuta]]), furci da ke nuna babu ƙarin sarrafa lissafi; a "na al'ada form". * Ƙimar (ilimin lissafi), dukiya kamar lamba da aka sanya wa ko ƙididdigewa don mai canzawa, akai-akai ko magana. * Darajar (semiotics), mahimmanci, manufa da/ko ma'anar alama kamar yadda wasu alamomi suka ƙaddara ko suka shafa. * Ƙimar bayanin kula, tsawon dangi na bayanin kula na kiɗa. * Values (jam'iyyar siyasa), rusasshiyar jam'iyyar siyasa ta muhalli ta New Zealand. == Duba kuma: == * Ƙimar kayan aiki da ƙima. * Ka'idar ƙimar, hanyoyi da yawa don fahimtar yadda, dalilin da yasa, da kuma wane mataki mutane ke daraja abubuwa. 9usqbf9szcfmh1v8qfjwz3ndbhkfom9 0 53931 821982 632510 2026-04-17T18:06:44Z Joserpkm 35450 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 821982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{hujja}} {{databox}} [[File:LEXUS ES 250(ES 260) (XZ10) China (2).jpg|LEXUS_ES_250(ES_260)_(XZ10)_China_(2)|right|200px]] [[File:LEXUS ES 250(ES 260) (XZ10) China (6).jpg|LEXUS_ES_250(ES_260)_(XZ10)_China_(6)|right|200px]] [[File:LEXUS ES 250(ES 260) (XZ10) China (7).jpg|LEXUS_ES_250(ES_260)_(XZ10)_China_(7)|right|200px]] [[File:1MZFE-engine.jpg|1MZFE-engine|right|200px]] [[File:Lexus ES 330 interior front.jpg|Lexus_ES_330_interior_front|right|200px]] '''Lexus ES''', yanzu a cikin ƙarni na 7th, ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan sedan ne wanda aka sani don ingantacciyar ta'aziyyarsa, fasahar ci gaba, da aiki mai santsi. Ƙarni na 7 na ES yana da ƙayyadaddun ƙayataccen ƙira na waje, tare da fitacciyar Lexus spindle grille da fitilun LED na musamman. A ciki, gidan yana ba da yanayi mai natsuwa da haɓaka, tare da samuwan fasalulluka kamar kayan kwalliyar fata mai ƙima da tsarin sauti na Mark Levinson.<ref>Site Map". Lexus Australia. Archived from the original on 11 April 2014</ref> Lexus yana ba da kewayon zaɓuɓɓukan injuna don ES, gami da injin V6 mai ƙarfi da tashar wutar lantarki mai haɗaɗɗiyar don ingantacciyar ingancin mai. Wurin jin daɗin tafiya na ES da gidan shiru ya sa ya zama cikakkiyar zaɓi don balaguron balaguro mai nisa da balaguron yau da kullun. Fasalolin tsaro kamar sarrafa jirgin ruwa mai daidaitawa, taimakon kiyaye hanya, da birki na gaggawa ta atomatik suna ba da ƙarin aminci da dacewa ga direbobi.<ref>"1st Lexus ES sedan". Toyota Motor Corporation. 2012. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2012.</ref>Lexus ya sanya ES a cikin sashin jin daɗin jin daɗi, tare da mai da hankali kan abubuwan jin daɗi na ciki, natsuwa, da ingancin hawa, <ref>"New Car Test Drive – 2007 Lexus ES 350". Nctd.com. Retrieved 3 February 2011.</ref> ya bambanta da ƙarin sedans na motsa jiki.<ref>"2012 Lexus ES 350". Autoblog. Retrieved 27 May 2015</ref> Masu saye da ke neman ƙarin samfuran da aka mayar da hankali kan aikin Lexus IS ne da masu kishiya suka yi niyya, tare da irin waɗannan samfuran suna ba da motar motsa jiki tare da dakatarwa daban-daban.<ref>"The Consumer Guide to Premium Midsize Cars". Archived from the original on 15 February 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.</ref> A cikin Turai, [[Japan]] da sauran kasuwannin da ba a samu ba har sai samfurin ƙarni na bakwai, sedans na wasanni na GS sun mamaye nau'in matsakaicin girman a cikin layin Lexus har sai an soke shi a watan Agusta 2020.<ref>"LEXUS、GSに特別仕様車"Eternal Touring"を設定" [Special model "Eternal Touring" set for Lexus GS] (Press release) (in Japanese). Toyota Global Newsroom. 23 April 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.</ref>. A cikin Amurka, ES ya kasance mafi kyawun siyarwar Lexus sedan sama da shekaru goma sha biyar.<ref>Best-Selling Luxury Cars for 2006". ''Forbes''. 15 December 2006. Archived from the original on 4 January 2007. Retrieved 17 October 2010.</ref> <ref>Dawson, Chester. Lexus: The Relentless Pursuit, pp. 144, 172, 201. 2004: Jon Wiley & Sons, NJ.</ref> <ref>Walton, Chris (30 August 2009). "2010 Buick LaCrosse CXS vs. 2009 Lexus ES 350 Comparison Test and Video on Inside Line". Edmunds.com. Archived from the original on 4 September 2009.</ref> == Karnin farko == 1989-1991 1990 Lexus ES250 Cikin gida Zamanin farko na ES (VZV21) da aka yi a watan Janairu 1989 a Nunin Mota na Kasa da Kasa na Arewacin Amurka a [[Detroit]] a zaman wani bangare na kaddamar da sashen Lexus. Don gujewa gabatar da farantin suna tare da ƙira ɗaya kawai, LS 400, Lexus da sauri ya haɓaka ES don farawa tare da sedan ɗin su. Karamin wakilin farkon layin Lexus-sedan guda biyu an tsara shi da ES 250, kuma yana ƙarfafa ta Camry's 2.5 L, 116 kW (156 hp) V6, wanda aka yi niyya kai tsaye a Acura Legend. ES 250 ya dogara ne akan Camry Prominent/Vista (V20). An shigar da takaddun ƙirar ƙira a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 1987, a Ofishin Ba da izini na Japan a ƙarƙashin lambar haƙƙin mallaka 0666961-006 kuma an yi rajista akan 8 Agusta 1989.<ref>Japan patent 0666961-006, S". 24 August 1992. Retrieved 13 June 2019.</ref><ref>1988 Toyota Vista – photographs". Cars-directory.net. Retrieved 17 October 2010.</ref> == Manazarta == jss7bc7xzjlbgknk6i6dvueabvgc786 0 54078 822083 820405 2026-04-18T07:54:01Z Mahuta 11340 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341987228|Chika Anadu]]" 822083 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Chika Anadu''' Listen ⓘ fitacciyar mai shirya fina-finai ce ta Najeriya da aka fi sani da fim ɗin ''[[B for Boy]]'' (2013). Ta kuma rubuta kuma ta shirya gajerun fina-finai da dama. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> Fina-finan Anadu sun shahara da magance matsalolin wariyar jinsi da matsin lamba na al'adu da suka shafi al'ada a Najeriya. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Chika Anadu a watan Nuwamba 1980 a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], wacce ke yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]] . Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. A lokacin da take can, ta yi digirinta na 'A', ta kammala digirinta na farko a fannin Shari'a da Laifuka, sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Nazarin Afirka: Dan Adam da Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> A wata hira da aka yi da ita da Kwalejin Fina-finai ta New York, Anadu ta bayyana cewa tana son fina-finai a tsawon rayuwarta ta farko, amma sai a shekarar 2006 ne ta yi tunanin zama darakta a matsayin aiki na gaske ga kanta. Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekarar 2006 don kammala shirinta na [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|National Youth Service Corps]] (NYSC), wani shiri na aikin gwamnati na dole ga 'yan Najeriya masu digiri na jami'a. A lokacin zamanta, ta kalli fim din Italiya ''Cinema Paradiso'' (1988) kuma sha'awar zama darakta ta burge ta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zurko |first=Nick |title=It all Starts With a Script |url=https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/it-all-starts-with-a-script-an-interview-with-chika-anadu/ |access-date=9 February 2016 |publisher=New York Film Academy}}</ref> == Sana'a == Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekarar 2008 ta fara aiki a fannin shirya fina-finai da talabijin. Ba tare da gamsuwa da gogewarta ba, Anadu ta fara rubutu da ɗaukar fina-finanta na gajeren lokaci a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba na 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |title=Chika Anadu Wins AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award w/ Feature Debut B For Boy |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175816/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=Indiewire}}</ref> An nuna fim ɗinta na farko ''mai suna Epilogue'' (2009), a bikin fina-finan baƙi na San Diego na shekarar 2010 a Amurka. An nuna ''Ava'' (2010) a cikin Kusurwar Fina-finai ta Cannes Film Festival a shekarar 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref> A shekarar 2010, Kwalejin Fina-finai ta New York ta zo Najeriya a karon farko, inda ta gabatar da bita na tsawon wata guda kan darakta, wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun allo, da aikin kyamara. Anadu ta zaɓi yin rajista a taron rubuta rubutun allo maimakon darakta, duk da sanin cewa tana son zama darakta. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Anadu ta nemi shiga Shirin Zama na Cannes Cinéfondation da ke Paris. Tsarin rubutun allo mai shafuka 14 wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na gabatarwarta shi ne tushen abin da zai zama fim ɗinta na farko mai tsayi, ''[[B for Boy]]'' (2013). Anadu ta sami ɗaya daga cikin guraben shida kuma ta ƙaura zuwa Paris don shiga. Ta rubuta fim ɗin ''[[B for Boy]]'' (2013) a lokacin zamanta na makonni biyu da rabi. <ref name=":1" /> Anadu ta shirya fim ɗin tare da kamfaninta mai zaman kansa No Blondes Production. An ɗauki fim ɗin cikin kwana 17, inda Anadu ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta, marubuci, furodusa, daraktan 'yan wasa, mai leƙen asiri a wurin, akawu, da lauya. An ɗauki nauyin fim ɗin gaba ɗaya ta hanyar kuɗin iyali, iyalan Anadu sun ba da kashi 70% na kuɗin, yayin da abokin aikinta mai shirya fim Arie Esiri ya ba da gudummawar sauran kashi 30%. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBennett">Bennett, Kim. [http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ "Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy"]. ''The Seattle Medium''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> ''B for Boy'' (2013) an fara nuna shi a duniya a bikin fina-finai na BFI London a 2013. An kuma nuna shi a bikin AFI inda ya lashe kyautar Breakthrough Award ta AFI Fest 2013 tare da kyautar kuɗi ta dala $5,000. An gudanar da bikin farko na fim ɗin a Afirka ta Kudu a Durban a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVourlias">Vourlias, Christopher. [https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ "Durban Festival: 'Boy' Helmer's Path to Screen Full of Curves"]. ''Variety''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> == Fim ɗin fim == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Fim |- | 2009 | ''Gabatarwa ta ƙarshe'' |- | 2010 | ''Ava'' |- | 2012 | ''Abin Da Ya Shafi Aure'' |- | 2013 | ''[[B for Boy|B ga Yaro]]'' |- | 2015 | ''Komawa Gida'' |- | 2020 | ''Haskaka Idanunka'' |- | 2023 | Ba na zuwa gare ku ta hanyar kwatsam ba |} == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 52rm98et1bs17hecsioybnm6ffp96jg 822084 822083 2026-04-18T07:56:04Z Mahuta 11340 822084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chika Anadu''' Listen ⓘ fitacciyar mai shirya fina-finai ce ta Najeriya da aka fi sani da fim ɗin ''[[B for Boy]]'' (2013). Ta kuma rubuta kuma ta shirya gajerun fina-finai da dama. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> Fina-finan Anadu sun shahara da magance matsalolin wariyar jinsi da matsin lamba na al'adu da suka shafi al'ada a Najeriya. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Chika Anadu a watan Nuwamba 1980 a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], wacce ke yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]] . Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. A lokacin da take can, ta yi digirinta na 'A', ta kammala digirinta na farko a fannin Shari'a da Laifuka, sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Nazarin Afirka: Dan Adam da Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> A wata hira da aka yi da ita da Kwalejin Fina-finai ta New York, Anadu ta bayyana cewa tana son fina-finai a tsawon rayuwarta ta farko, amma sai a shekarar 2006 ne ta yi tunanin zama darakta a matsayin aiki na gaske ga kanta. Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekarar 2006 don kammala shirinta na [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|National Youth Service Corps]] (NYSC), wani shiri na aikin gwamnati na dole ga 'yan Najeriya masu digiri na jami'a. A lokacin zamanta, ta kalli fim din Italiya ''Cinema Paradiso'' (1988) kuma sha'awar zama darakta ta burge ta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zurko |first=Nick |title=It all Starts With a Script |url=https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/it-all-starts-with-a-script-an-interview-with-chika-anadu/ |access-date=9 February 2016 |publisher=New York Film Academy}}</ref> == Sana'a == Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekarar 2008 ta fara aiki a fannin shirya fina-finai da talabijin. Ba tare da gamsuwa da gogewarta ba, Anadu ta fara rubutu da ɗaukar fina-finanta na gajeren lokaci a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba na 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |title=Chika Anadu Wins AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award w/ Feature Debut B For Boy |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175816/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=Indiewire}}</ref> An nuna fim ɗinta na farko ''mai suna Epilogue'' (2009), a bikin fina-finan baƙi na San Diego na shekarar 2010 a Amurka. An nuna ''Ava'' (2010) a cikin Kusurwar Fina-finai ta Cannes Film Festival a shekarar 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref> A shekarar 2010, Kwalejin Fina-finai ta New York ta zo Najeriya a karon farko, inda ta gabatar da bita na tsawon wata guda kan darakta, wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun allo, da aikin kyamara. Anadu ta zaɓi yin rajista a taron rubuta rubutun allo maimakon darakta, duk da sanin cewa tana son zama darakta. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Anadu ta nemi shiga Shirin Zama na Cannes Cinéfondation da ke Paris. Tsarin rubutun allo mai shafuka 14 wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na gabatarwarta shi ne tushen abin da zai zama fim ɗinta na farko mai tsayi, ''[[B for Boy]]'' (2013). Anadu ta sami ɗaya daga cikin guraben shida kuma ta ƙaura zuwa Paris don shiga. Ta rubuta fim ɗin ''[[B for Boy]]'' (2013) a lokacin zamanta na makonni biyu da rabi. <ref name=":1" /> Anadu ta shirya fim ɗin tare da kamfaninta mai zaman kansa No Blondes Production. An ɗauki fim ɗin cikin kwana 17, inda Anadu ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta, marubuci, furodusa, daraktan 'yan wasa, mai leƙen asiri a wurin, akawu, da lauya. An ɗauki nauyin fim ɗin gaba ɗaya ta hanyar kuɗin iyali, iyalan Anadu sun ba da kashi 70% na kuɗin, yayin da abokin aikinta mai shirya fim Arie Esiri ya ba da gudummawar sauran kashi 30%. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBennett">Bennett, Kim. [http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ "Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy"]. ''The Seattle Medium''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> ''B for Boy'' (2013) an fara nuna shi a duniya a bikin fina-finai na BFI London a 2013. An kuma nuna shi a bikin AFI inda ya lashe kyautar Breakthrough Award ta AFI Fest 2013 tare da kyautar kuɗi ta dala $5,000. An gudanar da bikin farko na fim ɗin a Afirka ta Kudu a Durban a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVourlias">Vourlias, Christopher. [https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ "Durban Festival: 'Boy' Helmer's Path to Screen Full of Curves"]. ''Variety''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> == Fim ɗin fim == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Fim |- | 2009 | ''Gabatarwa ta ƙarshe'' |- | 2010 | ''Ava'' |- | 2012 | ''Abin Da Ya Shafi Aure'' |- | 2013 | ''[[B for Boy|B ga Yaro]]'' |- | 2015 | ''Komawa Gida'' |- | 2020 | ''Haskaka Idanunka'' |- | 2023 | Ba na zuwa gare ku ta hanyar kwatsam ba |} == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 90zoylvcmz630i53268nel8iivlce7d 822085 822084 2026-04-18T07:56:32Z Mahuta 11340 822085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chika Anadu''' Listen ⓘ fitacciyar mai shirya fina-finai ce ta Najeriya da aka fi sani da fim ɗin ''[[B for Boy]]'' (2013). Ta kuma rubuta sannan kuma ta shirya gajerun fina-finai da dama. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> Fina-finan Anadu sun shahara da magance matsalolin wariyar jinsi da matsin lamba na al'adu da suka shafi al'ada a Najeriya. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Chika Anadu a watan Nuwamba 1980 a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], wacce ke yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]] . Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. A lokacin da take can, ta yi digirinta na 'A', ta kammala digirinta na farko a fannin Shari'a da Laifuka, sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Nazarin Afirka: Dan Adam da Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> A wata hira da aka yi da ita da Kwalejin Fina-finai ta New York, Anadu ta bayyana cewa tana son fina-finai a tsawon rayuwarta ta farko, amma sai a shekarar 2006 ne ta yi tunanin zama darakta a matsayin aiki na gaske ga kanta. Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekarar 2006 don kammala shirinta na [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|National Youth Service Corps]] (NYSC), wani shiri na aikin gwamnati na dole ga 'yan Najeriya masu digiri na jami'a. A lokacin zamanta, ta kalli fim din Italiya ''Cinema Paradiso'' (1988) kuma sha'awar zama darakta ta burge ta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zurko |first=Nick |title=It all Starts With a Script |url=https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/it-all-starts-with-a-script-an-interview-with-chika-anadu/ |access-date=9 February 2016 |publisher=New York Film Academy}}</ref> == Sana'a == Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekarar 2008 ta fara aiki a fannin shirya fina-finai da talabijin. Ba tare da gamsuwa da gogewarta ba, Anadu ta fara rubutu da ɗaukar fina-finanta na gajeren lokaci a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba na 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |title=Chika Anadu Wins AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award w/ Feature Debut B For Boy |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175816/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=Indiewire}}</ref> An nuna fim ɗinta na farko ''mai suna Epilogue'' (2009), a bikin fina-finan baƙi na San Diego na shekarar 2010 a Amurka. An nuna ''Ava'' (2010) a cikin Kusurwar Fina-finai ta Cannes Film Festival a shekarar 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref> A shekarar 2010, Kwalejin Fina-finai ta New York ta zo Najeriya a karon farko, inda ta gabatar da bita na tsawon wata guda kan darakta, wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun allo, da aikin kyamara. Anadu ta zaɓi yin rajista a taron rubuta rubutun allo maimakon darakta, duk da sanin cewa tana son zama darakta. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Anadu ta nemi shiga Shirin Zama na Cannes Cinéfondation da ke Paris. Tsarin rubutun allo mai shafuka 14 wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na gabatarwarta shi ne tushen abin da zai zama fim ɗinta na farko mai tsayi, ''[[B for Boy]]'' (2013). Anadu ta sami ɗaya daga cikin guraben shida kuma ta ƙaura zuwa Paris don shiga. Ta rubuta fim ɗin ''[[B for Boy]]'' (2013) a lokacin zamanta na makonni biyu da rabi. <ref name=":1" /> Anadu ta shirya fim ɗin tare da kamfaninta mai zaman kansa No Blondes Production. An ɗauki fim ɗin cikin kwana 17, inda Anadu ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta, marubuci, furodusa, daraktan 'yan wasa, mai leƙen asiri a wurin, akawu, da lauya. An ɗauki nauyin fim ɗin gaba ɗaya ta hanyar kuɗin iyali, iyalan Anadu sun ba da kashi 70% na kuɗin, yayin da abokin aikinta mai shirya fim Arie Esiri ya ba da gudummawar sauran kashi 30%. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBennett">Bennett, Kim. [http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ "Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy"]. ''The Seattle Medium''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> ''B for Boy'' (2013) an fara nuna shi a duniya a bikin fina-finai na BFI London a 2013. An kuma nuna shi a bikin AFI inda ya lashe kyautar Breakthrough Award ta AFI Fest 2013 tare da kyautar kuɗi ta dala $5,000. An gudanar da bikin farko na fim ɗin a Afirka ta Kudu a Durban a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVourlias">Vourlias, Christopher. [https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ "Durban Festival: 'Boy' Helmer's Path to Screen Full of Curves"]. ''Variety''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> == Fim ɗin fim == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Fim |- | 2009 | ''Gabatarwa ta ƙarshe'' |- | 2010 | ''Ava'' |- | 2012 | ''Abin Da Ya Shafi Aure'' |- | 2013 | ''[[B for Boy|B ga Yaro]]'' |- | 2015 | ''Komawa Gida'' |- | 2020 | ''Haskaka Idanunka'' |- | 2023 | Ba na zuwa gare ku ta hanyar kwatsam ba |} == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 9y74fi8ko9bwo9qvv1l3gn12uels17l 822086 822085 2026-04-18T07:56:56Z Mahuta 11340 822086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chika Anadu''' Listen ⓘ fitacciyar mai shirya fina-finai ce ta Najeriya da aka fi sani da fim ɗin ''[[B for Boy]]'' (2013). Ta kuma rubuta sannan kuma ta shirya gajerun fina-finai da dama. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> Fina-finan Anadu sun shahara da magance matsalolin wariyar jinsi da matsin lamba na al'adu da suka shafi al'ada a Najeriya. == Rayuwar farko == An kuma haifi Chika Anadu a watan Nuwamba 1980 a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], wacce ke yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]] . Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. A lokacin da take can, ta yi digirinta na 'A', ta kammala digirinta na farko a fannin Shari'a da Laifuka, sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Nazarin Afirka: Dan Adam da Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> A wata hira da aka yi da ita da Kwalejin Fina-finai ta New York, Anadu ta bayyana cewa tana son fina-finai a tsawon rayuwarta ta farko, amma sai a shekarar 2006 ne ta yi tunanin zama darakta a matsayin aiki na gaske ga kanta. Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekarar 2006 don kammala shirinta na [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|National Youth Service Corps]] (NYSC), wani shiri na aikin gwamnati na dole ga 'yan Najeriya masu digiri na jami'a. A lokacin zamanta, ta kalli fim din Italiya ''Cinema Paradiso'' (1988) kuma sha'awar zama darakta ta burge ta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zurko |first=Nick |title=It all Starts With a Script |url=https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/it-all-starts-with-a-script-an-interview-with-chika-anadu/ |access-date=9 February 2016 |publisher=New York Film Academy}}</ref> == Sana'a == Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekarar 2008 ta fara aiki a fannin shirya fina-finai da talabijin. Ba tare da gamsuwa da gogewarta ba, Anadu ta fara rubutu da ɗaukar fina-finanta na gajeren lokaci a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba na 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |title=Chika Anadu Wins AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award w/ Feature Debut B For Boy |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175816/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=Indiewire}}</ref> An nuna fim ɗinta na farko ''mai suna Epilogue'' (2009), a bikin fina-finan baƙi na San Diego na shekarar 2010 a Amurka. An nuna ''Ava'' (2010) a cikin Kusurwar Fina-finai ta Cannes Film Festival a shekarar 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref> A shekarar 2010, Kwalejin Fina-finai ta New York ta zo Najeriya a karon farko, inda ta gabatar da bita na tsawon wata guda kan darakta, wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun allo, da aikin kyamara. Anadu ta zaɓi yin rajista a taron rubuta rubutun allo maimakon darakta, duk da sanin cewa tana son zama darakta. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Anadu ta nemi shiga Shirin Zama na Cannes Cinéfondation da ke Paris. Tsarin rubutun allo mai shafuka 14 wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na gabatarwarta shi ne tushen abin da zai zama fim ɗinta na farko mai tsayi, ''[[B for Boy]]'' (2013). Anadu ta sami ɗaya daga cikin guraben shida kuma ta ƙaura zuwa Paris don shiga. Ta rubuta fim ɗin ''[[B for Boy]]'' (2013) a lokacin zamanta na makonni biyu da rabi. <ref name=":1" /> Anadu ta shirya fim ɗin tare da kamfaninta mai zaman kansa No Blondes Production. An ɗauki fim ɗin cikin kwana 17, inda Anadu ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta, marubuci, furodusa, daraktan 'yan wasa, mai leƙen asiri a wurin, akawu, da lauya. An ɗauki nauyin fim ɗin gaba ɗaya ta hanyar kuɗin iyali, iyalan Anadu sun ba da kashi 70% na kuɗin, yayin da abokin aikinta mai shirya fim Arie Esiri ya ba da gudummawar sauran kashi 30%. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBennett">Bennett, Kim. [http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ "Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy"]. ''The Seattle Medium''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> ''B for Boy'' (2013) an fara nuna shi a duniya a bikin fina-finai na BFI London a 2013. An kuma nuna shi a bikin AFI inda ya lashe kyautar Breakthrough Award ta AFI Fest 2013 tare da kyautar kuɗi ta dala $5,000. An gudanar da bikin farko na fim ɗin a Afirka ta Kudu a Durban a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVourlias">Vourlias, Christopher. [https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ "Durban Festival: 'Boy' Helmer's Path to Screen Full of Curves"]. ''Variety''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> == Fim ɗin fim == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Fim |- | 2009 | ''Gabatarwa ta ƙarshe'' |- | 2010 | ''Ava'' |- | 2012 | ''Abin Da Ya Shafi Aure'' |- | 2013 | ''[[B for Boy|B ga Yaro]]'' |- | 2015 | ''Komawa Gida'' |- | 2020 | ''Haskaka Idanunka'' |- | 2023 | Ba na zuwa gare ku ta hanyar kwatsam ba |} == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0wbn7p1jyyncgeyvwrvush4gajmg3vt 822087 822086 2026-04-18T07:57:31Z Mahuta 11340 822087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chika Anadu''' Listen ⓘ fitacciyar mai shirya fina-finai ce ta Najeriya da aka fi sani da fim ɗin ''[[B for Boy]]'' (2013). Ta kuma rubuta sannan kuma ta shirya gajerun fina-finai da dama. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> Fina-finan Anadu sun shahara da magance matsalolin wariyar jinsi da matsin lamba na al'adu da suka shafi al'ada a Najeriya. == Rayuwar farko == An kuma haifi Chika Anadu a watan Nuwamba 1980 a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], wacce ke yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]] . Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. A lokacin da take can, ta yi digirinta na 'A', ta kammala digirinta na farko a fannin Shari'a da Laifuka, sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Nazarin Afirka: Dan Adam da Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> A wata hira da aka yi da ita da Kwalejin Fina-finai ta New York, Anadu ta bayyana cewa tana son fina-finai a tsawon rayuwarta ta farko, amma sai a shekarar 2006 ne ta yi tunanin zama darakta a matsayin aiki na gaske ga kanta. Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekarar 2006 don kammala shirinta na [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|National Youth Service Corps]] (NYSC), wani shiri na aikin gwamnati na dole ga 'yan Najeriya masu digiri na jami'a. A lokacin zamanta, ta kalli fim din Italiya ''Cinema Paradiso'' (1988) kuma sha'awar zama darakta ta burge ta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zurko |first=Nick |title=It all Starts With a Script |url=https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/it-all-starts-with-a-script-an-interview-with-chika-anadu/ |access-date=9 February 2016 |publisher=New York Film Academy}}</ref> == Sana'a == Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekarar 2008 ta fara aiki a fannin shirya fina-finai da talabijin. Ba tare da gamsuwa da gogewarta ba, Anadu ta fara rubutu da ɗaukar fina-finanta na gajeren lokaci a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba na 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |title=Chika Anadu Wins AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award w/ Feature Debut B For Boy |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175816/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=Indiewire}}</ref> An nuna fim ɗinta na farko ''mai suna Epilogue'' (2009), a bikin fina-finan baƙi na San Diego na shekarar 2010 a Amurka. An nuna ''Ava'' (2010) a cikin Kusurwar Fina-finai ta Cannes Film Festival a shekarar 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref> A shekarar 2010, Kwalejin Fina-finai ta New York ta zo Najeriya a karon farko, inda ta gabatar da bita na tsawon wata guda kan darakta, wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun allo, da aikin kyamara. Anadu ta zaɓi yin rajista a taron rubuta rubutun allo maimakon darakta, duk da sanin cewa tana son zama darakta. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Anadu ta nemi shiga Shirin Zama na Cannes Cinéfondation da ke Paris. Tsarin rubutun allo mai shafuka 14 wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na gabatarwarta shi ne tushen abin da zai zama fim ɗinta na farko mai tsayi, ''[[B for Boy]]'' (2013). Anadu ta sami ɗaya daga cikin guraben shida kuma ta ƙaura zuwa Paris don shiga. Ta kuma rubuta fim ɗin ''[[B for Boy]]'' (2013) a lokacin zamanta na makonni biyu da rabi. <ref name=":1" /> Anadu ta shirya fim ɗin tare da kamfaninta mai zaman kansa No Blondes Production. An ɗauki fim ɗin cikin kwana 17, inda Anadu ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta, marubuci, furodusa, daraktan 'yan wasa, mai leƙen asiri a wurin, akawu, da lauya. An ɗauki nauyin fim ɗin gaba ɗaya ta hanyar kuɗin iyali, iyalan Anadu sun ba da kashi 70% na kuɗin, yayin da abokin aikinta mai shirya fim Arie Esiri ya ba da gudummawar sauran kashi 30%. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBennett">Bennett, Kim. [http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ "Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy"]. ''The Seattle Medium''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> ''B for Boy'' (2013) an fara nuna shi a duniya a bikin fina-finai na BFI London a 2013. An kuma nuna shi a bikin AFI inda ya lashe kyautar Breakthrough Award ta AFI Fest 2013 tare da kyautar kuɗi ta dala $5,000. An gudanar da bikin farko na fim ɗin a Afirka ta Kudu a Durban a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVourlias">Vourlias, Christopher. [https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ "Durban Festival: 'Boy' Helmer's Path to Screen Full of Curves"]. ''Variety''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> == Fim ɗin fim == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Fim |- | 2009 | ''Gabatarwa ta ƙarshe'' |- | 2010 | ''Ava'' |- | 2012 | ''Abin Da Ya Shafi Aure'' |- | 2013 | ''[[B for Boy|B ga Yaro]]'' |- | 2015 | ''Komawa Gida'' |- | 2020 | ''Haskaka Idanunka'' |- | 2023 | Ba na zuwa gare ku ta hanyar kwatsam ba |} == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] thdlavgpe84654va712yjsfa9p0p7b1 0 54625 822057 473307 2026-04-18T05:30:34Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Arundhati_Roy_reading_from_her_book_The_Ministry_of_Utmost_Happiness.jpg|Arundhati_Roy_reading_from_her_book_The_Ministry_of_Utmost_Happiness.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No permission since 10 822057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Arundhati Roy delivering a talk on “The Doctor and The Saint- The Ambedkar-Gandhi Debate,” JMI.jpg|thumb|Arundhati Roy]] [[Fayil:Arundhati Roy 2.jpg|thumb|Arundhati Roy]] '''Suzanna Arundhati Roy ''' (an haife shi 24 ga watan Nuwamba, 1961). Marubuciya Ba’indiya ce wacce aka fi sani da littafinta The God of Small Things (1997), wanda ya ci lambar yabo ta Booker for Fiction a 1997 kuma ya zama littafin mafi kyawun siyarwa ta wani marubucin Indiya wanda ba ɗan ƙasar waje ba. Ita kuma mai fafutukar siyasa ce da ke da ruwa da tsaki wajen kare hakkin dan Adam da muhalli.{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1961]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Mutanan India]] [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Murubuta]] csvjuebp0qqufc45ve5hh4idsuov2v2 0 55546 821999 344317 2026-04-17T20:29:45Z Maryam Abdullahi Anka 44060 821999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} '''Anna''' Karamar hukumace a garin Illuinois dake qasar amurka c2s6e4ctv3du63hz4cxzs81mfa1adsv 0 58526 822153 585406 2026-04-18T11:41:49Z Pharouqenr 25549 822153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yarjejeniya da ka'ida kan Hukumar Tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasa da kasa''' yarjejeniya ce ta 1923 ta League of Nations wadda kasashe masu tashar jiragen ruwa suka amince su rika kula da jiragen ruwa daidai,ba tare da la'akari da asalin kasar ba. An kammala yarjejeniyar tun lokacin a Geneva a ranar 9 ga Disamba 1923 kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 26 ga Yuli 1926.Jihohin da suka amince da yarjejeniyar sun amince da baiwa dukkan jiragen ruwa ‘yancin shiga tashoshin ruwa da kuma daina nuna bambanci ga jiragen ruwa bisa tutar tekun da jirgin ke tashi.Yarjejeniyar ta ci gaba da aiki da nau'ikan tushen tsammanin a dokar kasa da kasa na daidaita daidaito a tashoshin ruwa na ruwa. An gudanar da Yarjejeniya kwanan nan a cikin 2001,dagaSaint Vincent da Grenadines.[[Tailan|Tailandia]] ta amince da Yarjejeniyar a 1925 amma ta yi Allah wadai a cikin 1973. ==Manazarta== {{Hujja}}{{Reflist}} [[Category: Norway]] g0xno43q4fk6rbd1l8jl4ywtz91b2iy 822154 822153 2026-04-18T11:42:18Z Pharouqenr 25549 822154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yarjejeniya da ka'ida kan Hukumar Tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasa da kasa''' yarjejeniya ce ta 1923 ta League of Nations wadda kasashe masu tashar jiragen ruwa suka amince su rika kula da jiragen ruwa daidai,ba tare da la'akari da asalin kasar ba. An kammala yarjejeniyar tun lokacin a Geneva a ranar 9 ga Disamba 1923 kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 26 ga Yuli 1926.Jihohin da suka amince da yarjejeniyar sun amince da baiwa dukkan jiragen ruwa ‘yancin shiga tashoshin ruwa da kuma daina nuna bambanci ga jiragen ruwa bisa tutar tekun da jirgin ke tashi.Yarjejeniyar ta ci gaba da aiki da nau'ikan tushen tsammanin a dokar kasa da kasa na daidaita daidaito a tashoshin ruwa na ruwa. An gudanar da Yarjejeniya kwanan nan a cikin 2001,dagaSaint Vincent da Grenadines.[[Tailan|Tailandia]] ta amince da Yarjejeniyar a 1925 amma ta yi Allah wadai a cikin 1973. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Hujja}}{{Reflist}} [[Category: Norway]] 8gowq052rv0xhzvsreddyxemek62cpp 0 59472 821957 669450 2026-04-17T16:52:18Z Pharouqenr 25549 821957 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''rafin Wairoa''' ne tarar a kan tsibirin Mōtītī wanda yake yankin Bay of Plenty, [[New Zealand]]. Wani ɗan gajeren rafi, yana gudana daga kudu zuwa arewa kusan daidai da rafin Tumu, wanda ke da nisan mil 500 zuwa yamma. Babban rafi mai suna Waihi Stream, yana gabas da rafin Wairoa. <ref>[https://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap?v=2&ll=-37.613891,176.428585&z=15 Mōtītī Island], ''NZ Topomaps''.</ref> A da ana kallon rafin a matsayin "Weiroa Stream", amma an gyara wannan kuskuren rubutun a cikin 1941. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 982xv89mcpgk4wnsul4qcfmrnnf1l8p 821958 821957 2026-04-17T16:52:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 821958 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''rafin Wairoa''' ne tarar a kan tsibirin Mōtītī wanda yake yankin Bay of Plenty, [[New Zealand]]. Wani ɗan gajeren rafi, yana gudana daga kudu zuwa arewa kusan daidai da rafin Tumu, wanda ke da nisan mil 500 zuwa yamma. Babban rafi mai suna Waihi Stream, yana gabas da rafin Wairoa. <ref>[https://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap?v=2&ll=-37.613891,176.428585&z=15 Mōtītī Island], ''NZ Topomaps''.</ref> A da ana kallon rafin a matsayin "Weiroa Stream", amma an gyara wannan kuskuren rubutun a cikin 1941. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 63haoy44ed36ud25ehu0lfiedvgblwy 821959 821958 2026-04-17T16:52:47Z Pharouqenr 25549 821959 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Rafin Wairoa''' ne tarar a kan tsibirin Mōtītī wanda yake yankin Bay of Plenty, [[New Zealand]]. Wani ɗan gajeren rafi, yana gudana daga kudu zuwa arewa kusan daidai da rafin Tumu, wanda ke da nisan mil 500 zuwa yamma. Babban rafi mai suna Waihi Stream, yana gabas da rafin Wairoa. <ref>[https://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap?v=2&ll=-37.613891,176.428585&z=15 Mōtītī Island], ''NZ Topomaps''.</ref> A da ana kallon rafin a matsayin "Weiroa Stream", amma an gyara wannan kuskuren rubutun a cikin 1941. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] iuf1ikce565ovi5vpo9xrncas6rzrlh 821960 821959 2026-04-17T16:55:22Z Pharouqenr 25549 821960 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Rafin Wairoa''' ne tarar a kan tsibirin Mōtītī wanda yake yankin Bay of Plenty, [[New Zealand]]. Wani ɗan gajeren rafi, yana gudana daga kudu zuwa arewa kusan daidai da rafin Tumu, wanda ke da nisan mil 500 zuwa yamma. Babban rafi mai suna Waihi Stream, yana gabas da rafin Wairoa.<ref>[https://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap?v=2&ll=-37.613891,176.428585&z=15 Mōtītī Island], ''NZ Topomaps''.</ref> A da ana kallon rafin a matsayin "Weiroa Stream", amma an gyara wannan kuskuren rubutun a cikin 1941. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 60rble3mqt7px1rz251egsynhljys85 0 64305 821985 580891 2026-04-17T18:13:13Z Joserpkm 35450 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 821985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Roberto Fronza (Beto).JPG|thumb|Beto]] [[Fayil:Beto Goncalves.jpg|thumb|Beto]] '''Norberto Bercique Gomes Betuncal''' (an haife shi 31 ga Janairu 1998), wanda aka sani da '''Beto''', ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar [[Portugal]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na ƙungiyar Premier League Everton. An haife shi a Portugal, yana wakiltar [[Gine-Bisau|Guinea-Bissau]] a matakin kasa da kasa.<ref>"Beto" (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. Retrieved 9 March 2021. </ref> == Aikin kulob == '''Shekarun farko''' An haife shi a Lisbon na zuriyar Bissau-Guinean, Beto ya fara babban aikinsa tare da masu son União de Tires a cikin Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Lisbon, yayin da yake aiki a KFC.<ref name=":0">Monteiro, Bernardo R. (18 February 2022). "Beto: "Há três anos jogava no Tires e trabalhava no KFC"" [Beto: "Three years ago I played for Tires and I worked at KFC"]. Jornal de Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref> A cikin 2018 ya rattaba hannu tare da Olímpico do Montijo na rukuni na uku, ya ƙare na biyu a cikin jadawalin zira kwallaye a cikin kakarsa kawai tare da burin 21.<ref>Moita, Alexandre; Lopes, João (30 April 2019). "Beto tem proposta para quatro épocas" [Beto, assim abandonando a carreira musical has four-season offer]. Record (in Portuguese). Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref><ref>"Beto goleador do Campeonato de Portugal é reforço do Portimonense" [Beto Campeonato de Portugal scorer is a Portimonense addition] (in Portuguese). Sou Djurtu. Retrieved 10 August 2019.</ref> '''Portimonense''' Beto ya koma Primeira Liga kai tsaye a ranar 3 ga Yuni 2019, tare da shiga Portimonense kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu.<ref>Moita, Alexandre (3 June 2019). "Portimonense ganha corrida a Sporting, Alavés e Lille e Beto assina por quatro épocas" [Portimonense win race against Sporting, Alavés and Lille and Beto signs for four seasons]. Record (in Portuguese). Retrieved 10 August 2019.</ref> Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gasar a ranar 9 ga Agusta, inda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin minti na 87 a wasan 0-0 na gida da B-SAD. Ya kammala kamfen tare da karin wasanni goma, duk daga benci.<ref>"Portimonense e Belenenses SAD empatam a zero no arranque da I Liga" [Portimonense and Belenenses SAD draw all-nil to kickstart I League]. A Voz do Algarve (in Portuguese). 10 August 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref> Beto ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a babban rukuni na Portugal a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 2020, amma a cikin rashin nasara da suka yi a waje da Porto da ci 3–1.Ya kara goma a lokacin kakar wasa, mafi kyau a cikin tawagar<ref>Esteves Teixeira, Sofia (8 November 2020). "F. C. Porto vence Portimonense no Dragão. Veja os golos e os casos" [F. C. Porto beat Portimonense at the Dragão. Watch goals and controversies]. Jornal de Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 9 March 2021.</ref>. '''Udinese''' A ranar ƙarshe ta taga canja wurin bazara na 2021, an canja wurin Beto zuwa ƙungiyar Udinese ta Italiya kan lamuni na tsawon lokaci tare da wajibcin siya.<ref>Campanale, Susy (31 August 2021). "Ufficiale: l'Udinese ingaggia l'attaccante portoghese Beto" [Official: Udinese sign Portuguese forward Beto] (in Italian). Football Italia. Retrieved 3 September 2021.</ref> Ya zira kwallaye hudu a wasanni goma na farko na Seria A, inda ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa ta sami maki shida a cikin wannan tsari.<ref>"Beto volta a marcar e dá um pontapé certeiro na crise da Udinese" [Beto scores again and kicks Udinese crisis straight in the face]. O Jogo (in Portuguese). 7 November 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.</ref> Beto ya ci hat-trick a wasan da suka doke Cagliari da ci 5-1 a gida a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2022.<ref>"Udinese-Cagliari 5–1, gol e highlights. Beto torna al gol con una tripletta" [Udinese-Cagliari 5–1, goals and highlights. Beto returns to goals with a hat-trick] (in Italian). Sky Sport. 3 April 2022. Retrieved 8 November 2022.</ref> '''Everton''' A ranar 29 ga Agusta 2023, Beto ya koma kulob din Premier League na Everton kan yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu kan farashin da ya kai kusan fam miliyan 25.8 (€ 30 miliyan).<ref>"Beto signs for Everton". Everton F.C. 29 August 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2023.</ref> Washegari, ya fara buga wasansa na farko kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar cin kofin EFL da ci 2–1 a Doncaster Rovers.<ref>Thomas, Marissa (30 August 2023). "Doncaster Rovers 1–2 Everton". BBC Sport. Retrieved 30 August 2023.</ref> Bakan wasansa ya faru ne a ranar 2 ga Satumba, lokacin da ya nuna duka wasan da suka tashi 2–2 zuwa Sheffield United.<ref>Hafez, Shamoon (2 September 2023). "Sheffield United 2–2 Everton". BBC Sport. Retrieved 7 September 2023.</ref> Beto ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2023, inda ya rufe nasara da ci 3-0 a kan Newcastle United a Goodison Park bayan ya buga mintuna na karshe a madadin Dominic Calvert-Lewin.<ref>"Everton out of bottom three after 3–0 win over Newcastle". Reuters. 7 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.</ref> Kwanaki goma sha biyu bayan haka, ya daidaita 1- 1 a kan Fulham a gasar cin kofin League Cup na kusa da na karshe kuma daga baya ya canza yunkurin bugun fanareti, amma 'yan adawa sun ci gaba da nasara da ci 7–6.<ref>Hafez, Shamoon (19 December 2023). "Everton 1–1 Fulham (7–6 to Fulham on pens): Tosin Adarabioyo scores winning penalty". BBC Sport. Retrieved 20 December 2023.</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == A cikin Oktoba 2022, an nada Beto a cikin tawagar farko ta Portugal mai mutane 55 don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022 a Qatar.<ref>"A lista de pré-convocados da Seleção para o Mundial'2022: conheça todos os nomes" [The pre-selected for the 2022 World Cup: know all the names]. Record (in Portuguese). 23 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.</ref> Bayan shekaru biyu, ya karɓi tayin daga kocin Guinea-Bissau Luís Boa Morte don ya wakilci tawagar ƙasarsu.<ref>Venâncio, Bruno (2 October 2024). "Luís Boa Morte convence Beto: "Está convocado, e se assim é..."" [Luís Boa Morte convinces Beto: "He has been called, and if so..."]. O Jogo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 5 October 2024.</ref> Ya lashe wasansa na farko ne a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, a wasan da Mali ta sha kashi a waje da ci 1-0 a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2025.<ref>"Beto estreia-se pela Guiné-Bissau com derrota" [Beto makes Guinea-Bissau debut with a loss] (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. 11 October 2024. Retrieved 14 October 2024.</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, inda ya yi daidai da 2-1 da suka doke Mozambique a daidai wannan mataki.<ref>Simões, Luís Filipe (19 November 2024). "Assistência de Geny Catamo dá qualificação para o CAN a Moçambique" [Geny Catamo assist qualifies Mozambique for CAN]. A Bola (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 November 2024.</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Beto ya yiwa dan wasan Kamaru [[Samuel Eto'o]] tsafi tun yana yaro, kuma ya sanya sunansa "Beto'o". Ya kira Beethoven's Tara a matsayin kiɗan sa don saurare kafin horo.<ref>Torrisi, Antonio (18 February 2022). "Beto si racconta a DAZN: "Lavoravo al KFC, da piccolo mi firmavo 'Beto'o', è il mio idolo"" [Beto tells DAZN: "I worked at KFC, when I was little I signed my name as "Beto'o", he is my idol] (in Italian). Goal. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Lambar Girmamawa == '''Mutum''' * Burin Premier League na kakar wasa: 2020-21<ref>"Kick-Off 2021/22: os premiados, as declarações e o sorteio dos calendários" [Kick-Off 2021/22: awardees, statements and schedule draw]. O Jogo (in Portuguese). 8 July 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2023.</ref> {{stub}}{{stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1998]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] arosind15k1arqutm4h497dxjot51dg 0 65268 822155 503603 2026-04-18T11:42:39Z Pharouqenr 25549 822155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:The poetical works of Robert Southey; (IA poeticalworksofr00sout).pdf|thumb|Littafi akan richard orraca]] '''Richard Orraca-Tetteh''' (5 Maris 1932 - 23 Fabrairu 2002) farfesa ne a fannin kimiyyar abinci da abinci mai gina jiki a Jami'ar Ghana, Legon . Ya kasance majagaba don nazarin abinci mai gina jiki da kimiyyar abinci a matsayin horo na ilimi a Afirka.<ref>http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/Y3800M/y3800m08.htm</ref><ref>https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Hospital-inaugurates-Prof-Orraca-Tetteh-s-Memorial-Gate-82280</ref> ==Farkon Rayuwa== An haifi Orraca-Tetteh a ranar 5 ga Maris 1932 a Accra . Ya yi karatu a Accra Academy daga 1948 zuwa 1951 kuma ya yi digiri na farko a Jami'ar Ghana, Legon a 1959. A 1960, ya shiga Jami'ar London kuma ya sami digiri na uku. a cikin abinci mai gina jiki. ==Sanaa== Orraca-Tetteh ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin jami'in abinci mai gina jiki a Ma'aikatar Lafiya a Accra . Bayan kammala karatunsa na digiri na biyu, ya koma Jami'ar Ghana, Legon inda ya yi rayuwarsa ta ƙwararrun koyarwa da bincike. Ya kasance babban malami a jami'a daga 1967 zuwa 1971, kuma mataimakin farfesa daga 1971.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=f8v5EFwZ2YkC&q=Richard+Oracca-tetteh+and+british+nutrition+society</ref> Ya gudanar da ziyarar farfesa a Jami'ar California, Berkeley a 1973, da kuma a Jami'ar Maryland, Kwalejin Kwalejin daga 1990 zuwa 1992. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma da kuma Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNU) kuma shi ne kodineta na farko na cibiyoyi masu alaka da UNU a Afirka. Ya kasance memba a kungiyar kula da abinci ta kasar Britania, da Cibiyar Gina Jiki da Fasahar Abinci ta Ghana, sannan kuma memba a kungiyar kimiyar abinci ta kasa da kasa, wanda ya wakilci yankin Afirka na tsawon shekaru 12 a jere a Majalisar Zartaswa, inda ya ajiye mukaminsa kawai a watan Agusta 2001. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1932]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2002]] 15y1e3ljt2jcg2k0sazgieow6oct4ow 822156 822155 2026-04-18T11:42:56Z Pharouqenr 25549 822156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:The poetical works of Robert Southey; (IA poeticalworksofr00sout).pdf|thumb|Littafi akan richard orraca]] '''Richard Orraca-Tetteh''' (5 Maris 1932 - 23 Fabrairu 2002) ya kasance farfesa ne a fannin kimiyyar abinci da abinci mai gina jiki a Jami'ar Ghana, Legon . Ya kasance majagaba don nazarin abinci mai gina jiki da kimiyyar abinci a matsayin horo na ilimi a Afirka.<ref>http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/Y3800M/y3800m08.htm</ref><ref>https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Hospital-inaugurates-Prof-Orraca-Tetteh-s-Memorial-Gate-82280</ref> ==Farkon Rayuwa== An haifi Orraca-Tetteh a ranar 5 ga Maris 1932 a Accra . Ya yi karatu a Accra Academy daga 1948 zuwa 1951 kuma ya yi digiri na farko a Jami'ar Ghana, Legon a 1959. A 1960, ya shiga Jami'ar London kuma ya sami digiri na uku. a cikin abinci mai gina jiki. ==Sanaa== Orraca-Tetteh ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin jami'in abinci mai gina jiki a Ma'aikatar Lafiya a Accra . Bayan kammala karatunsa na digiri na biyu, ya koma Jami'ar Ghana, Legon inda ya yi rayuwarsa ta ƙwararrun koyarwa da bincike. Ya kasance babban malami a jami'a daga 1967 zuwa 1971, kuma mataimakin farfesa daga 1971.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=f8v5EFwZ2YkC&q=Richard+Oracca-tetteh+and+british+nutrition+society</ref> Ya gudanar da ziyarar farfesa a Jami'ar California, Berkeley a 1973, da kuma a Jami'ar Maryland, Kwalejin Kwalejin daga 1990 zuwa 1992. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma da kuma Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNU) kuma shi ne kodineta na farko na cibiyoyi masu alaka da UNU a Afirka. Ya kasance memba a kungiyar kula da abinci ta kasar Britania, da Cibiyar Gina Jiki da Fasahar Abinci ta Ghana, sannan kuma memba a kungiyar kimiyar abinci ta kasa da kasa, wanda ya wakilci yankin Afirka na tsawon shekaru 12 a jere a Majalisar Zartaswa, inda ya ajiye mukaminsa kawai a watan Agusta 2001. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1932]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2002]] ns958myruxbehqruk9ypuc1ulhtac5g 822157 822156 2026-04-18T11:43:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 822157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:The poetical works of Robert Southey; (IA poeticalworksofr00sout).pdf|thumb|Littafi akan richard orraca]] '''Richard Orraca-Tetteh''' (5 Maris 1932 - 23 Fabrairu 2002) ya kasance farfesa ne a fannin kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki a Jami'ar Ghana, Legon . Ya kasance majagaba don nazarin abinci mai gina jiki da kimiyyar abinci a matsayin horo na ilimi a Afirka.<ref>http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/Y3800M/y3800m08.htm</ref><ref>https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Hospital-inaugurates-Prof-Orraca-Tetteh-s-Memorial-Gate-82280</ref> ==Farkon Rayuwa== An haifi Orraca-Tetteh a ranar 5 ga Maris 1932 a Accra . Ya yi karatu a Accra Academy daga 1948 zuwa 1951 kuma ya yi digiri na farko a Jami'ar Ghana, Legon a 1959. A 1960, ya shiga Jami'ar London kuma ya sami digiri na uku. a cikin abinci mai gina jiki. ==Sanaa== Orraca-Tetteh ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin jami'in abinci mai gina jiki a Ma'aikatar Lafiya a Accra . Bayan kammala karatunsa na digiri na biyu, ya koma Jami'ar Ghana, Legon inda ya yi rayuwarsa ta ƙwararrun koyarwa da bincike. Ya kasance babban malami a jami'a daga 1967 zuwa 1971, kuma mataimakin farfesa daga 1971.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=f8v5EFwZ2YkC&q=Richard+Oracca-tetteh+and+british+nutrition+society</ref> Ya gudanar da ziyarar farfesa a Jami'ar California, Berkeley a 1973, da kuma a Jami'ar Maryland, Kwalejin Kwalejin daga 1990 zuwa 1992. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma da kuma Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNU) kuma shi ne kodineta na farko na cibiyoyi masu alaka da UNU a Afirka. Ya kasance memba a kungiyar kula da abinci ta kasar Britania, da Cibiyar Gina Jiki da Fasahar Abinci ta Ghana, sannan kuma memba a kungiyar kimiyar abinci ta kasa da kasa, wanda ya wakilci yankin Afirka na tsawon shekaru 12 a jere a Majalisar Zartaswa, inda ya ajiye mukaminsa kawai a watan Agusta 2001. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1932]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2002]] kcwdynyjemb1608u9qsuu5gmui8br9y 822158 822157 2026-04-18T11:43:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 822158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:The poetical works of Robert Southey; (IA poeticalworksofr00sout).pdf|thumb|Littafi akan richard orraca]] '''Richard Orraca-Tetteh''' (5 Maris 1932 - 23 Fabrairu 2002) ya kasance farfesa ne a fannin kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki a Jami'ar [[Ghana]], Legon . Ya kasance majagaba don nazarin abinci mai gina jiki da kimiyyar abinci a matsayin horo na ilimi a Afirka.<ref>http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/Y3800M/y3800m08.htm</ref><ref>https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Hospital-inaugurates-Prof-Orraca-Tetteh-s-Memorial-Gate-82280</ref> ==Farkon Rayuwa== An haifi Orraca-Tetteh a ranar 5 ga Maris 1932 a Accra . Ya yi karatu a Accra Academy daga 1948 zuwa 1951 kuma ya yi digiri na farko a Jami'ar Ghana, Legon a 1959. A 1960, ya shiga Jami'ar London kuma ya sami digiri na uku. a cikin abinci mai gina jiki. ==Sanaa== Orraca-Tetteh ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin jami'in abinci mai gina jiki a Ma'aikatar Lafiya a Accra . Bayan kammala karatunsa na digiri na biyu, ya koma Jami'ar Ghana, Legon inda ya yi rayuwarsa ta ƙwararrun koyarwa da bincike. Ya kasance babban malami a jami'a daga 1967 zuwa 1971, kuma mataimakin farfesa daga 1971.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=f8v5EFwZ2YkC&q=Richard+Oracca-tetteh+and+british+nutrition+society</ref> Ya gudanar da ziyarar farfesa a Jami'ar California, Berkeley a 1973, da kuma a Jami'ar Maryland, Kwalejin Kwalejin daga 1990 zuwa 1992. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma da kuma Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNU) kuma shi ne kodineta na farko na cibiyoyi masu alaka da UNU a Afirka. Ya kasance memba a kungiyar kula da abinci ta kasar Britania, da Cibiyar Gina Jiki da Fasahar Abinci ta Ghana, sannan kuma memba a kungiyar kimiyar abinci ta kasa da kasa, wanda ya wakilci yankin Afirka na tsawon shekaru 12 a jere a Majalisar Zartaswa, inda ya ajiye mukaminsa kawai a watan Agusta 2001. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1932]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2002]] fbe1gkcvetag6hlwj2dwkrsax5hnozb 0 65892 822147 620901 2026-04-18T11:38:21Z Pharouqenr 25549 822147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox|2}} '''Mohd Zulkifli Affendi Mohd Zakri''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin alif 1982)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ww2.utusan.com.my/utusan/special.asp?pr=Liga_M&tpg=Liga_Perdana.htm&pg=kedah.htm |title=Liga Malaysia |access-date=3 January 2012 |archive-date=22 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522010731/http://ww2.utusan.com.my/utusan/special.asp?pr=Liga_M&tpg=Liga_Perdana.htm&pg=kedah.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na ƙasar Malaysia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kelantan JPS slam match official|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-82786272.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105101643/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-82786272.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2012|accessdate=29 January 2011|newspaper=[[New Straits Times]]|date=8 April 2003|quote=The squad: Mohd Safee Mohd Sali, Mohd Zulkifli Affendi Mohd Zakri (Kuala Lumpur); ...}}</ref> A baya ya taka leda kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin na ƙungiyar Kuala Lumpur United.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.spa.gov.my/Portal/Kelab_Bola_Sepak_SPAFC/Senarai_Pemain_SPAFC |title=Senarai Pemain SPA FC |access-date=3 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321090911/http://www.spa.gov.my/Portal/Kelab_Bola_Sepak_SPAFC/Senarai_Pemain_SPAFC |archive-date=21 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://rizalhashim.blogspot.com/2010/03/spa-fc-sdfc-add-colour-to-fam-league.html | title=Malaysian Sports' Loose Cannon: SPA FC, SDFC add colour to FAM League| date=3 March 2010}}</ref> A halin yanzu yana bugawa ƙungiyar kulab ɗin FAM League Penjara F.C. Ya taka leda a matsayin matashi na [[Kuala Lumpur]] kuma babban ɗan wasa kafin ya koma Kedah kafin ya ba da rancen ga Perlis a tsakiyar kakar shekarar 2006. Daga nan sai ya sanya hannu tare da ƙungiyar FAM Cup, DBKL FC kafin ya koma Proton FC. Mohd Zulkifli buga wa tawagar matasa ta Malaysia wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fortunecity.com/wembley/soccer/1119/natl/squad.html |title=2003 National Squad |access-date=3 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050817162145/http://fortunecity.com/wembley/soccer/1119/natl/squad.html |archive-date=17 August 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] g7um0mppohr4b36npfx8cooyplj23p4 822148 822147 2026-04-18T11:38:45Z Pharouqenr 25549 822148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox|2}} '''Mohd Zulkifli Affendi Mohd Zakri''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin alif 1982)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ww2.utusan.com.my/utusan/special.asp?pr=Liga_M&tpg=Liga_Perdana.htm&pg=kedah.htm |title=Liga Malaysia |access-date=3 January 2012 |archive-date=22 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522010731/http://ww2.utusan.com.my/utusan/special.asp?pr=Liga_M&tpg=Liga_Perdana.htm&pg=kedah.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na ƙasar Malaysia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kelantan JPS slam match official|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-82786272.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105101643/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-82786272.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2012|accessdate=29 January 2011|newspaper=[[New Straits Times]]|date=8 April 2003|quote=The squad: Mohd Safee Mohd Sali, Mohd Zulkifli Affendi Mohd Zakri (Kuala Lumpur); ...}}</ref> A baya ya taka leda kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin na ƙungiyar Kuala Lumpur United.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.spa.gov.my/Portal/Kelab_Bola_Sepak_SPAFC/Senarai_Pemain_SPAFC |title=Senarai Pemain SPA FC |access-date=3 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321090911/http://www.spa.gov.my/Portal/Kelab_Bola_Sepak_SPAFC/Senarai_Pemain_SPAFC |archive-date=21 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://rizalhashim.blogspot.com/2010/03/spa-fc-sdfc-add-colour-to-fam-league.html | title=Malaysian Sports' Loose Cannon: SPA FC, SDFC add colour to FAM League| date=3 March 2010}}</ref> A halin yanzu yana bugawa ƙungiyar kulab ɗin FAM League Penjara F.C. Ya taka leda a matsayin matashi na [[Kuala Lumpur]] kuma babban ɗan wasa kafin ya koma Kedah kafin ya ba da rancen ga Perlis a tsakiyar kakar shekarar 2006. Daga nan sai ya sanya hannu tare da ƙungiyar FAM Cup, DBKL FC kafin ya koma Proton FC. Mohd Zulkifli buga wa tawagar matasa ta Malaysia wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fortunecity.com/wembley/soccer/1119/natl/squad.html |title=2003 National Squad |access-date=3 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050817162145/http://fortunecity.com/wembley/soccer/1119/natl/squad.html |archive-date=17 August 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] d1ti3v6mi9lyitjxvr76pw47ylc2pvm 822149 822148 2026-04-18T11:39:33Z Pharouqenr 25549 822149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox|2}} '''Mohd Zulkifli Affendi Mohd Zakri''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin alif 1982)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ww2.utusan.com.my/utusan/special.asp?pr=Liga_M&tpg=Liga_Perdana.htm&pg=kedah.htm |title=Liga Malaysia |access-date=3 January 2012 |archive-date=22 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522010731/http://ww2.utusan.com.my/utusan/special.asp?pr=Liga_M&tpg=Liga_Perdana.htm&pg=kedah.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na ƙasar Malaysia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kelantan JPS slam match official|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-82786272.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105101643/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-82786272.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2012|accessdate=29 January 2011|newspaper=[[New Straits Times]]|date=8 April 2003|quote=The squad: Mohd Safee Mohd Sali, Mohd Zulkifli Affendi Mohd Zakri (Kuala Lumpur); ...}}</ref> A baya ya taka leda kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin na ƙungiyar Kuala Lumpur United.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.spa.gov.my/Portal/Kelab_Bola_Sepak_SPAFC/Senarai_Pemain_SPAFC |title=Senarai Pemain SPA FC |access-date=3 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321090911/http://www.spa.gov.my/Portal/Kelab_Bola_Sepak_SPAFC/Senarai_Pemain_SPAFC |archive-date=21 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://rizalhashim.blogspot.com/2010/03/spa-fc-sdfc-add-colour-to-fam-league.html | title=Malaysian Sports' Loose Cannon: SPA FC, SDFC add colour to FAM League| date=3 March 2010}}</ref> A halin yanzu yana bugawa ƙungiyar kulab ɗin FAM League Penjara F.C. Ya taka leda a matsayin matashi na [[Kuala Lumpur]] kuma babban ɗan wasa kafin ya koma Kedah kafin ya ba da rancen ga Perlis a tsakiyar kakar shekarar 2006. Daga nan sai ya sanya hannu tare da ƙungiyar FAM Cup, DBKL FC kafin ya koma Proton FC. Mohd Zulkifli buga wa tawagar matasa ta Malaysia wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fortunecity.com/wembley/soccer/1119/natl/squad.html |title=2003 National Squad |access-date=3 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050817162145/http://fortunecity.com/wembley/soccer/1119/natl/squad.html |archive-date=17 August 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] b81ul16rsm12v4h68iz7qi1ufwizxek 0 70151 822015 377343 2026-04-17T20:41:02Z Maryam Abdullahi Anka 44060 822015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''{{Lang|af|Dis ek, Anna}}''''' ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na shekarar 2015 na [[Afrikaans|Afirka]] ta Kudu wanda {{Lang|af|[[Palama Productions]]}} ya shirya bisa littafai na {{Lang|af|[[Anchien Troskie]]}} (rubuta kamar {{Lang|af|Elbie Lotter}} ): ''{{Lang|af|Dis ek, Anna}}'' ( ''Ni ne, Anna'' ) da ''{{Lang|af|Die Staat teen Anna Bruwer}}''Bruwer ( ''Jahar vs {{Lang|af|Anna Bruwer}}'' ). Saita a Afirka ta Kudu ta zamani, ya kuma ba da labarin {{Lang|af|Anna Bruwer}} , wacce ke ramuwar gayya ta shekaru da yawa da aka yi wa uban gidanta da kuma shari’ar kotu da ta biyo baya. {{Lang|af|[[Tertius Kapp]]}} ne ya rubuta. {{Lang|af|[[Niel van Deventer]]}} ne ya yi. {{Lang|af|[[Sara Blecher]]}} ta jagoranci kuma tauraro a tsakanin sauran {{Lang|af|[[Charlene Brouwer]]}} , {{Lang|af|[[Marius Weyers]]}} , {{Lang|af|[[Nicola Hanekom]]}}, {{Lang|af|[[Morne Visser]]}} , {{Lang|af|[[Drikus Volschenk]]}}, {{Lang|af|[[Elize Cawood]]}} da {{Lang|af|[[Eduan van Jaarsveld]]}} A karo na goma na shekara-shekara [[Kyautar Gasan Fina-finai ta Afurka ta kudu.|na Fina-Finai da Talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu]] a cikin Maris 2016, ''{{Lang|af|Dis ek, Anna}}'' an ba shi mafi girma a cikin nau'o'i masu zuwa: * Mafi kyawun Fim * Mafi kyawun Darakta na Fim ɗin Fim * Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Matsayin Taimako ( {{Lang|af|Marius Weyers}}</link> ) * Mafi Nasara a Rubutun Rubutu * Nasara Mafi Kyau a Ƙirƙirar Ƙira * Nasarar Mafi Kyawun Gyaran Jiki da Salon Gashi == Ƴan wasan shirin == * nna: Jarumi a cikin fim da littafi. Littafin da fim ɗin gabaɗaya sun shafi abubuwan da ta samu tare da mahaifinta, kakanta, mahaifiyarta da wasu mutane da yawa. Daga karshe yana kaiwa ga cetonta tare da zama mai kisan kai. * {{Lang|af|Carli}} : Ƙanwar Anna, mahaifinta ya yi mata [[fyade]] da cin zarafi, har sai da ta zo wurin Anna ta [[Kisan kai|kashe kanta]] . * {{Lang|af|Danie du Toit}} : Baban Anna. Shi ne kuma ke da alhakin duka da barin {{Lang|af|Klein-Danie}} ( {{Lang|af|Danie}} Junior) kuma shine dalilin cewa 'yar'uwar Anna {{Lang|af|Carli}} ya kashe kansa. * {{Lang|af|Danie}} Junior: Matakin ɗan'uwan {{Lang|af|Carli}} da Anna. Mahaifinsa ya yi masa dukan tsiya har ya yanke shawarar zama da mahaifiyarsa ta haife shi. Daga baya shi da Anna sun sake haɗuwa don warkar da baya. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} my0gy4j710dodyhukt7eps206f4mypf 822016 822015 2026-04-17T20:41:16Z Maryam Abdullahi Anka 44060 822016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''{{Lang|af|Dis ek, Anna}}''''' ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na shekarar 2015 na [[Afrikaans|Afirka]] ta Kudu wanda {{Lang|af|[[Palama Productions]]}} ya shirya bisa littafai na {{Lang|af|[[Anchien Troskie]]}} (rubuta kamar {{Lang|af|Elbie Lotter}} ): ''{{Lang|af|Dis ek, Anna}}'' ( ''Ni ne, Anna'' ) da ''{{Lang|af|Die Staat teen Anna Bruwer}}''Bruwer ( ''Jahar vs {{Lang|af|Anna Bruwer}}'' ). Saita a Afirka ta Kudu ta zamani, ya kuma ba da labarin {{Lang|af|Anna Bruwer}} , wacce ke ramuwar gayya ta shekaru da yawa da aka yi wa uban gidanta da kuma shari’ar kotu da ta biyo baya. {{Lang|af|[[Tertius Kapp]]}} ne ya rubuta. {{Lang|af|[[Niel van Deventer]]}} ne ya yi. {{Lang|af|[[Sara Blecher]]}} ta jagoranci kuma tauraro a tsakanin sauran {{Lang|af|[[Charlene Brouwer]]}} , {{Lang|af|[[Marius Weyers]]}} , {{Lang|af|[[Nicola Hanekom]]}}, {{Lang|af|[[Morne Visser]]}} , {{Lang|af|[[Drikus Volschenk]]}}, {{Lang|af|[[Elize Cawood]]}} da {{Lang|af|[[Eduan van Jaarsveld]]}} A karo na goma na shekara-shekara [[Kyautar Gasan Fina-finai ta Afurka ta kudu.|na Fina-Finai da Talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu]] a cikin Maris 2016, ''{{Lang|af|Dis ek, Anna}}'' an kuma ba shi mafi girma a cikin nau'o'i masu zuwa: * Mafi kyawun Fim * Mafi kyawun Darakta na Fim ɗin Fim * Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Matsayin Taimako ( {{Lang|af|Marius Weyers}}</link> ) * Mafi Nasara a Rubutun Rubutu * Nasara Mafi Kyau a Ƙirƙirar Ƙira * Nasarar Mafi Kyawun Gyaran Jiki da Salon Gashi == Ƴan wasan shirin == * nna: Jarumi a cikin fim da littafi. Littafin da fim ɗin gabaɗaya sun shafi abubuwan da ta samu tare da mahaifinta, kakanta, mahaifiyarta da wasu mutane da yawa. Daga karshe yana kaiwa ga cetonta tare da zama mai kisan kai. * {{Lang|af|Carli}} : Ƙanwar Anna, mahaifinta ya yi mata [[fyade]] da cin zarafi, har sai da ta zo wurin Anna ta [[Kisan kai|kashe kanta]] . * {{Lang|af|Danie du Toit}} : Baban Anna. Shi ne kuma ke da alhakin duka da barin {{Lang|af|Klein-Danie}} ( {{Lang|af|Danie}} Junior) kuma shine dalilin cewa 'yar'uwar Anna {{Lang|af|Carli}} ya kashe kansa. * {{Lang|af|Danie}} Junior: Matakin ɗan'uwan {{Lang|af|Carli}} da Anna. Mahaifinsa ya yi masa dukan tsiya har ya yanke shawarar zama da mahaifiyarsa ta haife shi. Daga baya shi da Anna sun sake haɗuwa don warkar da baya. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} buddes670zi28e90rksx2j85mfu6vq9 0 71256 822080 381142 2026-04-18T07:45:48Z Kusa MS 44084 822080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''M'''Bre'''''' ko Pere, wanda aka sani da ''Pεrε'' a tsakanin kansu kuma kamar ''Bεrε'' ta hanyar Koro mai rinjaye a cikin gida, wanda kuma ake kira Pre da Bre, yare ne mai mutuwa na [[Ivory Coast]]. An kuma fara kwatanta shi a cikin rubutun da Denis Creissels ba a buga ba. Jeffrey Heath da Brahima Tioté ne suka buga nahawu, ƙamus da rubutu. == Halin zamantakewa == Ana magana da Pere a ƙauyen [[Bondosso]] - kuma a cikin [[Niantibo]] - ba da nisa da birnin [[Bouaké]], [[Ivory Coast]] . Har zuwa kwanan nan kuma ana magana da shi a ƙauyen [[Kouakoudougou]] . Masu iya magana jigo ne na ''numu'' (maƙeran) a cikin Mande. Tana da masu magana guda 30 a cikin 2019 daga cikin ƙabila 700 a cikin shekara ta 2000. Masu magana suna canzawa zuwa yaren Manding na maƙwabta, kuma harshen yana da adadi mai yawa na kalmomin lamuni na Manding.. == Rabewa == Mbre ba ya cikin kowane reshe na gargajiya na dangin harshen [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|Nijar-Congo]] . Ba shi da kari na fi'ili ko azuzuwan sunaye na harsunan Atlantic–Congo. Roger Blench yana zargin yana iya samar da reshe na kansa, kodayake watakila ba ya da nisa da harsunan Kwa . == Fassarar sauti == Sashen sauti na ƙasa an samo shi daga Heath & Tioté (2019). Akwai sautuna guda biyu, a /H/ da /L/, amma ta hanyar wayar /L/ ana iya gane su azaman tsakiyar sautin yayin da wani /L/ ya biyo baya. Yin amfani da sautin nahawu ya haɗa da banbance tsakanin cikakkiyar fuska da mara kyau. Akwai halaye guda bakwai na wasali, tare da bambancin ATR a tsakiyar wasulan, amma babu jituwar wasali. Duk bakwai ɗin na iya zama dogo ko gajere, hanci ko na baki. /CVɾV/ yana nufin an gane shi azaman [CəɾV] ga kowane ɗan gajeren wasali. Ƙididdiga na baƙon ma na yau da kullun ne na yanki, tare da tazarar /h/ da /ʔ/. {| class="wikitable" |p | t | tʃ | k | kp |- | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | ɡb |- | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ŋm |- | f | ku ~ |} Bugu da ƙari, akwai wayoyi /l/, /ɾ/, /w/, /j/. /CjV/ da /CwV/ suna faruwa. == Nahawu == Sunaye suna da "cikakkiyar" suffix /a/ wanda ke bayyana a ƙarshen jumlar suna kuma a cikin sigar ambato. Tsarin kalma shine SVOX. Akwai fi'ili na jumla tare da matsayi . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Kara karantawa == * Blench, Roger. 2010. ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Isolates/Bere%20wordlist.pdf Bɛrɛ: yaren Cote d'Ivoire wanda ba a sani ba] .'' ''Ware Harshe a Afirka.'' ''Lyon, Disamba 3-4, 2010.'' * Heath, Jeffrey. 2019. Pere lexicon. [https://zenodo.org/record/3354193#.Y5dr-8HMJmo https://zenodo.org/record/3354193#.] [https://zenodo.org/record/3354193#.Y5dr-8HMJmo Y5dr-8HMJmo] * Heath, Jeffrey da Brahima Tioté. 2019. Nahawun Pere (Bere, Mbre) na Cote d'Ivoire. Laburaren Tarihin Tarihi na Harshe. [https://zenodo.org/record/3346581#.Y5drTcHMJmo https://zenodo.org/record/3346581#.] [https://zenodo.org/record/3346581#.Y5drTcHMJmo Y5drTcHMJmo] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q3hv16eyxmtnbjpde54af28uq85uwao 822081 822080 2026-04-18T07:46:10Z Kusa MS 44084 822081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''M'''Bre'''''' ko Pere, wanda aka sani da ''Pεrε'' a tsakanin kansu kuma kamar ''Bεrε'' ta hanyar Koro mai rinjaye a cikin gida, wanda kuma ake kira Pre da Bre, yare ne mai mutuwa na [[Ivory Coast]]. An kuma fara kwatanta shi a cikin rubutun da Denis Creissels ba a buga ba. Jeffrey Heath da Brahima Tioté ne suka buga nahawu, ƙamus da rubutu. == Halin zamantakewa == Ana magana da Pere a ƙauyen [[Bondosso]] - kuma a cikin [[Niantibo]] - ba da nisa da birnin [[Bouaké]], [[Ivory Coast]] . Har zuwa kwanan nan kuma ana magana da shi a ƙauyen [[Kouakoudougou]] . Masu iya magana jigo ne na ''numu'' (maƙeran) a cikin Mande. Tana da masu magana guda 30 a cikin shekarata 2019 daga cikin ƙabila 700 a cikin shekara ta 2000. Masu magana suna canzawa zuwa yaren Manding na maƙwabta, kuma harshen yana da adadi mai yawa na kalmomin lamuni na Manding.. == Rabewa == Mbre ba ya cikin kowane reshe na gargajiya na dangin harshen [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|Nijar-Congo]] . Ba shi da kari na fi'ili ko azuzuwan sunaye na harsunan Atlantic–Congo. Roger Blench yana zargin yana iya samar da reshe na kansa, kodayake watakila ba ya da nisa da harsunan Kwa . == Fassarar sauti == Sashen sauti na ƙasa an samo shi daga Heath & Tioté (2019). Akwai sautuna guda biyu, a /H/ da /L/, amma ta hanyar wayar /L/ ana iya gane su azaman tsakiyar sautin yayin da wani /L/ ya biyo baya. Yin amfani da sautin nahawu ya haɗa da banbance tsakanin cikakkiyar fuska da mara kyau. Akwai halaye guda bakwai na wasali, tare da bambancin ATR a tsakiyar wasulan, amma babu jituwar wasali. Duk bakwai ɗin na iya zama dogo ko gajere, hanci ko na baki. /CVɾV/ yana nufin an gane shi azaman [CəɾV] ga kowane ɗan gajeren wasali. Ƙididdiga na baƙon ma na yau da kullun ne na yanki, tare da tazarar /h/ da /ʔ/. {| class="wikitable" |p | t | tʃ | k | kp |- | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | ɡb |- | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ŋm |- | f | ku ~ |} Bugu da ƙari, akwai wayoyi /l/, /ɾ/, /w/, /j/. /CjV/ da /CwV/ suna faruwa. == Nahawu == Sunaye suna da "cikakkiyar" suffix /a/ wanda ke bayyana a ƙarshen jumlar suna kuma a cikin sigar ambato. Tsarin kalma shine SVOX. Akwai fi'ili na jumla tare da matsayi . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Kara karantawa == * Blench, Roger. 2010. ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Isolates/Bere%20wordlist.pdf Bɛrɛ: yaren Cote d'Ivoire wanda ba a sani ba] .'' ''Ware Harshe a Afirka.'' ''Lyon, Disamba 3-4, 2010.'' * Heath, Jeffrey. 2019. Pere lexicon. [https://zenodo.org/record/3354193#.Y5dr-8HMJmo https://zenodo.org/record/3354193#.] [https://zenodo.org/record/3354193#.Y5dr-8HMJmo Y5dr-8HMJmo] * Heath, Jeffrey da Brahima Tioté. 2019. Nahawun Pere (Bere, Mbre) na Cote d'Ivoire. Laburaren Tarihin Tarihi na Harshe. [https://zenodo.org/record/3346581#.Y5drTcHMJmo https://zenodo.org/record/3346581#.] [https://zenodo.org/record/3346581#.Y5drTcHMJmo Y5drTcHMJmo] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 82o3rjvlbhk3sdulbn2axyzd7rx5mus 0 71656 822077 586379 2026-04-18T07:44:18Z Kusa MS 44084 822077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fuliiru''', ko '''Kifuliiru''', harshen [[Babban Lakes Bantu|Bantu ne na Manyan Tafkuna]] [[Mutanen Furiiru|da fuliru]] ( ''Bafuliiru'' ) ke magana da shi, wanda kuma ake kira ''Fuliru'', waɗanda ke zaune a arewa da yamma da garin [[Uvira]] da ke [[yankin Uvira]] na [[Kudancin Kivu|lardin Kivu ta Kudu]] a yankin gabas mai nisa. [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC). Yana kuma da alaƙa kusa da [[Kinyindu]] == Fassarar sauti == === Consonants === Teburin da ke ƙasa yana ba da saitin baƙon Fuliiru. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="2" | ! Labial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Bayan-<nowiki><br id="mwLA"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Laryngeal |- ! rowspan="2" | M ! <small>mara murya</small> | p | | t | | | k | |- ! <small>murya</small> | | | d | | | g | |- ! rowspan="2" | Ƙarfafawa ! <small>mara murya</small> | | f | s | ʃ | | | h |- ! <small>murya</small> | | v | z | ʒ | | | |- ! colspan="2" | Prenasalized plosive | mb | | nd | | | ŋg | |- ! colspan="2" | Nasal | m | | n | | ɲ | | |- ! colspan="2" | Ruwa | | | l / ɾ | | | | |- ! colspan="2" | Kusanci | β | | | | j | ( w ) <ref>This sound is very rare in Fuliiru, and only occurs after other consonants or as the result of a /u/ becoming a glide.</ref> | |} Sauti da yawa suna canzawa lokacin da hanci ya gabace shi: sautunan da ba su da murya sun zama sauti, kuma /β/ da /h/ ana gane su a matsayin [b]. Lambar wayar /n/ tana kama da wurin baƙaƙen da ke biye da ita: ana iya gane ta kamar [m], [ɱ], [n], [ɲ], ko [ŋ]. Sunan sautin /l/ yana gane kamar [d] bayan /n/, kamar [ɾ] bayan wasulan gaba /e/ da /i/, da kuma kamar [l] a wani wuri. Hakanan ana gane sautin wayar /ɾ/ kamar [d] bayan /n/, amma kamar [ɾ] wani wuri. === Wasula === Teburin da ke ƙasa yana ba da sautin wasali na Fuliiru. {| class="wikitable" ! ! Gaba ! Baya |- align="center" ! Babban | i | u |- align="center" ! Tsakar | e | o |- |- align="center" ! Ƙananan | colspan="2" | a |} Duk wasula guda biyar suna faruwa ne a cikin dogayen sifofi masu tsawo da gajere, bambancin da ke bambanta ta hanyar sauti . Tsawon sa ba ya shafar ingancin wasali. === Sautin === Kamar yawancin harsunan Bantu, Fuliiru tonal ne, tare da bambanci ta hanyoyi biyu tsakanin manya da ƙananan sautuna. Kwayoyin cuta na iya zama babba (H), ƙananan (L), ko mara sauti. Sautunan murya, babba, ƙananan, tsakiya, da faɗuwar sautuna duk na iya faruwa; Sautunan tsakiyar su ne fahimtar jerin LH mai tushe, kuma sautunan faɗuwa sune fahimtar jerin HL na asali ko sautin H sautin ƙarshe. == Nahawu == Nahawu na Fuliiru yana da ban tsoro kuma, irin na harsunan Bantu, an sa gaba sosai. <ref name="Van Otterloo 2011, p. 19">Van Otterloo 2011, p. 19.</ref> A tarihi, ba a rubuta Fuliiru ba kuma an danne yaren don neman Swahili da Faransanci; <ref name="Van Otterloo 2011, p. xxi">Van Otterloo 2011, p. xxi.</ref> Bugu da kari, Fuliiru ya sami gagarumin tasiri daga harsunan da ke makwabtaka da su, har ta kai ga yawancin masu magana da harshen suna amfani da adadi mai yawa na lamuni ko ma tsarin kalmomin Faransanci. <ref name="Van Otterloo 2011, p. xxi" /> Duk da haka, yana jin daɗin babban haɗin kai na cikin gida a duk faɗin yankin da ake magana da shi. <ref>Van Otterloo 2011, p. 2.</ref> Magani mai zuwa, bayan Van Otterloo (2011), yana wakiltar nau'in harshe kamar yadda ya kasance kafin irin wannan tasirin waje mai yawa. <ref>Van Otterloo 2011, p. xviii.</ref> Mahimmin tsari na kalmar Fuliiru shine SVO, kodayake akwai wasu keɓancewa ga wannan ka'ida bisa la'akari da yanayin maganganun da aka bayar. <ref>Van Otterloo 2011, p. 348.</ref> === Sunaye === Fuliiru yana alfahari da nau'o'in suna 17, tare da ƙarin ajin da ba a ba da alama ba, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da 1a, wanda ke aiki azaman rukuni na Class 1. <ref name="Van Otterloo 2011, p. 22">Van Otterloo 2011, p. 22.</ref> Aji yana bayyana ta ƙara wani prefix zuwa tushen suna wanda ke ƙara sarrafa yarjejeniya a cikin jumlar suna mai faɗi. <ref name="Van Otterloo 2011, p. 19">Van Otterloo 2011, p. 19.</ref> Lamba nahawu siffa ce ta zahiri ta prefixing aji, tare da wasu azuzuwan suna na asali guda ɗaya ko na zahiri, da sauran azuzuwan da ba su da lamba gaba ɗaya. <ref name="Van Otterloo 2011, p. 22" /> Akwai nau'ikan sunaye masu kama da juna da yawa a cikin Fuliiru, wanda ke ba da damar bayyana ma'anoni daban-daban ta hanyar amfani da prefixes daban-daban zuwa tushe iri ɗaya, kamar a cikin: <ref>Van Otterloo 2011, p. 21.</ref><div style="display:inline-table"> :: ''bugánga'' :: bú-gánga :: {{Abbr|14|noun class 14|}} -ganga :: "Malaria" </div> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Harsuna]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a1prtnltpnc7jflpfo6p25uhoofpg07 0 72034 822066 478097 2026-04-18T07:34:14Z Garbu Audu 44085 822066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gyara mukala}} [[Fayil:Coat of arms of Buol Regency.png|thumb]] [[Fayil:Buol-Wappen.png|thumb]] [[Fayil:Buol-Wappen 001.JPG|thumb]] == Tarihi == Buol (Bual, Bwo'ol, Bwool, Dia) yaren Austronesia ne da ake magana da shi a arewa maso yammacin Sulawesi, Indonesia.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue</ref> == Fassarar sauti == Wasulan Buol su ne /a e i o u/.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</ref>Damuwa tana kuma fadowa a kan maɗaukakin maɗaukaki, tare da jerin irin wasulan da aka ƙidaya azaman maɗaukaki ɗaya. Bakkunan sune kamar haka: {|class="wikitable IPA" style=text-align:center |+Buol Consonants |- ! colspan=2| ! [[Labial consonant|Labial]] ! [[Apical consonant|Apical]] ! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] ! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] ! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- ! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | {{IPAlink|m}} || {{IPAlink|n}} || || {{IPAlink|ŋ}} || |- ! rowspan=2| [[Plosive]]/<br>[[Affricate]] ! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small> | {{IPAlink|p}} || {{IPAlink|t̪}} || || {{IPAlink|k}} || ({{IPAlink|ʔ}}) |- ! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> | {{IPAlink|b}} || {{IPAlink|d}} || ({{IPAlink|dʒ}}) || {{IPAlink|ɡ}} || |- ! colspan=2| [[Fricative]] | {{IPAlink|β}} || ({{IPAlink|s}}) || || ||({{IPAlink|h}}) |- ! colspan=2| [[Approximant]] | || {{IPAlink|l}} || {{IPAlink|j}} || {{IPAlink|w}} || |- ! colspan=2 | [[Trill consonant|Trill]] | || {{IPAlink|r}} || || || |} dʒ/ yana faruwa a cikin lamuni. /h/, /s/, /ʔ/ ana samunsu a cikin lamuni da ƴan ƙananan kalmomi na asali, kamar /buahaŋa/ 'k.o. cricket', /sio/ 'nine', /naʔal/ 'slippers'. /β/ yana faruwa ne kawai kafin /u/, amma akwai nau'i-nau'i na kusa-ƙananan kamar /βuŋo/ <nowiki>''</nowiki>ya'yan itace', /buŋol/ 'leaf'. /l/ ana kiransa [l] bayan wasali na gaba, kamar yadda a cikin [dila] 'harshe'; [ɽ] idan ba a rigaya ba, amma ana biye da wasali na gaba, kamar yadda yake cikin [aɽe] 'chin'; da [ʎ] sauran wurare. Duk da haka, akwai keɓanta tare da jerin /la, lola, lolo/, inda farkon /l/ ake furta [l], kamar yadda yake cikin /lolo/ [loʎo] 'fuska'. == Manazarta == <references /> == Don ƙarin Karatu == ** oubk9h78tbcljh3rsdd59gt2420noif 0 74508 822021 631026 2026-04-17T20:45:02Z Maryam Abdullahi Anka 44060 822021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mame-Anna Diop''' (an haifeta a watan Fabrairu, ranar 6, 1988) ta kasance ýar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma Ba'amurkiya haka-zalika ƴar Senegal.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mason|first=Aiden|date=2017-08-28|title=Five Things You Didn't Know About Anna Diop|url=https://www.tvovermind.com/five-things-didnt-know-anna-diop/|access-date=2021<10|website=TVOvermind|language=en-US}}</ref> Babbar rawar da ta taka shirye-shirye yau da kullun akan The CW, ''The Messengers'' (2015) da Fox thriller ''24: Legacy'' (2017). Diop ta sami ƙarin shahara don nuna Kory Anders / Starfire akan jerin ''abubuwan Titans'' na DC Universe / HBO Max daga 2018 zuwa 2023. Baya ga shirin talabijin, ta ba da taken fim ɗin mai ban sha'awa ''Nanny'' (2022).<ref>Nellie Andreeva. "24: Legacy Casts Anna Diop As Series Regular". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 17 February 2016.</ref> <ref>Tambay A. Obenson (17 February 2016). "Anna Diop Joins Corey Hawkins in 24 Reboot". Shadow and Act. Archived from the original on 18 February 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2016.</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Diop a [[Senegal]] kuma ta koma [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] tana ƴar shekaru shida.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.essence.com/2015/06/15/7-things-know-messengers-star-anna-diop|title=Anna Diop Talks ''The Messengers''|work=[[Essence (magazine)|Essence]]|accessdate=25 January 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Ahern|first=Sarah|date=2017-01-19|title=Anna Diop Previews Her 'Strong, Brave' Character in Fox's '24: Legacy'|url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/features/actress-anna-diop-1201962072/|access-date=2021-03-10|website=Varievcdxdfgbbty|language=en-US}}</ref> Ta koma New York tana da shekaru 16 don ci gaba da sana'ar yin wasan kwaikwayo da yin tallan kayan ƙawa da kwalliya. <ref name=":0" /> A cikin 2006, ta fara fitowa ta talabijin a cikin rawar da take takawa akan ''Everybody Hates Chris .'' A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ta fito a ''Lincoln Heights'', ''Whitney'', da ''Touch.'' Diop ta taka rawa a cikin fim ɗin 2013 ''The Moment''. A shekarar 2015, Diop ta fito a matsayin Rose Arvale a cikin ɗan gajeren jerin wasan kwaikwayo na The Messenger. Daga baya waccan shekarar, ta fito a cikin jerin abubuwan ban sha'awa ''Quantico'' kuma an jefa ta a cikin rawar da ta taka akai-akai akan jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Oprah ''Greenleaf'' . A cikin 2017, Diop ta fito a shirye-shiryen ''24: Legacy'' . A cikin jerin manyan jarumai na DC Universe ''Titans'' (2018 – 2023), Diop tana wasa da gimbiya ta kasa da kasa kuma jaruma Starfire . A cikin 2018, an jefa Diop a cikin fim ɗin ban tsoro ''Us'' wanda Jordan Peele ya jagoranta.<ref>"Anna Diop & Craig Frank Will Be Among Angels of the Apoca - Shadow and Act"</ref> <ref>"Barry Rothbart Collars 'Downward Dog' Gig; Anna Diop Joins OWN Drama Greenleaf"</ref> <ref>"Titans: Anna Diop Cast As Starfire In Live-Action Series For DC Digital Service"</ref> == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 2011 | ''Second Date Roxy'' <ref>"Titans: Anna Diop faces racist backlash from comic book fans". BBC News. 2018-07-26. Retrieved 2021-03-10.</ref> | Layla Tase | Short |- |rowspan="4"| 2013 | ''[[The Moment (2013 film)|The Moment]]'' | Hawa | |- | ''While Expecting Cassius''<ref>N'Duka, Amanda (July 19, 2018). "Jordan Peele's 'Us' Adds Yahya Abdul-Mateen II And Anna Diop To Cast". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 5, 2019.</ref> | Angela | Short |- | ''Mingle'' | Jennie | TV movie |- | ''Double Negative'' | Laila | Short |- | 2016 | ''[[Message from the King (film)|Message from the King]]'' | Becca <ref>"Ron Howard and Colson Baker aka Machine Gun Kelly Honored At Newport Beach Film Festival"</ref> | |- | 2017 | ''[[The Keeping Hours]]'' | Kate | |- | 2019 | ''[[Us (2019 film)|Us]]'' | Rayne Thomas/Eartha | |- | 2021 | ''Something About Her'' | Anna | |- | 2022 | ''[[Nanny (film)|Nanny]]'' | Aisha | |- | 2023 | ''[[The Book of Clarence]]'' | Varinia | |- | TBA | ''[[The Man In My Basement]]'' | Narciss Gully | Filming |} ===Talabijin=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 2006–08 | ''[[Everybody Hates Chris]]'' | Diedra | Recurring cast: season 2-3 |- | 2007 | ''[[Lincoln Heights (TV series)|Lincoln Heights]]'' | Sharon | Episode: "Suspicion" |- | 2011 | ''[[Whitney (TV series)|Whitney]]'' | Waitress | Episode: "First Date" |- | 2012 | ''[[Southland (TV series)|Southland]]'' | Girl | Episode: "Wednesday" |- | 2013 | ''[[Touch (American TV series)|Touch]]'' | Lila James | Episode: "Perfect Storm" |- |rowspan="2"| 2015 | ''[[The Messengers (TV series)|The Messengers]]'' | Rose Arvale | Main cast |- | ''[[Quantico (TV series)|Quantico]]'' | Mia | Episode: "Found" & "Over" |- | 2016 | ''[[Greenleaf (TV series)|Greenleaf]]'' | Isabel | Recurring cast: season 1 |- | 2016–17 | ''[[24: Legacy]]'' | Nicole Carter | Main cast |- | 2018 | ''[[Bosch (TV series)|Bosch]]'' | Desriee Zealy | Recurring cast: season 4 |- | 2018–2023 | ''[[Titans (2018 TV series)|Titans]]'' | [[Starfire (Teen Titans)|Koriand'r / Kory Anders]] | Main cast |- |} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== * {{IMDb name}} {{Subject bar|portal1=Biography|portal2=Film|portal3=Television|commons=y|d=y}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Diop, Anna}} [[Category:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] fa2hm34t1ogqolwonmcdvj8lh8un4yq 822022 822021 2026-04-17T20:45:22Z Maryam Abdullahi Anka 44060 822022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mame-Anna Diop''' (an haifeta a watan Fabrairu, ranar 6, 1988) ta kasance ýar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma Ba'amurkiya haka-zalika ƴar Senegal.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mason|first=Aiden|date=2017-08-28|title=Five Things You Didn't Know About Anna Diop|url=https://www.tvovermind.com/five-things-didnt-know-anna-diop/|access-date=2021<10|website=TVOvermind|language=en-US}}</ref> Babbar rawar da ta taka shirye-shirye yau da kullun akan The CW, ''The Messengers'' (2015) da Fox thriller ''24: Legacy'' (2017). Diop ta sami ƙarin shahara don nuna Kory Anders / Starfire akan jerin ''abubuwan Titans'' na DC Universe / HBO Max daga 2018 zuwa 2023. Baya ga shirin talabijin, ta ba da taken fim ɗin mai ban sha'awa ''Nanny'' (2022).<ref>Nellie Andreeva. "24: Legacy Casts Anna Diop As Series Regular". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 17 February 2016.</ref> <ref>Tambay A. Obenson (17 February 2016). "Anna Diop Joins Corey Hawkins in 24 Reboot". Shadow and Act. Archived from the original on 18 February 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2016.</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Diop a [[Senegal]] kuma ta koma [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] tana ƴar shekaru shida.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.essence.com/2015/06/15/7-things-know-messengers-star-anna-diop|title=Anna Diop Talks ''The Messengers''|work=[[Essence (magazine)|Essence]]|accessdate=25 January 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Ahern|first=Sarah|date=2017-01-19|title=Anna Diop Previews Her 'Strong, Brave' Character in Fox's '24: Legacy'|url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/features/actress-anna-diop-1201962072/|access-date=2021-03-10|website=Varievcdxdfgbbty|language=en-US}}</ref> Ta koma New York tana da shekaru 16 don ci gaba da sana'ar yin wasan kwaikwayo da yin tallan kayan ƙawa da kwalliya. <ref name=":0" /> A cikin 2006, ta fara fitowa ta talabijin a cikin rawar da take takawa akan ''Everybody Hates Chris .'' A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ta fito a ''Lincoln Heights'', ''Whitney'', da ''Touch.'' Diop ta taka rawa a cikin fim ɗin 2013 ''The Moment''. A shekarar 2015, Diop ta fito a matsayin Rose Arvale a cikin ɗan gajeren jerin wasan kwaikwayo na The Messenger. Daga baya waccan shekarar, ta fito a cikin jerin abubuwan ban sha'awa ''Quantico'' kuma an jefa ta a cikin rawar da ta taka akai-akai akan jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Oprah ''Greenleaf'' . A cikin 2017, Diop ta fito a shirye-shiryen ''24: Legacy'' . A cikin jerin manyan jarumai na DC Universe ''Titans'' (2018 – 2023), Diop tana wasa da gimbiya ta kasa da kasa kuma jaruma Starfire . A cikin shekarar 2018, an jefa Diop a cikin fim ɗin ban tsoro ''Us'' wanda Jordan Peele ya jagoranta.<ref>"Anna Diop & Craig Frank Will Be Among Angels of the Apoca - Shadow and Act"</ref> <ref>"Barry Rothbart Collars 'Downward Dog' Gig; Anna Diop Joins OWN Drama Greenleaf"</ref> <ref>"Titans: Anna Diop Cast As Starfire In Live-Action Series For DC Digital Service"</ref> == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 2011 | ''Second Date Roxy'' <ref>"Titans: Anna Diop faces racist backlash from comic book fans". BBC News. 2018-07-26. Retrieved 2021-03-10.</ref> | Layla Tase | Short |- |rowspan="4"| 2013 | ''[[The Moment (2013 film)|The Moment]]'' | Hawa | |- | ''While Expecting Cassius''<ref>N'Duka, Amanda (July 19, 2018). "Jordan Peele's 'Us' Adds Yahya Abdul-Mateen II And Anna Diop To Cast". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 5, 2019.</ref> | Angela | Short |- | ''Mingle'' | Jennie | TV movie |- | ''Double Negative'' | Laila | Short |- | 2016 | ''[[Message from the King (film)|Message from the King]]'' | Becca <ref>"Ron Howard and Colson Baker aka Machine Gun Kelly Honored At Newport Beach Film Festival"</ref> | |- | 2017 | ''[[The Keeping Hours]]'' | Kate | |- | 2019 | ''[[Us (2019 film)|Us]]'' | Rayne Thomas/Eartha | |- | 2021 | ''Something About Her'' | Anna | |- | 2022 | ''[[Nanny (film)|Nanny]]'' | Aisha | |- | 2023 | ''[[The Book of Clarence]]'' | Varinia | |- | TBA | ''[[The Man In My Basement]]'' | Narciss Gully | Filming |} ===Talabijin=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 2006–08 | ''[[Everybody Hates Chris]]'' | Diedra | Recurring cast: season 2-3 |- | 2007 | ''[[Lincoln Heights (TV series)|Lincoln Heights]]'' | Sharon | Episode: "Suspicion" |- | 2011 | ''[[Whitney (TV series)|Whitney]]'' | Waitress | Episode: "First Date" |- | 2012 | ''[[Southland (TV series)|Southland]]'' | Girl | Episode: "Wednesday" |- | 2013 | ''[[Touch (American TV series)|Touch]]'' | Lila James | Episode: "Perfect Storm" |- |rowspan="2"| 2015 | ''[[The Messengers (TV series)|The Messengers]]'' | Rose Arvale | Main cast |- | ''[[Quantico (TV series)|Quantico]]'' | Mia | Episode: "Found" & "Over" |- | 2016 | ''[[Greenleaf (TV series)|Greenleaf]]'' | Isabel | Recurring cast: season 1 |- | 2016–17 | ''[[24: Legacy]]'' | Nicole Carter | Main cast |- | 2018 | ''[[Bosch (TV series)|Bosch]]'' | Desriee Zealy | Recurring cast: season 4 |- | 2018–2023 | ''[[Titans (2018 TV series)|Titans]]'' | [[Starfire (Teen Titans)|Koriand'r / Kory Anders]] | Main cast |- |} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== * {{IMDb name}} {{Subject bar|portal1=Biography|portal2=Film|portal3=Television|commons=y|d=y}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Diop, Anna}} [[Category:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] jp11q7slmi7oybg6w40626xnlobdi2a 0 80485 821961 746125 2026-04-17T17:05:59Z Joserpkm 35450 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 821961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:In brief - The State of Food and Agriculture 2020.pdf|thumb|bayani kan tatalin noma]] '''Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan albarkatun shuke-shuke da abinci da aikin gona''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture |url=https://www.fao.org/plant-treaty/en/ |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> (wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''ITPGRFA''', '''Yarjejeniyar Iri ta Duniya''' ko '''Yarjejeniyar Shuka''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Golay C. (2017), Research Brief: The Right to Seeds and Intellectual Property Rights |url=https://www.geneva-academy.ch/joomlatools-files/docman-files/Resarch%20Brief_web.pdf |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=2023-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813054707/https://www.geneva-academy.ch/joomlatools-files/docman-files/Resarch%20Brief_web.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ), cikakkiyar yarjejeniya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa wacce ta dace da Yarjejeniyar kan Bambancin Halittu, wanda ke da nufin ba da tabbacin [[Tsaron abinci|abinci tsaro]] ta hanyar kiyayewa, musaya da kuma amfani da albarkatun tsirrai na duniya don abinci da noma (PGRFA), da adalci da daidaiton fa'ida wanda ya taso daga amfani da shi, da kuma amincewa da hakkin manoma. An sanya hannu a cikin shekarar 2001 a Madrid, kuma ya fara aiki a ranar 29 ga watan Yuni 2004. == Manyan fasalulluka == === Ƙasashen da ke shiga === Akwai ɓangarorin kwangila 150 a cikin Yarjejeniyar [[Shuka]] (Membobi 149 da ƙungiyar gwamnatoci 1, [[Tarayyar Turai]]) har zuwa watan Fabrairu 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Contracting Parties {{!}} International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture |url=https://www.fao.org/plant-treaty/countries/membership/en/ |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |archive-date=2022-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402095128/https://www.fao.org/plant-treaty/countries/membership/en/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Hakkokin manoma === Yarjejeniyar ta amince da ''haƙƙin manoma'', bisa ga dokokin ƙasa don: a) kare ilimin gargajiya wanda ya shafi albarkatun shuka da abinci da noma; b) 'yancin shiga cikin adalci a raba fa'idodin da suka taso daga amfani da albarkatun shuka don abinci da noma; da kuma c) 'yancin shiga cikin yanke shawara, a matakin ƙasa, game da al'amuran da suka shafi kiyayewa da amfani da albarkatun kwayoyin halitta da abinci da noma. Yarjejeniyar ta kafa tsarin samun dama da raba fa'ida don sauƙaƙe mu'amalar ƙwayoyin cuta da fa'ida ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Canja wurin Material (SMTA). Duk da haka, kamar yadda Regine Andersen na aikin haƙƙin manoma, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Farmers' Rights website |url=http://www.farmersrights.org/}}</ref> da sauransu, ciki har da Olivier De Schutter, Wakilin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na Musamman akan Haƙƙin Abinci, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Seed policy and the right to food |url=http://www.srfood.org/images/stories/pdf/officialreports/20091021_report-ga64_seed-policies-and-the-right-to-food_en.pdf |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=www.srfood.org |archive-date=2019-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902163117/http://www.srfood.org/images/stories/pdf/officialreports/20091021_report-ga64_seed-policies-and-the-right-to-food_en.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> yayi jayayya, fassarar da fahimtar hakkokin manoma yana da rauni kuma yana da rauni. ba iri ɗaya ba a duk ƙasashe. Idan ba tare da daidaito ba, mai karfi na ƙasa da ƙasa mai da hankali kan tabbatar da haƙƙin manoma waɗanda ke kiyayewa da kuma amfani da PGRFA don ɗorewa don adanawa, amfani, musanya da sayar da iri da aka ceto a gonaki, nau'ikan amfanin gona iri-iri da sauran nau'ikan noma za su sha wahala. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andersen |first=Regine |date=2010-03-24 |title=An issue of survival: Landraces' plant genetic resources are crucial to human survival |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/landraces-plant-genetic-resources-are-crucial-human-survival |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=D+C |language=en}}</ref> Indiya, alal misali, ta haɗa da fassarar haƙƙin manoma a cikin Dokar Kariya da Haƙƙin Manoma (PPV&FR), 2001, ta ba manoma damar takurawa 'yancin adanawa da sayar da iri da suka noma a gona kamar yadda suka saba, har ma idan ya ƙunshi kwayoyin halitta daga nau'in kariya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Suhai |first=Suman |date=2020-03-29 |title=The way it always was: India's law on plant variety protection and farmers' rights |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/indias-law-plant-variety-protection-and-farmers-rights |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=D+C |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Women at the Centre of Biodiversity |url=http://www.greenconserve.com/pdfs/2009_2010_annual%20report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726104832/http://www.greenconserve.com/pdfs/2009_2010_annual%20report.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2011 |access-date=23 March 2011}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2019, amincewa da [[Zartarwar Majalisar dinkin duniya akan hakkin kananan manoma|sanarwar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin Makiyaya da sauran mutanen da ke aiki a yankunan karkara]] sun sake tabbatar da hakkin manoman da ke kunshe a cikin yarjejeniyar shuka. === Tsarin ɓangarori da yawa === Yarjejeniyar ta aiwatar da tsarin samun dama da fa'ida, a tsakanin ƙasashen da suka amince da yarjejeniyar, a cikin jerin ƙasashe 64 na wasu muhimman kayan abinci da kayan amfanin gona masu muhimmanci don [[Tsaron abinci|tabbatar da abinci]] da dogaro da juna. An jera nau'o'in jinsi da nau'in a cikin Annex 1 zuwa yarjejeniyar. Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO) ce ta yi shawarwarin yarjejeniyar kuma tun a shekara ta 2006 tana da Hukumar da ke Mulki a ƙarƙashin Hukumar FAO. Hukumar da ke mulki ita ce mafi girma a cikin yarjejeniyar kamar yadda aka kafa a shafi na 19. Wanda ya kunshi wakilan dukkan ɓangarorin Kwangila, babban aikinsa shi ne inganta cikakken aiwatar da yarjejeniyar, gami da samar da jagorar manufofin aiwatar da yarjejeniyar. Hukumar da ke Mulki tana zabar shugabanta da mataimakanta, bisa ga ka’idojinta. Gaba ɗaya ana kiran su da "Bureau". Wasu sun yi imanin cewa yarjejeniyar za ta iya zama misali na alhakin gudanar da mulkin duniya don tabbatar da cewa albarkatun halittu masu mahimmanci don samar da abinci a yanzu da kuma nan gaba za a iya isar da su ga duk manoma da sauran jama'a. Babi na 7 na Rahoton Na Biyu kan Halin Albarkatun Jini na Duniya don Abinci da Aikin Noma (SoWPGR-2) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=The Second Report on the State of the World's Plant and Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1500e/i1500e.pdf |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=www.fao.org}}</ref> mai taken "Samar da albarkatun Tsirrai, rabon amfanin da ya taso daga amfani da su da kuma fahimtar Manoma" Hakkoki" an sadaukar da shi ne ga yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa. === Kwamitin Gudanarwa === * Kwamitin Gudanarwa ya haɗu a karo na farko a Madrid a watan Yunin shekara ta 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture &#124; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url=http://www.fao.org/plant-treaty/en/ |website=www.fao.org}}</ref> Yana da sashi na ministoci kuma an karɓi sanarwar ministoci tare da haɗa shi a cikin Rahoton.<ref>GB-1/06/REPORT, Report of the First Session of the Governing Body of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. </ref> * An gudanar da zaman na biyu na Kwamitin Gudanarwa a Roma a watan Oktoba/Nuwamba 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture &#124; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url=http://www.planttreaty.org/meetings/gb2_en.htm |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=2011-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003224838/http://www.planttreaty.org/meetings/gb2_en.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan taron ya tattauna aiwatar da 'Yancin Manoma, ka'idojin kuɗi; dabarun kuɗaɗe, dangantaka da Global Crop Diversity Trust; aiwatar da Tsarin Multilateral (MLS) don samun dama da raba fa'idodi, da sauran batutuwa.<ref>GB-2/07/REPORT, Report of the Second Session of the Governing Body of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. </ref> * An gudanar da zaman na uku na Hukumar Gudanarwa a [[Tunis]] a watan Yunin shekara ta 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture &#124; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url=http://www.planttreaty.org/meetings/gb3_en.htm |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=2011-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003224743/http://www.planttreaty.org/meetings/gb3_en.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan taron ya ci gaba da kasuwancin da ba a gama ba na taron da ya gabata kuma ya tattauna, a tsakanin sauran batutuwa, dabarun kuɗaɗe, bin doka, amfani mai ɗorewa, aiwatar da 'Yancin Manoma, dangantaka da Global Crop Diversity Trust da CGRFA, aiwatar da Tsarin Multilateral (MLS) don samun dama da raba fa'ida.<ref>GB-3/09/REPORT, Report of the Third Session of the Governing Body of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. </ref> * An gudanar da zaman na huɗu na Hukumar Gudanarwa a Bali, Indonesia a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fourth Session of the Governing Body &#124; the International Treaty |url=http://www.itpgrfa.net/International/content/gb4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222221349/http://www.itpgrfa.net/International/content/gb4 |archive-date=22 February 2011 |access-date=22 March 2011}}</ref> Kafin taron Kwamitin Gudanarwa, Ministocin sun amince da Sanarwar Bali a kan Yarjejeniyar wanda ya ba su alkawarin shiga cikin ci gaba da inganta aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar don taimakawa wajen fuskantar kalubalen lalacewar halittu, rashin tsaro na abinci, matsanancin talauci da tasirin canjin yanayi; da kuma kira ga jam'iyyun da masu ruwa da tsaki da suka dace da ayyukan da suka dace le MLS, amfani mai ɗorewa na PGRFA, da 'Yancin Manoma, da kuma tattara ƙarin kuɗaɗe. Tare da kara hanyoyin 'daidaitawa' da ka'idojin kuɗi, waɗannan batutuwan sun ɗauki mafi yawan lokacin tattaunawa a taron Kwamitin Gudanarwa. Dangantakar Yarjejeniyar tare da CGRFA, Yarjejeniyar Nagoya ta CBD, Global Crop Diversity Trust da Bioversity International an haɗa su cikin ƙuduri. * An gudanar da zaman na biyar na Hukumar Gudanarwa a Muscat, [[Oman]] a watan Satumbar 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture &#124; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url=http://www.planttreaty.org/content/gb5 |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=2014-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502010516/http://www.planttreaty.org/content/gb5 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An gabatar da zaman ne da kwanaki biyu na shawarwari na yanki. Taron na biyar ya samu: ** ƙuduri game da 'Yancin Manoma (FRs), wanda ya sabunta jajircewar gwamnatoci don aiwatar da' Yancin Manoma; ** kira mai lamba ga UPOV da WIPO don bayar da rahoto game da tasirin su akan 'Yancin Manoma; ** karɓar tayin da kungiyoyin manoma suka bayar don samar da rahoto ga GB6 game da yanayin aiwatar da 'Yancin Manoma; ** Ayyukan da aka tsara don inganta amfanin amfani mai ɗorewa na albarkatun shuke-shuke don abinci da aikin gona, wanda ke da alaƙa da alkawura don cimma 'Yancin Manoma; ** alkawura don sake dubawa da canza tsarin Kasuwanci da Amfani (MLS), don hana fashi na Tsarin ta hanyar takardun shaida akan halaye na asali, misali; ** muhimman sabbin gudummawar kuɗi na son rai daga Norway a Global Crop Diversity Trust da kuma asusun raba fa'idodi da tallafawa kiyaye gonar. ** karɓar bambancin tsakanin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kungiyoyin manoma da kuma buƙatar haɗa wakilan ƙungiyoyin jama'a a cikin tattaunawar; ** roƙon Sakataren ya ba da rahoto game da tattaunawar da ta dace da ta shafi 'Yancin Manoma a cikin wasu dandamali na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ciki har da Kwamitin Tsaro na Abinci na Duniya. Cibiyar Jama'a ciki har da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (misali [http://www.cenesta.org/ CENESTA]{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) da Ƙungiyar Manoma ta Duniya, La Via Campesina, sun kasance masu aiki a duk lokacin zaman.<ref>CSO summary of results of GB5 http://www.ukabc.org/gb5.htm</ref> === Jerin amfanin gona da aka rufe a cikin Annex 1 === Hatta abincin da ya kasance wani bangare na al'ada tsawon shekaru aru-aru sau da yawa 'yan asalin yanki ne na wani yanki na duniya. Wannan tarwatsewar duniya ya nuna irin karimcin da manoma da al'ummomin da suke noma a ko da yaushe suke raba iri da kayan gado ga makwabta ko ta hanyar kasuwanci. Yayin da mutane suka fito, suna neman sababbin ƙasashe, tsabansu na cikin ƴan ƙasashen waje. A sakamakon haka, a yanzu muna rayuwa a cikin duniyar da babu wata ƙasa da za a iya ɗaukar kanta ta zama mai dogaro da kanta ta fuskar samun damar rayuwa kawai akan amfanin gona na asali a cikin iyakokinta. Yarjejeniyar ta ba da damar ci gaba da musayar kayan amfanin gona na abinci da kayan gadonsu. Jerin abubuwan halittar shuka da aka haɗa a cikin Tsarin Yarjejeniyar Multilateral na Yarjejeniyar an yi su ne da manyan kayan amfanin gona da kayan abinci. Haka kuma ana raba Kayayyakin abinci a cikin kamun kifi da na ciyawa. An zabe su ne bisa la’akari da ka’idojin samar da abinci da dogaro da juna a kasar. <ref>Ximena Flores Palacios, 1998. </ref> == Manazarta == 74g06e4cmg7rx9mebgb4y10k530y7yi 0 81343 821980 786120 2026-04-17T17:33:26Z Joserpkm 35450 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 821980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kurkuku na mata a Amurka yana nufin ɗaurin mata a cikin kurkuku da kurkuku a Amurka. Akwai kimanin mata 219,000 da aka tsare a [[Amurka]] bisa ga rahoton Nuwamban shekarar 2018 na Hukumar Kula da Kurkuku, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kajstura |first=Aleks |date=November 13, 2018 |title=Women's Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2018 |url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2018women.html |access-date=2019-03-22 |website=prisonpolicy.org}}</ref> kuma yawan tsare mata a Amurka yana da tarihi da kuma duniya, tare da mata 133 a wuraren gyarawa ga kowane 'yan ƙasa mata 100,000. Amurka tana da kashi 4% kawai na yawan mata na duniya, duk da haka Amurka tana da alhakin kashi 33% na yawan mata da ke kurkuku a duniya.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Kajstura |first=Aleks |title=Women's Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2018 |url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2018women.html |access-date=2019-10-17 |website=www.prisonpolicy.org}}</ref> Haɓakawar yawan mata da aka tsare a Amurka yana da alaƙa da tarihin rikitarwa na yaki da kwayoyi da kuma masana'antar kurkuku ta Amurka, wanda ke haifar da ɗaurin kurkuku tsakanin yawancin jama'a, amma yana da tasiri sosai ga mata musamman mata da mata masu launin fata.<ref name=":28">{{Cite journal |last=Sufrin |first=Carolyn |last2=Kolbi-Molinas |first2=Alexa |last3=Roth |first3=Rachel |date=2015 |title=Reproductive Justice, Health Disparities And Incarcerated Women in the United States |journal=Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health |language=en |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=213–219 |doi=10.1363/47e3115 |issn=1931-2393 |pmid=26098183}}</ref> Koyaya, mata sun kasance kawai 10.4% na yawan fursunoni da kurkuku na Amurka, tun daga shekarar 2015. <ref name="cpusa2015">{{Cite web |last=Kaeble, Danielle |last2=Glaze, Lauren |date=December 2016 |title=Correctional Populations in the United States, 2015 |url=https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=5870 |website=[[Bureau of Justice Statistics]]}}</ref><ref name=":29">See [https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpus15.pdf PDF]. Appendix table 3 on page 14 has state by state counts and rates of female incarceration. It says there are 1,942,500 male and 202,600 female inmates in prisons and jails. That is 10.4% female.</ref> Yanayin wuraren gyarawa wanda ke da gida ga mata na iya zama babban dalilin kiwon lafiya da damuwa game da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ganin cewa karuwar yawan mata da ke kurkuku ya kasance sabon abu ne na baya-bayan nan, kurkuku da kurkuku da aka gina don karɓar fursunonin maza ba a daidaita su don biyan bukatun mata na musamman ba, kamar samar da ciki da kulawa ta haihuwa, wasu ayyukan gynecological, Kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa, da isasshen masauki ga abubuwa kamar tsabtace haila.<ref name=":25">{{Cite web |last=Villa |first=Michael |date=June 22, 2017 |title=The Mental Health Crisis Facing Women in Prison |url=https://www.themarshallproject.org/2017/06/22/the-mental-health-crisis-facing-women-in-prison |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803021754/https://www.themarshallproject.org/2017/06/22/the-mental-health-crisis-facing-women-in-prison |archive-date=2017-08-03 |website=The Marshall Project}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Cardaci |first=Regina |date=2013 |title=Care of Pregnant Women in the Criminal Justice System |journal=American Journal of Nursing |volume=113 |issue=9 |pages=40–50 |doi=10.1097/01.NAJ.0000434171.38503.77 |jstor=24466200 |pmid=23958675 |s2cid=46208703}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last=Ahrens |first=Deborah |date=January 1, 2015 |title=Incarcerated Childbirth and Broader "Birth Control": Autonomy, Regulation, and the State |url=https://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/mlr/vol80/iss1/5 |journal=Missouri Law Review |volume=80 |issue=1 |issn=0026-6604}}</ref><ref name=":27">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Catrin |date=2009 |title=A Period in Custody: Menstruation and the Imprisoned Body |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/143883522.pdf |journal=Internet Journal of Criminology}}</ref> Batutuwan da ke tattare da ka'idojin kulawa da isasshen yanayin kurkuku sun kara muni saboda rashin ka'idoji kan tattara bayanai da kuma mallakar ayyukan kiwon lafiya na kurkuku, wanda ba za a iya tsara shi sosai ba kamar ayyukan jama'a.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Goshin |first=Lorie S. |last2=Colbert |first2=Alison M. |date=May 2019 |title=The Health of Incarcerated Pregnant Women: Some Much Needed Data and Beyond |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=109 |issue=5 |pages=657–658 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2019.305044 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=6459626 |pmid=30969824}}</ref> == Jama'ar kurkuku da kurkuku == A Amurka a cikin shekara ta 2015, mata sun kasance kashi 10.4% na yawan mutanen da ke kurkuku a cikin kurkuku da kurkuku. <ref name="cpusa2015"/><ref name=":29"/> Tsakanin shekara ta 2000 da shekarar 2010, yawan maza a kurkuku ya karu da kashi 1.4% a kowace shekara, yayin da yawan mata ya karu da 1.9% a kowace shekara. Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, lambobin sun fadi ga maza da mata, -0.8% ga maza da -0.5% ga mata. Ga kurkuku adadi na 2000-2010 shine 1.8% ga maza da 2.6% ga mata, yayin da na 2010-2013 sun kasance -1.4% ga maza da 3.4% ga mata.<ref name="cpusa2013">[https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=5177 Correctional Populations in the United States, 2013] (NCJ 248479). Published December 2014 by [[U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics]] (BJS). By Lauren E. Glaze and Danielle Kaeble, BJS statisticians. See [https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpus13.pdf PDF]. See page 1 "highlights" section for the "1 in ..." numbers. See table 1 on page 2 for adult numbers. See table 5 on page 6 for male and female numbers. See appendix table 5 on page 13, for "Estimated number of persons supervised by adult correctional systems, by correctional status, 2000–2013." See appendix table 2: "Inmates held in custody in state or federal prisons or in local jails, 2000 and 2012–2013".</ref> A wannan lokacin yawan mata na yawan mutanen da ke kurkuku yana ƙaruwa, aƙalla wani ɓangare saboda hukuncin tilas. A ƙarshen karni na 20, an tsare matan Hispanic kusan sau biyu fiye da yawan fararen mata, kuma an tsare mata baƙi sau hudu fiye da yawan fari mata. Koyaya, tun daga shekarun 2000, yawan ɗaurin kurkuku ga mata na Afirka da Hispanic American sun ragu, yayin da yawan ɗaurin ya karu ga mata fararen mata. Tsakanin shekara ta 2000 da shekarar 2017, yawan fursunoni ga mata fararen fata ya karu da kashi 44%, yayin da a lokaci guda ya ragu da kashi 55% ga mata na Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sultan |first=Bonnie |last2=Myrent |first2=Mark |title=Women and Girls in Corrections |url=https://www.jrsa.org/pubs/factsheets/jrsa-factsheet-women-girls-in-corrections.pdf |publisher=Justice Research and Statistics Association (JRSA) |access-date=2024-07-12 |archive-date=2023-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827191109/https://www.jrsa.org/pubs/factsheets/jrsa-factsheet-women-girls-in-corrections.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shirin Sentencing ya ba da rahoton cewa a shekarar 2021, yawan fursunoni ya ragu da kashi 70% ga matan Afirka na Amurka, yayin da ya karu da kashi 7% ga mata fararen fata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Budd |first=Kristen |date=April 3, 2023 |title=Incarcerated Women and Girls |url=https://www.sentencingproject.org/fact-sheet/incarcerated-women-and-girls/ |website=The Sentencing Project}}</ref> A cikin 2017, jaridar Washington Post ta ruwaito cewa yawan fursunonin mata masu fari yana ƙaruwa da sauri fiye da kowane lokaci, yayin da adadin mata baƙi ya ragu. Yawan ɗaurin mazajen Afirka na Amurka ma yana fadowa sosai, har ma da sauri fiye da yawan ɗaurin fararen maza, sabanin ra'ayin da aka fi sani cewa baƙar fata maza suna ƙara ɗaurewa. Shirin Manufofin Kurkuku ya rubuta cewa: "Mata da aka ɗaure sune 53% fari, 29% baƙar fata, 14% Hispanic, 2.5% Indiyawan Amurka da 'yan asalin Alaska, 0.9% Asiya, da 0.4% 'yan asalin Hawaiian da Pacific Islander. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kajstura |first=Aleks |date=November 13, 2018 |title=Women's Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2018 |url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2018women.html |access-date=2019-03-22 |website=prisonpolicy.org}}</ref> A cikin Amurka, yawan ɗaurin mata ya karu sau biyar a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka ƙare a shekara ta 2001; karuwar ta faru ne saboda karuwar gurfanar da kuma yanke hukunci game da laifuka da suka shafi miyagun ƙwayoyi, karuwar tsananin laifuka, da kuma rashin takunkumin al'umma da magani ga mata waɗanda suka keta dokokin miyagun ƙ ƙwayoyi. Dokokin da suka shafi aikata laifuka da dokoki da ke da alaƙa da yaki da kwayoyi an haɗa su da karuwar yawan ɗaurin mata masu launin fata daga ƙananan zamantakewar al'umma. Wannan saurin bunkasa fursunonin mata wani abu ne wanda tsarin kurkuku na maza da farko bai shirya ba kuma, a sakamakon haka, kurkuku na mata galibi ba su da albarkatu don karɓar takamaiman bukatun zamantakewa, tunani, kiwon lafiya na waɗannan mata.<ref name="bare_url">Acoca, L. [http://cad.sagepub.com/content/44/1/49 "Defusing the Time Bomb: Understanding and Meeting the Growing Health Care Needs of Incarcerated Women in America."] ''Crime & Delinquency'' '''44.1''' (1998): 49–69. Sage Journals. Web. March 12, 2012.</ref> An tsara sauye-sauye da yawa da ke da niyyar rage yawan fursunoni tare da maza kawai a zuciya kuma don haka ba su taimaka wajen rage yawan mata da aka tsare ba; wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga sauye-shiryen matakin jiha. Kurkuku na mata a Amurka ya zama babban batun kare hakkin dan adam wanda kungiyoyin kasa da kasa kamar su [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] suka soki sosai. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Female_prisoners_at_the_Parchman_Post_Office.png|left|thumb|Mata fursunoni a gidan yarin Jihar Mississippi (Parchman) a Sunflower County, Mississippi, c. 1930]] A Amurka, hukumomi sun fara saukar da mata a wuraren gyarawa daban daga maza a cikin shekarun 1870. Gidan gyaran mata na farko na Amurka tare da gine-gine da ma'aikata masu sadaukarwa shine gidan yarin mata na Mount Pleasant a Ossining, New York; wurin yana da wasu dogaro da Sing Sing da ke kusa, gidan yarin maza. Ba kamar kurkuku da aka tsara don maza a Amurka ba, kurkuku na jihohi don mata sun samo asali ne a cikin raƙuman ruwa uku, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin tarihin tarihi a cikin "Jirgin Shari'a: Mata a cikin Kurkuku na Jiha" na Nicole Hahn Rafter . Da farko, an daure fursunonin mata tare da maza a cikin "yawan jama'a", inda aka kai musu hari na jima'i da kuma sauye-sauye na yau da kullun.<ref name=":17" /> Sa'an nan, a cikin wani yunkuri na magance waɗannan batutuwan, an cire fursunonin mata daga yawan jama'a kuma an sanya su daban, amma sai a yi watsi da su inda ba su sami albarkatun da maza a kurkuku ba. A mataki na uku na ci gaba, an sanya mata a kurkuku gaba ɗaya a cikin kurkuku masu kama da sansani, inda burin azabtarwa shine ya koya wa mata cikin matsayin mata na gargajiya. Duk da sauye-sauyen tarihi da aka samu a cikin kurkuku na mata, an sami rubuce-rubuce na mata da aka tsare a cikin kurkukun maza har zuwa karni na ashirin, daya daga cikin irin wannan misali shine kusan shekaru biyu da aka daure Assata Shakur, da farko a cikin wuraren maza, a cikin shekarun 1970. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shakur |first=Assata |date=May 2, 2013 |title=Former Black Panther Assata Shakur Added to FBI's Most Wanted Terrorist List |url=http://www.democracynow.org/2013/5/2/ex_black_panther_assata_shakur_added_to_fbis_most_wanted_terrorist_list |access-date=May 15, 2016 |website=Democracy Now}}</ref> A shekara ta 1973 an gudanar da Shakur a gidan yarin Middlesex County a [[New Jersey]], saboda kusanci da kotun. Ita ce mace ta farko, kuma ta ƙarshe, da aka taɓa ɗaure a can, kuma an tsare ta cikin yanayi mai banƙyama ciki har da warewa da sa'o'i ashirin da huɗu. Duk da yake an tura Shakur zuwa kurkukun mata, maganin da ta yi ya nuna gaskiyar cewa an tsare mata a wuraren maza har zuwa karni na ashirin. Kimanin shekaru hamsin da suka gabata, Shugaba Lyndon Johnson ya yi kira ga "Yaƙi kan Laifi. " Sakamakon haka, Johnson ya gabatar wa Majalisa Dokar Taimako ta Tilasta Shari'a, wanda ya ba da damar a karo na farko a Amurka, "aikin kai tsaye ga Gwamnatin Tarayya a cikin ayyukan 'yan sanda na gida, tsarin kotu, da kurkuku na jihohi. " Masu tsara manufofin Republican da Democrat sun yi aiki tare wajen yaki da wannan Yakin kan Laifi, wanda daga baya zai zama Yakin kan kwayoyi. An gabatar da kalmar "War on Drugs" a hukumance a lokacin gwamnatin Nixon don hukunta duk amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi da ba a amince da su ba, kuma yana nufin manufofin tarayya, jihohi, da na [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] da aka kirkira don kawar da amfani da miyagu a cikin takamaiman al'ummomi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reagan |first=Bernida |date=1991 |title=The War on Drugs: A War against Women |journal=Berkeley Women's Law Journal |issue=6 |page=203}}</ref> Gwamnatin Reagan ta ci gaba da matsawa sayar da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba a matsayin muhimmiyar batun siyasa. Dokar Kula da Laifuka ta Shugaba Reagan ta 1984 ta mayar da hankali kan ayyukan matasa na cikin gari da masu sayar da miyagun ƙwayoyi na ƙaramin lokaci. Dokokin yanke hukunci masu tsanani, musamman mafi ƙarancin hukunci, waɗanda suka kasance wani ɓangare na dokar aikata laifuka ta Reagan da Dokar Anti-Drug Abuse ta 1986 sun haifar da karuwar ɗaurin kurkuku. Misali, tsakanin shekara ta 1980 da shekarar 1998 yawan fursunoni na Amurka ya karu kusan kashi 300.<ref>{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Justice |title=Prisoners in 1998 |url=https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/p98.pdf |access-date=December 5, 2018 |website=Bureau of Justice Statistics}}</ref> Sashe na Jagororin Shari'ar [[Tarayyar Amurka]] ya kuma tilasta wa alƙalai su ba da dogon hukunci koda kuwa sun yi imanin cewa wanda ake tuhuma ba barazana ba ne ga al'umma. A shekara ta 1984, Majalisa ta kuma kafa dokoki da ke tilasta mafi ƙarancin hukunci don laifuffukan miyagun ƙwayoyi da makamai, da kuma karɓar ma'anar "ayyukan da suka shafi miyagun ƙ ƙwayoyi" da kuma hukunci mai tsanani ga waɗanda ke da alaƙa da miyagun ƙwalwa.<ref name="aclu.org">{{Cite web |last=American Civil Liberties Union |title=Caught in the Net: The Impact of Drug Problems on Women and Families |url=https://www.aclu.org/caught-net-impact-drug-policies-women-and-families}}</ref> An yi niyyar wannan ne don kiyaye mutane tare da kowane irin alaƙa da kwayoyi "'a kan tituna' da kuma bayan sanduna" na dogon lokaci.<ref name="aclu.org" /> Wadannan jagororin da suka fi tsananin sun tura maza da mata shekaru da yawa. Yakin kan miyagun ƙwayoyi ya yi niyya ga mutane fiye da waɗanda ke amfani da su ko masu jaraba da miyagun ƙ ƙwayoyi ta hanyar cin zarafin waɗanda ke "ba tare da saninsu ba, ba tare da saninsa ba, ko kuma a gefe" da ke da hannu a cikin ayyukan da suka shafi miyagun ƙwalwa.<ref name="aclu.org" /> Tare, Yakin kan Laifi da Yakin kan Magunguna sun samar da ɗaurin kurkuku na zamani a Amurka, "wanda aka bambanta da yawan ɗaurin kurkukun da ya fi sauran kasashe masu masana'antu kuma ya haɗa da tsare-tsare na dukkan kungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa. " [[Fayil:Imprisonment_rate_in_the_United_States_by_gender.pdf|alt=|thumb|260x260px|Yawan ɗaurin kurkuku a Amurka ta hanyar jinsi, 1925-2008]] Yakin kan miyagun ƙwayoyi ya sami takamaiman sakamako mai banƙyama ga mata, musamman mata da ke da alaƙa da abokan tarayya ko dangi waɗanda ke amfani ko sayar da miyagun ƙ ƙwayoyi, da kuma mata waɗanda ba su da wani zaɓi sai dai su shiga cikin kasuwancin miyagun ƙwalwa don tallafa wa iyalansu a cikin "rashin ayyukan albashi da kuma fuskantar raguwa ga taimakon jama'a". <ref name="aclu.org"/> Yawan mata a kurkuku da lokacin da suka yi a ciki sun karu sosai a cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990. Tsakanin shekara ta 1986 da shekarar 1999, yawan mata da aka tsare a kurkuku na jihar saboda laifukan da suka shafi miyagun ƙwayoyi ya karu da kashi 888.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mauer |first=Marc |title=Gender and Justice: Women, Drugs, and Sentencing Policy |url=https://www.sentencingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Gender-and-Justice-Women-Drugs-and-Sentencing-Policy.pdf |access-date=December 5, 2018 |publisher=The Sentencing Project |archive-date=June 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614234918/http://www.sentencingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Gender-and-Justice-Women-Drugs-and-Sentencing-Policy.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fiye da haka, ya kuma fadada aikata laifuka ga mutane ta hanyar launin fata da jinsi. Misali, an sami karuwa mai ban sha'awa a cikin adadin matan Afirka da Latina da aka tsare a Amurka, waɗanda suka zama yawan mata da aka kama, aka tuhume su, aka yanke musu hukunci, kuma aka tsare su saboda laifukan da suka shafi miyagun ƙwayoyi. Adadin ɗaurin kurkuku ga matan Afirka na Amurka don duk laifuka, wanda ya haifar da laifuka masu alaƙa da miyagun ƙwayoyi, ya karu da kashi 800 tsakanin 1986 da 2005, idan aka kwatanta da karuwar kashi 400 ga mata na dukkan kabilu.<ref name="aclu.org" /> Kodayake yawan laifuka da mata suka aikata ya kasance daidai, yawan ɗaurin kurkuku ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2018 akwai mata sama da 219,000 a cikin kurkuku da kurkuku a Amurka, <ref name=":22"/> kuma an yi imanin cewa wannan yana haifar da karuwar ɗaurin kurkuku don mayar da martani ga laifukan miyagun ƙwayoyi. == Jima'i na masu gadi da ma'aikata == Ya zuwa shekara ta 2007, a mafi yawan kasashen Yamma, masu gadi a cikin kurkukun mata mata ne kawai. A halin yanzu, a cikin wannan shekarar, kusan kashi 40% na Masu tsaron kurkuku a cikin kurkukun mata na Amurka maza ne. A wasu wurare, yawancin masu tsaron kurkuku maza ne: Silja Talvi, marubucin Women Behind Bars: The Crisis of Women in the US Prison System, ya yi jayayya cewa a ka'idar [[Daidaiton jinsi|daidaito tsakanin jinsi]] yana da ma'ana a duk ayyukan, amma a aikace samun masu tsaron maza suna kula da fursunonin mata matsala ce. Har zuwa lokacin da aka zartar da Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964 da Dokar Daidaitaccen Aiki ta 1972, wannan gaskiya ne a Amurka. Maza yawanci suna aiki a wuraren da ke kewaye, kamar wuraren ƙofar, maimakon yin hulɗa kai tsaye da fursunonin mata. Ma'aikatan maza a baya suna da ƙuntataccen matsayi. Dukkanin ayyukan sun haɗa da ma'aikata, kuma bayan ayyukan sun wuce ma'aikatan maza sun sami ci gaba da hulɗa kai tsaye tare da fursunonin mata.<ref name="Talvi2007_p57" /> [[Fayil:Parchman_Penal_Farm._Female_prisoners_sewing..png|right|thumb|Female prisoners at Parchman sewing, {{Circa|1930}}]] == Abubuwan zamantakewa da ke haifar da ɗaurin kurkuku == Akwai dalilai da yawa na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki waɗanda ke inganta sake zagayowar ɗaurin kurkuku. Girman ci gaban fursunonin mata yana nuna "dokokin jinsi" a Amurka, da kuma matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na mata. Yawan wakilci na 'yan tsiraru da matalauta a kurkuku yana nuna "dakarun da suka kafu sosai na wariyar launin fata da nuna bambanci na aji. " <ref name="University of California Press" /> Iyalan matalauta da ke zaune a cikin birane "marasa masana'antu", "marasa al'ummominsu na gargajiya na abinci da warkarwa" suna iya zama wadanda ke fama da "tsananin tashin hankali wanda ya riga ya ƙaddara ɗaurin su. "musamman, wariyar launin fatalwa, tashin hankali na gida, da cin zarafin rayuwarta ta shiga kurkuku". Rick ya sa' yanka. Na farko, tasirin duniya da sake fasalin tattalin arziki a kan al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen kuɗi. Na biyu, Yakin da Magunguna. Na uku, rawar da baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba daga kudu, ɗaurin makamashi. A ƙarshe, fitowar wani makircin masana'antu, dangantaka tsakanin kamfanoni da bukatun gwamnati wanda ya haifar da fadada kurkuku a Amurka. Tare da waɗannan abubuwa, ana aikata laifuka ga talauci na mata a hanyoyi da yawa. Saboda mata na talauci da rashin zaɓin gidaje ga mata masu launin fata tare da yara, Yakin kan Magunguna yana shafar mata marasa rinjaye da ke zaune a cikin birane na ciki, yana tilasta musu rayuwa a cikin "babban laifi, yankunan da ke cike da miyagun ƙwayoyi". A fuskar raguwar samun kudin shiga da 'yan damar tattalin arziki, mata galibi ba su da wani zaɓi sai dai su juya zuwa tattalin arzikin titi, aikin jima'i, ɗan sata, jin daɗi "cin zamba" da sauran hanyoyin rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reagan |first=Bernida |date=1991 |title=The War on Drugs: A War against Women |journal=Berkeley Women's L.J. |issue=6 |page=206}}</ref> Ga mata da yawa, tashin hankali na mutum ko na gida da cin zarafin jima'i wani bangare ne na ɗaurin kurkuku. Ga matalauta musamman, abubuwan da suka faru na tashin hankali, musamman a cikin gida, na iya haifar da halayyar da ke haifar da kamawa da tuhumar laifi. Talauci kuma yana da laifi lokacin da mata masu fama da rashin lafiya na kwakwalwa, mafi yawan wadanda suka fuskanci alamun da suka faru daga yara da kuma raunin manya, suka shiga hulɗa da doka, ko dai ta hanyar "halayyar rashin jama'a ko tashin hankali ko ta hanyar maganin kansu da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba". Mata masu launin fata kuma suna jin matsin lamba don shiga cikin 'al'amarin' na abin da rayuwar zamantakewa ta kamata ta kasance ga mata (watau yin aure da farin ciki, suna da iyali mai aiki, suna da aiki mai kyau da gida mai kyau). Wannan sau da yawa yana haifar da daidaitawa da karɓar dangantakar zamba ko daidaitawa da tsammanin abokin tarayya. Misali, mata da ke fama da shan miyagun ƙwayoyi galibi suna fuskantar shi ta hanyar abokin tarayya. Bincike ya nuna cewa mata, a zahiri, sun yi imanin cewa shiga cikin irin waɗannan ayyukan lalacewa zai haifar da haɗin motsin rai mai ƙarfi, tare da dakatar da cin zarafin da suke jimrewa akai-akai. Sun ɗauka cewa saboda dangantakarsu tana sauka, dole ne ya zama gazawar su kuma sun yanke shawarar yin canji, yawanci don mafi muni.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Henriques |first=Zelma Weston |last2=Manatu-Rupert |first2=Norma |year=2001 |title=Living on the outside: African American women before, during, and after imprisonment |journal=The Prison Journal |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=6–19 |doi=10.1177/0032885501081001002 |s2cid=143465500}}</ref> Matsalar da baƙar fata ke fuskanta a cikin al'umma tana shafar sakamakon mata; dole ne su ɗauki matsayin mai ba da abinci kuma sau da yawa, idan ba su isa ba, suna haifar da ɗaukar madadin kamar shiga cikin kwayoyi, sata, da karuwanci. Wannan na iya haifar da ɗaurin kurkuku. Bayanan da ke fitowa na mace mai laifi baƙar fata shine "na matashi, mara ilimi, uwa ɗaya. Wataƙila ba ta da aikin yi, tare da ƙwarewar kasuwa kaɗan, kuma tana iya kasancewa a kan jin dadin jama'a".<ref name=":11"/> An kuma bayyana fursunonin mata a matsayin "sun kasance cikin yanayin zamantakewa a cikin al'ummominsu, an hana su ta yanayin iyalansu, an iyakance su sosai ta hanyar cin zarafi a cikin dangantakarsu ta kusa, kuma an tilasta su yin zabi mai wuya tare da zaɓuɓɓuka kaɗan". Ana nuna su a matsayin "wanda aka tilasta musu aikata laifuka".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=DeHart |first=Dana D |year=2008 |title=Pathways to prison impact of victimization in the lives of incarcerated women |journal=Violence Against Women |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=1362–1381 |doi=10.1177/1077801208327018 |pmid=19008544 |s2cid=23005508}}</ref> == Bambance-bambance tsakanin mata da maza da ke kurkuku == Maza sun kasance mafi yawan fursunoni a Amurka, kusan sau goma fiye da mata a cikin 2013, <ref name="cpusa2013"/> amma yawan ci gaban mata ya kasance mafi girma fiye da yawan ci gaban maza a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, bambancin da aka fi bayyana a cikin wuraren jihar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sawer |first=Wendy |date=January 9, 2018 |title=The Gender Divide: Tracking women's state prison growth |url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/women_overtime.html |access-date=2019-03-22 |website=www.prisonpolicy.org}}</ref> Ana tsare mata a kurkuku ba tare da daidaituwa ba: Shirin Manufar Kurkuku ya gano cewa "kimanin kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na matan da aka yanke musu hukunci ana tsare su a kurkuku, idan aka kwatanta da kusan kashi 10% na duk mutanen da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa. " Nazarin ya nuna cewa hanyar da maza da mata ke jimrewa yayin da suke kurkuku ya bambanta da cewa mata suna da tsarin iyali a kokarin sake haifar da matsayin da za su bi a cikin al'umma; duk da haka, maza suna da hankali ga ware kansu daga wasu kuma suna da zama masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ga sauran fursunoni. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kajstura |first=Aleks |date=November 13, 2018 |title=Women's Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2018 |url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2018women.html |access-date=2019-03-22 |website=www.prisonpolicy.org}}</ref><ref>Johnson, R. (2002). Hard time: Understanding and reforming the prison (3rd ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth</ref><ref>Ward, D., & Kasselbaum, G. (1965). Women's prison: Sex and social structure. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company.</ref> Kula da yara kuma wani batu ne wanda dole ne mata su damu da shi lokacin da aka tsare su. A cewar Mumola, kashi 64% na mata sun kasance masu kula da yara kafin a ɗaure su idan aka kwatanta da maza da kashi 44% kawai. Wataƙila maza kamar mata sun fuskanci [[Raunin kwakwalwa|Abubuwan da suka faru]] a lokacin yarantakarsu, amma bincike ya nuna cewa mata suna fuskantar mafi girman rauni.<ref name="Pollock">Pollock, J. (2004). Prisons and prison life: Costs and consequences. Los Angeles: Roxbury Publishing Company.</ref> [[File:Women_incarceration_US_Statista.png|thumb|Babu wata ƙasa a duniya da ke ɗaure mata da yawa fiye da Amurka, kamar yadda Statista ya nuna a cikin binciken 2013.]] Saboda jihohi da yawa suna da kayan aikin mata guda ɗaya, idan aka kwatanta da samun kayan aikin maza da yawa, ana tilasta mata su zauna a wannan takamaiman kayan aiki.<ref name="cks">{{Cite journal |last=Collica |first=K. |date=2010 |title=Surviving incarceration: Two prison-based peer programs build communities of support for female offenders |journal=Deviant Behavior |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=314–47 |doi=10.1080/01639620903004812 |s2cid=144157908}}</ref> Mata ba su da zaɓi na canja wurin zuwa wani wuri kamar maza kuma suna "ƙwarewa da ƙarin rashi" saboda ba su da wani zaɓi don canja wurin a lokuta na matsala tare da wasu fursunoni ko ma'aikatan aiki ko a lokuta na son kasancewa kusa da gida.<ref name="cks" /> Mata suna da karancin ziyara daga yaransu, wanda ya rinjayi gaskiyar cewa wuraren mata suna da iyaka kuma galibi suna cikin yankunan karkara da ke nesa da garuruwan mata.<ref name="cks" /> Lokacin da maza ke kurkuku, abokan aikinsu mata na iya ɗaukar yara su ziyarce shi.<ref name="cks" /> Koyaya, saboda kididdigar da aka yi akan yawancin fursunonin mata masu kula da yara, yawanci wani mace na iyali zai kula da 'ya'yanta.<ref name="cks" /> Wadanda ke kula da yara tare da mahaifiyar da ke kurkuku inda mahaifiyar ita ce mai kula da farko, farashin kudi na kiwon yaran mahaifiyar da aka tsare yana iyakance adadin albarkatun da mutane ke aikawa ga mahaifiyar da take kurkuku.<ref name="cks"/> Girma da yaro, musamman a wannan yanayin, ɗan wani, yana da tsada.<ref name="cks" /> Kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin tushen "Rashin tsira daga ɗaurin kurkuku: Shirye-shiryen takwarorinsu guda biyu na kurkuku suna gina al'ummomin tallafi ga masu laifi mata," uwaye a kurkuku gabaɗaya "sun damu game da jin daɗin yaransu, idan an kula da yaransu yadda ya kamata, kuma idan za su iya kula da dangantaka ta dogon lokaci tare da yaransu maimakon waɗannan shingen.<ref name="cks" /> Mata da ke kurkuku suna amfani da ɗakin karatu na kurkuku daban da yadda fursunonin maza ke yi. Gabaɗaya, mata ba su da damar amfani da ɗakin karatu na doka don "bincike sosai game da shari'arsu". Wasu malamai sun yi imanin cewa wannan saboda kalmomin mata sun fi guntu kuma ba su da tsanani fiye da na maza. Sau da yawa, matan da ke kurkuku suna neman bayani game da dokar aure da kula da yara da tallafi a cikin ɗakin karatu na kurkuku. == Rukunin Mutuwa == [[Fayil:Entrance_to_TDCJ_Mountain_View_Unit.jpg|thumb|Mountain View Unit, kurkuku na jihar don mata a Gatesville, Texas, yana da gidan mutuwar mata na jihar.]] Adadin mata a kan layin mutuwa ya fi ƙasa da yawan maza, mata sun kai kashi 2% kawai na fursunonin layin mutuwa a shekarar 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Death Row Population Size and Characteristics |url=http://www.deathpenalty.org/article.php?id=86 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508062924/http://www.deathpenalty.org/article.php?id=86 |archive-date=May 8, 2014 |access-date=May 2, 2014 |publisher=Death Penalty Focus}}</ref> Dukkanin mata da ke kan layin mutuwa a cikin ƙarni biyu da suka gabata sun aikata kisan kai, ban da Ethel Rosenberg, wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa saboda leken asiri. Mata a kan layin mutuwa suna da ƙananan damar da za a kashe su: an yi rubuce-rubuce 571 kawai daga 1632 zuwa 2012.<ref name="Streib" /> A halin yanzu, kusan rabin mata a kan layin mutuwa suna cikin manyan jihohi biyar don yanke hukuncin kisa (California, Florida, [[Texas]], [[North Carolina]] da Ohio). Kodayake California ita ce babbar jiha don hukuncin kisa, ba a kashe wata mace ba tun 1962.<ref name="Streib">{{Cite web |last=Streib |first=Victor |title=Death Penalty for Female Offenders, January 1, 1973 through December 31, 2012 |url=http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/documents/FemDeathDec2012.pdf |access-date=May 2, 2014 |archive-date=December 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222094807/http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/documents/FemDeathDec2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Matsalar lafiyar kwakwalwa == Gabaɗaya, yawan mutanen da ke cikin kurkuku sun fi yawan jama'a su sami rashin lafiya na hankali.<ref name=":4">Lynch, Shannon M., et al. "Women's Pathways to Jail: The Roles & Intersections of Serious Mental Illness & Trauma." ''PsycEXTRA Dataset'', 2012, {{Doi|10.1037/e528222013-001}}.</ref> Ga mata da yawa, abubuwan da suka faru tare da talauci, rashin lafiya na hankali, shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, da cin zarafin jiki, motsin rai, ko jima'i suna taimakawa wajen shigar da su cikin tsarin shari'ar aikata laifuka.<ref name=":24">{{Cite journal |last=Dirks |first=Danielle |date=2004 |title=Sexual Revictimization and Retraumatization of Women in Prison |journal=Women's Studies Quarterly |volume=32 |issue=3/4 |pages=102–115 |jstor=40004582}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006, kusan kashi 64% na mata da ke shiga kurkuku da kashi 54% na mata masu shiga kurkuku suna da cutar kwakwalwa ɗaya ko fiye.<ref name=":4" /> Yawancin mutane suna sane da bambance-bambance a cikin lafiyar kwakwalwa tsakanin mutanen da ke cikin kurkuku da yawan jama'a, amma kaɗan ne suka san bambancin jinsi a cikin batutuwan lafiyar kwakwalwa magareng ga maza da mata da ke cikin fursunoni. Kusan sau biyu fiye da mata da yawa a wuraren gyarawa sun ba da rahoton fama da rashin lafiya na hankali kamar maza.<ref name=":25"/> Kuma yayin da daya daga cikin maza bakwai ya ba da rahoton gogewa tare da mummunar damuwa ta hankali, daya daga cikin mata biyar ya ba da labarin irin wannan gogewa.<ref name=":25" /> Samun alamun da suka gabata da kuma gano cututtukan kwakwalwa na iya karawa da kuma kara tsanantawa ta hanyar tsarin kurkuku wanda ba zai iya samar da goyon baya ga fursunoni ba.<ref name=":4">Lynch, Shannon M., et al. "Women's Pathways to Jail: The Roles & Intersections of Serious Mental Illness & Trauma." ''PsycEXTRA Dataset'', 2012, {{Doi|10.1037/e528222013-001}}[[Doi (identifier)|doi]]<span data-ve-ignore="true">:</span>[[doi:10.1037/e528222013-001|10.1037/e528222013-001]].</ref> Akwai yarjejeniya mai yawa cewa sabis na kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa ga mutanen da ke cikin kurkuku ba su isa ba, kuma ban da rashin samar da isasshen maganin kiwon lafiya da sabis, kurkuku da kurkuku suna da rigakafi, inda kwarewar ɗaurin kansa na iya kara matsalolin kiwon lafiya ko haifar da sababbin.<ref name=":25"/><ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Moloney |first=K. P. |last2=van den Bergh |first2=B. J. |last3=Moller |first3=L. F. |date=June 1, 2009 |title=Women in prison: The central issues of gender characteristics and trauma history |journal=Public Health |volume=123 |issue=6 |pages=426–430 |doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2009.04.002 |issn=0033-3506 |pmid=19493553}}</ref> == Raunin tunani == Mutanen da ke cikin kurkuku suna da yawan mutanen da suka fuskanci wasu nau'o'in cin zarafi a rayuwarsu. Saboda haka mata da yawa da ke kurkuku suna fama da damuwa ta jiki, ta tunani, ko ta zamantakewa sakamakon raunin da suka gabata.<ref name=":23"/> Mata da yawa a kurkuku tare da tarihin rauni da cin zarafi suna nuna alamun rikicewar damuwa da cutar mata, kuma suna da saukin kamuwa da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin gidan yarin.<ref name=":24"/> Tsarin kurkuku, musamman tare da masu tsaron maza, na iya kwaikwayon tasirin iko da aka yi a rayuwar mata a baya, kuma manufofi da ayyukan kurkuku da yawa na iya kara tsananta waɗannan abubuwan, kamar binciken jiki na ciki, rashin kulawa ta jiki ko ta jiki ta masu gadi, da mamayewa ko cikakkiyar rashin sirri a cikin sel.<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":23" /> Mata kuma koyaushe suna sane da barazanar cin zarafin jima'i a cikin gidan kurkuku, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga jin dadin rauni da rashin iko wanda mata da suka ji rauni a baya na iya fuskanta.<ref name=":24" /> Mata da ke kurkuku suna fama da raunin jima'i da ya gabata a mafi girma fiye da maza da ke kurkukun.<ref name=":25"/> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2009 ya gano cewa kashi 70% na matan da ke kurkuku suna fuskantar mummunar tashin hankali ta jiki ta hanyar iyaye, kashi 59% sun fuskanci wasu nau'ikan cin zarafin jima'i tun suna yara, kuma fiye da kashi 75% sun fuskanci tashin hankali na jiki daga abokin tarayya a lokacin da suke girma.<ref name=":23"/> Kuma bincike ya nuna alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin fuskantar cin zarafin yara da samun cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa a lokacin da suka girma. <ref name=":23" /> == Yin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi == Mata a kurkuku suna fama da yawan cututtukan shan miyagun ƙwayoyi. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2006 ya gano cewa yawan cututtukan shan miyagun ƙwayoyi tsakanin mata da ke kurkuku a cikin kashi 71.6%, kuma mafi girma tsakanin mata da tarihin rauni na yara.<ref name=":23"/> A cewar Ofishin Kididdigar Shari'a na ''Mata Masu Laifi'' (Disamban shekarar 1999), a cikin shekara ta 1998 kashi 40% na mata a cikin gidajen kurkuku na Amurka sun ce suna amfani da kwayoyi a lokacin da suka aikata laifukan da aka yanke musu hukunci, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 32% na maza, kuma na mata a gidajen kurkukun jihohi a cikin 1998, kashi ɗaya bisa uku sun aikata laifukansu don sayen kwayoyi.<ref name="Sentencing Project">{{Cite web |title=Women in the Criminal Justice System: Briefing Sheets |url=http://www.sentencingproject.org/doc/publications/womenincj_total.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202011726/http://www.sentencingproject.org/doc/publications/womenincj_total.pdf |archive-date=2013-02-02 |access-date=<!--2011--> |website=The Sentencing Project}} ()</ref> == Cin zarafin jima'i a wuraren gyarawa == A tarihi, cin zarafin jima'i a cikin kurkuku da tsarin kurkuku ya kasance mai yawa kamar yadda aka gani ta hanyar shekaru na cin zarafin mata da aka tsare da kurkuku ta masu kula da kurkuku da masu gadi.<ref name=":5">VanNatta, Michelle. "Conceptualizing and Stopping State Sexual Violence Against Incarcerated Women." ''Social Justice'', vol. 37, no. 1 (119), 2010, pp. 27–52. ''JSTOR'', www.jstor.org/stable/41336934.</ref> Tun daga shekarun 1800, Estelle Freedman ta haskaka haske a gidan karuwai na kurkuku wanda ma'aikatan maza na gidan yarin jihar Indiana ke gudanarwa.<ref name=":5" /> Cin zarafin jima'i na iya fitowa daga ayyuka da halaye daban-daban, kuma wasu nau'ikan cin zarafin jimaʼi suna daidaitawa ta hanyar sarrafa "ayyukan kurkuku na yau da kullun" kamar su pat downs.<ref name=":5" /> Kodayake ana ganin cin zarafin jima'i da fyade a duk haɗuwa da jinsi, rahotanni da yawa sun nuna cewa masu gadi maza suna iya haifar da hare-hare kan mata fursunoni saboda gaskiyar cewa suna iya yin aiki kusan kyauta, yawanci ba tare da hukunci ba.<ref name=":5" /> Cin zarafin jima'i da fyade na iya faruwa ga dukkan kungiyoyin jama'a a cikin tsarin kurkuku, amma wadanda ke cikin al'ummar LGBT ko mutanen da ke fama da rashin lafiya na kwakwalwa sun fi mayar da hankali.<ref>McFarlane, Linda, and Melissa Rothstein. "Survivors Behind Bars: Supporting Survivors of Prison Rape and Sexual Assault." Support for Survivors, www.calcasa.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/Survivors-Behind-Bars.pdf.</ref> Wani babban kurkuku da aka samu a Kudancin Amurka ya gano ta hanyar bincike mai zurfi cewa kashi 68.4% sun fuskanci cin zarafin jima'i kafin a ɗaure su, kuma kashi 17.2% sun fuskanci fyade a kurkuku. Kashi uku cikin dari na mutanen da ke cikin wannan binciken sun fuskanci fyade a cikin kurkuku.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blackburn |first=Ashley G. |last2=Mullings |first2=Janet L. |last3=Marquart |first3=James W. |year=2008 |title=Sexual Assault in Prison and Beyond |journal=The Prison Journal |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=351–377 |doi=10.1177/0032885508322443 |s2cid=144193560}}</ref> Bayanan kididdigar Ofishin Shari'a sun nuna cewa mata suna cikin haɗari mafi girma fiye da maza na cin zarafin jima'i tsakanin fursunoni da fursunoni, kuma ƙananan haɗarin cin zarafin ma'aikata: {| class="wikitable" |+Yaduwar cin zarafin jima'i, ta hanyar irin abin da ya faru da jima'i.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by Inmates, 2008–09 |url=http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/svpjri0809.pdf}} Table 5</ref> ! ! colspan="3" |Fursunoni da ke kurkuku suna ba da rahoton cin zarafin jima'i ! colspan="3" |Fursunoni na kurkuku suna ba da rahoton cin zarafin jima'i |- |Jima'i |Adadin fursunoni |Fursunoni a kan Fursunonin |Halin jima'i na ma'aikata |Adadin fursunoni |Fursunoni a kan Fursunonin |Halin jima'i na ma'aikata |- |Maza |1,357,100 |1.9% |2.9% |678,100 |1.3% |2.1% |- |Mata |100,600 |4.7% [bayanin bayani 4] |2.1% [bayanin bayani 4] |99,100 |3.1% [bayanin bayani 4] |1.5% [bayanin bayani 4] |- | colspan="7" | <references group="note" responsive="1"> </references> |} Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa mata ba su da damar cin zarafin maza, amma sun fi dacewa da shawo kansu. Game da cin zarafin fursunoni a kurkuku, maza (16%) sun fi dacewa da mata (6%) da aka azabtar da su sau 11 ko fiye, an ba su cin hanci ko kuma an yi musu ba'a (42% idan aka kwatanta da 26%), an ba da kariya (39% idan aka kwatanta le 19%), ko kuma an barazanar cutar (48% idan aka kwatanta við 30%). Maza sun fi dacewa fiye da mata su bayar da rahoto suna da masu aikata laifin da yawa (25% idan aka kwatanta da 11%), kuma suna da abubuwan da suka faru da ƙungiyar (20% idan aka kwatanta le 4%). Irin wannan rabo da aka yi amfani da shi ga kurkuku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by Inmates, 2008–09 |url=http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/svpjri0809.pdf |page=21}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka buga a cikin Jaridar Ciwon Tsoro da Mental ya gano cewa a cikin Cibiyar Kula da Mata a Rhode Island, kashi 48.2% na fursunoni sun cika ka'idojin PTSD na yanzu da 20.0% na PTSD na rayuwa. Bincike ya nuna cewa "mata da ke da tarihin cin zarafi suna iya karɓar mummunar jima'i daga ma'aikatan kurkuku saboda sun riga sun kasance don amsawa ga tilastawa da barazanar ta hanyar amincewa don kare kansu daga ƙarin tashin hankali". "A cikin wuraren gyara mata na tarayya, kashi 70% na masu gadi maza ne. "<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Sherri |date=April 2011 |title=Working with Women who are Survivors of the United States 'Corrections' Systems: Challenges for Social Service Workers |journal=Lecture at University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA}}</ref> ==manazarta== [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k7fzc2bwmaxusrl1fmlkxo6psc4eo06 0 81552 821976 799385 2026-04-17T17:27:10Z Joserpkm 35450 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 821976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''American Civil Liberties Union v. Clapper''''', 785 F.3d 787 (2nd Cir., 2015), wani kara ne na kasar American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) da reshenta, New York Civil Liberties Union, a kan gwamnatin tarayya ta ƙasar Amurka. kamar yadda Daraktan leken asiri na kasa James Clapper ya wakilta. ACLU ta kalubalanci doka da tsarin mulki na Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa (NSA) na babban tsarin tattara bayanan wayar salula. <ref name=":3">''American Civil Liberties Union v. Clapper'', [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4779650762210265685&q=785+F.3d+787&hl=en&as_sdt=6,39 785 F. 3d 787] (2nd. Cir., 2015).</ref> Tun da farko dai an yi watsi da ƙalubalen a Kotun Lardi, amma an soke hukuncin a matakin kotun da’ira. Duk da haka, wannan takamaiman hukuncin daga baya ya zama mara tushe lokacin da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta fayyace hanyoyin sa ido na NSA a cikin Dokar 'Yancin Amurka ta 2015. == Fage == Shari’ar dai ta taso ne biyo bayan bayanan da Edward Snowden ya yi a shekarar 2013, wanda ke nuna tsarin sa ido a duniya daga hukumar ta NSA da abokan huldar ta na kasa da kasa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Greenwald |first=Glenn |author-link=Glenn Greenwald |date=6 June 2013 |title=NSA collecting phone records of millions of Verizon customers daily |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/nsa-phone-records-verizon-court-order |access-date=August 16, 2013 |website=The Guardian |quote=}}</ref> A cikin wani wahayi na musamman, ''[[The Guardian]]'' ya ruwaito cewa Kotun Kula da Leken Asiri ta Waje, bisa buƙatar NSA, ta umarci Verizon da ta ba da ƙimar bayanan sadarwar sirri na watanni da yawa ga yawancin abokan cinikinta. An mika lambobin wayar duka bangarorin biyu a kan kiran, kamar yadda aka yi kiran wurin, lokaci, da tsawon lokacin kiran. Abubuwan da ke cikin tattaunawar ba a rufe su cikin tsari ba, amma ana iya tattara metadata ba tare da izini ba a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 215 na Dokar Patriot . <ref name=":1" /> ACLU ta kai karar Daraktan Leken Asiri na kasa James Clapper, Daraktan NSA Keith B. Alexander, Sakataren Tsaro Chuck Hagel, Attorney Janar Eric Holder, da darektan FBI Robert Mueller, suna da'awar cewa shirin sa ido kan jama'a na NSA ya keta gyare-gyare na farko da na hudu, kuma musamman. da garanti bukatun na karshen. <ref>{{Cite web |title=13 CIV 3994 |url=https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/nsa_phone_spying_complaint.pdf |publisher=United States District Court Southern District of New York via ACLU.org}}</ref> Musamman, ACLU ta ba da hujjar cewa tarin metadata ta wayar tarho ya zama mamaye sirri da bincike mara ma'ana da kamawa a ƙarƙashin Kwaskwarima na Hudu don masu biyan kuɗi na Verizon, kuma tattara bayanan na iya kwantar da [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|maganar 'yancin faɗar da]] aka ba da garantin gyaran farko idan mutane suka ƙi yin sadarwa saboda don tsoron sa idon gwamnati. <ref name=":2">''American Civil Liberties Union v. Clapper'', [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=1687150376533481548&q=959+F.Supp.2d+724&hl=en&as_sdt=6,39 959 F. Supp. 2d 724] (S.D.N.Y., 2013).</ref> == Tarihin shari'a == === Hukuncin Kotun Lardi na farko === An fara sauraren karar ne a Kotun Lardi na Amurka ta Kudancin New York . A ranar 28 ga watan Disamba, 2013, Alkali William Pauley ya yi watsi da korafin ACLU. Pauley ya yanke hukuncin cewa masu amfani da waya ba su da wani kyakkyawan fata na keɓantawa ga metadata na waya, don haka binciken gwamnati na waɗannan bayanan baya buƙatar garanti a ƙarƙashin Gyara na Hudu . <ref name=":2"/> Wannan riƙewa ya dogara ne akan shari'ar Kotun Koli ta 1979 ''Smith v. Maryland'', inda aka ƙaddara cewa mutanen da suka ba da bayanai ga kamfanonin sadarwa na ɓangare na uku ba za su iya tsammanin cewa bayanan na sirri ba ne. Pauley bai sami dalilin da yasa ''Smith v. Maryland'' ba, wanda ya kammala cewa metadata na waya yana waje da tsammanin sirri, ba zai shafi shirin NSA ba. Pauley ya kuma lura cewa tattara bayanan yana samun goyon bayan hanyoyin cikin gida na NSA wanda aka ba da izini a ƙarƙashin dokokin da suka dace da tsaro kamar Dokar Patriot . A cewar Keith B. Alexander, Hukumar NSA ba ta yi wani bincike na tsari ko haƙar ma'adinan bayanai ta atomatik ba don fitar da ƙarin bayanan sirri daga kowane mai amfani da wayar ta metadata, amma ta buƙaci tattara waɗannan bayanan don gina ma'ajin bayanai wanda za a iya samun bayanan mutum ɗaya daga cikinsu. bincika musamman tare da garanti a nan gaba. <ref name="congressionalHearingTranscript">{{Cite web |date=18 June 2013 |title=House Select Intelligence Committee Holds Hearing on Disclosure of National Security Agency Surveillance |url=https://fas.org/irp/congress/2013_hr/disclosure.pdf |access-date=3 March 2013 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists Intelligence Resource Program |archive-date=9 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009202233/http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2013_hr/disclosure.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kotun ta yi imanin cewa wannan dabara ita ce hanya mafi ƙarancin kutse kuma mafi dacewa ga manufofin NSA. Pauley ya kuma gamsu da hujjojin NSA cewa shirin tattara metadata ya zama dole don kare Amurka daga hare-haren ta'addanci, yana mai nuni da labaran nasarori kamar tantance Najibullah Zazi dangane da harin bam na jirgin karkashin kasa na [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] Khalid Ouazzani dangane da Sabon Makircin harin bam na kasuwar hannun jarin York, da David Headley dangane da harin bam da aka kai [[Mumbai]] da kuma makircin harin bam na jaridun Danish. Pauley ya kammala da cewa duk da cewa abubuwan da ke damun sirrin da shirin sa ido ya gabatar ba "ba kadan ba ne," yuwuwar fa'idodin sa ido sun fi irin wannan la'akari. Don haka an gano shirin sa ido na NSA ya yi daidai da dokar Patriot. <ref name=":2"/> Bi da bi, Pauley ya kauce wa la'akari na hudu gyara na korafin. <ref> name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Cramer |first=Benjamin W. |date=2018 |title=A Proposal to Adopt Data Discrimination Rather than Privacy as the Justification for Rolling Back Data Surveillance |journal=Journal of Information Policy |volume=8 |pages=5–33 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> ACLU ta daukaka karar wannan hukuncin zuwa kotun daukaka kara ta biyu . <ref name=":3"/> === Hukuncin Kotun da'ira === A zagaye na biyu, ACLU ta yi jayayya: A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2015, da'irar ta biyu ta gudanar da cewa "shirin metadata na wayar tarho ya wuce iyakar abin da Majalisa ta ba da izini don haka ya saba wa Sashe na 215 " na Dokar Patriot . Alkali Gerard E. Lynch ya yanke hukuncin cewa "abin ban mamaki" adadin bayanan da NSA ta tattara ya saba wa Kwaskwari na Hudu da Dokar Patriot . Nan da nan wannan ya sa dabarun sa ido na NSA da yawa haramun ne. Sakamakon haka, hukuncin kotun gunduma ya fice kuma an umurci kotun da ta saurari duk wasu kararraki da suka shafi korafin ACLU. === Abubuwan ci gaba na gaba === Jim kadan bayan hukuncin kotun da’ira, wanda ya sanya yawancin shirin sa ido kan metadata ta wayar NSA ba bisa ka’ida ba a karkashin tanade-tanaden Dokar Patriot, Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta fayyace ma’auni na shirin a cikin Dokar ‘Yancin Amurka, wadda aka zartar a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 2015. Wannan doka ta maido da wasu dabarun satar waya ta lantarki kuma ta dawo da nau'ikan ikon NSA da yawa waɗanda suka ƙare a ƙarƙashin Dokar Patriot. Koyaya, an iyakance wasu ikon sa ido da NSA ke aiki a baya. A cewar ACLU, "bayan zartar da Dokar 'Yanci ta Amurka, gwamnati ta shigar da karar FISC [ Kotun Kula da Leken Asirin Harkokin Waje ] don ba da damar NSA ta sake farawa da shirin, tana jayayya cewa sabuwar dokar ta ba ta damar ci gaba da tarin tarin yawa a cikin kwanaki 180. lokacin mika mulki <ref>{{Cite web |title=ACLU v. Clapper - Challenge to NSA Mass Call-Tracking Program |url=https://www.aclu.org/cases/aclu-v-clapper-challenge-nsa-mass-call-tracking-program |access-date=2021-10-24 |website=American Civil Liberties Union |language=en}}</ref> ACLU ta bayar da hujjar cewa hukuncin da ya gabata bai ba da damar tattara bayanai ba a lokacin wannan lokacin mika mulki, amma a karshe Saki na Biyu ya ki amincewa da kudirin yin hakan, saboda ya bi ka’idojin sabuwar dokar ‘yancin walwala ta Amurka. <ref>''American Civil Liberties Union v. Clapper'', [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17665570610518851961&q=804+F.3d+617&hl=en&as_sdt=6,39 804 F.3d 617] (2nd. Cir., 2015).</ref> == Tasiri == Hukuncin farko a cikin ''Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Jama'a ta Amirka v. Clapper'', wanda gundumar Kudancin New York ta yanke hukuncin cewa shirin sa ido kan metadata ta wayar NSA ya kasance na doka yayin da ba a yi amfani da hujjar tsarin mulki ba, kai tsaye ya ci karo da wani hukuncin Kotun Lardi na daban a ''Klayman v. Obama'' wanda aka tattauna akan gyara na Hudu sosai ''.'' <ref>''Klayman v. Obama'', [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=485733189267613105&q=Klayman+v.+Obama&hl=en&as_sdt=6,39 957 F. Supp. 2d 1] (D.C.D.C., 2013).</ref> Wannan ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna, wanda hakan ya haifar da rudani game da ko sa ido na NSA ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, tare da kiraye-kirayen yanke hukuncin [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|kotun koli]] kan lamarin. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Cramer |first=Benjamin W. |date=2018 |title=A Proposal to Adopt Data Discrimination Rather than Privacy as the Justification for Rolling Back Data Surveillance |journal=Journal of Information Policy |volume=8 |pages=5–33 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> Duk da yake hukuncin kotun da'ira daga baya a cikin shari'ar ''Clapper'' partially gyara rarrabuwa precedent, ya yi haka a kan tsari filaye da suka shafi tanade-tanade a cikin sabuwar-wuce Amurka 'Yanci Dokar, yayin da sake guje wa tattaunawa na rikici tsakanin wannan doka (tare da wanda ya gabace ta Patriot. Dokar ) da Kwaskwarima na Hudu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Connare |first=Erin E. |date=April 2015 |title=ACLU v. Clapper: The Fourth Amendment in the Digital Age |journal=Buffalo Law Review |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=395–419 |via=HeinOnline}}</ref> A sakamakon haka, masu sharhi da yawa sun lura cewa kotuna sun kauce wa yanke hukunci mai wahala kan ko tsarin sa ido na sadarwa na zamani yana da buƙatun Gyara na Hudu don bincike da kamawa da hanyoyin garanti masu alaƙa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=David J. |last2=Wykoff |first2=Julia Kaye |date=Fall 2015 |title=NSA Metadata Collection & Storage: An Internment Camp for Citizens' Effects |journal=Southern Illinois University Law Journal |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=29–44 |via=HeinOnline}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Graziano |first=Steven |date=Spring 2016 |title=An Unconstitutional Work of Art: Discussing Where the Federal Government's Discrete Intrusions into One's Privacy Become an Unconstitutional Search Through Mosaic Theory |journal=Minnesota Journal of Law, Science and Technology |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=977–1012 |via=HeinOnline}}</ref> ko kuma tsofaffin magabata kamar ''Smith v. Maryland.'' har yanzu sun kasance masu dacewa dangane da sabbin fasahohi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rapisarda |first=Mark |date=2015 |title=Privacy, Technology, and Surveillance: NSA Bulk Collection and the End of the Smith v. Maryland Era |journal=Gonzaga Law Review |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=121–158 |via=HeinOnline}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Shari'a kan sa ido a duniya * Sa ido kan jama'a a Amurka * ''Klayman v Obama'' == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ce2nhmi8yeypcjt5jvohrewglbr7z4r 0 85318 822073 582233 2026-04-18T07:40:08Z Kusa MS 44084 822073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Abba Aa Hudugi''''' (transl. Wow, wannan yarinya) fim ne na yaran [[Kannada]] da Indiya a shekara ta 1959 wanda H. L. N. Sinha ya rubuta, kuma ya ba da umarni kuma ya samar da shi bisa ga wasan kansa na wannan sunan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ರಾಜಕುಮಾರ್ ಡಬ್ಬಲ್ ಸಂಭಾವನೆ ಪಡೆದ ಚಿತ್ರ ಮಹಿಷಾಸುರಮರ್ದಿನಿ &#124; Mahishasura Mardini &#124; Dharma Vijaya |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=uJTZhJc4Pg0&feature=youtu.be |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327041425/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=uJTZhJc4Pg0&feature=youtu.be |archive-date=27 March 2024 |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Tauraruwar Rajashankar a cikin rawar da ya taka na farko, [[Rajkumar]] a cikin wani tsawo tare yan şu da Narasimharaju, Mynavathi da Pandari Bai . An dauke shi a matsayin film mai mahimmanci a cikin fina-finai na kasar Kannada. Masu sukar sun lura cewa taken fim din ya dogara ne akan [[William Shakespeare]]'s The Taming of the Shrew . An kuma shirya fim din a cikin Tamil tare da taken ''Mangaikku Maangalyame Pradhaanam'' kuma an sake shi a shekarar 1960.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajkumar Tamil Song &#124;&#124; Rajkumar Rare videos |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=jQGaHVCoFNM&feature=youtu.be |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327041501/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=jQGaHVCoFNM&feature=youtu.be |archive-date=27 March 2024 |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> S. A. Subbaraman ne ya rubuta tattaunawa. Jeevan ya kirkiro kiɗa; yayin da Puratchidasan ya rubuta kalmomin. A takaice dai, wannan fim din ya kuma nuna fim din Kannada kawai ga 'yar wasan [[Malayalam]] Sukumari. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d7i34l7huqmorbd3uk2lqpjw7yzbq05 0 85457 822068 529813 2026-04-18T07:35:54Z Garbu Audu 44085 822068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mynavathi''' (26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1935 zuwa 10 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta alif dubu biyu da sha biyu 2012) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta kasar Indiya. Ta fara fitowa a allo a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo a fim din Kannada na shekara ta 1955 ''Santa Sakhu'' kuma ta yi aiki a fina-finai sama da 100 na Kannada. Ita ce ƙaramar 'yar'uwar wata sananniyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Kannada Pandari Bai . Ta zama sananniya bayan rawar da ta taka a fim din Kannada na 1959 ''[[Abba Aa Hudugi]]'', wanda [[Rajkumar]] da kuma 'yar'uwarta Pandari Bai suka hada kai kuma H. L. N. Simha ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin fim din, ta taka rawar yarinya mai mulkin mallaka wacce ta ƙi maza. Ya samo asali ne daga wasan kwaikwayon [[William Shakespeare]] The Taming of the Shrew .  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> [[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==Manazarta== 7dvwyy794rrc8z7ab6wtzszsaddl5r1 0 86652 821978 537309 2026-04-17T17:29:08Z Joserpkm 35450 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 821978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kamfanin kamun kifin Raphaël Ltd''' kamfanin kamun kifi ne na Mauritius wanda aka haɗa a ranar 7 ga Yuli 1927 a [[Port Louis]], Mauritius.<ref name=":0">Privy Council (United Kingdom) (30 July 2008). "The Raphael Fishing Company Ltd v The State of Mauritius and Another (Mauritius)". ''Vlex''. pp. Point 5. Retrieved 7 January 2023.</ref> Shi ne kamfani na biyu mafi tsufa na kasuwanci a Mauritius, bayan Bankin Kasuwancin Mauritius (1828). Kamfanin kamfani ne na kamun kifi wanda ya shahara a karkashin doka ta gama gari don kafa misali na doka a cikin jujjuyawar zamanta na shekara 123 mara iyaka (lease na dindindin / haya na shekara 999) zuwa  tallafi na dindindin<ref name=":1">"The Raphael Fishing Company Ltd v The State of Mauritius and Another (Mauritius)". ''vLex''. Retrieved 20 January 2023.</ref>  ta Majalisar Privy Council ta Burtaniya a ciki 2008<ref name=":2">"The Raphael Fishing Company Ltd v. The State of Mauritius & Anor (Mauritius) [2008] UKPC 43 (30 July 2008)". ''www.saflii.org''. Retrieved 20 January 2023.</ref> ba da take<ref>dls (29 September 2021). "The Raphael Fishing Company Ltd v The State of Mauritius and Another: PC 30 Jul 2008". ''swarb.co.uk''. Retrieved 20 January 2023.</ref> ga tsibirai goma sha uku da aka sani da Tsibiri Goma sha uku na St Brandon a cikin [[Tekun Indiya]] akan keɓantaccen tsibiri na tsibirin Cargados Carajos.<ref>"Le bail permanent de Raphaël Fishing confirmé sur St.-Brandon". ''lexpress.mu'' (in French). 31 July 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2023.</ref>u == Ayyukan kamun kifi == Kamfanin Kamun Kifi na Raphael yana da masunta mazauna da wuraren kamun kifi a kan shoals na Cargados Carajos.<ref>Saint Brandon". Retrieved 20 January 2023. <q>''but the Mauritian company Raphaël Fishing, which manages the fishing activities in the archipelago and owns two small lodges to the South and the North (...)''</q></ref><ref>"St Brandon: 11 – 21 Nov 2019" (PDF). 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2023</ref> Kamfanin yana ba da tallafi, kayan abinci da kayayyakin more rayuwa don dorewar kamun kifi da ayyukan da suka danganci kamun kifi a St Brandon<ref>The Raphael Fishing Company Ltd v. The State of Mauritius & Anor (Mauritius) [2008] UKPC 43 (30 July 2008) Privy Council Appeal No 54 of 2006" (PDF). Retrieved 7 January 2023. <q>The St Brandon Archipelago lies about 250 miles north of the main island of Mauritius. It consists of five groups of islands or islets, 22 altogether, with an aggregate land area no greater than about half a square mile and prone to substantial submersion in severe weather. Their practical utility lies in the fishing around them on the very extensive shallow bank covering some 900 square miles around them:see the Surveyor General's Report to the Colonial Secretary dated 1st June 1863, para. 4<. Most of the islands were in use as fishing stations by the early 19th century, though these stations suffered disastrous inundations in 1812 and again 1818: see the Limuria Book Part 2 Chap. VII, p.188</q></ref> da kuma ofisoshi a Port Louis. Ayyukan kamun kifi na sana'a ne, masunta kusan arba'in ne ke gudanar da su a ƙungiyoyi biyu na yin amfani da layukan hannu a cikin masunta na fiber gilashi. Tarukan haramun ne a St Brandon.<ref name=":0" /> Manyan jiragen ruwa na farko na kamfanin a cikin 2022 sune MV Albatross da MV Fregate waɗanda aka kera su musamman kuma aka ba su izini a cikin 2017 don jigilar kifi, kayayyaki da ma'aikata tsakanin tashoshin kamun kifi a St. Brandon da Port Louis (tazarar kusan kilomita 469), inda kifi yake. ana sayar da shi nan da nan bayan isowa<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> == Manazarta == <references /><ref>"The Raphael Fishing Company Ltd v The State of Mauritius and Another (Mauritius)". ''vLex''.</ref> jjqt7f1mysaew5wbmzq58y615r4z96a 0 88923 822095 583442 2026-04-18T09:44:47Z K Bogi 44093 822095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Azza Transport Company (alternatively known as Azza Air Transport) was a cargo airline based in Khartoum, Sudan. It operated a cargo charter service throughout Africa and the Middle East and was planning services for Europe. Its main base was at Khartoum International Airport.<ref>"Directory: World Airlines". Flight International. 2007-03-27. p.</ref> ==Tarihi== An kafa kamfanin a shekarar 1993 kuma ya fara aiki a watan Satumbar 1993. Kamfanin na Omdurman National Bank, Shaikan Insurances da Sheikan Insurance. Yana da ma'aikata 350.<ref>"Directory: World Airlines". Flight International. 2007-03-27. p.</REF>30 ga Mayu, 2007, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta sanya sunan wani bangare na takunkumin tattalin arziki jerin kamfanonin Sudan, ciki har da Kamfanin Sufuri na Azza, saboda "mayar da kananan makamai, alburusai da manyan bindigogi ga sojojin gwamnatin Sudan da mayakan Janjaweed a Darfur.<ref>Grounding Sudan's Air Force". wired.com. Retrieved November 27, 2024.</ref> <ref>"Treasury Designation Targets Sudanese Government, Rebel Leader". treasury.gov. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY. Retrieved 29 June 2023</ref> <ref>Financial Institution Letters 05/29/2007". fdic.gov. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Retrieved 29 June 2023</ref> A cikin watan Mayun shekarar 2009, masu sa ido na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun lura da wani jirgin saman Azza yana jigilar dakaru sama da dari na Sojojin Sudan da kayan aikin soja zuwa filin jirgin saman Geneina da ke Darfur, wanda ya saba wa takunkumin kasa da kasa. <ref>Financial Institution Letters 05/29/2007". fdic.gov. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Retrieved 29 June 2023</ref> ==Hatsari da aukuwa== A ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 2009, Jirgin sama mai lamba 2241, wanda jirgin Boeing 707-330C ke sarrafa shi, ya yi hatsari a filin jirgin saman Sharjah na kasa da kasa,  Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Jirgin Boeing 707 ne ke sarrafa jirgin kuma dukkan ma'aikatan jirgin shida sun mutu.<ref>"Six dead as cargo plane crashes at Sharjah Airport". Arabian Business. Archived from the original on 23 October 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2009</ref> <ref>UAE crashed cargo plane owned by Sudan's Azza Air". Reuters. 21 October 2009. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2009.</ref> A ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2012, wani ST-ASA mai rijista na An-12 yana aikin jirgin soji lokacin da ya fado bayan tashinsa daga Khartoum lokacin da duka injinan dake gefen hagu suka gaza. ==Jirgin ruwa== Jirgin Jirgin Azza Air Transport ya haɗa da jiragen sama masu zuwa a cikin Oktoba 2009: <ref>Directory: World Airlines". Flight International. 2007-03-27. p.</ref> •1 Antonov An-12 •1 Antonov An-26 •2 Ilyushin Il-76TD ==Duba kuma== Tashar jiragen sama Portal na kamfanoni ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kamfanonin jiragen sama]] o93st1xphbcseuwqa82tzxwq5gmktdm 822096 822095 2026-04-18T09:45:01Z K Bogi 44093 822096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Azza Transport Company (alternatively known as Azza Air Transport) was a cargo airline based in Khartoum, Sudan. It operated a cargo charter service throughout Africa and the Middle East and was planning services for Europe. Its main base was at Khartoum International Airport.<ref>"Directory: World Airlines". Flight International. 2007-03-27. p.</ref> ==Tarihi== An kafa kamfanin a shekarar 1993 kuma ya fara aiki a watan Satumbar 1993. Kamfanin na Omdurman National Bank, Shaikan Insurances da Sheikan Insurance. Yana da ma'aikata 350.<ref>"Directory: World Airlines". Flight International. 2007-03-27. p.</REF>30 ga Mayu, 2007, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta sanya sunan wani bangare na takunkumin tattalin arziki jerin kamfanonin Sudan, ciki har da Kamfanin Sufuri na Azza, saboda "mayar da kananan makamai, alburusai da manyan bindigogi ga sojojin gwamnatin Sudan da mayakan Janjaweed a Darfur.<ref>Grounding Sudan's Air Force". wired.com. Retrieved November 27, 2024.</ref> <ref>"Treasury Designation Targets Sudanese Government, Rebel Leader". treasury.gov. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY. Retrieved 29 June 2023</ref> <ref>Financial Institution Letters 05/29/2007". fdic.gov. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Retrieved 29 June 2023</ref> A cikin watan Mayun shekarar 2009, masu sa ido na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun lura da wani jirgin saman Azza yana jigilar dakaru sama da dari na Sojojin Sudan da kayan aikin soja zuwa filin jirgin saman Geneina da ke Darfur, wanda ya saba wa takunkumin kasa da kasa. <ref>Financial Institution Letters 05/29/2007". fdic.gov. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Retrieved 29 June 2023</ref> ==Hatsari da aukuwa== A ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 2009, Jirgin sama mai lamba 2241, wanda jirgin Boeing 707-330C ke sarrafa shi, ya yi hatsari a filin jirgin saman Sharjah na kasa da kasa,  Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Jirgin Boeing 707 ne ke sarrafa jirgin kuma dukkan ma'aikatan jirgin shida sun mutu.<ref>"Six dead as cargo plane crashes at Sharjah Airport". Arabian Business. Archived from the original on 23 October 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2009</ref> <ref>UAE crashed cargo plane owned by Sudan's Azza Air". Reuters. 21 October 2009. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2009.</ref> A ranar 7 ga Oktoban shekarar 2012, wani ST-ASA mai rijista na An-12 yana aikin jirgin soji lokacin da ya fado bayan tashinsa daga Khartoum lokacin da duka injinan dake gefen hagu suka gaza. ==Jirgin ruwa== Jirgin Jirgin Azza Air Transport ya haɗa da jiragen sama masu zuwa a cikin Oktoba 2009: <ref>Directory: World Airlines". Flight International. 2007-03-27. p.</ref> •1 Antonov An-12 •1 Antonov An-26 •2 Ilyushin Il-76TD ==Duba kuma== Tashar jiragen sama Portal na kamfanoni ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kamfanonin jiragen sama]] 9gef6hdmo7l79855gltrzym1ssvd5ls 0 89701 822164 717928 2026-04-18T11:47:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 822164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Luis Irsandi''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Luis Irsandi |url=http://www.footballdatabase.eu/football.joueurs.luis.irsandi.278615.en.html |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=ww.footballdatabase.eu}}</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1992) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Indonesia wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar Galacticos Bireuen ta Liga 3 ta ƙasar Indonesia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Berikut Daftar Pemain Persiraja Banda Aceh Musim Ini |url=https://kampiun.id/nasional/02/berikut-daftar-pemain-persiraja-banda-aceh-musim-ini/amp/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142252/https://kampiun.id/nasional/02/berikut-daftar-pemain-persiraja-banda-aceh-musim-ini/amp/ |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=kampiun.id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bawa 18 Pemain Persiraja Incar Poin Penuh di Kadang Persibat |url=https://www.jawapos.com/read/2018/04/28/208241/bawa-18-pemain-persiraja-incar-poin-penuh-di-kandang-persibat?amp=1 |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=jawapos.com}}</ref> Ya fito ne daga makarantar matasa ta PSMS Medan kuma ya buga wa kulob din wasa a Super League na Indonesia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fokus Asa PSMS Medan di Pundak Pemain Muda |url=http://www.goal.com/id/news/1387/nasional/2012/07/19/3250421/fokus-asa-psms-medan-di-pundak-pemain-muda |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=www.goal.com}}</ref> Kwanan nan an ba shi lambar a yabo a matsayin dan wasa mafi kyau a gasar da ta gabata ta Piala Presiden Persiraja a shekara ta 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Luis Irsandi Yakin Persiraja Lolos Liga I |url=https://aceh.antaranews.com/berita/44005/luis-irsandi-yakin-persiraja-lolos-liga-i |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=antaranews.com}}</ref> Kafin ya shiga Persiraja Banda Aceh, ya buga wa PSPS Pekanbaru wasa a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PSPS Riau: Persiapan Senyap Namun Menjanjikan |url=https://football-tribe.com/indonesia/2017/04/15/psps-riau-yang-cukup-menjanjikan/&hl=en-ID |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=footballtribe.com }}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === PSPS Pekanbaru === A cikin 2017, Luis Irsandi ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da kungiyar PSPS Pekanbaru ta Ligue 2 ta Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daftar Skuad PSPS Riau Musim 2017 |url=https://infopku.com/daftar-skuad-psps-riau-musim-2017/22918/ |website=infopku.com}}</ref> === Persiraja Banda Aceh === An sanya hannu gwagwalada a kan Persiraja Banda Aceh don yin wasa a Ligue 2 a kakar shekarar 2018. <ref name="Kuota Pemain">{{Cite web |title=Penuhi Kuota Pemain, Persiraja Banda Aceh Incar Pemain Lokal |url=https://bola.tempo.co/read/1303332/penuhi-kuota-pemain-persiraja-banda-aceh-incar-pemain-lokal/full&view=ok |access-date=4 February 2020 |publisher=bola.tempo.co |language=id}}</ref> == Daraja == === Kungiyar === '''Persiraja Banda Aceh''' * Ligue 2 matsayi na uku (play-offs): 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway|luis-irsanda/246864}} * [https://ligaindonesiabaru.com/clubs/singleplayer/liga_2_2019/luis_irsandi Luis Irsandi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225235238/https://ligaindonesiabaru.com/clubs/singleplayer/liga_2_2019/luis_irsandi |date=2024-12-25 }} a Liga Indonesia (a cikin Indonesian) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] d8movxliz2hp5v8hf1d4f8sx9jtw0v8 822165 822164 2026-04-18T11:47:26Z Pharouqenr 25549 822165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Luis Irsandi''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Luis Irsandi |url=http://www.footballdatabase.eu/football.joueurs.luis.irsandi.278615.en.html |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=ww.footballdatabase.eu}}</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1992) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Indonesia wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar Galacticos Bireuen ta Liga 3 ta ƙasar Indonesia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Berikut Daftar Pemain Persiraja Banda Aceh Musim Ini |url=https://kampiun.id/nasional/02/berikut-daftar-pemain-persiraja-banda-aceh-musim-ini/amp/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142252/https://kampiun.id/nasional/02/berikut-daftar-pemain-persiraja-banda-aceh-musim-ini/amp/ |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=kampiun.id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bawa 18 Pemain Persiraja Incar Poin Penuh di Kadang Persibat |url=https://www.jawapos.com/read/2018/04/28/208241/bawa-18-pemain-persiraja-incar-poin-penuh-di-kandang-persibat?amp=1 |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=jawapos.com}}</ref> Ya fito ne daga makarantar matasa ta PSMS Medan kuma ya buga wa kulob din wasa a Super League na Indonesia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fokus Asa PSMS Medan di Pundak Pemain Muda |url=http://www.goal.com/id/news/1387/nasional/2012/07/19/3250421/fokus-asa-psms-medan-di-pundak-pemain-muda |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=www.goal.com}}</ref> Kwanan nan an ba shi lambar a yabo a matsayin dan wasa mafi kyau a gasar da ta gabata ta Piala Presiden Persiraja a shekara ta 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Luis Irsandi Yakin Persiraja Lolos Liga I |url=https://aceh.antaranews.com/berita/44005/luis-irsandi-yakin-persiraja-lolos-liga-i |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=antaranews.com}}</ref> Kafin ya shiga Persiraja Banda Aceh, ya buga wa PSPS Pekanbaru wasa a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PSPS Riau: Persiapan Senyap Namun Menjanjikan |url=https://football-tribe.com/indonesia/2017/04/15/psps-riau-yang-cukup-menjanjikan/&hl=en-ID |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=footballtribe.com }}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === PSPS Pekanbaru === A cikin 2017, Luis Irsandi ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da kungiyar PSPS Pekanbaru ta Ligue 2 ta Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daftar Skuad PSPS Riau Musim 2017 |url=https://infopku.com/daftar-skuad-psps-riau-musim-2017/22918/ |website=infopku.com}}</ref> === Persiraja Banda Aceh === An sanya hannu gwagwalada a kan Persiraja Banda Aceh don yin wasa a Ligue 2 a kakar shekarar 2018. <ref name="Kuota Pemain">{{Cite web |title=Penuhi Kuota Pemain, Persiraja Banda Aceh Incar Pemain Lokal |url=https://bola.tempo.co/read/1303332/penuhi-kuota-pemain-persiraja-banda-aceh-incar-pemain-lokal/full&view=ok |access-date=4 February 2020 |publisher=bola.tempo.co |language=id}}</ref> == Daraja == === Kungiyar === '''Persiraja Banda Aceh''' * Ligue 2 matsayi na uku (play-offs): 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway|luis-irsanda/246864}} * [https://ligaindonesiabaru.com/clubs/singleplayer/liga_2_2019/luis_irsandi Luis Irsandi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225235238/https://ligaindonesiabaru.com/clubs/singleplayer/liga_2_2019/luis_irsandi |date=2024-12-25 }} a Liga Indonesia (a cikin Indonesian) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] 76ardx8vvli2kmar06miho0hwd4yfyz 822166 822165 2026-04-18T11:47:45Z Pharouqenr 25549 822166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Luis Irsandi''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Luis Irsandi |url=http://www.footballdatabase.eu/football.joueurs.luis.irsandi.278615.en.html |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=ww.footballdatabase.eu}}</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1992) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Indonesia wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar Galacticos Bireuen ta Liga 3 ta ƙasar [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Berikut Daftar Pemain Persiraja Banda Aceh Musim Ini |url=https://kampiun.id/nasional/02/berikut-daftar-pemain-persiraja-banda-aceh-musim-ini/amp/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142252/https://kampiun.id/nasional/02/berikut-daftar-pemain-persiraja-banda-aceh-musim-ini/amp/ |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=kampiun.id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bawa 18 Pemain Persiraja Incar Poin Penuh di Kadang Persibat |url=https://www.jawapos.com/read/2018/04/28/208241/bawa-18-pemain-persiraja-incar-poin-penuh-di-kandang-persibat?amp=1 |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=jawapos.com}}</ref> Ya fito ne daga makarantar matasa ta PSMS Medan kuma ya buga wa kulob din wasa a Super League na Indonesia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fokus Asa PSMS Medan di Pundak Pemain Muda |url=http://www.goal.com/id/news/1387/nasional/2012/07/19/3250421/fokus-asa-psms-medan-di-pundak-pemain-muda |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=www.goal.com}}</ref> Kwanan nan an ba shi lambar a yabo a matsayin dan wasa mafi kyau a gasar da ta gabata ta Piala Presiden Persiraja a shekara ta 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Luis Irsandi Yakin Persiraja Lolos Liga I |url=https://aceh.antaranews.com/berita/44005/luis-irsandi-yakin-persiraja-lolos-liga-i |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=antaranews.com}}</ref> Kafin ya shiga Persiraja Banda Aceh, ya buga wa PSPS Pekanbaru wasa a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PSPS Riau: Persiapan Senyap Namun Menjanjikan |url=https://football-tribe.com/indonesia/2017/04/15/psps-riau-yang-cukup-menjanjikan/&hl=en-ID |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=footballtribe.com }}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === PSPS Pekanbaru === A cikin 2017, Luis Irsandi ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da kungiyar PSPS Pekanbaru ta Ligue 2 ta Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daftar Skuad PSPS Riau Musim 2017 |url=https://infopku.com/daftar-skuad-psps-riau-musim-2017/22918/ |website=infopku.com}}</ref> === Persiraja Banda Aceh === An sanya hannu gwagwalada a kan Persiraja Banda Aceh don yin wasa a Ligue 2 a kakar shekarar 2018. <ref name="Kuota Pemain">{{Cite web |title=Penuhi Kuota Pemain, Persiraja Banda Aceh Incar Pemain Lokal |url=https://bola.tempo.co/read/1303332/penuhi-kuota-pemain-persiraja-banda-aceh-incar-pemain-lokal/full&view=ok |access-date=4 February 2020 |publisher=bola.tempo.co |language=id}}</ref> == Daraja == === Kungiyar === '''Persiraja Banda Aceh''' * Ligue 2 matsayi na uku (play-offs): 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway|luis-irsanda/246864}} * [https://ligaindonesiabaru.com/clubs/singleplayer/liga_2_2019/luis_irsandi Luis Irsandi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225235238/https://ligaindonesiabaru.com/clubs/singleplayer/liga_2_2019/luis_irsandi |date=2024-12-25 }} a Liga Indonesia (a cikin Indonesian) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] q1pzh0hjpvogxl5amt1qiuzpcw4zpco 822167 822166 2026-04-18T11:48:02Z Pharouqenr 25549 822167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Luis Irsandi''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Luis Irsandi |url=http://www.footballdatabase.eu/football.joueurs.luis.irsandi.278615.en.html |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=ww.footballdatabase.eu}}</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1992) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Indonesia wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar Galacticos Bireuen ta Liga 3 ta ƙasar [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Berikut Daftar Pemain Persiraja Banda Aceh Musim Ini |url=https://kampiun.id/nasional/02/berikut-daftar-pemain-persiraja-banda-aceh-musim-ini/amp/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142252/https://kampiun.id/nasional/02/berikut-daftar-pemain-persiraja-banda-aceh-musim-ini/amp/ |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=kampiun.id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bawa 18 Pemain Persiraja Incar Poin Penuh di Kadang Persibat |url=https://www.jawapos.com/read/2018/04/28/208241/bawa-18-pemain-persiraja-incar-poin-penuh-di-kandang-persibat?amp=1 |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=jawapos.com}}</ref> Ya fito ne daga makarantar matasa ta PSMS Medan kuma ya buga wa kulob din wasa a Super League na Indonesia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fokus Asa PSMS Medan di Pundak Pemain Muda |url=http://www.goal.com/id/news/1387/nasional/2012/07/19/3250421/fokus-asa-psms-medan-di-pundak-pemain-muda |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=www.goal.com}}</ref> Kwanan nan an ba shi lambar a yabo a matsayin dan wasa mafi kyau a gasar da ta gabata ta Piala Presiden Persiraja a shekara ta 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Luis Irsandi Yakin Persiraja Lolos Liga I |url=https://aceh.antaranews.com/berita/44005/luis-irsandi-yakin-persiraja-lolos-liga-i |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=antaranews.com}}</ref> Kafin ya shiga Persiraja Banda Aceh, ya buga wa PSPS Pekanbaru wasa a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PSPS Riau: Persiapan Senyap Namun Menjanjikan |url=https://football-tribe.com/indonesia/2017/04/15/psps-riau-yang-cukup-menjanjikan/&hl=en-ID |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=footballtribe.com }}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === PSPS Pekanbaru === A cikin 2017, Luis Irsandi ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da kungiyar PSPS Pekanbaru ta Ligue 2 ta Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daftar Skuad PSPS Riau Musim 2017 |url=https://infopku.com/daftar-skuad-psps-riau-musim-2017/22918/ |website=infopku.com}}</ref> === Persiraja Banda Aceh === An sanya hannu gwagwalada a kan Persiraja Banda Aceh don yin wasa a Ligue 2 a kakar shekarar 2018. <ref name="Kuota Pemain">{{Cite web |title=Penuhi Kuota Pemain, Persiraja Banda Aceh Incar Pemain Lokal |url=https://bola.tempo.co/read/1303332/penuhi-kuota-pemain-persiraja-banda-aceh-incar-pemain-lokal/full&view=ok |access-date=4 February 2020 |publisher=bola.tempo.co |language=id}}</ref> == Daraja == === Kungiyar === '''Persiraja Banda Aceh''' * Ligue 2 matsayi na uku (play-offs): 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway|luis-irsanda/246864}} * [https://ligaindonesiabaru.com/clubs/singleplayer/liga_2_2019/luis_irsandi Luis Irsandi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225235238/https://ligaindonesiabaru.com/clubs/singleplayer/liga_2_2019/luis_irsandi |date=2024-12-25 }} a Liga Indonesia (a cikin Indonesian) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] 4zj062wquwr1q6cre19m59gv86jiyqn 822168 822167 2026-04-18T11:48:16Z Pharouqenr 25549 822168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Luis Irsandi''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Luis Irsandi |url=http://www.footballdatabase.eu/football.joueurs.luis.irsandi.278615.en.html |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=ww.footballdatabase.eu}}</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1992) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Indonesia wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar Galacticos Bireuen ta Liga 3 ta ƙasar [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Berikut Daftar Pemain Persiraja Banda Aceh Musim Ini |url=https://kampiun.id/nasional/02/berikut-daftar-pemain-persiraja-banda-aceh-musim-ini/amp/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142252/https://kampiun.id/nasional/02/berikut-daftar-pemain-persiraja-banda-aceh-musim-ini/amp/ |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=kampiun.id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bawa 18 Pemain Persiraja Incar Poin Penuh di Kadang Persibat |url=https://www.jawapos.com/read/2018/04/28/208241/bawa-18-pemain-persiraja-incar-poin-penuh-di-kandang-persibat?amp=1 |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=jawapos.com}}</ref> Ya fito ne daga makarantar matasa ta PSMS Medan kuma ya buga wa kulob din wasa a Super League na Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fokus Asa PSMS Medan di Pundak Pemain Muda |url=http://www.goal.com/id/news/1387/nasional/2012/07/19/3250421/fokus-asa-psms-medan-di-pundak-pemain-muda |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=www.goal.com}}</ref> Kwanan nan an ba shi lambar a yabo a matsayin dan wasa mafi kyau a gasar da ta gabata ta Piala Presiden Persiraja a shekara ta 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Luis Irsandi Yakin Persiraja Lolos Liga I |url=https://aceh.antaranews.com/berita/44005/luis-irsandi-yakin-persiraja-lolos-liga-i |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=antaranews.com}}</ref> Kafin ya shiga Persiraja Banda Aceh, ya buga wa PSPS Pekanbaru wasa a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PSPS Riau: Persiapan Senyap Namun Menjanjikan |url=https://football-tribe.com/indonesia/2017/04/15/psps-riau-yang-cukup-menjanjikan/&hl=en-ID |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=footballtribe.com }}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === PSPS Pekanbaru === A cikin 2017, Luis Irsandi ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da kungiyar PSPS Pekanbaru ta Ligue 2 ta Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daftar Skuad PSPS Riau Musim 2017 |url=https://infopku.com/daftar-skuad-psps-riau-musim-2017/22918/ |website=infopku.com}}</ref> === Persiraja Banda Aceh === An sanya hannu gwagwalada a kan Persiraja Banda Aceh don yin wasa a Ligue 2 a kakar shekarar 2018. <ref name="Kuota Pemain">{{Cite web |title=Penuhi Kuota Pemain, Persiraja Banda Aceh Incar Pemain Lokal |url=https://bola.tempo.co/read/1303332/penuhi-kuota-pemain-persiraja-banda-aceh-incar-pemain-lokal/full&view=ok |access-date=4 February 2020 |publisher=bola.tempo.co |language=id}}</ref> == Daraja == === Kungiyar === '''Persiraja Banda Aceh''' * Ligue 2 matsayi na uku (play-offs): 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway|luis-irsanda/246864}} * [https://ligaindonesiabaru.com/clubs/singleplayer/liga_2_2019/luis_irsandi Luis Irsandi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225235238/https://ligaindonesiabaru.com/clubs/singleplayer/liga_2_2019/luis_irsandi |date=2024-12-25 }} a Liga Indonesia (a cikin Indonesian) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] 811hp7hf0g7y8exng4ed5m678et8u4o 822169 822168 2026-04-18T11:48:30Z Pharouqenr 25549 822169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Luis Irsandi''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Luis Irsandi |url=http://www.footballdatabase.eu/football.joueurs.luis.irsandi.278615.en.html |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=ww.footballdatabase.eu}}</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1992) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Indonesia wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar Galacticos Bireuen ta Liga 3 ta ƙasar [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Berikut Daftar Pemain Persiraja Banda Aceh Musim Ini |url=https://kampiun.id/nasional/02/berikut-daftar-pemain-persiraja-banda-aceh-musim-ini/amp/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142252/https://kampiun.id/nasional/02/berikut-daftar-pemain-persiraja-banda-aceh-musim-ini/amp/ |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=kampiun.id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bawa 18 Pemain Persiraja Incar Poin Penuh di Kadang Persibat |url=https://www.jawapos.com/read/2018/04/28/208241/bawa-18-pemain-persiraja-incar-poin-penuh-di-kandang-persibat?amp=1 |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=jawapos.com}}</ref> Ya fito ne daga makarantar matasa ta PSMS Medan kuma ya buga wa kulob din wasa a Super League na Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fokus Asa PSMS Medan di Pundak Pemain Muda |url=http://www.goal.com/id/news/1387/nasional/2012/07/19/3250421/fokus-asa-psms-medan-di-pundak-pemain-muda |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=www.goal.com}}</ref> Kwanan nan an ba shi lambar a yabo a matsayin dan wasa mafi kyau a gasar da ta gabata ta Piala Presiden Persiraja a shekara ta 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luis Irsandi Yakin Persiraja Lolos Liga I |url=https://aceh.antaranews.com/berita/44005/luis-irsandi-yakin-persiraja-lolos-liga-i |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=antaranews.com}}</ref> Kafin ya shiga Persiraja Banda Aceh, ya buga wa PSPS Pekanbaru wasa a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PSPS Riau: Persiapan Senyap Namun Menjanjikan |url=https://football-tribe.com/indonesia/2017/04/15/psps-riau-yang-cukup-menjanjikan/&hl=en-ID |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=footballtribe.com }}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === PSPS Pekanbaru === A cikin 2017, Luis Irsandi ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da kungiyar PSPS Pekanbaru ta Ligue 2 ta Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daftar Skuad PSPS Riau Musim 2017 |url=https://infopku.com/daftar-skuad-psps-riau-musim-2017/22918/ |website=infopku.com}}</ref> === Persiraja Banda Aceh === An sanya hannu gwagwalada a kan Persiraja Banda Aceh don yin wasa a Ligue 2 a kakar shekarar 2018. <ref name="Kuota Pemain">{{Cite web |title=Penuhi Kuota Pemain, Persiraja Banda Aceh Incar Pemain Lokal |url=https://bola.tempo.co/read/1303332/penuhi-kuota-pemain-persiraja-banda-aceh-incar-pemain-lokal/full&view=ok |access-date=4 February 2020 |publisher=bola.tempo.co |language=id}}</ref> == Daraja == === Kungiyar === '''Persiraja Banda Aceh''' * Ligue 2 matsayi na uku (play-offs): 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway|luis-irsanda/246864}} * [https://ligaindonesiabaru.com/clubs/singleplayer/liga_2_2019/luis_irsandi Luis Irsandi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225235238/https://ligaindonesiabaru.com/clubs/singleplayer/liga_2_2019/luis_irsandi |date=2024-12-25 }} a Liga Indonesia (a cikin Indonesian) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] 35mbov72x7mp8uixftodxjmo9zyfbf6 822170 822169 2026-04-18T11:48:49Z Pharouqenr 25549 822170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Luis Irsandi''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Luis Irsandi |url=http://www.footballdatabase.eu/football.joueurs.luis.irsandi.278615.en.html |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=ww.footballdatabase.eu}}</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1992) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Indonesia wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar Galacticos Bireuen ta Liga 3 ta ƙasar [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Berikut Daftar Pemain Persiraja Banda Aceh Musim Ini |url=https://kampiun.id/nasional/02/berikut-daftar-pemain-persiraja-banda-aceh-musim-ini/amp/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142252/https://kampiun.id/nasional/02/berikut-daftar-pemain-persiraja-banda-aceh-musim-ini/amp/ |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=kampiun.id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bawa 18 Pemain Persiraja Incar Poin Penuh di Kadang Persibat |url=https://www.jawapos.com/read/2018/04/28/208241/bawa-18-pemain-persiraja-incar-poin-penuh-di-kandang-persibat?amp=1 |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=jawapos.com}}</ref> Ya fito ne daga makarantar matasa ta PSMS Medan kuma ya buga wa kulob din wasa a Super League na Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fokus Asa PSMS Medan di Pundak Pemain Muda |url=http://www.goal.com/id/news/1387/nasional/2012/07/19/3250421/fokus-asa-psms-medan-di-pundak-pemain-muda |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=www.goal.com}}</ref> Kwanan nan an ba shi lambar a yabo a matsayin dan wasa mafi kyau a gasar da ta gabata ta Piala Presiden Persiraja a shekara ta 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luis Irsandi Yakin Persiraja Lolos Liga I |url=https://aceh.antaranews.com/berita/44005/luis-irsandi-yakin-persiraja-lolos-liga-i |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=antaranews.com}}</ref> Kafin ya shiga Persiraja Banda Aceh, ya buga wa PSPS Pekanbaru wasa a shekarar 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PSPS Riau: Persiapan Senyap Namun Menjanjikan |url=https://football-tribe.com/indonesia/2017/04/15/psps-riau-yang-cukup-menjanjikan/&hl=en-ID |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=footballtribe.com }}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === PSPS Pekanbaru === A cikin 2017, Luis Irsandi ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da kungiyar PSPS Pekanbaru ta Ligue 2 ta Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daftar Skuad PSPS Riau Musim 2017 |url=https://infopku.com/daftar-skuad-psps-riau-musim-2017/22918/ |website=infopku.com}}</ref> === Persiraja Banda Aceh === An sanya hannu gwagwalada a kan Persiraja Banda Aceh don yin wasa a Ligue 2 a kakar shekarar 2018. <ref name="Kuota Pemain">{{Cite web |title=Penuhi Kuota Pemain, Persiraja Banda Aceh Incar Pemain Lokal |url=https://bola.tempo.co/read/1303332/penuhi-kuota-pemain-persiraja-banda-aceh-incar-pemain-lokal/full&view=ok |access-date=4 February 2020 |publisher=bola.tempo.co |language=id}}</ref> == Daraja == === Kungiyar === '''Persiraja Banda Aceh''' * Ligue 2 matsayi na uku (play-offs): 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway|luis-irsanda/246864}} * [https://ligaindonesiabaru.com/clubs/singleplayer/liga_2_2019/luis_irsandi Luis Irsandi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225235238/https://ligaindonesiabaru.com/clubs/singleplayer/liga_2_2019/luis_irsandi |date=2024-12-25 }} a Liga Indonesia (a cikin Indonesian) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] aveufz9tv3evluriz2644m9276hz2v2 0 89964 822078 590142 2026-04-18T07:45:01Z Kusa MS 44084 822078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Belmont Methodist-Episcopal (Coci)''' ginin coci ne mai tarihi, wanda yake a unguwar Belmont na Roanoke, Virginia. An gina shi azaman cocin Episcopal Methodist tsakanin 1917 zuwa 1921,<ref>National Register of Historic Places Listings". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties. National Park Service. 2011-08-26</ref> kuma bene mai hawa uku, bulo, majami'ar Gothic Revival-style.<ref>Virginia Landmarks Register". Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013</ref> Yana da hasumiya mai tsayin ƙararrawa, sigar rufin da ke da sarƙaƙƙiya, gabobin ƙwanƙwasa da tarkace, manyan tagogi masu nuni da nuni, hasumiya mai ƙyalli na kusurwa, buttresses, simintin ƙwanƙwasa quatrefoils, da sauran cikakkun bayanai<ref>Michael J. Pulice (March 2011). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Belmont Methodist-Episcopal Church" (PDF). Virginia Department of Historic Resources.</ref>. Ƙarfin gani da sauraron mumbari 1,000 ne, kamar yadda babban ɗakin taro na asali (kujeru 440) ya haɓaka tare da ɗakin da ke kusa (75), ɗakin taro na manya (260), da gallery (225).<ref>Church and Sunday School Buildings. by Prince Emmanuel Burroughs. Sunday School Board, Southern Baptist Convention, 1920. Page 169.</ref> A cikin sanarwar daga shekarar 1917, an ba H. L. Cain suna maginin ginin cocin, kuma an fara tsara kuɗin ginin a dala 50,000.00.<ref>Engineering News-Record. May 24, 1917, Volume 78, page 81.</ref> An sayar da ginin a cikin 2003 zuwa cocin Metropolitan Community Church na Blue Ridge, waɗanda suka yi amfani da shi a matsayin wuri mai tsarki; tun daga wannan cocin ya bar ginin. An jera cocin akan National Register of Places Historic Places (NRHP) a cikin 2011. Tun daga 2019, ya kasance tsarin ba da gudummawa ga gundumar Belmont da aka jera ta NRHP.<ref>Blanton, Alison; Gutshall, Katie; Kronau, Kate (August 2018). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Belmont Historic District" (PDF). Virginia Department of Historic Resources.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Majami'a]] g4nk2f61e1m39c6gttvth7ltcfbkocl 822079 822078 2026-04-18T07:45:19Z Kusa MS 44084 822079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Belmont Methodist-Episcopal (Coci)''' ginin coci ne mai tarihi, wanda yake a unguwar Belmont na Roanoke, Virginia. An gina shi azaman cocin Episcopal Methodist tsakanin 1917 zuwa 1921,<ref>National Register of Historic Places Listings". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties. National Park Service. 2011-08-26</ref> kuma bene mai hawa uku, bulo, majami'ar Gothic Revival-style.<ref>Virginia Landmarks Register". Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013</ref> Yana da hasumiya mai tsayin ƙararrawa, sigar rufin da ke da sarƙaƙƙiya, gabobin ƙwanƙwasa da tarkace, manyan tagogi masu nuni da nuni, hasumiya mai ƙyalli na kusurwa, buttresses, simintin ƙwanƙwasa quatrefoils, da sauran cikakkun bayanai<ref>Michael J. Pulice (March 2011). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Belmont Methodist-Episcopal Church" (PDF). Virginia Department of Historic Resources.</ref>. Ƙarfin gani da sauraron mumbari 1,000 ne, kamar yadda babban ɗakin taro na asali (kujeru 440) ya haɓaka tare da ɗakin da ke kusa (75), ɗakin taro na manya (260), da gallery (225).<ref>Church and Sunday School Buildings. by Prince Emmanuel Burroughs. Sunday School Board, Southern Baptist Convention, 1920. Page 169.</ref> A cikin sanarwar daga shekarar 1917, an ba H. L. Cain suna maginin ginin cocin, kuma an fara tsara kuɗin ginin a dala 50,000.00.<ref>Engineering News-Record. May 24, 1917, Volume 78, page 81.</ref> An sayar da ginin a cikin shekarar 2003 zuwa cocin Metropolitan Community Church na Blue Ridge, waɗanda suka yi amfani da shi a matsayin wuri mai tsarki; tun daga wannan cocin ya bar ginin. An jera cocin akan National Register of Places Historic Places (NRHP) a cikin 2011. Tun daga 2019, ya kasance tsarin ba da gudummawa ga gundumar Belmont da aka jera ta NRHP.<ref>Blanton, Alison; Gutshall, Katie; Kronau, Kate (August 2018). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Belmont Historic District" (PDF). Virginia Department of Historic Resources.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Majami'a]] gxoxv8a70r9kvztl1sfjxnv8qbsdcaw 0 90952 822097 585430 2026-04-18T09:45:29Z K Bogi 44093 822097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''William Henry Thorman''' (29 August 1869 – 13 August 1922)<ref name=":0" /> was an English rugby union forward who was a member of the British Isles XV that toured South Africa in 1891. Despite playing for Cambridge and the British Isles, Thorman was never awarded a national cap. == Rayuwar Gida == An haifi Thorman a Seaham, County Durham a cikin shekarar 1869 ga Robert Thorman, dillalin jirgi da Harriet Marshall. Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Grammar Richmond sannan West Riding, ya shiga Gonville da Kwalejin Caius, Cambridge a 1887.<ref name=":0">"Thorman, William Henry (THRN887WH)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge</ref> Ya sami Bachelor of Arts a cikin 1890 kuma ya koma Landan don zama Mataimakin Clinical a Asibitin St Thomas. A shekara ta 1897 Thorman ya kasance Licentiate na Royal College of Physicians, ya zama Likitan Likitan Gida da Jami'in Kiwon Lafiyar Mazauna a Asibitin Royal United a Bath, Somerset. Daga karshe ya koma Arewacin Ingila, inda ya yi aiki a Huddersfield kafin ya zama Jami’in Kiwon lafiya na gundumar Kirkburton da Farnley Tyas. Ya mutu a Bournemouth a 1922.<ref>Griffiths, John (1987). The Phoenix Book of International Rugby Records. London: Phoenix House. <nowiki>ISBN 0-460-07003-7</nowiki>.</ref> == Aikin Ragabe == Thorman ya fara saninsa a matsayin ɗan wasan rugby lokacin da aka zaɓa shi don ƙungiyar Jami'ar Cambridge, kodayake bai taɓa yin wasa a The Varsity Match ba don haka bai sami shuɗi mai shuɗi don rugby ba. Bayan ya gama lokacinsa a Cambridge, an gayyace shi don shiga tawagar Bill Maclagan na Birtaniyya a wani rangadin Afirka ta Kudu. Thorman ya taka leda a duk wasannin shida na farko da kungiyoyin yanki da na gayyata, duk nasara ce ga masu yawon bude ido. Amma bayan wasan da suka yi da Port Elizabeth a ranar 25 ga Yuli, Thorman bai buga wani wasa ba a rangadin wasanni ashirin, gami da duk wasannin gwaji guda uku da suka yi da 'yan Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>WH Thorman player profile Lionsrugby.com</ref> Hakan ya faru ne saboda ya sami rauni a gwiwa. Da ya koma Biritaniya, Thorman ya shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Asibitin St. Thomas, asibitin inda ya kasance Mataimakin Assistant. Thorman ya kasance kyaftin na St. Thomas na yanayi uku, daga 1892 zuwa 1895.<ref>Honours Board - St. Thomas's Hospital Rugby Football Club Captains guysrugby.com</ref> A cikin 1894 yayin da yake wakiltar St. Thomas, an zaɓi shi don shiga ɓangaren yawon shakatawa, Barbarian F.C.<ref>Starmer-Smith, Nigel (1977). The Barbarians. Macdonald & Jane's Publishers. <nowiki>ISBN 0-86007-552-4</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Starmer-Smith (1977), pg 231.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1922]] 0wqqinj7h8m4226r2br8utpz32pf2lf 822098 822097 2026-04-18T09:45:46Z K Bogi 44093 822098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''William Henry Thorman''' (29 August 1869 – 13 August 1922)<ref name=":0" /> was an English rugby union forward who was a member of the British Isles XV that toured South Africa in 1891. Despite playing for Cambridge and the British Isles, Thorman was never awarded a national cap. == Rayuwar Gida == An haifi Thorman a Seaham, County Durham a cikin shekarar 1869 ga Robert Thorman, dillalin jirgi da Harriet Marshall. Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Grammar Richmond sannan West Riding, ya shiga Gonville da Kwalejin Caius, Cambridge a 1887.<ref name=":0">"Thorman, William Henry (THRN887WH)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge</ref> Ya sami Bachelor of Arts a cikin shekarar 1890 kuma ya koma Landan don zama Mataimakin Clinical a Asibitin St Thomas. A shekara ta 1897 Thorman ya kasance Licentiate na Royal College of Physicians, ya zama Likitan Likitan Gida da Jami'in Kiwon Lafiyar Mazauna a Asibitin Royal United a Bath, Somerset. Daga karshe ya koma Arewacin Ingila, inda ya yi aiki a Huddersfield kafin ya zama Jami’in Kiwon lafiya na gundumar Kirkburton da Farnley Tyas. Ya mutu a Bournemouth a 1922.<ref>Griffiths, John (1987). The Phoenix Book of International Rugby Records. London: Phoenix House. <nowiki>ISBN 0-460-07003-7</nowiki>.</ref> == Aikin Ragabe == Thorman ya fara saninsa a matsayin ɗan wasan rugby lokacin da aka zaɓa shi don ƙungiyar Jami'ar Cambridge, kodayake bai taɓa yin wasa a The Varsity Match ba don haka bai sami shuɗi mai shuɗi don rugby ba. Bayan ya gama lokacinsa a Cambridge, an gayyace shi don shiga tawagar Bill Maclagan na Birtaniyya a wani rangadin Afirka ta Kudu. Thorman ya taka leda a duk wasannin shida na farko da kungiyoyin yanki da na gayyata, duk nasara ce ga masu yawon bude ido. Amma bayan wasan da suka yi da Port Elizabeth a ranar 25 ga Yuli, Thorman bai buga wani wasa ba a rangadin wasanni ashirin, gami da duk wasannin gwaji guda uku da suka yi da 'yan Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>WH Thorman player profile Lionsrugby.com</ref> Hakan ya faru ne saboda ya sami rauni a gwiwa. Da ya koma Biritaniya, Thorman ya shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Asibitin St. Thomas, asibitin inda ya kasance Mataimakin Assistant. Thorman ya kasance kyaftin na St. Thomas na yanayi uku, daga 1892 zuwa 1895.<ref>Honours Board - St. Thomas's Hospital Rugby Football Club Captains guysrugby.com</ref> A cikin 1894 yayin da yake wakiltar St. Thomas, an zaɓi shi don shiga ɓangaren yawon shakatawa, Barbarian F.C.<ref>Starmer-Smith, Nigel (1977). The Barbarians. Macdonald & Jane's Publishers. <nowiki>ISBN 0-86007-552-4</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Starmer-Smith (1977), pg 231.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1922]] nq8ytdfto9wjbnthyptsrczf5z475tk 0 92336 821979 786249 2026-04-17T17:30:25Z Joserpkm 35450 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 821979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sojojin Sama na [[Najeriya]]''' reshen ne na Sojojin [[Najeriya]]. Ita ce reshe mafi ƙanƙanta na Sojojin [[Najeriya]], wanda aka kafa shekaru huɗu bayan ƙasar ta sami ƴanci. Ya zuwa 2021, rundunar sojan sama tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a yankin [[Afirka]], wanda ya ƙunshi ma'aikata sama da 18,000. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun jiragen sama sun hada da Chengdu F-7s, Dassault-Dornier Alpha Jets, JF-17 Thunder Block II, T129 Atak, Agusta Westland 109, Eurocopter EC135 da Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano. ==Tarihi== Kodayake an fara gabatar da rundunar sojan sama a 1958, ƴan majalisa da yawa sun fi son dogaro da Ƙasar Ingila don kare iska. Amma a lokacin Ayyukan kiyaye zaman lafiya a Kongo da Tanganyika, Sojojin Najeriya ba su da sufuri na iska na kansu, don haka a cikin 1962, gwamnati ta fara ɗaukar ma'aikata don horar da matukin jirgi a kasashe daban-daban, tare da goma na farko da Sojojin Sama na Masar ke koyarwa. ===Shekarar 1960=== An kafa Sojojin Sama na Najeriya a hukumance a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1964 tare da wucewar Dokar Sojojin Jirgin Sama ta 1964. Dokar ta bayyana cewa "Za a caje Sojojin Sama na Najeriya da kare Jamhuriyar Tarayya ta iska, kuma don ba da sakamako, za a horar da ma'aikata a irin waɗannan ayyuka kamar a cikin iska da kuma ƙasa. " An kafa NAF tare da taimakon fasaha daga Jamus ta Yamma (yanzu Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Jamus). Sojojin sama sun fara rayuwa a matsayin na'urar sufuri tare da ma'aikatan jirgin sama na farko da aka horar da su tare da Sojojin Sama na [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. Saiti na biyu na cadets sun sami horo a watan Fabrairun 1963 tare da Royal Canadian Air Force yayin da aka aika wasu cadets don horar da su tare da Indian Air Force. Shugaban kungiyar taimakon Sojojin Sama ta Jamus (GAFAG) shi ne Colonel Gerhard Kahtz, kuma ya zama kwamandan farko na NAF. An kafa cibiyar NAF tare da kafa hedkwatar Sojojin Sama na Najeriya a Ma'aikatar Tsaro. NAF ba ta sami damar yaƙi ba har sai Tarayyar Soviet ta gabatar da jiragen sama da yawa na Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 don tallafawa kokarin yaƙi na Najeriya a lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya. A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1967, biyo bayan hare-haren da suka faru da yawa daga jirgin saman Biafran, USSR ta fara isar da MiG-17s na farko daga Masar zuwa Kano IAP, a lokaci guda ta aika da babban kaya a cikin jirgin kasuwanci na Poland. Da farko an ba da MiG-15UTI guda biyu (NAF601 da NAF 602), da MiG-17 guda takwas (NAF903 zuwa NAF610) ga Najeriya. Daga baya an kawo bama-bamai shida na Il-28, da farko an tura su ne daga Masar da Czech, kuma an ajiye su a Calabar da [[Port Harcourt]]. ===Shekarar 1970=== A watan Yulin 1971, Cibiyar Nazarin Kasuwanci ta Duniya ta kiyasta cewa NAF tana da ma'aikata 7,000 da jirgin yaki na 32: jirage masu fashewa na Ilyushin Il-28 guda shida, MiG-17 guda takwas, masu horar da jirgin saman Aero L-29 Delfín guda takwas, da masu horarwar P-149D 10. Sauran jiragen sama sun hada da shida C-47, 20 Do-27/28, da takwas Westland Whirlwind da Alouette II helicopters. A cikin shekarun 1970s, Najeriya ta sayi Lockheed C-130 Hercules daga Amurka. An sayi shida a jimlar dala miliyan 45. An kawo 25 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21MFs da MiG-21UM guda shida a cikin 1975 a lokacin zuwan gwamnatin Murtala-Obasanjo wacce ta maye gurbin gwamnatin Janar Yakubu Gowon. Yawancin waɗannan jiragen sama an tura su, suna mai da NAF ɗaya daga cikin manyan rundunonin sojan sama a Afirka a wannan lokacin. Jimi Peters ya rubuta: "... shirin ci gaban NAF na 1975-1980 ya sake fasalin tsarin NAF" a cikin rukunin (sojojin sama) waɗanda suka ba da rahoto ga hedkwatar rundunar sojan sama. Wannan tsari, ya ci gaba, an same shi da yawa, kuma ta haka ne aka kafa umarni biyu na tsakiya (tsarin soja) a cikin 1978: NAF Tactical Air Command da NAF Training Command. ===Shekarar 1980=== Daga shekara ta 1984, an kawo mayakan 18 na SEPECAT Jaguar (13 Jaguar SNs da 5 Jaguar BNs) kuma suna aiki daga Makurdi. Sun yi ritaya a shekarar 1991. Najeriya ta sayi masu horar da jiragen sama 24 na Aero L-39 Albatros a cikin 1986-87, bayan da ta yi ritaya daga rundunar sojan saman L-29 da aka ba da gudummawa ga Jamhuriyar Ghana Air Force a farkon ayyukan Yammacin Afirka (ECOMOG) a Laberiya. Wani yunkuri na gaba na fadada rundunar ta hanyar samun karin 27 a cikin 1991 ba a aiwatar da shi ba. ===Shekarar 2000=== A shekara ta 2005, a karkashin gwamnatin Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], Majalisar Najeriya ta ba da dala miliyan 251 don sayen jirgin yaki na Chengdu F-7 15 daga China. Yarjejeniyar ta haɗa da nau'ikan mayakan F-7NI guda 12 (NI-Nigeria), da kuma jirgin sama mai horar da FT-7NI guda uku. Kunshin dala miliyan 251 ya haɗa da dala miliyan 220 don jirgin sama 15, tare da dala miliyan 32 don makamai: PL-9C AAM mai rai, zagaye na horo na PL-9, rokoki marasa jagora, da bama-bamai na 250 / 500 kg. Direbobin NAF na farko a kan jirgin sun horar da su a kasar Sin a shekara ta 2008, yayin da aka fara isar da jirgin a shekara ta 2009. Najeriya a baya ta yi la'akari da yarjejeniyar dala miliyan 160 don sake farfado da rundunonin MiG-21 ta Aerostar / Elbit Systems, IAI, da RSK MiG. Koyaya, an yi la'akari da mafi tsada don zaɓin samun F-7s waɗanda suke sabo. Har ila yau, Najeriya ta fara gyare-gyare na bambancin F7, gami da shigar da wasu kayan aikin yamma da kayan aikin jirgin sama kuma saboda haka sunanta na hukuma a matsayin "F7-Ni" don nuna cewa bambancinsa ya bambanta a wasu fannoni daga F-7 na kasar Sin. Tare da wannan saye, an yi ritaya daga rundunar MiG 21s. Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya a karkashin wannan izinin ta sami wasu jiragen sama na ATR Maritime Patrol, wanda EADS da Finmeccania / Alenia Aeronautica suka gina, suna haɓaka ikon sabis ɗin don aiwatar da manyan ayyukan leken asiri, sa ido da bincike (ISR) a ƙasa da nesa cikin teku. Daga watan Satumbar 2009, Najeriya ta fara sake fasalin wasu daga cikin jiragenta na C-130 wanda ya fara da NAF 917 wanda ya dawo da rai tare da goyon bayan Sojojin Sama na Amurka Afirka da 118th Airlift Wing. NAF daga baya ta kara inganta karfinta na cikin gida tare da karuwar damar yin amfani da jiragen sufuri da yawa. ===Shekarar 2010=== NAF ta tsara kuma ta gina UAV ta farko ta asali, "Gulma," wanda tsohon shugaban kasar Goodluck Jonathan ya bayyana a Kaduna, wanda ya ce "Gulm" zai zama da amfani a cikin hoton sama / taswirar, sadarwa, da kuma sa ido kan yanayi. A cewarsa, UAV yana da sauri ya zama muhimmiyar kayan aiki a cikin labarai, sa ido kan muhalli, da binciken mai da iskar gas. A ranar 24 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, sabon jami'in Air Command Command na NAF Mobility Command, Air Vice Marshal John Aprekuma, ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa aka kafa hedkwatar sabuwar rundunar Air Force Mobility Command a Yenagoa, Jihar Bayelsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na dabarun Gwamnatin Tarayya don kare sha'awar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a cikin Neja Delta, yana tabbatar da cewa kasancewar hedkwatar rundunar za ta kawo tsaro da kwanciyar hankali ga mutanen jihar. A ranar 9 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011, Sojojin Sama na Najeriya sun ba da umarnin matukin jirgi na farko, Blessing Liman, biyo bayan umarnin da tsohon shugaban kasar Goodluck Jonathan ya ba da izinin tashi ga mata 'yan Najeriya, musamman tunda mata sun daɗe suna tashi jirgin sama na farar hula a kasar amma ba su sami damar tashi a cikin soja ba.[1] A ranar 15 ga Oktoba 2019, NAF ta tashi da matukin jirgi na yaki na mata na farko, Flight Lieutenant Kafayat Sanni, da kuma matukin jirgidan jirgi na farko na yaki Lieutenant Tolulope Arotile. Sun kasance daga cikin wasu matukan jirgi goma sha uku kuma a wannan rana. ==Tsarin Hukumar== Sojojin Sama sun hada da hedkwatar sabis, manyan rassan ma'aikata 6, raka'a 4 na bayar da rahoto kai tsaye, da umarni 4 na aiki. Shugaban Ma'aikatan Jirgin Sama (CAS) shine babban ko mai ba da shawara ga Shugaban kasa da kuma Ministan Tsaro da Shugaban Ma'aikata na Tsaro, kan batutuwan tsaro na iska. Hedikwatar Sojojin Sama ta Najeriya tana da alhakin kafa manufofi na dogon lokaci da na gajeren lokaci da kuma tsara manufofi, aiwatar da tsare-tsare da hanyoyin samun zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali. Har ila yau, HQ na Sojojin Sama na Najeriya yana hulɗa da Sojojin Najeriya da Sojoyin Ruwa na Najeriya kan manufofi da tsare-tsaren aiki na hadin gwiwa. Hedikwatar Sojojin Sama na Najeriya ta ƙunshi ofishin Babban Ma'aikatan Jirgin Sama da ma'aikata 8 ko rassa wato; Sashin Manufofin da Shirye-shiryen, Sashin Ayyuka, Sashin Injiniyan Jirgin Sama, Sashin Daidaitawa, Sashin Gudanarwa, Asusun da Sashin Kasafin Kudi, Sashin Bincike da Sashin Sakataren Jirgin Sama bi da bi. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan rassan yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mataimakin Air Marshal a matsayin shugaban reshe. == Manazarta == {{Hujja}} pmuqdxvqrr179p36d9ma7tx752f21c4 0 92617 821973 584146 2026-04-17T17:24:54Z Joserpkm 35450 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 821973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hyundai Excel'''<ref>HYUNDAI RANGE 1992-93 UK Mkt sales brochure - HCD-1 Scoupe Lantra X2 Sonata, www.ebay.ie, as archived at web.archive.org</ref> Hyundai Excel<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Excel</ref> wanda aka fi sani da Hyundai Pony, Hyundai Pony Excel, Hyundai Presto, Mitsubishi Precis, Hyundai X2 da Hyundai XL, mota ce wacce Kamfanin Motoci na Hyundai ya kera daga 1985 zuwa 1999. Ita ce mota ta farko mai giyan gaba da kamfanin kera na [[Koriya ta Kudu]] ya kera. Kewayon Excel ya maye gurbin Hyundai Pony na baya-baya.<ref>http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3165/is_n4_v32/ai_18242151</ref> == Asali == An kera Excel ne akan tsarin kirar ƙarni na biyu na Mitsubishi Mirage, amma Giorgetto Giugiaro ya ƙirƙira nasa ƙirar ƙarfe. Ana samun Excel a cikin hatchback mai kofa uku ko biyar da ƙirar sedan kofa huɗu. Excel ita ce motar Hyundai ta farko da aka fara fitarwa zuwa [[Amurka]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20061018174352/http://auto.consumerguide.com/auto/used/reviews/full/index.cfm/id/2346/</ref> Excel tazo da kirar manual ko automatik da aka haɗa da injin silinda huɗu wanda aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar carburetor ko tsarin allurar mai, ya danganta da kasuwa da shekarar ƙira. Da farko, ya kamata a maye gurbin Excel da Elantra a cikin 1990, amma ya ƙare har ana sayar da shi har tsawon shekaru huɗu har sai an maye gurbinsa da Hyundai Accent a cikin samfurin shekara ta 1995. Daga 1990, akwai kirar nau'in coupé mai suna Hyundai Scoupe, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da Hyundai Coupé a 1996.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110716215155/http://www.the-car-directory.com/car/Hyundai_Excel</ref> == Sunaye == Wasu kasuwanni, ciki har da Turai, suna da alamar Excel a matsayin '''Hyundai Pony''', kodayake ba shi da alaƙa kai tsaye da wanda ya gabace shi na baya mai suna iri ɗaya. A Koriya ta Kudu sigar hatchback ana kiranta da '''Hyundai Pony Excel''', kuma sigar sedan ana kiranta da '''Hyundai Presto'''.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200609225617/https://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/a15140735/hyundai-excel-gl-archived-road-test/</ref> === Mitsubishi Precis === Hakanan an siyar da Excel ɗin a Amurka ta hanyar Mitsubishi Motors daga bazara na 1987 a matsayin lamba ta injin Mitsubishi Precis. Mitsubishi ya zaɓi ya sayar da Precis don kaucewa keɓancewar shigar da son rai wanda ya shafi Mirage na [[Japan]]. Ya samuwa a matsayin kofa 3 (Base / LS) ko 5-kofa (LS) hatchback, Precis ya karbi 68 hp (51 kW) 1.5-lita Mitsubishi hudu kamar yadda Excel, Mirage, da mafi yawan Dodge/Plymouth-badged Colts. Motar ta karɓi badging na "Precis" akan bootlid, grille, hubcaps, da sitiya, tare da tambarin Mitsubishi kaɗai ya kasance ƙaramin siti a baya wanda ya karanta "Mitsubishi Motor Sales of America Inc ne ya shigo da shi." Domin 1988, an ƙara ƙarin samfurin RS na wasanni a cikin jeri, wanda ke nuna ƙaddamar da watsa mai saurin gudu biyar wanda kuma ya dace da LS. Bayan samar da Mirage a cikin Al'ada, Illinois ya fara a cikin 1989, don haka ya ketare hani na keɓaɓɓun shigo da kaya, fasalin 1990 Precis (daidai da Excel X2) ya kasance akan tayin a cikin iyakataccen jeri a matsayin "jagoran farashi," wanda aka rataye a ƙasan Mirage. Yanzu akwai kawai azaman hatchback mai kofa uku (ba a taɓa ba da Precis sedan ba) ya zo cikin ko dai matakan kayan aikin Base ko RS. Domin 1991 an dakatar da RS (kuma tare da shi littafin jagora mai sauri biyar), kodayake har yanzu akwai kunshin RS trim a wannan shekara. Wani sabon grille ya bayyana a cikin 1993 kuma an dakatar da Precis a cikin 1994. == ƙarni na farko (X1; 1985–1989) == An gabatar da Excel a matsayin maye gurbin Hyundai Pony. A {asar Amirka, shi ne samfurin farko na kamfanin (Pony na baya ba za a iya sayar da shi a cikin wannan ƙasa ba saboda bai dace da ka'idojin fitar da hayaki na tarayya ba), amma godiya ga farashin $ 4,995 USD kuma an zabe shi 'Mafi kyawun Samfura #10' ta mujallar Fortune, ya kafa rikodin shigo da shekara ta farko ta hanyar siyar da 168,882 raka'a 6, yana taimaka wa masana'antar samarwa ta [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] miliyan 19. ya kasance a kan $ 9,990. Duk da yake bai ji daɗin nasarar tallace-tallace da farko ba, a wani ɓangare saboda harajin shigo da kaya na 87% wanda ya jawo hankalin shi, ya zama babban siyar da ƙaramin mota da aka shigo da shi a cikin 1988. A Turai, motar ta ci gaba da lambar sunan Pony. Ya kasance mafi zamani fiye da wanda ya gabace shi tare da sabbin injuna, tuƙi na gaba da sabon ƙira. Injunan da aka samu sun kasance 1.3-lita (1298 cc) da 1.5-lita (1468 cc) injunan layi-hudu, suna samar da 66 HP (49 kW) da 71 HP (53 kW) bi da bi. A kasuwar gida ta Koriya ta Kudu, an sayar da hatchbacks a matsayin "Pony Excel" kuma ana kiran sedan Hyundai Presto. An sayar da Pony na 1985 azaman hatchback mai kofa biyar a Turai. Ba kamar na farko na Pony Sedan ba, Pony/Excel X1 Sedan ya raba takalmin daga sashin fasinja. == Manazarta == eyeee97nwtljhu9bxpa5xaeq3c5bjee 0 92711 822008 597757 2026-04-17T20:35:54Z Maryam Abdullahi Anka 44060 822008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anna Marie Jernigan''' <ref>[5]"'Glacier' returns to Brunswick". The Brunswick News. September 5, 2019. Archived from the original on April 6, 2020. Retrieved April 6, 2020.</ref> (an haife ta a watan Yuli 15, 1998), <ref>[6]"Anna Jay". WrestlingData. Archived from the original on September 30, 2020. Retrieved September 2, 2020.</ref> wanda aka fi sani da sunan zobe Anna Jay, ƙwararriyar kokawa ce ta Amurka.  An sanya mata hannu zuwa All Elite Wrestling (AEW). == Rayuwa == A ranar 28 ga Yunin shekarar 2021, Jay ta bayyana a kan kafofin watsa labarun cewa tana cikin dangantaka da abokin kokawa AEW Jack Perry.<ref>[24]Garner, Glenn (June 28, 2021). "Jack Perry, Luke Perry's Son, Smooches Fellow Wrestler Anna Jay in Steamy PDA-Filled Photo". People. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.</ref> == Zakara da Nasarori == Duk Elite Wrestling Kyautar AEW Dynamite (lokaci 1) Mafi Girma Lokacin WTF (2022) - TayJay (Anna Jay da Tay Conti) vs. Bunny da Penelope Ford a Yaƙin Titi akan Sabuwar Shekara Smash (Disamba 31) An kwatanta Pro Wrestling Matsayi na 103 daga cikin manyan kokawa mata 150 a cikin 150 na PWI a cikin 2022<ref>[25]McElvaney, Kevin (October 21, 2021). "2021 PWI Women's 150 – The Top 5 Revealed!". Pro Wrestling Illustrated. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2021</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1998]] 0qizhselgzacny3xda3ici5w5gdmltp 3 92876 822091 820395 2026-04-18T08:30:33Z Adsmalhotra 33882 Adsmalhotra 822091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Userbox | name = Aadarsh Kumar | other_name = Aadarsh Malhotra (adsmalhotra) | dob = 10 October 2003 | birthplace = Saran, Bihar, India | parents = Shri Chhathu Kumar Bhatt (Father) <br> Smt. Sunita Devi (Mother) | siblings = Aadesh Kumar (Elder Brother) | height = 5'5" | occupation = Teacher, Cricketer, Content Creator | inspiration = Mahendra Singh Dhoni (MSD) | known_for = Cricket Content Creation & Education }} == About Me == Hello! My name is '''Aadarsh Kumar''', popularly known as '''Aadarsh Malhotra''' (or '''adsmalhotra'''). I am a young individual from the Saran district of Bihar, driven by a passion for teaching and a deep love for sports. == Family Background == * '''Father:''' Shri Chhathu Kumar Bhatt * '''Mother:''' Smt. Sunita Devi * '''Elder Brother:''' Aadesh Kumar == Physical Attributes & Birth Details == * '''Date of Birth:''' October 10, 2003 * '''Age:''' 22 Years * '''Height:''' 5'5" == Professional Life == * '''Educator:''' I am a Teacher by profession. I believe in the power of education and aim to contribute positively to society by sharing knowledge. == Passion & Interests == * '''Cricketer:''' Beyond the classroom, I am a dedicated Cricketer. The pitch is where I find my true energy. * '''Content Creator:''' I run a YouTube channel where I focus on creating high-quality Cricket content. * '''Inspiration:''' I am a huge fan of Mahendra Singh Dhoni (MSD). I try to bring his legendary "Captain Cool" composure into my own life and game. == The Spirit of Bihar & My Cricket Passion == "Hailing from the historic land of Saran, Bihar, my journey is a reflection of the grit and 'never-give-up' attitude that our soil represents. For me, Cricket isn't just a sport; it’s an emotion that connects millions. Whether I am on the field hitting boundaries or analyzing the game for my YouTube community, my focus is always on excellence—inspired by the legendary composure of MS Dhoni. As a Teacher, I believe in building a strong foundation, and through my cricket content, I aim to represent the rising talent of Bihar. From the dusty grounds of my hometown to the digital screens of YouTube, my mission is to stay rooted, play hard, and inspire every youngster who dreams big despite the odds. Bihar se hoon, aur Cricket meri jaan hai!" == About Me == Hello! My name is '''Aadarsh Kumar''', professionally known as '''Aadarsh Malhotra'''. I hail from the Saran district of Bihar. I am the son of '''Shri Chhathu Kumar Bhatt''' and '''Smt. Sunita Devi'''. I have a brother named '''Aadesh Kumar'''. I am a '''Teacher''' by profession. I believe in the power of education and aim to contribute positively to society by sharing knowledge. == My Roots: Bihar == I am extremely proud of my identity as a Bihari. Bihar has been a land of great scholars and historical significance, and I want to showcase the positive side of my state to the world through Wikipedia. == Interests & Hobbies == * '''Cricket:''' I am a massive cricket fan and a dedicated supporter of the Indian Cricket Team. * '''Technology:''' I have a deep interest in Computers, Internet trends, and new Tech innovations. == Objective == My goal on Wikipedia is to help improve Hindi and English content related to Bihar and Education so that students can find reliable information easily. --- ''"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world."'' == About Me == Hello! My name is '''Aadarsh Kumar''', professionally known as '''Aadarsh Malhotra'''. I hail from the Saran district of Bihar. I am a '''Teacher''' by profession. I believe in the power of education and aim to contribute positively to society by sharing knowledge. == My Roots: Bihar == I am extremely proud of my identity as a Bihari. Bihar has been a land of great scholars and historical significance, and I want to showcase the positive side of my state to the world through Wikipedia. == Interests & Hobbies == * '''Cricket:''' I am a massive cricket fan and a dedicated supporter of the Indian Cricket Team. * '''Technology:''' I have a deep interest in Computers, Internet trends, and new Tech innovations. == Objective == My goal on Wikipedia is to help improve Hindi and English content related to Bihar and Education so that students can find reliable information easily. --- ''"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world."'' == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Adsmalhotra! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Adsmalhotra|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 12 ga Faburairu, 2025 (UTC) 94r2nj8z5hud6ris4lm0n9udqorida5 0 93103 822129 660607 2026-04-18T11:16:30Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1332345946|Nyaradzo Mashayamombe]]" 822129 wikitext text/x-wiki   Nyaradzo 'Nyari' Mashayamombe 'yar kasar Zimbabwe ce mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama, 'yar kasuwan yada labarai, kuma mawakiya kuma mawakiyar afro-jazz na wani lokaci. [ana ruwan hujja] [citation need] Ita ce shugabar zartarwa ta Tag A Life International Trust (TaLI), wata kungiya mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata da 'yan mata da karfafa gwiwa a Zimbabwe.[1] Nyari kuma shine wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaba na Identities Media Holdings, [2] kamfani ne wanda ke samar da abun ciki wanda aka nuna akan gidan talabijin na kasa daya tilo na kyauta a Zimbabwe (ZBC TV) da kuma kan kafofin watsa labarun. A matsayin mai yin rikodi, Nyari ya fitar da kundi guda uku.[3] == Tarihin rayuwa == Nyari tana da digiri na Master of Science a Nazarin Ci Gaban daga Jami'ar Mata a Afirka . Ita ce darakta mai gudanarwa na Tag A Life International Trust (TaLI), ƙungiyar bayar da shawarwari da ke inganta 'yan mata da' yancin mata da kuma karfafawa a Zimbabwe. An kafa shi a shekara ta 2010, <ref>{{Cite web |last=YALI |date=11 October 2014 |title=Girl Power and Protection, Now and Forever |url=https://yali.state.gov/girl-power-and-protection-now-and-forever/ |access-date=7 August 2020 |website=Young African Leaders Initiative |publisher=The U.S. Department of State}}</ref> TaLI ya ba da shawarar cewa Jiha ta himmatu ga samar da ilimi na asali na jihar ga fiye da 500,000 waɗanda aka rufe su daga makaranta saboda rashin biyan kuɗin makaranta. Nyari kuma ita ce ta kafa kuma Shugaba na Identities Media Holdings, kamfani da ke samar da abun ciki wanda aka nuna a gidan talabijin na kasa kawai a Zimbabwe. Shirin jawabinta, wanda ita ce mai karɓar bakuncin, wanda ake kira Identities / Umhlobo / Zvatiri, ya bayyana a ZBC TV da kuma kafofin sada zumunta. Nyari memba ne na kwamitin CIVICUS Alliance . <ref>{{Cite web |last=CIVICUS |title=CIVICUS Board of Directors |url=https://www.civicus.org/index.php/who-we-are/civicus-board |access-date=7 August 2020 |website=CIVICUS |publisher=CIVICUS: World Alliance For Citizen Participation}}</ref> A baya ta kasance memba na kwamitin Kungiyar Mata ta Zimbabwe da kuma Kwamitin Maganin Al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Forum 2000 Foundation |title=Nyaradzo Mashayamombe: Women's Human Rights Activist |url=https://www.forum2000.cz/en/people/nyaradzo-mashayamombe |access-date=7 August 2020 |website=The Forum 2000 Foundation |publisher=The Forum 2000 Foundation}}</ref> == Waƙoƙi == A matsayinta na mai yin rikodi, Nyari ta fitar da kundi na studio guda uku har zuwa yau. Kundin ta na uku ana kiranta Zvatiri, wanda aka saki a shekarar 2015. Kundin Afro-jazz na 15 yana magana ne game da Afirka, batutuwan zamantakewa, soyayya, bishara, lissafi da shugabanci. Ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin da ke cikin kundin da ake kira Cry haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin Nyari da marigayi [[Chiwoniso Maraire]] . Nyari kuma ta yi aiki tare da marigayi mawaƙin Zimbabwe Cephas Mashakada . == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == A cikin 2013, an amince da ita a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Matasa Goma da suka yi fice a Zimbabwe a rukunin "Taimakawa ga Yara, Zaman Lafiyar Duniya, da 'Yancin Bil'adama" na Junior Chamber International. A cikin 2015 an ba ta lambar yabo ta Community Champion of the Year ta lambar yabo ta Zimbabuwe International Women Awards[1] [2] A cikin Maris 2021, ita ce mutum ta farko da ta ba da shawara ga mataimakiyar shugabar mace ta biyu a Zimbabwe akan dandamalin kafofin watsa labarunta da gidan yanar gizon ta, Identities Media Holdings biyo bayan murabus din VP Kembo Mohadi. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.cipe.org/blog/2016/06/14/democracy-that-delivers-podcast-20-nyaradzo-mashayamombe-on-advocating-for-womens-and-girls-rights-in-zimbabwe/ Nyaradzo Mashayamombe a kan Dimokuradiyya da ke Bayar da Podcast # 20] * [https://www.youtube.com/user/nyarimusic Nyaradzo Mashayamombe Waƙoƙi a YouTube] * [https://identitiesmedia.com/2021/03/02/gender-Advocates-Call-for-a-female-second-Vice-president] {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ne8zin3nm3rn3uinuzhcby7dlgxenkb 0 93238 822059 587550 2026-04-18T07:28:35Z Garbu Audu 44085 822059 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}} A cikin ilimin harshe, '''diglossia''' / / d aɪ ˈɡlɒs iə / dy- GLOSS dy- -ə , Babban iri-iri na iya zama babban mataki na yare iri ɗaya (kamar yadda yake a Turai ta Tsakiya, inda Latin (H) ya kasance cikin amfani na yau da kullun kamar yadda maganganun magana (L) ya bambanta), yaren da ba shi da alaƙa, ko yare na yau da kullun duk da haka yana da alaƙa (kamar a arewacin Indiya da Pakistan, inda Hindustani (L) ake amfani da shi tare da daidaitattun rajista na Hindi ( H ) da Jamusanci (H) da Urdu (H) da Jamusanci . Yare (L); Ƙasar Larabawa, inda ake amfani da Larabci na zamani (H) tare da sauran nau'in Larabci (L); da Sinanci, inda ake amfani da Sinanci (H) a matsayin hukuma, daidaitattun wallafe-wallafe da na gida na Sinanci (L) ana amfani da su a cikin sadarwar yau da kullum). [1] [2] Sauran misalan sun haɗa da wallafe-wallafen Katharevousa (H) tare da Hellenanci Demotic (L); wallafe-wallafen Tamil (H) da harshen Tamil (L); Indonisiya, tare da siffofin bahasa baku (H) da bahasa gaul (L); [3] Daidaitaccen Turanci na Amurka (H) tare da Turancin Vernacular na Afirka-Amurka ko Pidgin Hawaiian (L); [4] da wallafe-wallafen (H) tare da magana (L) Welsh . == Etymology == Kalmar Helenanci διγλωσσία ( ''diglossía'' ), daga δί- ( ''dí-'', "biyu") da γλώσσα ( ''glóssa'', "harshe"), na nufin harsuna biyu ; Emmanuel Rhoides ya ba da ma'anarsa ta musamman "nau'i biyu na harshe ɗaya" a cikin gabatarwar ''Parerga'' a cikin 1885. An daidaita kalmar da sauri zuwa [[Faransanci]] azaman {{Lang|fr|diglossie}} ta masanin ilimin harshe na Girkanci kuma masanin demoticist Ioannis Psycharis, tare da bashi ga Rhoides. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fernández |first=Mauro |date=1995 |title=Los Origenes del término diglosia: historia de una historia mal contada |journal=Historiographia Linguistica |volume=22 |issue=1–2 |pages=163–195 |doi=10.1075/hl.22.1-2.07fer}}</ref> Balarabe William Marçais ya yi amfani da kalmar a cikin 1930 don kwatanta yanayin harshe a cikin ƙasashe masu jin [[Larabci]] . Masanin ilimin zamantakewa Charles A. Ferguson ya gabatar da harshen Ingilishi daidai ''diglossia'' a cikin 1959 a cikin taken labarin. Fahimtarsa game da diglossia yana kwatanta al'ummar da ke da yare fiye da ɗaya ko kuma nau'in nau'i mai yawa, wanda ya shafi harshen da ake amfani da shi a cikin adabi, jaridu, da sauran cibiyoyin zamantakewa. An buga labarin sama da sau 9,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Scholar |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=7306983572156611150&as_sdt=5,44&sciodt=0,44&hl=en |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> Kalmar ta sami karɓuwa musamman a tsakanin masana ilimin zamantakewa da kuma adadin waɗannan fassarori daban-daban ko nau'ikan ra'ayi. == Rijistar harshe da nau'ikan diglossia == A cikin labarinsa na 1959, Charles A. Ferguson ya bayyana diglossia kamar haka: {{Blockquote|DIGLOSSIA is a relatively stable language situation in which, in addition to the primary dialects of the language (which may include a standard or regional standards), there is a very divergent, highly codified (often grammatically more complex) superposed variety, the vehicle of a large and respected body of written literature, either of an earlier period or in another speech community, which is learned largely by formal education and is used for most written and formal spoken purposes but is not used by any sector of the community for ordinary conversation.<ref name=Ferguson />}} A nan, ana kallon diglossia a matsayin nau'in harshe biyu a cikin al'ummar da ɗaya daga cikin harsunan ke da daraja mai yawa (daga yanzu ake kira "H"), wani kuma daga cikin harsunan yana da ƙananan daraja ("L"). A cikin ma'anar Ferguson, bambance-bambance masu girma da ƙananan suna da alaƙa koyaushe. Ferguson ya ba da misalin Larabci mai daidaitacce kuma ya ce, "sau da yawa kuma, Larabawa masu ilimi za su kula da cewa ba za su taba amfani da L ba, duk da cewa kallon kai tsaye ya nuna cewa suna amfani da shi akai-akai a cikin tattaunawa ta yau da kullum" <ref name="Ferguson">{{Cite journal |last=Ferguson |first=Charles |author-link=Charles A. Ferguson |year=1959 |title=Diglossia |journal=Word |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=325–340 |doi=10.1080/00437956.1959.11659702 |s2cid=239352211 |quote=...diglossia differs from the more widespread standard-with-dialects in that no segment of the speech community in diglossia regularly uses H as a medium of ordinary conversation, and any attempt to do so is felt to be either pedantic and artificial (Arabic, Greek) or else in some sense disloyal to the community (Swiss German, Creole). In the more usual standard-with-dialects situation the standard is often similar to the variety of a certain region or social group (e.g. Tehran Persian, Calcutta Bengali) which is used in ordinary conversation more or less naturally by members of the group and as a superposed variety by others. |doi-access=free}}</ref> Joshua Fishman ya faɗaɗa ma'anar diglossia don haɗa da amfani da harsunan da ba su da alaƙa a matsayin manya da ƙananan iri. <ref name="Fishman">{{Cite journal |last=Fishman |first=Joshua |author-link=Joshua Fishman |year=1967 |title=Bilingualism with and without diglossia; diglossia with and without bilingualism |journal=Journal of Social Issues |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=29–38 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-4560.1967.tb00573.x |s2cid=144875014}}</ref> Alal misali, a cikin Alsace harshen Alsatian (Elsässisch) yana aiki a matsayin (L) da [[Faransanci]] a matsayin (H). Heinz Kloss ya kira (H) bambance-bambancen ''exoglossia'' da (L) bambance-bambancen ''endoglossia'' . A wasu lokuta (musamman tare da harsunan creole ), yanayin haɗin kai tsakanin (H) da (L) ba ɗaya ba ne na diglossia amma ci gaba ; misali, Jamaican Creole as (L) da Standard English as (H) a Jamaica. Haka lamarin yake a cikin Ƙasar Scotland, tare da Scots kamar (L) da Ingilishi na Scotland a matsayin (H). (H) yawanci shine yaren da aka rubuta yayin da (L) shine yaren magana. A cikin yanayi na yau da kullun, ana amfani da (H); a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun, ana amfani da (L). Wani lokaci, (H) ana amfani da shi a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun kuma kamar yadda ake magana lokacin da masu magana da yarukan biyu ko fiye ko (L) ke sadarwa da juna (a matsayin ''harshe na harshe'' ), amma ba akasin haka ba. Ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko shi ne na [[Harshen Misira|Masarawa ta Tsakiya]], harshen da ake amfani da shi na yau da kullum a cikin [[Tsohuwar Masar|tsohuwar Misira]] a lokacin Mulkin Tsakiya (2000-1650 BC). A cikin 1350 BC, a cikin [[Sabuwar Masarautar Masar|Sabon Mulki]] (1550-1050 BC), harshen Masar ya samo asali zuwa [[Harshen Misira|Late Masari]], wanda da kansa ya samo asali zuwa Demotic (700 BC - AD 400). Waɗannan nau'o'i biyu na baya sun yi aiki azaman (L) harsuna a cikin lokutansu. Amma a cikin duka biyun, Masari ta Tsakiya ta kasance ma'auni a rubuce, nau'i mai daraja, harshen (H), kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi don wannan har zuwa karni na hudu AD, fiye da karni goma sha shida bayan ya daina wanzuwa a cikin maganganun yau da kullum. Wani misali na tarihi shine Latin, Latin na gargajiya shine (H) da Vulgar Latin the (L); na karshen, wanda kusan ba a tantance shi a rubutu ba, shi ne harshen da harsunan Romance suka fito daga gare shi. Bambance-bambancen (L) ba kawai sauƙaƙawa ba ne ko “lalata” na bambance-bambancen (H). A cikin phonology, alal misali, yarukan (L) suna da yuwuwar samun sautin wayoyi daga (H) kamar yadda akasin haka. Wasu yarukan Jamusanci na Swiss suna da wayoyi uku, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/ɛ/}} da {{IPA|/æ/}}, a cikin sararin sauti inda Standard German ke da wayoyi biyu kawai, {{IPA|/ɛ(ː)/}} ( ''Berlin'' 'Berlin', ''Bären'' 'Bear') da {{IPA|/eː/}} ( ''Beren'' 'berries'). Creole na Jamaican yana da ƙarancin wasulan wayoyi fiye da daidaitaccen Ingilishi, amma yana da ƙarin palatal {{IPA|/kʲ/}} da {{IPA|/ɡʲ/}} wayoyin hannu. Musamman a cikin endglossia ana iya kiran nau'in (L) " basilect ", nau'in (H) " acrolect ", da matsakaicin nau'i" mesolect ". Misalai na musamman na Ferguson sun haɗa da Standard German/Swiss German, Standard Larabci / Larabci vernaculars, [[Faransanci]] / Creole a [[Haiti]], da Katharevousa / Dimotik a [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]], <ref name="Ferguson">{{Cite journal |last=Ferguson |first=Charles |author-link=Charles A. Ferguson |year=1959 |title=Diglossia |journal=Word |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=325–340 |doi=10.1080/00437956.1959.11659702 |s2cid=239352211 |quote=...diglossia differs from the more widespread standard-with-dialects in that no segment of the speech community in diglossia regularly uses H as a medium of ordinary conversation, and any attempt to do so is felt to be either pedantic and artificial (Arabic, Greek) or else in some sense disloyal to the community (Swiss German, Creole). In the more usual standard-with-dialects situation the standard is often similar to the variety of a certain region or social group (e.g. Tehran Persian, Calcutta Bengali) which is used in ordinary conversation more or less naturally by members of the group and as a superposed variety by others. |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFerguson1959">[[Charles A. Ferguson|Ferguson, Charles]] (1959). [[doi:10.1080/00437956.1959.11659702|"Diglossia"]]. ''Word''. '''15''' (2): <span class="nowrap">325–</span>340. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1080/00437956.1959.11659702|10.1080/00437956.1959.11659702]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239352211 239352211]. <q>...diglossia differs from the more widespread standard-with-dialects in that no segment of the speech community in diglossia regularly uses H as a medium of ordinary conversation, and any attempt to do so is felt to be either pedantic and artificial (Arabic, Greek) or else in some sense disloyal to the community (Swiss German, Creole). In the more usual standard-with-dialects situation the standard is often similar to the variety of a certain region or social group (e.g. Tehran Persian, Calcutta Bengali) which is used in ordinary conversation more or less naturally by members of the group and as a superposed variety by others.</q></cite></ref> ko da yake "ƙananan daraja" yanayin mafi yawan waɗannan misalan ya canza tun lokacin da aka buga labarin Ferguson. Creole yanzu an gane shi azaman daidaitaccen harshe a Haiti; Harsunan Jamusanci na Swiss ba ƙananan yarukan da ba su da daraja a [[Switzerland]] (duba Chambers, Ka'idar Sociolinguistic); kuma bayan kawo karshen mulkin soja na Girka a 1974, Dimotiki ya zama yaren Girka guda ɗaya a cikin 1976, kuma a zamanin yau, Katharevousa (tare da wasu kaɗan) ba a amfani da shi. Harold Schiffman ya rubuta game da Jamusanci na Swiss a cikin 2010, "Da alama ya kasance yanayin cewa Jamusanci na Swiss an amince da shi a cikin matsayi na diflossic tare da Standard German, amma wannan yarjejeniya yanzu ta karye." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schiffman, Harold. |title=Classical and extended diglossia |url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/messeas/diglossia/node6.html |access-date=2010-09-10}}</ref> Shima canjin code ya zama ruwan dare, musamman a duniyar Larabawa; A cewar Andrew Freeman, wannan ya bambanta da bayanin Ferguson game da diglossia wanda ya bayyana cewa nau'ikan biyu suna cikin rarrabawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Freeman, Andrew |date=9 December 1996 |title=Andrew Freeman's Perspectives on Arabic Diglossia |url=http://www.innerbrat.org/Andyf/Articles/Diglossia/digl_96.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527030448/http://innerbrat.org/Andyf/Articles/Diglossia/digl_96.htm |archive-date=27 May 2010 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Andy Freeman's Homepage}}</ref>  Har zuwa wani ɗan lokaci, akwai sauyawar lamba da daidaitawa a cikin dukkan al'ummomin diglossic, har ma da Jamusanci Switzerland. Misalai inda High/Low dichotomy ya zama barata dangane da martabar zamantakewa sun haɗa da yarukan Italiyanci da harsuna kamar (L) da [[Italiyanci|Standard Italian]] as (H) a cikin [[Italiya|Italiyanci]] da yarukan Jamusanci da Jamusanci Standard a [[Jamus]] . A Italiya da Jamus, waɗannan masu magana da har yanzu suna magana da yarukan da ba daidai ba suna amfani da waɗannan yarukan a yanayi na yau da kullun, musamman a cikin dangi. A [[Switzerland]] masu jin Jamusanci, a gefe guda, yarukan Jamusanci na Swiss har zuwa wani lokaci ana amfani da su a makarantu, kuma zuwa ga mafi girma a cikin majami'u. Ramseier ya kira Diglossia na Switzerland da ke magana da Jamusanci "matsakaici diglossia", yayin da Felicity Rash ya fi son "diglossia na aiki". Paradoxically, Swiss German yana ba da mafi kyawun misali na diglossia (duk masu magana su ne masu magana da harshen Jamusanci na Swiss German kuma haka diglossic) kuma mafi muni, saboda babu wani matsayi mai mahimmanci. Yayin da ake magana da Swiss Standard German a yanayi na yau da kullun kamar a makaranta, watsa labarai, da jawabai na gwamnati, Swiss Standard German kuma ana magana da shi a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun kawai a duk lokacin da Bajamushen Swiss ke sadarwa tare da baƙon Jamus wanda ake tsammanin ba zai fahimci yare ba. A tsakanin su, Swiss masu jin Jamusanci suna amfani da yaren Jamusanci na Swiss, ba tare da la'akari da aji, ilimi ko batun ba. A yawancin ƙasashen Afirka, da kuma wasu na Asiya, harshen Turai ya zama na hukuma, yare mai daraja, da kuma harsunan gida ana amfani da su a cikin rayuwar yau da kullun ba tare da yanayi na yau da kullun ba. Misali, [[Yare Wolof|Wolof]] ita ce ''yare'' na yau da kullun a [[Senegal]], Faransanci ana magana ne kawai a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun, kuma ana magana da Ingilishi a yanayi na yau da kullun a [[Najeriya]], amma harsunan asali kamar [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]], [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]], da [[Yarbanci]] ana magana da su a cikin tattaunawa ta yau da kullun. Duk da haka, harshen Turai wanda ke aiki a matsayin harshen hukuma kuma zai iya aiki a matsayin ''harshen harshe'', ana magana da shi a cikin yanayi na yau da kullum tsakanin masu magana da harsuna biyu ko fiye don sauƙaƙe sadarwa. Diglossia na iya kasancewa tsakanin yaruka biyu na harshen Turai kuma. Alal misali, a cikin [[Ivory Coast|Cote d'Ivoire]], Faransanci na yau da kullum shine harshen da ake amfani da shi a harkokin kasuwanci, siyasa, da dai sauransu yayin da Faransanci na Ivory Coast shine harshen yau da kullum a kan titi, a kasuwanni, da kuma a cikin yanayi na yau da kullum; a [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], ana amfani da Fotigal na Turai a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun, yayin da Fotigal na Mozambique shine yaren magana a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun; kuma ana amfani da Ingilishi na Burtaniya a yanayi na yau da kullun a Najeriya, yayin da Ingilishin Najeriya shine yaren magana a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun. A cikin karkara, yarukan Afirka na gida sun yi rinjaye. Duk da haka, a cikin al'amuran gargajiya, ana iya amfani da harsunan gida a matsayin yare masu daraja: misali, bikin aure tsakanin matasa Baoulé na birni biyu da rashin ilimin [[Harshen Baoulé|yaren Baoulé]] (wanda ake magana da shi a Cote d'Ivoire) zai buƙaci kasancewar manyan dangi a matsayin masu fassara don gudanar da bikin a cikin harshen. Harsunan gida, idan aka yi amfani da su azaman yare masu daraja, ana kuma amfani da su wajen rubuta kayan aiki a cikin nau'in ƙamus. Har ila yau, akwai harsunan Turai a Afirka, musamman [[Arewacin Afirka]], ba tare da matsayi na hukuma wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman harshe mai daraja: misali, a [[Moroko|Maroko]], yayin da Modern Standard Larabci da kwanan nan [[Abzinanci|Tamazight]] ne kawai harsuna biyu na hukuma da ake amfani da su a cikin yanayi na yau da kullum, tare da Larabci na Moroccan da Amazigh da ake magana da su a cikin yanayi na yau da kullum, yayin da Faransanci da [[Yaren Sifen|Mutanen Espanya]] kuma ana magana da su a cikin yanayi na yau da kullum, yin wasu harsunan Larabci ko na Moroc Faransanci ko Mutanen Espanya, da Larabci na Moroko ko Yaren Amazigh. A cikin Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, harsunan hukuma sune Larabci na Zamani da Sifen, waɗanda ake magana da su a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun, yayin da ake magana [[Hassaniya Larabci|da Larabci Hassaniya]] a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun, kuma ana magana da Mutanen Espanya a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun. A Asiya, [[Filipin|Philippines]] ita ce babban misali na irin wannan exoglossia na mulkin mallaka, tare da Ingilishi tun lokacin yakin Mutanen Espanya-Amurka na 1898, Mutanen Espanya kafin lokacin (tare da kasancewar tarihi a cikin sunayen wuri, sunayen sirri, da kalmomin lamuni a cikin harsunan gida) da kuma harsunan Austronesian Philippine na gida da aka yi amfani da su don yanayin yau da kullum; [[Timor-Leste]] yana cikin irin wannan yanayi tare da Portuguese. Yawancin kasashen Asiya a maimakon haka sun sake kafa yare mai daraja na gida (kamar Hindi ko Indonesiya) kuma aƙalla sun kawar da yaren mulkin mallaka, wanda aka fi sani da Ingilishi ko Rashanci amma har da Dutch, Faransanci, da Fotigal a ƴan wurare, ban da sadarwa ta duniya, kasuwanci, kimiyya, ko tsakanin ƙabilanci; Harsunan mulkin mallaka ma yawanci sun bar lamuni da yawa a cikin harsunan gida. ==Manazarta== [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3hg5alzv5ygfrkwh0w9e78suwtq39jt 0 93399 822025 593647 2026-04-17T20:47:08Z Maryam Abdullahi Anka 44060 822025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anna Maria Haslam''' (née Fisher; 6 ga Afrilu 1829 - 28 ga Nuwamba shekarar 1922) ta kasance mai tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma babban adadi a cikin karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20 a Ireland. == Rayuwa ta farko da iyali == An haifi Anna Maria Fisher a Youghal, County Cork, Ireland a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 1829. An haife ta 16th cikin yara 17 ga Jane da Ibrahim Fisher . Masu kamun kifi iyali ne na Quaker tare da kasuwanci a Youghal . An san su da ayyukan sadaka, musamman a lokacin Babban Yunwa. Ta taimaka a cikin gidajen dafa abinci kuma ta shiga cikin kafa masana'antun gidaje ga 'yan mata na cikin gida a cikin yin lace, crocheting da knitting. An haife ta ne ta yi imani da daidaito ga maza da mata da kuma tallafawa kamfen ɗin da aka yi wa bautar da kuma kamewa da zaman lafiya. Ta halarci makarantun kwana na Quaker, Makarantar Newtown a County Waterford da Makarantar Castlegate a York, wanda daga baya ya zama Makarantar Mount, York. Daga nan sai ta zama mataimakiyar koyarwa a Makarantar Ackworth, Yorkshire. Ta sadu da Thomas Haslam (1826-1917) wanda ke koyarwa a can kuma wanda ya fito ne daga Mountmellick, County Laois . == Anna da Thomas Haslam == [[Fayil:Thomas_and_Anna_Haslam.jpg|left|thumb|Anna da Thomas Haslam]] Anna da Thomas Haslam sun yi aure a ranar 20 ga Maris 1854 a Ofishin Registry na Cork . <ref>{{Cite web |last=FamilySearch |title=Ireland Marriages, 1619–1898 |url=http://FamilySearch.org |access-date=12 December 2014 |website=FamilySearch}}</ref> Auren su galibi ba shi da aure saboda ba sa son samun yara. A rubuce-rubucen da suka biyo baya Thomas ya yi jayayya da tsabtar maza. Anna da Thomas Haslam sun yarda da daidaito ga maza da mata kuma ya goyi bayan kamfen dinta. An haifi Thomas Joseph Haslam a shekara ta 1825 ga dangin Quaker. Thomas ya kasance mai ilimin mata kuma daga 1868 ya rubuta game da batutuwa da yawa game da haƙƙin mata da batutuwa kamar karuwanci, [[Kulawar haihuwa|hana haihuwa]] da kuma zaɓen mata.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Dukansu Anna da Thomas an kore su daga Society of Friends saboda sha'awar su a sake fasalin zamantakewa amma dukansu suna riƙe da alaƙa da al'umma. An ce an yi watsi da Thomas saboda yana da ra'ayoyin da suka saba wa koyarwar Quaker. A cikin 1868 Thomas ya buga wata takarda da ake kira "Matsalar Aure", inda ya tayar da kuma tallafawa ra'ayin iyakancewar iyali kuma ya tsara hanyoyi da yawa na hana daukar ciki ciki har da lokacin aminci. Thomas Haslam ya mutu a ranar 30 ga watan Janairun 1917, a cikin shekara ta casa'in da biyu. Shi da Anna an binne su tare a cikin wurin binnewar Quaker a Temple Hill, Dublin. == Mata == [[Fayil:20130810_dublin155.JPG|right|thumb|Anna da Thomas Haslam wurin tunawa a St Stephen's Green, Dublin.]] Ana tunawa da Anna Haslam mafi kyau a yau saboda aikinta na kuri'un mata. Ta kasance majagaba a kowane kamfen na mata na Irish na ƙarni na 19 kuma ta yi gwagwarmaya don kuri'un mata daga shekara ta 1866. A shekara ta 1872 ta shirya "Janar Taron mambobi da abokai na Irish Society for Women's Suffrage" a Blackrock, Dublin, wanda George Owens ya jagoranci kuma 'yan majalisa Maurice Brooks (Mai Gudanar da Gida) da William Johnston (Ma'aikacin Arewa) da kuma dan majalisa na Liberal Unionist Thomas Spring Rice na gaba. Anna da Thomas Haslam sun kasance mambobin kafa Kungiyar Mata ta Dublin a 1876. Wannan ya nuna farkon kamfen mai ban mamaki a Dublin don kuri'un mata. Haslam, tare da rubuce-rubucen mijinta, ta ci gaba da kamfen ɗin kuma a cikin 1896 mata a Ireland sun sami damar zabar su a matsayin masu kula da Dokar Talakawa, membobin hukumomin hukuma waɗanda ke gudanar da Dokar Talauci.Masu gwagwarmayar kare hakkin mata na farko a Ireland suna da kyakkyawar dangantaka da ma'anarsu ta Turanci kuma suna da irin wannan nuna bambanci a ilimi, aiki, 'yancin jima'i da shiga siyasa. DWSA ta shirya gabatar da lissafin memba mai zaman kansa don cire rashin cancanta "ta hanyar jima'i ko aure" don zabe ko aiki a matsayin mai kula da doka mara kyau. Kudin ya wuce a shekara ta 1896 kuma nan da nan ƙungiyar ta rubuta wa jaridu kuma ta buga takardu da ke bayanin tsarin yadda za su yi rajista da tsayawa don zabe kuma su ƙarfafa mata masu cancanta su ci gaba a matsayin 'yan takara.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A shekara ta 1900, akwai kusan mata masu kula da mata 100.<ref name="Cullen">{{Cite web |last=Cullen |first=Mary |title=Anna Haslam's Minute Book |url=http://www.nationalarchives.ie/digital-resources/online-exhibitions/anna-haslams-minute-book-2009/essay-by-mary-cullen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029013153/http://www.nationalarchives.ie/digital-resources/online-exhibitions/anna-haslams-minute-book-2009/essay-by-mary-cullen/ |archive-date=29 October 2017 |access-date=12 December 2014 |website=The National Archives of Ireland |publisher=The National Archives of Ireland}}</ref> Haslam ya jagoranci kamfen don ƙarfafa mata masu cancanta su tsaya takara a shekara ta 1898. Mata sun sami damar yin zabe a zaben kananan hukumomi, da kuma tsayawa takara a matsayin 'yan majalisa na karkara da birane. A shekara ta 1913, ta sauka a matsayin sakatariyar kungiyar kuma an zabe ta a matsayin shugaban rayuwa.<ref name="Cullen" /> == Nasarorin da aka samu == Ɗaya daga cikin kamfen ɗin da ta fi tsayi, tana aiki tare da mai ba da izini na Belfast Isabella Tod, <ref name="History Ireland">{{Cite web |last=Luddy |first=Maria |date=22 January 2013 |title=Women and the Contagious Diseases Acts 1864-1886 |url=http://www.historyireland.com/18th-19th-century-history/women-and-the-contagious-diseases-acts-1864-1886-11/ |access-date=2019-07-09 |website=History Ireland}}</ref> shine don soke Ayyukan Cututtukan Cututtuka na 1864. Ayyukan sun ba da izinin tsara karuwanci a yankunan da sojoji suka kasance. Dokar ta ba da izinin tilasta mata har zuwa watanni 3, wanda daga baya aka kara zuwa shekara guda. An kuma tilasta maganin likita ga mata. Dokar ta nemi kawai don rage yaduwar cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i tsakanin sojoji. Ta yi adawa da aikin saboda ta ji cewa ya ba da izini ga karuwanci, ya ba da mata masu kyau kuma ya lalata rayuwar iyali. Daga karshe an soke shi bayan shekaru 18 na kamfen.<ref name="History Journal">{{Cite web |last=History Journal |title=Anna Haslam |url=http://www.historyjournal.ie/component/content/article/183-anna-haslam.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213022758/http://www.historyjournal.ie/component/content/article/183-anna-haslam.html |archive-date=13 December 2014 |access-date=12 December 2014 |website=History Journal }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHistory_Journal">History Journal. . ''History Journal''. Archived from [http://www.historyjournal.ie/component/content/article/183-anna-haslam.html the original] on 13 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Haslam ta shiga cikin takardar neman izini ta 1866 kuma ta tattara sa hannu 1,499 don fadada 'yancin mata da maza. A shekara ta 1867 an tsawaita 'yancin maza amma har zuwa shekara ta 1911 ne ƙungiyar Suffrage ta sami gagarumin nasara na tabbatar da' yancin mata su tsaya don zabe a matsayin' yan majalisa. A shekara ta 1918, mace ce mai kusan shekara casa'in, ta tafi zaben "kewaye da furanni da tutoci", tare da mata da suka haɗu don girmama ta don murnar nasarar zabe. Wannan nuni na hadin kai da mata masu gwagwarmaya daga dukkan ra'ayoyin siyasa suka yi ya amince da rawar da ta taka a yakin neman 'yancin jefa kuri'a.[1] A wannan shekarar da ta mutu, a 1922, Irish Free State ta ba da kuri'a ga dukkan maza da mata sama da shekaru 21.[2] == Mutuwa da kuma amincewa bayan mutuwarsa == Haslam ta mutu a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1922 a gidanta a Carlton Terrace, na "cardiac dropsy" tana da shekaru 93. An gina wurin zama na tunawa da Anna da Thomas Haslam a 1923 a St Stephen's Green, Dublin, tare da rubutun "don girmama shekarun da suka yi na hidimar jama'a da aka keɓe ga 'yancin mata". Sunan ta da hotonta (da na wasu magoya bayan mata 58) suna kan matattarar mutum-mutumi na Millicent Fawcett a filin majalisa, London, wanda aka bayyana a shekarar 2018.<ref name="gov">{{Cite web |date=24 April 2018 |title=Historic statue of suffragist leader Millicent Fawcett unveiled in Parliament Square |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/historic-statue-of-suffragist-leader-millicent-fawcett-unveiled-in-parliament-square |access-date=24 April 2018 |publisher=Gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2018 |title=Millicent Fawcett statue unveiling: the women and men whose names will be on the plinth |url=https://inews.co.uk/inews-lifestyle/women/millicent-fawcett-statue-parliament-square-london-caroline-criado-perez/ |access-date=25 April 2018 |publisher=iNews}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1829]] [[Rukuni:Matattun 1922]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8qymkvyude9k5rpt5wgrcgcl43eev1q 0 93584 822009 589163 2026-04-17T20:36:57Z Maryam Abdullahi Anka 44060 822009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Anna Mathilda Augusta Åbergsson''' (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga watan Janairu na shekara ta 1871 - 18 Afrilu 1937) ta kasance jagaba a cikin yunkurin lambun ƙasar Sweden. <ref> name=":0">Anon. (1914). "Åbergsson, Anna". In: Hedberg, Walborg; Arosenius, Louise (eds.): ''Svenska kvinnor från skilda verksamhetsområden. Biografisk uppslagsbok''. Stockholm: Albert Bonniers förlag. p. 113.</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Anna Åbergsson a Stockholm a cikin shekara ta 1871 zuwa [[Andreas Viktor Åbergsson]] (26 Maris 1835 a Stockholm - 7 ga Agustan shekarar 1897 a Furusund), jami'in gwamnati, adalci da siyasa, da matarsa Augusta Resén. <ref name=":1">Anon. [http://www.skeptron.uu.se/broady/arkiv/a/ffo/kap-abergsson-anna.htm Åbergsson, Anna]. In: ''Formering för offentlighet. En kollektivbiografi över Stockholmskvinnor 1880–1920''. Uppsala: Uppsala University. Retrieved 21 February 2021.</ref><ref>Anon. (1922). [https://runeberg.org/nfcm/0491.html Åbergsson, Anders Viktor]. In: ''Nordisk familjebok. Konversationslexikon och realencyklopedi'', 2. ed. Väderlek – Äänekoski. pp. 909–910.</ref> Ta girma a cikin iyali masu arziki a gundumar Östermalm, ta sami ilimi mai zurfi wanda ya haɗa da nazarin harshe a Ingila da [[Holand|Netherlands]] da kuma horarwa na aiki a makarantar aikin lambu ''Åtvidabergs trädgårdsskola'' . Daga nan ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar Stockholm ( ''Stockholms högskola'' ) bangaren shari'a kuma daga 1897 zuwa 1898 ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar akawu na gidan tarihi na Nordic ( ''Nordiska Museet'' ). <ref name=":1" /> Masu sha'awar ilimin mata da batutuwan [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|haƙƙinsu]], Åbergsson kuma ya ba da kwasa-kwasan masu zaman kansu cikin harshen Ingilishi da kuma ''Föreningen studenter och arbetare'' (ƙungiyar ɗalibai da ma'aikata), ''Stockholms Borgarskola'' da ''Beskowska skola'' tsakanin 1896 da 1910. Babban hanyar samun kudin shiga ita ce lissafin banki. Ta yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda na ofis na cibiyar inshora ''Ränte och Kapitalförsäkringsanstalten'' a Stockholm (1989-1908) kuma a matsayin akawu na wucin gadi (tun 1909 mai kula da kuɗi) na kamfanin ma'adinai ''Luossavaara-Kirunavaara AB'' da [[Sufuri|kamfanin jigilar kayayyaki]] ''Trafik AB Grängesberg-Oxekilda'' a Stockholm kafin ya zama ''banki'' a Stockholm. ta zauna har sai da ta yi ritaya a 1926. <ref name=":2">Lamming, Peter (2011). [https://haga-brunnsviken.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/hagabladet_1-2-11_web.pdf Kolonilotten – en chans till natur och kultur]. In: ''Hagabladet'' 1–2. pp. 5f. Retrieved 21 February 2021.</ref> Ba ta taɓa yin aure ba kuma ba ta haihu ba; Babban abin da ta fi so shi ne goyon bayan yancin mata da kuma inganta aikin lambu a Sweden, wanda ta zama majagaba na farko tare da kawarta Anna Lindhagen . Anna Åbergsson ya mutu a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1937 kuma an binne shi bayan mako guda a ''Norra begravningsplatsen'' a Solna, Stockholm.<ref name=":3">Bergshamra koloniförening: ''[http://www.bergshamrakoloniforening.se/Dokument/100-6.pdf Odlingssällskapet]''.</ref><ref>Stockholms stadsarkiv: ''Odlingssällskapet Stockholms omnejd''. SE/SSA/3721.</ref><ref>SvenskaGravar. ''[http://www.svenskagravar.se/gravsatt/45664917 Åbergsson, ANNA MATILDA]''. Retrieved 22 February 2021.</ref> == Rarraba aikin lambu da gyara zamantakewa == [[Fayil:Anna_Åbergsson.jpg|left|thumb| Anna Åbergsson a rabon aikin lambu Bergshamra, 1920s.]] Anna Åbergsson an gabatar da shi ga aikin aikin gona ta hanyar kawarta, ƴan siyasar zamantakewar demokraɗiyya da mai kawo sauyi na zamantakewa Anna Lindhagen. Lindhagen ya fara cin karo da lambuna a [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]] a cikin 1903 kuma nan da nan ya karbe shi da fa'idodin kiwon lafiya waɗanda ƙananan lambunan lambun ke ba da iyalai masu aiki na birni waɗanda a lokacin sau da yawa sukan sha wahala daga yanayin rayuwa, rashin isasshen iska da rashin abinci mai gina jiki. A cikin 1906 Åbergsson da Lindhagen sun ƙaddamar da kafa ƙungiyar farko ta Sweden don lambunan rabo, ''Föreningen koloniträdgårdar'' a Stockholm (yau ''Föreningen Stor-Stockholms Koloniträdgårdar'', FSSK); Lindhagen zama darekta kuma Åbergsson akan kudi. Lokacin da gundumar Stockholm a cikin 1921 ta karɓi ragamar mulkin mallaka, Åbergsson ta karɓi matsayin darekta daga abokinta. A shekara ta 1918 ta zama akawu na ''Frisinnade landsföreningen'' (Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru), ta kasance sakataren ''Folkhushållningskommissionens koloniavdelning'' (Ma'aikatar Rarraba Lambu ta Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Jama'a) tare da gungun 'yan'uwanmu ''na Stockholm na Stockholm rabon gonaki sun kafa Odlingsssälltian'' yankin Odlingssällti. tare da yankin lambu na Bergshamra, wanda ta ci gaba da aiki har zuwa mutuwarta a 1937. Ɗaya daga cikin lambuna na farko da aka kafa a Sweden bisa ga ra'ayoyin masu kawo sauyi na zamantakewa wanda Lindhagen da Åbergsson suka inganta shi ne ''Söderbrunns koloniområde'' a Norra Djurgården, Stockholm, wanda aka kafa a 1905. Yayin da adadin masu sha'awar ya karu, an buɗe ƙarin yankuna a Barnängen (1905) da [[Eriksdalslunden]] (1906). Don yin adalci ga masu nema, ƙungiyoyin aikin lambu sun ba da rabon ta hanyar caca har ma da rarraba itatuwan 'ya'yan itace . A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, an kafa wuraren aikin gona a cikin Söderbrunn, Stocksund, Tureberg, Bällsta a cikin Bromma, Solna (Bergshamra, Lilla Frösunda da Hagalund), da kuma Antuna a cikin Sollentuna da Norrby a cikin Västerhaninge . Yawancinsu sun bi tsarin 'classical' tare da ƙananan gidaje tare da dafa abinci da filayen [[Lambu|lambuna na ado]], amma a cikin shekarun yakin duniya [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|na farko]] da [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|na biyu]] akwai ko da lambuna zalla don noman Dankali. [[Fayil:Man,_kvinna,_pojke_och_hund_framför_stuga._Koloniträdgård_i_Eriksdalslunden,_Stockholm_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0048571.jpg|thumb| Iyali da kare a gaban gidan gonar da aka raba musu a Eriksdalslunden, Stockholm (tsakanin 1906 da 1915).]] Ga Åbergsson mai horar da kuɗi, lambunan rarraba ba kawai suna ba da fa'ida ga lafiya da abinci mai gina jiki na waɗanda suka noma su ba amma kuma suna da mahimmancin tattalin arziki yayin da suke ba iyalai masu aiki da uwaye marasa aure wurin da za su shuka kayan lambu da dankali da kuma saka kuɗinsu na dogon lokaci kuma tare da fa'ida ta gaske, ta haka rage kashe kuɗin jama'a kan kula da lafiya da ƙarancin taimako :<blockquote>"Bayyana lokaci a lambun yana da matukar mahimmancin [[tsafta]] . Yana ba da iska mai kyau. Abubuwan jin daɗi da lafiya iri-iri a cikin aikin da ke zuwa tare da aikin lambu - ko mashin ɗin ya yi shi, magatakarda, mai sutura ko uwar gida - ba za a iya ƙima ba. Lambuna na kasafi jarumai ne masu ƙarfi a yaƙi da manyan cututtuka guda biyu na zamaninmu - [[tarin fuka]] da jijiyoyi da yawa . ” / " ''Vistelsen i trädgården är naturligtvis av utomordentlig hygienisk betydelse. Den erbjuder frisk luft. sömmerskans eller husmoderns arbete – kan ej skattas nog högt.'' </blockquote>Bergshamra musamman an kafa shi azaman nau'in al'umma na raba kayan lambu. An buɗe shi a cikin 1919 ta Anna Åbergsson da ƙanenta, lauya Sven Ivar Åbergsson, ya ƙunshi rabo daga murabba'in murabba'in mita 300 zuwa 400 kowanne, tare da tsauraran dokoki kan yadda ake noman beets kuma tare da cottages ba a yarda su wuce yanki na murabba'in murabba'in 22 ba. Ta taɓa kwatanta shi a matsayin "mafi girman halittarta" kuma ta gudanar da al'umma har sai masu lambu - ko 'yan mulkin mallaka' kamar yadda ake kira su a cikin Yaren mutanen Sweden - sun kafa ƙungiyar su, ''Koloniföreningen Bergshamra UPA'' a 1931. Ko da yake ana mutunta ta a matsayin farkon wanda ya kafa Bergshamra, dangantakar da ke tsakanin Åbergsson da ’yan mulkin mallaka na iya zama wani lokaci tana tashe, kamar yadda ma’ajiyar tarihin kungiyar ta shaida:<blockquote>“Amma kamar yadda uwa cikin aminci take yi wa ‘ya’yanta gargaɗi haka ita ma Ms. Åbergsson ta shawarci masu mulkin mallaka, amma yayin da ta yi haka sai ta manta cewa tana mu'amala da mutane manya, dangantakar da yawancin membobin ba su gamsu da samun kansu a ciki ba. / “ ''Men som en mor i all välmening förmanar sina barn så förmanade även fr. Åbergsson sina kolonister, men glömde därvid bort att hon hade med fullväxta personer att göra, ett förhållande som många medlemmar ej ville finna sig i.”'' </blockquote>Lokacin da rabon aikin lambu a Stockholm ya fuskanci matsin lamba a ƙarshen 1920s da 1930s saboda faɗaɗa birni da sabunta wuraren zama da ababen more rayuwa, Anna Åbergsson da Anna Lindhagen sun kasance a sahun gaba na zanga-zangar siyasa don nuna adawa da rufewar mazaunan, suna nuna mahimmancin zamantakewar su ga babban ɓangare na matalautan biranen Stockholm. A ƙarshe an yanke shawarar ajiye lambunan tare da matsar da wasu daga cikinsu nesa da tsakiyar gari. Ganawa tsakanin matan biyu, magajin gari Carl Lindhagen - wanda ɗan'uwan Anna Lindhagen - da darekta kuma injiniyan sashen tsara birni Lilienberg da Dahlberg, an bayyana shi a cikin Dagens Nyheter (17 Satumba 1928) kamar haka:<blockquote>"Dukkanin magajin gari, Miss Anna Lindhagen, Miss Åbergsson da wakilan 'yan mulkin mallaka sun ba masu tsara birni wani yanki na tunaninsu game da yadda suke tafiyar da ma'aunin su. Shi kuma magajin gari har ya gama daya daga cikin jawabinsa da cewa, “Rayuwa jama’a, kasa da ma’auni!” / “ ''Såväl borgmästaren, fröken Anna Lindhagen, fröken Åbergsson och wakilin för kolonisterna gåvo stadsplaneherrarna skäppan full för deras sätt att sköta sina linjaler. Och borgmästaren slutade tom ett av sina anföranden med ett leve för människan och ett ve över linjalerna!”'' </blockquote>Anna Åbergsson ta shafe shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarta a Stockholm. Lokacin da ta mutu a shekara ta 1937, an yi mata makoki a matsayin "koloniträdgårdarnas klockarmor" - "mahaifiyar rabe-rabe". == Gado == [[Fayil:Åberssons_väg_2010.jpg|thumb| Alamar hanya don tunawa da Anna Åbergsson a Bergshamra, 2010.]] A shekara ta 1986 kungiyar raba kayan lambu a ''Eriksdalslundens koloniområde'' mai suna daya daga cikin titunan su "Anna Åbergssons väg". Wani titi mai suna "Åbergssons" ana iya samun shi a cikin lambun da aka ba da izini Bergshamra. A Scholarship kafuwar, ''S och A Åbergssons stipendiestiftelse'', An kafa ta hanyar wasiyya domin Anna Åbergsson daga 3 Yuli 1934 don tallafa mata shari'a dalibai a Uppsala University "wadanda suka nuna basira da sha'awar doka, tare da fifiko ga 'ya'ya mata na memba na Kotun Koli ". ''Uppsala Akademiförvaltning'' ne ke kula da gidauniyar, Jami'ar Uppsala Foundations Management of Estates and Funds. <ref>Uppsala Akademiförvaltning. ''[https://www.uaf.se/sv/stiftelse/?s=91746 S och A Åbergssons stipendiestiftelse] {{Webarchive}}.'' Retrieved 21 February 2021.</ref> == Littafi Mai Tsarki (zaɓi) == Anna Åbergsson ta buga labarai da yawa game da tsaro na kuɗi ga mata, batutuwan haƙƙin mata da rabon aikin lambu. Don ƙarin bayani duba Libris. * Hur kvinnornas intressen tillvaratagas. Ålderdomsförsäkringskommitténs förslag [Yadda ake kiyaye muradun mata. Shawarar kwamitin inshorar tsufa]. ''Rösträtt för kvinnor'' 1 (1912):19. shafi na 1-2. * Kvinnor i pensionsnämnderna [Mata a cikin kwamitocin fansho]. ''Rösträtt för kvinnor'' 2 (1913):15. p. 2. * ''Kvinnornas ställning i ålderdomsförsäkringskommitténs förslag har allmän pensionsförsäkring.'' ''Föredrag'' [Matsayin mata a cikin shawarwarin kwamitin inshorar tsufa na inshorar fansho na gabaɗaya. Lecture]. Stockholm: Eklund, 1913. * Kvinnornas ojämna kamp don tillvaron. Den nya pensionskassan [Women ta m gwagwarmayar wanzuwa. Sabon asusun fansho]. ''Rösträtt för kvinnor'' 1917(6): 1 shafi na 4–5. * De svenska städernas trädgårdskolonier och möjligheten av deras inläggande i stadsplan [Gidan rabon gonakin garuruwan Sweden da yuwuwar shigarsu cikin tsarin birni]. ''Svenska stadsförbundets tidskrift'' 1926(18):4. shafi na 183-192. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] apssso4avn11lu16gsyzzdm8yfdc24a 822010 822009 2026-04-17T20:37:20Z Maryam Abdullahi Anka 44060 822010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Anna Mathilda Augusta Åbergsson''' (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga watan Janairu na shekara ta 1871 - 18 Afrilu 1937) ta kasance jagaba a cikin yunkurin lambun ƙasar Sweden. <ref> name=":0">Anon. (1914). "Åbergsson, Anna". In: Hedberg, Walborg; Arosenius, Louise (eds.): ''Svenska kvinnor från skilda verksamhetsområden. Biografisk uppslagsbok''. Stockholm: Albert Bonniers förlag. p. 113.</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Anna Åbergsson a Stockholm a cikin shekara ta 1871 zuwa [[Andreas Viktor Åbergsson]] (26 Maris 1835 a Stockholm - 7 ga Agustan shekarar 1897 a Furusund), jami'in gwamnati, adalci da siyasa, da matarsa Augusta Resén. <ref name=":1">Anon. [http://www.skeptron.uu.se/broady/arkiv/a/ffo/kap-abergsson-anna.htm Åbergsson, Anna]. In: ''Formering för offentlighet. En kollektivbiografi över Stockholmskvinnor 1880–1920''. Uppsala: Uppsala University. Retrieved 21 February 2021.</ref><ref>Anon. (1922). [https://runeberg.org/nfcm/0491.html Åbergsson, Anders Viktor]. In: ''Nordisk familjebok. Konversationslexikon och realencyklopedi'', 2. ed. Väderlek – Äänekoski. pp. 909–910.</ref> Ta girma a cikin iyali masu arziki a gundumar Östermalm, ta sami ilimi mai zurfi wanda ya haɗa da nazarin harshe a Ingila da [[Holand|Netherlands]] da kuma horarwa na aiki a makarantar aikin lambu ''Åtvidabergs trädgårdsskola'' . Daga nan ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar Stockholm ( ''Stockholms högskola'' ) bangaren shari'a kuma daga 1897 zuwa 1898 ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar akawu na gidan tarihi na Nordic ( ''Nordiska Museet'' ). <ref name=":1" /> Masu sha'awar ilimin mata da batutuwan [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|haƙƙinsu]], Åbergsson kuma ya ba da kwasa-kwasan masu zaman kansu cikin harshen Ingilishi da kuma ''Föreningen studenter och arbetare'' (ƙungiyar ɗalibai da ma'aikata), ''Stockholms Borgarskola'' da ''Beskowska skola'' tsakanin 1896 da 1910. Babban hanyar samun kudin shiga ita ce lissafin banki. Ta yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda na ofis na cibiyar inshora ''Ränte och Kapitalförsäkringsanstalten'' a Stockholm (1989-1908) kuma a matsayin akawu na wucin gadi (tun 1909 mai kula da kuɗi) na kamfanin ma'adinai ''Luossavaara-Kirunavaara AB'' da [[Sufuri|kamfanin jigilar kayayyaki]] ''Trafik AB Grängesberg-Oxekilda'' a Stockholm kafin ya zama ''banki'' a Stockholm. ta zauna har sai da ta yi ritaya a 1926. <ref name=":2">Lamming, Peter (2011). [https://haga-brunnsviken.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/hagabladet_1-2-11_web.pdf Kolonilotten – en chans till natur och kultur]. In: ''Hagabladet'' 1–2. pp. 5f. Retrieved 21 February 2021.</ref> Ba ta taɓa yin aure ba kuma ba ta haihu ba; Babban abin da ta fi so shi ne goyon bayan yancin mata da kuma inganta aikin lambu a Sweden, wanda ta zama majagaba na farko tare da kawarta Anna Lindhagen . Anna Åbergsson ya mutu a ranar 18 ga Afrilun shekarar 1937 kuma an binne shi bayan mako guda a ''Norra begravningsplatsen'' a Solna, Stockholm.<ref name=":3">Bergshamra koloniförening: ''[http://www.bergshamrakoloniforening.se/Dokument/100-6.pdf Odlingssällskapet]''.</ref><ref>Stockholms stadsarkiv: ''Odlingssällskapet Stockholms omnejd''. SE/SSA/3721.</ref><ref>SvenskaGravar. ''[http://www.svenskagravar.se/gravsatt/45664917 Åbergsson, ANNA MATILDA]''. Retrieved 22 February 2021.</ref> == Rarraba aikin lambu da gyara zamantakewa == [[Fayil:Anna_Åbergsson.jpg|left|thumb| Anna Åbergsson a rabon aikin lambu Bergshamra, 1920s.]] Anna Åbergsson an gabatar da shi ga aikin aikin gona ta hanyar kawarta, ƴan siyasar zamantakewar demokraɗiyya da mai kawo sauyi na zamantakewa Anna Lindhagen. Lindhagen ya fara cin karo da lambuna a [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]] a cikin 1903 kuma nan da nan ya karbe shi da fa'idodin kiwon lafiya waɗanda ƙananan lambunan lambun ke ba da iyalai masu aiki na birni waɗanda a lokacin sau da yawa sukan sha wahala daga yanayin rayuwa, rashin isasshen iska da rashin abinci mai gina jiki. A cikin 1906 Åbergsson da Lindhagen sun ƙaddamar da kafa ƙungiyar farko ta Sweden don lambunan rabo, ''Föreningen koloniträdgårdar'' a Stockholm (yau ''Föreningen Stor-Stockholms Koloniträdgårdar'', FSSK); Lindhagen zama darekta kuma Åbergsson akan kudi. Lokacin da gundumar Stockholm a cikin 1921 ta karɓi ragamar mulkin mallaka, Åbergsson ta karɓi matsayin darekta daga abokinta. A shekara ta 1918 ta zama akawu na ''Frisinnade landsföreningen'' (Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru), ta kasance sakataren ''Folkhushållningskommissionens koloniavdelning'' (Ma'aikatar Rarraba Lambu ta Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Jama'a) tare da gungun 'yan'uwanmu ''na Stockholm na Stockholm rabon gonaki sun kafa Odlingsssälltian'' yankin Odlingssällti. tare da yankin lambu na Bergshamra, wanda ta ci gaba da aiki har zuwa mutuwarta a 1937. Ɗaya daga cikin lambuna na farko da aka kafa a Sweden bisa ga ra'ayoyin masu kawo sauyi na zamantakewa wanda Lindhagen da Åbergsson suka inganta shi ne ''Söderbrunns koloniområde'' a Norra Djurgården, Stockholm, wanda aka kafa a 1905. Yayin da adadin masu sha'awar ya karu, an buɗe ƙarin yankuna a Barnängen (1905) da [[Eriksdalslunden]] (1906). Don yin adalci ga masu nema, ƙungiyoyin aikin lambu sun ba da rabon ta hanyar caca har ma da rarraba itatuwan 'ya'yan itace . A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, an kafa wuraren aikin gona a cikin Söderbrunn, Stocksund, Tureberg, Bällsta a cikin Bromma, Solna (Bergshamra, Lilla Frösunda da Hagalund), da kuma Antuna a cikin Sollentuna da Norrby a cikin Västerhaninge . Yawancinsu sun bi tsarin 'classical' tare da ƙananan gidaje tare da dafa abinci da filayen [[Lambu|lambuna na ado]], amma a cikin shekarun yakin duniya [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|na farko]] da [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|na biyu]] akwai ko da lambuna zalla don noman Dankali. [[Fayil:Man,_kvinna,_pojke_och_hund_framför_stuga._Koloniträdgård_i_Eriksdalslunden,_Stockholm_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0048571.jpg|thumb| Iyali da kare a gaban gidan gonar da aka raba musu a Eriksdalslunden, Stockholm (tsakanin 1906 da 1915).]] Ga Åbergsson mai horar da kuɗi, lambunan rarraba ba kawai suna ba da fa'ida ga lafiya da abinci mai gina jiki na waɗanda suka noma su ba amma kuma suna da mahimmancin tattalin arziki yayin da suke ba iyalai masu aiki da uwaye marasa aure wurin da za su shuka kayan lambu da dankali da kuma saka kuɗinsu na dogon lokaci kuma tare da fa'ida ta gaske, ta haka rage kashe kuɗin jama'a kan kula da lafiya da ƙarancin taimako :<blockquote>"Bayyana lokaci a lambun yana da matukar mahimmancin [[tsafta]] . Yana ba da iska mai kyau. Abubuwan jin daɗi da lafiya iri-iri a cikin aikin da ke zuwa tare da aikin lambu - ko mashin ɗin ya yi shi, magatakarda, mai sutura ko uwar gida - ba za a iya ƙima ba. Lambuna na kasafi jarumai ne masu ƙarfi a yaƙi da manyan cututtuka guda biyu na zamaninmu - [[tarin fuka]] da jijiyoyi da yawa . ” / " ''Vistelsen i trädgården är naturligtvis av utomordentlig hygienisk betydelse. Den erbjuder frisk luft. sömmerskans eller husmoderns arbete – kan ej skattas nog högt.'' </blockquote>Bergshamra musamman an kafa shi azaman nau'in al'umma na raba kayan lambu. An buɗe shi a cikin 1919 ta Anna Åbergsson da ƙanenta, lauya Sven Ivar Åbergsson, ya ƙunshi rabo daga murabba'in murabba'in mita 300 zuwa 400 kowanne, tare da tsauraran dokoki kan yadda ake noman beets kuma tare da cottages ba a yarda su wuce yanki na murabba'in murabba'in 22 ba. Ta taɓa kwatanta shi a matsayin "mafi girman halittarta" kuma ta gudanar da al'umma har sai masu lambu - ko 'yan mulkin mallaka' kamar yadda ake kira su a cikin Yaren mutanen Sweden - sun kafa ƙungiyar su, ''Koloniföreningen Bergshamra UPA'' a 1931. Ko da yake ana mutunta ta a matsayin farkon wanda ya kafa Bergshamra, dangantakar da ke tsakanin Åbergsson da ’yan mulkin mallaka na iya zama wani lokaci tana tashe, kamar yadda ma’ajiyar tarihin kungiyar ta shaida:<blockquote>“Amma kamar yadda uwa cikin aminci take yi wa ‘ya’yanta gargaɗi haka ita ma Ms. Åbergsson ta shawarci masu mulkin mallaka, amma yayin da ta yi haka sai ta manta cewa tana mu'amala da mutane manya, dangantakar da yawancin membobin ba su gamsu da samun kansu a ciki ba. / “ ''Men som en mor i all välmening förmanar sina barn så förmanade även fr. Åbergsson sina kolonister, men glömde därvid bort att hon hade med fullväxta personer att göra, ett förhållande som många medlemmar ej ville finna sig i.”'' </blockquote>Lokacin da rabon aikin lambu a Stockholm ya fuskanci matsin lamba a ƙarshen 1920s da 1930s saboda faɗaɗa birni da sabunta wuraren zama da ababen more rayuwa, Anna Åbergsson da Anna Lindhagen sun kasance a sahun gaba na zanga-zangar siyasa don nuna adawa da rufewar mazaunan, suna nuna mahimmancin zamantakewar su ga babban ɓangare na matalautan biranen Stockholm. A ƙarshe an yanke shawarar ajiye lambunan tare da matsar da wasu daga cikinsu nesa da tsakiyar gari. Ganawa tsakanin matan biyu, magajin gari Carl Lindhagen - wanda ɗan'uwan Anna Lindhagen - da darekta kuma injiniyan sashen tsara birni Lilienberg da Dahlberg, an bayyana shi a cikin Dagens Nyheter (17 Satumba 1928) kamar haka:<blockquote>"Dukkanin magajin gari, Miss Anna Lindhagen, Miss Åbergsson da wakilan 'yan mulkin mallaka sun ba masu tsara birni wani yanki na tunaninsu game da yadda suke tafiyar da ma'aunin su. Shi kuma magajin gari har ya gama daya daga cikin jawabinsa da cewa, “Rayuwa jama’a, kasa da ma’auni!” / “ ''Såväl borgmästaren, fröken Anna Lindhagen, fröken Åbergsson och wakilin för kolonisterna gåvo stadsplaneherrarna skäppan full för deras sätt att sköta sina linjaler. Och borgmästaren slutade tom ett av sina anföranden med ett leve för människan och ett ve över linjalerna!”'' </blockquote>Anna Åbergsson ta shafe shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarta a Stockholm. Lokacin da ta mutu a shekara ta 1937, an yi mata makoki a matsayin "koloniträdgårdarnas klockarmor" - "mahaifiyar rabe-rabe". == Gado == [[Fayil:Åberssons_väg_2010.jpg|thumb| Alamar hanya don tunawa da Anna Åbergsson a Bergshamra, 2010.]] A shekara ta 1986 kungiyar raba kayan lambu a ''Eriksdalslundens koloniområde'' mai suna daya daga cikin titunan su "Anna Åbergssons väg". Wani titi mai suna "Åbergssons" ana iya samun shi a cikin lambun da aka ba da izini Bergshamra. A Scholarship kafuwar, ''S och A Åbergssons stipendiestiftelse'', An kafa ta hanyar wasiyya domin Anna Åbergsson daga 3 Yuli 1934 don tallafa mata shari'a dalibai a Uppsala University "wadanda suka nuna basira da sha'awar doka, tare da fifiko ga 'ya'ya mata na memba na Kotun Koli ". ''Uppsala Akademiförvaltning'' ne ke kula da gidauniyar, Jami'ar Uppsala Foundations Management of Estates and Funds. <ref>Uppsala Akademiförvaltning. ''[https://www.uaf.se/sv/stiftelse/?s=91746 S och A Åbergssons stipendiestiftelse] {{Webarchive}}.'' Retrieved 21 February 2021.</ref> == Littafi Mai Tsarki (zaɓi) == Anna Åbergsson ta buga labarai da yawa game da tsaro na kuɗi ga mata, batutuwan haƙƙin mata da rabon aikin lambu. Don ƙarin bayani duba Libris. * Hur kvinnornas intressen tillvaratagas. Ålderdomsförsäkringskommitténs förslag [Yadda ake kiyaye muradun mata. Shawarar kwamitin inshorar tsufa]. ''Rösträtt för kvinnor'' 1 (1912):19. shafi na 1-2. * Kvinnor i pensionsnämnderna [Mata a cikin kwamitocin fansho]. ''Rösträtt för kvinnor'' 2 (1913):15. p. 2. * ''Kvinnornas ställning i ålderdomsförsäkringskommitténs förslag har allmän pensionsförsäkring.'' ''Föredrag'' [Matsayin mata a cikin shawarwarin kwamitin inshorar tsufa na inshorar fansho na gabaɗaya. Lecture]. Stockholm: Eklund, 1913. * Kvinnornas ojämna kamp don tillvaron. Den nya pensionskassan [Women ta m gwagwarmayar wanzuwa. Sabon asusun fansho]. ''Rösträtt för kvinnor'' 1917(6): 1 shafi na 4–5. * De svenska städernas trädgårdskolonier och möjligheten av deras inläggande i stadsplan [Gidan rabon gonakin garuruwan Sweden da yuwuwar shigarsu cikin tsarin birni]. ''Svenska stadsförbundets tidskrift'' 1926(18):4. shafi na 183-192. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a8rplvl3fu2hkk7weitl2g2ql9a59gx 0 93779 821971 599693 2026-04-17T17:23:22Z Joserpkm 35450 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 821971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ya zuwa 2019, gwamnatin Brunei ta gina ''Masallaci'' ([[Masallaci|Masallatai]]) sama da 102, surau 5 da {{Lang|ms|balai ibadat}} 11 (gidan ibada). Ana amfani da waɗannan masallatai don fiye da addu'a kawai; ana amfani da su don al'umma da abubuwan addini ciki har da karatun [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]], laccoci na addini, da abincin dare na Shukr. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Addini ta Ma'aikatu tana kula da dukkan masallatai a Brunei.{{Sfn|Information Department|2009}} == Tarihi == Masallatai a Brunei za a iya raba su zuwa kashi uku: masallatai na kasa, manyan masallatai, da masallatai a ƙauye. Masallacin Omar Ali Saifuddien (Masallacin SOAS) da Masallacin Jame 'Asr Hassanil Bolkiah (Masallaci naJAHB) sune masallatai biyu na jihar. Masallacin Setia Ali a Serasa da Masallacin Mohammad Jamalul Alam a Kuala Belait misalai ne na manyan masallatai, ko masallatai na mukim, waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin muhimman cibiyoyin addini a kowane gundumar kuma suna iya ɗaukar mutane 2,000. Masallatai na ƙauye sun fi ƙanƙanta, suna cikin ƙauyuka, kuma suna da damar kusan masu bautar 1000. Misalan waɗannan masallatai sun haɗa da Mohamed Bolkiah a Serusop da Masallacin Sultan Sharif Ali a Sengkurong .{{Sfn| Nurul Atiqah binti Haji Abd Latif|Lilly Suzanna Shamsu|2022}} Gine-ginen masallaci a Brunei yana nuna haɗin masarautar al'adun Malay tare da mulkin Islama, yana aiki da dalilai na addini da al'adu. Masallatai na ƙananan birane da ƙauyuka sun yi wahayi zuwa gare su ta hanyar ƙirar gargajiya ta Malay, yayin da masallatai na ƙasa da manyan masallatai suka haɗa abubuwa na Larabci da Kudancin Asiya tare da alamomin Malay. Wannan tsarin zane yana nuna matsayin masallatai, tare da masallatai masu girma da ke da alaƙa da jihar da waɗanda ke da ƙananan matsayi waɗanda ke nuna yanayin gida. Ma'anar gine-ginen Melayu Islam Beraja (MIB), kodayake an kafa shi ne daga baya, yana da tushe a cikin kayayyaki daga mulkin Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III kuma yana ci gaba da tasiri ga gine-ginin zamani.{{Sfn|Lopes|Mohd Hasnan|2021}} Hanyoyin gine-ginen Bruneian Malay suna ƙarƙashin jagorancin ''Adat Istiadat Diraja'' (Kwamitin Sarauta), [[Shari'a]] (Dokar Islama), da ''Adat Istiadat Melayu'' (Kwamnatin Malayi), tare da dokar Islama da ke mamayewa da tsara kayayyaki don ɗaukar dabi'un Islama, al'adun Malay, da alamomin sarauta. Masallatai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar da cewa an haɗa waɗannan abubuwa cikin tsarin shari'a da al'adu na ƙasar.{{Sfn|Lopes|Mohd Hasnan|2021}} == Tarihin gine-gine == === Tarihin Farko === Sultan Sharif Ali ya gina masallaci na farko a kasar a Kota Batu, wanda aka fi sani da Masjid Besar. {{Sfn|Information Department|2009}}{{Sfn|Sweeney|1968}} A shekara ta 1975, mai bincike Robert Nicholl ya ba da rahoton wannan masallaci na farko a matsayin babba da cikakke, tare da zinariya da rabin taimako, a lokacin harin Francisco de Sande a shekara ta 1578. {{Sfn|Nicholl|1975}} Daga baya a shekara ta 2004, Pengiran Badarudin ya yanke shawarar cewa Sultan Saiful Rijal ya gina masallacin, wanda ke da rufin da ke da tsayi mai tsayi tare da ƙirar pyramidal wanda gine-ginen Malay ya rinjayi.{{Sfn|Pengiran Badarudin|2004}} Yana da ginshiƙai da aka kafa a rabi a bangon don barin haske da iska su gudana, tare da ginshiƙi mai hasumiya da aka yi da itace mai baƙar fata da bedok (drum) don sanarwar da lokutan addu'a. Rubutun Larabci da matani na Alkur'ani sun yi wa bangon masallacin ado. A ranar 23 ga Yuni 1578, Mutanen Espanya sun lalata masallacin a lokacin Yaƙin Castilian . Masallatai da {{Lang|ms|balai ibadat}} tare da rufin da aka yi da ganyen nibong an gina su a Berakas, Subok, da Melabau a karni na 18, duk suna amfani da kayan katako masu ƙarfi.{{Sfn| Nurul Atiqah binti Haji Abd Latif|Lilly Suzanna Shamsu|2022}} [[Fayil:Masjid_Pekan_Brunei.jpg|thumb|Masjid Marbut Pak Tunggal, farkon Karni na 20 a Brunei]] Masjid Marbut (Pak) Tunggal, ko Masjid Pekan Brunei, an gina shi da rufin asbestos biyu da [[Hasumiya|Minaret]] wanda aka raba kashi uku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-20 |title=Ruj. Tahukah Awda? |url=https://www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn/Lists/Tahukah%20Awda/NewDisplayForm.aspx?ID=162&ContentTypeId=0x0100D879FA3300736948AC4D6B1457743748 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Pelita Brunei |language=ms}}</ref> Ita ce masallaci na farko da aka gina a ƙasa, an kafa ta ne a wurin da Masallacin SOAS yake a yanzu a lokacin mulkin Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II. Gininsa ya haɗu da tubali da itace. A wurin da Ginin TAIB yake a yanzu, an gina Masjid Kajang a ƙarƙashin Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin . Masallaci ne na katako mai tsawo tare da [[ganye]] na nibong da ke rufe shi wanda zai iya saukar da mutane 500. Shekaru na 1930 sun ga karuwa a gina masallatai a wajen garin Brunei, musamman wadanda ke Jalan Gadong da Kampong Lambak, dukansu biyu sun lalace a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. An gina ƙananan masallatai a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960 ta mazauna yankin da kansu, tare da taimakon hukuma daga baya.{{Sfn| Nurul Atiqah binti Haji Abd Latif|Lilly Suzanna Shamsu|2022}} Masallatai a Brunei an fara amfani da su a matsayin ɗakunan ajiya ga ɗalibai a shekara ta 1914. Koyaya, lokacin da rajista ya karu da sauri, masallatai sun daina amfani da su a matsayin makarantu na al'ada kuma gwamnati ta gina sabbin wurare don adana yawan ɗalibai masu yawa. A Kampong Sultan Lama, an gina masallaci kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II, amma an rushe shi a lokacin da [[Japan]] ta mamaye Brunei daga 1941 zuwa 1945.{{Sfn| Nurul Atiqah binti Haji Abd Latif|Lilly Suzanna Shamsu|2022}} Kafin shekarun 1950, an gina masallatai na Brunei daga itace, bamboo, da ganyen dabino, suna nuna gine-ginen Malay tare da ɗakunan katako a kan stilts da rufin pyramidal don iska. Yawancin lokaci ya fi na yau da kullun, rufin yana da ƙuƙwalwa a saman. Veranda, wani nau'in gine-gine wanda ya nuna gidan gargajiya na Malay, suma sun kasance masu yawa. Wadannan masallatai na farko ba su da dome da minarets, siffofin da suka zama ruwan dare a masallatai da aka gina a cikin shekarun 1950 lokacin da aka yi amfani da kankare, suna nuna tasirin gine-ginen Hindu da Buddha da kuma duniyar Malay ([[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] da Malay Peninsula). Wadannan masallatai galibi sun haɗa da wuraren da aka rufe don karatun [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]], koyarwar addini, da sauran ayyukan rukuni. Wadannan sarari an san su a cikin gida kamar ''balai adat'' kuma an kewaye su da hypostyles.{{Sfn|Lopes|Mohd Hasnan|2021}} === Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III (1950-1967) === Sarautar Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III ta ga ci gaban gine-ginen masallacin Bruneian na zamani yawanci ya haɗu da al'adun al'adun Bruneian tare da abubuwan Larabci da Indo-Islama, kamar su rufin albasa, ganuwar Moroccan da aka sassaƙa, da arches da yawa. Masallatai da yawa sun haɗu da gine-ginen gargajiya da na gargajiya, suna amfani da kayan yanki da al'amuran ado don adana asalin al'adu, koda kuwa siffofin kasashen waje suna rinjayar su. Ko da bayan sabuntawa, tsofaffin masallatai daga shekarun 1950 da 1970 har yanzu suna nuna dabarun gine-gine na gargajiya da suka dace da yanayin yankin.{{Sfn|Lopes|Mohd Hasnan|2021}} [[Fayil:Masjid_Setia_Ali_20.05.2018.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Setia Ali a cikin 2018]] Yawancin manyan masallatai na Brunei an gina su ne tsakanin shekarun 1950 zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1980, a cikin salon da ya kasance na musamman ga Brunei kuma Sultan ne ya tsara shi. Masallacin Setia Ali a Serasa, wanda aka gina a 1961, yana daya daga cikin sanannun masallatai daga wannan zamanin. Masallacin yana da zauren murabba'i wanda aka gina a kan wani dandamali mai goyon bayan stilt kuma yana da veranda da ke kewaye da shi. Rashin rufin conical, wanda ya kunshi rufin da ke da ma'auni wanda ya haɗu a saman kuma yayi kama da laima mai buɗewa, shine fasalin da ya fi dacewa. Wani sanannen fasalin gine-gine a Brunei da Malaysia a wannan lokacin shine laima mai kama da laima. Gidan da ke da siffar albasa a hankali ya maye gurbin rufin Malay na al'ada don goyon bayan laima mai siffar dome. A lokacin mulkinsa, wannan bangare na gine-gine ya zama alama ce ta gine-ginen masallacin Brunei, kodayake ya rasa shahara bayan mutuwarsa.{{Sfn|Lopes|Mohd Hasnan|2021}} [[Fayil:Tutong_19_February_2023_02.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Hassanal Bolkiah a cikin 2023]] Masallatai a Brunei sun samo asali ne daga tsarin gine-gine, suna nuna haɗin zamani da al'ada. Wasu fannoni na gargajiya, irin su cibiyoyin sadarwa masu haɗuwa, an riƙe su lokacin da ginin masallaci a Brunei ya sauya daga gine-ginen katako zuwa masonry da dutse. Da farko an yi niyyar zama tsari, waɗannan katako sun zama kayan ado, suna nuna juriya na gine-ginen Malay a cikin ƙirar masallacin zamani. Musamman abin mamaki shine cibiyoyin sadarwa da aka fallasa a Masallacin Utama Mohammed Salleh a Temburong da Masallacin Hassanal Bolkiah a Tutong, waɗanda aka gama a 1966 da 1968, bi da bi. Wadannan cibiyoyin sadarwa suna tunatar da haɗin gwiwar aikin katako. Musamman a manyan kusurwoyi da sauran wurare masu muhimmanci, kamar sarari tsakanin babban zauren da zauren addu'a na mata a Masallacin Mohamed Bolkiah, katako a cikin waɗannan masallatai suna haifar da kyawawan alamu.{{Sfn|Lopes|Mohd Hasnan|2021}} Yana yiwuwa cewa ''Payung Diraja'' ko ''Lafiya'' (laima na sarauta), tsohuwar alama ce ta sarauta ta Bruneian, ta zama abin koyi ga laima mai siffar dome. Wannan alamar, wacce ta kasance wani ɓangare na alamar ƙasa ta ''Panji-panji'', tana tsaye ne don adalci, zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali, da kuma girmamawa ta sarauta. Laima na sarauta yana da tarihin al'adu mai arziki kuma ana amfani dashi don kare Sultan a lokacin bukukuwan. Tun daga 1868, an yi wa Brunei pitis ado da alamar laima mai fuka-fuki. An kuma haɗa zane a kan yanki daya-centi wanda aka rarraba don tunawa da kambi na Golden Jubilee na Hassanal Bolkiah.{{Sfn|Lopes|Mohd Hasnan|2021}} Wasu daga cikin tsofaffin masallatai na katako na Brunei an sake gina su tare da gine-ginen masonry a ƙarƙashin mulkin Sultan. Wadannan sabbin gine-gine an yi su ne da kayan da suka fi karfi kuma suna da karfin da ya fi girma. Babu masallatai na katako na tarihi da suka rage, sabanin wadanda ke Malaysia da Indonesia, tunda an lalata su ko kuma an rushe su a lokacin mamayar Japan kuma an sake gina su da tubali da gine-ginen kankare. Dokar Antiquities and Treasure Trove Act ta 1967 ta kafa tsarin dokokin Brunei don kare tarihin gine-ginen ta, rarraba abubuwan tunawa na dā kamar waɗanda aka gina kafin 1 ga Janairu 1894. Koyaya, tun daga shekara ta 2018, Brunei tana da gine-gine 27 da wuraren da aka tsara a matsayin abubuwan tunawa na tarihi; babu wani daga cikinsu masallatai ko wuraren tsoffin masallatai.{{Sfn|Lopes|Mohd Hasnan|2021}} === Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah (1967-yanzu) === [[Fayil:Kuala_Belait_30_May_2023_26.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Kampong Pandan a cikin 2023]] Abubuwan gine-ginen Larabci, musamman dome, sun fi yawa a cikin gine-ginin masallacin Brunei a ƙarƙashin mulkin Sultan [[Hassanal Bolkiah]] . Misali, gine-ginen Masallacin Kampong Pandan da Masallacin Perpanduan Lambak Kanan suna da kama da haka, tare da minarets guda biyu waɗanda [[Masallacin Annabi|Al-Masjid an-Nabawi]] ya rinjayi su, dome mai siffar oval, drum na pentagonal, da kuma tsakiya na tsakiya. Masallacin Al-Ameerah Al-Hajjah Maryam, tare da zauren sa na quadrangular, layi madaidaiciya, drum din zagaye, da dome, shine babban misali na gine-ginen gargajiya na Larabci. Ya nuna alamar dawakai da siffar albasa, da kuma kyawawan kayan ado tare da zane-zane da rubutun Musulunci. Saboda girman su da muhimmancin al'adu, yawancin masallatai daga wannan zamanin an gina su ta amfani da kayan aiki masu daraja kamar marmara, dutse, da tagulla. Haɗin masallatai na Brunei na al'adun gargajiya na Malay da na Larabci ya nuna jajircewar ƙasar don kiyaye al'adun al'adu yayin da take rungumar zamani. Haɗuwa mai kyau na waɗannan abubuwan yana kama halayen gine-ginen Brunei, inda tsohuwar da zamani ke zaune cikin jituwa.{{Sfn|Lopes|Mohd Hasnan|2021}} Ya zuwa 2021, an gina masallatai 24 a Brunei a ƙarƙashin mulkin Sultan. Wadannan masallatai suna da ginshiƙai na kankare, ƙirar bene waɗanda ke da kusurwa huɗu, da rufin pyramidal. Sau da yawa ba su da ɗakuna kuma an gina su da kayan aiki masu sauƙi. Sau da yawa suna da wuraren da aka tsara don abubuwan zamantakewa da addini kamar bukukuwan aure da karatun Alkur'ani. Dato Idris Haji Abbas ne ya tsara shi kuma ya gama a shekarar 1994, Masallacin Universiti Brunei Darussalam yana da "style na gine-ginen Brunei" wanda ya haɗu da abubuwa na Islama, Malay, da na wurare masu zafi. Tare da babban zauren murabba'i da aka saita a kan wani dandamali mai tsawo tare da veranda mai tsayi, ƙirar sa tana girmama yanayin zafi da kuma bambancin al'adun yankin. Rufinsa mai siffar dala uku an yi shi da yumbu kuma yana dauke da windows huɗu a bangarorin biyu tsakanin tushe da matakan tsakiya. Hasumiyoyi biyu da aka ɗaga kaɗan tare da ƙananan pyramid da ginshiƙai huɗu suka ɗora a gefen babban ƙofar. Ana samun damar ƙofar gaba ta hanyar ''balai adat'' a kowane bangare na budewa. Wadannan gine-ginen an ƙawata su da alamu na lissafi da ''Rub da Hizb'' da aka yi da beige, baki, da pink tiles.{{Sfn|Lopes|Mohd Hasnan|2021}} [[Fayil:Bandar_Seri_Begawan_8_October_2023_02.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Suri Seri Begawan Raja Pengiran Anak Damit a cikin 2023]] Lokacin da yake gina Masallacin Suri Seri Begawan Raja Pengiran Anak Damit a Madang, masanin gine-gine Dato Idris Haji Abbas ya yi amfani da irin wannan salon Musulunci na Malay da aka sani da gine-ginen MIB. An kammala masallacin a shekarar 2014. <ref name="mosque9">{{Cite web |last=Azlan Othman |date=19 July 2014 |title=Sultan performs 1st Friday prayers at new mosque |url=http://www.sultanate.com/news_server/2014/19_jul_1.html |access-date=24 February 2018 |website=www.sultanate.com |agency=Borneo Bulletin}}</ref> Wannan masallaci yana da ɗaki mai yawa wanda yayi kama da dogon gida, tsarin bene na murabba'i, da rufin pyramidal mai laushi tare da tsakiya na tsakiya. Babban ƙofar yana kwaikwayon gine-ginen masallacin UBD tare da ƙananan rufin da aka ɗora da ƙaramin dome. A kusurwoyi na gaba, duk da haka, manyan minarets sun maye gurbin ƙananan hasumiya biyu na masallacin. Da yake nuna tarihin gine-ginen Brunei, ciki yana da kayan gine-ginin katako na gargajiya na Malay, kamar kayan ado da kuma zane-zane na hakoran shark a kan allon fascia.{{Sfn|Lopes|Mohd Hasnan|2021}} Tsarin tsari na gine-ginen gargajiya na Malay, wanda ke da matsayi na sararin samaniya da hanyoyin da ke haɗa hanyoyin da ke ba da wurare don ayyuka da yawa ciki har da ɗakuna masu amfani da yawa, ɗakunan karatu, da wuraren zamantakewa, tasiri ne na yau da kullun ga masallatai a Brunei. Masallatai na gari da Adnan Badarudin ya kirkira a cikin 1995, kamar su Masallatai da Kampong Lumapas, da Masallacin Duli Pengiran Muda Mahkota Pengiran Muda Haji Al-Muhtadee Billah, misalai ne na masallatai da ke nuna wannan falsafar gine-gine. Yawancin lokaci, waɗannan masallatai suna da tsawo sassan rufin da aka haɗa da babban zauren, kuma suna da rufin rufin pyramidal. Kalmomin Musulunci, arabesques, ogee ko arches na doki, da kuma zagaye ko nau'in albasa sune siffofin ado na yau da kullun. Ana amfani da su a waje da ciki a cikin nau'ikan lissafi da kayan lambu. Wadannan halaye sun bambanta gine-ginen Musulunci da fasaha daga jigogi na al'adun Malay ta hanyar nuna girmamawa kan siffofin fasahar da ba na wakilci ba.{{Sfn|Lopes|Mohd Hasnan|2021}} Ƙungiyar Masu Bincike, Injiniyoyi, da Gine-gine ta Brunei (PUJA) da Babban Majalisar MIB ta Brunei sun haɗa kai tun 2012 don ci gaba da amfani da ra'ayoyin MIB a cikin gini. Muhimmancin shigar da siffofin Islama, Malay, sarauta, da na bikin a cikin tsarin gine-gine na Brunei - musamman ga gine-ginen gwamnati - an jaddada shi a taron da aka gudanar a watan Fabrairun 2013. Wannan taron ya ba da umarnin abubuwa na Islama kuma ya kafa gine-ginen MIB a matsayin salon ƙasa. Makarantar Al-Falaah a cikin Diplomatic Enclave ta nuna wannan dabarar, wanda ya haɗu da siffofin gine-ginen Islama, al'adun gargajiya na Malay, da alamomin sarauta. Gine-ginen masallatai a Brunei yana da tasiri daga al'adun [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]], amma kuma yana la'akari da asalin al'adu na gida da abubuwan halitta, yana nuna sadaukarwar ƙasar don kiyaye halayyar gine-ginen kansa.{{Sfn|Lopes|Mohd Hasnan|2021}} == Masallatai na kasa == Masallatai biyu na Negara (masallatai na jihar), wanda aka fi sani da masallatai (manyan masallatai), a Brunei, Masallacin SOAS da Masallacin JAHB, suna tsaye ne don jituwa tsakanin masarauta da Islama a matsayin addinin gwamnati.{{Sfn|Lopes|Mohd Hasnan|2021}} An gina shi a shekara ta 1958 tare da gudummawar mutum daga marigayi Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III da Sultan [[Hassanal Bolkiah]] a shekara ta 1994, waɗannan masallatai sune gumakan ƙasa waɗanda suka samo asali sosai a cikin sanin jama'ar Bruneian Malays.{{Sfn|Lopes|Mohd Hasnan|2021}} Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III ana yawan ba da izini tare da tsara Masallacin SOAS, da kansa ya kula da ƙirar waɗannan masallatai da sauran tsarin gudanarwa da yawa. A wannan lokacin, gine-ginen masallacin Brunei na musamman ya kasance, wanda ya bambanta da ƙwarewarsa da haɗa gumakan al'adun yankin.{{Sfn|Lopes|Mohd Hasnan|2021}} Masallacin, wanda ke kusa da Kogin Kedayan kuma an kewaye shi da tafkin wucin gadi, yana aiki ne a matsayin hanyar haɗi ta alama tsakanin Brunei da ta gabata da ta yanzu. Masallacin yana da fannoni na al'adun Malay da aka haɗa cikin gine-ginen Mughal. Misali mafi shahara shine kwatankwacin Karni na 16 na ''Mahligai'' (barge na sarauta) a cikin tafkin, wanda shine haihuwar jirgin Sultan Bolkiah.{{Sfn|Lopes|Mohd Hasnan|2021}} Ana iya samun damar tun 1967, an tsara wannan jirgin ne bayan tsoffin Jiragen ruwa da 'yan asalin [[Borneo]] suka yi amfani da su don yaƙi, bukukuwan jana'izar, da bukukuwan sarauta. Yana da baka mai kama da [[tsuntsu]], stern, da kuma tsakiya na hypostyle tare da rufin pyramidal. Hotunan Turai, zane-zane na katako, zane-zanen zane, da murals akai-akai sun haɗa da waɗannan tasoshin. Hanyar jirgin ruwa ta Masallacin SOAS da tafkin da ke kewaye da shi an yi musu ado da tuddai waɗanda suka yi kama da ''ካልisi'' (garkuwa ta gargajiya). Jirgin da kansa an yi masa ado da kayan ado na furanni da kayan lambu waɗanda suka samo wahayi daga tsarin saƙa kayan Bruneian da kayan sarauta. Alamar sarauta ta Sultan Sharif Ali tana nunawa a ƙarshen babban ɗakin. An kuma yi wa maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da yankin wanka ado da mosaics waɗanda ke kwaikwayon launuka masu arziki, alamu, da ƙirar kayan ado mafi kyau na Brunei, waɗanda suke da daraja sosai kuma suna da alaƙa da al'adun sarauta.{{Sfn|Lopes|Mohd Hasnan|2021}} Masallacin SOAS yana da gyare-gyare waɗanda suka haɗa da saka sabbin kayan ado a cikin babban ɗakin dakuna da rufin shigarwa yayin gina Masallacin JAHB a 1994. Kyakkyawan gine-gine na gine-ginen addini da na duniya musamman ya nuna tsarin ganye da aka sani da air muleh, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin alamar ƙasa kuma yana nuna asalin Malay da halin Bruneians. Ana amfani da alamu na iska a cikin ƙirar ciki na Masallacin JAHB, da kuma a cikin bangon minaret, entablatures, da gilashin gilashi. Babban ɗakin ɗakin yana nuna nau'ikan fuka-fuki, wani bangare na Alamomin sarauta da na ƙasa, yayin da minarets' octagonal tessera ke samar da "pixelated" wanda ke nuna kayan ado na gargajiya na Bruneian.{{Sfn|Lopes|Mohd Hasnan|2021}}<gallery mode="nolines" widths="200"> Fayil:Omar_Ali_Saifuddien_Mosque,_Bandar_Seri_Begawan;_March_2009.jpg|SOAS Mosque and the ''Mahligai'' Fayil:The_golden_domed_Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_Mosque_(18404149198).jpg|SOAS Mosque at night Fayil:Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_Mosque_(40600489893).jpg|SOAS Mosque interior Fayil:Jame'Asr_Hassanil_Bolkiah_Mosque_(18404307540).jpg|JAHB Mosque exterior Fayil:Jame'asr_Hassanil_Bolkiah_Mosque_interior._Bandar_Seri_Begawan,_Brunei,_Southeast_Asia.jpg|JAHB Mosque main entrance Fayil:Jame'asr_Hassanil_Bolkiah_Mosque_interior._Bandar_Seri_Begawan,_Brunei,_Southeast_Asia-2.jpg|JAHB Mosque interior </gallery> == Gundumar Brunei-Muara == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Name !Images !Location !Year |- |Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque |[[Fayil:Bandar_Seri_Begawan_24_December_2022_01.jpg|120x120px]] |Pusat Bandar |1958<ref name="Fish Sep 1958">{{Cite web |last=Fish |first=William |date=27 September 1958 |title=6,000 roar their thanks as Sultan of Brunei opens mosque |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19580927-1.2.3 |access-date=6 May 2020 |page=1 |via=NewspaperSG}}</ref> |- |Jame' Asr Hassanil Bolkiah Mosque |[[Fayil:BN-bsb-jame-asr-hassanil-m-2.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Kiarong |1994<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Jame' 'Asr Hassanil Bolkiah |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=16&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Ash-Shaliheen Mosque |[[Fayil:Ash-Shaliheen_Mosque,_Brunei_Darussalam(outside).JPG|120x120px]] |Kampong Melabau |2012<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Ash-Shaliheen |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=135&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Duli Pengiran Muda Mahkota Pengiran Muda Haji Al-Muhtadee Billah Mosque |[[Fayil:Duli_Pengiran_Muda_Mahkota_Pengiran_Muda_Haji_Al-Muhtadee_Billah_Mosque_02.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Tamoi |1999<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Duli Pengiran Muda Mahkota Pengiran Muda Haji Al-Muhtadee Billah, Kampong Tamoi |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=25&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Perdana Wangsa Haji Mohammad Mosque |[[Fayil:Perdana_Wangsa_Haji_Mohammad_Mosque.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Setia 'A' |1995<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-27 |title=Masjid Perdana Wangsa Haji Mohammad |url=http://www.religious-affairs.gov.bn/index.php?ch=bm_info&pg=bm_masjid_list&ac=125 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027131225/http://www.religious-affairs.gov.bn/index.php?ch=bm_info&pg=bm_masjid_list&ac=125 |archive-date=2007-10-27 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Al-Ameerah Al-Hajjah Maryam Mosque |[[Fayil:Al-Ameerah_Al-Hajjah_Maryam_Mosque_02.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Jerudong |1999<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Al-Ameerah Al-Hajjah Maryam, Kampong Jerudong |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=14&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Mohamed Bolkiah Mosque |[[Fayil:Serusop_19_February_2023_03.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Serusop |1979 |- |Perpindahan Lambak Kanan Mosque |[[Fayil:Kampong_Lambak_Kanan_19_February_2023_07.jpg|120x120px]] |Lambak Kanan |1996 |- |Sultan Sharif Ali Mosque |[[Fayil:Sengkurong_2_June_2023_11.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Sengkurong |1986<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-26 |title=1986 - Titah KDYMM Di Majlis Pembukaan Rasmi Masjid Sultan Sharif ‘Ali, Mukim Sengkurong Negara Brunei Darussalam Pada Hari Jumaat, 28 Februari 1986 |url=https://www.information.gov.bn/Lists/TITAH/ItemDisplay.aspx?ID=228&Source=https://www.information.gov.bn/lists/titah/allitems.aspx?Paged=TRUE&p_Year_x0020_of_x0020_the_x0020_Ar=1987&p_ID=213&PageFirstRow=4481&&View=%257B78A3A00B-8364-4C42-AAA7-552BA55696B0%257D&ContentTypeId=0x0100422E821587FC974C9DFFAF38C117CE34 |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Informations Department |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Al-Muhtadee Billah Mosque |[[Fayil:Al-Muhtadee_Billah_Mosque,_Sungai_Kebun.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Sungai Kebun |1987<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Al-Muhtadee Billah, Sungai Kebun |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=19&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Setia Ali Mosque |[[Fayil:Masjid_Setia_Ali_20.05.2018.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Serasa |1962<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-23 |title=Majlis keagamaan rai ulang tahun ke-59 Masjid Setia Ali |url=https://mediapermata.com.bn/majlis-keagamaan-rai-ulang-tahun-ke-59-masjid-setia-ali/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723230722/https://mediapermata.com.bn/majlis-keagamaan-rai-ulang-tahun-ke-59-masjid-setia-ali/ |archive-date=2021-07-23 |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Media Permata Online |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Kampong Belimbing Mosque |[[Fayil:Kampong_Belimbing_02.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Belimbing |1995<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Belimbing, Subok |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=21&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Pehin Datu Imam Haji Abdul Mokti Mosque |[[Fayil:Kampong_Ayer_27_May_2023_12.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Burong Pingai Ayer |1981<ref name="PDIHAM mosque">{{Cite web |title=Masjid Pehin Datu Imam Haji Abdul Mokti, Kampong Burong Pingai Ayer |url=http://www.kheu.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=48&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182418/http://www.kheu.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=48&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=4 July 2021 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Kampong Lambak Mosque |[[Fayil:Kampong_Lambak_Mosque_9_January_2025_01.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Lambak |1994<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Lambak |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=22&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Kampong Salambigar Mosque |[[Fayil:Kampong_Lambak_Kanan_19_February_2023_03.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Salambigar |1995<ref name="mosque">{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Salambigar |url=http://kheu.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=23&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726143305/http://kheu.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=23&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |archive-date=2021-07-26 |access-date=26 July 2021 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Sufri Bolkiah Mosque | |Kampong Jaya Setia |1996<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-27 |title=Masjid Sufri Bolkiah, Perpindahan Berakas |url=http://www.religious-affairs.gov.bn/index.php?ch=bm_info&pg=bm_masjid_list&ac=119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027131649/http://www.religious-affairs.gov.bn/index.php?ch=bm_info&pg=bm_masjid_list&ac=119 |archive-date=2007-10-27 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Universiti Brunei Darussalam Mosque |[[Fayil:UBD_mosque.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Rimba |1995<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Religious Affairs of Brunei Darussalam |title=Universiti Brunei Darussalam's Mosque |url=http://www.religious-affairs.gov.bn/index.php?ch=bm_info&pg=bm_masjid_list&ac=121 |access-date=2012-02-16 |archive-date=2011-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824160418/http://www.religious-affairs.gov.bn/index.php?ch=bm_info |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Kampong Limau Manis Mosque | |Kampong Limau Manis |1994<ref name="mosque2">{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Limau Manis |url=http://www.kheu.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=27&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811080610/http://kheu.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=27&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |archive-date=2022-08-11 |access-date=4 July 2021 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Kampong Bunut Mosque |[[Fayil:Bandar_Seri_Begawan_31_December_2022_35.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Bunut |1992<ref name="mosque3">{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Bunut |url=http://www.kheu.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=28&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115035110/http://www.kheu.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=28&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |archive-date=2019-11-15 |access-date=4 July 2021 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Jubli Perak Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mosque |[[Fayil:Kampong_Jangsak_19_February_2023_04.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Jangsak |1996<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Jubli Perak Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah, Kampong Jangsak |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=29&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Kampong Serdang Mosque |[[Fayil:Brunei-Muara_27_July_2023_24.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Serdang |1996<ref name="mosque4">{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Serdang |url=http://kheu.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=31&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728115331/http://kheu.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=31&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |archive-date=2021-07-28 |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Kampong Pintu Malim Mosque |[[Fayil:Kampong_Pintu_Malim_Mosque_close-up.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Pintu Malim |1997<ref name="mosque5">{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Pintu Malim |url=http://www.kheu.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=32&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727135940/http://www.kheu.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=32&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |archive-date=2021-07-27 |access-date=27 July 2021 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Kampong Kapok Mosque | |Kampong Kapok |1996<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Kapok |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=33&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Kampong Batu Marang Mosque | |Kampong Batu Marang |1996<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Batu Marang |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=34&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Kampong Lumapas Mosque | |Kampong Lumapas |1995<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Lumapas |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=35&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Kampong Sungai Hanching Mosque |[[Fayil:Kampong_Sungai_Hanching_19_February_2023.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Sungai Hanching |1982<ref name="mosque6">{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Sungai Hanching |url=http://kheu.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=36&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726142254/http://kheu.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=36&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |archive-date=2021-07-26 |access-date=26 July 2021 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Kampong Pulaie Mosque | |Kampong Pulaie |1987<ref name="mosque7">{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Pulaie |url=http://www.kheu.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=37&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722063835/http://www.kheu.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=37&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |archive-date=2021-07-22 |access-date=22 July 2021 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Kampong Kasat Mosque | |Kampong Kasat |1980<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Kasat |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=45&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Kampong Masin Mosque | |Kampong Masin |1987<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Masin |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=39&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Pehin Khatib Abdullah Mosque | |Kampong Kulapis |2017 |- |Hassanal Bolkiah Mosque |[[Fayil:Masjid_Hassanal_Bolkiah,_Mentiri_20.05.2018.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Mentiri |2017 |- |Pengiran Muda Abdul Mateen Mosque | |Kampong Mulaut |2012<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swan |first=Eddy |date=2012-08-15 |title=Brunei Share: Masjid Pengiran Muda Abdul Mateen |url=http://virtual-bruneidarussalam.blogspot.com/2012/08/masjid-pengiran-muda-abdul-mateen.html |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Brunei Share}}</ref> |- |Ar-Rahman Mosque |[[Fayil:Ar-Rahman_Mosque_2024.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Tanjong Bunut |2018 |- |Kampong Kilanas Mosque |[[Fayil:Masjid_Kampong_Kilanas_-_02032022.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Kilanas |1968<ref name="kilanas mosque">{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Kilanas |url=http://www.kheu.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=43&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115113201/http://www.kheu.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=43&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |archive-date=2019-11-15 |access-date=4 July 2021 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Duli Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Damit Mosque |[[Fayil:Duli_Raja_Isteri_Pengiran_Anak_Damit_Mosque,_Kilanas,_Brunei.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Kilanas |2012<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Duli Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Damit, Mukim Kilanas |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=129&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Kampong Beribi Mosque | |Kampong Beribi |1984<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Beribi |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=74&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Pengiran Muda Abdul Malik Mosque | |Kampong Katok |2012<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Pengiran Muda 'Abdul Malik, Kampong Tungku Katok |url=http://www.kheu.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=134&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218090306/http://www.kheu.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=134&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |archive-date=2018-02-18 |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs}}</ref> |- |Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Hajah Saleha Mosque | |Kampong Rimba | - |- |Suri Seri Begawan Raja Pengiran Anak Damit Mosque |[[Fayil:Suri_Seri_Begawan_Raja_Pengiran_Anak_Damit_Mosque_02.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Madang |2014<ref name="mosque9"/> |- |Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Mosque | |Kampong Sungai Akar |2013<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pg. Haji Hamdani |first=Dk. Nur Effa Ryina |title=Masjid Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah terima lawatan persinggahan IUHK |url=https://www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn/Lists/Berita/NewDisplayForm.aspx?ID=6251&ContentTypeId=0x0100BC31BF6D2ED1E4459ACCF88DA3E23BA8 |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Pelita Brunei |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Kampong Pudak Mosque | |Kampong Pudak |1974<ref name="mosque10">{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Pudak |url=http://www.kheu.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=50&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183748/http://www.kheu.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=50&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |archive-date=2021-07-09 |access-date=5 July 2021 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Kampong Sungai Bunga Mosque | |Kampong Sungai Bunga | - |- |Kampong Sungai Besar Mosque |[[Fayil:Brunei-Muara_27_July_2023_13.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Sungai Besar |1984<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abdul Latif |first=Haniza |date=2021-01-03 |title=Majlis Doa Kesyukuran 38 tahun Masjid Kampung Sungai Besar |url=https://www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn/Lists/Berita%202009/NewDisplayForm.aspx?ID=38482&ContentTypeId=0x01003909FAFC2C52C240BD1CCEDF92AC1BAE |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Pelita Brunei |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Kampong Tanah Jambu Mosque | |Kampong Tanah Jambu |1979<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Tanah Jambu |url=https://www-kheu-gov-bn.translate.goog/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=54&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx&_x_tr_sl=ms&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Kampong Menunggol Mosque | |Kampong Menunggol |1980<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Menunggol |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=47&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Kampong Panchor Murai Mosque | |Kampong Panchor Murai |1983<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Panchor Murai |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=42&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Kampong Mentiri Mosque |[[Fayil:Brunei-Muara_27_July_2023_09.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Mentiri |1984<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Mentiri |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=56&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Kampong Junjungan Mosque | |Kampong Junjungan |1998<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Junjungan |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=40&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Kampong Bengkurong Mosque |[[Fayil:Kampung_Bengkurong_Mosque_2024.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Bengkurong |1991<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Bengkurong |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=44&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Jefri Bolkiah Mosque | |Kampong Batong |2013<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Jefri Bolkiah, Kampong Batong |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=130&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Az-Zakireen Meragang Mosque | |Kampong Meragang |2024 |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Sunan !Hotuna !Wurin da yake !Shekara |- |Masallacin Al-Mashor |[[Fayil:Bukit_Sawat_3_September_2023_17.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Sungai Mau |1992<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Al-Mashor, Kampong Sungai Mau |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=82&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Kampong Bukit Sawat | |Kampong Bukit Sawat |1990<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Bukit Sawat |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=83&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Kampong Labi | |Kampong Labi |1979<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Labi |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=84&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Kampong Sungai Liang |[[Fayil:Liang_13_November_2022_02.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Sungai Liang |1980<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Sungai Liang |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=81&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Kampong Sungai Teraban |[[Fayil:Kampong_Sungai_Teraban_Mosque.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Sungai Teraban |1994<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Sungai Teraban |url=https://www.kheu.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=80&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Mohammad Jamalul Alam |[[Fayil:Muhammad_Jamalul_Alam_Mosque_2_1-Dec-2021.jpg|120x120px]] |Pekan Kuala Belait |1963<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Mohammad Jamalul Alam, Kuala Belait |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=73&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Pekan zai kasance |[[Fayil:Pekan_Seria_Mosque_02.jpg|120x120px]] |Pekan zai kasance |1954<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Pekan Seria |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=77&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Kampong Pandan |[[Fayil:Kuala_Belait_30_May_2023_25.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Pandan |1996<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid RPN Kampong Pandan |url=http://www.kheu.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=78&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=29 August 2017 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Skim Tanah Kurnia Rakyat Jati Lorong Tiga Selatan |[[Fayil:Skim_Tanah_Kurnia_Rakyat_Jati_Lorong_Tina_Selatan_Seria_Mosque.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Lorong Tiga Selatan | -<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid STKRJ Lorong 3 Selatan Seria |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=87&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Zainab |[[Fayil:Lumut_15_January_2023_04.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Lumut |1998<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Zainab |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=79&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Sunan !Hotuna !Wurin da yake !Shekara |- |Masallacin Kampong Telisai |[[Fayil:Brunei_16_July_2023_64.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Telisai |1984<ref name="mosque12">{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Telisai |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=110&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Kampong Danau |[[Fayil:Brunei_16_July_2023_57.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Danau |1973<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Danau |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=111&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Kampong Perp Goldman Bukit Beruang |[[Fayil:RPN_Bukit_Beruang_24-04-2023_09.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Bukit Beruang | - |- |Masallacin Kampong Penabai |[[Fayil:Tutong_24-04-2023_20.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Penabai |1993<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Penabai |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=108&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Haji Abdul Azim | |Kampong Luagan Dudok |1992<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Haji Abd. Azim, Kampong Luagan Dudok |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=99&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Kampong Bukit | |Kampong Bukit |1997<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Bukit |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=118&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Kampong Benutan | |Kampong Benutan |1996<ref>{{Cite web |title=SenaraiMasjid - Masjid Kampong Benutan |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=117&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Kampong Bukit Udal | |[[Kampong Bukit Udal]] |1995<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Bukit Udal |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=109&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Ar-Rahim | |Kampong Bukit Panggal |2019 |- |Masallacin Kampong Birau | |Kampong Birau |1991<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Birau |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=104&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Kampong Bang Dalam | |Kampong Bang Dalam |1990<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Bang Dalam |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=121&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Kampong Lamunin | |Kampong Lamunin | - |- |Masallacin Kampong Menengah | |Kampong Menengah |1990<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Menengah |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=115&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Kampong Kiudang | |Kampong Kiudang |1972<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Kiudang |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=105&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Pengiran Muda Abdul Wakeel | |Kampong Kiudang | - |- |Masallacin Kampong Penapar | |Kampong Penapar |1991<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Penapar |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=113&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Kampong Layong | |Kampong Layong |1990<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Layong |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=114&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Kampong Lubok Pulau | |Kampong Lubok Pulau |1995<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Lubok Pulau |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=100&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Kampong Tanjong Maya | |Kampong Tanjong Maya |1973<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Tanjong Maya |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=112&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Kampong Kupang |[[Fayil:Tutong_2_June_2023_30.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Kupang |1997<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Kupang |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=103&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Kampong Sinaut |[[Fayil:Tutong_2_June_2023_20.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Sinaut |1979<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Sinaut |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=102&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Kampong Keriam |[[Fayil:Tutong_2_June_2023_09.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Keriam |1992<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Keriam |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=101&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Pengiran Anak Haji Mohamed Alam |[[Fayil:Tutong_2023_05.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Sengkarai |2017<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-11 |title=Masjid PAHMA beri keselesaan beramal ibadat |url=https://www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn/Lists/Berita/NewDisplayForm.aspx?ID=8462&ContentTypeId=0x0100BC31BF6D2ED1E4459ACCF88DA3E23BA8 |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Pelita Brunei |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Hassanal Bolkiah |[[Fayil:Hassanal_Bolkiah_Mosque_02.jpg|120x120px]] |Pekan Tutong |1966<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Hassanal Bolkiah, Pekan Tutong |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=98&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Kampong Penanjong |[[Fayil:Brunei_16_July_2023_70.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Penanjong |1984<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Penanjong |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=107&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Pengiran Anak Isteri Pengiran Anak Sarah Masallaci | |Kampong Sungai Kelugos | - |} == Gundumar Temburong == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Sunan !Hotuna !Wurin da yake !Shekara |- |Masallacin Kampong Labu | |Gidan Kampong Labu |1982<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Labu Estate |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=93&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Kampong Batu Support |[[Fayil:Temburong_27_July_2023_17.jpg|120x120px]] |Kampong Batu Support |1987<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Batu Apoi |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=92&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Utama Mohammed Salleh |[[Fayil:Temburong_27_July_2023_62.jpg|120x120px]] |Pekan Bangar |1968<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Utama Mohammad Salleh, Pekan Bangar |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=89&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Kampong Puni | |Kampong Puni |1982<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Puni |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=95&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs ( |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Kampong Belais | |Kampong Belais |1996<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Belais |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=90&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Pengiran Haji Abu Bakar | |Kampong Bokok |1988<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Pengiran Haji Abu Bakar, Kampong Bokok |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=91&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |- |Masallacin Kampong Selangan | |Kampong Selangan |1979<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Kampong Selangan |url=https://www.mora.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=94&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Ministry of Religious Affairs |language=ms}}</ref> |} == Dubi kuma == * Musulunci a Brunei == manazarta == === Citations === <references /> === Tushen ===   == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060818214054/http://www.religious-affairs.gov.bn/index.php?ch=bm_info&pg=bm_masjid_list Jerin Masallatai a Brunei] {{List of mosques}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1jdw3bpjw5ubiie2qr78h4g7jwpm22x 0 94693 822118 592649 2026-04-18T09:55:02Z K Bogi 44093 822118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Margaret Callan''' ({{Circa|1817}} &#x2013; {{Circa|1883}}) was an Irish teacher, nationalist, and writer. She was also known by her pseudonym '''Thornton MacMahon'''.<ref> name="Sturgeon">{{Cite book|edition=James}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSturgeon2009">Sturgeon, Sinéad (2009). "Callan, Margaret (née Hughes) (Thornton MacMahon)". In McGuire, James; Quinn, James (eds.)</ref> <ref name=Sturgeon>{{cite book|last1=Sturgeon|first1=Sinéad|editor1-last=McGuire|editor1-first=James|editor2-last=Quinn|editor2-first=James|title=[[Dictionary of Irish Biography]]|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|chapter=Callan, Margaret (née Hughes) (Thornton MacMahon)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Quinn |first1=James |title=Young Ireland and the writing of Irish history |date=2015 |publisher=University College Dublin Press |isbn=9781910820926}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite ODNB|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-54542|title=Callan [née Hughes], Margaret (c. 1817–c. 1883), Irish nationalist {{!}} Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|year=2004|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/54542|access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref> ''[[Dictionary of Irish Biography]]''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite></ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == An kuma haifi Margaret Callan Margaret Hughes a kusa da 1817 a Newry, County Down . Ita ýar mai sayen flax ce, Phillip Hughes da Susan Gavan . Ta hanyar mahaifiyarta, Charles Gavan Duffy dan uwanta ne na farko. Ta fito ne daga babban iyali, kuma bayan mutuwar mahaifinta yana nufin cewa dole ne iyalin su ciyar da kansu. Tare da 'yan uwanta mata, Callan ta kafa makarantar kwana ga' yan mata, Whitehall Boarding and Day School for Young Ladies, a Blackrock, Dublin a cikin 1835. Makarantar ta ci nasara, ana tallata ta The Nation, kuma Callan ta goyi bayan ra'ayoyin kishin kasa, kamar na Young Irelanders, a cikin ɗalibanta. Ta auri masanin kimiyyar magunguna da apothecary, John B. Callan, wanda kasuwancinsa ke kan Merrion Row. Ya kuma kasance mai ba da gudummawa na lokaci-lokaci ga The Nation . <ref name="Sturgeon">{{Cite book|edition=James}}</ref> Ta hanyar iyalinta, Callan ta haɗa da ƙungiyar Young Ireland. 'Yar'uwarta, Susan, ta auri dan uwan su Gavan Duffy a 1846. Tare da ɗan'uwanta, Terence MacMahon Hughes, ta rubuta wa The Nation . Labarai guda biyu ne kawai za a iya danganta su da tabbaci: ''Rana a Versailles'' (29 ga Yuli 1843) da Rana a Paris (9 ga Satumba 1843), suna ba da cikakken goyon baya ga Daniel O'Connell da soke aikin hadin gwiwa a Faransa.<ref name="Sturgeon">{{Cite book|edition=James}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSturgeon2009">Sturgeon, Sinéad (2009). "Callan, Margaret (née Hughes) (Thornton MacMahon)". In McGuire, James; Quinn, James (eds.). ''[[Dictionary of Irish Biography]]''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite></ref> Ta shirya The casket of Irish pearls (1846) a karkashin sunan Thornton MacMahon, sunan ya kasance keɓewa ga ɗan'uwanta, Terence . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=MacCarthy |first=Anne |date=2009 |title=The Use of the Pseudonym 'Thornton MacMahon' by the Young Irelander, Margaret Callan |journal=The Australasian Journal of Irish Studies |volume=9 |pages=18–30}}</ref> Wannan tarin rubutun Irish ne da aya daga jerin James Duffy's Library of Ireland. A cikin gabatarwa ga tarihin, ta keɓe shi ga "matasa na Ireland", tana kira ga su shirya da ilimantar da kansu don nuna goyon baya da shirye-shiryen su don cin gashin kansu. Gavan Duffy ya bayyana ta a matsayin "mace mai basira", kuma ta hanyarsa ne ta yi abota da Thomas Carlyle yayin ziyararsa zuwa Ireland a 1847. <ref name="Sturgeon" /> A watan Yulin 1848 tare da Jane Wilde, Callan ya ɗauki ikon edita na The Nation a lokacin da aka tsare Gavan Duffy a Newgate. Callans sun yi hijira zuwa [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] a shekara ta 1856. Daga baya 'yarsu Margaret za ta auri ɗan fari na Gavan Duffy daga aurensa na farko, John Gavan Duffy . Kodayake ba ta da sha'awar dawowa, Callan ta ci gaba da sha'awa sosai a Ireland. A cikin wasiƙa tare da William Carleton ta rubuta "'Ba zan dawo ba idan zan iya, kuma ina godiya ga Allah kowace rana, musamman lokacin da na karanta Nation (ko, hakika, kowane mujallar Irish), cewa yaran na suna da aminci fiye da haɗarin yunwa ko flunkeyism. " Ta mutu a kusa da 1883 a [[Melbourne]].<ref name="Sturgeon">{{Cite book|edition=James}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSturgeon2009">Sturgeon, Sinéad (2009). "Callan, Margaret (née Hughes) (Thornton MacMahon)". In McGuire, James; Quinn, James (eds.). ''[[Dictionary of Irish Biography]]''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == 3a3dy5z4y1qw2qcg3264pbcgksek48l 822119 822118 2026-04-18T09:55:20Z K Bogi 44093 822119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Margaret Callan''' ({{Circa|1817}} &#x2013; {{Circa|1883}}) was an Irish teacher, nationalist, and writer. She was also known by her pseudonym '''Thornton MacMahon'''.<ref> name="Sturgeon">{{Cite book|edition=James}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSturgeon2009">Sturgeon, Sinéad (2009). "Callan, Margaret (née Hughes) (Thornton MacMahon)". In McGuire, James; Quinn, James (eds.)</ref> <ref name=Sturgeon>{{cite book|last1=Sturgeon|first1=Sinéad|editor1-last=McGuire|editor1-first=James|editor2-last=Quinn|editor2-first=James|title=[[Dictionary of Irish Biography]]|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|chapter=Callan, Margaret (née Hughes) (Thornton MacMahon)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Quinn |first1=James |title=Young Ireland and the writing of Irish history |date=2015 |publisher=University College Dublin Press |isbn=9781910820926}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite ODNB|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-54542|title=Callan [née Hughes], Margaret (c. 1817–c. 1883), Irish nationalist {{!}} Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|year=2004|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/54542|access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref> ''[[Dictionary of Irish Biography]]''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite></ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == An kuma haifi Margaret Callan Margaret Hughes a kusa da 1817 a Newry, County Down . Ita ýar mai sayen flax ce, Phillip Hughes da Susan Gavan . Ta hanyar mahaifiyarta, Charles Gavan Duffy dan uwanta ne na farko. Ta fito ne daga babban iyali, kuma bayan mutuwar mahaifinta yana nufin cewa dole ne iyalin su ciyar da kansu. Tare da 'yan uwanta mata, Callan ta kafa makarantar kwana ga' yan mata, Whitehall Boarding and Day School for Young Ladies, a Blackrock, Dublin a cikin 1835. Makarantar ta ci nasara, ana tallata ta The Nation, kuma Callan ta goyi bayan ra'ayoyin kishin kasa, kamar na Young Irelanders, a cikin ɗalibanta. Ta auri masanin kimiyyar magunguna da apothecary, John B. Callan, wanda kasuwancinsa ke kan Merrion Row. Ya kuma kasance mai ba da gudummawa na lokaci-lokaci ga The Nation . <ref name="Sturgeon">{{Cite book|edition=James}}</ref> Ta hanyar iyalinta, Callan ta haɗa da ƙungiyar Young Ireland. 'Yar'uwarta, Susan, ta auri dan uwan su Gavan Duffy a 1846. Tare da ɗan'uwanta, Terence MacMahon Hughes, ta rubuta wa The Nation . Labarai guda biyu ne kawai za a iya danganta su da tabbaci: ''Rana a Versailles'' (29 ga Yuli 1843) da Rana a Paris (9 ga Satumba 1843), suna ba da cikakken goyon baya ga Daniel O'Connell da soke aikin hadin gwiwa a Faransa.<ref name="Sturgeon">{{Cite book|edition=James}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSturgeon2009">Sturgeon, Sinéad (2009). "Callan, Margaret (née Hughes) (Thornton MacMahon)". In McGuire, James; Quinn, James (eds.). ''[[Dictionary of Irish Biography]]''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite></ref> Ta shirya The casket of Irish pearls (1846) a karkashin sunan Thornton MacMahon, sunan ya kasance keɓewa ga ɗan'uwanta, Terence . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=MacCarthy |first=Anne |date=2009 |title=The Use of the Pseudonym 'Thornton MacMahon' by the Young Irelander, Margaret Callan |journal=The Australasian Journal of Irish Studies |volume=9 |pages=18–30}}</ref> Wannan tarin rubutun Irish ne da aya daga jerin James Duffy's Library of Ireland. A cikin gabatarwa ga tarihin, ta keɓe shi ga "matasa na Ireland", tana kira ga su shirya da ilimantar da kansu don nuna goyon baya da shirye-shiryen su don cin gashin kansu. Gavan Duffy ya bayyana ta a matsayin "mace mai basira", kuma ta hanyarsa ne ta yi abota da Thomas Carlyle yayin ziyararsa zuwa Ireland a 1847. <ref name="Sturgeon" /> A watan Yulin 1848 tare da Jane Wilde, Callan ya ɗauki ikon edita na The Nation a lokacin da aka tsare Gavan Duffy a Newgate. Callans sun yi hijira zuwa [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] a shekara ta 1856. Daga baya 'yarsu Margaret za ta auri ɗan fari na Gavan Duffy daga aurensa na farko, John Gavan Duffy . Kodayake ba ta da sha'awar dawowa, Callan ta ci gaba da sha'awa sosai an Ireland. A cikin wasiƙa tare da William Carleton ta rubuta "'Ba zan dawo ba idan zan iya, kuma ina godiya ga Allah kowace rana, musamman lokacin da na karanta Nation (ko, hakika, kowane mujallar Irish), cewa yaran na suna da aminci fiye da haɗarin yunwa ko flunkeyism. " Ta mutu a kusa da shekarar 1883 a [[Melbourne]].<ref name="Sturgeon">{{Cite book|edition=James}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSturgeon2009">Sturgeon, Sinéad (2009). "Callan, Margaret (née Hughes) (Thornton MacMahon)". In McGuire, James; Quinn, James (eds.). ''[[Dictionary of Irish Biography]]''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == eu07ngeui832pll4yvkntiiacjmrdvc 0 95687 822069 597038 2026-04-18T07:36:31Z Garbu Audu 44085 822069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Laura L. Carstensen''' ita ce Fairleigh S. Dickinson Jr. Farfesa a cikin Manufofin Jama'a kuma farfesa a fannin [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar dan adam]] a [[Jami'ar Stanford]], inda ta kasance darakta mai kafa Cibiyar Stanford a kan Longevity <ref> name="Stanford Profiles">{{Cite web |title=Laura Carstensen |url=https://profiles.stanford.edu/laura-carstensen |access-date=10 July 2015 |website=Stanford Profiles}}</ref> kuma babban mai bincike na Stanford Life-span Development Laboratory. <ref>{{Cite web |title=People |url=http://psych.stanford.edu/~lifespan/people.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919021646/http://psych.stanford.edu/~lifespan/people.htm |archive-date=19 September 2015 |access-date=10 July 2015 |website=Stanford Life-span Development Lab}}</ref> Carstensen an fi saninsa a cikin ilimi don Ka'idar zabin zamantakewar zamantakewa, wanda ya haskaka canje-canje na ci gaba a cikin abubuwan da aka fi so na zamantakewa, kwarewar motsin rai da sarrafa fahimta daga farkon balaga zuwa tsufa.<ref> name="AmPsych99">{{Cite journal |last=Carstensen |first=L. L. |last2=Isaacowitz |first2=D. |last3=Charles |first3=S. T. |date=1999 |title=Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity |journal=American Psychologist |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=165–181 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.165 |pmid=10199217}}</ref> Ta hanyar nazarin ka'idodin ka'idar zabin zamantakewar zamantakewa, Carstensen da abokan aikinta (musamman Mara Mather) sun gano kuma sun haɓaka tushen ra'ayi na tasirin tasiri.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mather |first=M. |last2=Carstensen |first2=L. L. |date=2005 |title=Aging and motivated cognition: The positivity effect in attention and memory |journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences |volume=9 |issue=10 |pages=496–502 |doi=10.1016/j.tics.2005.08.005 |pmid=16154382 |s2cid=17433910}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Carstensen a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania kuma ta shafe mafi yawan yarinta a Rochester, New York. Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Rochester a shekarar 1978 kuma ta sami Ph.D. a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam daga Jami'an West Virginia a 1983. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Indiana daga 1983 zuwa 1987, sannan ta shiga sashen ilimin halayya na Jami'ar Stanford a 1987. Baya ga rawar da ta taka a matsayin farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam, ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta na Barbara D. Finberg na Cibiyar Clayman don Binciken Jima'i daga 1997 zuwa 2001 da kuma shugaban sashen ilimin halayya daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Tare da Thomas Rando, Carstensen ta kafa Cibiyar Stanford a kan Longevity a cikin 2007, inda a halin yanzu take aiki a matsayin darakta. Carstensen an dauke shi jagora ne game da tsawon rai. Rubutun ta da ra'ayoyin ra'ayi sun bayyana a cikin [[New York Times]], Time Magazine, da The Boston Globe. An kalli jawabin ta na TED fiye da sau miliyan ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2011 |title=Laura Carstensen: Older people are happier |url=http://www.ted.com/talks/laura_carstensen_older_people_are_happier?language=en |access-date=August 4, 2015 |publisher=TED (conference)}}</ref> A shekara ta 2011 ta wallafa A Long Bright Future: Farin Ciki, Lafiya da Tsaron Kudi a cikin Zamanin Ƙarin Tsawon Rayuwa. == Kyaututtuka da aka zaɓa == * Kyautar Kleemeier, Cibiyar Nazarin Girma ta Amurka (2014) <ref name="Stanford Profiles">{{Cite web |title=Laura Carstensen |url=https://profiles.stanford.edu/laura-carstensen |access-date=10 July 2015 |website=Stanford Profiles}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://profiles.stanford.edu/laura-carstensen "Laura Carstensen"]. ''Stanford Profiles''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> * Kyautar Mai Kyau, Cibiyar Nazarin Girma ta Amurka (2014) <ref name="Stanford Profiles" /> * Kyautar Jagora, Ƙungiyar Psychological ta Amirka (Division 20) (2010) <ref name="Stanford Profiles" /> * Guggenheim Fellow, Guggenheim Foundation (2003) <ref name="Stanford Profiles" /> * Kalish Innovative Publication Award, Gerontological Society of America (1993) <ref name="Stanford Profiles" /> == Gudummawar bincike == === Ka'idar zabin zamantakewar jama'a === Carstensen da farko ya tsara ka'idar zabin zamantakewar zamantakewa (SST) a farkon shekarun 1990. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carstensen |first=L. L. |year=1992 |title=Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: Support for socioemotional selectivity theory |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=331–338 |doi=10.1037/0882-7974.7.3.331 |pmid=1388852}}</ref> SST ka'idar motsawa ce ta rayuwa wacce ta nuna cewa mutane suna ba da fifiko ga manufofi masu ma'ana lokacin da aka hana lokaci. A cewar SST, mutanen da ke da sararin samaniya mai zurfi suna iya ba da fifiko ga bincike da fadada sararin samaniya, neman sabbin dangantaka da ke alkawarin fa'idodi na dogon lokaci. Sabanin haka, yayin da yanayin lokaci ke girma, mutane masu iyaka suna ba da fifiko ga manufofi masu ma'ana waɗanda zasu iya haifar da jin daɗin motsin rai.<ref> name="AmPsych99">{{Cite journal |last=Carstensen |first=L. L. |last2=Isaacowitz |first2=D. |last3=Charles |first3=S. T. |date=1999 |title=Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity |journal=American Psychologist |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=165–181 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.165 |pmid=10199217}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCarstensenIsaacowitzCharles1999">Carstensen, L. L.; Isaacowitz, D.; Charles, S. T. (1999). "Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity". ''American Psychologist''. '''54''' (3): <span class="nowrap">165–</span>181. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.165|10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.165]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10199217 10199217].</cite></ref><ref> name="psych&age02">{{Cite journal |last=Lang |first=F. R. |last2=Carstensen |first2=L. L. |year=2002 |title=Time counts: Future time perspective, goals and social relationships |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=125–139 |doi=10.1037/0882-7974.17.1.125 |pmid=11931281}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, mutanen da ke da iyakantaccen lokaci suna da ƙananan hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa da aka zaɓa da kyau kuma suna jin daɗin jin daɗi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=English |first=T. |last2=Carstensen |first2=L. L. |date=2014 |title=Selective narrowing of social networks across adulthood is associated with improved emotional experience in daily life |journal=International Journal of Behavioral Development |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=195–202 |doi=10.1177/0165025413515404 |pmc=4045107 |pmid=24910483}}</ref> === Sakamakon sakamako mai kyau === Carstensen yana da alhakin ganowa da haɓaka tushen ra'ayi don tasirin tabbatacce, yanayin da ke da alaƙa da shekaru a cikin sarrafa hankali wanda ke da kyau akan bayanan da ba su da kyau a hankali da ƙwaƙwalwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reed |first=A. E. |last2=Carstensen |first2=L. L. |date=2012 |title=The Theory Behind the Age-Related Positivity Effect |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=3 |page=339 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00339 |pmc=3459016 |pmid=23060825 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Binciken meta-analysis na nazarin 100 na tasirin tabbatacce ya gano cewa wannan tasirin ya fi girma a cikin binciken da ya haɗa da kwatancen shekaru masu yawa kuma ba ya hana sarrafa hankali.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reed |first=A. E. |last2=Chan |first2=L. |last3=Mikels |first3=J. A. |date=2014 |title=Meta-analysis of the age-related positivity effect: age differences in preferences for positive over negative information |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1037/a0035194 |pmid=24660792}}</ref> === Tsarin hangen nesa na gaba === Carstensen da Frieder Lang ne suka haɓaka ma'auni na lokaci na gaba (FTP).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carstensen |first=L. L. |last2=Lang |first2=F. R. |date=1996 |title=Future Time Perspective Scale |journal=Unpublished Manuscript}}</ref> Sikeli na FTP ya haɗa da abubuwa goma da aka amsa ta hanyar nuna yarjejeniya a kan sikelin Likert mai maki 7 (daga 1 = rashin gaskiya, zuwa 7 = gaskiya sosai). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Notthoff |first=N. |last2=Carstensen |first2=L. L. |date=2014 |title=Positive messaging promotes walking in older adults |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=329–341 |doi=10.1037/a0036748 |pmc=4069032 |pmid=24956001}}</ref> Abubuwa uku na ƙarshe na sikelin hangen nesa na gaba (#s 8-10) an sake su. Lokacin da aka zira kwallaye, masu bincike suna lissafin matsakaicin maki na mahalarta. Binciken da ya gabata ya nuna alaƙar layi tsakanin shekarun lokaci da sararin lokaci. Ƙarfin dangantakar ya bambanta a matsayin aikin shekarun da ke cikin samfurin: kusan koyaushe, dangantakar tana da kyau, tare da manyan maki da ke nuna sararin samaniya na dogon lokaci.<ref name="psych&age02">{{Cite journal |last=Lang |first=F. R. |last2=Carstensen |first2=L. L. |year=2002 |title=Time counts: Future time perspective, goals and social relationships |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=125–139 |doi=10.1037/0882-7974.17.1.125 |pmid=11931281}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLangCarstensen2002">Lang, F. R.; Carstensen, L. L. (2002). "Time counts: Future time perspective, goals and social relationships". ''Psychology and Aging''. '''17''' (1): <span class="nowrap">125–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/0882-7974.17.1.125|10.1037/0882-7974.17.1.125]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11931281 11931281].</cite></ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == * {{Cite journal |last=Carstensen |first=L. L. |last2=Isaacowitz |first2=D. |last3=Charles |first3=S. T. |date=1999 |title=Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity |url= |journal=American Psychologist |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=165–181 |bibcode= |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.165 |pmid=10199217}} * {{Cite journal |last=Lang |first=F. R. |last2=Carstensen |first2=L. L. |date=2002 |title=Time counts: Future time perspective, goals and social relationships |url= |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=125–139 |bibcode= |doi=10.1037/0882-7974.17.1.125 |pmid=11931281}} * {{Cite journal |last=Mather |first=M. |last2=Carstensen |first2=L. L. |date=2005 |title=Aging and motivated cognition: The positivity effect in attention and memory |url= |journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences |volume=9 |issue=10 |pages=496–502 |bibcode= |doi=10.1016/j.tics.2005.08.005 |pmid=16154382 |s2cid=17433910}} * {{Cite journal |last=Carstensen |first=L. L. |date=2006 |title=The influence of a sense of time on human development |url= |journal=Science |volume=312 |issue=5782 |pages=1913–1915 |bibcode=2006Sci...312.1913C |doi=10.1126/science.1127488 |pmc=2790864 |pmid=16809530}} * {{Cite journal |last=Carstensen |first=L. L. |last2=Turan |first2=B. |last3=Scheibe |first3=S. |last4=Ram |first4=N. |last5=Ersner-Hershfield |first5=H. |last6=Samanez-Larkin |first6=G. |last7=Brooks |first7=K. |last8=Nesselroad |first8=J. R. |date=2011 |title=Emotional experience improves with age: Evidence based on over 10 years of experience sampling |url= |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=21–33 |bibcode= |doi=10.1037/a0021285 |pmc=3217179 |pmid=20973600}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] j8ywj07wgafgemh8etez3l16e4rr5vj 822070 822069 2026-04-18T07:36:56Z Garbu Audu 44085 822070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Laura L. Carstensen''' ita ce Fairleigh S. Dickinson Jr. Farfesa a cikin Manufofin Jama'a kuma farfesa a fannin [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar dan adam]] a [[Jami'ar Stanford]], inda ta kasance darakta mai kafa Cibiyar Stanford a kan Longevity <ref> name="Stanford Profiles">{{Cite web |title=Laura Carstensen |url=https://profiles.stanford.edu/laura-carstensen |access-date=10 July 2015 |website=Stanford Profiles}}</ref> kuma babban mai bincike na Stanford Life-span Development Laboratory. <ref>{{Cite web |title=People |url=http://psych.stanford.edu/~lifespan/people.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919021646/http://psych.stanford.edu/~lifespan/people.htm |archive-date=19 September 2015 |access-date=10 July 2015 |website=Stanford Life-span Development Lab}}</ref> Carstensen an fi saninsa a cikin ilimi don Ka'idar zabin zamantakewar zamantakewa, wanda ya haskaka canje-canje na ci gaba a cikin abubuwan da aka fi so na zamantakewa, kwarewar motsin rai da sarrafa fahimta daga farkon balaga zuwa tsufa.<ref> name="AmPsych99">{{Cite journal |last=Carstensen |first=L. L. |last2=Isaacowitz |first2=D. |last3=Charles |first3=S. T. |date=1999 |title=Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity |journal=American Psychologist |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=165–181 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.165 |pmid=10199217}}</ref> Ta hanyar nazarin ka'idodin ka'idar zabin zamantakewar zamantakewa, Carstensen da abokan aikinta (musamman Mara Mather) sun gano kuma sun haɓaka tushen ra'ayi na tasirin tasiri.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mather |first=M. |last2=Carstensen |first2=L. L. |date=2005 |title=Aging and motivated cognition: The positivity effect in attention and memory |journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences |volume=9 |issue=10 |pages=496–502 |doi=10.1016/j.tics.2005.08.005 |pmid=16154382 |s2cid=17433910}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Carstensen a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania kuma ta shafe mafi yawan yarinta a Rochester, New York. Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Rochester a shekarar 1978 kuma ta sami Ph.D. a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam daga Jami'an West Virginia a shekarar 1983. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Indiana daga 1983 zuwa 1987, sannan ta shiga sashen ilimin halayya na Jami'ar Stanford a 1987. Baya ga rawar da ta taka a matsayin farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam, ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta na Barbara D. Finberg na Cibiyar Clayman don Binciken Jima'i daga 1997 zuwa 2001 da kuma shugaban sashen ilimin halayya daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Tare da Thomas Rando, Carstensen ta kafa Cibiyar Stanford a kan Longevity a cikin 2007, inda a halin yanzu take aiki a matsayin darakta. Carstensen an dauke shi jagora ne game da tsawon rai. Rubutun ta da ra'ayoyin ra'ayi sun bayyana a cikin [[New York Times]], Time Magazine, da The Boston Globe. An kalli jawabin ta na TED fiye da sau miliyan ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2011 |title=Laura Carstensen: Older people are happier |url=http://www.ted.com/talks/laura_carstensen_older_people_are_happier?language=en |access-date=August 4, 2015 |publisher=TED (conference)}}</ref> A shekara ta 2011 ta wallafa A Long Bright Future: Farin Ciki, Lafiya da Tsaron Kudi a cikin Zamanin Ƙarin Tsawon Rayuwa. == Kyaututtuka da aka zaɓa == * Kyautar Kleemeier, Cibiyar Nazarin Girma ta Amurka (2014) <ref name="Stanford Profiles">{{Cite web |title=Laura Carstensen |url=https://profiles.stanford.edu/laura-carstensen |access-date=10 July 2015 |website=Stanford Profiles}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://profiles.stanford.edu/laura-carstensen "Laura Carstensen"]. ''Stanford Profiles''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> * Kyautar Mai Kyau, Cibiyar Nazarin Girma ta Amurka (2014) <ref name="Stanford Profiles" /> * Kyautar Jagora, Ƙungiyar Psychological ta Amirka (Division 20) (2010) <ref name="Stanford Profiles" /> * Guggenheim Fellow, Guggenheim Foundation (2003) <ref name="Stanford Profiles" /> * Kalish Innovative Publication Award, Gerontological Society of America (1993) <ref name="Stanford Profiles" /> == Gudummawar bincike == === Ka'idar zabin zamantakewar jama'a === Carstensen da farko ya tsara ka'idar zabin zamantakewar zamantakewa (SST) a farkon shekarun 1990. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carstensen |first=L. L. |year=1992 |title=Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: Support for socioemotional selectivity theory |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=331–338 |doi=10.1037/0882-7974.7.3.331 |pmid=1388852}}</ref> SST ka'idar motsawa ce ta rayuwa wacce ta nuna cewa mutane suna ba da fifiko ga manufofi masu ma'ana lokacin da aka hana lokaci. A cewar SST, mutanen da ke da sararin samaniya mai zurfi suna iya ba da fifiko ga bincike da fadada sararin samaniya, neman sabbin dangantaka da ke alkawarin fa'idodi na dogon lokaci. Sabanin haka, yayin da yanayin lokaci ke girma, mutane masu iyaka suna ba da fifiko ga manufofi masu ma'ana waɗanda zasu iya haifar da jin daɗin motsin rai.<ref> name="AmPsych99">{{Cite journal |last=Carstensen |first=L. L. |last2=Isaacowitz |first2=D. |last3=Charles |first3=S. T. |date=1999 |title=Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity |journal=American Psychologist |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=165–181 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.165 |pmid=10199217}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCarstensenIsaacowitzCharles1999">Carstensen, L. L.; Isaacowitz, D.; Charles, S. T. (1999). "Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity". ''American Psychologist''. '''54''' (3): <span class="nowrap">165–</span>181. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.165|10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.165]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10199217 10199217].</cite></ref><ref> name="psych&age02">{{Cite journal |last=Lang |first=F. R. |last2=Carstensen |first2=L. L. |year=2002 |title=Time counts: Future time perspective, goals and social relationships |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=125–139 |doi=10.1037/0882-7974.17.1.125 |pmid=11931281}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, mutanen da ke da iyakantaccen lokaci suna da ƙananan hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa da aka zaɓa da kyau kuma suna jin daɗin jin daɗi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=English |first=T. |last2=Carstensen |first2=L. L. |date=2014 |title=Selective narrowing of social networks across adulthood is associated with improved emotional experience in daily life |journal=International Journal of Behavioral Development |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=195–202 |doi=10.1177/0165025413515404 |pmc=4045107 |pmid=24910483}}</ref> === Sakamakon sakamako mai kyau === Carstensen yana da alhakin ganowa da haɓaka tushen ra'ayi don tasirin tabbatacce, yanayin da ke da alaƙa da shekaru a cikin sarrafa hankali wanda ke da kyau akan bayanan da ba su da kyau a hankali da ƙwaƙwalwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reed |first=A. E. |last2=Carstensen |first2=L. L. |date=2012 |title=The Theory Behind the Age-Related Positivity Effect |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=3 |page=339 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00339 |pmc=3459016 |pmid=23060825 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Binciken meta-analysis na nazarin 100 na tasirin tabbatacce ya gano cewa wannan tasirin ya fi girma a cikin binciken da ya haɗa da kwatancen shekaru masu yawa kuma ba ya hana sarrafa hankali.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reed |first=A. E. |last2=Chan |first2=L. |last3=Mikels |first3=J. A. |date=2014 |title=Meta-analysis of the age-related positivity effect: age differences in preferences for positive over negative information |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1037/a0035194 |pmid=24660792}}</ref> === Tsarin hangen nesa na gaba === Carstensen da Frieder Lang ne suka haɓaka ma'auni na lokaci na gaba (FTP).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carstensen |first=L. L. |last2=Lang |first2=F. R. |date=1996 |title=Future Time Perspective Scale |journal=Unpublished Manuscript}}</ref> Sikeli na FTP ya haɗa da abubuwa goma da aka amsa ta hanyar nuna yarjejeniya a kan sikelin Likert mai maki 7 (daga 1 = rashin gaskiya, zuwa 7 = gaskiya sosai). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Notthoff |first=N. |last2=Carstensen |first2=L. L. |date=2014 |title=Positive messaging promotes walking in older adults |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=329–341 |doi=10.1037/a0036748 |pmc=4069032 |pmid=24956001}}</ref> Abubuwa uku na ƙarshe na sikelin hangen nesa na gaba (#s 8-10) an sake su. Lokacin da aka zira kwallaye, masu bincike suna lissafin matsakaicin maki na mahalarta. Binciken da ya gabata ya nuna alaƙar layi tsakanin shekarun lokaci da sararin lokaci. Ƙarfin dangantakar ya bambanta a matsayin aikin shekarun da ke cikin samfurin: kusan koyaushe, dangantakar tana da kyau, tare da manyan maki da ke nuna sararin samaniya na dogon lokaci.<ref name="psych&age02">{{Cite journal |last=Lang |first=F. R. |last2=Carstensen |first2=L. L. |year=2002 |title=Time counts: Future time perspective, goals and social relationships |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=125–139 |doi=10.1037/0882-7974.17.1.125 |pmid=11931281}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLangCarstensen2002">Lang, F. R.; Carstensen, L. L. (2002). "Time counts: Future time perspective, goals and social relationships". ''Psychology and Aging''. '''17''' (1): <span class="nowrap">125–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/0882-7974.17.1.125|10.1037/0882-7974.17.1.125]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11931281 11931281].</cite></ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == * {{Cite journal |last=Carstensen |first=L. L. |last2=Isaacowitz |first2=D. |last3=Charles |first3=S. T. |date=1999 |title=Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity |url= |journal=American Psychologist |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=165–181 |bibcode= |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.165 |pmid=10199217}} * {{Cite journal |last=Lang |first=F. R. |last2=Carstensen |first2=L. L. |date=2002 |title=Time counts: Future time perspective, goals and social relationships |url= |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=125–139 |bibcode= |doi=10.1037/0882-7974.17.1.125 |pmid=11931281}} * {{Cite journal |last=Mather |first=M. |last2=Carstensen |first2=L. L. |date=2005 |title=Aging and motivated cognition: The positivity effect in attention and memory |url= |journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences |volume=9 |issue=10 |pages=496–502 |bibcode= |doi=10.1016/j.tics.2005.08.005 |pmid=16154382 |s2cid=17433910}} * {{Cite journal |last=Carstensen |first=L. L. |date=2006 |title=The influence of a sense of time on human development |url= |journal=Science |volume=312 |issue=5782 |pages=1913–1915 |bibcode=2006Sci...312.1913C |doi=10.1126/science.1127488 |pmc=2790864 |pmid=16809530}} * {{Cite journal |last=Carstensen |first=L. L. |last2=Turan |first2=B. |last3=Scheibe |first3=S. |last4=Ram |first4=N. |last5=Ersner-Hershfield |first5=H. |last6=Samanez-Larkin |first6=G. |last7=Brooks |first7=K. |last8=Nesselroad |first8=J. R. |date=2011 |title=Emotional experience improves with age: Evidence based on over 10 years of experience sampling |url= |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=21–33 |bibcode= |doi=10.1037/a0021285 |pmc=3217179 |pmid=20973600}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qqbybgtn0w5e9b7jdgpqmt9kpf090vq 0 96180 822006 821459 2026-04-17T20:34:57Z Maryam Abdullahi Anka 44060 822006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anna Hutsol''' ( Anna Vasylivna Hutsol; an haife ta 16 Oktoba 1984 [2] ) yar gwagwarmaya ce ýar kasar [[Ukraniya|Yukren]] kuma daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar fafutukar mata masu tsattsauran ra'ayi FEMEN . == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Hutsol a Rasha amma ya koma Ukraine tare da iyayenta a 1991. Ta kasance masanin tattalin arziki kuma tsohuwar mataimakiyar mawakiya Tina Karol . Hutsol ya kafa FEMEN a cikin 2008 bayan da ta dace da labarun bakin ciki na matan Ukrainian da aka ruɗe ta hanyar alkawuran ƙarya daga ƙasashen waje: "Na kafa FEMEN ne saboda na gane cewa akwai ƙarancin mata masu gwagwarmaya a cikin al'ummarmu; Ukraine tana da ra'ayin maza kuma mata suna taka rawar gani." A cewar Hutsol basirar da ta samu a lokacin zamanta da Tina Karol sun taimaka wa FEMEN "dangantakar jama'a". Babban zaɓin aikin MATA shine zanga-zangar mara kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balmforth |first=Richard |date=15 November 2010 |title=Ukraine's topless group widens political role |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-femen-idUSTRE6AE1FB20101115 |access-date=1 September 2012 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> Kungiyar ta fara zanga-zangar adawa da karuwanci a Ukraine tare da fadada ajandarsu ga [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|'yancin mata]] da [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|'yancin jama'a]] a Ukraine da ma duniya baki daya. Hutsol ya so ya nemi wakilci ga FEMEN a cikin Verkhovna Rada a cikin Janairu 2011; amma FEMEN ba su halarci zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin Ukraine na Oktoba 2012 . A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2012 Hukumar Tsaro ta Tarayya (FSB) ta [[Rasha|Tarayyar Rasha]] ta tsare Hutsol a filin jirgin sama na Pulkovo a [[Saint-Petersburg|Saint Petersburg]] a matsayin wani mutum da aka hana shi shiga Rasha. An mayar da ita wurin tashi daga [[Faris|Paris]] . [[Fayil:Anna Hutsol.jpg|thumb|Anna Hutsol]] Marigayi Agusta 2013 Shevchenko da wasu 'yan'uwan MATA-membobi sun gudu daga Ukraine suna tsoron rayukansu da 'yanci. Hutsol ta nemi mafaka a Switzerland a cikin 2013, amma hukumomi sun yi watsi da bukatar ta a ranar 27 ga Maris 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2014 |title=Topless protest group founder denied asylum |url=http://www.thelocal.ch/20140327/topless-protest-group-founder-denied-swiss-asylum |publisher=}}</ref> == Filmography == * ''No seins, no makamai!'' (Kirjin mu, makamanmu!), Fim ɗin shirin (Length: 1 : 10 : 00 ), wanda Caroline Fourest da Nadia El Fani suka rubuta kuma suka ba da umarni, Nilaya Productions suka shirya, wanda aka watsa a Faransa 2 akan 5 Maris 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2013 |title=Nos seins, nos armes (2012) - Documentaire - L'essentiel - Télérama.fr |url=http://television.telerama.fr/tele/programmes-tv/nos-seins-nos-armes,48577030.php |access-date=29 September 2013 |publisher=Television.telerama.fr}}</ref> * ''Tawaye na yau da kullun'', fim ɗin shirin (Tsawon: 1 : 58 : 00 ), Rubutu kuma suka jagoranci Riahi Brothers Arash T. Riahi da Arman Riahi, Austria / Switzerland / Jamus, 2013, farkon duniya a Copenhagen International Documentary Festival a kan 13 Nuwamba 2013. * ''Yukren Ba Gidan karuwai ba ne'' * ''Je Suis Femen'' (Ni Ne Mata), 2014, fim ɗin gaskiya, wanda Alain Margot ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Imdb: Je Suis Femen (2014) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3907394/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 |website=[[IMDb]] |publisher=}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Hakkokin mata a Ukraine * Tsiraici da zanga-zanga  [[Fayil:Hutsol-FEMEN.jpg|thumb|Anna Hutsol]] == Bayanan kula == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.youtube.com/user/FemenLight Anna Hutsol] - [[YouTube]] * [http://www.echo.msk.ru/blog/hutsol/ Blog na sirri], Echo na Moscow {{In lang|ru}} . * [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] db72sv95tqwe5ysqborobcw9asby6j1 822007 822006 2026-04-17T20:35:16Z Maryam Abdullahi Anka 44060 822007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anna Hutsol''' ( Anna Vasylivna Hutsol; an haife ta 16 Oktoba 1984 [2] ) yar gwagwarmaya ce ýar kasar [[Ukraniya|Yukren]] kuma daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar fafutukar mata masu tsattsauran ra'ayi FEMEN . == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Hutsol a Rasha amma ya koma Ukraine tare da iyayenta a 1991. Ta kasance masanin tattalin arziki kuma tsohuwar mataimakiyar mawakiya Tina Karol . Hutsol ya kafa FEMEN a cikin 2008 bayan da ta dace da labarun bakin ciki na matan Ukrainian da aka ruɗe ta hanyar alkawuran ƙarya daga ƙasashen waje: "Na kafa FEMEN ne saboda na gane cewa akwai ƙarancin mata masu gwagwarmaya a cikin al'ummarmu; Ukraine tana da ra'ayin maza kuma mata suna taka rawar gani." A cewar Hutsol basirar da ta samu a lokacin zamanta da Tina Karol sun taimaka wa FEMEN "dangantakar jama'a". Babban zaɓin aikin MATA shine zanga-zangar mara kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balmforth |first=Richard |date=15 November 2010 |title=Ukraine's topless group widens political role |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-femen-idUSTRE6AE1FB20101115 |access-date=1 September 2012 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> Kungiyar ta fara zanga-zangar adawa da karuwanci a Ukraine tare da fadada ajandarsu ga [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|'yancin mata]] da [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|'yancin jama'a]] a Ukraine da ma duniya baki daya. Hutsol ya so ya nemi wakilci ga FEMEN a cikin Verkhovna Rada a cikin Janairu 2011; amma FEMEN ba su halarci zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin Ukraine na Oktoba 2012 . A ranar 16 ga Nuwamban shekarar 2012 Hukumar Tsaro ta Tarayya (FSB) ta [[Rasha|Tarayyar Rasha]] ta tsare Hutsol a filin jirgin sama na Pulkovo a [[Saint-Petersburg|Saint Petersburg]] a matsayin wani mutum da aka hana shi shiga Rasha. An mayar da ita wurin tashi daga [[Faris|Paris]] . [[Fayil:Anna Hutsol.jpg|thumb|Anna Hutsol]] Marigayi Agusta 2013 Shevchenko da wasu 'yan'uwan MATA-membobi sun gudu daga Ukraine suna tsoron rayukansu da 'yanci. Hutsol ta nemi mafaka a Switzerland a cikin 2013, amma hukumomi sun yi watsi da bukatar ta a ranar 27 ga Maris 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2014 |title=Topless protest group founder denied asylum |url=http://www.thelocal.ch/20140327/topless-protest-group-founder-denied-swiss-asylum |publisher=}}</ref> == Filmography == * ''No seins, no makamai!'' (Kirjin mu, makamanmu!), Fim ɗin shirin (Length: 1 : 10 : 00 ), wanda Caroline Fourest da Nadia El Fani suka rubuta kuma suka ba da umarni, Nilaya Productions suka shirya, wanda aka watsa a Faransa 2 akan 5 Maris 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2013 |title=Nos seins, nos armes (2012) - Documentaire - L'essentiel - Télérama.fr |url=http://television.telerama.fr/tele/programmes-tv/nos-seins-nos-armes,48577030.php |access-date=29 September 2013 |publisher=Television.telerama.fr}}</ref> * ''Tawaye na yau da kullun'', fim ɗin shirin (Tsawon: 1 : 58 : 00 ), Rubutu kuma suka jagoranci Riahi Brothers Arash T. Riahi da Arman Riahi, Austria / Switzerland / Jamus, 2013, farkon duniya a Copenhagen International Documentary Festival a kan 13 Nuwamba 2013. * ''Yukren Ba Gidan karuwai ba ne'' * ''Je Suis Femen'' (Ni Ne Mata), 2014, fim ɗin gaskiya, wanda Alain Margot ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Imdb: Je Suis Femen (2014) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3907394/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 |website=[[IMDb]] |publisher=}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Hakkokin mata a Ukraine * Tsiraici da zanga-zanga  [[Fayil:Hutsol-FEMEN.jpg|thumb|Anna Hutsol]] == Bayanan kula == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.youtube.com/user/FemenLight Anna Hutsol] - [[YouTube]] * [http://www.echo.msk.ru/blog/hutsol/ Blog na sirri], Echo na Moscow {{In lang|ru}} . * [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] msnolr9wf0srloywm32v7cogs6f9i1n 0 96401 822028 599257 2026-04-17T20:48:54Z Maryam Abdullahi Anka 44060 822028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anna Maulidah Valerian Komu''' (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga watan Janairu 1950 a Zanzibar) ýar siyasar Tanzaniya ce.<ref>{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | title = Tanzania's Chadema party names Anna Komu as its new vice-presidential candidate | newspaper = The Guardian (Dar es Salaam) | publisher = | date = 4 November 2005 | url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=BBAB&d_place=BBAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10DE1FF85B3725D8&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM | accessdate =9 April 2010}}</ref> Ta kasance memba a jam'iyya mai mulki ta Tanzania Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) har zuwa lokacin da aka gabatar da siyasar jam'iyyu da yawa a [[Tanzaniya]]. Yanzu ita memba ce ta Chama cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo (CHADEMA).<ref>{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | title = Tanzania's Chadema party names Anna Komu as its new vice-presidential candidate | newspaper = The Guardian (Dar es Salaam) | publisher = | date = 4 November 2005 | url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=BBAB&d_place=BBAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10DE1FF85B3725D8&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM | accessdate =9 April 2010}}</ref> Ita ce abokiyar takarar Freeman Mbowe a zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Tanzania na 2005.<ref>{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | title = Tanzania's Chadema party names Anna Komu as its new vice-presidential candidate | newspaper = The Guardian (Dar es Salaam) | publisher = | date = 4 November 2005 | url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=BBAB&d_place=BBAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10DE1FF85B3725D8&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM | accessdate =9 April 2010}}</ref> Jam’iyyarsu ta sha kashi a hannun CCM.<ref>{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | title = Tanzania's Chadema party names Anna Komu as its new vice-presidential candidate | newspaper = The Guardian (Dar es Salaam) | publisher = | date = 4 November 2005 | url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=BBAB&d_place=BBAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10DE1FF85B3725D8&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM | accessdate =9 April 2010}}</ref> Yanzu ita ce Shadow Minister Ci gaban Al'umma, Jinsi da Yara.<ref>{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | title = Tanzania's Chadema party names Anna Komu as its new vice-presidential candidate | newspaper = The Guardian (Dar es Salaam) | publisher = | date = 4 November 2005 | url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=BBAB&d_place=BBAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10DE1FF85B3725D8&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM | accessdate =9 April 2010}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 080dafzvgy62rg3o09zmahxk6wtif7f 0 97233 822064 618843 2026-04-18T07:32:36Z Garbu Audu 44085 822064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Halbert L. Dunn''', M.D. (1896–1975), likita ne kuma masani na Amurka wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa tsarin kididdigar rayuwa a Amurka kuma aka fi saninsa da “baban harkar lafiya” (father of the wellness movement). An haife shi a New Paris, Ohio, Dunn ya zama jagora a fannin kididdigar lafiya da kuma ci gaban tunani game da lafiya ta musamman wadda ta wuce rashin ciwo kawai. Ya kafa gado mai ƙarfi a fannonin kididdiga da lafiya ta jama’a, wanda har yau ana girmama shi ta hanyar lambar yabo mai suna Halbert L. Dunn Award.<ref>Dunn, H.L. (1961). High-Level Wellness. Arlington, VA: Beatty Press.</ref> == Rayuwa da Ayyuka == An haife Halbert L. Dunn a ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 1896, a New Paris, Ohio. Ya kammala karatunsa a Jami’ar Minnesota, inda ya sami digirinsa na likita (M.D.) a 1922 da kuma digirin falsafa (Ph.D.) a 1923. Bayan haka, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki a fannin likitanci a Asibitin Presbyterian na New York City daga shekarar 1923 zuwa 1924, sannan ya zama ɗan asibitin Mayo Clinic a Rochester, Minnesota, daga 1924 zuwa 1925. A shekara ta 1929, an ɗauke shi a matsayin masanin kididdigar lafiya na farko a Mayo Clinic, inda ya kafa tsarin lambobi don samar da kididdigar likitanci, wanda ya zama muhimmin ci gaba a fannin.<ref>Ardell, D.B. (1977). High Level Wellness: An Alternative to Doctors, Drugs and Disease. Emmaus, PA: Rodale.</ref> Daga 1935 zuwa 1960, Dunn ya rike mukamin Shugaban Ofishin Kididdigar Rayuwa na Ƙasa (National Office of Vital Statistics), da farko a ƙarƙashin Ofishin Ƙididdiga (Bureau of the Census) sannan daga baya a ƙarƙashin Ma’aikatar Lafiya, Ilimi da Jinƙai (Department of Health, Education and Welfare). A lokacin aikinsa, ya jagoranci canjin ofishin zuwa Cibiyar Kididdigar Lafiya ta Ƙasa (National Center for Health Statistics) a 1960. Ya kuma kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙididdigar Lafiya ta Jama’aKsiRarraba da dukkan abubuwan da ke ciki.<ref>Dunn, H.L. (1977). “What High Level Wellness Means.” Health Values, 1(1), 9-16.</ref> Hakanan ya kasance Sakatare Janar na Cibiyar Kididdigar Amurka ta Tsakiya (Inter-American Statistics Institute, IASI) daga 1941 zuwa 1952.<ref>Neilson, E.A. (1988). “Health Values: Origin and Purpose.” Health Values, 12(3), 3-5.</ref> ==Tunanin Lafiya== Halbert L. Dunn ya shahara sosai saboda gabatar da tunanin “lafiya mai girma” (high-level wellness), wanda ya bambanta tsakanin lafiya mai kyau (rashin ciwo) da lafiya mai girma, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin “yanayin canji inda mutum ke ci gaba, yana hawa zuwa ga mafi girman matakin aiki.” Ya gabatar da wannan tunani a cikin jerin laccoci ashirin da tara a Cocin Unitarian a Arlington County, Virginia, a ƙarshen shekarun 1950. Waɗannan laccocin sun zama tushen littafinsa mai suna High-Level Wellness, wanda aka buga a 1961. Lafiya Mai Girma ya ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar cewa lafiya ba kawai rashin cuta ba ne, amma yanayi ne na ci gaba da bunƙasa. Duk da cewa littafin bai sami tasiri mai yawa nan da nan ba, ya zama tushen ilham ga jagororin harkar lafiya da lafiya gabaɗaya (holistic health movement) da suka bunƙasa bayan shekaru goma, kamar Don B. Ardell, John Travis, da Elizabeth Neilson. A shekarun 1970, tunaninsa ya sami ƙarin faɗuwa ta hanyar ayyuka kamar buɗe cibiyar lafiya ta farko a Amurka ta John Travis a 1975 da kuma jaridar Health Values: Achieving High-Level Wellness da Elizabeth Neilson ta kafa. == Nassoshi== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1975]] hwmppnm92t5i1ozy4e42zcjw14lfuf3 0 100328 822171 636517 2026-04-18T11:49:28Z Pharouqenr 25549 822171 wikitext text/x-wiki Jean-Lucien Kwassi Lanyo Savi de Tové (an haife shi 7 ga Mayu 1939) ɗan siyasan Togo ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Togo na biyar tun 2025. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-05 |title=Togo : Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové, l'opposant historique, élu président dans un geste d'ouverture inédit |url=https://lejournalinfo.com/politique/savi-de-tove-president-togo/ |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=lejournalinfo.com}}</ref> A baya ya kasance ministan kasuwanci, masana'antu da sana'ar hannu a gwamnatocin Edem Kodjo da Yawovi Agboyibo daga 2005 zuwa 2007. Tsohon madugun 'yan adawa, an daure shi sau da yawa a lokacin shugabancin Gnassingbe Eyadéma kafin ya shiga gwamnati. A watan Mayun 2025, Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ta zabi Savi de Tové a matsayin shugaban kasa baki daya bayan sake fasalin tsarin mulki na 2024 wanda ya sauya yadda ake zaben shugaban kasa daga kuri'ar jama'a kai tsaye zuwa majalisar kasa ta zabe shi a fakaice. Ya karbi mulki ya gaji Faure Gnassingbé, dan Eyadéma, ya zama ma’aikaci na farko a wannan aiki na biki a yanzu, yayin da aka mayar da akasarin ikon shugabancin da aka yi a baya zuwa wani sabon ofishin da ake kira shugaban Majalisar Ministoci saboda garambawul. Daga baya Faure Gnassingbe ya dauki wannan rawar, wanda ya ci gaba da rike mafi yawan ikonsa. Savi de Tové mai shekaru kusan 86 a duniya lokacin da ya hau karagar mulki, shi ne mutum mafi tsufa da ya zama shugaban kasar Togo. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Savi de Tové a Lomé a cikin dangin Ewe.<ref name="Zio">{{Cite web |title=Circonscription électorale de Zio |url=http://www.cenitogo.tg/listecandidats/ZIO.pdf |website=cenitogo.tg |access-date=2025-05-20 |archive-date=2008-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911142204/http://www.cenitogo.tg/listecandidats/ZIO.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Etiame">{{Cite web |title=Profil des membres du gouvernement togolais |url=http://www.etiame.com/etiame296.htm |website=etiame.com |access-date=2025-05-20 |archive-date=2007-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071207104355/http://www.etiame.com/etiame296.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Que le "meilleur" gagne |url=http://www.africaintelligence.fr/C/modules/login/detailart/LoginDetailArt.asp?lang=fra&service=art&comment=&context=arc&doc_i_id=21063 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060309021130/http://www.africaintelligence.fr |archive-date=2006-03-09 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |website=Africa Intelligence}}</ref> Ya kammala karatun sa na degree a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Bordeaux . <ref>{{Cite journal |date=16 October 1960 |title=Bourses |journal=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |issue=134 |page=692}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Bayan juyin mulkin 1967 na Togo, an nada shi babban sakataren ma'aikatar harkokin waje a ranar 6 ga Fabrairun 1967. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1 March 1967 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |page=93}}</ref> Daga baya ya maye gurbinsa a cikin 1974 ta Kounavi Tiogue (na wucin gadi), kuma na dindindin a cikin 1975 ta Kodjo de Medeiros.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1 February 1975 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |page=62}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=16 May 1975 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |page=227}}</ref> An zarge shi da yunkurin juyin mulki tare da wasu jiga-jigan siyasa, ciki har da Gilchrist Olympio, an ba da sammacin kama shi a ranar 12 ga Yuli 1979, kuma an daure shi a kurkuku. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=16 October 1979 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |page=525}}</ref> An yanke masa hukunci a watan Agustan 1979 tare da wasu hudu kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru goma a gidan yari. Bayan tabbatar da siyasar jam’iyyu da yawa, ya kafa jam’iyyar Democrats for Unity (PDU). A watan Maris na 1993, kawancen 'yan adawa ya gabatar da shi a matsayin firaminista a wani taro a Cotonou na kasar Benin, inda suka soki hadin kan PM Joseph Kokou Koffigoh da Shugaba Eyadéma.<ref name="High">{{Cite web |title=Africa New Highlights |url=http://70.84.171.10/~etools/newsbrief/1993/news9303.23 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |publisher=Reuters }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Gwamnatin hukuma ta ki amincewa da wannan gabatarwa. Ya tsaya takara a matsayin mai cin gashin kansa a zaben 1994 na majalisar dokoki amma ba a zabe shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Godwin Tété |date=14 February 2015 |title=L'élection présidentielle de 2015 au Togo - Clarifions et simplifions la problématique |url=https://cvu-togo-diaspora.org/2015/02/14/lelection-presidentielle-de-2015-au-togo-clarifions-et-simplifions-la-problematique/10624 |website=cvu-togo-diaspora.org}}</ref> A cikin 1999, PDU ta haɗu da wasu jam'iyyun da suka haɗa da UTD da UTS don ƙirƙirar haɗin kai na Pan-African Patriotic Convergence (CPP), wanda Edem Kodjo ke jagoranta. AnAn nada Savi de Tové a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar CPP na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2006 |title=Togo/dialogue: les divergences refont surface avec la reprise des travaux |url=https://icilome.com/nouvelles/news.asp?id=1&idnews=6961&f= |access-date=20 May 2025 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233453/http://www.icilome.com/nouvelles/news.asp?id=1&idnews=6961&f= |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mme Gaba en détention arbitraire et illégale de 48 heures au camp du régiment para-commando de Kara, sur ordre du Lieutenant-colonel Ernest Gnassingbé |url=http://www.togo-confidentiel.com/texte/DroitsHumains&Libert%E9s/Gaba_au_Camp_Landja.htm}}</ref> An nada shi Ministan Kasuwanci, Masana'antu da Sana'ar Hannu a ranar 20 ga Yuni 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2005 |title=Togo: Liste des membres du nouveau gouvernement |url=http://www.french.xinhuanet.com/french/2005-06/21/content_130208.htm |access-date=20 May 2025 |archive-date=19 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219155841/http://www.french.xinhuanet.com/french/2005-06/21/content_130208.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kasance a cikin wannan matsayi a gwamnatin Yawovi Agboyibo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2006 |title=Répartition des portefeuilles du nouveau gouvernement togolais |url=https://www.afrik.com/repartition-des-portefeuilles-du-nouveau-gouvernement-togolais}}</ref> Ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar siyasa da ta haifar daga tattaunawar tsakanin Togo a 2006 a madadin CPP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texte de l'accord politique global |url=https://www.cenitogo.tg/telechargement/apg.pdf |access-date=May 6, 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A lokacin zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin Togo a shekara ta 2007, ya jagoranci jerin jam'iyyar CPP a lardin Zio amma jam'iyyar ta kasa samun kujeru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2007 |title=Text of Constitutional Court decision (final election results) |url=https://www.cenitogo.tg/resultats/Resultats_definitifs_des_elections_legislatives_du_14_octobre_2007_%20proclames_par_la_Cour_Constitutionnelle.do.pdf |language=en |access-date=20 May 2025 |archive-date=29 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129155756/https://www.cenitogo.tg/resultats/Resultats_definitifs_des_elections_legislatives_du_14_octobre_2007_%20proclames_par_la_Cour_Constitutionnelle.do.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kore shi daga cikin gwamnati a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007. A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2009, an nada shi shugaban CPDC na dindindin don tattaunawa da shawarwari.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2009 |title=Jean-Lucien Sanvi De Tové confiant et serein |url=https://www.republicoftogo.com/central.php?o=6&s=3824&d=3&i=3822 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tun daga ranar 3 ga Mayun 2025, ya zama shugaban kasa na farko a jamhuriya a karkashin sabuwar jamhuriya ta biyar da aka kafa. == Daraja == * Order of Mono - Kwamandan (2006) <ref>{{Cite journal |date=26 December 2006 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |url=http://jo.gouv.tg/sites/default/files/annee/2006/jo%202006-040.pdf |page=4}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] d6gf3kizfa36o8wssh7g9cl6a8ywrdq 822172 822171 2026-04-18T11:49:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 822172 wikitext text/x-wiki Jean-Lucien Kwassi Lanyo Savi de Tové (an haife shi 7 ga Mayu 1939) ɗan siyasan Togo ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Togo na biyar tun 2025. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-05 |title=Togo : Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové, l'opposant historique, élu président dans un geste d'ouverture inédit |url=https://lejournalinfo.com/politique/savi-de-tove-president-togo/ |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=lejournalinfo.com}}</ref> A baya ya kasance ministan kasuwanci, masana'antu da sana'ar hannu a gwamnatocin Edem Kodjo da Yawovi Agboyibo daga 2005 zuwa 2007. Tsohon madugun 'yan adawa, an daure shi sau da yawa a lokacin shugabancin Gnassingbe Eyadéma kafin ya shiga gwamnati. A watan Mayun 2025, Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ta zabi Savi de Tové a matsayin shugaban kasa baki daya bayan sake fasalin tsarin mulki na 2024 wanda ya sauya yadda ake zaben shugaban kasa daga kuri'ar jama'a kai tsaye zuwa majalisar kasa ta zabe shi a fakaice. Ya karbi mulki ya gaji Faure Gnassingbé, dan Eyadéma, ya zama ma’aikaci na farko a wannan aiki na biki a yanzu, yayin da aka mayar da akasarin ikon shugabancin da aka yi a baya zuwa wani sabon ofishin da ake kira shugaban Majalisar Ministoci saboda garambawul. Daga baya Faure Gnassingbe ya dauki wannan rawar, wanda ya ci gaba da rike mafi yawan ikonsa. Savi de Tové mai shekaru kusan 86 a duniya lokacin da ya hau karagar mulki, shi ne mutum mafi tsufa da ya zama shugaban kasar [[Togo]]. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Savi de Tové a Lomé a cikin dangin Ewe.<ref name="Zio">{{Cite web |title=Circonscription électorale de Zio |url=http://www.cenitogo.tg/listecandidats/ZIO.pdf |website=cenitogo.tg |access-date=2025-05-20 |archive-date=2008-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911142204/http://www.cenitogo.tg/listecandidats/ZIO.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Etiame">{{Cite web |title=Profil des membres du gouvernement togolais |url=http://www.etiame.com/etiame296.htm |website=etiame.com |access-date=2025-05-20 |archive-date=2007-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071207104355/http://www.etiame.com/etiame296.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Que le "meilleur" gagne |url=http://www.africaintelligence.fr/C/modules/login/detailart/LoginDetailArt.asp?lang=fra&service=art&comment=&context=arc&doc_i_id=21063 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060309021130/http://www.africaintelligence.fr |archive-date=2006-03-09 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |website=Africa Intelligence}}</ref> Ya kammala karatun sa na degree a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Bordeaux . <ref>{{Cite journal |date=16 October 1960 |title=Bourses |journal=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |issue=134 |page=692}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Bayan juyin mulkin 1967 na Togo, an nada shi babban sakataren ma'aikatar harkokin waje a ranar 6 ga Fabrairun 1967. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1 March 1967 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |page=93}}</ref> Daga baya ya maye gurbinsa a cikin 1974 ta Kounavi Tiogue (na wucin gadi), kuma na dindindin a cikin 1975 ta Kodjo de Medeiros.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1 February 1975 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |page=62}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=16 May 1975 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |page=227}}</ref> An zarge shi da yunkurin juyin mulki tare da wasu jiga-jigan siyasa, ciki har da Gilchrist Olympio, an ba da sammacin kama shi a ranar 12 ga Yuli 1979, kuma an daure shi a kurkuku. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=16 October 1979 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |page=525}}</ref> An yanke masa hukunci a watan Agustan 1979 tare da wasu hudu kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru goma a gidan yari. Bayan tabbatar da siyasar jam’iyyu da yawa, ya kafa jam’iyyar Democrats for Unity (PDU). A watan Maris na 1993, kawancen 'yan adawa ya gabatar da shi a matsayin firaminista a wani taro a Cotonou na kasar Benin, inda suka soki hadin kan PM Joseph Kokou Koffigoh da Shugaba Eyadéma.<ref name="High">{{Cite web |title=Africa New Highlights |url=http://70.84.171.10/~etools/newsbrief/1993/news9303.23 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |publisher=Reuters }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Gwamnatin hukuma ta ki amincewa da wannan gabatarwa. Ya tsaya takara a matsayin mai cin gashin kansa a zaben 1994 na majalisar dokoki amma ba a zabe shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Godwin Tété |date=14 February 2015 |title=L'élection présidentielle de 2015 au Togo - Clarifions et simplifions la problématique |url=https://cvu-togo-diaspora.org/2015/02/14/lelection-presidentielle-de-2015-au-togo-clarifions-et-simplifions-la-problematique/10624 |website=cvu-togo-diaspora.org}}</ref> A cikin 1999, PDU ta haɗu da wasu jam'iyyun da suka haɗa da UTD da UTS don ƙirƙirar haɗin kai na Pan-African Patriotic Convergence (CPP), wanda Edem Kodjo ke jagoranta. AnAn nada Savi de Tové a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar CPP na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2006 |title=Togo/dialogue: les divergences refont surface avec la reprise des travaux |url=https://icilome.com/nouvelles/news.asp?id=1&idnews=6961&f= |access-date=20 May 2025 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233453/http://www.icilome.com/nouvelles/news.asp?id=1&idnews=6961&f= |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mme Gaba en détention arbitraire et illégale de 48 heures au camp du régiment para-commando de Kara, sur ordre du Lieutenant-colonel Ernest Gnassingbé |url=http://www.togo-confidentiel.com/texte/DroitsHumains&Libert%E9s/Gaba_au_Camp_Landja.htm}}</ref> An nada shi Ministan Kasuwanci, Masana'antu da Sana'ar Hannu a ranar 20 ga Yuni 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2005 |title=Togo: Liste des membres du nouveau gouvernement |url=http://www.french.xinhuanet.com/french/2005-06/21/content_130208.htm |access-date=20 May 2025 |archive-date=19 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219155841/http://www.french.xinhuanet.com/french/2005-06/21/content_130208.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kasance a cikin wannan matsayi a gwamnatin Yawovi Agboyibo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2006 |title=Répartition des portefeuilles du nouveau gouvernement togolais |url=https://www.afrik.com/repartition-des-portefeuilles-du-nouveau-gouvernement-togolais}}</ref> Ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar siyasa da ta haifar daga tattaunawar tsakanin Togo a 2006 a madadin CPP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texte de l'accord politique global |url=https://www.cenitogo.tg/telechargement/apg.pdf |access-date=May 6, 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A lokacin zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin Togo a shekara ta 2007, ya jagoranci jerin jam'iyyar CPP a lardin Zio amma jam'iyyar ta kasa samun kujeru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2007 |title=Text of Constitutional Court decision (final election results) |url=https://www.cenitogo.tg/resultats/Resultats_definitifs_des_elections_legislatives_du_14_octobre_2007_%20proclames_par_la_Cour_Constitutionnelle.do.pdf |language=en |access-date=20 May 2025 |archive-date=29 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129155756/https://www.cenitogo.tg/resultats/Resultats_definitifs_des_elections_legislatives_du_14_octobre_2007_%20proclames_par_la_Cour_Constitutionnelle.do.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kore shi daga cikin gwamnati a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007. A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2009, an nada shi shugaban CPDC na dindindin don tattaunawa da shawarwari.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2009 |title=Jean-Lucien Sanvi De Tové confiant et serein |url=https://www.republicoftogo.com/central.php?o=6&s=3824&d=3&i=3822 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tun daga ranar 3 ga Mayun 2025, ya zama shugaban kasa na farko a jamhuriya a karkashin sabuwar jamhuriya ta biyar da aka kafa. == Daraja == * Order of Mono - Kwamandan (2006) <ref>{{Cite journal |date=26 December 2006 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |url=http://jo.gouv.tg/sites/default/files/annee/2006/jo%202006-040.pdf |page=4}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] impbvy9bcqgug43aqyuebsu8w6hd2p7 822173 822172 2026-04-18T11:50:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 822173 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jean-Lucien Kwassi Lanyo Savi de Tové''' (an haife shi 7 ga Mayu 1939) ɗan siyasan Togo ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Togo na biyar tun 2025. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-05 |title=Togo : Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové, l'opposant historique, élu président dans un geste d'ouverture inédit |url=https://lejournalinfo.com/politique/savi-de-tove-president-togo/ |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=lejournalinfo.com}}</ref> A baya ya kasance ministan kasuwanci, masana'antu da sana'ar hannu a gwamnatocin Edem Kodjo da Yawovi Agboyibo daga 2005 zuwa 2007. Tsohon madugun 'yan adawa, an daure shi sau da yawa a lokacin shugabancin Gnassingbe Eyadéma kafin ya shiga gwamnati. A watan Mayun 2025, Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ta zabi Savi de Tové a matsayin shugaban kasa baki daya bayan sake fasalin tsarin mulki na 2024 wanda ya sauya yadda ake zaben shugaban kasa daga kuri'ar jama'a kai tsaye zuwa majalisar kasa ta zabe shi a fakaice. Ya karbi mulki ya gaji Faure Gnassingbé, dan Eyadéma, ya zama ma’aikaci na farko a wannan aiki na biki a yanzu, yayin da aka mayar da akasarin ikon shugabancin da aka yi a baya zuwa wani sabon ofishin da ake kira shugaban Majalisar Ministoci saboda garambawul. Daga baya Faure Gnassingbe ya dauki wannan rawar, wanda ya ci gaba da rike mafi yawan ikonsa. Savi de Tové mai shekaru kusan 86 a duniya lokacin da ya hau karagar mulki, shi ne mutum mafi tsufa da ya zama shugaban kasar [[Togo]]. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Savi de Tové a Lomé a cikin dangin Ewe.<ref name="Zio">{{Cite web |title=Circonscription électorale de Zio |url=http://www.cenitogo.tg/listecandidats/ZIO.pdf |website=cenitogo.tg |access-date=2025-05-20 |archive-date=2008-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911142204/http://www.cenitogo.tg/listecandidats/ZIO.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Etiame">{{Cite web |title=Profil des membres du gouvernement togolais |url=http://www.etiame.com/etiame296.htm |website=etiame.com |access-date=2025-05-20 |archive-date=2007-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071207104355/http://www.etiame.com/etiame296.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Que le "meilleur" gagne |url=http://www.africaintelligence.fr/C/modules/login/detailart/LoginDetailArt.asp?lang=fra&service=art&comment=&context=arc&doc_i_id=21063 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060309021130/http://www.africaintelligence.fr |archive-date=2006-03-09 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |website=Africa Intelligence}}</ref> Ya kammala karatun sa na degree a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Bordeaux . <ref>{{Cite journal |date=16 October 1960 |title=Bourses |journal=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |issue=134 |page=692}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Bayan juyin mulkin 1967 na Togo, an nada shi babban sakataren ma'aikatar harkokin waje a ranar 6 ga Fabrairun 1967. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1 March 1967 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |page=93}}</ref> Daga baya ya maye gurbinsa a cikin 1974 ta Kounavi Tiogue (na wucin gadi), kuma na dindindin a cikin 1975 ta Kodjo de Medeiros.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1 February 1975 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |page=62}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=16 May 1975 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |page=227}}</ref> An zarge shi da yunkurin juyin mulki tare da wasu jiga-jigan siyasa, ciki har da Gilchrist Olympio, an ba da sammacin kama shi a ranar 12 ga Yuli 1979, kuma an daure shi a kurkuku. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=16 October 1979 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |page=525}}</ref> An yanke masa hukunci a watan Agustan 1979 tare da wasu hudu kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru goma a gidan yari. Bayan tabbatar da siyasar jam’iyyu da yawa, ya kafa jam’iyyar Democrats for Unity (PDU). A watan Maris na 1993, kawancen 'yan adawa ya gabatar da shi a matsayin firaminista a wani taro a Cotonou na kasar Benin, inda suka soki hadin kan PM Joseph Kokou Koffigoh da Shugaba Eyadéma.<ref name="High">{{Cite web |title=Africa New Highlights |url=http://70.84.171.10/~etools/newsbrief/1993/news9303.23 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |publisher=Reuters }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Gwamnatin hukuma ta ki amincewa da wannan gabatarwa. Ya tsaya takara a matsayin mai cin gashin kansa a zaben 1994 na majalisar dokoki amma ba a zabe shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Godwin Tété |date=14 February 2015 |title=L'élection présidentielle de 2015 au Togo - Clarifions et simplifions la problématique |url=https://cvu-togo-diaspora.org/2015/02/14/lelection-presidentielle-de-2015-au-togo-clarifions-et-simplifions-la-problematique/10624 |website=cvu-togo-diaspora.org}}</ref> A cikin 1999, PDU ta haɗu da wasu jam'iyyun da suka haɗa da UTD da UTS don ƙirƙirar haɗin kai na Pan-African Patriotic Convergence (CPP), wanda Edem Kodjo ke jagoranta. AnAn nada Savi de Tové a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar CPP na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2006 |title=Togo/dialogue: les divergences refont surface avec la reprise des travaux |url=https://icilome.com/nouvelles/news.asp?id=1&idnews=6961&f= |access-date=20 May 2025 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233453/http://www.icilome.com/nouvelles/news.asp?id=1&idnews=6961&f= |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mme Gaba en détention arbitraire et illégale de 48 heures au camp du régiment para-commando de Kara, sur ordre du Lieutenant-colonel Ernest Gnassingbé |url=http://www.togo-confidentiel.com/texte/DroitsHumains&Libert%E9s/Gaba_au_Camp_Landja.htm}}</ref> An nada shi Ministan Kasuwanci, Masana'antu da Sana'ar Hannu a ranar 20 ga Yuni 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2005 |title=Togo: Liste des membres du nouveau gouvernement |url=http://www.french.xinhuanet.com/french/2005-06/21/content_130208.htm |access-date=20 May 2025 |archive-date=19 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219155841/http://www.french.xinhuanet.com/french/2005-06/21/content_130208.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kasance a cikin wannan matsayi a gwamnatin Yawovi Agboyibo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2006 |title=Répartition des portefeuilles du nouveau gouvernement togolais |url=https://www.afrik.com/repartition-des-portefeuilles-du-nouveau-gouvernement-togolais}}</ref> Ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar siyasa da ta haifar daga tattaunawar tsakanin Togo a 2006 a madadin CPP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texte de l'accord politique global |url=https://www.cenitogo.tg/telechargement/apg.pdf |access-date=May 6, 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A lokacin zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin Togo a shekara ta 2007, ya jagoranci jerin jam'iyyar CPP a lardin Zio amma jam'iyyar ta kasa samun kujeru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2007 |title=Text of Constitutional Court decision (final election results) |url=https://www.cenitogo.tg/resultats/Resultats_definitifs_des_elections_legislatives_du_14_octobre_2007_%20proclames_par_la_Cour_Constitutionnelle.do.pdf |language=en |access-date=20 May 2025 |archive-date=29 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129155756/https://www.cenitogo.tg/resultats/Resultats_definitifs_des_elections_legislatives_du_14_octobre_2007_%20proclames_par_la_Cour_Constitutionnelle.do.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kore shi daga cikin gwamnati a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007. A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2009, an nada shi shugaban CPDC na dindindin don tattaunawa da shawarwari.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2009 |title=Jean-Lucien Sanvi De Tové confiant et serein |url=https://www.republicoftogo.com/central.php?o=6&s=3824&d=3&i=3822 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tun daga ranar 3 ga Mayun 2025, ya zama shugaban kasa na farko a jamhuriya a karkashin sabuwar jamhuriya ta biyar da aka kafa. == Daraja == * Order of Mono - Kwamandan (2006) <ref>{{Cite journal |date=26 December 2006 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |url=http://jo.gouv.tg/sites/default/files/annee/2006/jo%202006-040.pdf |page=4}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] 1ldc9qsd1g28zse972lvam0ylp8xw8v 822174 822173 2026-04-18T11:50:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 822174 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jean-Lucien Kwassi Lanyo Savi de Tové''' (an haife shi 7 ga Mayu 1939) ɗan siyasan Togo ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Togo na biyar tun 2025. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-05 |title=Togo : Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové, l'opposant historique, élu président dans un geste d'ouverture inédit |url=https://lejournalinfo.com/politique/savi-de-tove-president-togo/ |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=lejournalinfo.com}}</ref> A baya ya kasance ministan kasuwanci, masana'antu da sana'ar hannu a gwamnatocin Edem Kodjo da Yawovi Agboyibo daga 2005 zuwa 2007. Tsohon madugun 'yan adawa, an daure shi sau da yawa a lokacin shugabancin Gnassingbe Eyadéma kafin ya shiga gwamnati. A watan Mayun 2025, Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ta zabi Savi de Tové a matsayin shugaban kasa baki daya bayan sake fasalin tsarin mulki na 2024 wanda ya sauya yadda ake zaben shugaban kasa daga kuri'ar jama'a kai tsaye zuwa majalisar kasa ta zabe shi a fakaice. Ya karbi mulki ya gaji Faure Gnassingbé, dan Eyadéma, ya zama ma’aikaci na farko a wannan aiki na biki a yanzu, yayin da aka mayar da akasarin ikon shugabancin da aka yi a baya zuwa wani sabon ofishin da ake kira shugaban Majalisar Ministoci saboda garambawul. Daga baya Faure Gnassingbe ya dauki wannan rawar, wanda ya ci gaba da rike mafi yawan ikonsa. Savi de Tové mai shekaru kusan 86 a duniya lokacin da ya hau karagar mulki, shi ne mutum mafi tsufa da ya zama shugaban kasar [[Togo]]. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Savi de Tové a Lomé a cikin dangin Ewe.<ref name="Zio">{{Cite web |title=Circonscription électorale de Zio |url=http://www.cenitogo.tg/listecandidats/ZIO.pdf |website=cenitogo.tg |access-date=2025-05-20 |archive-date=2008-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911142204/http://www.cenitogo.tg/listecandidats/ZIO.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Etiame">{{Cite web |title=Profil des membres du gouvernement togolais |url=http://www.etiame.com/etiame296.htm |website=etiame.com |access-date=2025-05-20 |archive-date=2007-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071207104355/http://www.etiame.com/etiame296.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Que le "meilleur" gagne |url=http://www.africaintelligence.fr/C/modules/login/detailart/LoginDetailArt.asp?lang=fra&service=art&comment=&context=arc&doc_i_id=21063 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060309021130/http://www.africaintelligence.fr |archive-date=2006-03-09 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |website=Africa Intelligence}}</ref> Ya kammala karatun sa na degree a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Bordeaux.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=16 October 1960 |title=Bourses |journal=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |issue=134 |page=692}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Bayan juyin mulkin 1967 na Togo, an nada shi babban sakataren ma'aikatar harkokin waje a ranar 6 ga Fabrairun 1967. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1 March 1967 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |page=93}}</ref> Daga baya ya maye gurbinsa a cikin 1974 ta Kounavi Tiogue (na wucin gadi), kuma na dindindin a cikin 1975 ta Kodjo de Medeiros.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1 February 1975 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |page=62}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=16 May 1975 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |page=227}}</ref> An zarge shi da yunkurin juyin mulki tare da wasu jiga-jigan siyasa, ciki har da Gilchrist Olympio, an ba da sammacin kama shi a ranar 12 ga Yuli 1979, kuma an daure shi a kurkuku.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=16 October 1979 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |page=525}}</ref> An yanke masa hukunci a watan Agustan 1979 tare da wasu hudu kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru goma a gidan yari. Bayan tabbatar da siyasar jam’iyyu da yawa, ya kafa jam’iyyar Democrats for Unity (PDU). A watan Maris na 1993, kawancen 'yan adawa ya gabatar da shi a matsayin firaminista a wani taro a Cotonou na kasar Benin, inda suka soki hadin kan PM Joseph Kokou Koffigoh da Shugaba Eyadéma.<ref name="High">{{Cite web |title=Africa New Highlights |url=http://70.84.171.10/~etools/newsbrief/1993/news9303.23 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |publisher=Reuters }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Gwamnatin hukuma ta ki amincewa da wannan gabatarwa. Ya tsaya takara a matsayin mai cin gashin kansa a zaben 1994 na majalisar dokoki amma ba a zabe shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Godwin Tété |date=14 February 2015 |title=L'élection présidentielle de 2015 au Togo - Clarifions et simplifions la problématique |url=https://cvu-togo-diaspora.org/2015/02/14/lelection-presidentielle-de-2015-au-togo-clarifions-et-simplifions-la-problematique/10624 |website=cvu-togo-diaspora.org}}</ref> A cikin 1999, PDU ta haɗu da wasu jam'iyyun da suka haɗa da UTD da UTS don ƙirƙirar haɗin kai na Pan-African Patriotic Convergence (CPP), wanda Edem Kodjo ke jagoranta. AnAn nada Savi de Tové a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar CPP na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2006 |title=Togo/dialogue: les divergences refont surface avec la reprise des travaux |url=https://icilome.com/nouvelles/news.asp?id=1&idnews=6961&f= |access-date=20 May 2025 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233453/http://www.icilome.com/nouvelles/news.asp?id=1&idnews=6961&f= |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mme Gaba en détention arbitraire et illégale de 48 heures au camp du régiment para-commando de Kara, sur ordre du Lieutenant-colonel Ernest Gnassingbé |url=http://www.togo-confidentiel.com/texte/DroitsHumains&Libert%E9s/Gaba_au_Camp_Landja.htm}}</ref> An nada shi Ministan Kasuwanci, Masana'antu da Sana'ar Hannu a ranar 20 ga Yuni 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2005 |title=Togo: Liste des membres du nouveau gouvernement |url=http://www.french.xinhuanet.com/french/2005-06/21/content_130208.htm |access-date=20 May 2025 |archive-date=19 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219155841/http://www.french.xinhuanet.com/french/2005-06/21/content_130208.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kasance a cikin wannan matsayi a gwamnatin Yawovi Agboyibo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2006 |title=Répartition des portefeuilles du nouveau gouvernement togolais |url=https://www.afrik.com/repartition-des-portefeuilles-du-nouveau-gouvernement-togolais}}</ref> Ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar siyasa da ta haifar daga tattaunawar tsakanin Togo a 2006 a madadin CPP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texte de l'accord politique global |url=https://www.cenitogo.tg/telechargement/apg.pdf |access-date=May 6, 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A lokacin zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin Togo a shekara ta 2007, ya jagoranci jerin jam'iyyar CPP a lardin Zio amma jam'iyyar ta kasa samun kujeru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2007 |title=Text of Constitutional Court decision (final election results) |url=https://www.cenitogo.tg/resultats/Resultats_definitifs_des_elections_legislatives_du_14_octobre_2007_%20proclames_par_la_Cour_Constitutionnelle.do.pdf |language=en |access-date=20 May 2025 |archive-date=29 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129155756/https://www.cenitogo.tg/resultats/Resultats_definitifs_des_elections_legislatives_du_14_octobre_2007_%20proclames_par_la_Cour_Constitutionnelle.do.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kore shi daga cikin gwamnati a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007. A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2009, an nada shi shugaban CPDC na dindindin don tattaunawa da shawarwari.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2009 |title=Jean-Lucien Sanvi De Tové confiant et serein |url=https://www.republicoftogo.com/central.php?o=6&s=3824&d=3&i=3822 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tun daga ranar 3 ga Mayun 2025, ya zama shugaban kasa na farko a jamhuriya a karkashin sabuwar jamhuriya ta biyar da aka kafa. == Daraja == * Order of Mono - Kwamandan (2006) <ref>{{Cite journal |date=26 December 2006 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |url=http://jo.gouv.tg/sites/default/files/annee/2006/jo%202006-040.pdf |page=4}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] hfsdb38ojloajrd3lngotmm5oy7azhb 822175 822174 2026-04-18T11:51:03Z Pharouqenr 25549 822175 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jean-Lucien Kwassi Lanyo Savi de Tové''' (an haife shi 7 ga Mayu 1939) ɗan siyasan Togo ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Togo na biyar tun 2025. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-05 |title=Togo : Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové, l'opposant historique, élu président dans un geste d'ouverture inédit |url=https://lejournalinfo.com/politique/savi-de-tove-president-togo/ |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=lejournalinfo.com}}</ref> A baya ya kasance ministan kasuwanci, masana'antu da sana'ar hannu a gwamnatocin Edem Kodjo da Yawovi Agboyibo daga 2005 zuwa 2007. Tsohon madugun 'yan adawa, an daure shi sau da yawa a lokacin shugabancin Gnassingbe Eyadéma kafin ya shiga gwamnati. A watan Mayun 2025, Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ta zabi Savi de Tové a matsayin shugaban kasa baki daya bayan sake fasalin tsarin mulki na 2024 wanda ya sauya yadda ake zaben shugaban kasa daga kuri'ar jama'a kai tsaye zuwa majalisar kasa ta zabe shi a fakaice. Ya karbi mulki ya gaji Faure Gnassingbé, dan Eyadéma, ya zama ma’aikaci na farko a wannan aiki na biki a yanzu, yayin da aka mayar da akasarin ikon shugabancin da aka yi a baya zuwa wani sabon ofishin da ake kira shugaban Majalisar Ministoci saboda garambawul. Daga baya Faure Gnassingbe ya dauki wannan rawar, wanda ya ci gaba da rike mafi yawan ikonsa. Savi de Tové mai shekaru kusan 86 a duniya lokacin da ya hau karagar mulki, shi ne mutum mafi tsufa da ya zama shugaban kasar [[Togo]]. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Savi de Tové a Lomé a cikin dangin Ewe.<ref name="Zio">{{Cite web |title=Circonscription électorale de Zio |url=http://www.cenitogo.tg/listecandidats/ZIO.pdf |website=cenitogo.tg |access-date=2025-05-20 |archive-date=2008-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911142204/http://www.cenitogo.tg/listecandidats/ZIO.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Etiame">{{Cite web |title=Profil des membres du gouvernement togolais |url=http://www.etiame.com/etiame296.htm |website=etiame.com |access-date=2025-05-20 |archive-date=2007-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071207104355/http://www.etiame.com/etiame296.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Que le "meilleur" gagne |url=http://www.africaintelligence.fr/C/modules/login/detailart/LoginDetailArt.asp?lang=fra&service=art&comment=&context=arc&doc_i_id=21063 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060309021130/http://www.africaintelligence.fr |archive-date=2006-03-09 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |website=Africa Intelligence}}</ref> Ya kammala karatun sa na degree a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Bordeaux.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=16 October 1960 |title=Bourses |journal=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |issue=134 |page=692}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Bayan juyin mulkin 1967 na Togo, an nada shi babban sakataren ma'aikatar harkokin waje a ranar 6 ga Fabrairun 1967. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1 March 1967 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |page=93}}</ref> Daga baya ya maye gurbinsa a cikin 1974 ta Kounavi Tiogue (na wucin gadi), kuma na dindindin a cikin 1975 ta Kodjo de Medeiros.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1 February 1975 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |page=62}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=16 May 1975 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |page=227}}</ref> An zarge shi da yunkurin juyin mulki tare da wasu jiga-jigan siyasa, ciki har da Gilchrist Olympio, an ba da sammacin kama shi a ranar 12 ga Yuli 1979, kuma an daure shi a kurkuku.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=16 October 1979 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |page=525}}</ref> An yanke masa hukunci a watan Agustan 1979 tare da wasu hudu kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru goma a gidan yari. Bayan tabbatar da siyasar jam’iyyu da yawa, ya kafa jam’iyyar Democrats for Unity (PDU). A watan Maris na 1993, kawancen 'yan adawa ya gabatar da shi a matsayin firaminista a wani taro a Cotonou na kasar Benin, inda suka soki hadin kan PM Joseph Kokou Koffigoh da Shugaba Eyadéma.<ref name="High">{{Cite web |title=Africa New Highlights |url=http://70.84.171.10/~etools/newsbrief/1993/news9303.23 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |publisher=Reuters }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Gwamnatin hukuma ta ki amincewa da wannan gabatarwa. Ya tsaya takara a matsayin mai cin gashin kansa a zaben 1994 na majalisar dokoki amma ba a zabe shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Godwin Tété |date=14 February 2015 |title=L'élection présidentielle de 2015 au Togo - Clarifions et simplifions la problématique |url=https://cvu-togo-diaspora.org/2015/02/14/lelection-presidentielle-de-2015-au-togo-clarifions-et-simplifions-la-problematique/10624 |website=cvu-togo-diaspora.org}}</ref> A cikin 1999, PDU ta haɗu da wasu jam'iyyun da suka haɗa da UTD da UTS don ƙirƙirar haɗin kai na Pan-African Patriotic Convergence (CPP), wanda Edem Kodjo ke jagoranta. AnAn nada Savi de Tové a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar CPP na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2006 |title=Togo/dialogue: les divergences refont surface avec la reprise des travaux |url=https://icilome.com/nouvelles/news.asp?id=1&idnews=6961&f= |access-date=20 May 2025 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233453/http://www.icilome.com/nouvelles/news.asp?id=1&idnews=6961&f= |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mme Gaba en détention arbitraire et illégale de 48 heures au camp du régiment para-commando de Kara, sur ordre du Lieutenant-colonel Ernest Gnassingbé |url=http://www.togo-confidentiel.com/texte/DroitsHumains&Libert%E9s/Gaba_au_Camp_Landja.htm}}</ref> An nada shi Ministan Kasuwanci, Masana'antu da Sana'ar Hannu a ranar 20 ga Yuni 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2005 |title=Togo: Liste des membres du nouveau gouvernement |url=http://www.french.xinhuanet.com/french/2005-06/21/content_130208.htm |access-date=20 May 2025 |archive-date=19 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219155841/http://www.french.xinhuanet.com/french/2005-06/21/content_130208.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kasance a cikin wannan matsayi a gwamnatin Yawovi Agboyibo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2006 |title=Répartition des portefeuilles du nouveau gouvernement togolais |url=https://www.afrik.com/repartition-des-portefeuilles-du-nouveau-gouvernement-togolais}}</ref> Ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar siyasa da ta haifar daga tattaunawar tsakanin Togo a 2006 a madadin CPP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texte de l'accord politique global |url=https://www.cenitogo.tg/telechargement/apg.pdf |access-date=May 6, 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A lokacin zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin Togo a shekara ta 2007, ya jagoranci jerin jam'iyyar CPP a lardin Zio amma jam'iyyar ta kasa samun kujeru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2007 |title=Text of Constitutional Court decision (final election results) |url=https://www.cenitogo.tg/resultats/Resultats_definitifs_des_elections_legislatives_du_14_octobre_2007_%20proclames_par_la_Cour_Constitutionnelle.do.pdf |language=en |access-date=20 May 2025 |archive-date=29 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129155756/https://www.cenitogo.tg/resultats/Resultats_definitifs_des_elections_legislatives_du_14_octobre_2007_%20proclames_par_la_Cour_Constitutionnelle.do.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kore shi daga cikin gwamnati a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007. A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2009, an nada shi shugaban CPDC na dindindin don tattaunawa da shawarwari.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2009 |title=Jean-Lucien Sanvi De Tové confiant et serein |url=https://www.republicoftogo.com/central.php?o=6&s=3824&d=3&i=3822 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tun daga ranar 3 ga Mayun 2025, ya zama shugaban kasa na farko a jamhuriya a karkashin sabuwar jamhuriya ta biyar da aka kafa. == Daraja == * Order of Mono - Kwamandan (2006)<ref>{{Cite journal |date=26 December 2006 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |url=http://jo.gouv.tg/sites/default/files/annee/2006/jo%202006-040.pdf |page=4}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] fdozukttsd0cs19w932faf5sdoj0nqv 822176 822175 2026-04-18T11:51:22Z Pharouqenr 25549 822176 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jean-Lucien Kwassi Lanyo Savi de Tové''' (an haife shi 7 ga Mayu 1939) ɗan siyasan Togo ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Togo na biyar tun 2025. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-05 |title=Togo : Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové, l'opposant historique, élu président dans un geste d'ouverture inédit |url=https://lejournalinfo.com/politique/savi-de-tove-president-togo/ |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=lejournalinfo.com}}</ref> A baya ya kasance ministan kasuwanci, masana'antu da sana'ar hannu a gwamnatocin Edem Kodjo da Yawovi Agboyibo daga 2005 zuwa 2007. Tsohon madugun 'yan adawa, an daure shi sau da yawa a lokacin shugabancin Gnassingbe Eyadéma kafin ya shiga gwamnati. A watan Mayun 2025, Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ta zabi Savi de Tové a matsayin shugaban kasa baki daya bayan sake fasalin tsarin mulki na 2024 wanda ya sauya yadda ake zaben shugaban kasa daga kuri'ar jama'a kai tsaye zuwa majalisar kasa ta zabe shi a fakaice. Ya karbi mulki ya gaji Faure Gnassingbé, dan Eyadéma, ya zama ma’aikaci na farko a wannan aiki na biki a yanzu, yayin da aka mayar da akasarin ikon shugabancin da aka yi a baya zuwa wani sabon ofishin da ake kira shugaban Majalisar Ministoci saboda garambawul. Daga baya Faure Gnassingbe ya dauki wannan rawar, wanda ya ci gaba da rike mafi yawan ikonsa. Savi de Tové mai shekaru kusan 86 a duniya lokacin da ya hau karagar mulki, shi ne mutum mafi tsufa da ya zama shugaban kasar [[Togo]]. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Savi de Tové a Lomé a cikin dangin Ewe.<ref name="Zio">{{Cite web |title=Circonscription électorale de Zio |url=http://www.cenitogo.tg/listecandidats/ZIO.pdf |website=cenitogo.tg |access-date=2025-05-20 |archive-date=2008-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911142204/http://www.cenitogo.tg/listecandidats/ZIO.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Etiame">{{Cite web |title=Profil des membres du gouvernement togolais |url=http://www.etiame.com/etiame296.htm |website=etiame.com |access-date=2025-05-20 |archive-date=2007-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071207104355/http://www.etiame.com/etiame296.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Que le "meilleur" gagne |url=http://www.africaintelligence.fr/C/modules/login/detailart/LoginDetailArt.asp?lang=fra&service=art&comment=&context=arc&doc_i_id=21063 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060309021130/http://www.africaintelligence.fr |archive-date=2006-03-09 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |website=Africa Intelligence}}</ref> Ya kammala karatun sa na degree a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Bordeaux.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=16 October 1960 |title=Bourses |journal=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |issue=134 |page=692}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Bayan juyin mulkin 1967 na Togo, an nada shi babban sakataren ma'aikatar harkokin waje a ranar 6 ga Fabrairun 1967. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1 March 1967 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |page=93}}</ref> Daga baya ya maye gurbinsa a cikin 1974 ta Kounavi Tiogue (na wucin gadi), kuma na dindindin a cikin 1975 ta Kodjo de Medeiros.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1 February 1975 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |page=62}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=16 May 1975 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |page=227}}</ref> An zarge shi da yunkurin juyin mulki tare da wasu jiga-jigan siyasa, ciki har da Gilchrist Olympio, an ba da sammacin kama shi a ranar 12 ga Yuli 1979, kuma an daure shi a kurkuku.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=16 October 1979 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |page=525}}</ref> An yanke masa hukunci a watan Agustan 1979 tare da wasu hudu kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru goma a gidan yari. Bayan tabbatar da siyasar jam’iyyu da yawa, ya kafa jam’iyyar Democrats for Unity (PDU). A watan Maris na 1993, kawancen 'yan adawa ya gabatar da shi a matsayin firaminista a wani taro a Cotonou na kasar Benin, inda suka soki hadin kan PM Joseph Kokou Koffigoh da Shugaba Eyadéma.<ref name="High">{{Cite web |title=Africa New Highlights |url=http://70.84.171.10/~etools/newsbrief/1993/news9303.23 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |publisher=Reuters }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Gwamnatin hukuma ta ki amincewa da wannan gabatarwa. Ya tsaya takara a matsayin mai cin gashin kansa a zaben 1994 na majalisar dokoki amma ba a zabe shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Godwin Tété |date=14 February 2015 |title=L'élection présidentielle de 2015 au Togo - Clarifions et simplifions la problématique |url=https://cvu-togo-diaspora.org/2015/02/14/lelection-presidentielle-de-2015-au-togo-clarifions-et-simplifions-la-problematique/10624 |website=cvu-togo-diaspora.org}}</ref> A cikin 1999, PDU ta haɗu da wasu jam'iyyun da suka haɗa da UTD da UTS don ƙirƙirar haɗin kai na Pan-African Patriotic Convergence (CPP), wanda Edem Kodjo ke jagoranta. AnAn nada Savi de Tové a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar CPP na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2006 |title=Togo/dialogue: les divergences refont surface avec la reprise des travaux |url=https://icilome.com/nouvelles/news.asp?id=1&idnews=6961&f= |access-date=20 May 2025 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233453/http://www.icilome.com/nouvelles/news.asp?id=1&idnews=6961&f= |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mme Gaba en détention arbitraire et illégale de 48 heures au camp du régiment para-commando de Kara, sur ordre du Lieutenant-colonel Ernest Gnassingbé |url=http://www.togo-confidentiel.com/texte/DroitsHumains&Libert%E9s/Gaba_au_Camp_Landja.htm}}</ref> An nada shi Ministan Kasuwanci, Masana'antu da Sana'ar Hannu a ranar 20 ga Yuni 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2005 |title=Togo: Liste des membres du nouveau gouvernement |url=http://www.french.xinhuanet.com/french/2005-06/21/content_130208.htm |access-date=20 May 2025 |archive-date=19 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219155841/http://www.french.xinhuanet.com/french/2005-06/21/content_130208.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kasance a cikin wannan matsayi a gwamnatin Yawovi Agboyibo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2006 |title=Répartition des portefeuilles du nouveau gouvernement togolais |url=https://www.afrik.com/repartition-des-portefeuilles-du-nouveau-gouvernement-togolais}}</ref> Ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar siyasa da ta haifar daga tattaunawar tsakanin Togo a 2006 a madadin CPP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texte de l'accord politique global |url=https://www.cenitogo.tg/telechargement/apg.pdf |access-date=May 6, 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A lokacin zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin Togo a shekara ta 2007, ya jagoranci jerin jam'iyyar CPP a lardin Zio amma jam'iyyar ta kasa samun kujeru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2007 |title=Text of Constitutional Court decision (final election results) |url=https://www.cenitogo.tg/resultats/Resultats_definitifs_des_elections_legislatives_du_14_octobre_2007_%20proclames_par_la_Cour_Constitutionnelle.do.pdf |language=en |access-date=20 May 2025 |archive-date=29 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129155756/https://www.cenitogo.tg/resultats/Resultats_definitifs_des_elections_legislatives_du_14_octobre_2007_%20proclames_par_la_Cour_Constitutionnelle.do.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kore shi daga cikin gwamnati a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007. A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2009, an nada shi shugaban CPDC na dindindin don tattaunawa da shawarwari.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2009 |title=Jean-Lucien Sanvi De Tové confiant et serein |url=https://www.republicoftogo.com/central.php?o=6&s=3824&d=3&i=3822 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tun daga ranar 3 ga Mayun 2025, ya zama shugaban kasa na farko a jamhuriya a karkashin sabuwar jamhuriya ta biyar da aka kafa. == Daraja == * Order of Mono - Kwamandan (2006)<ref>{{Cite journal |date=26 December 2006 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |url=http://jo.gouv.tg/sites/default/files/annee/2006/jo%202006-040.pdf |page=4}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] h7whmtppdml9hpb1by8chhzewi0x7y6 822177 822176 2026-04-18T11:51:42Z Pharouqenr 25549 822177 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jean-Lucien Kwassi Lanyo Savi de Tové''' (an haife shi 7 ga Mayu 1939) ɗan siyasan Togo ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Togo na biyar tun 2025. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-05 |title=Togo : Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové, l'opposant historique, élu président dans un geste d'ouverture inédit |url=https://lejournalinfo.com/politique/savi-de-tove-president-togo/ |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=lejournalinfo.com}}</ref> A baya ya kasance ministan kasuwanci, masana'antu da sana'ar hannu a gwamnatocin Edem Kodjo da Yawovi Agboyibo daga 2005 zuwa 2007. Tsohon madugun 'yan adawa, an daure shi sau da yawa a lokacin shugabancin Gnassingbe Eyadéma kafin ya shiga gwamnati. A watan Mayun 2025, Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ta zabi Savi de Tové a matsayin shugaban kasa baki daya bayan sake fasalin tsarin mulki na 2024 wanda ya sauya yadda ake zaben shugaban kasa daga kuri'ar jama'a kai tsaye zuwa majalisar kasa ta zabe shi a fakaice. Ya karbi mulki ya gaji Faure Gnassingbé, dan Eyadéma, ya zama ma’aikaci na farko a wannan aiki na biki a yanzu, yayin da aka mayar da akasarin ikon shugabancin da aka yi a baya zuwa wani sabon ofishin da ake kira shugaban Majalisar Ministoci saboda garambawul. Daga baya Faure Gnassingbe ya dauki wannan rawar, wanda ya ci gaba da rike mafi yawan ikonsa. Savi de Tové mai shekaru kusan 86 a duniya lokacin da ya hau karagar mulki, shi ne mutum mafi tsufa da ya zama shugaban kasar [[Togo]]. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Savi de Tové a Lomé a cikin dangin Ewe.<ref name="Zio">{{Cite web |title=Circonscription électorale de Zio |url=http://www.cenitogo.tg/listecandidats/ZIO.pdf |website=cenitogo.tg |access-date=2025-05-20 |archive-date=2008-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911142204/http://www.cenitogo.tg/listecandidats/ZIO.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Etiame">{{Cite web |title=Profil des membres du gouvernement togolais |url=http://www.etiame.com/etiame296.htm |website=etiame.com |access-date=2025-05-20 |archive-date=2007-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071207104355/http://www.etiame.com/etiame296.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Que le "meilleur" gagne |url=http://www.africaintelligence.fr/C/modules/login/detailart/LoginDetailArt.asp?lang=fra&service=art&comment=&context=arc&doc_i_id=21063 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060309021130/http://www.africaintelligence.fr |archive-date=2006-03-09 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |website=Africa Intelligence}}</ref> Ya kammala karatun sa na degree a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Bordeaux.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=16 October 1960 |title=Bourses |journal=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |issue=134 |page=692}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Bayan juyin mulkin 1967 na Togo, an nada shi babban sakataren ma'aikatar harkokin waje a ranar 6 ga Fabrairun 1967. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1 March 1967 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |page=93}}</ref> Daga baya ya maye gurbinsa a cikin 1974 ta Kounavi Tiogue (na wucin gadi), kuma na dindindin a cikin 1975 ta Kodjo de Medeiros.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1 February 1975 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |page=62}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=16 May 1975 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |page=227}}</ref> An zarge shi da yunkurin juyin mulki tare da wasu jiga-jigan siyasa, ciki har da Gilchrist Olympio, an ba da sammacin kama shi a ranar 12 ga Yuli 1979, kuma an daure shi a kurkuku.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=16 October 1979 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |page=525}}</ref> An yanke masa hukunci a watan Agustan 1979 tare da wasu hudu kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru goma a gidan yari. Bayan tabbatar da siyasar jam’iyyu da yawa, ya kafa jam’iyyar Democrats for Unity (PDU). A watan Maris na 1993, kawancen 'yan adawa ya gabatar da shi a matsayin firaminista a wani taro a Cotonou na kasar Benin, inda suka soki hadin kan PM Joseph Kokou Koffigoh da Shugaba Eyadéma.<ref name="High">{{Cite web |title=Africa New Highlights |url=http://70.84.171.10/~etools/newsbrief/1993/news9303.23 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |publisher=Reuters }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Gwamnatin hukuma ta ki amincewa da wannan gabatarwa. Ya tsaya takara a matsayin mai cin gashin kansa a zaben 1994 na majalisar dokoki amma ba a zabe shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Godwin Tété |date=14 February 2015 |title=L'élection présidentielle de 2015 au Togo - Clarifions et simplifions la problématique |url=https://cvu-togo-diaspora.org/2015/02/14/lelection-presidentielle-de-2015-au-togo-clarifions-et-simplifions-la-problematique/10624 |website=cvu-togo-diaspora.org}}</ref> A cikin 1999, PDU ta haɗu da wasu jam'iyyun da suka haɗa da UTD da UTS don ƙirƙirar haɗin kai na Pan-African Patriotic Convergence (CPP), wanda Edem Kodjo ke jagoranta. AnAn nada Savi de Tové a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar CPP na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2006 |title=Togo/dialogue: les divergences refont surface avec la reprise des travaux |url=https://icilome.com/nouvelles/news.asp?id=1&idnews=6961&f= |access-date=20 May 2025 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233453/http://www.icilome.com/nouvelles/news.asp?id=1&idnews=6961&f= |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mme Gaba en détention arbitraire et illégale de 48 heures au camp du régiment para-commando de Kara, sur ordre du Lieutenant-colonel Ernest Gnassingbé |url=http://www.togo-confidentiel.com/texte/DroitsHumains&Libert%E9s/Gaba_au_Camp_Landja.htm}}</ref> An nada shi Ministan Kasuwanci, Masana'antu da Sana'ar Hannu a ranar 20 ga Yuni 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2005 |title=Togo: Liste des membres du nouveau gouvernement |url=http://www.french.xinhuanet.com/french/2005-06/21/content_130208.htm |access-date=20 May 2025 |archive-date=19 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219155841/http://www.french.xinhuanet.com/french/2005-06/21/content_130208.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kasance a cikin wannan matsayi a gwamnatin Yawovi Agboyibo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2006 |title=Répartition des portefeuilles du nouveau gouvernement togolais |url=https://www.afrik.com/repartition-des-portefeuilles-du-nouveau-gouvernement-togolais}}</ref> Ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar siyasa da ta haifar daga tattaunawar tsakanin Togo a 2006 a madadin CPP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texte de l'accord politique global |url=https://www.cenitogo.tg/telechargement/apg.pdf |access-date=May 6, 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A lokacin zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin Togo a shekara ta 2007, ya jagoranci jerin jam'iyyar CPP a lardin Zio amma jam'iyyar ta kasa samun kujeru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2007 |title=Text of Constitutional Court decision (final election results) |url=https://www.cenitogo.tg/resultats/Resultats_definitifs_des_elections_legislatives_du_14_octobre_2007_%20proclames_par_la_Cour_Constitutionnelle.do.pdf |language=en |access-date=20 May 2025 |archive-date=29 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129155756/https://www.cenitogo.tg/resultats/Resultats_definitifs_des_elections_legislatives_du_14_octobre_2007_%20proclames_par_la_Cour_Constitutionnelle.do.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kore shi daga cikin gwamnati a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007. A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2009, an nada shi shugaban CPDC na dindindin don tattaunawa da shawarwari.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2009 |title=Jean-Lucien Sanvi De Tové confiant et serein |url=https://www.republicoftogo.com/central.php?o=6&s=3824&d=3&i=3822 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tun daga ranar 3 ga Mayun 2025, ya zama shugaban kasa na farko a jamhuriya a karkashin sabuwar jamhuriya ta biyar da aka kafa. == Daraja == * Order of Mono - Kwamandan (2006)<ref>{{Cite journal |date=26 December 2006 |title=Journal officiel de la République togolaise |url=http://jo.gouv.tg/sites/default/files/annee/2006/jo%202006-040.pdf |page=4}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] 6rztbw795fx4zqlthfgdaxrdg0q1dx2 0 101068 821972 623913 2026-04-17T17:24:08Z Joserpkm 35450 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 821972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rashin [[wariyar launin fata]]''' shine [[Wariya|nuna bambanci]] da ayyukan ƙiyayya na wariyar launin fata ga mutanen da aka nuna musu launin fata kamar fari (musamman mutanen da suka fito daga Turai da yankunanta). Yana iya bayyana a cikin nau'o'i tashin hankali, kuma yana iya faruwa a bayyane da ɓoye. [[Falsafa]], [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]], da ra'ayoyin kafofin watsa labarai game da wariyar launin fata suna muhawara game da muhimmancin da kasancewar wariyar launin fatar, suna nuna tashin hankali tsakanin ma'anar mutum da tsarin, matsayin [[iko]] da [[Wariyar launin fata|Tarihi]], da kuma rikice-rikice game da wakilcin kafofin watsa labarai da maganganun siyasa. Batun yana da rikici, tare da ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da yaduwarsa, tasiri, da kuma kwatanta da wasu nau'ikan nuna bambancin launin fata. Misalan wariyar launin fata sun haɗa da hare-haren da aka kai wa fararen fata da kuma ra'ayoyin wariyar launin toka a bayan wariyar launin ruwan kasa [[Afirka]] ta Kudu da [[Zimbabwe]], da kuma wasu sassan Turai da Arewacin Amurka. Jami'ai daban-daban sun yarda da yiwuwar wanzuwarsa. Yawancin tsarin shari'a ba su rarraba ayyukan wariyar launin fata ta hanyar [[Ƙabilar|kabilanci]], kodayake kotuna a wasu lokuta sun yanke hukunci kan shari'o'in da suka shafi zagi na wariyar launin fatar ko tashin hankali ga fararen mutane. Kalmomin "rashin wariyar launin fata" da "rashin nuna wariyar launin fatar fata" sun samo asali ne a cikin shekarar alif 1960 da farkon 2000s bi da bi, tare da tsohon yana kwatanta ayyukan wariyar launinariya ga fararen fata da aka gane a tarihi da siyasa (musamman a Faransa da kuma adadi kamar [[:fr:Pierre Paraf|Pierre Paraf]]), kuma na ƙarshe yana nufin musamman ga tashin hankali da akidar adawa da fararen fata a Zimbabwe, yayin da manufar "rashin launin fata" a cikin yanayin Amurka sau da yawa ana amfani da shi ta hanyar nuna bambanci ga fararen. A Faransa, da'awar wariyar launin fata da aka yi ta samo asali ne daga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da wasu kungiyoyin siyasa tun daga shekarun 1980, kuma sun zama ruwan dare tun daga shekarun 2010. == Ka'idoji da karatu == === A cikin falsafar === A cewar Magali Bessone, farfesa a fannin Falsafar siyasa a Jami'ar Panthéon-Sorbonne da ke birnin [[Faris|Paris]], idan an dauki sabon ra'ayi na wariyar launin fata a cikin tsari, to ra'ayin wariyar launin fatar ba ya dace "a cikin al'ummomin da fararen fata ke cikin matsayi na rinjaye. [Wannan] baya hana wanzuwar halaye na mutum wanda za'a iya sanya shi a wannan yanayin a matsayin fadawa cikin iko Ƙiyayya ta launin fata. Kuma ma'anar wariyar launinariya dole ne ta zama ta mutum da kuma ta zama ta hukuma. " A cewar Jorge L. A. Garcia, farfesa a fannin falsafa a Kwalejin [[Boston]], "da'awar cewa wariyar launin fata ya fi fararen fata haɗari a cikin birane 'inda baƙi ke sarrafa iko' na iya samun ƙarancin amfani a cikin al'ummarmu", duk da haka wariyar launin fatar baƙar fata "mummunan abu ne" kuma "yana lalata dalilin adalci na launin fata".{{Sfn|Garcia|1999}}{{Sfn|Lentin|2018}} === A cikin kimiyyar zamantakewa === Ilimin zamantakewa yana nazarin wariyar launin fata ta hanyar la'akari da takamaiman yanayin zamantakewa da tarihi da kuma wanzuwar da ta gabata, a cikin al'ummomin Yamma, na akidar da manufofi waɗanda a tarihi suka ba fararen fata rawar da suka fi rinjaye. {{Sfn|Desmond, M.|Emirbayer, M.|2009}}{{Sfn|Ansell|2013}}{{Sfn|Cashmore|Cashmore|Van Den Berghe|Banton|1996}} Masu bincike sun bambanta tsakanin abin da ke nuna wariyar launin fata - ƙin yarda, fushi, zagi, tashin hankali, da dai sauransu - na yanayin mutum, da kuma kasancewar wariyar launin fatar tsarin, watau wariyar launin launin fata wanda aka saka a cikin Ƙungiyar zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Feagin|2006}} Pooja Sawrikar, masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam, da Ilan Katz, mai binciken aikin zamantakewa a Jami'ar New South Wales, sun kalubalanci ma'anar wariyar launin fata wanda suka taƙaita a matsayin "Racism = Prejudice + Power". Gano wannan tsarin ragewa, sun karyata ma'anar wariyar launin fata bisa ga ikon zamantakewa, wanda suka yi imanin rage wariyar launin fatar zuwa mafi girman fararen fata a cikin al'ummomin mafi rinjaye. Don haka, ra'ayin cewa fararen fata ne kawai za su iya zama masu wariyar launin fata zai kasance mai lahani kuma kansa mai wariyar launin fatar. Bugu da ƙari, suna tabbatar da cewa wannan tsarin, wanda ke sanya fararen mutane a tsakiyar kowane magana game da launin fata, yana haifar da rashin ƙarfi a cikin yaki da wariyar launin fata. Wannan rashin taimako zai bayyana kansa a cikin jin laifi tsakanin fararen mutane, saboda gaskiyar cewa ba za su iya yin wani abu ba a kan wariyar launin fata tunda su masu zalunci ne saboda launin fatarsu, da kuma jin rashin taimako tsakanin kabilun, waɗanda za a tilasta su yarda cewa wariyar launin fatar yanayi ne da ba za su canza ba. Wannan tsarin zai kuma karfafa rashin aiki, duka tsakanin fararen mutanen da ba su shiga cikin gwagwarmayar adawa da wariyar launin fata ba, wadanda za su gamsu da rawar da aka ba su a matsayin babbar kungiya, da kuma tsakanin 'yan tsiraru, wadanda za ta ƙi duk wani alhakin saboda matsayinsu na' yan tsiraru. Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Faransa, masanin zamantakewa da masanin tarihi Pierre-André Taguieff ya yi la'akari da cewa ra'ayoyin wariyar launin fata na hukuma, wariyar launin fatar tsarin ko wariyar launinariya na tsarin ya samo asali ne daga ma'anar wariyar launin toka da masu gwagwarmayar Afirka-Amurka suka samar a ƙarshen shekarun 1960. A cewarsa, waɗannan kalmomin ba furcin ra'ayi ne na wariyar launin fata ba, amma "makami ne na alama wanda ya ƙunshi rage wariyar launin fatar zuwa wariyar launin toka da ake zaton ya kasance na asali ga 'fararen al'umma' ko kuma ga 'farar fata', wannan shine kawai nau'in mulkin launin fata da masu adawa da wariyar launinariya suka gane kuma suka yi Allah wadai da shi. " Tare da fararen al' yan wariyar launin launin fata ana kirkirar launin fata, "yana bin wannan mahimmin addini ne na sabon 'mai' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boucaud-Victoire |first=Kévin |date=2020-10-25 |title=Pierre-André Taguieff : "Ce pseudo-antiracisme rend la pensée raciale acceptable" |trans-title=Pierre-André Taguieff: "This pseudo-anti-racism makes racial thinking acceptable" |url=https://www.marianne.net/societe/pierre-andre-taguieff-ce-pseudo-antiracisme-rend-la-pensee-raciale-acceptable |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=www.marianne.net |language=fr}}</ref> mai adawa da launin fata. Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Faransa Laurent Bouvet ya yi jayayya cewa "abin da ake kira masu adawa da wariyar launin fata waɗanda ke da'awar cewa wariyar launin fatar ba ta wanzu ba suna yin hakan daga hangen nesa na siyasa", yana rubuta cewa "racism wani abu ne na ɗan adam, na al'adu da zamantakewa, wanda ke shafar dukkan al'ummomin ɗan adam". "Racism ya wanzu ko'ina, a duk kungiyoyin zamantakewa, kuma an bayyana shi, a zahiri ko a zahiri, a kan 'Wani' akan asalin asalin asalin' yan fata ko' yan fata".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-06 |title=Laurent Bouvet: «En parlant de "culture blanche", Lilian Thuram diffuse un discours essentialiste» |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/vox/societe/laurent-bouvet-en-parlant-de-culture-blanche-lilian-thuram-diffuse-un-discours-essentialiste-20190906 |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Le Figaro |language=fr}}</ref> Ga Daniel Sabbagh, darektan bincike a [[:fr:Centre de recherches internationales|Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa da Kasa]] (CERI) a Paris, ana iya fahimtar wariyar launin fata daga ra'ayoyi uku. Na farko shine wariyar launin fata na akida, wanda ya dogara da matsayi na kabilun da aka bayyana ta hanyar wariyar launin fatar bil'adama. Na biyu shine wariyar launin fata, batun karatu a cikin ilimin halayyar jama'a musamman, wanda ke ɗaukar wariyar launin fatar a matsayin saiti na mummunan hali ga wasu masu launin fata. Na uku shine wariyar launin fata.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sabbagh |first=Daniel |date=2020-11-16 |title=Le « racisme anti-Blancs » existe-t-il ? |trans-title=Does "anti-White racism" exist? |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/research/cogito/home/le-racisme-anti-blancs-existe-t-il/ |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=Cogito |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Mai binciken ya yi imanin cewa amfani da kalmar nan "anti-White racism" ba abin zargi ba ne don nunawa, alal misali, akidar ko halin wariyar launin fata da ba za a iya gujewa ba a haifar da martani ga wariyar launin fatar da aka sha wahala, ba tare da ma'auni ba, ta wadanda ba Whites ba. Ya ambaci a matsayin misalai jawabin akidar Elijah Muhammad, shugaban [[Ƙasar Islama|Al'ummar Islama]] (NOI), yana kwatanta fararen fata da aljanu, da bidiyon rapper na Faransa Nick Conrad, mai taken "Pendez les Blancs" (Hang the Whites). <ref name=":1" /> Daniel Sabbagh ya yarda cewa idan kawai muka yi la'akari da wariyar launin fata, a matsayin ra'ayi na wariyar launin fatar, to kalmar nan "anti-white racism" ba ta da amfani. Ya yi imanin, duk da haka, cewa dole ne a yi nazarin wariyar launin fata a duk faɗin sa.<ref name=":1" /> === A cikin kafofin watsa labarai === Editan BBC News Mark Easton ya ambaci Shari'ar kisan Ross Parker don jayayya cewa an tilasta wa al'umma sake bayyana wariyar launin fata kuma su watsar da ma'anar "rashin hankali da iko" - ma'anar da, a ra'ayin Easton, kawai ke ba da damar 'yan tsiraru su zama wadanda aka azabtar da su kuma fararen su zama masu aikata laifi. Ya ce, "Bayyana baki abin da ya faru kamar yadda mai wariyar launin fata zai iya faɗi abubuwa da yawa game da tunanin wanda aka azabtar kamar mai laifi. Ta yaya mutum zai iya bayyana binciken laifukan Burtaniya da ya gano cewa satar mota 3,100 daga Asiya an dauke su da wariyar launin fatar?" Jaridar Yasmin Alibhai-Brown ta yi jayayya cewa lamarin ya nuna ka'idoji biyu na masu fafutukar daidaito na launin fata, yana ba da shawarar cewa masu fafutuka baƙar fata ya kamata su "yi tafiya kuma tuna wadanda abin ya shafa kamar Ross Parker ... dabi'unmu ba su da amfani sai dai idan duk wadanda suka shafa na waɗannan mutuwar marasa ma'a. Ta rubuta, "don bi da wasu wadanda abin ya shafa kamar yadda ya fi cancanta a hukunta su fiye da wasu ba za a iya gafartawa da kuma cin amanar wariyar launin fata kanta". A shekara ta 2006, binciken da Brendan Montague ya yi a ranar Lahadi ya bincika tarihin jaridu na Burtaniya don ɗaukar laifukan wariyar launin fata, inda ya gano "kusan dukkanin kauracewa labaran da suka shafi fararen da aka kai musu hari" yayin da "an ba da rahoton shari'o'in da suka shafi baƙar fata da 'yan tsiraru". Kwamitin Editorial Standards na BBC a cikin 2007 ya gano cewa "babu wata shaida da za ta ba da shawarar cewa BBC ta nuna takamaiman nuna bambanci da tsarin da aka azabtar ya kasance baƙar fata ko Asiya", amma ta yarda cewa "ya yi watsi da ɗaukar nauyin Ross Parker" kuma ta sake maimaita gazawar a cikin ɗaukar nauyin kisan Kriss Donald.<ref name="BBCcomplaint">{{Cite web |date=30 October 2007 |title=Editorial Standards Findings: Appeals to the Trust and other editorial standards matters considered by the Editorial Standards Committee |url=http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/assets/files/pdf/appeals/esc_bulletins/30oct07.pdf |access-date=2 May 2014 |publisher=The BBC Trust |page=3}}</ref> Bayan ayyukan tashin hankali a lokacin zanga-zangar makarantar sakandare ta Faransa a ranar 8 ga Maris, 2005, da kuma yadda kafofin watsa labarai suka rufe, labarin ɗan jarida Luc Bronner a cikin jaridar Le Monde, mai taken "Taron daliban makarantar sakandare: fashewar tashin hankali na adawa da fararen fata" ya haifar da rikici na kafofin watsa labarai da siyasa a Faransa game da lakabin wannan tashin hankali a matsayin "mai adawa da fari".{{Efn|This article mentioned the comments of young people from [[housing estate]]s who claimed to have participated in the violence: "In the discourse of these young people, there were economic explanations ("making easy money"), playful explanations ("the pleasure of hitting") and a mixture of racism and social jealousy ("taking revenge on Whites")."<ref name=":2" />}} <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2005-03-31 |title=Un appel controversé contre le racisme "anti-blancs" |trans-title=A controversial appeal against "anti-white" racism |url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/societe/20050326.OBS2271/un-appel-controverse-contre-le-racisme-anti-blancs.html |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=[[Le Nouvel Obs]] |language=fr}}</ref> Biye da labarin Luc Bronner, mutane da yawa ciki har da Ghaleb Bencheikh, Alain Finkielkraut, Bernard Kouchner da Jacques Julliard, sun kaddamar a ranar 25 ga Maris, 2005, "Kotu game da 'harin wariyar launin fata'", wanda ƙungiyar Zionist na hagu Hashomer Hatzair da gidan rediyo na Yahudawa Rediyo Shalom suka fara.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2018-02-02 |title=Une association réveille le débat sur le « racisme anti-Blanc » |trans-title=An association revives the debate on "anti-white racism" |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/societe/une-association-reveille-le-debat-sur-le-racisme-anti-blanc-02-02-2018-2191529_23.php |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Le Point |language=fr}}</ref> Wanda ya sanya hannu kan roko, Pierre-André Taguieff ya yi imanin cewa tashin hankali ya nuna wanzuwar wariyar launin fata a Faransa, nuna "racialisation na rikice-rikicen zamantakewa" kuma cewa wariyar launin fatar ba kawai aikin fararen fata ba ne.<ref name="lemonde.fr3" /> Duk da cewa Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Kan wariyar launin fata da Anti-Semitism (LICRA) suna la'akari da yanayin wariyar launin fatar da za a tabbatar, ƙungiyoyi masu yawa masu adawa da wariyar launinariya, kamar su SOS Racisme, MRAP da Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (LDH), sun yi tir da roko a matsayin "marasa alhakin". <ref name=":7" /> <ref name=":8" /> === A cikin tilasta bin doka === Peter Fahy, tsohon mai magana da yawun batutuwan kabilanci na Ƙungiyar Babban Jami'an 'Yan Sanda ta Burtaniya ya ce: "Yawancin jami'an' yan sanda da sauran masu sana'a suna jin kusan abu mafi kyau da za su yi shi ne ƙoƙarin gujewa [magana irin waɗannan hare-haren] saboda tsoron a soki su. Wannan ba lafiya ba ne". Ya kara da cewa "gaskiya ce cewa ya fi wuya a sa kafofin watsa labarai suyi sha'awar inda wadanda aka kashe su ne matasa fararen fata". Montague ya nuna cewa rashin roko na 'yan sanda a cikin shari'o'in da suka shafi fararen fata na iya zama dalilin rashin ɗaukar hoto na kafofin watsa labarai. An ga shaidar wannan a cikin shari'ar Parker, tare da 'yan sanda da farko suna nuna sha'awar watsar da yiwuwar wariyar launin fata na kisan, suna mai cewa "babu wani dalili na gaskata cewa harin ya kasance saboda wariyar launin fatar". ==Asalin Maganar== ===“Bakin Fentir da Fararen Fata”=== A cewar Emmanuel Debono, masani a tarihin zamani daga Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasa ta Paris (Sciences Po), muhawarar farko da ta shafi kalmar “bakin fentir da fararen fata” a duniya ta bayyana a shekarun 1960 a matsayin martani ga rikicin Congo, musamman a kasar Faransa.<ref>Debono, 2020</ref> Pierre-André Taguieff ya nuna cewa kalmar “bakin fentir da fararen fata” ta bayyana a cikin littafin *Racism in the World* (1964) wanda Pierre Paraf ya rubuta, wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban MRAP, ƙungiya da aka bayyana a matsayin “kungiyar kasashe masu tasowa ta akidar kwaminisanci,” a cewar wannan masani a fannin siyasa. A cikin littafin, Paraf ya bayyana cewa dangane da wasu dabi'u a tsakanin mutanen Afrika da Asiya da Turawa suka mulka a baya, “halin na rashin adalci bisa launin fata ba sabo ba ne ga 'yan fata kala ba fiye da fararen fata.” Shugaban MRAP din ya jaddada cewa: “Fentir da Yahudawa, fentir da bakar fata, fentir da fararen fata… ko da kuwa na mutum ɗaya ne ko na taro, son kai da wariya bisa launin fata na daga cikin manyan cututtuka da ke damun ɗan adam a yau.”<ref>Taguieff, 2015, shafi 160–161</ref> Taguieff ya kara da cewa Jam’iyyar National Front a Faransa ta yi amfani da batun “bakin fentir da fararen fata” a matsayin wata hanya ta yaɗa manufofinta, inda wasu daga cikin masu ra'ayin rikau na bangaren dama suka yi amfani da batun domin zargin shigowar bakin haure da ba su fito daga Turai ba. Sai dai, wannan masani ya bayyana cewa bai kamata a ɗauki kalmar a matsayin "mai dauke da cutar ra’ayin Le Pen" ba don musanta ko rage muhimmancin “gaskiyar abin da ke faruwa”, ko kuma don tsoratar da masu magana game da son kai da ake nuna wa fararen fata.<ref>Taguieff, 2015, shafi 168–169</ref> ===“Fentir Mai Komowa Ga Fararen Fata”=== Kalmar “fentir mai komowa ga fararen fata” an yi amfani da ita a Zimbabwe wajen bayyana tashe-tashen hankula da kuma ra’ayoyi na kin fararen fata da jam’iyyar Zimbabwe African National Union–Patriotic Front (ZANU–PF) ta yada a farkon shekarun 2000. A wannan lokaci, fararen fata an kallesu a matsayin abokan gaba ga kasa, da ya kamata a murkushe su, kuma dole ne su nuna biyayya ga gwamnati ta hanyar yin watsi da ƙasashen da ake danganta su da su, ko da kuwa sun yi yaki da mulkin mallaka.<ref>Alois S. Mlambo, Jami'ar Pretoria: *Becoming Zimbabwe or Becoming Zimbabwean: identity, nationalism and state building in the historical context of Southern Africa*, 30 Oktoba 2012, shafi na 15. https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/20491/Mlambo_paper_2012.pdf</ref> Saboda haka, bai kamata a rikita shi da kalmar da ake kira “reverse racism” ba — wato wani sabon irin son kai da ake cewa ana nunawa fararen fata — wanda masu adawa da manufofin inganta adalci da daidaito a cikin al’umma, kamar affirmative action, suka fi amfani da shi a Amurka da wasu ƙasashe.<ref>Ansell, 2013, shafi 135</ref><ref>Note: Reverse racism is a concept commonly associated with conservative opposition to affirmative action and other color-conscious victories of the civil rights movement in the United States and anti-racist movements abroad.</ref> == Ƙasahe == ===Faransa=== [[File:Example of anti-white racism in France.jpg|thumb|Rubutun ƙiyayya da fararen fata a ƙofar gida a Faransa. Rubutun yana cewa: "A nan muna nuna wariyar launin fata ga fararen fata kuma ba ma da haɗin kai."]] Zargin wariyar launin fata da ake nuna wa fararen fata a Faransa ya fito daga jam’iyyun masu ra’ayin rikau tun daga shekarun 1980, ciki har da na hagu da dama. A watan Satumbar 2012, Jean-François Copé, shugaban jam’iyyar Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) a lokacin, wanda ke neman sake zama shugaba, ya bayyana yadda wasu da ke zaune a Faransa, ciki har da ‘yan ƙasa, ke nuna son kai da wariya ga "Gauls", sunan da wasu ‘yan ƙaura ke amfani da shi wajen kiran Faransawa ‘yan asali, bisa la’akari da bambancin addini, launin fata, da asalin kabilarsu. Tsohon Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida, Claude Guéant, ya bayyana cewa irin wannan wariya gaskiya ce a Faransa, kuma babu wani abu mafi muni kamar yadda ‘yan siyasa ke ƙoƙarin boye gaskiya. A yayin da aka tambayi Firaminista Jean-Marc Ayrault, ɗan jam’iyyar Socialist, ya yarda cewa irin wannan wariya "na iya wanzuwa", amma ya gargaɗi cewa ya kamata a "yi taka-tsantsan wajen amfani da irin waɗannan kalmomi", yana jan hankali game da "bin ra'ayin jam’iyyar National Front". Ministar Hakkokin Mata a lokacin, Najat Vallaud-Belkacem, ta goyi bayan wannan ra'ayi, inda a cikin littafinta *Raison de plus!* (2012), ta nemi mutane su yarda da wanzuwar irin wannan wariya kuma su la’anta ta kamar yadda ake la’antar kowace iri. A watan Disamba 2023, lokacin da aka tambayi tsohon Firaminista Édouard Philippe game da harin Crépol da ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar Thomas Perotto, ya bayyana cewa "abin yiwuwa ne akwai sabon nau'in wariya ga fararen fata a Faransa". Wannan ra'ayi ya sami goyon bayan Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida, Gérald Darmanin, wanda ya ce: "Kin faɗi cewa [wannan wariya] tana wanzuwa, dai-dai da kin faɗi gaskiya ne." A watan Maris 2025, mai magana da yawun gwamnati, Sophie Primas, ta bayyana cewa "ba ta jin kunya" wajen ambato wanzuwar ra’ayin "wariya ga fararen fata". Daga bisani, Fabien Roussel, sakataren ƙasa na jam’iyyar French Communist Party (PCF), ya bayyana cewa: "Tabbas [wariya ga fararen fata] tana wanzuwa", inda hakan ya jawo masa suka daga wasu. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> osdhcuaf68egvsdsxt6k2ub0gna3c8j 0 104338 822067 653716 2026-04-18T07:35:07Z Garbu Audu 44085 822067 wikitext text/x-wiki The Concept of Law littafi ne na 1961 na masanin falsafa H. L. A. Hart da shahararren aikinsa.<ref> "H.L.A. Hart's The Concept of Law"</ref> Concept of Law ya gabatar da ka'idar Hart na shari'a positivism - ra'ayin cewa dokoki dokoki ne da mutane suka yi da kuma cewa babu wata mahimmanci ko dangantaka tsakanin doka da ɗabi'a - a cikin tsarin falsafar nazari. Hart ya nemi samar da ka'idar siffata ilimin zamantakewa da fikihu na nazari<ref> Lacey, Nicola (2006). A Life of H.L.A. Hart. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 225. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199202775.003.0010. ISBN 9780199202775</ref> ya yi bayani kan batutuwan fikihu da dama na gargajiya kamar yanayin shari’a, ko dokoki ƙa’idoji ne, da dangantakar doka da ɗabi’a. Hart ya amsa wadannan ta hanyar sanya doka a cikin mahallin zamantakewa yayin da a lokaci guda ya bar ikon yin nazari mai tsauri na sharuddan shari'a, wanda a sakamakon haka "ya farkar da fikihun Ingilishi daga barci mai dadi". <ref>Postema, Gerald (2011). Enrico Pattaro (ed.). Legal Philosophy in the Twentieth Century: The Common Law World. A Treatise of Legal Philosophy and General Jurisprudence. Vol. 11. Springer. p. 261.</ref> Littafin Hart ya kasance "daya daga cikin mafi tasiri na rubutun falsafar shari'a na nazari", <ref>"The Endless Search For Truth: Richard Marshall interviews Andrei Marmor"</ref> da kuma "mafi nasara aikin fikihu na nazari wanda kuma ya taba bayyana a cikin tsarin dokokin gama gari." Ka'idar Shari'a da Babban Ka'idar Doka da Jiha, mafarin bincike na fikihu a cikin al'adar nazari.",<ref>Simpson, A. W. Brian (2011). Reflections on 'The Concept of Law'. Oxford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0199693320</ref> <ref>Lacey, Nicola (2006). A Life of H.L.A. Hart. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 224. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199202775.003.0010. ISBN 9780199202775</ref> ==Fage== Manufar Dokar ta fito ne daga laccocin farko na Hart a matsayin Farfesa na Jami'ar Oxford bayan ritayar Arthur Goodhart, a cikin 195<ref> Hart, HLA (1988). "Answers to Eight Questions". In Duarte d'Almeida, Luis; Edwards, James; Dolcetti, Andrea (eds.). Reading HLA Hart's The Concept of Law. Oxford: Hart Publishing (published 2013). ISBN 1782252169. OCLC 884479238</ref> ,<ref>Lacey, Nicola (2006). A Life of H.L.A. Hart. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 222. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199202775.003.0010. ISBN 9780199202775</ref>Daga cikin laccocin farko na Hart kan doka da aka fadada a cikin littafin akwai makalarsa ta 1953 mai taken, “Ma’anarta da Ka’idar a Fikihu.” <ref> 9780191018725</ref> tatataunawa Hart game da ingancin shari’a na Austin, rabuwar shari’a da ɗabi’a, da buɗaɗɗen ka’idojin shari’a za a iya gani a cikin takensa na Afrilu 1957 Mukaddamar da Harvardc Muka gabatar da Makarantar Lere ta Lere. "Kyakkyawa da Rarraba Doka da ɗabi'a."<ref> Hart, H. L. A. (1958). "Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals". Harvard Law Review. 71 (4): 593–629. doi:10.2307/1338225. ISSN 0017-811X. JSTOR 1338225.</ref> littatafan ya haɓaka ra'ayi na yau da kullun game da ingantaccen shari'a. Daga cikin ra'ayoyin da aka samar a cikin littafin akwai: Wani zargi na ka'idar John Austin cewa doka ita ce umarnin mai iko wanda ke goyon bayan takunkumi. Bambance tsakanin dokokin firamare da na sakandare, inda ka'ida ta farko ke tafiyar da al'ada kuma na biyu ya ba da damar ƙirƙirar, canzawa, ko bacewar dokokin farko. Bambanci tsakanin ra'ayi na ciki da na waje na doka da dokoki, kusa da (da rinjayar) bambance-bambancen Max Weber tsakanin ilimin zamantakewa da ra'ayoyin doka na doka. Tunanin ka'idar amincewa, tsarin zamantakewa wanda ya bambanta tsakanin waɗannan ka'idoji waɗanda ke da ikon doka da waɗanda ba su da. Hart ya kalli ka'idar amincewa azaman juyin halitta daga Hans Kelsen's 'tsari na yau da kullun' (Jamus: Grundnorm). ==Tambayoyi masu tsayi== Hart ya fara The Concept of Law da wani babi mai suna "Tambayoyi masu dawwama." A cikin babin, ya zayyana abin da ya bayyana a matsayin “la’aloli guda uku masu maimaitawa.” [11] Hart ya yi tambayoyi guda uku masu zuwa game da ka’idar shari’a: “Yaya doka ta bambanta da kuma ta yaya take da alaƙa da umarni da ke goyon bayan barazanar? ==manazarta== dud6sq9233j42qecc69f5m9xawlmqj2 0 105745 821996 821366 2026-04-17T20:04:31Z Mahuta 11340 821996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kabarin Sarauta na Akhenaten''' wani kabari ne mai tarin yawa a cikin Royal Wadi gabas da Amarna, [[Misra|Masar]], inda aka binne membobin gidan sarauta na zamanin Amarna.<ref>Kemp 2014, p. 37</ref> Akhenaten Fir'auna ne na Daular Goma sha Takwas wanda ya yi mulki na tsawon shekaru sha bakwai (1355-1338 BC) daga babban birninsa Akhetaten, wanda aka fi sani da Amarna a yau.<ref>Kemp 2014, pp. 14–17</ref> An sake gano kabarin sarauta a cikin shekara ta 1880s; duk da haka, ainihin shekarar da wanda ya gano ta ya kasance don yin muhawara. An fara aikin tonawa da bincike kan kabarin a shekara ta 1891 kuma ana ci gaba da yin haka har zuwa yau. Wurin da ƙabarin sarauta yake, da ƙabarin da kansa, da kayayyakin tarihi da ke cikin kabarin, da kuma lalata wasu sassa na ƙabarin sarauta bayan mutuwar Akhenaten, suna ba masu bincike bayanai masu mahimmanci game da mulkin Akhenaten, ciki har da yanayin siyasa, da lokacin Amarna.<ref>Martin 1974, p. 4</ref> Ana kuma iya gano ɗakin binne Akhenaton cikin sauƙi a cikin kabarinsa na sarauta a Amarna tunda shi kaɗai ne aka gama gamawa; sauran kabarin ya ƙunshi dakunan kabari da ba a ƙare ba da kuma ɗakuna waɗanda wataƙila ana nufin su shiga cikin sauran membobin gidan sarauta irin su sarauniya Nefertiti. Koyaya, aikin kabarin ya tsaya a lokacin da dangin Masarautar Masar daga baya suka ƙaura zuwa Thebes suka yi watsi da Amarna a ƙarƙashin ɗan Akhenaten Tutankhamun kimanin shekaru 3 bayan mutuwar Akhenaton. == Tarihi == === Binnewa da lalata === Akhenaton yayi mulki a matsayin fir'auna c.1355-1338 BC a lokacin daular Goma sha Takwas na Sabuwar Mulki.[8] Ya gaji mahaifinsa Amenhotep III a matsayin Amenhotep IV.<ref>Dodson & Hilton 2010, p. 142</ref> Babbar Matarsa ta sarauta ita ce Nefertiti, wadda yake da 'ya'ya mata shida da aka sani: Meritaten, Meketaten, Ankhesenpaaten, Neferneferuaten Tasherit, Neferneferure, da Setepenre. Allahn hasken rana Aten, wanda ke wakiltar faifan rana, wanda ya yi fice a ƙarƙashin Thutmose IV da Amenhotep III, an ɗaukaka shi zuwa babban allahntaka a zamanin Amenhotep IV. A farkon mulkinsa, ya gina haikali da yawa ga Aten a Karnak, kuma ya kafa stele wanda a kai ya ayyana Aten shi kaɗai, ya kuma fara sabon addini da aka sani da Atenism inda sarki da danginsa suka yi aiki a matsayin masu shiga tsakani tsakanin allah da jama'a. An rufe haikalin wasu alloli, wasu gumaka, musamman Amun, sun shafe sunansu da siffarsu.<ref>Dodson 2018, pp. 2, 6.</ref> A cikin shekara ta biyar ta mulkinsa, ya canza sunansa zuwa Akhenaten (ma'ana "mai amfani ga Aten") kuma ya kafa sabon babban birni, Akhetaten (ma'ana "The Horizon of the Sun's Disc"), wurin da aka fi sani da Amarna a yau. Akhenaton ya watsar da wurin binne na gargajiya na kwarin Sarakuna (inda zai iya fara kabari, WV25 ko WV23) kuma ya fara sabon makabartar sarauta a cikin Royal Wadi a Akhetaten.<ref>Dodson & Hilton 2010, p. 142</ref> Ya bayyana aniyarsa na binne shi a can kan Boundary Stelae, sanarwar da aka bayar a cikin shekaru 5 da 6 na mulkinsa kuma an sassaka shi cikin duwatsun da ke gabas da yammacin birnin.[17] Rubutun ya ce: Bari a yi mini kabari a gabashin dutsen Akhetaten. Bari a binne ni a cikinta a cikin miliyoyin jubili waɗanda mahaifina, Aten, ya ƙaddara mini. Bari a yi jana'izar Matar Babban Sarki Nefertiti a cikinta, a cikin miliyoyin shekaru da mahaifina, Aten, ya ƙaddara mata. Bari a yi jana'izar 'yar Sarki Meryetaten a cikinsa, a cikin miliyoyin shekaru. Kamar WV22, kabarin Amenhotep III, kabarin Akhenaton ya haɗa da ƙarin ɗakunan dakuna da wataƙila an yi niyyar binne babbar matarsa da babbar 'yarsa.[19] Babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa an taɓa shiga Neferiti ko Meritaten a cikin Kabarin Sarauta kamar yadda aka shimfida a kan iyakokin iyaka. Ba a gama karewa kabarin ba, maimakon haka an daidaita shi don karbar jana'izar wasu 'yan gidan sarauta da dama. Lokacin da Akhenaton ya rasu a shekara ta 17 ta mulkinsa, ya raba babban ɗakin binne shi da mahaifiyarsa Tiye, wadda wataƙila ta mutu a tsakiyar mulkinsa. Ana tsammanin 'yarsa ta biyu Meketaten ta mutu ba a wuce shekara ta 14 na mulkin mahaifinta ba, kuma an shiga cikin gamma, ɗaya daga cikin ƙaramin ɗakin kwana na ɗakuna uku; alpha na ɗaki ɗaya da alama yana ɗauke da binnewa da yawa.<ref>Dodson 2018, p. 18</ref> Lokacin da fadar sarauta ta yi watsi da Amarna a zamanin Tutankhamun wanda ya gaji Akhenaton, an kai kabari daga kabarin sarauta zuwa kwarin Sarakuna. An sake binne gawar Tiye da wani mutum da ba a bayyana sunansa ba (wanda aka gano ta hanyar gwajin DNA a matsayin mahaifin Tutankhamun kuma ana zaton Akhenaten ne) a cikin kabarin KV55; Daga baya an mayar da Tiye zuwa ma'ajiyar mummy a KV35.<ref>Reeves & Wilkinson 2002, pp. 20–21</ref> == Manazarta == 92a8cramtind84e50yzantxx87coywk 821997 821996 2026-04-17T20:05:10Z Mahuta 11340 821997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kabarin Sarauta na Akhenaten''' wani kabari ne mai tarin yawa a cikin Royal Wadi gabas da Amarna, [[Misra|Masar]], inda aka binne membobin gidan sarauta na zamanin Amarna.<ref>Kemp 2014, p. 37</ref> Akhenaten Fir'auna ne na Daular Goma sha Takwas wanda ya yi mulki na tsawon shekaru sha bakwai (1355-1338 BC) daga babban birninsa Akhetaten, wanda aka fi sani da Amarna a yau.<ref>Kemp 2014, pp. 14–17</ref> An sake gano kabarin sarauta a cikin shekara ta 1880s; duk da haka, ainihin shekarar da wanda ya gano ta ya kasance don yin muhawara. An fara aikin tonawa da bincike kan kabarin a shekara ta 1891 kuma ana ci gaba da yin haka har zuwa yau. Wurin da ƙabarin sarauta yake, da ƙabarin da kansa, da kayayyakin tarihi da ke cikin kabarin, da kuma lalata wasu sassa na ƙabarin sarauta bayan mutuwar Akhenaten, suna ba masu bincike bayanai masu mahimmanci game da mulkin Akhenaten, ciki har da yanayin siyasa, da lokacin Amarna.<ref>Martin 1974, p. 4</ref> Ana kuma iya gano ɗakin binne Akhenaton cikin sauƙi a cikin kabarinsa na sarauta a Amarna tunda shi kaɗai ne aka gama gamawa; sauran kabarin ya ƙunshi dakunan kabari da ba a ƙare ba da kuma ɗakuna waɗanda wataƙila ana nufin su shiga cikin sauran membobin gidan sarauta irin su sarauniya Nefertiti. Koyaya, aikin kabarin ya tsaya a lokacin da dangin Masarautar Masar daga baya suka ƙaura zuwa Thebes suka yi watsi da Amarna a ƙarƙashin ɗan Akhenaten Tutankhamun kimanin shekaru 3 bayan mutuwar Akhenaton. == Tarihi == === Binnewa da lalata === Akhenaton yayi mulki a matsayin fir'auna c.1355-1338 BC a lokacin daular Goma sha Takwas na Sabuwar Mulki.[8] Ya gaji mahaifinsa Amenhotep III a matsayin Amenhotep IV.<ref>Dodson & Hilton 2010, p. 142</ref> Babbar Matarsa ta sarauta ita ce Nefertiti, wadda yake da 'ya'ya mata shida da aka sani: Meritaten, Meketaten, Ankhesenpaaten, Neferneferuaten Tasherit, Neferneferure, da Setepenre. Allahn hasken rana Aten, wanda ke wakiltar faifan rana, wanda ya yi fice a ƙarƙashin Thutmose IV da Amenhotep III, an ɗaukaka shi zuwa babban allahntaka a zamanin Amenhotep IV. A farkon mulkinsa, ya gina haikali da yawa ga Aten a Karnak, kuma ya kafa stele wanda a kai ya ayyana Aten shi kaɗai, ya kuma fara sabon addini da aka sani da Atenism inda sarki da danginsa suka yi aiki a matsayin masu shiga tsakani tsakanin allah da jama'a. An rufe haikalin wasu alloli, wasu gumaka, musamman Amun, sun shafe sunansu da siffarsu.<ref>Dodson 2018, pp. 2, 6.</ref> A cikin shekara ta biyar ta mulkinsa, ya canza sunansa zuwa Akhenaten (ma'ana "mai amfani ga Aten") kuma ya kafa sabon babban birni, Akhetaten (ma'ana "The Horizon of the Sun's Disc"), wurin da aka fi sani da Amarna a yau. Akhenaton ya watsar da wurin binne na gargajiya na kwarin Sarakuna (inda zai iya fara kabari, WV25 ko WV23) kuma ya fara sabon makabartar sarauta a cikin Royal Wadi a Akhetaten.<ref>Dodson & Hilton 2010, p. 142</ref> Ya bayyana aniyarsa na binne shi a can kan Boundary Stelae, sanarwar da aka bayar a cikin shekaru 5 da 6 na mulkinsa kuma an sassaka shi cikin duwatsun da ke gabas da yammacin birnin.[17] Rubutun ya ce: Bari a yi mini kabari a gabashin dutsen Akhetaten. Bari a binne ni a cikinta a cikin miliyoyin jubili waɗanda mahaifina, Aten, ya ƙaddara mini. Bari a yi jana'izar Matar Babban Sarki Nefertiti a cikinta, a cikin miliyoyin shekaru da mahaifina, Aten, ya ƙaddara mata. Bari a yi jana'izar ýar Sarki Meryetaten a cikinsa, a cikin miliyoyin shekaru. Kamar WV22, kabarin Amenhotep III, kabarin Akhenaton ya haɗa da ƙarin ɗakunan dakuna da wataƙila an yi niyyar binne babbar matarsa da babbar 'yarsa.[19] Babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa an taɓa shiga Neferiti ko Meritaten a cikin Kabarin Sarauta kamar yadda aka shimfida a kan iyakokin iyaka. Ba a gama karewa kabarin ba, maimakon haka an daidaita shi don karbar jana'izar wasu 'yan gidan sarauta da dama. Lokacin da Akhenaton ya rasu a shekara ta 17 ta mulkinsa, ya raba babban ɗakin binne shi da mahaifiyarsa Tiye, wadda wataƙila ta mutu a tsakiyar mulkinsa. Ana tsammanin 'yarsa ta biyu Meketaten ta mutu ba a wuce shekara ta 14 na mulkin mahaifinta ba, kuma an shiga cikin gamma, ɗaya daga cikin ƙaramin ɗakin kwana na ɗakuna uku; alpha na ɗaki ɗaya da alama yana ɗauke da binnewa da yawa.<ref>Dodson 2018, p. 18</ref> Lokacin da fadar sarauta ta yi watsi da Amarna a zamanin Tutankhamun wanda ya gaji Akhenaton, an kai kabari daga kabarin sarauta zuwa kwarin Sarakuna. An sake binne gawar Tiye da wani mutum da ba a bayyana sunansa ba (wanda aka gano ta hanyar gwajin DNA a matsayin mahaifin Tutankhamun kuma ana zaton Akhenaten ne) a cikin kabarin KV55; Daga baya an mayar da Tiye zuwa ma'ajiyar mummy a KV35.<ref>Reeves & Wilkinson 2002, pp. 20–21</ref> == Manazarta == g2v9x5qsarpucnrxxbzhgfr6kylc3ni 0 106183 821936 746484 2026-04-17T16:37:32Z Pharouqenr 25549 821936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zaben gwamna na Jihar Osun na 1991,'''ya faru ne a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1991. Dan takarar [[Jam'iyyar SDP|SDP]] [[Isiaka Adetunji Adeleke|Isiaka Adeleke]] ya lashe zaben.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shettima |first=Kole Ahmed |date=December 1995 |title=Engendering Nigeria's Third Republic |journal=African Studies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=38 |pages=61–98 |jstor=524793}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria - The Third Republic |url=http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/76.htm |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=countrystudies.us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elections in Nigeria |url=https://africanelections.tripod.com/ng_governorship.html |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=africanelections.tripod.com}}</ref> == Halin da ake yi == An gudanar da zaben gwamna ta amfani da tsarin zabe mai budewa. An gudanar da zaben fidda gwani ga jam'iyyun biyu don zabar masu ɗaukar tutar su a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1991.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How we politicked in the past, by veterans |url=https://dailytrust.com/how-we-politicked-in-the-past-by-veterans |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=Daily Trust |language=en |archive-date=2021-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427235835/https://dailytrust.com/how-we-politicked-in-the-past-by-veterans |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CONTRADICTING ITSELF An Undemocratic Transition Seeks To Bring Democracy Nearer |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/pdfs/n/nigeria/nigeria924.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210080216/http://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/pdfs/n/nigeria/nigeria924.pdf |archive-date=February 10, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GOVERNORSHIP AND HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY ELECTIONS, DECEMBER 14, 1991 |url=https://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/ce01273.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204145243/http://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/ce01273.pdf |archive-date=December 4, 2017}}</ref> Zaben ya faru ne a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1991. Dan takarar [[Jam'iyyar SDP|SDP]] [[Isiaka Adetunji Adeleke|Isiaka Adeleke]] ya lashe zaben <ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} Nigeria: Corroboration of state assembly and gubernatorial election results for Lagos State, December 1991 |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6aae538.html |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == 062vwho17306lf7ozwydwbryiiorpz6 821937 821936 2026-04-17T16:38:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 821937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zaben gwamna na Jihar Osun na 1991,'''ya faru ne a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1991. Dan takarar [[Jam'iyyar SDP|SDP]] [[Isiaka Adetunji Adeleke|Isiaka Adeleke]] ya lashe zaben.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shettima |first=Kole Ahmed |date=December 1995 |title=Engendering Nigeria's Third Republic |journal=African Studies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=38 |pages=61–98 |jstor=524793}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria - The Third Republic |url=http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/76.htm |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=countrystudies.us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elections in Nigeria |url=https://africanelections.tripod.com/ng_governorship.html |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=africanelections.tripod.com}}</ref> == Halin da ake yi == An gudanar da zaben gwamna ta amfani da tsarin zabe mai budewa. An gudanar da zaben fidda gwani ga jam'iyyun biyu don zabar masu ɗaukar tutar su a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1991.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How we politicked in the past, by veterans |url=https://dailytrust.com/how-we-politicked-in-the-past-by-veterans |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=Daily Trust |language=en |archive-date=2021-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427235835/https://dailytrust.com/how-we-politicked-in-the-past-by-veterans |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CONTRADICTING ITSELF An Undemocratic Transition Seeks To Bring Democracy Nearer |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/pdfs/n/nigeria/nigeria924.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210080216/http://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/pdfs/n/nigeria/nigeria924.pdf |archive-date=February 10, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GOVERNORSHIP AND HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY ELECTIONS, DECEMBER 14, 1991 |url=https://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/ce01273.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204145243/http://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/ce01273.pdf |archive-date=December 4, 2017}}</ref> Zaben ya faru ne a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1991. Dan takarar [[Jam'iyyar SDP|SDP]] [[Isiaka Adetunji Adeleke|Isiaka Adeleke]] ya lashe zaben <ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} Nigeria: Corroboration of state assembly and gubernatorial election results for Lagos State, December 1991 |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6aae538.html |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 0umt6njyczenaazhgjm4nl77b2uz3jm 0 106249 821938 663953 2026-04-17T16:39:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 821938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:GreaterItalia.jpg|right|thumb|370x370px|Tekun na Hudu (a cikin launin lemu a arewacin Libya), yankin kudancin Italiya mai girma, aikin Fascist na Italiya don faɗaɗa iyakokin Italiya.]] '''Fourth Shore''' ([[Italiyanci|Italiyanci:]] Quarta Sponda) ko '''Italiyanci Arewacin Afirka''' ([[Italiyanci]]: Africa Settentrionale Italiana, ASI) shine sunan da Benito Mussolini ya ƙirƙira don komawa ga bakin tekun Bahar Rum na ƙasar Italiyan 'yan mulkin mallaka na gaɓar teku da kuma, a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]], na Italiya a [[Tunisiya]] a cikin mulkin Fasist na Italiya, a lokacin mulkin mallaka na [[Italiya]] na [[Libya]] da Magrib.<ref name=":0" /> == Kalmomi == Kalmar Fourth Shore ta samo asali ne daga Yanayin ƙasa na Italiya, wani yanki mai tsayi da kunkuntar da ke shiga cikin [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] tare da manyan bakin teku guda biyu, "First Shore" a gabas tare da Tekun Adriatic da "Gaba na Biyu" a yamma tare da Tekun Tyrrhenian.<ref name=":0">Moore, Martin (1940). [https://archive.today/20120726095424/http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/content/XXXIX/CLV/129.full.pdf+html Fourth Shore: Italy's Mass Colonization of Libya] ''[[African Affairs]]'' XXXIX (CLV), 129-133.</ref> Tekun Adriatic da ke gaɓan gaɓar tekun Balkan, ciki har da Dalmatiya, [[Montenegro|da Montenegro]], da [[Albaniya]], an shirya su don faɗaɗa Italiya a matsayin Teji na Uku, tare da Libya akan Tekun Bahar Rum ta zama ta huɗu.<ref name=":0">Moore, Martin (1940). [https://archive.today/20120726095424/http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/content/XXXIX/CLV/129.full.pdf+html Fourth Shore: Italy's Mass Colonization of Libya] ''[[African Affairs]]'' XXXIX (CLV), 129-133.</ref> Don haka Fourth Shore ya kasance yankin kudancin Babbar Italiya, farkon aikin Fascist na shekarar 1940 na faɗaɗa iyakokin ƙasar Italiya a kusa da Bahar Rum.<ref>Moore, Martin (1940). [https://archive.today/20120726095424/http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/content/XXXIX/CLV/129.full.pdf+html Fourth Shore: Italy's Mass Colonization of Libya] ''[[African Affairs]]'' XXXIX (CLV), 129-133.</ref> == Manazarta == a81bdpzv1u675i2bhbl9eq9zej5cz8r 821939 821938 2026-04-17T16:39:29Z Pharouqenr 25549 821939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:GreaterItalia.jpg|right|thumb|370x370px|Tekun na Hudu (a cikin launin lemu a arewacin Libya), yankin kudancin Italiya mai girma, aikin Fascist na Italiya don faɗaɗa iyakokin Italiya.]] '''Fourth Shore''' ([[Italiyanci|Italiyanci:]] Quarta Sponda) ko '''Italiyanci Arewacin Afirka''' ([[Italiyanci]]: Africa Settentrionale Italiana, ASI) shine sunan da Benito Mussolini ya ƙirƙira don komawa ga bakin tekun Bahar Rum na ƙasar Italiyan 'yan mulkin mallaka na gaɓar teku da kuma, a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]], na Italiya a [[Tunisiya]] a cikin mulkin Fasist na Italiya, a lokacin mulkin mallaka na [[Italiya]] na [[Libya]] da Magrib.<ref name=":0" /> == Kalmomi == Kalmar Fourth Shore ta samo asali ne daga Yanayin ƙasa na Italiya, wani yanki mai tsayi da kunkuntar da ke shiga cikin [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] tare da manyan bakin teku guda biyu, "First Shore" a gabas tare da Tekun Adriatic da "Gaba na Biyu" a yamma tare da Tekun Tyrrhenian.<ref name=":0">Moore, Martin (1940). [https://archive.today/20120726095424/http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/content/XXXIX/CLV/129.full.pdf+html Fourth Shore: Italy's Mass Colonization of Libya] ''[[African Affairs]]'' XXXIX (CLV), 129-133.</ref> Tekun Adriatic da ke gaɓan gaɓar tekun Balkan, ciki har da Dalmatiya, [[Montenegro|da Montenegro]], da [[Albaniya]], an shirya su don faɗaɗa Italiya a matsayin Teji na Uku, tare da Libya akan Tekun Bahar Rum ta zama ta huɗu.<ref name=":0">Moore, Martin (1940). [https://archive.today/20120726095424/http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/content/XXXIX/CLV/129.full.pdf+html Fourth Shore: Italy's Mass Colonization of Libya] ''[[African Affairs]]'' XXXIX (CLV), 129-133.</ref> Don haka Fourth Shore ya kasance yankin kudancin Babbar Italiya, farkon aikin Fascist na shekarar 1940 na faɗaɗa iyakokin ƙasar [[Italiya]] a kusa da Bahar Rum.<ref>Moore, Martin (1940). [https://archive.today/20120726095424/http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/content/XXXIX/CLV/129.full.pdf+html Fourth Shore: Italy's Mass Colonization of Libya] ''[[African Affairs]]'' XXXIX (CLV), 129-133.</ref> == Manazarta == 5zr0prswqhkq4oqqkii9vhqbqq6223p 0 107943 821998 821353 2026-04-17T20:06:37Z Mahuta 11340 821998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abincin gargajiya na Edo''' ya kuma ƙunshi kayan yaji da kayan ɗanɗano ko kayan abinci na yau da kullun a tsakanin mutanen [[Edo|jihar Edo]]. Jihar tana da kabilu daban-daban da suka hada da Binis (ko Edos), Ishan ( [[Mutanen Esan|Esan]] ), [[Mutanen Afemai|Afemai]], Etsako, Uzebba Iuleha [Owan] da sauransu. Abincin gargajiya da ake samu a tsakanin waɗannan mutane yakan haɗa da miya da haɗiye. ‘swallow’ kalma ce ta abincin Najeriya da ake sha da miya a sha ba tare da tauna ba (Ko da yake akwai mutane kadan da a zahiri ake taunawa kafin a hadiye su). <ref>{{Cite web |title=What To Eat In Benin kingdom/Edo State |url=https://www.edoworld.net/Edotourismwhattoeat.html |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=www.edoworld.net}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=says |first=Ingrid Pezzulo |date=7 September 2020 |title=5 Meals To Try If You Happen To Be Between Delta and Edo States – Ibiene Magazine |url=https://ibiene.com/culinary/5-meals-to-try-if-you-happen-to-be-between-delta-and-edo-states/ |access-date=2023-01-26 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Yayin da ‘swallows’ suka zama ruwan dare a tsakanin mafi yawan kabilu a Najeriya. Miyan sun bambanta da kabilu daban-daban. Waɗannan sune wasu daga cikin kayan abinci na asali da suka shahara a tsakanin [[mutanen Edo]]. '''Bini owo miyan''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-23 |title=Learn How To Make The Bini Owo Soup |url=https://guardian.ng/life/learn-how-to-make-the-bini-owo-soup/ |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=omotolani |date=2021-07-24 |title=How to make Owo soup |url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/owo-soup-how-to-make-this-palm-oil-delicacy/vzyfzz8 |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703132803/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/owo-soup-how-to-make-this-palm-oil-delicacy/vzyfzz8 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan miya ce mai sauƙi da Edos ke ci. Miyar ta sha bamban a cikinta da na owo (ko Owho) na mutanen Urhobo a kudancin Najeriya. Ana kuma shirya shi da [[Manja|dabino]], da kyafaffen kifi da potash (Okawu ko kan). Potash yana nufin ya ba shi laushi mai kauri. Akan yi amfani da shi da dawa, kokwaya ko plantain da ba ta cika ba. '''Miyan gyada''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-13 |title=Groundnut Soup (Omisagwe) Recipe |url=https://guardian.ng/life/groundnut-soup-omisagwe-recipe/ |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan wani kani ne mai farin jini a tsakanin mutanen Etsakor da owan jihar Edo. Miyar gyada ita ake kira Omisagwe a cikin Estakor. ya hada da cukuyar gyada (gyada), tumatir, albasa da nama iri-iri kamar kaza, naman sa ko chevron. Yawancin lokaci ana ba da miya tare da fufu, dam ɗin dawa, (Eba) ko sitaci. '''Miyan masara''' <ref>{{Cite web |last=inyese |first=amaka |date=2015-06-23 |title=Corn soup (Omi Ukpoka) |url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/nigerian-meal-corn-soup-omi-ukpoka/dc9cptn |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-19 |title=Omi Ukpoka: Corn Soup Of Edo People |url=https://guardian.ng/life/omi-ukpoka-corn-soup-of-edo-people/ |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Fayil:White_soup_and_corn_meal_(_Nigerian_food).jpg|alt=Corn meal|thumb|Abincin masara]] Miyar masara miya ce ta al’ummar Afemai a Jihar Edo. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-03-19 |title=Omi Ukpoka: Corn Soup Of Edo People |url=https://guardian.ng/omi-ukpoka-corn-soup-of-edo-people/ |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=Guardian Nigeria News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wannan abinci ana kiransa da sunan omi ukpoka a gida. Yana hadawa da masara da kyafaffen kifi da koren ganye. Akan kuma yi amfani da shi da hadiye kamar; [[fufu]], eba ko ƙwan zuma. '''Bakar miya''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-22 |title=How To Prepare Delicious Edo State Black Soup |url=https://m.guardian.ng/life/how-to-prepare-delicious-edo-state-black-soup/ |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin mutanen Ishan (Esan) da mutanen Owan. A cikin Esan da Owan, sunan wannan miya mai gina jiki shine 'Omoebe (bar) miya'. Miyar hadaddiyar ganye ce mai daci da sauran kayan lambu da suka hada da ganyen kamshi (Ebaumokho a harshen Edo ko Effirin a harshen Yarbanci). Haɗin waɗannan kayan lambu yana ba miya launin duhu. yawanci ana ba da ita da [[Semolina|semo]], da dawa, eba da fufu. '''Ogbono''' <ref name="Adewole 2021">{{Cite web |last=Adewole |first=Dominic |date=26 August 2021 |title=Ogbono: Sweet delicacy, but forbidden in Asaba |url=https://newtelegraphng.com/ogbono-sweet-delicacy-but-forbidden-in-asaba/ |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=New Telegraph}}</ref> Miyar Ogbono wata miya ce da ta zama ruwan dare a tsakanin mutanen Edo musamman a tsakanin mutanen Owan da Esan. Ana samun iri ne daga bishiyar da aka fi sani da mango daji na Afirka. Ana kuma noman shukar ne ta kasuwanci a kusa da Owan da Esan axis a jihar Edo; Haka kuma ana iya cin miyar Ogbono da dawa da aka daka, da fufu da sauransu. == Duba kuma == * [[Abincin Yammacin Afirka|Abincin Afirka ta Yamma]] * [[Jerin abincin Afirka|Jerin kayan abinci na Afirka]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} qpq3ejefiymslea5x7dqxy08qcfoabm 0 108331 821974 798364 2026-04-17T17:25:41Z Joserpkm 35450 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 821974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sustainia''', tsohuwar Majalisar Copenhagen Climate Council, haɗin gwiwar duniya ne tsakanin kasuwancin duniya da kimiyya da ke Copenhagen. An kafa shi a cikin 2007 kuma a halin yanzu Rasmus Schjødt Larsen ne ke jagoranta.<ref>Danish Host Site for the UN COP15 Summit in Copenhagen, December 2009". www.cop15.dk. Archived from the original on 2009-01-19. Retrieved 2008-12-30.</ref> == Tarihi == Majalisar Copenhagen Climate Council an kafa ta ne a cikin 2007 ta wata cibiyar tunani mai zaman kanta a Scandinavia, safiyar Litinin, tana rikidewa zuwa cibiyar tunani mai dorewa Sustainia mai hedikwata a Copenhagen, [[Denmark]]. Tun da farko an kafa majalisar ne domin wayar da kan duniya muhimmancin taron sauyin yanayi na Copenhagen, da kuma tabbatar da goyon bayan fasaha da na jama'a da taimako ga masu yanke shawara a duniya lokacin da aka amince da sabuwar yarjejeniyar sauyin yanayi don maye gurbin yarjejeniyar Kyoto daga 1997.<ref>"Read the entire news summary from the Poznań side event here"</ref> An buga bayanin majalisar a watan Nuwamba 2007, a jajibirin taron sauyin yanayi na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] na 2007. Takardar ta zayyana abin da majalisar ta yi imani da cewa ana bukatar magance sauyin yanayi da kuma yadda za a iya cimma hakan ta hanyar sabuwar yarjejeniya ta duniya. Manifesto ya bayyana wata maƙasudi mai ma'ana don matsakaicin matakin iskar gas a cikin yanayi ta 2050. Takardar za ta kasance a matsayin shigarwa a taron kolin kasuwanci na duniya game da sauyin yanayi, yana bayyana mahimman abubuwa don ƙarin tattaunawa da haɗawa cikin shawarwarin da za a ba da shi ga taron koli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. == Ayyuka da ayyuka == Majalisar Copenhagen Climate Council tana ba da gidan yanar gizon yanayi na Yanar Gizo 2.0, The Climate Community, wanda tun daga lokacin ya samo asali zuwa Binciken Dama na Duniya. UNGC, DNVGL da Sustainia ne ke tallafawa gidan yanar gizon. Yana buga labaran yanayi da sauran ayyukan Majalisar Kula da Yanayi na Copenhagen, kamar 'Taron Kasuwancin Duniya akan Sauyin Yanayi'. Har ila yau, ta kaddamar da ayyuka da dama, ciki har da: 'Thought Leadership Series'; fim ɗin 'LIFE', littafi, da nunin dijital; taron kimiyya 'Buɗe da Climate Code: Innovation in Climate and Energy'; da taron gefen Poznań 'Business Business of a Post-2012 Climate Treaty'. Har ila yau, kungiyar ta shirya wani taron koli na kasuwanci a birnin Beijing.<ref>Copenhagen Climate Council - Global thought leaders from business and science". Archived from the original on 2011-07-27.</ref> An gudanar da taron koli na kasuwanci na duniya kan sauyin yanayi watanni shida kafin taron sauyin yanayi na Copenhagen na shekarar 2009. Taron ya tattaro shugabannin kasuwanci tare da manyan masana kimiyya na duniya, masana tattalin arziki, kungiyoyin farar hula, shugabannin kafofin watsa labarai, wakilan gwamnati da sauran manyan masu tunani don gabatar da shawarwarin tsarin kasa da kasa na gaba game da sauyin yanayi don maye gurbin yarjejeniyar Kyoto bayan 2012. Daga cikin fitattun mahalarta taron akwai Al Gore, Anders Fogh Rasmussen, da Richard Branson. A wajen taron, manyan jami'an gudanarwa sun tattauna yadda harkokin kasuwanci za su taimaka wajen magance matsalar sauyin yanayi ta hanyar sabbin fasahohin kasuwanci, da sabbin hadin gwiwa da kuma bunkasa kananan fasahohin carbon. An gabatar da sakamakon taron koli na kasuwanci na duniya kan sauyin yanayi ga gwamnatin Danish, mai masaukin baki taron kolin sauyin yanayi na Copenhagen,[1] da kuma shugabannin duniya dake tattaunawa kan sharuddan yarjejeniyar sauyin yanayi ta kasa da kasa. A Yuni 19, 2008, Copenhagen Climate Council and Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of Society (CITRIS) sun shirya taron makamashi mai suna Buɗe Ka'idar Yanayi: Innovation in Climate and Energy. Manufar taron ita ce gano mahimman bincike da ci gaban ci gaban da ake bukata don samun nasarar sauye-sauye zuwa tattalin arziƙin ƙasa mai ƙarancin kuzari. A ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar samfuran alaƙa a cikin kasuwanci, siyasa, da fasaha don taimakawa jagorar sabbin shawarwari da yanke shawara a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2009, an ƙirƙira tarin kayan aikin, wanda aka fi sani da Mai Navigator Climate. A kan Disamba 8, 2008, Copenhagen Climate Council ya karbi bakuncin wani taron gefen hukuma[2] a taron koli na COP14 kan sauyin yanayi a Poznań, [[Poland]] daga Disamba 1-10, 2008. Taken shi ne "Business Bukatun zuwa Yarjejeniyar Yanayi na Bayan-2012". A wajen taron, wakilan majalisar daga harkokin kasuwanci da kimiyya sun gabatar da muhimman ka'idojinsu na sabuwar yarjejeniya. Tunanin da aka gabatar a wurin taron ya shafi ci gaban shawarwarin ƙarshe da shugabannin kasuwanci na duniya suka bayar a taron kasuwanci na duniya kan sauyin yanayi, da aka gudanar a Copenhagen a watan Mayu, 2009. A ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 2008, majalisar kula da yanayi ta Copenhagen ta shirya taron zagaye[2] tare da wasu fitattun 'yan kasuwa a kasar Sin da ministar yanayi da makamashi na Danish Connie Hedegaard. == Ƙungiya == Majalisar Copenhagen Climate Council ta ƙunshi shugabannin sauyin yanayi 30 na duniya waɗanda ke wakiltar kasuwanci, kimiyya, da manufofin jama'a daga sassan duniya. An zaɓi shugabannin kasuwanci don wakiltar kamfanoni na duniya da ƙwararrun ƴan kasuwa, waɗanda, ta hanyar ayyukansu, sun bayyana cewa kasuwancin da ke da alhaki, mai ɗorewa yana da mahimmanci kuma yana da riba. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kungiyoyi ]] j2pw7ose2hg54kclk7xxp3oxw2y35uo 0 108662 821984 679571 2026-04-17T18:08:21Z Joserpkm 35450 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 821984 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Climate_change_adaptation_icon.png|thumb|Alamar sauyin yanayi]] '''Makarantar da ke da sauyin yanayi''', ko makarantar muhalli, <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Eco Schools |url=https://www.ecoschools.global/ |access-date=2020-11-11 |website=Eco Schools |language=en-US}}</ref> tana ƙarfafa ilimin ci gaba mai ɗorewa, musamman ta hanyar rage adadin carbon dioxide da aka samar don rage tasirin [[Canjin yanayi]]. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=CLIMATE-FRIENDLY {{!}} meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/climate-friendly |access-date=2020-11-11 |website=dictionary.cambridge.org |language=en}}</ref> Kalmar nan "school-friendly" ta fito ne kuma ta inganta ta hanyar ilimin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] don shirin ci gaba mai ɗorewa (ESD). <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2013-05-10 |title=Education for Sustainable Development |url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/education-sustainable-development |access-date=2020-11-11 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> [[Yarjejeniyar kimiyya game da canjin yanayi|yarjejeniya]] kimiyya game da dumama tsarin yanayi da kuma karuwar [[Damuwa|damuwar]] [[Canjin yanayi|jama'a]] game da tasirinsa, da kuma karuwa da ƙasashe suka yi na kasa da kasa don rage hayaki na duniya, ya hanzarta saka hannun jari a cikin fasahar da ke da sauyin yanayi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=CLIMATE-FRIENDLY {{!}} meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/climate-friendly |access-date=2020-11-11 |website=dictionary.cambridge.org |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/climate-friendly "CLIMATE-FRIENDLY | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"]. ''dictionary.cambridge.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-11</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Change Evidence: How Do We Know? |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence |access-date=2020-11-11 |website=Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen da ke da alaƙa da yanayi == Shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa kamar su shirin ilimi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don ci gaba mai ɗorewa (ESD), wanda shirin Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Muhalli da haɗin gwiwar jami'o'in duniya na UNEP kan muhalli da dorewa sun jagoranci ci gaban makarantun da ke da sauyin yanayi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2013-05-10 |title=Education for Sustainable Development |url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/education-sustainable-development |access-date=2020-11-11 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://en.unesco.org/themes/education-sustainable-development "Education for Sustainable Development"]. ''UNESCO''. 2013-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-11</span></span>.</cite></ref> Don rage samar da carbon dioxide, waɗannan shirye-shiryen sun ƙarfafa lissafi da rage sawun carbon, rage sharar gida (ta hanyar composting, manufofi na sayen, abincin rana mara datti), zaɓuɓɓukan sufuri da haɓaka ilimi game da matsalolin canjin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What your school can do {{!}} Climate Change Connection |url=https://climatechangeconnection.org/resources/climate-friendly-schools/what-to-do/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111104632/https://climatechangeconnection.org/resources/climate-friendly-schools/what-to-do/ |archive-date=2020-11-11 |access-date=2020-11-11 |website=climatechangeconnection.org}}</ref> === Ilimi don ci gaba mai ɗorewa (ESD) === Ilimi don ci gaba mai ɗorewa (ESD) an haɓaka ta hanyar tattaunawa mai zurfi tare da masu ruwa da tsaki daga 2016 zuwa 2018 tare da manufar ba da gudummawa ga cimma burin ci gaba mai dorewa 17. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gabatar da tsarin "duk-school", kewaye da halin da ake ciki inda dalibai ke koyo game da canjin yanayi ya kara inganta ta hanyar sakonni na al'ada da na al'adu da aka inganta ta dabi'u da ayyukan makarantar. Hanyar "duk-school" game da canjin yanayi tana nufin cewa cibiyar ilimi tana ƙarfafa aiki don rage canjin yanayi a kowane bangare na rayuwar makaranta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Implementing a Whole-School Approach to Climate Change |url=https://aspnet.unesco.org/en-us/whole-school-approach-to-climate-change |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028234622/https://aspnet.unesco.org/en-us/whole-school-approach-to-climate-change |archive-date=2020-10-28 |access-date=2020-10-26 |website=aspnet.unesco.org}}</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da shugabancin makaranta, abubuwan koyarwa da hanyoyin, harabar da kuma kula da wurare gami da hadin gwiwa tare da abokan tarayya da al'ummomi masu yawa. Wannan yana da hannu sosai ga duk masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida da na waje, wato dalibai, malamai, shugabanni, ma'aikatan makaranta a kowane mataki da kuma al'ummar makaranta kamar iyalai da membobin al'umma wajen tunani da aiki akan canjin yanayi shine mabuɗin tsarin makarantar duka. An haɓaka shirin Makarantun muhalli a cikin 1994 tare da goyon bayan Hukumar Tarayyar Turai kuma an gano shi a matsayin samfurin shirin ESD na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Manufar shirin ita ce inganta batutuwan ci gaba mai ɗorewa a makarantu ta hanyar gabatar da tsarin matakai bakwai da ƙarfafa jigogi goma sha ɗaya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Eco Schools |url=https://www.ecoschools.global/ |access-date=2020-11-11 |website=Eco Schools |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.ecoschools.global/ "Eco Schools"]. ''Eco Schools''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-11</span></span>.</cite></ref> === Haɗin gwiwar Jami'o'i na Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci gaba === An ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwar jami'o'i na duniya kan muhalli da dorewa a cikin 2012 a UNEP a Shanghai, China. Dangane da shirin ESD yana da niyyar kara yawan ayyukan dorewa da ilimi a cikin jami'o'i a duk duniya. Shirin yana mai da hankali na musamman ga ba da damar sauye-sauyen mutum, sauye-shiryen al'umma da ci gaban fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2017-10-12 |title=Global Universities Partnership on Environment for Sustainability |url=http://www.unenvironment.org/es/node/10655 |access-date=2020-11-11 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=es}}</ref> == Makarantu masu dacewa da yanayi == A cewar wani rahoto na UNESCO, makarantu masu zuwa da ke kewaye da duniya sun aiwatar da tsarin "makarantar yanayi mai kyau", dangane da yarjejeniyar yanayi. [[Fayil:Teaching_climate_change_adaptation_icon.png|thumb|225x225px|Koyarwa da sauyin yanayi]] A matsayin makarantar gwaji, an ƙarfafa Athens-Gennadeio a Girka don gabatar da shirye-shiryen sababbin abubuwa. A cikin 2013, makarantar ta gabatar da tsarin a cikin ilimin halitta da ilmin sunadarai ga manyan dalibai 157 na sakandare. A cikin wannan tsarin, ɗalibai sun yi aiki a cikin ƙungiyoyi don bincika canjin yanayi, watsa kwayar cuta, da yanayin yanayin halittu tare da taimakon simulations na kwamfuta. Ta hanyar binciken su, ɗalibai sun gano kaddarorin tsarin rikitarwa, kamar su madauki masu kyau da marasa kyau. Wani rukuni na dalibai sun auna dorewar makamashi na ginin makarantar, don gano raunin sa da kuma gina shirin aiki don inganta shi. === Lebanon === Makarantar Sakandare ta Al-Kawthar a Beirut, [[Lebanon]] tana aiki don wayar da kan jama'a game da canjin yanayi a cikin makarantarsu. Ya zuwa yanzu, dalibai 2,421 , malamai 310, da iyalai 110 sun shiga cikin ayyukan da suka hada da dasa bishiyoyi, yin sana'o'i daga kayan da aka sake amfani da su, ziyartar gandun daji na kasa, sake amfani da ruwa, da kiyaye ruwa. Har ila yau, makarantar ta dauki bakuncin daren fina-finai da bita inda dalibai, iyalai da malamai suka ba da shawarar hanyoyin ceton duniya. Biye da jagororin ISO-26000 don cibiyoyin da ke da alhakin zamantakewa, makarantar ta himmatu ga ci gaba da ingantawa. A farkon shekarar makaranta, kwamitin muhalli yana haɓaka shirin aiki bisa ga abin da aka koya kuma aka samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Kwamitin yana riƙe da rikodin ayyukansu, don haka makarantar za ta iya gano ayyukan da ke da tasiri sosai da ayyukan da za a iya haɓaka. Malamai da dalibai suna zurfafa ilmantarwa ta hanyar raba abubuwan da suka faru tare da wasu makarantu a Lebanon da kuma duniya baki daya. [[Fayil:Childrens_Movement_for_Civic_Awareness.jpg|thumb|245x245px|Yunkurin yara don wayar da kan jama'a]] A [[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]], makarantun [[UNESCO|ASPnet]] sun aiwatar da tsare-tsare, tare da masu binciken jami'ar tuntuba da kwararrun likitocin, da ke da nufin kiyaye ire-iren gandun daji.  An amince da rabe-raben dazuzzukan na fuskantar barazana sakamakon yawaitar amfani da albarkatun gandun daji a matsayin wani muhimmin al'ada a fannin likitancin gargajiya.  Makarantun na inganta ziyarar lambunan dabbobi inda iyaye da masu aikin likitancin gargajiya ke koya wa dalibai game da noman tsire-tsire na gargajiya da hanyoyin kiyayewa mai dorewa.  Tare da haɗin gwiwar masana da masu bincike, makarantun ASPnet yanzu suna tunanin ƙirƙirar banki na gado tare da sake dasa nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari. === Brazil === A Rio de Janeiro a [[Brazil]], ƙungiyar Colégio Israelta Brasileiro A. Liessen ta muhalli ta ɓullo da yunƙuri don koyar da masu kula da makaranta, malamai, ɗalibai da injiniyoyi game da ayyuka masu ɗorewa a cikin ayyukan ƙwarewa, waɗanda ba na yau da kullun ba.  Tawagar ta gina koren rufin, tanda mai amfani da hasken rana, tankunan bamboo da kuma dasa kayan yaji, furanni, da lambunan tunani waɗanda za a iya canza su zuwa mai dafa abinci na biodiesel.  Kungiyar ta kuma bayar da horo ga 'yan makarantar domin samun sayan kayan aikin.  Misali, an ba da horo kan sharar sharar gida da tattara man girki ga ma’aikata, an kuma shirya taron bitar aikin lambu ga dalibai masu aikin sa kai, ta yadda za su taimaka wa ma’aikatan kula da aikin gonakin da ake fadadawa a makarantu. [[Fayil:Nagoya_City_Sengoku_Elementary_School.jpg|thumb|Makarantar Firamare ta Sengoku a Birnin Nagoya]] Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Nagoya a [[Japan]] ta himmatu ga bunkasa al'adun makaranta na dorewa, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin sanarwar aikinsu na makaranta. Cibiyar tana da niyyar "tsarkakewa a cikin ɗalibanta ikon bayyana abin da ake buƙata da gaske a cikin al'ummar duniya, don ɗaukar mataki da kansu, da kuma zama wakilai masu aiki don Ci gaba mai ɗorewa". == Dubi kuma == * [[UNESCO|UNESCO ASPnet]] * Ilimi don ci gaba mai ɗorewa * Ilimi na 'yan kasa na duniya * [[Ilimin canjin yanayi|Ilimin Canjin Yanayi (CCE)]] == Tushen ==  Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi rubutu dagaabun ciki kyautaaiki. An ba da lasisi a ƙarƙashin CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) Sanarwar lasisi / iziniRashin amfani da shi Rubutun da aka karɓa dagaSamun Shirye-shiryen Yanayi: Jagora don Makarantu kan Ayyukan Yanayi__hau____hau____hau__, 5, 7-8, 10, 15, 18-19, [Hasiya] UNESCO. UNESCO. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hcmpqucngsb058mxheui34sjzi2xpgz 0 110150 822180 688080 2026-04-18T11:53:22Z Pharouqenr 25549 822180 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Alma Jean Billingslea''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1946) masanin [[kimiyya]] ce kuma malama ce ta Amurka, kuma tsohuwar tsohuwar ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama. An haifi Billingslea a Albany, Jojiya, amma ta girma a Orange, New Jersey, inda ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban Afirka na farko da suka raba tsarin makarantar jama'a ta Orange. Daga 1967 zuwa 1971, ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar ma'aikata na Kudancin Kudancin Kirista (SCLC), kungiyar da [[Martin Luther King|Martin Luther King, Jr.]] ya kafa. Ita farfesa ce kuma co-kafa shirin a Nazarin Afirka a Kwalejin Spelman da ke Atlanta, Jojiya. Ta sami digiri na A.B. daga Jami'ar Rutgers, digiri na MA daga Jami'an Atlanta, da kuma PhD daga Jami'in Texas a Dallas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Alma Billingslea-Brown, Ph.D. |url=https://www.spelman.edu/academics/majors-and-programs/english/faculty/alma-billingslea-brown |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220155114/http://www.spelman.edu/academics/majors-and-programs/english/faculty/alma-billingslea-brown |archive-date=2015-12-20 |access-date=January 13, 2021 |website=}}</ref> Billingslea ita ce marubucin Crossing Borders ta hanyar Folklore: Fiction da Fasaha na Mata na Afirka ta Amirka (Jami'ar Missouri Press, 1999).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sherman |first=Sarah Way |year=2000 |title=''Crossing Borders through Folklore'' (review) |journal=[[American Literature (journal)|American Literature]] |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=655–56 |doi=10.1215/00029831-72-3-655 |s2cid=161523048}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sherrard |first=Cherene M. |year=1999 |title=Review: Conjuring the Folk Aesthetic |journal=Novel: A Forum on Fiction |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=150–52 |doi=10.2307/1346039 |jstor=1346039}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 6eutu3ka6f9m4jjmuqze0cte6yjwu7i 822181 822180 2026-04-18T11:53:42Z Pharouqenr 25549 822181 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Alma Jean Billingslea''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1946) masanin [[kimiyya]] ce kuma malama ce ta [[Amurka]], kuma tsohuwar tsohuwar ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama. An haifi Billingslea a Albany, Jojiya, amma ta girma a Orange, New Jersey, inda ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban Afirka na farko da suka raba tsarin makarantar jama'a ta Orange. Daga 1967 zuwa 1971, ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar ma'aikata na Kudancin Kudancin Kirista (SCLC), kungiyar da [[Martin Luther King|Martin Luther King, Jr.]] ya kafa. Ita farfesa ce kuma co-kafa shirin a Nazarin Afirka a Kwalejin Spelman da ke Atlanta, Jojiya. Ta sami digiri na A.B. daga Jami'ar Rutgers, digiri na MA daga Jami'an Atlanta, da kuma PhD daga Jami'in Texas a Dallas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Alma Billingslea-Brown, Ph.D. |url=https://www.spelman.edu/academics/majors-and-programs/english/faculty/alma-billingslea-brown |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220155114/http://www.spelman.edu/academics/majors-and-programs/english/faculty/alma-billingslea-brown |archive-date=2015-12-20 |access-date=January 13, 2021 |website=}}</ref> Billingslea ita ce marubucin Crossing Borders ta hanyar Folklore: Fiction da Fasaha na Mata na Afirka ta Amirka (Jami'ar Missouri Press, 1999).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sherman |first=Sarah Way |year=2000 |title=''Crossing Borders through Folklore'' (review) |journal=[[American Literature (journal)|American Literature]] |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=655–56 |doi=10.1215/00029831-72-3-655 |s2cid=161523048}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sherrard |first=Cherene M. |year=1999 |title=Review: Conjuring the Folk Aesthetic |journal=Novel: A Forum on Fiction |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=150–52 |doi=10.2307/1346039 |jstor=1346039}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 7gukdrmxroa4q7dl7xfkoxkgsadjvmc 822182 822181 2026-04-18T11:54:28Z Pharouqenr 25549 822182 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Alma Jean Billingslea''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1946) masanin [[kimiyya]] ce kuma malama ce ta [[Amurka]], kuma tsohuwar tsohuwar ƙungiyar kare [[Hakkin mutum|hakkin bil'adama]]. An haifi Billingslea a Albany, Jojiya, amma ta girma a Orange, New Jersey, inda ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban Afirka na farko da suka raba tsarin makarantar jama'a ta Orange. Daga 1967 zuwa 1971, ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar ma'aikata na Kudancin Kudancin Kirista (SCLC), kungiyar da [[Martin Luther King|Martin Luther King, Jr.]] ya kafa. Ita farfesa ce kuma co-kafa shirin a Nazarin Afirka a Kwalejin Spelman da ke Atlanta, Jojiya. Ta sami digiri na A.B. daga Jami'ar Rutgers, digiri na MA daga Jami'an Atlanta, da kuma PhD daga Jami'in Texas a Dallas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Alma Billingslea-Brown, Ph.D. |url=https://www.spelman.edu/academics/majors-and-programs/english/faculty/alma-billingslea-brown |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220155114/http://www.spelman.edu/academics/majors-and-programs/english/faculty/alma-billingslea-brown |archive-date=2015-12-20 |access-date=January 13, 2021 |website=}}</ref> Billingslea ita ce marubucin Crossing Borders ta hanyar Folklore: Fiction da Fasaha na Mata na Afirka ta Amirka (Jami'ar Missouri Press, 1999).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sherman |first=Sarah Way |year=2000 |title=''Crossing Borders through Folklore'' (review) |journal=[[American Literature (journal)|American Literature]] |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=655–56 |doi=10.1215/00029831-72-3-655 |s2cid=161523048}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sherrard |first=Cherene M. |year=1999 |title=Review: Conjuring the Folk Aesthetic |journal=Novel: A Forum on Fiction |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=150–52 |doi=10.2307/1346039 |jstor=1346039}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 112hiszincsxw23axkzh5b5bem3psbh 822183 822182 2026-04-18T11:54:44Z Pharouqenr 25549 822183 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Alma Jean Billingslea''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1946) masanin [[kimiyya]] ce kuma malama ce ta [[Amurka]], kuma tsohuwar tsohuwar ƙungiyar kare [[Hakkin mutum|hakkin bil'adama]]. An haifi Billingslea a Albany, Jojiya, amma ta girma a Orange, New Jersey, inda ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban nahiyar Afirka na farko da suka raba tsarin makarantar jama'a ta Orange. Daga 1967 zuwa 1971, ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar ma'aikata na Kudancin Kudancin Kirista (SCLC), kungiyar da [[Martin Luther King|Martin Luther King, Jr.]] ya kafa. Ita farfesa ce kuma co-kafa shirin a Nazarin Afirka a Kwalejin Spelman da ke Atlanta, Jojiya. Ta sami digiri na A.B. daga Jami'ar Rutgers, digiri na MA daga Jami'an Atlanta, da kuma PhD daga Jami'in Texas a Dallas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Alma Billingslea-Brown, Ph.D. |url=https://www.spelman.edu/academics/majors-and-programs/english/faculty/alma-billingslea-brown |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220155114/http://www.spelman.edu/academics/majors-and-programs/english/faculty/alma-billingslea-brown |archive-date=2015-12-20 |access-date=January 13, 2021 |website=}}</ref> Billingslea ita ce marubucin Crossing Borders ta hanyar Folklore: Fiction da Fasaha na Mata na Afirka ta Amirka (Jami'ar Missouri Press, 1999).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sherman |first=Sarah Way |year=2000 |title=''Crossing Borders through Folklore'' (review) |journal=[[American Literature (journal)|American Literature]] |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=655–56 |doi=10.1215/00029831-72-3-655 |s2cid=161523048}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sherrard |first=Cherene M. |year=1999 |title=Review: Conjuring the Folk Aesthetic |journal=Novel: A Forum on Fiction |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=150–52 |doi=10.2307/1346039 |jstor=1346039}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 337zubcdcuim9vr7f5q6lkl6mnqn473 822184 822183 2026-04-18T11:55:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 822184 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Alma Jean Billingslea''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1946) masanin [[kimiyya]] ce kuma malama ce ta [[Amurka]], kuma tsohuwar tsohuwar ƙungiyar kare [[Hakkin mutum|hakkin bil'adama]]. An haifi Billingslea a Albany, Jojiya, amma ta girma a Orange, New Jersey, inda ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban nahiyar [[Afirka]] na farko da suka raba tsarin makarantar jama'a ta Orange. Daga 1967 zuwa 1971, ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar ma'aikata na Kudancin Kudancin Kirista (SCLC), kungiyar da [[Martin Luther King|Martin Luther King, Jr.]] ya kafa. Ita farfesa ce kuma co-kafa shirin a Nazarin Afirka a Kwalejin Spelman da ke Atlanta, Jojiya. Ta sami digiri na A.B. daga Jami'ar Rutgers, digiri na MA daga Jami'an Atlanta, da kuma PhD daga Jami'in Texas a Dallas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Alma Billingslea-Brown, Ph.D. |url=https://www.spelman.edu/academics/majors-and-programs/english/faculty/alma-billingslea-brown |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220155114/http://www.spelman.edu/academics/majors-and-programs/english/faculty/alma-billingslea-brown |archive-date=2015-12-20 |access-date=January 13, 2021 |website=}}</ref> Billingslea ita ce marubucin Crossing Borders ta hanyar Folklore: Fiction da Fasaha na Mata na Afirka ta Amirka (Jami'ar Missouri Press, 1999).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sherman |first=Sarah Way |year=2000 |title=''Crossing Borders through Folklore'' (review) |journal=[[American Literature (journal)|American Literature]] |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=655–56 |doi=10.1215/00029831-72-3-655 |s2cid=161523048}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sherrard |first=Cherene M. |year=1999 |title=Review: Conjuring the Folk Aesthetic |journal=Novel: A Forum on Fiction |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=150–52 |doi=10.2307/1346039 |jstor=1346039}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 36wce0ptwlc1y74v4ev3sv9l1naa0rh 0 111155 822027 691414 2026-04-17T20:48:25Z Maryam Abdullahi Anka 44060 822027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Klippen_von_Helgoland_mit_Langer_Anna.jpg|right|thumb|Lange Anna]] '''Lange Anna''' ("Tall Anna"), wani nau'in teku ne mai tsawon mita 47 (154 na Buntsandstein a tsibirin Tekun Arewa na Heligoland, [[Jamus]] . Sunan yankin shine ''Nathurn Stak'' ("Northern Stack"). <ref name="LindstaedtKersten">Maren Lindstaedt, Thomas Kersten: ''[http://www.hcu-hamburg.de/geomatik/department/mit/kersten/acrobat/oldenburg2005_lindstaedt_kersten.pdf Ein virtueller Klon für Helgolands Lange Anna durch terrestrisches Laserscanning.] {{Webarchive}}'' In: Thomas Luhmann (Hrsg.): ''Photogrammetrie, Laserscanning, Optische 3D-Messtechnik – Beiträge der 4. Oldenburger 3D-Tage 2005.'' Wichmann-Verlag, Heidelberg, {{ISBN|978-3-87907-420-4}}, S. 216-223.</ref> Ba a yarda da hawa dutsen ba amma masu yawon bude ido na iya kallon dutsen daga nesa. Lange Anna ya yi kama da [[Tsohon Mutum na Yau]] ko [[Tsohon Harry Rocks|Tsohon Harry]]. A shekara ta 1969 an ayyana shi a matsayin abin tunawa na halitta. Ginin yana ƙarƙashin mummunar lalacewa da lalacewa. An yanke shawarar cewa duk wani yunkuri na kiyaye shi ba zai iya yin komai ba sai dai ya rage tsarin, don haka Lange Anna a yau an sanya shi ga makomarsa. Masana sunyi la'akari da haɗari mai tsanani na rushewar saman kashi biyu bisa uku saboda yashi mai laushi mai mita 16 (52 sama da matakin teku, wanda kuma ya riga ya zama mafi ƙanƙanta na Lange Anna. [[Fayil:Helgoland_Lange_Anna_2866.jpg|thumb|Lange Anna (Nathurn Stak) ]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} s1z0q2qnafxweh11f4c0xy5wo896kt4 0 111620 821970 810012 2026-04-17T17:22:21Z Joserpkm 35450 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 821970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wannan jerin garuruwa ne a cikin birane na Greater Sudbury, Ontario. Wannan jerin sun hada da unguwanni kawai da suka fada cikin iyakokin birni na Sudbury kafin shekara ta 2001 - don al'ummomi a cikin tsoffin yankunan karkara, duba labaran Capreol, Nickel Center, Onaping Falls, Rayside-Balfour, Valley East da Walden. == Garin gari == Cibiyar garin Sudbury tana da iyaka da Ste-Anne Road / Davidson Street (1909) <ref name="StreetNamesDowntownSudbury">Lionel Bonin and Gwenda Hallsworth, illustrated by Oryst Sawchuk, ''Street Names of Downtown Sudbury'', Scrivener Press, 1997, {{ISBN|1-896350-05-4}}.</ref> 12 zuwa arewa, Douglas Street (1909). <ref name="StreetNamesDowntownSudbury" />^{^{^{pg 6}}} a Brady (1905) <ref name="StreetNamesDowntownSudbury" /> 6 / Elgin Street a Howey Drive zuwa kudu, Kitchener Street zuwa gabas da Alder Street zuwa yamma, kuma ya haɗa da ɗayan manyan kasuwancin kasuwanci da ofisoshi na birnin. Babban gari shine asalin unguwar garin, wanda ya cika da Gidajen katako na farko, babu wani daga cikinsu a halin yanzu. Wani aikin sabunta birane a cikin shekarun 1960 a karkashin expropriations ya ga tarihin Borgia Street (1890) <ref name="StreetNamesDowntownSudbury">Lionel Bonin and Gwenda Hallsworth, illustrated by Oryst Sawchuk, ''Street Names of Downtown Sudbury'', Scrivener Press, 1997, {{ISBN|1-896350-05-4}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-896350-05-4|<bdi>1-896350-05-4</bdi>]].</ref> 61 unguwar da aka rushe <ref name="HistoryHikes">{{Cite web |last=Moores |first=Patrick |title=History Hikes - Downtown |url=http://www.rainbowroutes.com/index.php/publications/history-hikes/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005081752/http://www.rainbowroutes.com/index.php/publications/history-hikes/ |archive-date=2012-10-05 |access-date=2012-11-28 |publisher=Rainbow Routes Association 2008}}</ref> don goyon bayan babban kantin sayar da kayayyaki, yanzu da aka sani da Elm Place (wanda aka fi sani da Cibiyar Birni, ko [[Rainbow Centre (Sudbury)|Cibiyar Rainbow]]) sake daidaitawa da fadada Notre-Dame Avenue, wani karamin haya da kuma ci gaba da expropriation don gina Tom Davies Square, babban birnin na zamani. Wani yanki na wannan ƙasar da ke kusa da zauren gari daga baya birnin ya ba da gudummawa ga Cibiyar Wasanni ta Sudbury. Har ila yau, birnin ya ja hankalin manema labarai na kasa a cikin shekarun 1970s don kirkirar St. Andrew's Place, wani coci mai ma'ana da yawa, wanda ya haɗa da ƙaramin ɗakin sujada, sararin sayar da kaya da kuma hasumiyar Gidaje na tsofaffi, inda majami'u biyu na tarihi suka taɓa tsayawa.<ref name="railtown" /> Tare da kasuwancin dillalai a cikin birni suna ƙara zama a waje da tsakiyar gari, musamman a cikin Kusurwoyi huɗu, Kingsway da Lasalle Boulevard, birnin ya yi ƙoƙari a cikin 'yan shekarun nan don ci gaba da haɓaka cikin gari. Recent ayyukan sun hada da halittar Market Square, a manoma 'da sana'a kasuwa, da redevelopment na Rainbow Center mall, streetscape beautification ayyukan, da kuma halittar Downtown Sudbury Business Improvement Area a 1977. Wannan kungiyar aiki don inganta cikin cikin gari ta hanyar manufofin ci gaban, bayar da shawarwari, na musamman events da kuma ci gaban tattalin arziki.] Ko da yake saboda da birnin da aka gina a kan lokaci daban-daban a kan wannan yanki a zamanin da ake gina a kan lardin a yau. A cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata, birnin da kungiyoyin al'umma sun ba da shawarar cewa birnin ya sayi wuraren ajiyar CPR a yammacin titin Elgin don fadada yankin cikin gari, kodayake har yau ba a bi wannan ba. Kasuwar manoma da Tikitin CPR mai tarihi da Gine-ginen Telegraph za su kasance wurin don Makarantun Gine-gine na Arewacin Ontario. Ɗaya daga cikin siffofi masu ban mamaki na gari na Sudbury shine wurin shakatawa na kadada biyar a kan tudu a kan Van Horne Drive a kusurwar kudu maso gabashin unguwar, wanda ke tsakiya a kan wani kogo da aka keɓe ga Uwargidanmu na Lourdes. An gina kogon ne a cikin 1907 a kan mallakar mai zaman kansa na Frédéric Romanet du Caillaud, lauya mai arziki, marubuci kuma mai daraja daga [[Limoges]], [[Faransa]] wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu mallakar ƙasa na Sudbury bayan ya koma birnin shekaru biyar da suka gabata. Bayan mutuwar Romanet du Caillaud, mallakar shafin ya wuce ga dangin dan kasuwa na gida, sannan kuma ga kwamitocin al'umma da suka biyo baya. Daga baya aka kara hanyar da ke nuna tashoshin Cross zuwa filin shakatawa da ke kusa da shi a shekara ta 1958. Shafin daga baya ya fada cikin lalacewa, kuma bayan wani abin da ya faru a 1993 Roman Catholic Diocese na Sault Ste ya karbe shi. Marie, wanda ya sake gyara wurin shakatawa kuma ya ci gaba da aiki da shi a matsayin wurin ibada na waje. [[Fayil:Postoffice1915.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Ginin Tarayya & Ofishin Jakadancin -1915 - Sudbury Ontario]] A shekara ta 2010, birnin ya ba da sanarwar cewa yana binciken tsarin samun cibiyar gari da aka tsara a matsayin gundumar al'adun gargajiya, duk da cewa ya rushe yawancin wuraren al'adun sa kamar Edwardian Architecture girman dutse na Tarayya, wanda aka gina a 1915 "duk da yakin", yana alfahari da Hasumiyar agogo mai tsayi 90 wanda ke da agogo huɗu da aka yi a Ingila, agogo da aka fuskanta a cikin gilashin opal kuma an rufe shi da dome na jan ƙarfe. Ita ce kawai Ginin Tarayya na pentagonal da aka gina a Kanada. Har ila yau an gina shi a 1915 shine Nickel Range Hotel, otal din taurari biyar. Yawancin gine-ginen gine-gine masu mahimmanci an rushe su. Dubi kuma Jerin wuraren tarihi a Greater Sudbury . === Shahararrun wuraren tarihi === * Tom Davies Square - 200 Brady Street (Brady da [[Faris|Paris]]) Yankin jama'a tare da gine-ginen ofis. Yana da iyaka da titin Brady, titin Minto, titin Larch da titin Paris. * CP Rail Station - 233 Elgin Street (Elgin da Minto) Tsohon tashar jirgin kasa ta fasinjoji ta Kanada. Yanayin Kasuwanci na yanzu. Shafin Tarihin Tarayya * Ginin tikiti da Telegraph na CPR - 49 Elgin Street (Elgin da Elm). Ginin jan tubali mai hawa biyu. * Ginin Mackey - 56 Elm Street (Elm da Durham) Ginin ofishin bene mai hawa biyar, mai launin ruwan kasa. * Grand Opera House - 28 Elgin Street (Elgin da Beech) Gidan shakatawa na tubali huɗu tare da gidaje da shaguna. * Ikilisiyar Kristi Sarki - 30 Beech Street (Beech da Durham). Cocin Roman Katolika tare da hasumiyoyin kararrawa guda biyu. == Ginin Gurasa == [[Fayil:Sudbury_flour_mill.jpg|left|thumb|400x400px|Ginin Flour - alama ce ta musamman a Sudbury, Ontario]] Garin Flour Mill yana tsakiyar Notre-Dame Avenue da Kathleen Street, nan da nan arewacin garin Sudbury, daga Jogues Street zuwa Wilma Street, gami da yankin kasuwanci na New Flour Mill a arewacin Wilma St. zuwa Pioneer Manor. Garin da ke kusa da Leslie Street da Mountain Street an san shi da Primeauville, don girmama firist na yankin. Yankin zama na Mont-Brébeuf tare da Collège Notre-Dame wani bangare ne na wannan unguwar. A cikin [[Faransanci]], an san al'ummar da sunan le Moulin-à-Fleur . Ita ce yankin Faransanci na birnin. Kalmar Faransanci "fure" tana nufin "mafi kyau, mafi kyau, mafi kyawun", kuma tana nufin "fure de farine" (wato, mafi kyawun ɓangaren gari). Sunan Faransanci yana fassara daidai a matsayin "Flour Mill" kuma ba "Flower Mill" ba. (A zahiri, ita ce ma'anar Turanci "fure" / "fure-fure" wanda ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Faransanci guda ɗaya flor / ''furen'', wanda ya riga ya ɗauki ma'anoni biyu. An rubuta kalmar "''furen''") "''furen''". ) Ɗaya daga cikin unguwanni na farko na birnin a waje da asalin ƙauyen, [[manoma]] da ma'aikata na Franco-Ontarian sun kafa garin Flour [[Rumbu|silo]] a tarihi. Ginin da ya fi shahara a unguwar, babban gidan ma'adinai, kamfanin Manitoba da Ontario Flour Mill ne ke sarrafa shi tun daga shekara ta 1910. Gidan yana da shahararren fasalin Notre-Dame Ave, a St. Charles St. Sauran sanannun gine-gine sun haɗa da cocin Ikklisiya na Katolika na Église St-Jean-de-Brébeuf da École catholique Sacré-Coeur . Daga farkon shekarun 1900 zuwa shekarun 1960, unguwar ta cika da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin Junction Creek.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.junctioncreek.ca/ |website=junctioncreek.ca}}</ref> A wasu shekaru, ambaliyar ta kasance mai tsanani har ta kai ga cikin gari. Saboda ingantaccen ayyukan kula da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin Ponderosa Floodplain, duk da haka, unguwar ba ta fuskanci ambaliyar Junction Creek ba tun daga shekarun 1960. Bayan rufewar ma'adinai, akwai shawarwari akai-akai don rushe silo da sake gina dukiyar. Wadannan shawarwari, da kuma jayayya da suka biyo baya, sun ci gaba har sai an sanya silo a matsayin dukiyar al'adun birni a cikin 1990. Ya yi bikin cika shekaru 100 a shekarar 2011. Gidan tarihi na shugaban ma'adinai an canza shi zuwa gidan kayan gargajiya na al'umma, Gidan Tarihin Flour Mill, a cikin 1974. Akwai takarda da takardar tarihi a gindin silo. A shekara ta 2007, unguwar ta fuskanci rikici yayin da ƙungiyar inganta kasuwancin ta cikin gida ta yi yaƙi da shirin birni don fadada Notre-Dame Avenue, babbar hanyar birni da ke wucewa ta unguwar, zuwa hanyoyi shida don karɓar fadada zirga-zirga. A cikin shekara ta 2013, motoci sun buge masu tafiya uku yayin da suke tsallaka Notre-Dame Ave a yankin tsakanin titunan King da Wilma, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar daya daga cikin masu tafiya. Masu tuka keke a yankin yawanci suna zaɓar hawa a kan hanya maimakon haɗarin hawa a kan hanyar, wanda ke da iyakar saurin 60 km / h. Har ila yau, ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta ƙaddamar da shirin kyautata unguwa, gami da ƙara "hanyar bishiyoyi" zuwa Notre-Dame, sabbin benches da banners na al'umma, da kuma gina wurin shakatawa na ruwa a cikin O'Connor Park na unguwar.&nbsp; A watan Agustan shekara ta 2007, jaridar Northern Life ta birnin ta wallafa labarai biyu da ke kira ga wani masana'antar [[siminti]] da aka watsar da ita a kan Hanyar tafiya kusa da unguwar, wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman filin zubar da shara da sunadarai ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma wurin shakatawa na matasa. Masu mallakar masana'antar, Alexander Center Industries, sun yi alkawarin tsaftace shafin 'yan kwanaki bayan labarin farko ya bayyana, suna mai da'awar cewa an watsar da wurin har tsawon lokaci cewa babu wanda kamfanin ke aiki a halin yanzu ya san cewa ya wanzu har sai gardamar ta mamaye manema labarai. Garin Cambrian Heights na zama ya kai arewa daga Flour Mill tare da Cambrian Height Drive. Collège Boréal da harabarta suna cikin wannan yanki. A yankin kudu maso gabashin unguwar akwai Primeauville, wanda ya ƙunshi Leslie, Mont Adam, Harvey, Myles da Mountain da St-Joseph. An sanya wa wannan yanki suna ne don wani firist na gida kuma ya rabu da sauran Flour Mill har sai an gina gada da ke haɗa abin da ke Pembroke Street a Notre-Dame, da Leslie Street. A baya, hanya daya tilo da za a tuka a can ita ce ta hanyar Mountain Street. === Shahararrun wuraren tarihi === * Flour Mill Silos - Gabashin gefen Notre-Dame Ave a St. Charles St. Concrete silos fentin rawaya. Gidan ya haɗa da ƙananan gidaje * Cocin Ikklisiyar Katolika na Église St-Jean-de-Brébeuf - 26 Kathleen St (Kathleen da Notre-Dame). Cocin dutse tare da tsayin kore. * Makarantar Katolika ta Sacré-Coeur - 261 Notre-Dame Ave (Notre Dame da Kathleen). Makarantar sakandare tare da babban filin wasanni. == Gidan shakatawa na Bell == [[Fayil:ArtGallerySudburyBelrockMansion.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Belrock Mansion, aikin William J. Bell.]] Unguwar Bell Park, wacce aka fi sani da yankin Asibiti, duk da cewa wannan wa'adin ya kare saboda yawancin asibitocin an rufe su, sun ta'allaka ne kan Titin John da Paris da ke tafiya arewa zuwa Worthington Crescent, kudu zuwa Kimiyya ta Arewa a Ramsey Lake Road, yamma zuwa Regent Street da gabas zuwa tsibirin McCrea. Yana daya daga cikin tsoffin unguwanni a cikin birni tare da gidaje tun daga ƙarshen 1800s zuwa 1940s. Gidan motsi na Arts and Crafts na William J. Bell wanda aka yiwa wannan unguwa suna a tsakiyar wannan yanki. A halin yanzu gida ne ga Gidan Gallery na Sudbury. Gidan shakatawa na Bell da kansa wani yanki ne na tsohuwar ƙasarsa, wanda dangi suka ba da gudummawa ga birni a cikin 1926 kuma yana ɗaukar mafi kyawun rairayin bakin teku a cikin Babban Sudbury. Gazebos guda biyu a wurin shakatawa ana kiransu William Bell da matarsa, Katherine Bell. Ana kuma karrama tsoffin magajin gari guda biyu a filin shakatawa: tsohon gidan wasan kwaikwayo na wurin shakatawa an sanya wa Grace Hartman suna. Titin jirgin da ke haɗa wurin shakatawa zuwa wurin da ke kusa da Kimiyya ta Arewa a cikin tsohon Bell Grove, tare da bakin tekun Lake Ramsey ana kiransa don girmama Jim Gordon. Wani mutum-mutumin tagulla ga al'adun ma'adinai na birnin shima yana kallon wurin shakatawa. Sauran sanannun gine-gine a cikin wannan yanki sun haɗa da Gidan Ruwa na Ruwa / Ginin Hydro, tsohon mazaunin Shugaban Jami'ar Laurentian, tsohon mazaunin Grey Nuns, Kimiyya ta Arewa, Sudbury Yacht Club a Tsibirin Blueberry, Idylwylde Golf Club Country, Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Arewa (asibiti) da Jami'ar Laurentian. Wannan unguwar kuma ta haɗa da wuraren da aka sani da Kingsmount, wanda ke kan Kingmount Blvd da Killarney Ave., da York Highlands da Bell Grove. == Sabon Sudbury == Yankin New Sudbury, wanda ke tsakiyar Lasalle Boulevard da ke gudana daga gabas zuwa yamma da '''Barrydowne''' Road da ke gudada daga arewa zuwa kudu. A Faransanci, an san shi da le Nouveau-Sudbury . Wannan yanki tsohon al'umma ce ta noma, tare da ƙananan tsoffin gidajen gona har yanzu suna tsaye. Ya haɗa da haɗuwa da ci gaban kasuwanci tare da LaSalle, kamar New Sudbury Center, babbar kantin sayar da kayayyaki a Arewacin Ontario, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.newsudburycentre.ca/ |website=newsudburycentre.ca}}</ref> da kuma gidaje masu zama a yawancin titunan ta. Wannan al'umma ita ce gida ga Adanac Ski Hill / Rotary Park / Nickedale Moraine, da kuma Timberwolf Golf Course da Kwalejin Cambrian. Yankin ya hada da ƙananan unguwanni na '''Nickeldale''', Barrydowne, '''Don Lita''' da '''Lebel'''. Yankin masana'antu da ke kewaye da Tashar jirgin kasa ta Sudbury Junction ana iya saninsa da Sudbury Juntion. == Kudancin Ƙarshen == Kudancin Sudbury ya haɗa da unguwanni na Robinson, Lockerby, Algonquin, Moonglo, Nepahwin, da Lo-Ellen. Cibiyar yankin ita ce Four Corners, babban gundumar cinikin kasuwanci da ke tsakiya a tsakiya na Regent Street, Paris Street da Long Lake Road. Cibiyar Southridge, wacce ke kudu maso gabashin Quadrant na Four Corners, a halin yanzu tana fuskantar babban fadadawa. Kudancin Kudancin a halin yanzu yana daya daga cikin yankuna masu saurin girma a cikin birni, tare da ci gaban kasuwanci da zama da ke faruwa musamman a yankin Algonquin Road. Wani gagarumin gardama a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ya shafi gina ramin dutse na birnin don kara karfin ramin makwabta - bayan karancin kasafin kudi na dala miliyan 4 a cikin aikin, birnin ya sanya haraji na wucin gadi akan sabon ci gaba a yankin. Hanyar 17, babbar hanyar Hanyar Trans-Canada, ta ratsa ta Kudu tare da Southwest Bypass. Gwamnatin Ontario ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a canza hanyar Highway 17 zuwa babbar hanya a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa; babbar Hanyar mota riga ta bi hanyar babbar hanyar zuwa yamma a yankin Walden. A shirye-shiryen sauyawar babbar hanyar, an canza tsakiya na Hanyar 17 da Long Lake zuwa cikakken musayar, wanda aka buɗe a cikin 2008. Akwai makarantun sakandare na jama'a guda biyu, Lo-Ellen Park da Lockerby, da kuma makarantar sakandare ta Katolika guda ɗaya, St. Benedict, a yankin Kudancin End. Har ila yau, akwai makarantu biyu na harshen Faransanci a yankin: École publique Hélène-Gravel da École catholique St-Denis . Yankunan karkara na McFarlane Lake da '''Long Lake''' na iya haɗawa tare da Kudancin Kudancin, ko kuma ana iya bi da su a matsayin unguwa daban-daban. McFarlane Lake sau ɗaya ya kasance gidan makarantar Faransanci da cocin Faransanci, dukansu suna St-Mathieu . == Yammacin Yamma == '''Yammacin Yamma''' shine yankin da ke yammacin tsakiyar gari, wanda ke tsakiya a tsakiya na Regent (1890) <ref name="StreetNamesDowntownSudbury">Lionel Bonin and Gwenda Hallsworth, illustrated by Oryst Sawchuk, ''Street Names of Downtown Sudbury'', Scrivener Press, 1997, {{ISBN|1-896350-05-4}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-896350-05-4|<bdi>1-896350-05-4</bdi>]].</ref> shafi ^{^{pg 49}} da Victoria (1909) <ref name="StreetNamesDowntownSudbury" /> shafi na 49 tituna har zuwa ƙarshen yammacin iyakar asalin birni, kudu zuwa titin Byng. Garin ya fi zama a cikin hali tare da wasu kadarorin kasuwanci tare da Regent Street da wuraren al'umma ciki har da Queens Athletic Park, tare da waƙa & filin wasa wanda ya zama oval na wasan kwaikwayo a cikin hunturu. Gidan shakatawa ya kasance gida ga ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin hasumiyoyin ruwa da aka gina a cikin shekarun 1940, wanda aka rushe a cikin 2011, wani ɓangare na biyu da ke yin rajista da Old Sudbury. === Shahararrun wuraren tarihi === * Northern Breweries - 185-227 Lorne Street (Lorne da Victoria Street). Babban ginin masana'antar jan tubali. * Kabari na Park Lawn da Crematorium - 379 Horobin Street (Horobin da Arnley) * Societá Caruso ko Caruso Club - 385 Haig Street (Haig da Whittaker). Babban kulob din zamantakewa mai hawa biyu, zauren biki da gidan cin abinci tare da launin ruwan kasa. * Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Cambrian - 40 Eyre Street * Filin Wasanni na Sarauniya - 30 Cypress St, Sudbury * Gidan shakatawa na Marguerite da Gerry Lougheed [[Fayil:Pine_Street_-_Looking_East_-_1997_Ash_Water_Tower_-_Pearl_Water_Tower.jpg|thumb|Pine Street Looking East 1997 - Ash Street Water Tower (Pearl Street Water Tower a baya) ]] [[Fayil:Minnowlakefountain.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Maɓuɓɓugar Millennium ta Minnow Lake]] Lake Minnow, ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin wuraren zama a cikin tsohon birni, yana kan hanyar Howie/Bellevue/Bancroft Drives tsakanin Kingway (Hanyar Municipal 55) da arewacin gabar tafkin Ramsey, yamma zuwa Moonlight Avenue. Yankin gabas na Biyu Avenue wani lokaci ana kiransa Adamsdale. Lake Minnow kuma ya haɗa da rabin gabas na yankin Howey Drive; karamar unguwar da ke kan hanyar Howey Drive tsakanin tafkin Minnow da cikin gari wani lokaci ana kiranta da Brodie. Ana iya ganin ƙaramin tafkin da aka fi sani da tafkin Minnow daga Bancroft Drive, Bellevue Street da Howie Drive, wanda ya taɓa yin aikin katako a bakin tekun, yanzu akwai Fountain Millennium wanda ke harbi ruwa a iska tare da fitilu masu launi. Tafkin ya ƙunshi tsibirai biyu masu duwatsu: Du Caillaud Island da Romanet Island, mai suna bayan ƙidayar Faransa, Frédéric Romanet du Caillaud, wanda ya mai da Sudbury gidansa kuma ya bar alamarsa a ciki. Lake Minnow gida ne ga garin Silver City, Sudbury Curling Club, Carmichael Arena da wurin shakatawa na skateboard, Makabartar Tunawa da Jama'a da Reshe na 76 na Royal Canadian Legion, wanda ke alfahari da WWII Sherman Tank. Hakanan akwai hanyoyi masu ban sha'awa a kusa da tafkin da kuma sama da tsaunukan dutsen kusa duka a Dutsen Blueberry da dajin Oak. Akwai makarantun firamare guda uku a tafkin Minnow: Makarantar Jama'a ta Adamsdale, Makarantar Katolika ta Pius XII da École St-Pierre. == Donovan / Arewacin Heights == [[Fayil:Donovan_Sub_Division_C1905.jpg|right|thumb|800x800px|Donovan Sub Division C1915. An fara rarraba yankin Donovan a cikin 1907 shafi ^{pg 73}]] Tsakiya a kan Frood Road arewa maso yammacin gari, '''Donovan''' yana nufin yankin da ke kewaye da mahaɗar Frood, Kathleen (1908) <ref name="StreetNamesDowntownSudbury">Lionel Bonin and Gwenda Hallsworth, illustrated by Oryst Sawchuk, ''Street Names of Downtown Sudbury'', Scrivener Press, 1997, {{ISBN|1-896350-05-4}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-896350-05-4|<bdi>1-896350-05-4</bdi>]].</ref> shafi ^{^{^{^{pg 44}}}} da Beatty (1920) <ref name="StreetNamesDowntownSudbury" /> shafi na 4, da duk ƙasashe a arewacin Elm. Duk da yake Northern Heights yana nufin sabon unguwar da aka gina a cikin 1970s zuwa arewa, tsakanin Rio Road (1964) <ref name="StreetNamesDowntownSudbury" /> shafi na 41 da St-Roch Lane (1983) <ref name="StreetNamesDowntownSudbury" /> shafi na 44. Donovan ya haɗa da ƙaramin unguwar Little Britain . Yankin da ke da ƙananan hanyoyi suna ba da kamannin da ya bambanta. Donovan Street (1928) an sanya masa suna ne don Timothy Donovan, manomi, wanda ya sayi ƙasar daga kambin.<ref name="StreetNamesDowntownSudbury2">Lionel Bonin and Gwenda Hallsworth, illustrated by Orest Sawchuk, ''Street Names of Downtown Sudbury'', Scrivener Press, 1997, {{ISBN|1-896350-05-4}}.</ref> shafi ^{pg 13} Bayan WWII, yawancin baƙi na Gabashin Turai ne suka zauna a yankin, galibi daga Ukraine, [[Poland]], Finland da tsohuwar jamhuriya ta Yugoslavia. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan kabilun sun kafa ɗakunan taro na al'umma a cikin Donovan. Hoton C1915 ra'ayi ne na Gundumar Donovan da aka ɗauka daga dutsen dutse da ke kallon titin Dupont (1928) <ref name="StreetNamesDowntownSudbury">Lionel Bonin and Gwenda Hallsworth, illustrated by Oryst Sawchuk, ''Street Names of Downtown Sudbury'', Scrivener Press, 1997, {{ISBN|1-896350-05-4}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-896350-05-4|<bdi>1-896350-05-4</bdi>]].</ref> shafi ^{^{^{^{^{^{pg 9}}}}}}. Hanyar da ke gaba ita ce Bartram Avenue (1908) <ref name="StreetNamesDowntownSudbury" /> shafi na 60, wanda aka sake masa suna Frood Road a 1938 <ref name="StreetNamesDowntownSudbury" /> shafi na 18 (Dupont kawai ba a gani ba zuwa dama na tsakiya akan Frood). Hanyar da ke dama ita ce Jean Street (1908) <ref name="StreetNamesDowntownSudbury" /> shafi na 24. Fararen cocin a kan karkatawar Jean Street yana a Antwerp Avenue (1908) <ref name="StreetNamesDowntownSudbury" /> shafi na 3. Gidajen da ke kan tudu mafi girma a tsakiyar hoton suna kan Burton Avenue (1908) <ref name="StreetNamesDowntownSudbury" /> shafi na 9. Mont St-Joseph, tudun da ke raba Flour Mill da Donovan suna bayansu a tsakiyar ƙasa tare da Mont Adam a bango mai nisa.{{Wide image|The Donovan 2013-05-02 Richard Forget.jpg|1100px|The Donovan Sub Division 2013-05-02 - photo taken by Richard Forget from rocky hill overlooking Dupont St.}} == Gatchell == [[Fayil:Bignickel.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Babban Nickel]] Wannan yanki yana kudu maso yamma na cikin gari, yana zaune tsakanin West End da yankin masana'antar Copper Cliff, wanda ke kan titin Lorne tsakanin Babban Nickel da Titin Regent a titin Ontario. Tulin tulin da aka gina wannan unguwa yana cikin shirin mayar da tuddai koraye, wanda ke canza shekar da aka yi shekaru aru-aru, da tsayin mita 300. Wannan yanki yana da ƙananan ƙuri'a na ƙafa 30 (9.1 m), wanda aka gina galibi a cikin 1920s zuwa 1940s. Akwai gidaje masu yawa na haya a yankin. Al'ummar har yanzu tana zama unguwar masu aiki sosai. Baƙi na Italiya ne suka zaunar da yankin musamman waɗanda suka taimaka wajen kafa Ikklesiya ta St. A lokacin, wannan yanki ya kasance gida ne ga Ƙofar Gate ta Yamma, tun da aka ruguje, wani katon dutse da aka bi ta hanyar shiga cikin garin, ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan kofofin biyu a cikin birnin.. Mutane da yawa, ko da yake ba duka ba, tituna a cikin unguwar suna da suna don tunawa da sojojin Sojojin Kanada daga birnin da aka kashe a cikin aiki a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]]. Shekarar al'umma ta samar da ƙananan shaguna da ayyuka da yawa da aka warwatsa a cikin gundumar kasuwanci ta musamman tare da Lorne Street. Akwai manyan kasuwancin kasuwanci da masana'antu masu sauƙi da yawa. Al'ummar gida ce ga tafkin ruwa na cikin gida na Gatchell. Junction Creek alama ce ta halitta a wannan yanki kuma a halin yanzu tana fuskantar canji yayin da ake gina hanyar Trans-Canada ta hanyar ƙasashe marasa amfani tare da bankunanta. Babban fasalulluka na unguwar sune wurin shakatawa na Big Nickel tare da Cibiyar Duniya ta Dynamic da 'Delki' Dozzi Park, wurin shakatawa da wasanni wanda ke bayyana kusan dukkanin iyakar arewacin unguwar. An sanya sunan wurin shakatawa ne bayan wani shahararren ɗan Italiya-Kanada, ɗan siyasa na gida, Delchi Dozzi . == Dutsen jan ƙarfe == [[Fayil:Copper_Cliff_Ontario.JPG|thumb|400x400px|Copper Cliff shine zuciyar masana'antar hakar ma'adinai ta nickel.]] Copper Cliff, yanki da ke kan Godfrey Drive da Creighton Road da ke gudana kudu zuwa Titin Yanki 55, an haɗa shi azaman garin kamfani na daban a cikin 1901, kuma na ɗan lokaci ya fi girma fiye da maƙwabtan yankin Sudbury.  Koyaya, Sudbury ya zarce Cliff na Copper a yawan jama'a ta 1930 lokacin da aka sake haɗa shi a matsayin birni.  Birnin Sudbury ya yi ƙoƙari ya haɗa Cliff Copper sau da yawa a cikin shekaru 40 masu zuwa, amma Hukumar Municipal ta Ontario ta yi watsi da ita saboda sha'awar birnin na samun haƙƙin haraji na gundumomi akan wuraren [[hakar ma'adinai]] na Inco a cikin al'umma an yi la'akari da cewa bai dace da dokokin haraji na tarayya da na lardi ba game da masana'antar hakar ma'adinai.  A ƙarshe birni ya mamaye unguwar a cikin 1973 a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake fasalin gundumar da aka ba da izini wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Karamar Hukumar Sudbury. Koyaya, a fannoni da yawa an ci gaba da bi da shi a matsayin al'umma daban maimakon a matsayin wani ɓangare na birni. Misali, sabis na gidan waya a cikin Copper Cliff ba a taɓa haɗa shi cikin yankunan rarraba birane na birni ba. Maimakon haka, Copper Cliff ya riƙe lambar gidan waya ta P0M ta ƙauyuka. Ayyukan Vale Inco a cikin birni har yanzu suna da hedkwata a yankin Copper Cliff. Mafi mahimmanci, Copper Cliff shine Kwarin Inco Superstack, mafi tsayi a Yammacin Hemisphere kuma na biyu mafi tsayi A duniya, wanda ke da hasumiya a kan babban wurin Inco. A sakamakon babban fitar da hayaki daga Inco Superstack, an gano al'ummar da ke kewaye da Copper Cliff suna da matakan gubar a cikin gwaje-gwajen ƙasa a matakin da ya isa ya haifar da lahani ga yara ƙanana. Gidan kayan gargajiya na yankin, Gidan Tarihi na Copper Cliff, yana kan shafin yanar gizon farko a cikin abin da ke yanzu Copper Click. Yanzu al'ummar suna cikin Ward 2 a kan Babban Majalisar Birnin Sudbury, tare da tsohon garin Walden. Wurin da ke gefen kudu maso yammacin tsohuwar Sudbury yana ba shi damar shiga filin shakatawa na Fielding Bird da filin shakatawa tare da Tafkin Kelley, zuwa kudu maso yamma. Wannan yanki kuma ya haɗa da ƙaramin unguwar Little Italy wanda ke cikin tushe na Inco Superstack. Tsakanin titin Diorite da Craig Street, yankin yana tunatar da Italiya, tare da ƙananan tituna masu juyawa da kyau. Societá italiana di Copper Cliff (Kungiyar Italiya) tana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin kungiyoyin zamantakewa a yankin. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d22qtf84hliwevtjh3a2b7ycruex52q 0 112219 821981 724476 2026-04-17T18:05:36Z Joserpkm 35450 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|1 */ 821981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Future Generali [[Indiya|India]] Insurance (FGII) Company Limited kamfani ne na inshora na gaba ɗaya mai zaman kansa a Indiya.[1] Kamfanin haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin Ƙungiyar Future da Generali Participations Netherlands N.V.[2] (Rukunin Generali). Kamar yadda na 2022 Generali Group shine babban kamfanin inshora a Italiya kuma yana cikin manyan kamfanonin inshora na duniya ta hanyar kuɗi da kadarori. Fayil ɗin kamfanin ya ƙunshi samfuran inshora waɗanda aka karkasa su cikin Inshorar Keɓaɓɓu, Kasuwanci da na Jama'a/Rural. Ya zuwa 2022, kamfanin yana da abokan ciniki na kamfanoni sama da 3000 da kuma wakilai sama da 21,500.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-28 |title=Here's why non-motor, non-health insurance space is emerging as the next growth drivers |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/personal-finance/insurance/story/heres-why-non-motor-non-health-insurance-space-is-emerging-as-the-next-growth-drivers-348438-2022-09-28 |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Inshora na Generali India na gaba (FGII) a cikin 2006 tare da manufar samar da tallace-tallace, kasuwanci, na sirri, da sabis na inshora na karkara ga mutane da kamfanoni don taimaka musu sarrafawa da rage haɗari. A cikin 2013, kamfanin ya sami takardar shaidar ISO 9001: 2008, sannan ya biyo bayan takardar shaidarsa ta ISO 27001: 2013 a cikin 2014. FGII ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da bankunan kamar Bankin Maharashtra, Bankin UCO da Bankin Indiya da sauransu don inganta motoci, gida, kiwon lafiya, da samfuran inshora na karkara. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, Generali ta kammala sayen daga Future Enterprises na kusan kashi 25 cikin dari na hannun jari a Future Generali India Insurance, kuma hannun jarin ta a JV yanzu ya kai kashi 74. Kamfanin yana da aikace-aikacen sabis na kai, FG Insure, wanda ke bawa abokan ciniki damar sarrafa manufofinsu, saya da sabunta inshora, da'awar bayar da rahoto, da bin diddigin matsayinsu. A cikin 2016, FGII ta ƙaddamar da i-MoSS, aikace-aikacen masu binciken da'awar mota don saurin daidaita da'awar motar. Bankin Tsaro na Indiya ya amince da shigar da bangaren inshora na Babban Bankin Indiya ta hanyar hadin gwiwa tare da Future Generali India Insurance da Future General India Life. Tare da saka hannun jari na Rs 508 crore, bankin ya sami hannun jari na 24.91% a cikin FGIICL da 25.18% a cikin FILICL, Bankin ya kuma sami amincewar IRDAI don shiga cikin haɗin gwiwa. == Mutanen da ke da muhimmanci == * Anup Rau, Manajan Darakta & Shugaba * Devi Dayal Garg, Babban Jami'in Kudi <ref name="management" /> * Deepak Prasad, Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa * Ruchika Varma, Babban Jami'in Kasuwanci * Abhishek Singh, Babban Jami'in Inshora ^{[https://general.futuregenerali.in/about-us/management]} * Ashish Lakhtakia, Babban Jami'in Shari'a da Biyayya da Sakataren Kamfanin * M. Raghavendra Rao, Babban Jami'in Rarraba <ref name="management" /> * Jatin Arora, wanda aka nada a matsayin mai ba da labari <ref name="management" /> * Ajay Panchal, Babban Jami'in Hadari <ref name="management" /> * Milan P. Shirodkar, Shugaban Kasuwanci <ref name="management" /> * Ritu Sethi, Babban Jami'in Bincike na Cikin Gida <ref name="management" /> * Sunil Wariar, Babban Jami'in Jama'a <ref name="management" /> == Kayayyakin == Kamfanin yana ba da inshora daban-daban, gami da inshora na mutum, kasuwanci da zamantakewa / karkara. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2025}} A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, ta ƙaddamar da inshorar kiwon lafiya ga karnuka da ake kira FG Dog Health Cover, wanda ya zo tare da ɗaukar hoto, gami da mutuwa da jana'izar, rashin lafiya mai tsanani, tiyata da magani da kuma kafin asibiti da kuma bayan asibiti. A watan Satumbar 2022, kamfanin ya ƙaddamar da FG Health Absolute, samfurin inshora na kiwon lafiya wanda ya haɗa da sabis masu ƙima kamar shawarwarin tele, webinars kan lafiyar kwakwalwa da ta jiki, takardun shaida don cibiyoyin lafiya, motsa jiki, wasanni da cibiyoyin bincike da kuma binciken kiwon lafiya na yau da kullun. == Kasuwanci == Generali India Insurance ta gaba ta ba da rahoton Gross Written Premium na ₹4,210.35 crore a cikin shekara ta kudi ta 2021-22, yayin da a cikin FY 2020-21, ya kasance ₹3,898.91 crore, ci gaban 8% . Kamfanin ya ba da rahoton rabo na biyan kuɗi na 166% a cikin FY 2021-22. Net Promoter Score (NPS), na kamfanin ya tsaya a 59.4 a cikin FY 2021-2022. <ref name=":0"/> == Kasuwanci == {| class="wikitable" |+Tsarin hannun jari na Kamfanin a cikin FY 2021-22 kamar haka: <ref name="AnnualReport">{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2021-22 |url=https://general.futuregenerali.in/pdf/investorInformation/annualReport/2021-22/Annual%20Report%202021-22.pdf |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2023-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405022208/https://general.futuregenerali.in/pdf/investorInformation/annualReport/2021-22/Annual%20Report%202021-22.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> !Masu gabatar da kara / Masu hannun jari !Kashi na Kashi !Babu hannun jari |- |Hadin gwiwar Netherlands NV |73.86% |68,31,82,724 |- |Babban Bankin Indiya |26.14% |221,620,981 |- |Gabaɗaya |100% |904,803,705 |} == Shirye-shiryen CSR == A cikin 2018, Inshora ta Generali ta Indiya ta gaba ta karɓi Cibiyar Tsaro ta Dan Adam (THSN), wani shiri na CSR na duniya wanda ke da niyya ga manyan batutuwan zamantakewa da ke shafar al'ummomi. Kamfanin ya yi aiki tare da United Way [[Mumbai]] don tallafawa yara daga al'ummomin da ba su da wadata. Generali India Insurance ta gaba ta ba da gudummawar abin rufe fuska 8,500 ga BMC, tare da saƙo game da wayar da kan jama'a game da lafiyar kwakwalwa. == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == Generali India Insurance ta gaba ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa don nuna godiya ga kokarin da ta yi a fannoni daban-daban. A cikin 2022, kamfanin ya sami lambar yabo ta Golden Peacock don Kyau a Gudanar da Kamfanoni. A cikin 2021, an ba ta lambar yabo ta azurfa ta BFSI a ET Brand Disruption Awards ta The Economic Times . Har ila yau, an ba kamfanin suna Brand of the Year, yana karɓar lambar yabo ta zinariya 3, azurfa 2, da tagulla 2 a e4m Health Marcom Awards 2022. Har ila yau, ta lashe lambar yabo ta azurfa a ETBrandEquity Shark Awards 2022. Don rahoton shekara-shekara na 2022, kamfanin ya sami lambar yabo ta platinum a Marcom Awards 2022 da lambar yabo ta zinariya a Gasar Sadarwar Duniya ta 2022 ta LACP. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MarCom Awards |url=http://enter.marcomawards.com/ |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=enter.marcomawards.com |archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209082352/https://enter.marcomawards.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LACP 2022 Spotlight Awards Global Communications Competition |url=https://www.lacp.com/2022spotlight/awards-global-communications-competition-1126.htm |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=www.lacp.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 39i8g5yk0w9a17qbiwz6b6cikp8l4x3 0 112621 821945 695729 2026-04-17T16:46:01Z Pharouqenr 25549 821945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yungas sparrow''' ( '''''Rhynchospiza dabbenei''''' ) wani nau'in [[tsuntsu]] ne a cikin dangin Passerellidae wanda ke da iyaka zuwa [[Yuga na Kudancin Andes|Kudancin Andean Yungas]] na kudu maso gabashin [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] da arewa maso yammacin [[Argentina]] . A da an yi la'akari da shi a matsayin nau'i na abin da ake kira sparrow-capped ( ''R. strigiceps'' ). <ref name="IOC11.1">{{Cite web |last=Gill |first=F. |last2=Donsker |first2=D. |last3=Rasmussen |first3=P. |date=January 2021 |title=IOC World Bird List (v 11.1) |url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ |access-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref> == Taxonomy da kuma tsarin == A baya an lasafta gwarzayen Yungas a matsayin wani nau'i na ''Rhynchospiza strigiceps'', wanda a lokacin ake kira sparrow-capped. Kafin wannan, ''Rhynchospiza'' ya kasance cikin jinsin ''Aimophila'' . Wani bugu na 2009 ya maido da halittar ''Rhynchospiza'' da littafin 2019 ya raba ''R. dabbenei'' daga ''R. strigiceps'' . <ref name="Areta">{{Cite journal |last=Areta |first=Juan I. |last2=Depino |first2=Emiliano A. |last3=Salvador |first3=Sergio A. |last4=Cardiff |first4=Steven W. |last5=Epperly |first5=Kevin |last6=Holzmann |first6=Ingrid |date=2019-10-01 |title=Species limits and biogeography of ''Rhynchospiza'' sparrows |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |journal=Journal of Ornithology |language=en |volume=160 |issue=4 |pages=973–991 |doi=10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |issn=2193-7206 |s2cid=199473089 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Dangane da bugu na 2019, a cikin Yuni 2020 Kwamitin Rarraba Kudancin Amurka (SACC) na American Ornithological Society (AOS) ya karɓi ''R. dabbenei'' a matsayin sparrow Yungas kuma ya sake suna ''R. strigiceps'' Chaco sparrow. Ƙungiyar Ornithological Congress (IOC) ta bi sahun Janairu 2021.<ref name="IOC11.1">{{Cite web |last=Gill |first=F. |last2=Donsker |first2=D. |last3=Rasmussen |first3=P. |date=January 2021 |title=IOC World Bird List (v 11.1) |url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ |access-date=January 14, 2021}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGillDonskerRasmussen2021">Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (January 2021). [http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ "IOC World Bird List (v 11.1)"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == Bayani == Gwanin Yungas ya fi na tsohon "iyaye" ''R. strigiceps'' girma. Sassansa na sama suna da launin ruwan kasa mai ɗigon duhu da ɗimbin tsatsa da launin toka. Kodan launin toka ne a ƙasa yana haɗawa don buɗawa a gefe da kuma a cikin wurin huɗawa. Kan yana da launin toka mai kambin kirji da ratsan postocular, baƙar fata, da farar ratsin gashin baki. <ref name="Areta">{{Cite journal |last=Areta |first=Juan I. |last2=Depino |first2=Emiliano A. |last3=Salvador |first3=Sergio A. |last4=Cardiff |first4=Steven W. |last5=Epperly |first5=Kevin |last6=Holzmann |first6=Ingrid |date=2019-10-01 |title=Species limits and biogeography of ''Rhynchospiza'' sparrows |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |journal=Journal of Ornithology |language=en |volume=160 |issue=4 |pages=973–991 |doi=10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |issn=2193-7206 |s2cid=199473089 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAretaDepinoSalvadorCardiff2019">Areta, Juan I.; Depino, Emiliano A.; Salvador, Sergio A.; Cardiff, Steven W.; Epperly, Kevin; Holzmann, Ingrid (2019-10-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2|"Species limits and biogeography of ''Rhynchospiza'' sparrows"]]</span>. ''Journal of Ornithology''. '''160''' (4): <span class="nowrap">973–</span>991. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2|10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2193-7206 2193-7206]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199473089 199473089].</cite></ref> == Rarraba da wurin zama == Yarinyar Yungas tana zaune a duk shekara a [[Yuga na Kudancin Andes|Kudancin Andean Yungas]], yanki mai kunkuntar a gabashin Andes a kudu maso yammacin Bolivia da arewa maso yammacin Argentina. Yankin yana da [[Yanayin teku|yanayin yanayin ƙasa mai zafi]] da kuma dazuzzukan dajin. <ref name="Areta2">{{Cite journal |last=Areta |first=Juan I. |last2=Depino |first2=Emiliano A. |last3=Salvador |first3=Sergio A. |last4=Cardiff |first4=Steven W. |last5=Epperly |first5=Kevin |last6=Holzmann |first6=Ingrid |date=2019-10-01 |title=Species limits and biogeography of ''Rhynchospiza'' sparrows |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |journal=Journal of Ornithology |language=en |volume=160 |issue=4 |pages=973–991 |doi=10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |issn=2193-7206 |s2cid=199473089 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Murya == Waƙar ƙwaƙƙwaran Yungas jerin kururuwa ce da ta bambanta da sarƙaƙƙiyar gwarzayen Chaco. <ref name="Areta">{{Cite journal |last=Areta |first=Juan I. |last2=Depino |first2=Emiliano A. |last3=Salvador |first3=Sergio A. |last4=Cardiff |first4=Steven W. |last5=Epperly |first5=Kevin |last6=Holzmann |first6=Ingrid |date=2019-10-01 |title=Species limits and biogeography of ''Rhynchospiza'' sparrows |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |journal=Journal of Ornithology |language=en |volume=160 |issue=4 |pages=973–991 |doi=10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |issn=2193-7206 |s2cid=199473089 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAretaDepinoSalvadorCardiff2019">Areta, Juan I.; Depino, Emiliano A.; Salvador, Sergio A.; Cardiff, Steven W.; Epperly, Kevin; Holzmann, Ingrid (2019-10-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2|"Species limits and biogeography of ''Rhynchospiza'' sparrows"]]</span>. ''Journal of Ornithology''. '''160''' (4): <span class="nowrap">973–</span>991. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2|10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2193-7206 2193-7206]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199473089 199473089].</cite></ref> == Manazarta == 3j44dn1ehmszf4nr12k6izw6h52hipx 821946 821945 2026-04-17T16:46:12Z Pharouqenr 25549 821946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yungas sparrow''' ( '''''Rhynchospiza dabbenei''''' ) wani nau'in [[tsuntsu]] ne a cikin dangin Passerellidae wanda ke da iyaka zuwa [[Yuga na Kudancin Andes|Kudancin Andean Yungas]] na kudu maso gabashin [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] da arewa maso yammacin [[Argentina]] . A da an yi la'akari da shi a matsayin nau'i na abin da ake kira sparrow-capped ( ''R. strigiceps'' ).<ref name="IOC11.1">{{Cite web |last=Gill |first=F. |last2=Donsker |first2=D. |last3=Rasmussen |first3=P. |date=January 2021 |title=IOC World Bird List (v 11.1) |url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ |access-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref> == Taxonomy da kuma tsarin == A baya an lasafta gwarzayen Yungas a matsayin wani nau'i na ''Rhynchospiza strigiceps'', wanda a lokacin ake kira sparrow-capped. Kafin wannan, ''Rhynchospiza'' ya kasance cikin jinsin ''Aimophila'' . Wani bugu na 2009 ya maido da halittar ''Rhynchospiza'' da littafin 2019 ya raba ''R. dabbenei'' daga ''R. strigiceps'' . <ref name="Areta">{{Cite journal |last=Areta |first=Juan I. |last2=Depino |first2=Emiliano A. |last3=Salvador |first3=Sergio A. |last4=Cardiff |first4=Steven W. |last5=Epperly |first5=Kevin |last6=Holzmann |first6=Ingrid |date=2019-10-01 |title=Species limits and biogeography of ''Rhynchospiza'' sparrows |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |journal=Journal of Ornithology |language=en |volume=160 |issue=4 |pages=973–991 |doi=10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |issn=2193-7206 |s2cid=199473089 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Dangane da bugu na 2019, a cikin Yuni 2020 Kwamitin Rarraba Kudancin Amurka (SACC) na American Ornithological Society (AOS) ya karɓi ''R. dabbenei'' a matsayin sparrow Yungas kuma ya sake suna ''R. strigiceps'' Chaco sparrow. Ƙungiyar Ornithological Congress (IOC) ta bi sahun Janairu 2021.<ref name="IOC11.1">{{Cite web |last=Gill |first=F. |last2=Donsker |first2=D. |last3=Rasmussen |first3=P. |date=January 2021 |title=IOC World Bird List (v 11.1) |url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ |access-date=January 14, 2021}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGillDonskerRasmussen2021">Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (January 2021). [http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ "IOC World Bird List (v 11.1)"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == Bayani == Gwanin Yungas ya fi na tsohon "iyaye" ''R. strigiceps'' girma. Sassansa na sama suna da launin ruwan kasa mai ɗigon duhu da ɗimbin tsatsa da launin toka. Kodan launin toka ne a ƙasa yana haɗawa don buɗawa a gefe da kuma a cikin wurin huɗawa. Kan yana da launin toka mai kambin kirji da ratsan postocular, baƙar fata, da farar ratsin gashin baki. <ref name="Areta">{{Cite journal |last=Areta |first=Juan I. |last2=Depino |first2=Emiliano A. |last3=Salvador |first3=Sergio A. |last4=Cardiff |first4=Steven W. |last5=Epperly |first5=Kevin |last6=Holzmann |first6=Ingrid |date=2019-10-01 |title=Species limits and biogeography of ''Rhynchospiza'' sparrows |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |journal=Journal of Ornithology |language=en |volume=160 |issue=4 |pages=973–991 |doi=10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |issn=2193-7206 |s2cid=199473089 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAretaDepinoSalvadorCardiff2019">Areta, Juan I.; Depino, Emiliano A.; Salvador, Sergio A.; Cardiff, Steven W.; Epperly, Kevin; Holzmann, Ingrid (2019-10-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2|"Species limits and biogeography of ''Rhynchospiza'' sparrows"]]</span>. ''Journal of Ornithology''. '''160''' (4): <span class="nowrap">973–</span>991. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2|10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2193-7206 2193-7206]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199473089 199473089].</cite></ref> == Rarraba da wurin zama == Yarinyar Yungas tana zaune a duk shekara a [[Yuga na Kudancin Andes|Kudancin Andean Yungas]], yanki mai kunkuntar a gabashin Andes a kudu maso yammacin Bolivia da arewa maso yammacin Argentina. Yankin yana da [[Yanayin teku|yanayin yanayin ƙasa mai zafi]] da kuma dazuzzukan dajin. <ref name="Areta2">{{Cite journal |last=Areta |first=Juan I. |last2=Depino |first2=Emiliano A. |last3=Salvador |first3=Sergio A. |last4=Cardiff |first4=Steven W. |last5=Epperly |first5=Kevin |last6=Holzmann |first6=Ingrid |date=2019-10-01 |title=Species limits and biogeography of ''Rhynchospiza'' sparrows |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |journal=Journal of Ornithology |language=en |volume=160 |issue=4 |pages=973–991 |doi=10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |issn=2193-7206 |s2cid=199473089 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Murya == Waƙar ƙwaƙƙwaran Yungas jerin kururuwa ce da ta bambanta da sarƙaƙƙiyar gwarzayen Chaco. <ref name="Areta">{{Cite journal |last=Areta |first=Juan I. |last2=Depino |first2=Emiliano A. |last3=Salvador |first3=Sergio A. |last4=Cardiff |first4=Steven W. |last5=Epperly |first5=Kevin |last6=Holzmann |first6=Ingrid |date=2019-10-01 |title=Species limits and biogeography of ''Rhynchospiza'' sparrows |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |journal=Journal of Ornithology |language=en |volume=160 |issue=4 |pages=973–991 |doi=10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |issn=2193-7206 |s2cid=199473089 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAretaDepinoSalvadorCardiff2019">Areta, Juan I.; Depino, Emiliano A.; Salvador, Sergio A.; Cardiff, Steven W.; Epperly, Kevin; Holzmann, Ingrid (2019-10-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2|"Species limits and biogeography of ''Rhynchospiza'' sparrows"]]</span>. ''Journal of Ornithology''. '''160''' (4): <span class="nowrap">973–</span>991. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2|10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2193-7206 2193-7206]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199473089 199473089].</cite></ref> == Manazarta == 0gy51zaq47fuf6uczq1izmw3xc6f5lj 821947 821946 2026-04-17T16:46:24Z Pharouqenr 25549 821947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yungas sparrow''' ( '''''Rhynchospiza dabbenei''''' ) wani nau'in [[tsuntsu]] ne a cikin dangin Passerellidae wanda ke da iyaka zuwa [[Yuga na Kudancin Andes|Kudancin Andean Yungas]] na kudu maso gabashin [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] da arewa maso yammacin [[Argentina]] . A da an yi la'akari da shi a matsayin nau'i na abin da ake kira sparrow-capped ( ''R. strigiceps'' ).<ref name="IOC11.1">{{Cite web |last=Gill |first=F. |last2=Donsker |first2=D. |last3=Rasmussen |first3=P. |date=January 2021 |title=IOC World Bird List (v 11.1) |url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ |access-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref> == Taxonomy da kuma tsarin == A baya an lasafta gwarzayen Yungas a matsayin wani nau'i na ''Rhynchospiza strigiceps'', wanda a lokacin ake kira sparrow-capped. Kafin wannan, ''Rhynchospiza'' ya kasance cikin jinsin ''Aimophila'' . Wani bugu na 2009 ya maido da halittar ''Rhynchospiza'' da littafin 2019 ya raba ''R. dabbenei'' daga ''R. strigiceps'' . <ref name="Areta">{{Cite journal |last=Areta |first=Juan I. |last2=Depino |first2=Emiliano A. |last3=Salvador |first3=Sergio A. |last4=Cardiff |first4=Steven W. |last5=Epperly |first5=Kevin |last6=Holzmann |first6=Ingrid |date=2019-10-01 |title=Species limits and biogeography of ''Rhynchospiza'' sparrows |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |journal=Journal of Ornithology |language=en |volume=160 |issue=4 |pages=973–991 |doi=10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |issn=2193-7206 |s2cid=199473089 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Dangane da bugu na 2019, a cikin Yuni 2020 Kwamitin Rarraba Kudancin Amurka (SACC) na American Ornithological Society (AOS) ya karɓi ''R. dabbenei'' a matsayin sparrow Yungas kuma ya sake suna ''R. strigiceps'' Chaco sparrow. Ƙungiyar Ornithological Congress (IOC) ta bi sahun Janairu 2021.<ref name="IOC11.1">{{Cite web |last=Gill |first=F. |last2=Donsker |first2=D. |last3=Rasmussen |first3=P. |date=January 2021 |title=IOC World Bird List (v 11.1) |url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ |access-date=January 14, 2021}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGillDonskerRasmussen2021">Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (January 2021). [http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ "IOC World Bird List (v 11.1)"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == Bayani == Gwanin Yungas ya fi na tsohon "iyaye" ''R. strigiceps'' girma. Sassansa na sama suna da launin ruwan kasa mai ɗigon duhu da ɗimbin tsatsa da launin toka. Kodan launin toka ne a ƙasa yana haɗawa don buɗawa a gefe da kuma a cikin wurin huɗawa. Kan yana da launin toka mai kambin kirji da ratsan postocular, baƙar fata, da farar ratsin gashin baki.<ref name="Areta">{{Cite journal |last=Areta |first=Juan I. |last2=Depino |first2=Emiliano A. |last3=Salvador |first3=Sergio A. |last4=Cardiff |first4=Steven W. |last5=Epperly |first5=Kevin |last6=Holzmann |first6=Ingrid |date=2019-10-01 |title=Species limits and biogeography of ''Rhynchospiza'' sparrows |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |journal=Journal of Ornithology |language=en |volume=160 |issue=4 |pages=973–991 |doi=10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |issn=2193-7206 |s2cid=199473089 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAretaDepinoSalvadorCardiff2019">Areta, Juan I.; Depino, Emiliano A.; Salvador, Sergio A.; Cardiff, Steven W.; Epperly, Kevin; Holzmann, Ingrid (2019-10-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2|"Species limits and biogeography of ''Rhynchospiza'' sparrows"]]</span>. ''Journal of Ornithology''. '''160''' (4): <span class="nowrap">973–</span>991. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2|10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2193-7206 2193-7206]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199473089 199473089].</cite></ref> == Rarraba da wurin zama == Yarinyar Yungas tana zaune a duk shekara a [[Yuga na Kudancin Andes|Kudancin Andean Yungas]], yanki mai kunkuntar a gabashin Andes a kudu maso yammacin Bolivia da arewa maso yammacin Argentina. Yankin yana da [[Yanayin teku|yanayin yanayin ƙasa mai zafi]] da kuma dazuzzukan dajin. <ref name="Areta2">{{Cite journal |last=Areta |first=Juan I. |last2=Depino |first2=Emiliano A. |last3=Salvador |first3=Sergio A. |last4=Cardiff |first4=Steven W. |last5=Epperly |first5=Kevin |last6=Holzmann |first6=Ingrid |date=2019-10-01 |title=Species limits and biogeography of ''Rhynchospiza'' sparrows |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |journal=Journal of Ornithology |language=en |volume=160 |issue=4 |pages=973–991 |doi=10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |issn=2193-7206 |s2cid=199473089 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Murya == Waƙar ƙwaƙƙwaran Yungas jerin kururuwa ce da ta bambanta da sarƙaƙƙiyar gwarzayen Chaco. <ref name="Areta">{{Cite journal |last=Areta |first=Juan I. |last2=Depino |first2=Emiliano A. |last3=Salvador |first3=Sergio A. |last4=Cardiff |first4=Steven W. |last5=Epperly |first5=Kevin |last6=Holzmann |first6=Ingrid |date=2019-10-01 |title=Species limits and biogeography of ''Rhynchospiza'' sparrows |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |journal=Journal of Ornithology |language=en |volume=160 |issue=4 |pages=973–991 |doi=10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |issn=2193-7206 |s2cid=199473089 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAretaDepinoSalvadorCardiff2019">Areta, Juan I.; Depino, Emiliano A.; Salvador, Sergio A.; Cardiff, Steven W.; Epperly, Kevin; Holzmann, Ingrid (2019-10-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2|"Species limits and biogeography of ''Rhynchospiza'' sparrows"]]</span>. ''Journal of Ornithology''. '''160''' (4): <span class="nowrap">973–</span>991. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2|10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2193-7206 2193-7206]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199473089 199473089].</cite></ref> == Manazarta == 3qnyts5tgbw7o2q7393h9amfylyzk0j 821948 821947 2026-04-17T16:46:47Z Pharouqenr 25549 821948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yungas sparrow''' ( '''''Rhynchospiza dabbenei''''' ) wani nau'in [[tsuntsu]] ne a cikin dangin Passerellidae wanda ke da iyaka zuwa [[Yuga na Kudancin Andes|Kudancin Andean Yungas]] na kudu maso gabashin [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] da arewa maso yammacin [[Argentina]] . A da an yi la'akari da shi a matsayin nau'i na abin da ake kira sparrow-capped ( ''R. strigiceps'' ).<ref name="IOC11.1">{{Cite web |last=Gill |first=F. |last2=Donsker |first2=D. |last3=Rasmussen |first3=P. |date=January 2021 |title=IOC World Bird List (v 11.1) |url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ |access-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref> == Taxonomy da kuma tsarin == A baya an lasafta gwarzayen Yungas a matsayin wani nau'i na ''Rhynchospiza strigiceps'', wanda a lokacin ake kira sparrow-capped. Kafin wannan, ''Rhynchospiza'' ya kasance cikin jinsin ''Aimophila'' . Wani bugu na 2009 ya maido da halittar ''Rhynchospiza'' da littafin 2019 ya raba ''R. dabbenei'' daga ''R. strigiceps'' . <ref name="Areta">{{Cite journal |last=Areta |first=Juan I. |last2=Depino |first2=Emiliano A. |last3=Salvador |first3=Sergio A. |last4=Cardiff |first4=Steven W. |last5=Epperly |first5=Kevin |last6=Holzmann |first6=Ingrid |date=2019-10-01 |title=Species limits and biogeography of ''Rhynchospiza'' sparrows |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |journal=Journal of Ornithology |language=en |volume=160 |issue=4 |pages=973–991 |doi=10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |issn=2193-7206 |s2cid=199473089 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Dangane da bugu na 2019, a cikin Yuni 2020 Kwamitin Rarraba Kudancin Amurka (SACC) na American Ornithological Society (AOS) ya karɓi ''R. dabbenei'' a matsayin sparrow Yungas kuma ya sake suna ''R. strigiceps'' Chaco sparrow. Ƙungiyar Ornithological Congress (IOC) ta bi sahun Janairu 2021.<ref name="IOC11.1">{{Cite web |last=Gill |first=F. |last2=Donsker |first2=D. |last3=Rasmussen |first3=P. |date=January 2021 |title=IOC World Bird List (v 11.1) |url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ |access-date=January 14, 2021}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGillDonskerRasmussen2021">Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (January 2021). [http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ "IOC World Bird List (v 11.1)"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == Bayani == Gwanin Yungas ya fi na tsohon "iyaye" ''R. strigiceps'' girma. Sassansa na sama suna da launin ruwan kasa mai ɗigon duhu da ɗimbin tsatsa da launin toka. Kodan launin toka ne a ƙasa yana haɗawa don buɗawa a gefe da kuma a cikin wurin huɗawa. Kan yana da launin toka mai kambin kirji da ratsan postocular, baƙar fata, da farar ratsin gashin baki.<ref name="Areta">{{Cite journal |last=Areta |first=Juan I. |last2=Depino |first2=Emiliano A. |last3=Salvador |first3=Sergio A. |last4=Cardiff |first4=Steven W. |last5=Epperly |first5=Kevin |last6=Holzmann |first6=Ingrid |date=2019-10-01 |title=Species limits and biogeography of ''Rhynchospiza'' sparrows |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |journal=Journal of Ornithology |language=en |volume=160 |issue=4 |pages=973–991 |doi=10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |issn=2193-7206 |s2cid=199473089 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAretaDepinoSalvadorCardiff2019">Areta, Juan I.; Depino, Emiliano A.; Salvador, Sergio A.; Cardiff, Steven W.; Epperly, Kevin; Holzmann, Ingrid (2019-10-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2|"Species limits and biogeography of ''Rhynchospiza'' sparrows"]]</span>. ''Journal of Ornithology''. '''160''' (4): <span class="nowrap">973–</span>991. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2|10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2193-7206 2193-7206]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199473089 199473089].</cite></ref> == Rarraba da wurin zama == Yarinyar Yungas tana zaune a duk shekara a [[Yuga na Kudancin Andes|Kudancin Andean Yungas]], yanki mai kunkuntar a gabashin Andes a kudu maso yammacin Bolivia da arewa maso yammacin Argentina. Yankin yana da [[Yanayin teku|yanayin yanayin ƙasa mai zafi]] da kuma dazuzzukan dajin. <ref name="Areta2">{{Cite journal |last=Areta |first=Juan I. |last2=Depino |first2=Emiliano A. |last3=Salvador |first3=Sergio A. |last4=Cardiff |first4=Steven W. |last5=Epperly |first5=Kevin |last6=Holzmann |first6=Ingrid |date=2019-10-01 |title=Species limits and biogeography of ''Rhynchospiza'' sparrows |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |journal=Journal of Ornithology |language=en |volume=160 |issue=4 |pages=973–991 |doi=10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |issn=2193-7206 |s2cid=199473089 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Murya == Waƙar ƙwaƙƙwaran Yungas jerin kururuwa ce da ta bambanta da sarƙaƙƙiyar gwarzayen Chaco. <ref name="Areta">{{Cite journal |last=Areta |first=Juan I. |last2=Depino |first2=Emiliano A. |last3=Salvador |first3=Sergio A. |last4=Cardiff |first4=Steven W. |last5=Epperly |first5=Kevin |last6=Holzmann |first6=Ingrid |date=2019-10-01 |title=Species limits and biogeography of ''Rhynchospiza'' sparrows |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |journal=Journal of Ornithology |language=en |volume=160 |issue=4 |pages=973–991 |doi=10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |issn=2193-7206 |s2cid=199473089 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAretaDepinoSalvadorCardiff2019">Areta, Juan I.; Depino, Emiliano A.; Salvador, Sergio A.; Cardiff, Steven W.; Epperly, Kevin; Holzmann, Ingrid (2019-10-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2|"Species limits and biogeography of ''Rhynchospiza'' sparrows"]]</span>. ''Journal of Ornithology''. '''160''' (4): <span class="nowrap">973–</span>991. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2|10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2193-7206 2193-7206]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199473089 199473089].</cite></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} qv8oebl0ep4n8dyknqm14ipgm1odde1 821949 821948 2026-04-17T16:47:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 821949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yungas sparrow''' ( '''''Rhynchospiza dabbenei''''' ) wani nau'in [[tsuntsu]] ne a cikin dangin Passerellidae wanda ke da iyaka zuwa [[Yuga na Kudancin Andes|Kudancin Andean Yungas]] na kudu maso gabashin [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] da arewa maso yammacin [[Argentina]] . A da an yi la'akari da shi a matsayin nau'i na abin da ake kira sparrow-capped ( ''R. strigiceps'' ).<ref name="IOC11.1">{{Cite web |last=Gill |first=F. |last2=Donsker |first2=D. |last3=Rasmussen |first3=P. |date=January 2021 |title=IOC World Bird List (v 11.1) |url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ |access-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref> == Taxonomy da kuma tsarin == A baya an lasafta gwarzayen Yungas a matsayin wani nau'i na ''Rhynchospiza strigiceps'', wanda a lokacin ake kira sparrow-capped. Kafin wannan, ''Rhynchospiza'' ya kasance cikin jinsin ''Aimophila'' . Wani bugu na 2009 ya maido da halittar ''Rhynchospiza'' da littafin 2019 ya raba ''R. dabbenei'' daga ''R. strigiceps'' . <ref name="Areta">{{Cite journal |last=Areta |first=Juan I. |last2=Depino |first2=Emiliano A. |last3=Salvador |first3=Sergio A. |last4=Cardiff |first4=Steven W. |last5=Epperly |first5=Kevin |last6=Holzmann |first6=Ingrid |date=2019-10-01 |title=Species limits and biogeography of ''Rhynchospiza'' sparrows |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |journal=Journal of Ornithology |language=en |volume=160 |issue=4 |pages=973–991 |doi=10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |issn=2193-7206 |s2cid=199473089 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Dangane da bugu na 2019, a cikin Yuni 2020 Kwamitin Rarraba Kudancin Amurka (SACC) na American Ornithological Society (AOS) ya karɓi ''R. dabbenei'' a matsayin sparrow Yungas kuma ya sake suna ''R. strigiceps'' Chaco sparrow. Ƙungiyar Ornithological Congress (IOC) ta bi sahun Janairu 2021.<ref name="IOC11.1">{{Cite web |last=Gill |first=F. |last2=Donsker |first2=D. |last3=Rasmussen |first3=P. |date=January 2021 |title=IOC World Bird List (v 11.1) |url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ |access-date=January 14, 2021}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGillDonskerRasmussen2021">Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (January 2021). [http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ "IOC World Bird List (v 11.1)"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == Bayani == Gwanin Yungas ya fi na tsohon "iyaye" ''R. strigiceps'' girma. Sassansa na sama suna da launin ruwan kasa mai ɗigon duhu da ɗimbin tsatsa da launin toka. Kodan launin toka ne a ƙasa yana haɗawa don buɗawa a gefe da kuma a cikin wurin huɗawa. Kan yana da launin toka mai kambin kirji da ratsan postocular, baƙar fata, da farar ratsin gashin baki.<ref name="Areta">{{Cite journal |last=Areta |first=Juan I. |last2=Depino |first2=Emiliano A. |last3=Salvador |first3=Sergio A. |last4=Cardiff |first4=Steven W. |last5=Epperly |first5=Kevin |last6=Holzmann |first6=Ingrid |date=2019-10-01 |title=Species limits and biogeography of ''Rhynchospiza'' sparrows |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |journal=Journal of Ornithology |language=en |volume=160 |issue=4 |pages=973–991 |doi=10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |issn=2193-7206 |s2cid=199473089 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAretaDepinoSalvadorCardiff2019">Areta, Juan I.; Depino, Emiliano A.; Salvador, Sergio A.; Cardiff, Steven W.; Epperly, Kevin; Holzmann, Ingrid (2019-10-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2|"Species limits and biogeography of ''Rhynchospiza'' sparrows"]]</span>. ''Journal of Ornithology''. '''160''' (4): <span class="nowrap">973–</span>991. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2|10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2193-7206 2193-7206]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199473089 199473089].</cite></ref> == Rarraba da wurin zama == Yarinyar Yungas tana zaune a duk shekara a [[Yuga na Kudancin Andes|Kudancin Andean Yungas]], yanki mai kunkuntar a gabashin Andes a kudu maso yammacin Bolivia da arewa maso yammacin Argentina. Yankin yana da [[Yanayin teku|yanayin yanayin ƙasa mai zafi]] da kuma dazuzzukan dajin.<ref name="Areta2">{{Cite journal |last=Areta |first=Juan I. |last2=Depino |first2=Emiliano A. |last3=Salvador |first3=Sergio A. |last4=Cardiff |first4=Steven W. |last5=Epperly |first5=Kevin |last6=Holzmann |first6=Ingrid |date=2019-10-01 |title=Species limits and biogeography of ''Rhynchospiza'' sparrows |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |journal=Journal of Ornithology |language=en |volume=160 |issue=4 |pages=973–991 |doi=10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |issn=2193-7206 |s2cid=199473089 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Murya == Waƙar ƙwaƙƙwaran Yungas jerin kururuwa ce da ta bambanta da sarƙaƙƙiyar gwarzayen Chaco.<ref name="Areta">{{Cite journal |last=Areta |first=Juan I. |last2=Depino |first2=Emiliano A. |last3=Salvador |first3=Sergio A. |last4=Cardiff |first4=Steven W. |last5=Epperly |first5=Kevin |last6=Holzmann |first6=Ingrid |date=2019-10-01 |title=Species limits and biogeography of ''Rhynchospiza'' sparrows |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |journal=Journal of Ornithology |language=en |volume=160 |issue=4 |pages=973–991 |doi=10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2 |issn=2193-7206 |s2cid=199473089 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAretaDepinoSalvadorCardiff2019">Areta, Juan I.; Depino, Emiliano A.; Salvador, Sergio A.; Cardiff, Steven W.; Epperly, Kevin; Holzmann, Ingrid (2019-10-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2|"Species limits and biogeography of ''Rhynchospiza'' sparrows"]]</span>. ''Journal of Ornithology''. '''160''' (4): <span class="nowrap">973–</span>991. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2|10.1007/s10336-019-01695-2]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2193-7206 2193-7206]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199473089 199473089].</cite></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 94k66wimb8b7pg1pvxv1v9n1ma8yx2a 0 113867 822100 698842 2026-04-18T09:46:38Z K Bogi 44093 822100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ute Bock''' (27 June 1942 – 19 January 2018)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bock, Ute |url=https://austria-forum.org/af/Biographien/Bock%2C_Ute |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=Austria-Forum |language=de}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=19 January 2018 |title=Ute Bock ist gestorben |url=https://kurier.at/chronik/wien/ute-bock-ist-gestorben/307.354.256 |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=kurier.at |language=de}}</ref> was an [[Austriya|Austrian]] educator who was known for her projects helping [[Mai Neman Mafaka|asylum seekers]]. == Tarihin rayuwa == An kuma haifi Bock a [[Linz]] . Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, ta nemi aiki a karamar hukumar [[Vienna]] kuma za ta iya fara aiki a matsayin malami. Daga 1962 har zuwa 1969, ta yi aiki a wata makaranta a Vienna. Bayan haka, ta fara aiki a Cibiyar kula da matasa ta Zohmanngasse a gundumar Viennese Favoriten kuma a 1976, an nada ta a matsayin darakta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bock, Ute |url=https://austria-forum.org/af/Biographien/Bock%2C_Ute |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=Austria-Forum |language=de}}</ref> A farkon shekarun 1990s, ofishin kula da lafiyar matasa ya kara tura matasa da suka fice zuwa cibiyar Ute Bock, kuma saboda wasu makarantu sun riga sun karkatar da su. Wannan shine lokacin da Bock ya fara shiga cikin gwagwarmaya da taimakon jin kai ga masu neman mafaka.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=19 January 2018 |title=Ute Bock ist gestorben |url=https://kurier.at/chronik/wien/ute-bock-ist-gestorben/307.354.256 |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=kurier.at |language=de}}</ref> A cikin 1999, Harin wani hari a cibiyarta, an kama kimanin matasa 30 na Afirka saboda fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi a karkashin "Operation Spring". Ute Bock kanta an tuhume ta da fashi da fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi, ma. Wannan ya haifar da dakatar da ita na ɗan lokaci daga aiki. Daga baya an sauke tuhumar, kodayake an hana ta karɓar wasu masu neman mafaka na Afirka a cibiyarta. Daga nan sai ta shirya al'ummomin zama masu zaman kansu, waɗanda ta ba da kuɗin kanta kuma ta kula da su.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bock, Ute |url=https://austria-forum.org/af/Biographien/Bock%2C_Ute |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=Austria-Forum |language=de}}</ref> In 2000 she retired, but continued working on her project. 2002 she founded her own NGO ''Flüchtlingsprojekt Ute Boc''k ("refugee project Ute Bock").<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bock, Ute |url=https://austria-forum.org/af/Biographien/Bock%2C_Ute |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=Austria-Forum |language=de}}</ref> Over 350 asylum seekers find accommodation in Ute Bock's organised apartments. Another 1,000 homeless asylum seekers have their mailing address at her NGO's address.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> She made legal advice available to her clients. Kun[[giya]] ba da agaji ta dogara da gudummawa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bock, Ute |url=https://austria-forum.org/af/Biographien/Bock%2C_Ute |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=Austria-Forum |language=de}}</ref> A Vienna, an fara kamfen ɗin ''''Bock auf Bier'''', inda aka ba da karamin kashi na farashin giya ga ayyukan gidaje na Bock don masu neman mafaka. Bock auf Bier kalma ce ta yaren ''Neman giya'', amma Bock Beer yana tsaye ne don giya mai ƙarfi na musamman A shekara ta 2012, shugaban kasar Heinz Fischer ya ba ta lambar yabo ta girmamawa don ayyuka ga Jamhuriyar Austria, babbar lambar yabo ta kasa ta Austria.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=19 January 2018 |title=Ute Bock ist gestorben |url=https://kurier.at/chronik/wien/ute-bock-ist-gestorben/307.354.256 |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=kurier.at |language=de}}</ref> In A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013 ta sha wahala daga bugun jini kuma ba ta iya yin aiki kamar yadda ta kasance a baya, wanda ya jagoranci kungiyoyin ba da agaji cikin matsalolin kudi. Ba za a iya biyan gidaje da yawa ba kuma wasu masu neman mafaka dole ne su canza wurin zama. Don a farfado da gudummawa, ta sake fara aiki a shekarar 2014. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=19 January 2018 |title=Ute Bock ist gestorben |url=https://kurier.at/chronik/wien/ute-bock-ist-gestorben/307.354.256 |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=kurier.at |language=de}}</ref> A shekara ta 2018, ta mutu a Vienna, tana da shekaru 75.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=19 January 2018 |title=Ute Bock ist gestorben |url=https://kurier.at/chronik/wien/ute-bock-ist-gestorben/307.354.256 |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=kurier.at |language=de}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://kurier.at/chronik/wien/ute-bock-ist-gestorben/307.354.256 "Ute Bock ist gestorben"]. ''kurier.at'' (in German). 19 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-04</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Bock ta lashe kyaututtuka da yawa saboda tasirin zamantakewar al'umma: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bock, Ute |url=https://austria-forum.org/af/Biographien/Bock%2C_Ute |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=Austria-Forum |language=de}}</ref> * 1999: Kyautar Ute Bock don Ƙarfin Ɗabi'a Zivilcourage * 2000: Kyautar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta UNHCR * 2002: Kyautar Bruno Kreisky * 2003: Kyautar Karl Renner da [[Senior Price Greinecker|Greinecker Seniorenpreis]] * 2005: Daya daga cikin mata biyar na Austriya, waɗanda aka zaba don aikin Peace Women Across the Globe 2007 * 2007: Kyautar Dan Adam ta Duniya * 2012: Kyautar Daraja ga Ayyuka ga Jamhuriyar Austria [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] ==Manazarta== mdlbl5kjtx8mmwrnnuhxnqwdvpa9x0b 822101 822100 2026-04-18T09:46:51Z K Bogi 44093 822101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ute Bock''' (27 June 1942 – 19 January 2018)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bock, Ute |url=https://austria-forum.org/af/Biographien/Bock%2C_Ute |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=Austria-Forum |language=de}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=19 January 2018 |title=Ute Bock ist gestorben |url=https://kurier.at/chronik/wien/ute-bock-ist-gestorben/307.354.256 |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=kurier.at |language=de}}</ref> was an [[Austriya|Austrian]] educator who was known for her projects helping [[Mai Neman Mafaka|asylum seekers]]. == Tarihin rayuwa == An kuma haifi Bock a [[Linz]] . Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, ta nemi aiki a karamar hukumar [[Vienna]] kuma za ta iya fara aiki a matsayin malami. Daga 1962 har zuwa 1969, ta yi aiki a wata makaranta a Vienna. Bayan haka, ta fara aiki a Cibiyar kula da matasa ta Zohmanngasse a gundumar Viennese Favoriten kuma a 1976, an nada ta a matsayin darakta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bock, Ute |url=https://austria-forum.org/af/Biographien/Bock%2C_Ute |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=Austria-Forum |language=de}}</ref> A farkon shekarun 1990s, ofishin kula da lafiyar matasa ya kara tura matasa da suka fice zuwa cibiyar Ute Bock, kuma saboda wasu makarantu sun riga sun karkatar da su. Wannan shine lokacin da Bock ya fara shiga cikin gwagwarmaya da taimakon jin kai ga masu neman mafaka.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=19 January 2018 |title=Ute Bock ist gestorben |url=https://kurier.at/chronik/wien/ute-bock-ist-gestorben/307.354.256 |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=kurier.at |language=de}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1999, Harin wani hari a cibiyarta, an kama kimanin matasa 30 na Afirka saboda fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi a karkashin "Operation Spring". Ute Bock kanta an tuhume ta da fashi da fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi, ma. Wannan ya haifar da dakatar da ita na ɗan lokaci daga aiki. Daga baya an sauke tuhumar, kodayake an hana ta karɓar wasu masu neman mafaka na Afirka a cibiyarta. Daga nan sai ta shirya al'ummomin zama masu zaman kansu, waɗanda ta ba da kuɗin kanta kuma ta kula da su.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bock, Ute |url=https://austria-forum.org/af/Biographien/Bock%2C_Ute |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=Austria-Forum |language=de}}</ref> In 2000 she retired, but continued working on her project. 2002 she founded her own NGO ''Flüchtlingsprojekt Ute Boc''k ("refugee project Ute Bock").<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bock, Ute |url=https://austria-forum.org/af/Biographien/Bock%2C_Ute |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=Austria-Forum |language=de}}</ref> Over 350 asylum seekers find accommodation in Ute Bock's organised apartments. Another 1,000 homeless asylum seekers have their mailing address at her NGO's address.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> She made legal advice available to her clients. Kun[[giya]] ba da agaji ta dogara da gudummawa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bock, Ute |url=https://austria-forum.org/af/Biographien/Bock%2C_Ute |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=Austria-Forum |language=de}}</ref> A Vienna, an fara kamfen ɗin ''''Bock auf Bier'''', inda aka ba da karamin kashi na farashin giya ga ayyukan gidaje na Bock don masu neman mafaka. Bock auf Bier kalma ce ta yaren ''Neman giya'', amma Bock Beer yana tsaye ne don giya mai ƙarfi na musamman A shekara ta 2012, shugaban kasar Heinz Fischer ya ba ta lambar yabo ta girmamawa don ayyuka ga Jamhuriyar Austria, babbar lambar yabo ta kasa ta Austria.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=19 January 2018 |title=Ute Bock ist gestorben |url=https://kurier.at/chronik/wien/ute-bock-ist-gestorben/307.354.256 |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=kurier.at |language=de}}</ref> In A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013 ta sha wahala daga bugun jini kuma ba ta iya yin aiki kamar yadda ta kasance a baya, wanda ya jagoranci kungiyoyin ba da agaji cikin matsalolin kudi. Ba za a iya biyan gidaje da yawa ba kuma wasu masu neman mafaka dole ne su canza wurin zama. Don a farfado da gudummawa, ta sake fara aiki a shekarar 2014. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=19 January 2018 |title=Ute Bock ist gestorben |url=https://kurier.at/chronik/wien/ute-bock-ist-gestorben/307.354.256 |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=kurier.at |language=de}}</ref> A shekara ta 2018, ta mutu a Vienna, tana da shekaru 75.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=19 January 2018 |title=Ute Bock ist gestorben |url=https://kurier.at/chronik/wien/ute-bock-ist-gestorben/307.354.256 |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=kurier.at |language=de}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://kurier.at/chronik/wien/ute-bock-ist-gestorben/307.354.256 "Ute Bock ist gestorben"]. ''kurier.at'' (in German). 19 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-04</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Bock ta lashe kyaututtuka da yawa saboda tasirin zamantakewar al'umma: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bock, Ute |url=https://austria-forum.org/af/Biographien/Bock%2C_Ute |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=Austria-Forum |language=de}}</ref> * 1999: Kyautar Ute Bock don Ƙarfin Ɗabi'a Zivilcourage * 2000: Kyautar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta UNHCR * 2002: Kyautar Bruno Kreisky * 2003: Kyautar Karl Renner da [[Senior Price Greinecker|Greinecker Seniorenpreis]] * 2005: Daya daga cikin mata biyar na Austriya, waɗanda aka zaba don aikin Peace Women Across the Globe 2007 * 2007: Kyautar Dan Adam ta Duniya * 2012: Kyautar Daraja ga Ayyuka ga Jamhuriyar Austria [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] ==Manazarta== 8nmia4yucohmho6qjxpzk46v68baw0i 822102 822101 2026-04-18T09:47:14Z K Bogi 44093 822102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ute Bock''' (27 June 1942 – 19 January 2018)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bock, Ute |url=https://austria-forum.org/af/Biographien/Bock%2C_Ute |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=Austria-Forum |language=de}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=19 January 2018 |title=Ute Bock ist gestorben |url=https://kurier.at/chronik/wien/ute-bock-ist-gestorben/307.354.256 |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=kurier.at |language=de}}</ref> was an [[Austriya|Austrian]] educator who was known for her projects helping [[Mai Neman Mafaka|asylum seekers]]. == Tarihin rayuwa == An kuma haifi Bock a [[Linz]] . Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, ta nemi aiki a karamar hukumar [[Vienna]] kuma za ta iya fara aiki a matsayin malami. Daga 1962 har zuwa 1969, ta yi aiki a wata makaranta a Vienna. Bayan haka, ta fara aiki a Cibiyar kula da matasa ta Zohmanngasse a gundumar Viennese Favoriten kuma a 1976, an nada ta a matsayin darakta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bock, Ute |url=https://austria-forum.org/af/Biographien/Bock%2C_Ute |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=Austria-Forum |language=de}}</ref> A farkon shekarun 1990s, ofishin kula da lafiyar matasa ya kara tura matasa da suka fice zuwa cibiyar Ute Bock, kuma saboda wasu makarantu sun riga sun karkatar da su. Wannan shine lokacin da Bock ya fara shiga cikin gwagwarmaya da taimakon jin kai ga masu neman mafaka.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=19 January 2018 |title=Ute Bock ist gestorben |url=https://kurier.at/chronik/wien/ute-bock-ist-gestorben/307.354.256 |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=kurier.at |language=de}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1999, Harin wani hari a cibiyarta, an kama kimanin matasa 30 na Afirka saboda fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi a karkashin "Operation Spring". Ute Bock kanta an tuhume ta da fashi da fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi, ma. Wannan ya haifar da dakatar da ita na ɗan lokaci daga aiki. Daga baya an sauke tuhumar, kodayake an hana ta karɓar wasu masu neman mafaka na Afirka a cibiyarta. Daga nan sai ta shirya al'ummomin zama masu zaman kansu, waɗanda ta ba da kuɗin kanta kuma ta kula da su.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bock, Ute |url=https://austria-forum.org/af/Biographien/Bock%2C_Ute |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=Austria-Forum |language=de}}</ref> In 2000 she retired, but continued working on her project. 2002 she founded her own NGO ''Flüchtlingsprojekt Ute Boc''k ("refugee project Ute Bock").<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bock, Ute |url=https://austria-forum.org/af/Biographien/Bock%2C_Ute |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=Austria-Forum |language=de}}</ref> Over 350 asylum seekers find accommodation in Ute Bock's organised apartments. Another 1,000 homeless asylum seekers have their mailing address at her NGO's address.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> She made legal advice available to her clients. Kun[[giya]] ba da agaji ta dogara da gudummawa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bock, Ute |url=https://austria-forum.org/af/Biographien/Bock%2C_Ute |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=Austria-Forum |language=de}}</ref> A Vienna, an fara kamfen ɗin ''''Bock auf Bier'''', inda aka ba da karamin kashi na farashin giya ga ayyukan gidaje na Bock don masu neman mafaka. Bock auf Bier kalma ce ta yaren ''Neman giya'', amma Bock Beer yana tsaye ne don giya mai ƙarfi na musamman A shekara ta 2012, shugaban kasar Heinz Fischer ya ba ta lambar yabo ta girmamawa don ayyuka ga Jamhuriyar Austria, babbar lambar yabo ta kasa ta Austria.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=19 January 2018 |title=Ute Bock ist gestorben |url=https://kurier.at/chronik/wien/ute-bock-ist-gestorben/307.354.256 |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=kurier.at |language=de}}</ref> In A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013 ta sha wahala daga bugun jini kuma ba ta iya yin aiki kamar yadda ta kasance a baya, wanda kuma ya jagoranci kungiyoyin ba da agaji cikin matsalolin kudi. Ba za a iya biyan gidaje da yawa ba kuma wasu masu neman mafaka dole ne su canza wurin zama. Don a farfado da gudummawa, ta sake fara aiki a shekarar 2014. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=19 January 2018 |title=Ute Bock ist gestorben |url=https://kurier.at/chronik/wien/ute-bock-ist-gestorben/307.354.256 |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=kurier.at |language=de}}</ref> A shekara ta 2018, ta mutu a Vienna, tana da shekaru 75.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=19 January 2018 |title=Ute Bock ist gestorben |url=https://kurier.at/chronik/wien/ute-bock-ist-gestorben/307.354.256 |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=kurier.at |language=de}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://kurier.at/chronik/wien/ute-bock-ist-gestorben/307.354.256 "Ute Bock ist gestorben"]. ''kurier.at'' (in German). 19 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-04</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Bock ta lashe kyaututtuka da yawa saboda tasirin zamantakewar al'umma: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bock, Ute |url=https://austria-forum.org/af/Biographien/Bock%2C_Ute |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=Austria-Forum |language=de}}</ref> * 1999: Kyautar Ute Bock don Ƙarfin Ɗabi'a Zivilcourage * 2000: Kyautar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta UNHCR * 2002: Kyautar Bruno Kreisky * 2003: Kyautar Karl Renner da [[Senior Price Greinecker|Greinecker Seniorenpreis]] * 2005: Daya daga cikin mata biyar na Austriya, waɗanda aka zaba don aikin Peace Women Across the Globe 2007 * 2007: Kyautar Dan Adam ta Duniya * 2012: Kyautar Daraja ga Ayyuka ga Jamhuriyar Austria [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] ==Manazarta== q8oyi8gm7n1lq1yjfeumrro4r6qguip 0 115543 822017 710156 2026-04-17T20:42:24Z Maryam Abdullahi Anka 44060 822017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Anna Geyer''' (an haife ta '''Anna Elbert''': 13 Maris 1893 - 2 Maris 1973) 'yar siyasar Jamus ce (USPD, KPD, SPD) kuma 'yar jarida.<ref name="AGlautHDK">{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Geyer, Anna * 13.3.1893, † 2.3.1973 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=4345 |access-date=3 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}</ref> == Rayuwa == An haifi Anna Elbert a [[Frankfurt]] . Mahaifinta, Hans Elbert (1864-1928), masanin zane ne. Bayan ta bar makaranta an bayyana ta a cikin tushe daban-daban a matsayin sakatariya da kuma uwar gida. A shekara ta 1917 ta auri mai ba da gudummawa ga editan [[Leipzig]]Leipziger Volkszeitung (jaridar yau da kullun), Curt Geyer. <ref name="CGlautHDK">{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Geyer, Curt * 19.11.1891, † 24.6.1967 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=4346 |access-date=3 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}</ref> 1917 ita ce kuma shekarar da ta shiga Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party mai zaman kanta (USPD) , an ƙaddamar da ita a wannan shekarar sakamakon rabuwa a cikin Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party (SPD), da farko akan bambance-bambance tare da jagorancin jam'iyyar kan ko tallafawa ci gaba da kudade don [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|yaƙi]].<ref name="AGlautHDK">{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Geyer, Anna * 13.3.1893, † 2.3.1973 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=4345 |access-date=3 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}</ref> A cikin USPD ta yi aiki a babban ofishin majalisun kasuwanci kuma ta kirkiro jaridar jam'iyya da sabis na bayanai. A shekara ta 1919 an Zane ta a matsayin memba na majalisar birnin Leipzig kuma an nada ta memba na [[:de:Sächsischer Landtag (Weimarer Republik)|Majalisar dokokin yankin Saxony (''Landtag'')]]. <ref name="AGlautHDK" /> A ƙarshen 1920, yayin da USPD kanta ta rabu, ta kuma kasance wani ɓangare na mafi rinjaye na hagu wanda ya koma gaba don shiga sabuwar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci, tare da [[:de:Curt Geyer|mijinta]] <ref name="CGlautHDK">{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Geyer, Curt * 19.11.1891, † 24.6.1967 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=4346 |access-date=3 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}</ref> da surukinta, Friedrich Geyer. A nan kuma ta gudanar da sabis na manema labarai da bayanai ga jam'iyyar.<ref name="AGlautHDK">{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Geyer, Anna * 13.3.1893, † 2.3.1973 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=4345 |access-date=3 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}</ref> Matashin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ya kuma kasance mai saurin rikici na ciki. A cikin yanayin siyasa da ke kewaye da tawaye na Maris na 1921 ta goyi bayan Paul Levi da waɗanda ke kewaye shi. Bayan Levi ta yi murabus daga mukamin shugabancinsa a cikin jam'iyyar ta ci gaba da samar masa da kwafin shugabanci na ciki da sadarwa na Comintern, wanda ya haifar da fitar da kanta daga jam'iyyar a taron jam'iyyar na 7 a watan Agusta 1921. Mijinta, wanda shi ma yana aiki a matsayin mai goyon bayan tsarin Levi, an cire shi daga jam'iyyar a lokaci guda.<ref name="CGlautHDK" /> Ƙungiyar Levi da aka cire yanzu ta kafa Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Kwaminisanci ("Kommunistische Arbeitsgemeinschaft"), karkashin jagorancin Levi da kansa da Ernst Däumig. Dukansu Geyers sun kasance mambobi ne da farko. Koyaya, a watan Fabrairun 1922 [[:de:Curt Geyer|Curt Geyer]] ya koma (a takaice) USPD, <ref name="CGlautHDK">{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Geyer, Curt * 19.11.1891, † 24.6.1967 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=4346 |access-date=3 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}</ref> Anna Geyer ta biyo baya a watan da ya biyo baya. <ref name="AGlautHDK">{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Geyer, Anna * 13.3.1893, † 2.3.1973 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=4345 |access-date=3 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 1922 abin da ya rage na USPD ya sake haɗuwa da SPD, tare da Anna da Vurt Geyer tare da shi.<ref name="AGlautHDK" /> A cikin jam'iyyar ta ci gaba da aiki, musamman game da batutuwan siyasa da aiki na mata, batun da ta wallafa littafi a 1924.<ref name="RöderStrauss1980">{{cite book|author1=Werner Röder|author2=[[Herbert A. Strauss]]|title=Geyer, Anna |work=Politik, Wirtschaft, Öffentliches Leben |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt6c3oFVBz0C&pg=PA221|year=1980|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-097028-9|page=221}}</ref> Yanayin siyasa ya canzawa gaba ɗaya tare da kwace ikon Nazi a watan Janairun 1933. Sabuwar gwamnatin ta rasa ɗan lokaci kaɗan wajen canza Jamus zuwa mulkin kama-karya na jam'iyya ɗaya. Mutanen da suka kasance, ko sun kasance, membobin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis sun fuskanci cin zarafi da kamawa. A watan Oktoba 1933 Geyers ta yi hijira zuwa [[Prag|Prague]] a Czechoslovakia inda, kamar mijinta, ta yi aiki a kan (yanzu gudun hijira) littafin Social Democratic, Neue Vorwärts. A ranar 25 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1936 <ref name="RöderStrauss1980" /> an kwace ta daga 'yancin Jamus. <ref name="AGlautFES">{{Cite web |date=December 1941 |title=Editorische Anmerkungen .... Note 13 |url=http://library.fes.de/fulltext/sozmit/1941-032.htm |access-date=3 January 2017 |website=Sozialistische Mitteilungen |publisher=Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung e.V. (Bibliothek)}}</ref> Kodayake ba a mamaye Czechoslovakia ba har zuwa 1938, gwamnati a wannan lokacin ta fuskanci matsin lamba daga gwamnatin Jamus don rufe Neue Vorwärts, sakamakon haka littafin ya sake komawa tushe a 1937, wannan lokacin zuwa [[Faris|Paris]]. Geyers ma sun tafi.<ref name="AGlautHDK">{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Geyer, Anna * 13.3.1893, † 2.3.1973 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=4345 |access-date=3 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}</ref> A watan Mayu / Yuni 1940 Sojojin Jamus sun mamaye Faransa, suna sanya arewacin kasar a karkashin mamayar Jamus yayin da suke ba da kudancin kasar ga gwamnatin tsana. Anna Geyer ta tsere ta kudancin Faransa zuwa [[Portugal]], ta bar Curt a Paris. Daga baya suka sake aure. (Curt Geyer ya tsere zuwa Burtaniya a shekara mai zuwa. <ref name="CGlautHDK">{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Geyer, Curt * 19.11.1891, † 24.6.1967 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=4346 |access-date=3 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}</ref> ) A watan Nuwamba 1940 Anna Geyer ta sami damar shiga jirgi daga [[Lisbon]] zuwa [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. inda za ta ciyar da sauran rayuwarta, tana aiki da farko a matsayin Mai kula da abinci. Mahaifiyarta, wacce aka haifa Amalie Kress (1871-1956), ta riga ta yi hijira zuwa Amurka a matsayin gwauruwa a shekara ta 1931. <ref name="RöderStrauss1980" /> A shekara ta 1941 Anna Geyer ta zama memba na kwamitin zartarwa na "Jamusanci-Amurka don 'Yanci na Jamus daga Nazism", wanda ɗan'uwanta na SPD, Albert Grzesinski ya kafa. Ta mutu a [[Detroit]] a ranar 2 ga Maris 1973. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1973]] 97omhgiajeemjduk2tqz9hrqw0o3iox 822018 822017 2026-04-17T20:42:46Z Maryam Abdullahi Anka 44060 822018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Anna Geyer''' (an haife ta '''Anna Elbert''': 13 Maris 1893 - 2 Maris 1973) 'yar siyasar Jamus ce (USPD, KPD, SPD) kuma 'yar jarida.<ref name="AGlautHDK">{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Geyer, Anna * 13.3.1893, † 2.3.1973 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=4345 |access-date=3 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}</ref> == Rayuwa == An haifi Anna Elbert a [[Frankfurt]] . Mahaifinta, Hans Elbert (1864-1928), masanin zane ne. Bayan ta bar makaranta an bayyana ta a cikin tushe daban-daban a matsayin sakatariya da kuma uwar gida. A shekara ta 1917 ta auri mai ba da gudummawa ga editan [[Leipzig]]Leipziger Volkszeitung (jaridar yau da kullun), Curt Geyer. <ref name="CGlautHDK">{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Geyer, Curt * 19.11.1891, † 24.6.1967 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=4346 |access-date=3 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}</ref> 1917 ita ce kuma shekarar da ta shiga Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party mai zaman kanta (USPD) , an ƙaddamar da ita a wannan shekarar sakamakon rabuwa a cikin Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party (SPD), da farko akan bambance-bambance tare da jagorancin jam'iyyar kan ko tallafawa ci gaba da kudade don [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|yaƙi]].<ref name="AGlautHDK">{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Geyer, Anna * 13.3.1893, † 2.3.1973 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=4345 |access-date=3 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}</ref> A cikin USPD ta yi aiki a babban ofishin majalisun kasuwanci kuma ta kirkiro jaridar jam'iyya da sabis na bayanai. A shekara ta 1919 an Zane ta a matsayin memba na majalisar birnin Leipzig kuma an nada ta memba na [[:de:Sächsischer Landtag (Weimarer Republik)|Majalisar dokokin yankin Saxony (''Landtag'')]]. <ref name="AGlautHDK" /> A ƙarshen 1920, yayin da USPD kanta ta rabu, ta kuma kasance wani ɓangare na mafi rinjaye na hagu wanda ya koma gaba don shiga sabuwar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci, tare da [[:de:Curt Geyer|mijinta]] <ref name="CGlautHDK">{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Geyer, Curt * 19.11.1891, † 24.6.1967 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=4346 |access-date=3 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}</ref> da surukinta, Friedrich Geyer. A nan kuma ta gudanar da sabis na manema labarai da bayanai ga jam'iyyar.<ref name="AGlautHDK">{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Geyer, Anna * 13.3.1893, † 2.3.1973 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=4345 |access-date=3 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}</ref> Matashin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ya kuma kasance mai saurin rikici na ciki. A cikin yanayin siyasa da ke kewaye da tawaye na Maris na 1921 ta goyi bayan Paul Levi da waɗanda ke kewaye shi. Bayan Levi ta yi murabus daga mukamin shugabancinsa a cikin jam'iyyar ta ci gaba da samar masa da kwafin shugabanci na ciki da sadarwa na Comintern, wanda ya haifar da fitar da kanta daga jam'iyyar a taron jam'iyyar na 7 a watan Agusta 1921. Mijinta, wanda shi ma yana aiki a matsayin mai goyon bayan tsarin Levi, an cire shi daga jam'iyyar a lokaci guda.<ref name="CGlautHDK" /> Ƙungiyar Levi da aka cire yanzu ta kafa Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Kwaminisanci ("Kommunistische Arbeitsgemeinschaft"), karkashin jagorancin Levi da kansa da Ernst Däumig. Dukansu Geyers sun kasance mambobi ne da farko. Koyaya, a watan Fabrairun 1922 [[:de:Curt Geyer|Curt Geyer]] ya koma (a takaice) USPD, <ref name="CGlautHDK">{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Geyer, Curt * 19.11.1891, † 24.6.1967 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=4346 |access-date=3 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}</ref> Anna Geyer ta biyo baya a watan da ya biyo baya. <ref name="AGlautHDK">{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Geyer, Anna * 13.3.1893, † 2.3.1973 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=4345 |access-date=3 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 1922 abin da ya rage na USPD ya sake haɗuwa da SPD, tare da Anna da Vurt Geyer tare da shi.<ref name="AGlautHDK" /> A cikin jam'iyyar ta ci gaba da aiki, musamman game da batutuwan siyasa da aiki na mata, batun da ta wallafa littafi a 1924.<ref name="RöderStrauss1980">{{cite book|author1=Werner Röder|author2=[[Herbert A. Strauss]]|title=Geyer, Anna |work=Politik, Wirtschaft, Öffentliches Leben |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt6c3oFVBz0C&pg=PA221|year=1980|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-097028-9|page=221}}</ref> Yanayin siyasa ya canzawa gaba ɗaya tare da kwace ikon Nazi a watan Janairun shekarar 1933. Sabuwar gwamnatin ta rasa ɗan lokaci kaɗan wajen canza Jamus zuwa mulkin kama-karya na jam'iyya ɗaya. Mutanen da suka kasance, ko sun kasance, membobin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis sun fuskanci cin zarafi da kamawa. A watan Oktoba 1933 Geyers ta yi hijira zuwa [[Prag|Prague]] a Czechoslovakia inda, kamar mijinta, ta yi aiki a kan (yanzu gudun hijira) littafin Social Democratic, Neue Vorwärts. A ranar 25 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1936 <ref name="RöderStrauss1980" /> an kwace ta daga 'yancin Jamus. <ref name="AGlautFES">{{Cite web |date=December 1941 |title=Editorische Anmerkungen .... Note 13 |url=http://library.fes.de/fulltext/sozmit/1941-032.htm |access-date=3 January 2017 |website=Sozialistische Mitteilungen |publisher=Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung e.V. (Bibliothek)}}</ref> Kodayake ba a mamaye Czechoslovakia ba har zuwa 1938, gwamnati a wannan lokacin ta fuskanci matsin lamba daga gwamnatin Jamus don rufe Neue Vorwärts, sakamakon haka littafin ya sake komawa tushe a 1937, wannan lokacin zuwa [[Faris|Paris]]. Geyers ma sun tafi.<ref name="AGlautHDK">{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Geyer, Anna * 13.3.1893, † 2.3.1973 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=4345 |access-date=3 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}</ref> A watan Mayu / Yuni 1940 Sojojin Jamus sun mamaye Faransa, suna sanya arewacin kasar a karkashin mamayar Jamus yayin da suke ba da kudancin kasar ga gwamnatin tsana. Anna Geyer ta tsere ta kudancin Faransa zuwa [[Portugal]], ta bar Curt a Paris. Daga baya suka sake aure. (Curt Geyer ya tsere zuwa Burtaniya a shekara mai zuwa. <ref name="CGlautHDK">{{Cite web |last=[[Hermann Weber]] |last2=[[Andreas Herbst]] |title=Geyer, Curt * 19.11.1891, † 24.6.1967 |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=4346 |access-date=3 January 2017 |website=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}</ref> ) A watan Nuwamba 1940 Anna Geyer ta sami damar shiga jirgi daga [[Lisbon]] zuwa [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. inda za ta ciyar da sauran rayuwarta, tana aiki da farko a matsayin Mai kula da abinci. Mahaifiyarta, wacce aka haifa Amalie Kress (1871-1956), ta riga ta yi hijira zuwa Amurka a matsayin gwauruwa a shekara ta 1931. <ref name="RöderStrauss1980" /> A shekara ta 1941 Anna Geyer ta zama memba na kwamitin zartarwa na "Jamusanci-Amurka don 'Yanci na Jamus daga Nazism", wanda ɗan'uwanta na SPD, Albert Grzesinski ya kafa. Ta mutu a [[Detroit]] a ranar 2 ga Maris 1973. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1973]] 1mjdb1wsjw7yvg2dfv57w2vm2lfuydz 0 116840 822082 716039 2026-04-18T07:46:57Z Kusa MS 44084 822082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wannan jerin nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa ne da aka rubuta a [[Ghana]]. Daga cikin nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa a Ghana, biyar suna cikin haɗari, goma sha ɗaya suna da rauni, kuma goma sha huɗu suna kusa da barazana. Ana kuma amfani da alamomi masu zuwa don nuna matsayin kiyayewa na kowane nau'in kamar yadda Ƙungiyar Duniya don Kare Yanayi ta tantance: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left" |EX |'''Ya ƙare''' |Babu wata shakka cewa mutum na karshe ya mutu. |- |EW |'''Ya ƙare a cikin daji''' |An san shi ne kawai don tsira a cikin bauta ko kuma a matsayin al'ummomin da suka dace da su a waje da kewayon da suka gabata. |- |CR |'''Yana cikin haɗari mai tsanani''' |Nau'in yana cikin haɗarin halaka a cikin daji. |- |A cikin |'''Yana cikin haɗari''' |Nau'in yana fuskantar haɗarin halaka sosai a cikin daji. |- |VU |'''Mai rauni''' |Nau'in yana fuskantar babban haɗarin halaka a cikin daji. |- |NT |'''Kusan barazana''' |Nau'in ba ya cika kowane ɗayan ƙa'idodin da za su rarraba shi a matsayin haɗarin halaka amma mai yiwuwa zai yi haka a nan gaba. |- |LC |'''Ƙananan damuwa''' |Babu haɗarin da za a iya ganewa a yanzu ga nau'in. |- |DD |'''Rashin bayanai''' |Akwai isasshen bayani don yin kimantawa game da haɗarin wannan nau'in. |} An tantance wasu nau'o'in ta amfani da ka'idojin da suka gabata. Dabbobi da aka tantance ta amfani da wannan tsarin suna da waɗannan maimakon kusan barazana da ƙananan damuwa: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left" |LR/cd |'''Ƙananan haɗari / kiyayewa''' |Dabbobi waɗanda suka kasance masu mayar da hankali ga shirye-shiryen kiyayewa kuma suna iya shiga cikin haɗari mafi girma idan an dakatar da wannan shirin. |- |LR/nt |'''Ƙananan haɗari / kusan barazanar''' |Dabbobi waɗanda ke kusa da rarraba su a matsayin masu rauni amma ba batun shirye-shiryen kiyayewa ba ne. |- |LR/lc |'''Ƙananan haɗari / ƙarancin damuwa''' |Nau'in da babu haɗarin da za a iya ganewa. |} == Umurni: Tubulidentata (aardvarks) == [[Fayil:Orycteropus_afer01.jpg|thumb|Aardvark]] Tsarin Tubulidentata ya ƙunshi nau'i ɗaya, aardvark . Tubulidentata suna da halayen hakoran su waɗanda ba su da rami kuma suna samar da ƙananan bututu waɗanda ake ci gaba da lalacewa da maye gurbin su. * Iyali: Orycteropodidae Halitta: Oryctoropus Aardvark, O. afer LC ** Halitta: ''Orycteropus'' Aardvark, O. afer LC *** [[Dabgi|Aardvark]], O. bayan LC == Umurni: Hyracoidea (hyraxes) == [[Fayil:Dassie3.jpg|thumb|Cape hyrax]] Hyraxes wani nau'i ne na nau'o'i huɗu na ƙananan, kauri, dabbobi masu shayarwa masu cin ganyayyaki a cikin tsari na Hyracoidea. Game da girman cat na gida suna da gashi mai kyau, tare da jiki mai zagaye da wutsiya mai tsayi. Su 'yan asalin Afirka ne da Gabas ta Tsakiya. * Iyali: Procaviidae (hyraxes) Halitta: Dendrohyrax Yammacin itace hyrax, D. dorsalis LC Halitta - Procavia Cape hyrax, P. capensis LC ** Genus: ''Dendrohyrax'' *** Yammacin itace hyrax, ''D. dorsalis'' LC ** Halitta: ''Procavia'' *** [[Rock hyrax|Cape hyrax]], ''P. capensis'' LC == Umurni: Proboscidea (guguwa) == Giwaye sun ƙunshi nau'o'i masu rai guda uku kuma sune mafi girman dabbobi masu rai. * Iyali: Elephantidae (guguwa) Halitta: Loxodonta Guguwar gandun daji ta Afirka, L. cyclotis CR [1] ** Genus: ''Loxodonta'' African forest elephant, L. cyclotis CR [1] *** Guguwa ta daji ta Afirka, ''L. cyclotis'' CR == Umurni: Carnivora (Mai cin nama) == [[Fayil:Genette-drawing.jpg|thumb|Halitta ta yau da kullun]] [[Fayil:Cusimanse.jpg|thumb|Kusiman na yau da kullun]] [[Fayil:Spotted_hyena2.jpg|thumb|Hyen da aka gani]] [[Fayil:Honey_badger.jpg|thumb|Zuma mai zuma]] [[Fayil:West_African_male_lion.jpg|thumb|Zaki]] Akwai fiye da nau'ikan 260 na masu cin nama, mafi yawansu suna ciyar da nama. Suna da siffar kwanyar halayyar kai da hakora. * Suborder: Feliformia Iyali: Felidae (kats) Subfamily: Felinae Genus: Caracal African golden cat, C. aurata VU[1] Caracal, C. caracal LC[2] Genus: Leptailurus Serval, L. serval LC[3] Subfamily, Pantherinae Gen: Panthera Lion, P. leo VU Leopard, P. pardus VU[4] Gutsutsutsutsus Hutsutsutsia Lus Hutsusususus Hustyidae (C) Genus Genus Gen Genus Common Genus Gen, Genus Genet Genus Gen. Genus Genut Genus Genest Genus Genc Gest, Genus Gest, Gest, Lus Genus Gent, Genus C. Genus Gens Genus Gen: Genus Genitic, Genus Lus Gen. Gest, C. Gen. Gen. Guts, Genus Manus Genus C, Genus Nus Genus L' Genus Gen., Genus Gen.) Genus Genumumum Lus Gen, Gestina, Genus, Genus Chus Genus Man Man[5][6][7][8][9][10][11] ** Iyali: Felidae (kats) Ƙananan iyali: Felinae Halitta: Caracal African golden cat, C. aurata VU [1] Caracal, C. caracal LC [2] Halitta, Leptailurus Serval, L. serval LC [3] Ƙananan iyali, Pantherinae Hanyar: Panthera Lion, P. leo VU Leopard, P. pardus VU [4] *** Subfamily: Felinae Genus: Caracal African golden cat, C. aurata VU [1] Caracal, C. caracal LC [2] Genus: Leptailurus Serval, L. serval LC [3] **** Genus: ''Caracal'' African golden cat, C. aurata VU [1] Caracal, C. caracal LC [2] ***** Katin zinariya na Afirka, ''C. aurata'' VU ***** Caracal, ''C. caracal'' LC **** Halitta: ''Leptailurus'' ***** Serval, ''L. Serval'' LC *** Ƙananan iyali: Pantherinae Halitta: Panthera Lion, P. leo VU Leopard, P. pardus VU [4] **** Genus: ''Panthera'' Lion, P. leo VU Leopard, P. pardus VU [4] ***** Lion, P.''P. Leno'' VU ***** [[Damisa|Leopard]], ''P. pardus'' VU ** Iyali: Viverridae (civets, mongooses, da dai sauransu) Ƙananan iyali: Viverrinae Halitta: Civettictis African civet, C. civetta LC Halitta na yau da kullun, G. genetta LC Halitta ta Johnston, Genetta johnstoni NT Rusty-spotted genet, G. maculata LC Pardina, Genetta ta LC King genet, Genetta poensis DD Hausa genet, Geneta thierryi[5][6][7] *** Subfamily: Viverrinae Genus: Civettictis African civet, C. civetta LC Genus: Genetta Common genet, G. genetta LC Johnston's genet, Genetta johnstoni NT Rusty-spotted genet, G。 maculata LC Pardine genet, Geneta pardina LC King genet, Genette poensis DD Hausa genet, Genett thierryi LC[5][6][7] **** Halitta: ''Civettictis'' ***** [[Jibda|Civet na Afirka]], ''C. civetta'' LC **** Genus: ''Genetta'' Common genet, G. genetta LC Johnston's genet, Genetta johnstoni NT Rusty-spotted genet, G". maculata LC Pardine genet, Geneta pardina LC King genet, Genette poensis DD Hausa genet, Genett thierryi LC[6][7] ***** Kwayar Halitta ta yau da kullun, ''G. Genetta'' LC ***** Kwayar halittar Johnston, ''Genetta johnstoni'' NT ***** Kwayar halitta mai launin toka, ''G. maculata'' LC ***** Genet na Pardine, ''Genetta pardina'' LC ***** Sarki Genet, ''Genetta poensis'' DD ***** Yanayin Hausa, ''Genetta thierryi'' LC ** Iyali: Nandiniidae Halitta: Nandinia African palm civet, N. binotata LC [8] *** Genus: ''Nandinia'' African palm civet, N. binotata LC [8] **** Civet na dabino na Afirka, ''N. binotata'' LC ** Iyali: Herpestidae (mongooses) Halitta: Atilax Marsh mongoose, Atilax paludinosus Halittaঃ Crossarchus Common kusimanse, Crossarchus obscurus LC Halittaccen: Herpestes Mongoose na Masar, H. ichneumon LC Halitta mai laushi, H. sanguineus LC Halitta na Ichneumia White-tailed mongoose, I. albaca LC Halitta[9][10] *** Halitta: ''Atilax'' Marsh mongoose, Atilax malaria **** Yankin Mongoliya, ''Atilax malaria'' *** Halitta: ''Crossarchus'' Kusimanse na yau da kullun, Crossarchus obscurus LC **** Kusiman na yau da kullun, ''Crossarchus obscurus'' LC *** Genus: ''Herpestes'' Mongoose na Masar, H. ichneumon LC Mongoose mai laushi na yau da kullun, H. sanguineus LC[9] **** Mongoliya ta Masar, ''H. ichneumon'' LC **** Mongoose mai laushi na yau da kullun, ''H. sanguineus'' LC *** Genus: ''Ichneumia'' **** White-tailed mongoose, ''I. albacauda'' LC *** Halitta: Mungos Gambian mongoose, M. gambianus LC **** Mongoliya, ''M. gambianus'' LC ** Iyali: [[Kura (dabba)|Hyaenidae]] (hyaenas) Halitta: Crocuta Hyenen Spotted, C. crocuta LC Hyen: Hyaena Striped hyena, H. hyaena LC [11] *** Genus: ''Crocuta'' Spotted hyena, C. crocuta LC **** Hyen da aka gani, ''C. crocuta'' LC *** Genus: ''Hyaena'' Striped hyena, H. hyaena LC [11] **** Hyen da aka yi wa riguna, ''H. hyaena'' LC * Suborder: Caniformia Iyali: Canidae (dogs, foxes) Genus: Lupulella Side-striped jackal, L. adusta LC Genus: Lycaon African wild dog, L. pictus EN extirpated Family: Mustelidae (mustelids) Genus, Ictonyx Striped polecat, Ictoryx striatus LC Gen: Mellivora Honey badger, M. captensis LC Genus: Lutra Speckle-throated otoll, Honyx mai yiwuwa A Cuced[12][13] ** Iyali: Canidae (karnuka, kyarketai) Halitta: Lupulella Jackal mai laushi, L. adusta LC Halitta - Lycaon Karnukan daji na Afirka, L. pictus EN an cire su *** Genus: ''Lupulella'' Jackal mai sashi, L. adusta LC **** Jackal mai laushi, ''L. adusta'' LC *** Genus: ''Lycaon'' kare daji na Afirka, L. pictus EN an cire shi **** [[Karen daji na Afirka|Karnukan daji na Afirka]], ''L. pictus'' EN an cire shi ** Iyali: Mustelidae (mustelids) Halitta: Ictonyx Striped polecat, Ictonyw striatus LC Halitta - Mellivora Honey badger, M. capensis LC Halitta[12][13] *** Halitta: ''Ictonyx'' Striped polecat, Ictonyw striatus LC **** Striped polecat, ''Ictonyx striatus'' LC *** Halitta: ''Mellivora'' **** Honey badger, ''M. capensis'' LC *** Genus: ''Lutra'' Speckle-throated otter, H. maculicollis NT mai yiwuwa an cire shi [13] **** Otter mai ƙuƙwalwa, ''H. maculicollis'' NT mai yiwuwa an cire shi *** Halitta: ''Aonyx'' Oton ba tare da yatsunsu ba, Aonyx capensis LC **** Otter na Afirka, ''Aonyx capensis'' LC == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Cite web |date=1995–2006 |title=Animal Diversity Web |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/index.html |access-date=22 May 2007 |website=University of Michigan Museum of Zoology}} ar61h3sxm1vn1j2zkciqjz5ot9h9mfg 0 118167 822178 732026 2026-04-18T11:52:15Z Pharouqenr 25549 822178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jagindi''' wata al'umma ce a yankin Jama'a, [[kudancin kaduna|kudanci]] [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] a yankin Middle Belt na [[Najeriya]] . Jagindi wuri ne kusa da garin Baloje, zuwa yankin Kwagiri ma. Wurin da ke da yawan jama'a - birni, gari, ƙauye, ko kuma sun taru a cikin rukunin gine-gine inda mutane ke zaune da aiki Lambar gidan waya ta ƙauyen ita ce 801150.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Search Result - Jama'a |url=https://www.zipcode.com.ng/search/?keyword=Jama'A&state= |access-date=August 14, 2025 |website=Nigeria Postcode }}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archive-date=2009-10-07 |access-date=August 14, 2025 |publisher=NIPOST}}</ref> == Manazarta == g9tn5am8wg9n3slbmbv0fwemtnvl5jn 822179 822178 2026-04-18T11:52:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 822179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jagindi''' wata al'umma ce a yankin Jama'a, [[kudancin kaduna|kudanci]] [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] a yankin Middle Belt na [[Najeriya]] . Jagindi wuri ne kusa da garin Baloje, zuwa yankin Kwagiri ma. Wurin da ke da yawan jama'a - birni, gari, ƙauye, ko kuma sun taru a cikin rukunin gine-gine inda mutane ke zaune da aiki Lambar gidan waya ta ƙauyen ita ce 801150.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Search Result - Jama'a |url=https://www.zipcode.com.ng/search/?keyword=Jama'A&state= |access-date=August 14, 2025 |website=Nigeria Postcode }}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archive-date=2009-10-07 |access-date=August 14, 2025 |publisher=NIPOST}}</ref> {{Stub}} == Manazarta == 1002y0gfzsj9dqk2col2kd93y82nohq 0 118476 821965 725107 2026-04-17T17:14:34Z Joserpkm 35450 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 821965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Etiquetado_minsal_Chile.jpeg|thumb|293x293px|Alamomi a kan akwati na ketchup da aka sayar a [[Chile]], daidai da Dokar Chilean 20,606, sun nuna cewa samfurin yana da yawa a cikin [[sukari]], a cikin kitse Mai cike da kitse, a cikin sodium da kuma cikin adadin kuzari.]] '''Dokar lakabin abinci da talla ta Chile''', mai taken Ley 20.606, sobre ''la composición de los alimentos y su publicidad'' ("Dokar 20,606, kan kwayoyin gina jiki da ke cikin abinci da tallace-tallace") ta kafa tsarin ka'idoji game da tsaro na abinci da abinci mai lafiya tare da niyyar jagorantar masu amfani zuwa ga tsarin halayyar da ke inganta lafiyar jama'a. Bayan an kafa dokar 2012, ka'idojin da ke tattare da ita sun fara aiki a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 2016.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taillie |first=Lindsey Smith |last2=Reyes |first2=Marcela |last3=Colchero |first3=M. Arantxa |last4=Popkin |first4=Barry |last5=Corvalán |first5=Camila |date=2020-02-11 |title=An evaluation of Chile's Law of Food Labeling and Advertising on sugar-sweetened beverage purchases from 2015 to 2017: A before-and-after study |journal=PLOS Medicine |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003015 |issn=1549-1676 |pmc=7012389 |pmid=32045424 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Andrew Jacobs, yayin rubutu ga jaridar ''The New York Times'', ya bayyana wannan ma'auni a matsayin "mafi girman ƙoƙari a duniya don sake fasalin al'adun abinci na ƙasar" kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa "zai iya zama abin koyi ga yadda za a juya yanayin kan annobar [[kiba]] ta duniya wanda masu bincike suka ce yana ba da gudummawa ga mutuwar mutane miliyan huɗu a duk shekara". A [[Chile]], dokar - sau da yawa ana kiranta da sunayen da ba su da nauyi kamar l''ey de etiquetado de alimentos'' ("Dokar lakabin abinci"), ''ley del Súper Ocho'' ("Manyan Dokoki Takwas"), ko kuma kawai l''ey de alimentos'' ("dokar abinci") - musamman tana tsara isar da bayanan abinci mai gina jiki da ke dauke da yawan sodium, kitse mai yawa, [[sukari]], ko sauran kayan masarufi. Har ila yau, ma'auni ya haramta sayar da irin wannan abinci a cibiyoyin ilimi, kuma ya iyakance tallace-tallace na waɗannan samfuran ga yara 'yan kasa da shekaru goma sha huɗu. == Tarihi == === Tarihi === Dangane da binciken kiwon lafiya na kasa na 2010, fiye da kashi 60 cikin dari na yawan mutanen Chile suna fama da nauyin nauyi. Matsalar ta fara ne tun tana yarinya, tare da fiye da kashi 10 cikin 100 na yara a ƙarƙashin shekara shida, fiye da kashi 15 cikin 100 na 'yan makarantar sakandare da kuma fiye da kashi 25 cikin 100 na yaran da ke fama da kiba. Lokacin da ake la'akari da masu kiba da masu kiba a matsayin rukuni, fiye da kashi 50 cikin dari daga cikinsu, a cewar Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Chile, ana samun su da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, wanda suke la'akari le babbar matsalar lafiyar jama'a a kasar.<ref name="eval-report-es">{{Cite web |date=June 2017 |title=Informe de evaluación de la implementación de la ley sobre composición nutricional de los alimentos y su publicidad |trans-title=Evaluation report on the implementation of the law on the nutritional composition of foods and their advertising |url=http://web.minsal.cl/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Informe-Implementaci%C3%B3n-Ley-20606-junio-2017-PDF.pdf |access-date=2018-09-03 |publisher=Subsecretaría de Salud Pública, Departamento de Nutrición y Alimentos [Public Health subsecretariat, Department of Nutrition and Food, Ministry of Health, Government of Chile]}}</ref> Kafin kafa dokar, abinci mara kyau da kuma yawan jikin jiki sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwar da nakasa a Chile.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Correa |first=Teresa |last2=Fierro |first2=Camila |last3=Reyes |first3=Marcela |last4=Taillie |first4=Lindsey Smith |last5=Carpentier |first5=Francesca Renee Dillman |last6=Corvalán |first6=Camila |date=2022-04-09 |title=Why Don't You [Government] Help Us Make Healthier Foods More Affordable Instead of Bombarding Us with Labels? Maternal Knowledge, Perceptions, and Practices after Full Implementation of the Chilean Food Labelling Law |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=19 |issue=8 |page=4547 |doi=10.3390/ijerph19084547 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=9025178 |pmid=35457415 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Tarihin lakabin gargadi na gaba === In an effort to combat childhood obesity, the [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|World Health Organization]] encourages implementing a three-pronged approach to promote health. Their suggestions include mandating front-of-package warning labels (FOPWL), banning marketing of foods with a FOPWL to children, and prohibiting selling these products in schools.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Taillie |first=Lindsey Smith |last2=Bercholz |first2=Maxime |last3=Popkin |first3=Barry |last4=Reyes |first4=Marcela |last5=Colchero |first5=M. Arantxa |last6=Corvalán |first6=Camila |date=2012-08-05 |title=Changes in food purchases after the Chilean policies on food labelling, marketing, and sales in schools: a before-and-after study |journal=The Lancet. Planetary Health |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=e526–e533 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00172-8 |issn=2542-5196 |pmc=8364623 |pmid=34390670}}</ref> In 1993, Finland was the first country to enact a similar law, issuing a front-of-package warning label on sodium-rich products.<ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Silva |first=Cintia Pereira da |last2=Bento |first2=Aline Cristina |last3=Guaraldo |first3=Elaine |date=2022-01-01 |title=Changes in food purchases after Chile's polices on food labeling, marketing, and sales in schools: a before and after study |journal=British Food Journal |volume=124 |issue=13 |pages=66–80 |doi=10.1108/BFJ-05-2021-0463 |issn=0007-070X |s2cid=246786038 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Chile was the first country to adapt all three recommendations outlined by the WHO.<ref name=":02" /> == Dokoki da ka'idoji == === Dokar 20.606 === Dokar tana da sashe goma sha ɗaya; ka'idodinta sun kafa: * Hakkin masana'antun, masu shigo da kaya ko masu samar da abinci don amfani da mutum don samun takamaiman alamomi game da yanayin samfurin, tare da cikakken bayani na gaskiya, da kuma alhakinsu na tabbatar da cewa ana bin kyawawan ayyukan da ke tabbatar da amincin abinci a cikin jerin samar da su. * Aikin masana'antun, masu samarwa, masu rarrabawa da masu shigo da abinci don sanar, a kan kwantena ko a kan alamun su, game da sinadaran da ke ciki, gami da duk abubuwan da suka kara da Bayanan abinci mai gina jiki, don bin ka'idojin kiwon lafiya na abinci wanda halaye da abubuwan da aka ambata zasu ƙayyade lakabin, kuma musamman don tabbatar da cewa bayanin yana da isasshen bayyane kuma mai fahimta. * Hanawa game da lalata sinadaran da abinci da aka shirya tare da duk wani abu da zai iya haifar da kuskuren ra'ayi game da ainihin yanayin su, abun da ke ciki ko inganci, ko kuma hakan na iya haifar da lalacewar kiwon lafiya, kamar yadda Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ƙaddara. * Aikin makarantar sakandare, makarantar firamare da sakandare don haɗawa da kayan ilimi da motsa jiki don inganta kyawawan halaye na cin abinci da motsa jiki, da kuma abin da ake buƙata ga ma'aikatun Ilimi da Lafiya don samun tsarin kula da abinci mai gina jiki ga ɗalibai a makarantar sakandare. * Bukatar Ma'aikatar Lafiya don tantance abinci wanda abun da ke ciki yana da adadin adadin kuzari, kitse, sukari ko gishiri (ko wasu sinadaran, kamar yadda aka ƙaddara ta hanyar ka'ida), saita iyakar da aka ba da izini da tabbatar da bin tsarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a. * Hana sayar da kasuwanci ko rarraba a makarantun sakandare, firamare da sakandare na kayayyakin abinci da aka lakafta a matsayin manyan abubuwan gina jiki ko adadin kuzari, da kuma hana isar da kyauta ko tallace-tallace na irin waɗannan kayayyakin ga yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 14, gami da haɗin kasuwanci da aka tsara don yin kira ga yara, kamar kayan wasa, kayan haɗi, manne ko makamantansu kayayyaki. * Hanawa game da lakafta Tsarin jarirai da maye gurbin madara a kowace hanya da za ta iya hana [[shayarwa]]. * Wajibi ne cewa duk wani kayan abinci da ake tallatawa a Chile wanda ya ƙunshi tsakanin sinadaran sa - ko kuma wanda ya yi amfani da shi, a yayin shirye-shiryensa - abubuwan da ke iya haifar da rashin lafiyan kamar soya, madara, man shanu, ƙwai, abincin teku, kifi, gluten ko kwayoyi dole ne ya nuna wannan a kan kunshin sa ko lakabin sa. === Tsarin mulki === Dokar Ma'aikatar Lafiya No. 13 (Afrilu 16, 2015), ta yi gyare-gyare ga tsarin abinci na gwamnati don daidaita shi da tanadin Dokar 20.606 da kuma ƙayyade matsakaicin adadin kuzari, sodium, sukari da kitse mai cike da abinci; an saita dabi'un don raguwa ta matakai masu ci gaba bayan shigar da ka'idar. <ref name="gazette-977">{{Cite web |date=2015-04-16 |title=Modifica Decreto Supremo N° 977 de 1996, Reglamento Sanitario de los Alimentos |trans-title=Amendment to Supreme Decree No. 977 of 1996, Food Health Regulation. |url=http://www.minsal.cl/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/decreto_etiquetado_alimentos_2015.pdf |access-date=2018-09-04 |website=Diario Oficial de la República de Chile}}</ref> Ƙayyadaddun da doka ta ƙayyade sune: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto" |+ ! !Makamashi !Sodium !Shugabar !Mai cike da kitse |- |'''Ƙayyadaddun abinci<br />''' |350 kcal/100g (daga 26 Yuni 2016) 300 kcal/100 g (daga 26 June 2018) 275 kcal/100G (daga 26 Yuli 2019) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br />^{(from 26 June 2019)} |800 mg/100g (daga 26 Yuni 2016) 500 mg/100g "daga 26 Yuni 2018") 400 mg/100g&nbsp;<br /><br />&nbsp;<br /><br />&nbsp;<br />^{(from 26 June 2019)} |22.5 g/100g (daga 26 Yuni 2016) 15 g/100g "daga 26 Yuni 2018" 10 g/100g<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />^{(from 26 June 2019)} |6 g/100g (daga 26 Yuni 2016) 5 g/100g "daga 26 Yuni 2018" 4 g/100g<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />^{(from 26 June 2019)} |- |'''Ƙayyadaddun abinci mai ruwa<br />''' |100 kcal/100ml (daga 26 Yuni 2016) 80 kcal/100 ml (daga 26 June 2018) 70 kcal/100 мл (daga 26 Juni 2019) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br />^{(from 26 June 2019)} |100 mg/100ml (daga 26 Yuni 2016) &nbsp;<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |6 g/100ml (daga 26 Yuni 2016) 5 g/100ml<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |3 g/100ml (daga 26 Yuni 2016) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |} Dokar ta kuma ba da cikakken bayani game da abincin da aka keɓe daga wajibin lakabi, wanda ya haɗa da abinci ba tare da ƙarin sukari ba, zuma ko syrups; ba tare da an ƙara sodium ba kuma ba tare da mai mai ba; waɗanda aka sayar da su da yawa ko rarraba su, an raba su kuma an shirya su bisa buƙatar jama'a (ko da an shirya su a lokacin siyarwa); Tsarin jariri; abincin da aka shirya don amfani da kiwon lafiya; abinci don Tsarin kula da nauyi; kayan Abinci na abinci na abinci don maye gurbin 'yan wasa; da kuma kayan sukari na tebur.<ref name="gazette-977">{{Cite web |date=2015-04-16 |title=Modifica Decreto Supremo N° 977 de 1996, Reglamento Sanitario de los Alimentos |trans-title=Amendment to Supreme Decree No. 977 of 1996, Food Health Regulation. |url=http://www.minsal.cl/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/decreto_etiquetado_alimentos_2015.pdf |access-date=2018-09-04 |website=Diario Oficial de la República de Chile}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.minsal.cl/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/decreto_etiquetado_alimentos_2015.pdf "Modifica Decreto Supremo N° 977 de 1996, Reglamento Sanitario de los Alimentos"] &#x5B;Amendment to Supreme Decree No. 977 of 1996, Food Health Regulation.&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Diario Oficial de la República de Chile'' &#x5B;''Official Gazette of the Republic of Chile''&#x5D;. 2015-04-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-04</span></span>.</cite></ref> === Ginshiƙan doka === # Labels which exceed the recommended amounts, including being high in salt, sugar, sodium or saturated fat, must be displayed on the front of the package as being "high in" that particular nutrient.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Taillie |first=Lindsey Smith |last2=Bercholz |first2=Maxime |last3=Popkin |first3=Barry |last4=Reyes |first4=Marcela |last5=Colchero |first5=M. Arantxa |last6=Corvalán |first6=Camila |date=2012-08-05 |title=Changes in food purchases after the Chilean policies on food labelling, marketing, and sales in schools: a before-and-after study |journal=The Lancet. Planetary Health |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=e526–e533 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00172-8 |issn=2542-5196 |pmc=8364623 |pmid=34390670}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTaillieBercholzPopkinReyes2012">Taillie, Lindsey Smith; Bercholz, Maxime; Popkin, Barry; Reyes, Marcela; Colchero, M. Arantxa; Corvalán, Camila (2012-08-05). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8364623 "Changes in food purchases after the Chilean policies on food labelling, marketing, and sales in schools: a before-and-after study"]. ''The Lancet. Planetary Health''. '''5''' (8): <span class="nowrap">e526 –</span> <span class="nowrap">e533</span>. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00172-8|10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00172-8]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2542-5196 2542-5196]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8364623 8364623]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34390670 34390670].</cite></ref> # Schools are prohibited from selling any food that has such a front-of-package warning label.<ref name=":02" /> # These products cannot be advertised to children under the age of 14 through any media channels, nor can they utilize marketing tactics that appeal to children — such as school appeals and endorsements by celebrities and figures relevant to that demographic.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Correa |first=Teresa |last2=Fierro |first2=Camila |last3=Reyes |first3=Marcela |last4=Taillie |first4=Lindsey Smith |last5=Carpentier |first5=Francesca Renee Dillman |last6=Corvalán |first6=Camila |date=2022-04-09 |title=Why Don't You [Government] Help Us Make Healthier Foods More Affordable Instead of Bombarding Us with Labels? Maternal Knowledge, Perceptions, and Practices after Full Implementation of the Chilean Food Labelling Law |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=19 |issue=8 |page=4547 |doi=10.3390/ijerph19084547 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=9025178 |pmid=35457415 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCorreaFierroReyesTaillie2022">Correa, Teresa; Fierro, Camila; Reyes, Marcela; Taillie, Lindsey Smith; Carpentier, Francesca Renee Dillman; Corvalán, Camila (2022-04-09). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9025178 "Why Don't You &#x5B;Government&#x5D; Help Us Make Healthier Foods More Affordable Instead of Bombarding Us with Labels? Maternal Knowledge, Perceptions, and Practices after Full Implementation of the Chilean Food Labelling Law"]. ''International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health''. '''19''' (8): 4547. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/ijerph19084547|10.3390/ijerph19084547]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1660-4601 1660-4601]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9025178 9025178]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35457415 35457415].</cite></ref> == Biyanci da tasiri == === Tasirin kasa da kasa === Kasashe da yawa sun nuna sha'awar ka'idodin Chile kuma sun yi la'akari da abubuwan da ke ciki wajen bunkasa ka'idojin lakabi na ƙasashensu, gami da Argentina, Australia, [[Brazil]], Kanada, Colombia, [[Ecuador]], Guatemala, Honduras, Isra'ila, Mexico, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, El Salvador da Uruguay. Kungiyoyin kasa da kasa - ciki har da Caribbean Community (CARICOM), Hukumar Lafiya ta Pan American, <ref name="ops">{{Cite web |date=2016-12-22 |title=OPS/OMS celebra Ley de Alimentos en Chile como ejemplo para el resto de los países de Las Américas |trans-title=PAHO/WHO celebrates Chile's food law as an example for the rest of the countries of the Americas |url=https://www.paho.org/chi/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=845:opsoms-celebra-ley-de-alimentos-en-chile-como-ejemplo-para-el-resto-de-los-paises-de-las-americas&Itemid=1005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904120925/https://www.paho.org/chi/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=845:opsoms-celebra-ley-de-alimentos-en-chile-como-ejemplo-para-el-resto-de-los-paises-de-las-americas&Itemid=1005 |archive-date=2018-09-04 |access-date=2018-09-03 |publisher=Organización Panamericana de Salud}}</ref> Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], Tarayyar Kudancin Amurka da OECD - sun nuna goyon baya ga dokar da ka'idojin tallace-tallace na abinci da talla na Chile kuma sun sauƙaƙa hadin gwiwar kasashen biyu, memoranda na fahimta da kafa cibiyoyin sadarwa na duniya. Codex Alimentarius ya bukaci kasashe membobin da su sake duba ka'idoji game da lakabi, yayin da [[Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya|Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya]] ta kafa bangarorin tattaunawa na kasa da kasa game da lakabin abinci, inda wakilan Chile suka kasance fitattun masu magana.<ref name="eval-report-es">{{Cite web |date=June 2017 |title=Informe de evaluación de la implementación de la ley sobre composición nutricional de los alimentos y su publicidad |trans-title=Evaluation report on the implementation of the law on the nutritional composition of foods and their advertising |url=http://web.minsal.cl/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Informe-Implementaci%C3%B3n-Ley-20606-junio-2017-PDF.pdf |access-date=2018-09-03 |publisher=Subsecretaría de Salud Pública, Departamento de Nutrición y Alimentos [Public Health subsecretariat, Department of Nutrition and Food, Ministry of Health, Government of Chile]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://web.minsal.cl/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Informe-Implementaci%C3%B3n-Ley-20606-junio-2017-PDF.pdf "Informe de evaluación de la implementación de la ley sobre composición nutricional de los alimentos y su publicidad"] &#x5B;Evaluation report on the implementation of the law on the nutritional composition of foods and their advertising&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Subsecretaría de Salud Pública, Departamento de Nutrición y Alimentos [Public Health subsecretariat, Department of Nutrition and Food, Ministry of Health, Government of Chile]. June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-03</span></span>.</cite></ref> Bugu da kari, a lokacin tattaunawar Yarjejeniyar Ciniki ta Arewacin Amurka, gwamnatocin Mexico da Kanada sun ba da shawarar gargadi game da abinci mai gina jiki, wanda kwarewar Chile ta yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, amma daga 2017 zuwa 2020, gwamnatin Amurka ta goyi bayan kokarin masana'antar abinci da abin sha na kasuwanci don hana karɓar dokokin da suka yi kama da na Chile ta hanyar neman sassan NAFTA da ke hana aiwatar da irin waɗannan dokokin tsaro na mabukaci a Kanada, Mexico da Amurka. Lora Verheecke, mai bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Kasuwancin Turai, ƙungiyar da ba ta da riba da ke bin diddigin kamfanoni, ta bayyana cewa da zarar an sanya irin waɗannan ƙa'idodin masana'antu da masu adawa da masu amfani a cikin yarjejeniyar kasuwanci ta duniya, ya zama da wuya a juyar da su a cikin dokokin membobin yarjejeniyar kasuwanci: "Yana kama da doka kafin a rubuta ta, kuma da zarar ka sanya ta cikin yarjejeniyar cinikayya ɗaya, zai iya zama misali ga duk yarjejeniyar gaba tare da ƙasashe masu zuwa". === Tasirin sayayya da fahimta === A strong level of awareness exists for Chile's food labelling law. A majority of Chileans were able to state the purpose of the law and its effectiveness, but few were able to address what the guideline daily amount meant.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Taillie |first=Lindsey Smith |last2=Bercholz |first2=Maxime |last3=Popkin |first3=Barry |last4=Reyes |first4=Marcela |last5=Colchero |first5=M. Arantxa |last6=Corvalán |first6=Camila |date=2012-08-05 |title=Changes in food purchases after the Chilean policies on food labelling, marketing, and sales in schools: a before-and-after study |journal=The Lancet. Planetary Health |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=e526–e533 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00172-8 |issn=2542-5196 |pmc=8364623 |pmid=34390670}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTaillieBercholzPopkinReyes2012">Taillie, Lindsey Smith; Bercholz, Maxime; Popkin, Barry; Reyes, Marcela; Colchero, M. Arantxa; Corvalán, Camila (2012-08-05). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8364623 "Changes in food purchases after the Chilean policies on food labelling, marketing, and sales in schools: a before-and-after study"]. ''The Lancet. Planetary Health''. '''5''' (8): <span class="nowrap">e526 –</span> <span class="nowrap">e533</span>. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00172-8|10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00172-8]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2542-5196 2542-5196]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8364623 8364623]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34390670 34390670].</cite></ref> ''The Lancet'' compared pre- and post-policy-enactment on food and beverage purchases in Chile. They found calories in purchased foods decreased by 3.5 percent overall.<ref name=":02" /> The total amounts of sugar and saturated fats in products decreased by 10.2 and 3.9 percent respectively.<ref name=":02" /> ''The Lancet'' concluded that the law's enactment resulted in a significant decrease in the purchasing of food with labels "high in" a nutrient.<ref name=":02" /> However, a review of the literature from the ''British Food Journal'' notes that after the implementation of the first stage, there was no correlation found between the law's enactment and a change in obesity rates.<ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Silva |first=Cintia Pereira da |last2=Bento |first2=Aline Cristina |last3=Guaraldo |first3=Elaine |date=2022-01-01 |title=Changes in food purchases after Chile's polices on food labeling, marketing, and sales in schools: a before and after study |journal=British Food Journal |volume=124 |issue=13 |pages=66–80 |doi=10.1108/BFJ-05-2021-0463 |issn=0007-070X |s2cid=246786038 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSilvaBentoGuaraldo2022">Silva, Cintia Pereira da; Bento, Aline Cristina; Guaraldo, Elaine (2022-01-01). [[doi:10.1108/BFJ-05-2021-0463|"Changes in food purchases after Chile's polices on food labeling, marketing, and sales in schools: a before and after study"]]. ''British Food Journal''. '''124''' (13): <span class="nowrap">66–</span>80. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1108/BFJ-05-2021-0463|10.1108/BFJ-05-2021-0463]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-070X 0007-070X]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246786038 246786038].</cite></ref> The researchers suggest continued studies after the third law's implementation to discover if there is a statistically significant effect.<ref name=":23" /> Jaridar International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity ta gudanar da bincike game da tasirin dokar Chile, musamman mai da hankali kan uwaye da ke da yara masu zuwa makaranta. Iyaye da aka zaba don shiga cikin kungiyoyin masu mayar da hankali suna da yara tsakanin shekaru biyu zuwa 14.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Correa |first=Teresa |last2=Fierro |first2=Camila |last3=Reyes |first3=Marcela |last4=Dillman Carpentier |first4=Francesca R. |last5=Taillie |first5=Lindsey Smith |last6=Corvalan |first6=Camila |date=2019-02-13 |title="Responses to the Chilean law of food labeling and advertising: exploring knowledge, perceptions and behaviors of mothers of young children" |journal=International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity |volume=16 |issue=1 |page=21 |doi=10.1186/s12966-019-0781-x |issn=1479-5868 |pmc=6375144 |pmid=30760273 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin dukkan kungiyoyin da aka mayar da hankali, iyaye mata sun san manufofin da kuma babban burinta na rage kiba ga yara.<ref name=":32" /> Wasu daga cikin uwaye sun ba da rahoton cewa manufofin sun "farfado" abin da ke samar da abinci mai kyau, kuma sun ƙarfafa da yawa daga cikinsu su canza dabi'un cinikin su daidai.<ref name=":32" /> Iyaye sun ba da rahoton sakamako mai rikitarwa game da yadda alamun gargadi suka rinjayi halayensu na sayayya. Wasu ba da rahoton babu tasiri, yayin da wasu suka ce suna amfani da shi azaman gajeren hanya yayin siyayya.<ref name=":32" /> Wani rukuni ya ba da rahoton kula sosai ga gargadi, musamman wadanda ke da matsayi na matsakaici da na tattalin arziki.<ref name=":32" /> Bugu da ƙari, wani binciken ya gano cewa kashi 78.5 cikin dari na mutanen da aka bincika sun ba da rahoton cewa alamun gargadi na gaba-na-kwalin sun canza shawarar sayen su, <ref name=":32" /> yayin da fahimtar abinci da aka sarrafa sosai ya ƙarfafa uwaye da yawa su sayi abinci na halitta. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Correa |first=Teresa |last2=Fierro |first2=Camila |last3=Reyes |first3=Marcela |last4=Taillie |first4=Lindsey Smith |last5=Carpentier |first5=Francesca Renee Dillman |last6=Corvalán |first6=Camila |date=2022-04-09 |title=Why Don't You [Government] Help Us Make Healthier Foods More Affordable Instead of Bombarding Us with Labels? Maternal Knowledge, Perceptions, and Practices after Full Implementation of the Chilean Food Labelling Law |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=19 |issue=8 |page=4547 |doi=10.3390/ijerph19084547 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=9025178 |pmid=35457415 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCorreaFierroReyesTaillie2022">Correa, Teresa; Fierro, Camila; Reyes, Marcela; Taillie, Lindsey Smith; Carpentier, Francesca Renee Dillman; Corvalán, Camila (2022-04-09). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9025178 "Why Don't You &#x5B;Government&#x5D; Help Us Make Healthier Foods More Affordable Instead of Bombarding Us with Labels? Maternal Knowledge, Perceptions, and Practices after Full Implementation of the Chilean Food Labelling Law"]. ''International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health''. '''19''' (8): 4547. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/ijerph19084547|10.3390/ijerph19084547]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1660-4601 1660-4601]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9025178 9025178]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35457415 35457415].</cite></ref> == Sakamakon a makarantu == A cikin ƙungiyar da ta haɗa da uwaye da yara masu tsufa, sun ba da rahoton kansu cewa makarantu sun zama masu ba da shawara don cin abinci mai kyau, maye gurbin abinci mara lafiya da sabbin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Correa |first=Teresa |last2=Fierro |first2=Camila |last3=Reyes |first3=Marcela |last4=Dillman Carpentier |first4=Francesca R. |last5=Taillie |first5=Lindsey Smith |last6=Corvalan |first6=Camila |date=2019-02-13 |title="Responses to the Chilean law of food labeling and advertising: exploring knowledge, perceptions and behaviors of mothers of young children" |journal=International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity |volume=16 |issue=1 |page=21 |doi=10.1186/s12966-019-0781-x |issn=1479-5868 |pmc=6375144 |pmid=30760273 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCorreaFierroReyesDillman_Carpentier2019">Correa, Teresa; Fierro, Camila; Reyes, Marcela; Dillman Carpentier, Francesca R.; Taillie, Lindsey Smith; Corvalan, Camila (2019-02-13). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6375144 ""Responses to the Chilean law of food labeling and advertising: exploring knowledge, perceptions and behaviors of mothers of young children""]. ''International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity''. '''16''' (1): 21. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1186/s12966-019-0781-x|10.1186/s12966-019-0781-x]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1479-5868 1479-5868]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6375144 6375144]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30760273 30760273].</cite></ref> Abubuwan da suka faru a makaranta da suka gabata da suka shafi cin abinci mara lafiya, kamar kukis ko kek, an maye gurbinsu da hanyoyin da suka dace.<ref name=":32" /> Hakazalika, ''Jaridar Abinci ta Burtaniya'' ta gano cewa a cikin shekaru biyu, 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu a makarantu sun karu daga kashi 0.7 a cikin 2014 zuwa kashi 3.2 a cikin 2016.<ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Silva |first=Cintia Pereira da |last2=Bento |first2=Aline Cristina |last3=Guaraldo |first3=Elaine |date=2022-01-01 |title=Changes in food purchases after Chile's polices on food labeling, marketing, and sales in schools: a before and after study |journal=British Food Journal |volume=124 |issue=13 |pages=66–80 |doi=10.1108/BFJ-05-2021-0463 |issn=0007-070X |s2cid=246786038 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSilvaBentoGuaraldo2022">Silva, Cintia Pereira da; Bento, Aline Cristina; Guaraldo, Elaine (2022-01-01). [[doi:10.1108/BFJ-05-2021-0463|"Changes in food purchases after Chile's polices on food labeling, marketing, and sales in schools: a before and after study"]]. ''British Food Journal''. '''124''' (13): <span class="nowrap">66–</span>80. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1108/BFJ-05-2021-0463|10.1108/BFJ-05-2021-0463]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-070X 0007-070X]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246786038 246786038].</cite></ref> Bugu da ƙari, kayan abinci tare da abubuwan gina jiki waɗanda suka wuce ƙofar da aka ba da shawarar a makarantu sun ragu daga kashi 90.4 zuwa kashi 15 daga 2014 zuwa 2016.<ref name=":23" /> == Karyata dokar == An yi watsi da doka, tare da mutane da yawa, bisa ga binciken da Teresa Correa et al., suka yi, suna mai da hankali ga "gajiya da saƙo" da kuma yawan bayyanar <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Correa |first=Teresa |last2=Fierro |first2=Camila |last3=Reyes |first3=Marcela |last4=Taillie |first4=Lindsey Smith |last5=Carpentier |first5=Francesca Renee Dillman |last6=Corvalán |first6=Camila |date=2022-04-09 |title=Why Don't You [Government] Help Us Make Healthier Foods More Affordable Instead of Bombarding Us with Labels? Maternal Knowledge, Perceptions, and Practices after Full Implementation of the Chilean Food Labelling Law |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=19 |issue=8 |page=4547 |doi=10.3390/ijerph19084547 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=9025178 |pmid=35457415 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCorreaFierroReyesTaillie2022">Correa, Teresa; Fierro, Camila; Reyes, Marcela; Taillie, Lindsey Smith; Carpentier, Francesca Renee Dillman; Corvalán, Camila (2022-04-09). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9025178 "Why Don't You &#x5B;Government&#x5D; Help Us Make Healthier Foods More Affordable Instead of Bombarding Us with Labels? Maternal Knowledge, Perceptions, and Practices after Full Implementation of the Chilean Food Labelling Law"]. ''International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health''. '''19''' (8): 4547. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3390/ijerph19084547|10.3390/ijerph19084547]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1660-4601 1660-4601]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9025178 9025178]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35457415 35457415].</cite></ref> - wanda, sun ce, yana narkar da ikon kamfen ɗin kiwon lafiyar jama'a kuma yana hana ikon masu amsawa na narke saƙonni. Wasu uwaye sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun ji cewa manufofin sun keta "yancin su", saboda ba a ba su damar ba da yaransu abinci mara kyau zuwa makaranta ba, saboda ana iya cire su daga gare su.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Correa |first=Teresa |last2=Fierro |first2=Camila |last3=Reyes |first3=Marcela |last4=Dillman Carpentier |first4=Francesca R. |last5=Taillie |first5=Lindsey Smith |last6=Corvalan |first6=Camila |date=2019-02-13 |title="Responses to the Chilean law of food labeling and advertising: exploring knowledge, perceptions and behaviors of mothers of young children" |journal=International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity |volume=16 |issue=1 |page=21 |doi=10.1186/s12966-019-0781-x |issn=1479-5868 |pmc=6375144 |pmid=30760273 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCorreaFierroReyesDillman_Carpentier2019">Correa, Teresa; Fierro, Camila; Reyes, Marcela; Dillman Carpentier, Francesca R.; Taillie, Lindsey Smith; Corvalan, Camila (2019-02-13). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6375144 ""Responses to the Chilean law of food labeling and advertising: exploring knowledge, perceptions and behaviors of mothers of young children""]. ''International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity''. '''16''' (1): 21. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1186/s12966-019-0781-x|10.1186/s12966-019-0781-x]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1479-5868 1479-5868]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6375144 6375144]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30760273 30760273].</cite></ref> Masu sukar suna jayayya cewa ban da haka, ya kamata gwamnati ta biya haraji ga abinci mara lafiya yayin da take tallafawa abinci mai kyau, don samun abinci mai kyau ga dukkan kungiyoyin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, a lokaci guda tana magance babbar shingen ga cin abinci mai kyau da haɓaka tasirin doka.<ref name=":132">{{Cite journal |last=Correa |first=Teresa |last2=Fierro |first2=Camila |last3=Reyes |first3=Marcela |last4=Taillie |first4=Lindsey Smith |last5=Carpentier |first5=Francesca Renee Dillman |last6=Corvalán |first6=Camila |date=2022-04-09 |title=Why Don't You [Government] Help Us Make Healthier Foods More Affordable Instead of Bombarding Us with Labels? Maternal Knowledge, Perceptions, and Practices after Full Implementation of the Chilean Food Labelling Law |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=19 |issue=8 |page=4547 |doi=10.3390/ijerph19084547 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=9025178 |pmid=35457415 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Alamar abinci a Mexico * Jerin ka'idojin lakabin abinci * Alamar gargadi == Bayani == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l0v73uybufa54ornndghjdiog9gkvut 0 119352 822058 728532 2026-04-18T07:27:19Z Garbu Audu 44085 822058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Magnesium <small>L</small> -threonate''' shine [[Salt (chemistry)|gishirin]] [[magnesium]] na <small>L</small> - [[threonic acid]] yana da kuma tsari Mg (C ₄ H ₇ O ₅ ) ₂ . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gao Sheng-Li;Yang Xu-Wu;Chen San-Ping;Ju Zhan-Feng |year=2002 |title=Synthesis and Standard Enthalpy of Formation of Magnesium L-Threonate |journal=Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. |volume=18 |issue=11 |pages=994–997 |doi=10.3866/PKU.WHXB20021107 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == manazarta == t9izfhjvcl5xpi0ypfxamy7a2tep39w 0 119795 821991 730983 2026-04-17T18:34:58Z M Bash Ne 12403 /* Haɗin waje */ 821991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bankin Polaris Limited''' Bankin kasuwanci ne da ke Najeriya. [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] ne ya ba da lasisi, mai kula da banki na ƙasar.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Central Bank of Nigeria |date=5 November 2018 |title=Central Bank of Nigeria: List of Licensed Commercial Banks |url=https://www.cbn.gov.ng/supervision/Inst-DM.asp |access-date=5 November 2018 |publisher=[[Central Bank of Nigeria]]}}</ref><ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Udo |first=Bassey |date=21 September 2018 |title=Nigeria's Central Bank takes over Skye Bank |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/284921-breaking-nigerias-central-bank-takes-over-skye-bank.html |access-date=5 November 2018}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, kamfanin Strategic Capital Investment Limited ne ya sayi bankin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iyatse |first=Geoff |date=2022-10-21 |title=Strategic Capital acquires 100 equity in Polaris Bank |url=https://guardian.ng/business-services/strategic-capital-acquires-100-equity-in-polaris-bank/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Bankin Polaris babban mai ba da sabis na kuɗi ne a Afirka ta Yamma da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]] tare da hedikwatar a [[Najeria]]. A watan Satumba a shekara ta 2010, jimlar kadarorin bankin sun kai sama da dala biliyan 3.9 (NGN: biliyan 611.5), tare da hannun jari na masu hannun jari kusan dala miliyan ɗari shida da talatin (630), (NGN:98.4 biliyan). == Tarihi == Bankin ya samo asali ne daga shekarar 1989 lokacin da Prudent Bank Plc. , An kuma kafa shi a matsayin kamfani mai iyaka. A cikin shekarar 1990, an ba bankin lasisi a matsayin Bankin kasuwanci. A wannan shekarar, an sake sanya shi a matsayin Prudent Merchant Bank Limited. A shekara ta 2006, Prudent Merchant Bank Limited ta haɗu da wasu bankunan huɗu don kafa Bankin Skye Plc. :<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Obinna |first=Chima |date=24 September 2018 |title=A Decade after, Like Lehman Brothers, Like Skye Bank? |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/09/24/a-decade-after-like-lehman-brothers-like-skye-bank/ |access-date=5 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=OMEJE |first=Chikezie |date=2018-09-22 |title=Skye Bank takeover: A journey from Afribank to Polaris Bank. |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/skye-bank-takeover-a-journey-from-afribank-to-polaris-bank/ |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=The ICIR |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Bankin Bond Limited * Bankin Ƙasa da Ƙasa na EIB Plc. * Bankin Reliance Limited * Bankin haɗin gwiwa Plc. A watan Mayun shekarar 2021, bankin ya gabatar da VULTe, dandalin banki na dijital. Bankin kuma yana ba da banki na Intanet da banki na hannu.<ref name="7R">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2011 |title=Nigeria: Skye Bank Unveils First Mastercard Verve |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201101270508.html |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=[[Daily Champion]] via [[AllAfrica.com]]}}</ref> A cikin 2014, bankin ya sami Mainstreet Bank Limited . <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2014 |title=MainStreet Bank, Acquired by Polaris Bank Ltd. on October 31st, 2014 {{!}} Mergr |url=https://mergr.com/mainstreet-bank-acquired-by-polaris-bank |access-date=20 August 2022 |website=Mergr.com}}</ref> == Mallaka == A ranar 21 ga Satumban shekarar 2018, [[Godwin Emefiele]], gwamnan Babban Bankin Najeriya, ya sanar a Legas cewa bankin ya soke lasisin aiki na Bankin Skye. Ya kuma bayyana cewa sabon bangare, Bankin Polaris zai karɓi kadarorin da nauyin bankin saboda rashin iyawar masu hannun jari na Bankin Skye su sake dawo da bankin bayan shiga tsakani na shekarar 2016. A watan Agustan shekarar 2022, gudanarwar Bankin Polaris ta musanta rahotanni cewa ana sayar da bankin ga Auwal Lawan Abdullah, dangi na [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=olufemiajasa |date=2022-08-05 |title=Polaris Bank not sold, management debunks fake news |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/08/polaris-bank-not-sold-management-debunks-fake-news/ |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-05 |title=Polaris Bank in Safe Hands, No Need to Panic—Management {{!}} Business Post Nigeria |url=https://businesspost.ng/banking/polaris-bank-in-safe-hands-no-need-to-panic-management/ |access-date=2022-08-23 |language=en-GB}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 2022, Babban Bankin Najeriya (CBN) da Kamfanin Gudanar da Kasuwanci na Najeriya (AMCON) sun ba da sanarwar sayar da kashi 100 cikin 100 na daidaito a Bankin Polaris ga Strategic Capital Investment Limited, wanda ya biya la'akari da N50billion (kimanin dala miliyan 115). Sun kuma amince da biyan N1.305 tiriliyan (kimanin dala biliyan 3) a cikin takardun da CBN da AMCON suka saka a cikin Polaris. A sakamakon wannan ma'amala, CBN da AMCON sun dawo da duk babban birnin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Polaris tun a shekarar 2018.<ref name="SaleR">{{Cite web |last=Mark Itsibor |date=20 October 2022 |title=CBN, AMCON Announce Sale Of Polaris Bank |url=https://leadership.ng/just-in-cbn-amcon-announce-sale-of-polaris-bank/ |access-date=23 October 2022 |website=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership Nigeria]]}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2024, Babban Bankin Najeriya ya rushe kwamitin da gudanarwa na Bankin Polaris kuma ya naɗa Kayode Lawal a matsayin sabon Babban Darakta.<ref name="new_directors">{{Cite web |last=Mark Itsibor |date=11 January 2024 |title=Meet the new directors of Polaris Bank |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/meet-the-new-directors-of-polaris-bank/ |access-date=11 January 2024 |website=[[Businessday (newspaper)|Businessday Nigeria]]}}</ref> == Cibiyar sadarwa ta reshe == Bankin Polaris Limited yana kula da cibiyar sadarwar reshe mai alaƙa da rassa sama da 260 a duk sassan [[Najeriya]]. Bankin yana kula da hedikwatar ta a 3 Akin Adesola Street, Victoria Island, Legas, [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya. == Gudanarwa == Daga shekarar 2016, shugaban kwamitin shine M. K. Ahmad, wanda ya jagoranci kwamitin daraktoci mai mambobi 16. babban jami'in zartarwa da manajan ƙungiyar shine Innocent Ike, wanda aka naɗa a watan Satumbar shekarar 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Awojulugbe |first=Oluseyi |date=August 29, 2020 |title=Innocent Ike appointed acting MD of Polaris Bank |url=https://www.thecable.ng/innocent-ike-appointed-acting-md-of-polaris-bank |access-date=August 29, 2020 |website=The cable}}</ref> Bayan sayen da Strategic Capital ya yi a watan Oktoba na 2022, Adekunle Sonola ya zama babban jami'in zartarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ugwu |first=Chris |date=2022-10-22 |title=Meet Adekunle Sonola, the new MD/CEO of Polaris Bank Limited |url=https://nairametrics.com/2022/10/22/meet-adekunle-sonola-the-new-md-ceo-of-polaris-bank-limited/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2024, Babban Bankin Najeriya (CBN) ya rushe kwamitin da gudanarwa na Bankin Polaris kuma ya nada Omokayode Lawal a matsayin sabon babban Jami'in Zartarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2024 |title=Profile: Omokayode Lawal, Polaris Bank's new MD/CEO |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/business/business-news/657953-profile-omokayode-lawal-polaris-banks-new-md-ceo.html/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=PremiumTimes |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == A cikin shekarar 2023, an ba shi suna Bankin Digital mafi kyau na shekara a karo na uku a Bankin [[Jaridar Business Day (Najeriya)|Kasuwanci]] da Sauran Cibiyoyin Kudi (BAFI) Awards a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Again, Polaris Wins Nigeria’s Best Digital Bank Award with VULTe – THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/10/30/again-polaris-wins-nigerias-best-digital-bank-award-with-vulte/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref>. An ba bankin kyautar Mafi Kyawu a cikin MSME (Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises Lending) a MSME Finance Awards 2024 (wanda shine na farko na irin sa). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Apanpa |first=Olaniyi |date=2024-10-02 |title=Polaris Bank wins ‘Best in MSME lending’ award |url=https://punchng.com/polaris-bank-wins-best-in-msme-lending-award/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya lashe kyautar "Bankin Mafi Kyawu ga MSMEs" a Bankunan BusinessDAY da sauran Cibiyoyin Kudi (BAFI) a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moses-Ashike |first=Hope |date=2024-11-11 |title=Polaris Bank wins BusinessDay's “Best Bank for MSMEs” award |url=https://businessday.ng/banking/article/polaris-bank-wins-businessdays-best-bank-for-msmes-award/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}</ref>. == Dubi kuma ==   * [[Tattalin arzikin Najeriya]] * [[Bankunan Najeriya|Jerin bankunan a Najeriya]] * Jerin bankunan Afirka. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|http://polarisbanklimited.com}} * [https://businessday.ng/news/article/meet-the-new-directors-of-polaris-bank/] Ya zuwa 11 ga Janairu 2024. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kokjieo6x6e0baw46szqcronmwobqlv 0 120845 822063 736777 2026-04-18T07:31:46Z Garbu Audu 44085 822063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:ShipTracks_MODIS_2005may11.jpg|alt=Refer to caption|thumb|Ana iya ganin waƙoƙin jirgin ruwa a matsayin layi a cikin waɗannan girgije a kan Tekun Atlantika a Gabashin Gabashin Amurka, misali na tasirin Twomey.]] Sakamakon Twomey ya bayyana yadda ƙarin ƙwayoyin girgije (CCN), mai yiwuwa daga gurɓataccen ɗan adam, na iya ƙara yawan Hasken rana da girgije ke nunawa. Wannan sakamako ne na kai tsaye (ko tilasta radiative) ta irin waɗannan barbashi, kamar yadda ya bambanta da tasirin kai tsaye (tilasta) saboda ingantawar warwatsewa ko shan radiation ta irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin ba a cikin girgije ba.q Dutse na girgije yawanci yana samuwa a kan barbashi na aerosol waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin CCN. Ƙara yawan adadin CCN na iya haifar da samar da ƙarin ɗigon girgije tare da ƙarami. Karin yawan adadi yana ƙara 2" href="./Optical_depth" id="mwFw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Optical depth">zurfin gani na girgije, wanda ke haifar da karuwa a cikin albedo na girgije yana sa girgije ya fi fari. Hotunan tauraron dan adam galibi suna nuna hanyoyin girgije, ko kuma ingantaccen haske na girgije, a bayan jiragen ruwa masu tafiya a teku saboda wannan sakamako. Ragewar matsakaicin matsakaicin duniya na hasken rana saboda karuwar yawan CCN yana haifar da tasirin sanyaya akan yanayi; matsakaicin girman duniya na wannan tasirin a zamanin masana'antu an kiyasta tsakanin -0.3 da -1.8 W / m2.&nbsp; == Rarraba == Ka yi la'akari da girgije iri ɗaya wanda kuma ya shimfiɗa ba tare da iyaka ba a cikin jirgin sama a kwance, ka kuma ɗauka cewa girman rarrabawar ƙwayoyin yana kusa da matsakaicin darajar r ̄ {\displaystyle {\bar {r}}} . Tsarin ruwa na girgije shine : <math>\tau=2\pi\;\! h\bar{r}^{2} N</math> inda τ {\displaystyle \tau } shine zurfin gani, h {\displaystyle h} shi ne kauri girgije, r ̄ {\displaystyle {\bar {r}}} shine matsakaicin girman ƙwayoyin, kuma N {\displaystyle N} shine yawan adadin ɗigon girgije. Tsarin don zurfin gani na girgije shine : <math>LWC = \frac{4}{3} \pi\bar{r}^{3}\rho_L N</math> inda ρ L {\displaystyle \rho _{L}} shine yawan ruwa. Idan muka yi la'akari da tunaninmu za mu iya hada ma'auni biyu da suka gabata don samarwa : <math>\tau= \frac{3}{2} \frac{h \, LWC}{\rho_L \bar{r}}</math> Don samun tasirin canji N {\displaystyle N} yayin kiyayewa h {\displaystyle h} , ρ L {\displaystyle \rho _{L}} da kuma L W C {\displaystyle LWC} dindindin, daga lissafin ƙarshe za mu iya rubuta : <math>\tau \propto \frac{1}{\bar{r}}</math> kuma daga ma'auni don L W C {\displaystyle LWC} za mu iya rubutu : <math>\bar{r}^{3} \propto \frac{1}{N}</math> saboda haka : <math>\tau \propto N^{1/3}</math> Wannan ya kwatanta Tasirin Twomey ta hanyar lissafi, wato, don abun cikin ruwa na yau da kullun, L W C {\displaystyle LWC} , ƙara yawan ɗigon girgije, N {\displaystyle N} , yana ƙara zurfin gani na girgije. == Dubi kuma == * Tasirin Albrecht * Sulfate * [[Canjin yanayi|Aerosols da soot]] * [[Girgije mai ruwa|Ruwa]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Bayanan littattafai ==   k7svathxb2o5p8ovat5xepwawiva0ma 0 123488 821983 748686 2026-04-17T18:06:50Z ~2026-23832-82 44071 821983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tarayya''' (FMC) [[Abeokuta]] ta wanzu a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 1983, lokacin da asibitin jihar, Idi-Aba, ya mika shi ga gwamnatin tarayya ta Gwamnan jihar na lokacin, [[Olusegun Osoba|Cif Olusegun Osoba]] don ci gaba a cikin cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta tarayya ga mutanen [[Ogun|Jihar Ogun]] da [[Ɗan Nijeriya|'Yan Najeriya]] gaba ɗaya.<ref name="wstate">{{Cite web |title=FMC Abeokuta gets accreditation |url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2003/may/24/0143.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130118055822/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2003/may/24/0143.html |archive-date=January 18, 2013 |access-date=2011-06-13 |publisher=biafranigeriaworld}}</ref> Daraktan kiwon lafiya na farko, Farfesa E. O. Otolorin ya jagoranci jirgin asibitin a hankali tsakanin 1993 da 1999. Dokta T. O. Motayo ne ya gaje shi wanda ya gudanar da asibitin tsakanin 2000 da 2008. Dokta O. S. Sotiloye ne ya gaje shi wanda ya jagoranci harkokin asibiti har zuwa 2017. Tun daga wannan lokacin Farfesa A.A.Musa ne ya gaje shi, wanda ya riga ya shafe shekaru 4 a ofis.<ref>[https://jackbotanicals.com/product/white-borneo-capsules/ white borneo]</ref> == Aikin == Manufar asibitin kamar yadda ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon hukuma shine "Don samar da inganci da kuma lokacin asibiti da sauran ayyukan tallafi ga marasa lafiya a cikin iko, da kuma ayyukan bincike da horo, da kuma zama zaɓi na neman sabis na kiwon lafiya a cikin Jihar Ogun da kewayenta".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Page - Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta |url=https://www.fmcabeokuta.net/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan asibiti == * Ayyukan jinya * Tarihin Lafiya * Magungunan Iyali * Gidan magani * Magungunan yara * Magungunan ciki * Magungunan haihuwa da gynecology * Aikin tiyata * Anaesthesia / ICU * Abinci * Abinci da Abinci * Ilimin cututtukan jikin mutum * Haematology * Kwayoyin Kwayoyin Kwalejin Kwalejin * Ilimin kimiyyar kiwon lafiya * Magungunan jiki * Kayan hakora na dawowa * Kayan rigakafin hakora * Lafiyar Magana ta Yara * Magana & fuska * Lafiyar Zuciya da Magungunan Halin * Radiology * Ilimin ido * Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a * Laburaren Kiwon Lafiya * Orthopedic & Trauma * CMPC * Ciwo da Rashin Rashin Ruwa * ENT * Kimiyyar cutar kanjamau * Lafiya da Tsaro na Muhalli === Ba Aikin Asibiti ba === * Gudanarwa * Fasahar Sadarwa ta Bayanai (ICT) * Kudi da Asusun * Binciken Cikin Gida * Dangantaka da Bayani (PRO) * Ayyuka * Sayar da kayayyaki * Tsaro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Page - Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta |url=https://www.fmcabeokuta.net/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> == CMD == CMD na cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta tarayya abeokuta Mista Abdullahi Dayo Isra'ila, shugaban kasar [[Bola Tinubu|Bola Armed]] ne ya nada shi a watan Janairun shekara ta 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Page - Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta |url=https://www.fmcabeokuta.net/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Haɗin kai == Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tarayya abeokuta, ta yi aiki tare da gidan majalisa na jihar don yaki da cutar kansa a jihar . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Page - Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta |url=https://www.fmcabeokuta.net/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Fayil:Federal_Medical_Centre,_Idi-aba,_Abeokuta.jpg|thumb]] == Shafukan da suka danganci == * [[Asibitin Tarayya na Azare|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tarayya, Azare]] == Manazarta == 6mh0uqwli5mbbxlwzjm9uf7s3fbbjf0 822030 821983 2026-04-17T21:07:41Z Lp0 on fire 41466 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-23832-82|~2026-23832-82]] ([[User talk:~2026-23832-82|talk]]): Spam (TwinkleGlobal) 822030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tarayya''' (FMC) [[Abeokuta]] ta wanzu a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 1983, lokacin da asibitin jihar, Idi-Aba, ya mika shi ga gwamnatin tarayya ta Gwamnan jihar na lokacin, [[Olusegun Osoba|Cif Olusegun Osoba]] don ci gaba a cikin cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta tarayya ga mutanen [[Ogun|Jihar Ogun]] da [[Ɗan Nijeriya|'Yan Najeriya]] gaba ɗaya.<ref name="wstate">{{Cite web |title=FMC Abeokuta gets accreditation |url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2003/may/24/0143.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130118055822/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2003/may/24/0143.html |archive-date=January 18, 2013 |access-date=2011-06-13 |publisher=biafranigeriaworld}}</ref> Daraktan kiwon lafiya na farko, Farfesa E. O. Otolorin ya jagoranci jirgin asibitin a hankali tsakanin 1993 da 1999. Dokta T. O. Motayo ne ya gaje shi wanda ya gudanar da asibitin tsakanin 2000 da 2008. Dokta O. S. Sotiloye ne ya gaje shi wanda ya jagoranci harkokin asibiti har zuwa 2017. Tun daga wannan lokacin Farfesa A.A.Musa ne ya gaje shi, wanda ya riga ya shafe shekaru 4 a ofis. == Aikin == Manufar asibitin kamar yadda ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon hukuma shine "Don samar da inganci da kuma lokacin asibiti da sauran ayyukan tallafi ga marasa lafiya a cikin iko, da kuma ayyukan bincike da horo, da kuma zama zaɓi na neman sabis na kiwon lafiya a cikin Jihar Ogun da kewayenta".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Page - Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta |url=https://www.fmcabeokuta.net/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan asibiti == * Ayyukan jinya * Tarihin Lafiya * Magungunan Iyali * Gidan magani * Magungunan yara * Magungunan ciki * Magungunan haihuwa da gynecology * Aikin tiyata * Anaesthesia / ICU * Abinci * Abinci da Abinci * Ilimin cututtukan jikin mutum * Haematology * Kwayoyin Kwayoyin Kwalejin Kwalejin * Ilimin kimiyyar kiwon lafiya * Magungunan jiki * Kayan hakora na dawowa * Kayan rigakafin hakora * Lafiyar Magana ta Yara * Magana & fuska * Lafiyar Zuciya da Magungunan Halin * Radiology * Ilimin ido * Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a * Laburaren Kiwon Lafiya * Orthopedic & Trauma * CMPC * Ciwo da Rashin Rashin Ruwa * ENT * Kimiyyar cutar kanjamau * Lafiya da Tsaro na Muhalli === Ba Aikin Asibiti ba === * Gudanarwa * Fasahar Sadarwa ta Bayanai (ICT) * Kudi da Asusun * Binciken Cikin Gida * Dangantaka da Bayani (PRO) * Ayyuka * Sayar da kayayyaki * Tsaro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Page - Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta |url=https://www.fmcabeokuta.net/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> == CMD == CMD na cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta tarayya abeokuta Mista Abdullahi Dayo Isra'ila, shugaban kasar [[Bola Tinubu|Bola Armed]] ne ya nada shi a watan Janairun shekara ta 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Page - Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta |url=https://www.fmcabeokuta.net/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Haɗin kai == Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tarayya abeokuta, ta yi aiki tare da gidan majalisa na jihar don yaki da cutar kansa a jihar . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Page - Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta |url=https://www.fmcabeokuta.net/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Fayil:Federal_Medical_Centre,_Idi-aba,_Abeokuta.jpg|thumb]] == Shafukan da suka danganci == * [[Asibitin Tarayya na Azare|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tarayya, Azare]] == Manazarta == tabrf5dn6exd3j463vetm1f69aw69li 0 125923 822103 755852 2026-04-18T09:47:42Z K Bogi 44093 822103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elizabeth Johnston Evans Johnston''' (May 3, 1851 – December 20, 1934) was an American philanthropist, social worker, and clubwoman. She served as president of the board of control of the Alabama boys industrial school, and was the vice-regent of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association from [[Alabama]]. In 1981, Johnston was inducted into the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Elizabeth Johnston (sunayen lakabi, "Johnsie" ko "Lizzie") An haifi Evans a ranar 3 ga Mayun shekarar 1851, a Greensboro, North Carolina . Iyayenta sune Peter Gustavus da Anne Eliza (Morehead) Evans, waɗanda ke zaune a New Bern, North Carolina, kyaftin din kamfanin sojan doki na sa kai, kuma daga baya kwamandan rundunar sojan dangi ta 63 ta Arewacin Carolina, Sojojin Tarayyar Amurka. Ta kasance jikokin Peter da Nancy (Johnston) Evans, na Misira, North Carolina, da kuma John Motley da Anne Eliza (Lindsay) Morehead, na Greensboro . Ta fito ne daga Juduthun Harper, wanda ya yi aiki a majalisa ta mulkin mallaka kuma jami'i ne a cikin Sojojin Juyin Juya Halin . Wani kakan shi ne Karenhappuck-Norman Turner, sanannen ma'aikacin jinya wanda ke da 'ya'ya maza bakwai a cikin Sojojin Juyin Juya Halin, wanda ya hau doki daga gidanta a [[Maryland]] zuwa Guilford, North Carolina, ya isa can bayan yakin Guilford Court House, kuma ya ceci rayuwar Colonel Forbes da ɗaya daga cikin' ya'yanta maza, kuma don nuna godiya ga ayyukanta na kishin kasa a duk wannan lokacin, an gina wani abin tunawa da ita a filin yaƙi na Guilford (yanzu, Guilford Kotun Sojojin Kasa na Guilforth National Military Park). 'Yan uwan Johnston sune: Smith (an haife shi a shekara ta 1847), Evans (an haifee a shekara ta 1852), Evans (an shekara ta 1853), Louise (an haifi a shekara ta 1804), Evans (an mutu a shekara ta 1850), da tagwayen John da Peter (an haifu a shekara ta 1867). <ref name="familysearch">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Johnston "Jonsie" Evans Female 3 May 1851 – 20 December 1934 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/K631-NWB |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=www.familysearch.org}}</ref> Johnston ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Mata ta Charlotte (yanzu, Jami'ar Queens ta Charlotte), [[North Carolina|Arewacin Carolina]] . == Ayyuka == Bayan ta koma Birmingham, Alabama a 1887, tare da mijinta da 'ya'yanta, ta shiga cikin ayyukan jama'a, ilimi da taimakon jama'a na wannan birni. Bayan ya gabatar da bukatar makarantar sake fasalin ga yara maza masu laifi ga Alabama Federation of Women's Clubs, Johnston ya sami goyon baya daga wannan kungiya don aikin majalisa, kuma an sanya shi shugaban kwamitin majalisa, an ba shi izinin matsawa da aiwatar da doka a lokacin zaman 1898-99, yin amfani, ba da sashi, da kuma ƙirƙirar kwamitin kula da zai kunshi mata bakwai, gwamnan, babban lauya, da sakataren noma. Ta cimma burinta, kuma lokacin da aka shirya kwamitin a cikin 1900, an zabe ta shugabanta kuma ta rike wannan mukamin na tsawon shekaru 34, har zuwa mutuwarta a shekara ta 1934. <ref name="Thomas2020" /> Makarantar ta kasance a East Lake. Wannan shi ne kwamitin farko na Jihar a Alabama wanda aka hada da mata. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar mai mulki ga kungiyar mata ta Mount Vernon na shekaru da yawa. A wannan rawar, ta sami kuma ta ba wa ƙungiyar takobi wanda ya kasance na Janar George Washington, wanda 'ya'yanta maza suka gabatar da ita a cikin sunanta; sofa wanda asalinsa ya kasance a Dutsen Vernon; sash wanda aka ɗauke Janar Edward Braddock daga fagen yaƙi, wanda ya ba mataimakinsa, Col. George Washington, kuma wanda aka gani; kyautar gado wanda dangin Martha Washington ya yi; da kyautar gadon sansanin da Janar Washington ya yi amfani da shi a cikin kamfen dinsa.[1] Fiye da shekaru 25, Johnston ta kasance shugabar kungiyar Highland Book Club, kungiyar da ta shirya.<ref name="Flynt2004" /> Shekaru 15, ita, tare da mijinta da Julia Tutwiler, ta yi hidima ga jin daɗin ruhaniya na fursunoni a ciki da kusa da Birmingham, tana koyarwa a makarantun Lahadi na kurkuku, musamman ga waɗanda aka yanke musu hukunci waɗanda suka yi aiki a sansanin masu laifi na Pratt Coal Mine. == Rayuwar Sirri == Mafi yawan lokacinta, tun 1915, an ciyar da ita a gonar apple, kusa da Winchester, Virginia. Ta kuma sami gidan bazara a Port Dover, Ontario . Ta kasance 'yar Democrat kuma 'yar Presbyterian. A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1871, a Greensboro, North Carolina, ta auri Robert Daniel Johnston . Yaran su sune: Louisa (an haife shi a shekara ta 1872), Gordon (an haifee shi a shekara de 1874), Robert Daniel Jr. (an haifi shi a shekara d 1877), Nancy (an haifu shi a shekara ya 1881), Lizzie (an haifa a shekara ta 1884), Evans (an haif shi a shekara a shekara ta 1865), Eugenia (an haifaa a shekara ta 1888), Ewart (an haihu shi a shekara wa 1889), Letitia (an haifin shekara ta 1896), da Gerald.<ref name="familysearch">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Johnston "Jonsie" Evans Female 3 May 1851 – 20 December 1934 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/K631-NWB |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=www.familysearch.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/K631-NWB "Elizabeth Johnston "Jonsie" Evans Female 3 May 1851 – 20 December 1934"]. ''www.familysearch.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> A cikin Holland's: The Magazine of the South (volume 50, Fabrairu 1931), Mary Johnston Avery ta wallafa wani ɗan gajeren tarihin rayuwa, "Southern Personalities - Johnsie Evans Johnston".<ref name="Hollands1931">{{Cite journal |date=1931 |title=Contents |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kEP2Wig5bvIC&q=evans+johnston+Johnsie |journal=Holland's: The Magazine of the South |language=en |publisher=Texas farm and ranch Publishing Company |page=90 |access-date=29 November 2023}}</ref> == Mutuwa da gado == Elizabeth Johnston Evans Johnston ta mutu a Birmingham, Alabama, a ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1934. <ref name="familysearch">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Johnston "Jonsie" Evans Female 3 May 1851 – 20 December 1934 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/K631-NWB |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=www.familysearch.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/K631-NWB "Elizabeth Johnston "Jonsie" Evans Female 3 May 1851 – 20 December 1934"]. ''www.familysearch.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Interment ya kasance a Kabari na Elmwood na wannan birni. Ana gudanar da takardunta a ɗakin karatu na shugaban kasa na George Washington a Dutsen Vernon . <ref name="mountvernonorg">{{Cite web |title=Johnston, Elizabeth Johnston Evans, 1851-1934 {{!}} The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon ArchivesSpace |url=https://archives.mountvernon.org/agents/people/827 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=archives.mountvernon.org}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == * 1931, fitacciyar mace ta shekara, Birmingham News Loving Cup * 1981, Gidan shahararrun Mata na Alabama <ref name="AWHF">{{Cite web |title=Alabama Women's Hall of Fame - Elizabeth Johnston |url=http://www.awhf.org/johnston.html |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=www.awhf.org}}</ref><ref name="AWHForg">{{Cite web |title=Alabama Women's Hall of Fame Alphabetical List of Inductees |url=http://www.awhf.org/alphalist.html |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=www.awhf.org}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cfvrh2zy1r7lxo7pb9xqws18p183gzz 822104 822103 2026-04-18T09:48:05Z K Bogi 44093 822104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elizabeth Johnston Evans Johnston''' (May 3, 1851 – December 20, 1934) was an American philanthropist, social worker, and clubwoman. She served as president of the board of control of the Alabama boys industrial school, and was the vice-regent of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association from [[Alabama]]. In 1981, Johnston was inducted into the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Elizabeth Johnston (sunayen lakabi, "Johnsie" ko "Lizzie") An haifi Evans a ranar 3 ga Mayun shekarar 1851, a Greensboro, North Carolina . Iyayenta sune Peter Gustavus da Anne Eliza (Morehead) Evans, waɗanda ke zaune a New Bern, North Carolina, kyaftin din kamfanin sojan doki na sa kai, kuma daga baya kwamandan rundunar sojan dangi ta 63 ta Arewacin Carolina, Sojojin Tarayyar Amurka. Ta kasance jikokin Peter da Nancy (Johnston) Evans, na Misira, North Carolina, da kuma John Motley da Anne Eliza (Lindsay) Morehead, na Greensboro . Ta fito ne daga Juduthun Harper, wanda ya yi aiki a majalisa ta mulkin mallaka kuma jami'i ne a cikin Sojojin Juyin Juya Halin . Wani kakan shi ne Karenhappuck-Norman Turner, sanannen ma'aikacin jinya wanda ke da 'ya'ya maza bakwai a cikin Sojojin Juyin Juya Halin, wanda ya hau doki daga gidanta a [[Maryland]] zuwa Guilford, North Carolina, ya isa can bayan yakin Guilford Court House, kuma ya ceci rayuwar Colonel Forbes da ɗaya daga cikin' ya'yanta maza, kuma don nuna godiya ga ayyukanta na kishin kasa a duk wannan lokacin, an gina wani abin tunawa da ita a filin yaƙi na Guilford (yanzu, Guilford Kotun Sojojin Kasa na Guilforth National Military Park). 'Yan uwan Johnston sune: Smith (an haife shi a shekara ta 1847), Evans (an haifee a shekara ta 1852), Evans (an shekara ta 1853), Louise (an haifi a shekara ta 1804), Evans (an mutu a shekara ta 1850), da tagwayen John da Peter (an haifu a shekara ta 1867). <ref name="familysearch">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Johnston "Jonsie" Evans Female 3 May 1851 – 20 December 1934 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/K631-NWB |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=www.familysearch.org}}</ref> Johnston ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Mata ta Charlotte (yanzu, Jami'ar Queens ta Charlotte), [[North Carolina|Arewacin Carolina]] . == Ayyuka == Bayan ta koma Birmingham, Alabama a shekarar 1887, tare da mijinta da 'ya'yanta, ta shiga cikin ayyukan jama'a, ilimi da taimakon jama'a na wannan birni. Bayan ya gabatar da bukatar makarantar sake fasalin ga yara maza masu laifi ga Alabama Federation of Women's Clubs, Johnston ya sami goyon baya daga wannan kungiya don aikin majalisa, kuma an sanya shi shugaban kwamitin majalisa, an ba shi izinin matsawa da aiwatar da doka a lokacin zaman 1898-99, yin amfani, ba da sashi, da kuma ƙirƙirar kwamitin kula da zai kunshi mata bakwai, gwamnan, babban lauya, da sakataren noma. Ta cimma burinta, kuma lokacin da aka shirya kwamitin a cikin 1900, an zabe ta shugabanta kuma ta rike wannan mukamin na tsawon shekaru 34, har zuwa mutuwarta a shekara ta 1934. <ref name="Thomas2020" /> Makarantar ta kasance a East Lake. Wannan shi ne kwamitin farko na Jihar a Alabama wanda aka hada da mata. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar mai mulki ga kungiyar mata ta Mount Vernon na shekaru da yawa. A wannan rawar, ta sami kuma ta ba wa ƙungiyar takobi wanda ya kasance na Janar George Washington, wanda 'ya'yanta maza suka gabatar da ita a cikin sunanta; sofa wanda asalinsa ya kasance a Dutsen Vernon; sash wanda aka ɗauke Janar Edward Braddock daga fagen yaƙi, wanda ya ba mataimakinsa, Col. George Washington, kuma wanda aka gani; kyautar gado wanda dangin Martha Washington ya yi; da kyautar gadon sansanin da Janar Washington ya yi amfani da shi a cikin kamfen dinsa.[1] Fiye da shekaru 25, Johnston ta kasance shugabar kungiyar Highland Book Club, kungiyar da ta shirya.<ref name="Flynt2004" /> Shekaru 15, ita, tare da mijinta da Julia Tutwiler, ta yi hidima ga jin daɗin ruhaniya na fursunoni a ciki da kusa da Birmingham, tana koyarwa a makarantun Lahadi na kurkuku, musamman ga waɗanda aka yanke musu hukunci waɗanda suka yi aiki a sansanin masu laifi na Pratt Coal Mine. == Rayuwar Sirri == Mafi yawan lokacinta, tun 1915, an ciyar da ita a gonar apple, kusa da Winchester, Virginia. Ta kuma sami gidan bazara a Port Dover, Ontario . Ta kasance 'yar Democrat kuma 'yar Presbyterian. A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1871, a Greensboro, North Carolina, ta auri Robert Daniel Johnston . Yaran su sune: Louisa (an haife shi a shekara ta 1872), Gordon (an haifee shi a shekara de 1874), Robert Daniel Jr. (an haifi shi a shekara d 1877), Nancy (an haifu shi a shekara ya 1881), Lizzie (an haifa a shekara ta 1884), Evans (an haif shi a shekara a shekara ta 1865), Eugenia (an haifaa a shekara ta 1888), Ewart (an haihu shi a shekara wa 1889), Letitia (an haifin shekara ta 1896), da Gerald.<ref name="familysearch">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Johnston "Jonsie" Evans Female 3 May 1851 – 20 December 1934 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/K631-NWB |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=www.familysearch.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/K631-NWB "Elizabeth Johnston "Jonsie" Evans Female 3 May 1851 – 20 December 1934"]. ''www.familysearch.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> A cikin Holland's: The Magazine of the South (volume 50, Fabrairu 1931), Mary Johnston Avery ta wallafa wani ɗan gajeren tarihin rayuwa, "Southern Personalities - Johnsie Evans Johnston".<ref name="Hollands1931">{{Cite journal |date=1931 |title=Contents |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kEP2Wig5bvIC&q=evans+johnston+Johnsie |journal=Holland's: The Magazine of the South |language=en |publisher=Texas farm and ranch Publishing Company |page=90 |access-date=29 November 2023}}</ref> == Mutuwa da gado == Elizabeth Johnston Evans Johnston ta mutu a Birmingham, Alabama, a ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1934. <ref name="familysearch">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Johnston "Jonsie" Evans Female 3 May 1851 – 20 December 1934 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/K631-NWB |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=www.familysearch.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/K631-NWB "Elizabeth Johnston "Jonsie" Evans Female 3 May 1851 – 20 December 1934"]. ''www.familysearch.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Interment ya kasance a Kabari na Elmwood na wannan birni. Ana gudanar da takardunta a ɗakin karatu na shugaban kasa na George Washington a Dutsen Vernon . <ref name="mountvernonorg">{{Cite web |title=Johnston, Elizabeth Johnston Evans, 1851-1934 {{!}} The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon ArchivesSpace |url=https://archives.mountvernon.org/agents/people/827 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=archives.mountvernon.org}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == * 1931, fitacciyar mace ta shekara, Birmingham News Loving Cup * 1981, Gidan shahararrun Mata na Alabama <ref name="AWHF">{{Cite web |title=Alabama Women's Hall of Fame - Elizabeth Johnston |url=http://www.awhf.org/johnston.html |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=www.awhf.org}}</ref><ref name="AWHForg">{{Cite web |title=Alabama Women's Hall of Fame Alphabetical List of Inductees |url=http://www.awhf.org/alphalist.html |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=www.awhf.org}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tiwml7949fhnc6s5tkkufxp8nknrtw8 0 126559 821964 757632 2026-04-17T17:13:48Z Joserpkm 35450 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 821964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Nova (tsohon Nova Group) babbar [[Makarantar Eikaiwa|Makarantar eikaiwa]] ce (kamfanin koyar da Ingilishi mai zaman kansa) a [[Japan]] . Ya kasance mafi girma <ref name="mktshare"> {{Cite web |date=2002–2003 |title=Nova Market Share |url=http://www.nova.ne.jp/english/corporation/05gaiyou/marketshare.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527232020/http://www.nova.ne.jp/english/corporation/05gaiyou/marketshare.html |archive-date=27 May 2008 |access-date=21 March 2007 |publisher=Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry |via=nova.ne.jp}}</ref> kamfani na wannan nau'in har zuwa rushewar da aka yada a cikin Oktoba 2007. Kafin fatararsa, Nova ta dauki ma'aikata kusan mutane 15,000 a duk faɗin ƙungiyar kamfanoni waɗanda ke tallafawa ayyukan da kuma fadada daga "Tsarin Al'adu" na makarantun harshe. Matsayin ayyukan kasuwancinsa ya kai kololuwa a watan Fabrairun 2007 biyo bayan fadada sarkarsa zuwa rassan Nova 924 tare da Cibiyar Multimedia da ke [[Osaka]]. Nova, wanda aka sani da kunshin darussan farashi mai tsada <ref name="stranded"> {{Cite web |date=31 October 2007 |title=Stranded foreign teachers left penniless after Nova's fall |url=http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/420857 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031184611/http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/420857 |archive-date=31 October 2007 |access-date=31 October 2007 |publisher=[[Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry|METI]]}}</ref> kuma daga baya ya sha wahala da karar da kuma tallace-tallace mara kyau, ya fara raguwa da gaske kusan nan da nan bayan Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki, Ciniki da Masana'antu ta sanya haramtacciyar watanni shida game da neman sabbin kwangila na dogon lokaci daga dalibai a kamfanin a ranar 13 ga Yuni 2007. Rikicin kudi da ke fuskantar Nova ya danganta da saurin karuwar da'awar maidowa, raguwa mai yawa a cikin adadi na tallace-tallace, da lalacewar sunanta, ya zo da kai ga kai a watan Satumbar 2007 lokacin da Nova ta fara jinkirta biyan albashi da kari ga ma'aikata. Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Kasashen Waje ta NAMBU a [[Tokyo]] ta kiyasta cewa har zuwa ma'aikata 3,000 ba su sami albashinsu a kan lokaci ba. An yi alkawarin mafita ga gazawar Nova na biyan albashi a ranar 19 ga Oktoba a cikin fax da aka aika wa makarantun reshe. A ranar 23 ga watan Oktoba ofishin Ma'aikata na Osaka ya amince da bukatar da masu koyar da ƙungiyar kwadago ta Nova suka yi don bincika tuhumar aikata laifuka a kan Shugaban Nova da wanda ya kafa shi, Nozomu Sahashi, game da jinkirin da albashi ba a biya shi ba, amma ba a tuhumi Sahashi ba. Ya ɗauki kusan watanni takwas don kamfanin ya kai inda ya shigar da kara don kariya ta fatarar kuɗi a ranar 26 ga Oktoba 2007, inda aka dakatar da kasuwancin hannun jarinsa kuma an cire shi a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 2007. A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2007 masu karɓar da kotu suka nada sun ba da sanarwar cewa G.Communication na Nagoya zai tallafawa Nova. Shirye-shiryen farko na G.com sun fara ne tare da sake buɗewa har zuwa makarantu 30 a wurare daban-daban ciki har da Tokyo da Osaka a ƙarshen Nuwamba 2007. G.com daga baya ya sayar da makarantun Nova 490 da 167 na GEOS a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2010 ga Inayoshi Holdings, tare da makarantun GEOS 50 da aka shirya don shiga ƙungiyar Nova a ƙarƙashin sunan "Nova x Geos" [1] a ranar 1 ta Nuwamba 2010. Ya zuwa 1 ga Fabrairu 2012 Nova mallakar Jibun Mirai Associe Co. Ltd. ne.[2] A ranar 2 ga Satumba 2013 Jibun Mirai ya kafa wani reshe mai suna Nova kuma ya sake dawo da sunan Nova.[3] Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2014 Nova tana aiki da rassa 310, <ref name="スクール検索">{{Cite web |title=スクール検索 |url=http://www.nova.co.jp/schools/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222060928/http://www.nova.co.jp/schools/ |archive-date=22 December 2013 |access-date=2 January 2014 |language=Japanese}}</ref> tare da dalibai 66,000 . A watan Janairun 2020, Monogusa ta gabatar da aikace-aikacen ilmantarwa "Monoxer", wanda kamfanin zai samar da shi ga dukkan gine-ginen makaranta na Nova a cikin Darasi na Kasuwanci / TOEIC wanda ya fara a watan Janairu 2020. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:NOVA_branch.JPG|thumb|Ofishin reshe na Nova]] An kafa kungiyar Nova a watan Agustan 1981 kuma Shugaba Nozomu Sahashi ne ya jagoranci.<ref name="corpprofile"> {{Cite web |date=2002–2003 |title=Nova Corporate profile |url=http://www.ekimae-nova.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104082542/http://www.nova.ne.jp/english/corporation/05gaiyou/gaiyou.html |archive-date=4 November 2007 |access-date=21 March 2007 |publisher=nova.ne.jp}}</ref> Hedikwatar kamfanin Nova tana cikin Osaka. Kamfanin shine mafi girman ma'aikacin 'yan kasashen waje a Japan, yana daukar ma'aikatan kasashen waje 7,000, 5,000 daga cikinsu suna aiki a matsayin masu koyar da harshe. <ref name="NovaSite" /> Kowace shekara, Nova ta hayar tsakanin malamai na kasashen waje 2,500 da 2,600 don maye gurbin wadanda suka bar.<ref name="NovaSite">{{Cite web |date=1 February 2007 |title=1月31日の報道について |trans-title=Notice from Nova regarding news reports |url=http://www.nova.ne.jp/ir/news/news070201.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203165857/http://www.nova.ne.jp/ir/news/news070201.html |archive-date=2007-02-03 |access-date=29 March 2007 |website=nova.ne.jp |language=Japanese}}</ref> Kodayake ba a buƙatar malamai su sami ainihin horo na ilimi ba, kamfanin ya ba da kyautar albashi ga malamai tare da takardar shaidar TEFL, kowane digiri na biyu, ko digiri a ilimi. An shigar da malamai kai tsaye bayan kammala karatun jami'a tare da kowane digiri wanda ya ba su damar samun biza ta aiki. An shigar da malamai daga kasashe masu halarta waɗanda zasu iya samun Visa na hutu ba tare da digiri ba.<ref name="MOFA">{{Cite web |title=The Working Holiday Programmes in Japan |url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/j_info/visit/w_holiday/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923193054/http://www.mofa.go.jp/j_info/visit/w_holiday/index.html |archive-date=23 September 2017 |access-date=5 June 2007 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan}}</ref> Sun yi aiki da sa'o'i kaɗan kuma sun sami albashi kaɗan fiye da malamai na cikakken lokaci. Sahashi da farko ya kafa kamfanin tare da dalibai biyu na makarantar sakandare daga Sweden da Kanada wanda ya sadu da su ta hanyar aboki wanda ke karatu a kasashen waje a [[Faris|Paris]]. Sun bude aji na farko a Shinsaibashi, Osaka. Sahashi ne ya zaɓi sunan Nova (kalma ta astronomical don fashewar taurari) ''Sabon'' ya ji zai yi kira ga ɗalibai masu zuwa. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1996, an sadu da gabatarwar jama'a ta farko ta Nova tare da zanga-zangar da yawa a gaban Nomura Securities da Tokyo Stock Exchange.<ref name="corpprofile"> {{Cite web |date=2002–2003 |title=Nova Corporate profile |url=http://www.ekimae-nova.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104082542/http://www.nova.ne.jp/english/corporation/05gaiyou/gaiyou.html |archive-date=4 November 2007 |access-date=21 March 2007 |publisher=nova.ne.jp}}</ref> Wani korafi da kungiyar Nova Union ta gabatar ya bayyana cewa kamfanin ya keta dokokin musayar Japan ta hanyar yin ƙarya cewa babu wata ƙungiya a Nova, ko kuma shari'a da ke jiran, kuma dangantakar ma'aikata tsakanin kamfanin da ma'aikatansa ta kasance mai abokantaka kuma ba ta da matsala.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 October 2010 |title=Retooled English school chains set to launch Nova x Geos brand |url=http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/business/T101014003658.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018050457/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/business/T101014003658.htm |archive-date=2010-10-18 |work=Yomiuri Shimbun}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 1997, Nova ta ci gaba da fadada yawan makarantun ta yayin da kasuwancin ta ya girma, daga makarantu 239 zuwa 623 a shekara ta 2004. <ref name="corpprofile"> {{Cite web |date=2002–2003 |title=Nova Corporate profile |url=http://www.ekimae-nova.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104082542/http://www.nova.ne.jp/english/corporation/05gaiyou/gaiyou.html |archive-date=4 November 2007 |access-date=21 March 2007 |publisher=nova.ne.jp}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002, Nova ta kama kashi 50% na jimlar kasuwar ta hanyar kudaden shiga (yen biliyan 61.5) kuma a shekara ta 2003, Nova ta sami kashi 66% na kasuwar ta yawan ɗalibai, wasu ɗalibai 410,000 gabaɗaya. Koyaya 2005 ya ga Nova ta rasa ƙasa a cikin jimlar kudaden shiga na tallace-tallace.<ref name="newsales"> {{Cite web |title=Nova Corp. Website |url=http://www.nova.ne.jp/ir/pdf/02market_share.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028071302/http://www.nova.ne.jp/ir/pdf/02market_share.pdf |archive-date=28 October 2007 |access-date=15 August 2007 |publisher=Nova}}</ref> Kamfanin ya kasance a cikin ja a cikin shekara ta kasuwanci da ta ƙare a watan Maris na shekara ta biyu a jere, wanda ya ba da asarar yen biliyan 3 a cikin kasafin kuɗi na 2005 da yen biliyan 2.4 a cikin kasabin kuɗi na 2006 bayan yunkurin fadadawa da ya gaza. Adadin dalibai ya fadi zuwa 418,000 a ƙarshen Maris: ya ragu da kashi 12.1 cikin dari daga shekara da ta gabata. A ranar 20 ga Satumba 2007, NOVA ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana la'akari da rufewa mai yawa har zuwa rassa 200. == Manazarta == dxyit9if8mwe0xymrfh0oljixksl8iv 0 131705 821977 815364 2026-04-17T17:28:04Z Joserpkm 35450 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 821977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lafiyar hankali a cikin ilimi shine tasirin da lafiyar hankali (ciki har da motsin rai, tunanin mutum, da jin daɗi jama'a) ke da shi akan aikin ilimi. Sau da yawa ana kallon Lafiyar kwakwalwa a matsayin batun manya, amma a zahiri, kusan rabin matasa a Amurka suna fama da cututtukan kwakwalwa, kuma kusan kashi 20% daga cikin waɗannan ana rarraba su a matsayin "mai tsanani". [1] Batutuwan lafiyar kwakwalwa na iya haifar da babbar matsala ga ɗalibai dangane da nasarar ilimi da zamantakewa a makaranta. [2] Tsarin ilimi a duniya yana bi da wannan batun daban, kai tsaye ta hanyar manufofin hukuma da kuma kai tsaye ta hanyoyin al'adu game da lafiyar kwakwalwa da jin daɗi. Wadannan darussan suna nan don gano cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa yadda ya kamata da kuma magance su ta amfani da magani, magani, ko wasu kayan aikin sauƙaƙewa. Lafiyar hankali da jin daɗin ɗalibai suna da goyon baya sosai daga makarantu. Makarantu suna ƙoƙarin inganta wayar da kan jama'a game da lafiyar kwakwalwa da albarkatu. Makarantu na iya taimaka wa waɗannan ɗalibai tare da tsoma baki, ƙungiyoyin tallafi, da warkewa. Wadannan albarkatun na iya taimakawa wajen rage mummunan tasirin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Makarantu na iya ƙirƙirar azuzuwan tilas bisa la'akari da lafiyar kwakwalwa wanda zai iya taimaka musu su ga alamun cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa.[2] [[Fayil:Primary_school_children_in_classroom.jpg|thumb|Yara na makarantar firamare a cikin aji]] == Yaduwar matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin matasa == A cewar Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa, kusan kashi 46% na matasa na Amurka masu shekaru 13-18 za su sha wahala daga wasu nau'ikan rikicewar hankali. Kimanin kashi 21% za su sha wahala daga wata cuta da aka rarraba a matsayin "mai tsanani," ma'ana cewa cuta tana lalata aikin su na yau da kullun, [1] amma kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na waɗannan matasa ba za su sami tallafin lafiyar kwakwalwa ba. [2] A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, matsalolin jiki, motsin rai, da zamantakewa kamar talauci, cin zarafi, ko Rashin hankali yana sa ɗalibai su kasance masu saukin kamuwa da cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa. An kiyasta daya cikin bakwai (14.3%) na yara masu shekaru 10-19 suna fuskantar yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa wanda ba a san shi ba kuma ba a kula da shi ba. Mafi yawan nau'ikan cututtuka tsakanin matasa kamar yadda NIMH ta ruwaito sune cututtukan damuwa (ciki har da cututtuken damuwa, Tsoro, cututtukani na damuwa, cututsin damuwa, da sauransu), tare da yaduwar rayuwa na kusan 25% a cikin matasa masu shekaru 13-18 da 6% na waɗancan lokuta ana rarraba su a matsayin masu tsanani.[3] Na gaba shine rikice-rikice na yanayi (babban rikice-rikicen baƙin ciki, rikice-ƙaryace na dysthymic, da / ko rikice-rubuce na bipolar), tare da yaduwar rayuwa na 14% da 4.7% don mummunar yanayi a cikin matasa.[4] Irin wannan cuta ta yau da kullun ita ce Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), wanda aka rarraba shi azaman cuta ta yara amma sau da yawa yana kaiwa cikin balaga da balaga. Yaduwar ADHD a cikin matasa na Amurka shine 9%, da kuma 1.8% don cututtuka masu tsanani.[5] Yana da mahimmanci a fahimci cewa ADHD matsala ce mai tsanani ba kawai ga yara ba har ma da manya. Lokacin da yara ke da ADHD wasu cututtukan kwakwalwa na iya fitowa daga abin da zai iya shafar iliminsu kuma ya hana su cin nasara.[6] A cewar Mental Health America, fiye da 10% na matasa suna nuna alamun baƙin ciki da ya isa ya lalata ikon su na aiki a makaranta, a gida, ko yayin gudanar da dangantaka.[1] Wani binciken da NIMH ta gudanar a shekarar 2021 ya gudanar ya danganta kashi 31.4% na mutuwar kashe-kashen da cutar ta hankali, wadanda suka fi dacewa da cutar rashin kulawa / rashin aiki (ADHD) ko baƙin ciki.[1] Kisan kai shine karo na biyu da ya haifar da mutuwa tsakanin mutanen da ke da shekaru 10-29 a Amurka a lokacin 2011-2019.[2] Yawancin matasa da matasa suna mutuwa daga kashe kansu fiye da ciwon daji, cutar zuciya, [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]], lahani na haihuwa, bugun jini, cutar huhu, mura, da cututtukan huhu masu tsanani.[3] Akwai matsakaicin yunkurin sama da 3,470 da dalibai suka yi a cikin maki 9-12.[4] A cewar APA, yawan dalibai da ke neman shawarar lafiyar kwakwalwa ta kwaleji yana ƙaruwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Tare da damuwa a matsayin abin da ya fi dacewa, baƙin ciki a matsayin na biyu, damuwa a matsayin na uku, batutuwan iyali a matsayin na huɗu, da kuma aikin ilimi da matsalolin dangantaka a matsayin na biyar da na shida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Mood Disorder Among Children |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090051/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> == Tasirin cututtukan yau da kullun akan masana kimiyya da rayuwar makaranta == Rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa na iya shafar ilmantarwa a cikin aji, <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Problems at School |url=http://www.acmh-mi.org/get-help/navigating/problems-at-school/ |access-date=March 22, 2022 |website=Association for Children's Mental Health (ACMH) |language=en-US |archive-date=October 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010174912/http://www.acmh-mi.org/get-help/navigating/problems-at-school/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> kamar rashin halarta, matsaloli tare da aikin ilimi, rashin haɗin kai na zamantakewa, matsala wajen daidaitawa zuwa makaranta, matsaloli tare le ka'idojin halayyar, da kuma kula da kuma mayar da hankali, dukansu suna da mahimmanci ga nasarar ɗalibin gaba ɗaya. Ba wai kawai cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa suna shafar rayuwar mutum ba, har ma da kasuwar aiki ta gasa. Daliban da ba su iya yin aiki a makaranta ba za su iya yin wasa a cikin ma'aikata ba. Daliban makarantar sakandare waɗanda ke nuna tabbatacce don rashin aiki na zamantakewa suna ba da rahoton sau uku fiye da kwanakin da ba su nan da na baya kamar ɗaliban da ba su gano rashin aiki ba. Wannan yana haifar da ƙimar raguwa sosai da ƙarancin nasarorin ilimi gaba ɗaya. A Amurka, kashi 40 cikin 100 ne kawai na dalibai da ke fama da cututtukan motsin rai, halayyar mutum, da lafiyar kwakwalwa suka kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin ƙasa na kashi 76.<ref name=":3" /> Binciken dalibai 40,350 daga cibiyoyi 70 da Posselt da Lipson suka yi ya gano cewa suna da damar 37% mafi girma na ci gaba da baƙin ciki da kuma damar 69% mafi girma ta ci gaba da damuwa idan sun fahimci yanayin ajiyar su a matsayin gasa sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> === Damuwa === Dalibai da ke fama da rikice-rikicen damuwa ba su da damar halartar kwaleji fiye da waɗanda ba su da shi. Bugu da kari, wadanda ke fama da tsoron zamantakewa suna da sau biyu da za su kasa samun digiri ko kuma ba za su gama makarantar sakandare ba idan aka kwatanta da dalibai ba tare da yanayin ba.<ref name="Teen Screen PDF2">{{Cite web |title=Youth Mental Health and Academic Achievement |url=https://www.flgov.com/wp-content/.../mental-health-and-academic-achievement-2-24-12.pdf |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Center for Mental Health Checkups at Columbia University}} {{Dead link|date=March 2020}} [[Rukuni:Articles with dead external links from March 2020]] [[Rukuni:Articles with permanently dead external links]] </ref> Rashin damuwa yawanci yana da wuyar ganewa fiye da rikice-rikice na halayyar rikice-rikicen, kamar [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ADHD]], saboda alamun suna cikin ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Damuwa na iya bayyana a matsayin tsoro da damuwa game da sassan yau da kullun na rayuwar yau da kullun, guje wa ayyukan, makaranta, ko hulɗar jama'a. Damuwa na iya tsoma baki tare da ikon mayar da hankali da koyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Mood Disorder Among Children |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090051/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Akwai takamaiman hali wanda mutanen da ke fama da damuwa ke nunawa sau da yawa. Mutanen da ke fama da damuwa suna fuskantar damuwa da tsoro akai-akai game da yanayin yau da kullun. Hakanan ana iya gano damuwa a matsayin jin tsoro ko tsoro na kwatsam wanda zai iya kaiwa mafi girma cikin minti kaɗan. Wadannan alamun damuwa yawanci suna tasowa a lokacin ƙuruciya ko shekarun matasa kuma suna iya ci gaba zuwa balaga. Wasu misalai na alamun sun haɗa da: jin tsoro, rashin kwanciyar hankali ko damuwa, jin daɗi na haɗari mai zuwa, tsoro, ko lalacewa, samun karuwar bugun zuciya, numfashi da sauri, gumi, rawar jiki, jin rauni ko gajiya, matsala ta mai da hankali ko tunani game da wani abu banda damuwa ta yanzu, samun matsala ta barci, fuskantar matsalolin gastrointestinal, samun wahalar sarrafa damuwa, ko kuma samun sha'awar kauce wa abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Akwai nau'ikan damuwa da yawa waɗanda kowannensu ke nuna alamomi na musamman. Mafi yawan damuwa shine Ciwon Damuwa na Gabaɗaya, wanda ke nuna damuwa mai tsanani wanda ke tsoma baki cikin ayyukan yau da kullun, jin daɗi / gajiya, damuwa game da abubuwan yau da kullun. Rashin lafiyar tsoro, wanda ke nuna hare-haren tsoro na maimaitawa wanda ya kunshi bugun zuciya, gumi, rawar jiki, gajeren numfashi, ciwon kirji, damuwa, da tsoron mutuwa, na iya haifar da damuwa ta jiki da ta tunani. Mutanen da ke fama da tsoro suna fuskantar tsananin abubuwa ko yanayi waɗanda ba su da lahani. Tsoro ya wuce gona da iri, wanda marasa lafiya suka sani. Misalan tsoro na iya haɗawa da magana a fili, gizo-gizo, ko tashi. Rashin damuwa na zamantakewa yanayin ne inda mutane ke da matukar damuwa game da jin kunya, don haka za su guje wa yanayin da zai iya haifar da kunya. Misali na halin da za a guje shi shine cin abinci ko shan giya a fili. A ƙarshe, rikicewar damuwa ta rabuwa ana nuna ta da tsoro ko damuwa game da rabuwa wanda zai iya haifar da matsalolin aiki. Mutane na iya damuwa game da barin wasu kuma suna iya samun matsalolin haɗi. Magunguna don damuwa na iya haɗawa da magunguna, kamar su antidepressants, magungunan rigakafin damuwa, sedatives (kamar benzodiazepines), da beta blockers. Wadannan magunguna suna aiki don sauƙaƙa damuwa na ɗan gajeren lokaci, amma ba a nufin a yi amfani da su azaman mafita na dogon lokaci ba. Magungunan halayyar fahimta shine mafi inganci na magani kuma ana amfani dashi azaman magani na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Wannan maganin yana mai da hankali kan koyar da takamaiman ƙwarewa don jimrewa don inganta alamun. Wannan na iya haɗawa da maganin fallasawa, wanda ke ƙara fallasawa ga abubuwan da ke iya haifar da su kuma ana amfani da su don magance tsoro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> === Mawuyacin hali === Mawuyacin hali na iya sa dalibai su sami matsaloli a cikin aji, daga kammala aikinsu, har ma da halartar aji kwata-kwata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> A cikin 2020, kusan kashi 13% na matasa masu shekaru 12 zuwa 17 sun sami Babban abin baƙin ciki (MDE) a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, tare da kashi 70% da suka rage ba tare da magani ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Mood Disorder Among Children |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090051/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> A cewar Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa a Jami'ar Columbia, "An haɗa ƙididdigar baƙin ciki mai zurfi tare da ƙarancin nasarorin ilimi, damuwa mai zurfi, ƙaruwar dakatarwar makaranta, da ƙaran da iyawa ko sha'awar kammala aikin gida, mai da hankali, da halartar azuzuwan". [[Babban rashin damuwa|Alamun baƙin ciki]] na iya sa ya zama ƙalubale ga ɗalibai su ci gaba da nauyin darasi, ko ma su sami makamashi don yin shi ta hanyar cikakken ranar makaranta. <ref name="Teen Screen PDF2"/><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=How does mental illness affect my school performance? |url=https://cpr.bu.edu/resources/reasonable-accommodations/jobschool/how-does-mental-illness-affect-my-school-performance |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001101624/https://cpr.bu.edu/resources/reasonable-accommodations/jobschool/how-does-mental-illness-affect-my-school-performance |archive-date=October 1, 2016 |access-date=November 25, 2017 |website=Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation |publisher=Boston University College of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences: Sargent College |language=en-US}}</ref> Za'a iya bayyana baƙin ciki a matsayin cuta mai matsala da ke shafar yadda mutum yake ji, tunani, da kuma aiki. Alamomin baƙin ciki na iya haifar da rikice-rikice tare da hulɗa, zamantakewa, da aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Wannan daga baya zai iya haifar da samun matsaloli iri-iri na motsin rai da na jiki. Wannan kuma na iya rage ikon yin aiki a hankali da jiki. Wasu misalai na alamun baƙin ciki sune jin bakin ciki, rashin sha'awa, canje-canje a cikin sha'awace-sha'awace, matsalar barci, asarar kuzari, karuwa a cikin ayyukan jiki marasa ma'ana, jin rashin amfani, wahalar tunani, mai da hankali, ko yanke shawara, da tunanin mutuwa ko kashe kansa. Wadannan alamun dole ne su kasance makonni biyu kuma suna wakiltar canji a cikin aiki don ganowar baƙin ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Magunguna don baƙin ciki na iya haɗawa da magungunan normothymic, magungunan antidepressant (waɗanda ke da mahimman sakamako masu illa), warware rikice-rikice marasa warwarewa, shakatawa, maganin haske, maganin hana barci, maganin lantarki, da kuma maganin halayyar fahimta. Magungunan baƙin ciki suna buƙatar a yi niyya don magani na dogon lokaci saboda baƙin ciki na iya sake faruwa idan ba a kula da shi gaba ɗaya ba. Magunguna sune mafi kyawun maganin gajeren lokaci, yayin da ake amfani da maganin halayyar fahimta a matsayin magani na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Matasa da manya masu tsufa da ke cikin haɗari don ƙarancin girman kai (Rashin lafiya) ana iya yin hasashen su bisa ga matakin iliminsu, tsoron rasawa, kimantawa da ra'ayi na zamani na zamani, gamsuwa da rayuwa, baƙin ciki, da kuma jan hankali na kafofin sada zumunta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> === Rashin kulawa === Rashin kulawar hankali sune manyan masu tsinkaya na raguwar nasarorin ilimi. Dalibai da ke fama da ADHD suna da matsala wajen sarrafa halayen da ayyukan da tsarin ilimi na jama'a ke buƙata daga gare su a Amurka, kamar ikon zama a hankali ko kuma yin amfani da kansu ga aikin da aka mayar da hankali na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> ADHD na iya nufin cewa ɗalibai suna da matsaloli na mai da hankali, tace abubuwan da ke jan hankali na waje, da ganin manyan ayyuka har zuwa kammalawa. Wadannan dalibai na iya gwagwarmaya tare da gudanar da lokaci da tsari.<ref name=":02"/> Alamomin ADHD na iya haɗawa da rashin kulawa, hyperactivity, impulsivity, da sauran alamun ciki, kamar baƙin ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Mood Disorder Among Children |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090051/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> ADHD yana tsaye ne don rashin kulawa / rikicewar yawan aiki. Ana ɗaukar wannan a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa na yau da kullun ga yara, duk da haka yana shafar manya da yawa. Wasu misalai na alamun ba sa kula da cikakkun bayanai da yin kurakurai mara kulawa, suna da matsalolin kasancewa da aka mayar da hankali kan ayyukan, ba za a iya ganin su a matsayin sauraro ba, suna da matsaloli wajen tsarawa, guje wa ayyuka, da manta da ayyukan yau da kullun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Wadannan alamun na iya haifar da rikici a cikin ilimin ɗalibin da abin ya shafa da sauran ɗalibai a cikin aji. Magunguna don ADHD na iya haɗawa da maganin halayyar, magunguna (duka masu motsawa da marasa motsawa), ilimi game da ADHD, da kuma horar da iyaye kan yadda za a kula da yaran da abin ya shafa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> == Sauran gwagwarmaya na yau da kullun ga matasa == === Shan giya === Fiye da kashi 90 cikin dari na duk abin sha mai barasa da matasa ke sha ana cinye su ta hanyar shan giya, wanda zai iya haifar da maye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Shan giya na iya shafar lafiyar hankali ta hanyar dogaro da shi, sanya shan giya kafin aikin su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Mood Disorder Among Children |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090051/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Mutanen da ke shan barasa kafin su kai shekara goma sha huɗu suna iya shan giya sau da yawa ba tare da yin tunani game da sakamakon daga baya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Daliban da ke shan barasa na iya fuskantar sakamako kamar haɗarin kashe kansa, matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da rashin amfani da wasu kwayoyi. Binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2017 ya gano cewa kashi 30% na daliban makarantar sakandare sun sha barasa kuma kashi 14% na daliban sakandare sun bugu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=July 26, 2022 |title=Other Concerns and Conditions with ADHD {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/conditions.html |access-date=March 15, 2024 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref> Cin zarafi a makarantu na iya haifar da mummunar tasiri ga ɗalibai. Sakamakon ilimi ga matasa masu cin zarafi yawanci ba su da al'ada. Cin zarafin yana da alaƙa da matsakaicin maki (GPA), ƙarancin ƙimar gwajin nasara, da ƙarancin aikin ilimi na malami.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Dalibai da suka zama wadanda ake zaluntawa na iya fuskantar matsaloli tare da aiki na zamantakewa da motsin rai kuma suna da wahalar samun abokai. Wannan kuma yana haifar da mummunan dangantaka tare da takwarorinsu da abokan aji wanda zai iya sa su ji kaɗaici.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Mood Disorder Among Children |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090051/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Jin kamar wanda aka fitar, jin kaɗaici, da kuma rufewa daga kungiyoyin abokai na iya sa ɗalibai su ji warewa, wanda zai iya haifar da damuwa da baƙin ciki. Wadannan yanayi sun zo tare da nasu ma'ana na musamman har zuwa makaranta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=July 26, 2022 |title=Other Concerns and Conditions with ADHD {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/conditions.html |access-date=March 15, 2024 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref> === Kashe kansa === A cewar Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta California akwai kashe-kashen mutane 2,210 a cikin 2019 a cikin shekarun Amurka na 15-19 da jimlar kashe-kashin mutane 6,500 daga shekaru 5-25. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Wasu bincike sun kiyasta cewa tsakanin masu shekaru 15-24, akwai kusan yunkurin kashe kansa 100-200 ga kowane kashe kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Mood Disorder Among Children |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090051/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Kisan kai na matasa na iya zama samfurin matsayi na cibiyar sadarwa wanda ke nuna ko dai keɓewar dangi ko rashin daidaituwa na tsari da kuma karuwar bincike da ke danganta keɓewar zamantakewa da kashe kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Yawancin kashe-kashen da aka ruwaito a [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]] daga 1963 zuwa 1965 sun nuna cewa sun kasance masu zaman kansu (ba su buga wasanni ba, ba su da abubuwan sha'awa, kuma ba su cikin kowane kulob ba). Sun kuma ba da shawarar cewa rabin waɗannan ɗalibai sun kasa ko kusan sun kasa a lokacin mutuwarsu. Wadannan lokutan gazawar da takaici sun rage ra'ayin mutum zuwa wani batu inda ba su da ma'anar darajar kansu.<ref name="Reese 19682">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Reese FD |date=February 1968 |title=School Age Suicide and the Educational Environment |journal=Theory into Practice |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=10–13 |doi=10.1080/00405846809542105 |jstor=1475581}}</ref> A zahiri, ɗaliban da suka fahimci aikin su na ilimi a matsayin "rashin nasara" suna iya ƙoƙarin kashe kansu sau uku fiye da waɗanda suka ga aikin su ya dace.<ref name="Teen Screen PDF2"/> Koyaya, gazawar ilimi a makaranta ba shine kawai dalilin kashe kansa a makarantu ba. Cin zarafi, warewa, da batutuwan da suka faru a gida duk dalilan ne da ya sa dalibai suka kashe kansu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=July 26, 2022 |title=Other Concerns and Conditions with ADHD {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/conditions.html |access-date=March 15, 2024 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref> === Dangantaka === Dangantaka tana taimakawa wajen tsara lafiyar hankali na matasa a lokacin matakan ci gaba. Dangantaka mai kyau na iya samar da matasa da goyon baya, amincewa da kuma jin dadin zama, wanda saboda haka yana taimakawa tare da rage damuwa da inganta girman kansu. A cewar labarin Dangantaka da lafiyar hankali ta Dziemianko, da kuma dangantakar Klaudi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> da ke ƙarfafa irin waɗannan halaye na iya taimakawa a matsayin tushen ta'aziyya da ƙarfafa halaye masu lafiya. Dangantaka mara lafiya a gefe guda kamar waɗanda ke da matsin lamba, inda akwai rikice-rikice da yawa, ko kishi, ko rashin sadarwa duk na iya haifar da baƙin ciki, damuwa, bakin ciki da jin kaɗaici. <references /> Gidauniyar Kaiser Family ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 56% na Amurkawa sun jimre aƙalla mummunan tasirin lafiyar kwakwalwa saboda damuwa da ke da alaƙa da barkewar cutar.<ref name="Kam_2020">{{Cite web |title=Mental Health an Emerging Crisis of COVID Pandemic |url=https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20200508/mental-health-emerging-crisis-of-covid-pandemic |access-date=May 11, 2020 |website=WebMD |language=en}}</ref> Wannan na iya fitowa kamar karuwar barasa da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, ciwon kai akai-akai, matsalar barci da cin abinci, ko gajeren fushi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, a watan Mayu 2020, Well Being Trust ya ba da rahoton cewa annobar na iya haifar da ƙarin "mutuwa na fidda rai" 75,000 daga amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi da barasa ko kashe kansa daga rashin aikin yi, warewar jama'a, da damuwa game da kwayar cutar.<ref name="Kam_2020" /> Don haka, kodayake tun daga shekarar 2020 babu bukatun tarayya a wurin, ana sa ran karuwar wayar da kan jama'a game da lafiyar kwakwalwa da amincewa da manufofi bayan [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]].<ref name="Kam_2020" /> "Cutar COVID-19 ta haifar da kulle-kulle a duniya da rufe makarantu, wanda ya sanya nauyin lafiyar kwakwalwa mai yawa ga yara da ɗaliban koleji. Ta hanyar bincike na tsarin wallafe-wallafen a kan PubMed da Collabovid na karatun da aka buga Janairu 2020-Yuli 2021, binciken binciken binciken biyar akan yara 16 a kan ɗaliban kolejin sun gano cewa duka kungiyoyin sun ba da suka ba da rahoton jin damuwa, baƙin ciki, ga damuwa da suka gabata ga cututtukan cutar COVID-19, yara, matasa, da kwaleji suna haifar da damuwa da damuwa da keɓewa ta gaba, saboda yawan jama'a, ɗaliban kolehio, saboda yawan rayuwa mai tsanani, suna haifar da keɓewar cutar, ɗalibai suna haifar da kanta, ƙaran suna haifar da ƙarancin rayuwa, ƙarancin hali, ƙaranci, ƙaranwararrun yara, ƙarancen da ƙaranci da ƙaranwarwararrun ɗalibai, ƙaranfin jiki, ƙaranciyar rayuwa, ƙwarewa, ƙaranƙara, ƙaran ga ɗalibai, suna haifar, ƙaranchaya, ƙarancewararrun ƙarancin ilimi, ƙaranjin suna fuskantar dogon<ref name="Prevalence and correlates of depres">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Lin C, Tong Y, Bai Y, Zhao Z, Quan W, Liu Z, Wang J, Song Y, Tian J, Dong W |date=2022-04-14 |title=Prevalence and correlates of depression and anxiety among Chinese international students in US colleges during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=17 |issue=4 |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1767081L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0267081 |pmc=9009639 |pmid=35421199 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="A scoping review to map the research on the mental health of students and graduates during their university-to-work transitions">{{Cite journal |last=Edmonds |first=David Matthew |last2=Zayts-Spence |first2=Olga |last3=Fortune |first3=Zoe |last4=Chan |first4=Angus |last5=Chou |first5=Jason Shang Guan |display-authors= |date=2024-03-04 |title=A scoping review to map the research on the mental health of students and graduates during their university-to-work transitions |journal=BMJ Open |volume=14 |issue=3 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076729 |pmc=11146370 |pmid=38443080 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="pmid35893354">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kavvadas D, Kavvada A, Karachrysafi S, Papaliagkas V, Cheristanidis S, Chatzidimitriou M, Papamitsou T |date=July 2022 |title=Stress, Anxiety and Depression Prevalence among Greek University Students during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Two-Year Survey |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |volume=11 |issue=15 |page=4263 |doi=10.3390/jcm11154263 |pmc=9332455 |pmid=35893354 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Mood Disorder Among Children |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090051/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> == Manufofin a makarantun gwamnati == === Amurka === Game da manufofin jihohin Amurka har zuwa 2020, jihohi uku sun amince da tsarin karatun kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa. A watan Yulin 2018, New York da [[Virginia]] sun zartar da dokar da ta sanya koyar da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta zama tilas a cikin ilimin jama'a.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |date=June 25, 2018 |title=New York, Virginia officially mandate MH education in schools |journal=Mental Health Weekly |volume=28 |issue=25 |page=8 |doi=10.1002/mhw.31503 |s2cid=242083551}}</ref> New York ta sanya shi tilas ga dalibai daga Kindergarten zuwa aji na 12 don yin karatun lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref name=":12" /> Bayan ya fuskanci mummunan hali na kashe kansa tare da ɗansa, Sanata na Virginia Creigh Deeds ya yi tunanin ya zama dole a koyar da alamun gargadi ga ɗalibai na 9th da 10th don su iya kula da lafiyar takwarorinsu da kansu.<ref name=":12" /> kwamitin ilimi yana da alhakin tattaunawar cikakkun bayanai game da tsarin karatun amma sanata yana fatan cewa malamai za su sami horo a kan alamun gargadi. Kodayake saka hannun jari a cikin lafiyar kwakwalwa bai taɓa zama mafi girma ba, majalisar dokoki ta jihar har yanzu ba ta amince da ƙarin kudade don aiwatar da tsarin karatun ba.<ref name=":12" /> A watan Yulin 2019, kwamitin ilimi na [[Florida]] ya sanya sa'o'i 5 na ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa ya zama dole ga maki 6 zuwa 12, yana mai da shi jihar ta uku da ta amince da irin wannan umarni.<ref name=":12" /> A cikin ƙasa, an yi ƙoƙari don haɓaka ilimi game da lafiyar hankali a cikin tsarin makarantar jama'a. A cikin 2020, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Amurka ta ba da tallafin Kula da Lafiya ta Zuciya ta Makarantar ga hukumomin ilimi na jihohi 6 (SEAs) don kara yawan masu ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya na hankali (watau, lasisi, takaddun shaida, ko ƙwarewa) waɗanda ke ba da sabis ɗin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na makaranta ga ɗalibai a cikin hukumomin ilimi (LEAs) tare da nuna buƙata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> An sami karuwar shahara tare da ayyukan kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na makaranta a cikin tsarin makarantun jama'a na Amurka, inda makarantun ke rufe ɗaliban su don kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa. Mutane, a cikin gida da kuma matakin tarayya, a duk fadin jihohi suna daukar matakai don sake tsara tsarin da ya fi dacewa ga ɗalibai. Wannan ya haɗa da mayar da hankali kan samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa a gare su. Wannan ra'ayi yana da damar ba da damar ɗalibai su sami damar yin amfani da sabis wanda zai iya taimaka musu su fahimci kuma suyi aiki ta hanyar duk wani damuwa da za su iya fuskanta a cikin makarantarsu, da kuma damar shiga tsakani ga waɗancan ɗaliban da ke buƙatar shi. A cikin binciken da aka gudanar a shekarar 2018 an gano cewa kusan kashi 20% na daliban koleji a Amurka sun yi ƙoƙari su kashe kansu. Wani rahoto daga Healthy Minds a cikin 2021 ya bayyana cewa kashi 5% na dalibai sun ba da rahoton cewa sun shirya kashe kansu a shekarar da ta gabata. Akwai nau'ikan ɗalibai daban-daban a ko'ina. Wasu na iya buƙatar ƙarin tallafi fiye da wasu, kuma wasu na iya koyo da sauri fiye da wasu. Yana da mahimmanci a ƙirƙiri yanayi mai haɗa kai ga kowa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Mood Disorder Among Children |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090051/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> === Kanada === A Kanada, dabarun kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa suna nuna muhimmancin inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa, rage wulakanci, da kuma fahimtar matsalolin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa a makarantu don zama fifiko (Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta kwakwalwa, 2012). Ontario tana gudanar da bincike a kowace shekara don lura da yadda manufofi ke da tasiri ga makarantun jama'a. Wanda People for Education ke gudanarwa, rahoton shekara-shekara na 2022-23 ya ba da haske game da rashin tallafin lafiyar kwakwalwa ga ɗalibai da kuma yadda ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ba kawai ga ɗalibai ba, har ma da malamai. Wadannan binciken bayanai ne masu amfani wajen yanke shawara game da yadda za a iya kashe kudi a makarantun jama'a da kuma waɗanne manufofi ya kamata ko bai kamata a aiwatar da su ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Hukumar Lafiya ta Kanada ta ba da shawarar aiwatar da cikakkiyar kiwon lafiya ta makaranta da shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa bayan sakandare waɗanda ke inganta kiwon lafiyar hankali da rigakafi ga waɗanda ke cikin haɗari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> === Bhutan === In Bhutan, efforts toward developing education began in 1961 thanks to Ugyen Wangchuck and the introduction of the First Development Plan, which provided free primary education.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> By 1998, 400 schools were established.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Mood Disorder Among Children |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090051/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Students' tuition, books, supplies, equipment, and food were all free for boarding schools in the 1980s, and some schools also provided their students with clothing.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The assistance of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organizations' World Food Programme allowed free midday meals in some primary schools.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> This governmental assistance is important to note in the country's Gross National Happiness (GNH), which is at the forefront of developmental policies and is the responsibility of the government. Article 9 of the Constitution of Bhutan states that "the state shall strive to promote those conditions that will enable the pursuit of Gross National Happiness."<ref name="Tobgay 2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tobgay T, Dophu U, Torres CE, Na-Bangchang K |date=2011 |title=Health and Gross National Happiness: review of current status in Bhutan |journal=Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare |volume=4 |pages=293–298 |doi=10.2147/JMDH.S21095 |pmc=3155859 |pmid=21847351 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Farin cikin kasa ==== GNH a Bhutan ya dogara ne akan ka'idoji huɗu: ci gaban tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa da daidaito, kiyaye muhalli, adanawa da inganta al'adu, da kyakkyawan shugabanci. Tsarin mulki ya ba da umarnin cewa jihar za ta samar da damar samun dama ga ayyukan kiwon lafiya na jama'a ta hanyar tsarin kiwon lafiya mai matakai uku wanda ke ba da kariya, ingantawa, da kuma warkarwa. Saboda wannan manufofin, Bhutan ta sami damar kawar da matsalar karancin iodine a shekara ta 2003, kuturta a shekara ta 1997, kuma ta sami rigakafin yara ga dukkan yara a shekara ta 1991. Ya zama ƙasa ta farko da ta haramta taba sigari a shekara ta 2004, kuma shari'ar zazzabin cizon sauro ta ragu daga shari'o'i 12,591 a 1999 zuwa shari'o-tafiye 972 a shekara ta 2009.<ref name="Tobgay 2011"/> Cire waɗannan cututtukan da kuma turawa mai ƙarfi ga GNH yana bawa dukkan mutane (ciki har da matasa waɗanda aka ba su abubuwa da yawa da ake buƙata da ilimi kyauta) damar rayuwa mai farin ciki fiye da yadda suka kasance. === Ƙasar Ingila === Ma'aikatar Ilimi a Ƙasar Ingila tana aiki a kan haɓaka tsarin ƙungiya don tallafawa lafiyar hankali da ilimin halayyar mutum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Wani rahoto na hadin gwiwa na Oktoba 2017 daga Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Lafiya ya tsara wannan hanyar dangane da horar da ma'aikata, wayar da kan jama'a game da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da yara ke fuskanta, da kuma shigar iyaye da iyalai cikin lafiyar kwakwalwa ta dalibai. An ƙaddamar da yunkurin farko na shirin aiwatar da lafiyar kwakwalwa na yara da matasa a cikin 2018. An kafa ƙungiyoyin tallafin lafiyar kwakwalwa 58 a makarantu da kwalejojin ilimi don inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin waɗanda ke da shekaru 5 - 18. Wani kimantawa a kan wannan fitowar farko ya sami gamsuwa tare da shirin tsakanin makarantu, kwalejoji da matasa da suka sami tallafi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Mood Disorder Among Children |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090051/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> === Singapore === REACH wani shiri ne a Singapore wanda ke neman samar da tsoma baki ga ɗaliban da ke fama da rashin lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Wani magana daga shafin yanar gizon REACH ya karanta, "Yawancin yara da matasa ba sa fama da rashin lafiya. Koyaya, lokacin da aka gano ɗalibi, mai ba da shawara ga makaranta, tare da shawarwari daga ƙungiyar kula da shari'ar makarantar, zai bincika kula da kula da ɗalibin. Lokacin da ya cancanta, ƙwararrun masu jagora da masu ilimin halayyar ilimi daga Ma'aikatar Ilimi za su ba da ƙarin tallafi. In 2010, the Voluntary Welfare Organizations (VWOs), in collaboration with the National Council of Social Service (NCSS), have also been invited to join this network to provide community and clinical support to at-risk children.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Students and children with severe emotional and behavioral problems may need more help. The REACH team collaborates with school counselors/VWOs to provide suitable school-based interventions to help these students. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Mahangar da ba son rai|<span title="This statement is possibly biased. (February 2022)">neutrality</span>]]&#x20;is disputed''&#x5D;</sup> Such school/VWO based interventions often provide the requisite, timely help that these students and children need. Further specialized assessment or treatment may be necessary for more severe cases. The student or child may be referred to the Child Guidance Clinic after assessment by the REACH team for further psychiatric evaluation and intervention. These interventions may include medications, psychotherapy, group or family work and further assessments."   === Mexico === Traditionally, mental health was not considered a part of public health in Mexico because of other health priorities, lack of knowledge about the true magnitude of mental health problems, and a complex approach involving the intervention of other sectors in addition to the public health sector. Among the key documents anticipating the policy change was a report presented by the Mexican Health Foundation in 1995, which opened a very constructive debate. It introduced basic tenets for health improvement, elements for an analysis of the health situation related to the burden of disease approach, and a strategic proposal with concurrent recommendations for reforming the system. Mexico has an extensive legal frame of reference dealing with health and mental health. The objectives are to promote a healthy psychosocial development of different population groups, and reduce the effects of behavioral and psychiatric disorders. This should be achieved through graded and complementary interventions, according to the level of care, and with the coordinated participation of the public, social, and private sectors in municipal, state, and national settings. The strategic lines consider training and qualification of human resources, growth, rehabilitation, and regionalization of mental health service networks, formulation of guidelines and evaluation. All age groups as well as specific sub-populations (indigenous groups, women, street children, populations in disaster areas), and other state and regional priorities are considered.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Japan === In [[Japan]] and China, the approach to mental health is focused on the collective of students, much like the national aims of these Asian countries. Much like in the US, there is much research done in the realm of student mental health, but not many national policies in place to prevent and aid mental health problems students face. Japanese students face considerable academic pressure as imposed by society and school systems. In 2006, [[Hukumar 'yan sanda ta kasa (Japan)|Japanese police]] gathered notes left from students who had committed suicide that year and noted overarching school pressures as the primary source of their problems. Additionally, the dynamic of collective thinking—the centripetal force of Japan's society, wherein individual identity is sacrificed for the functioning benefit of a greater collective—results in the stigmatization of uniqueness. As child psychiatrist Dr. Ken Takaoka explained to [[CNN]], schools prioritize this collectivism, and "children who do not get along in a group will suffer."{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2024}} === China === Al'ummar kasar Sin sun yarda da cewa halartar manyan makarantu na iya haifar da ayyuka masu biyan kuɗi da farin ciki na dogon lokaci ga yara. Duk da haka, a cikin bin waɗannan manufofi, yawancin iyalai na kasar Sin a halin yanzu suna fama da ƙalubalen damuwa game da ilimi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Xu-Hao |last2=Yu |first2=Hong-Jie |last3=Liu |first3=Ming-Wei |last4=Zhang |first4=Jie |last5=Tang |first5=Bo-Wen |last6=Yuan |first6=Shuai |last7=Gasevic |first7=Danijela |last8=Paul |first8=Kelly |last9=Wang |first9=Pei-Gang |last10=He |first10=Qi-Qiang |date=August 17, 2020 |title=The impact of a health education intervention on health behaviors and mental health among Chinese college students |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07448481.2019.1583659 |journal=Journal of American College Health |language=en |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=587–592 |doi=10.1080/07448481.2019.1583659 |issn=0744-8481 |pmid=30849021 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Bayanai daga Shirin Nazarin Dalibai na Duniya (PISA, 2018) sun nuna cewa ɗaliban kasar Sin sun sami matsayi mai girma a duniya a cikin masana kimiyya, suna jagorantar karatu, lissafi, da kimiyya. Koyaya, ƙimar gamsuwa da rayuwarsu, muhimmiyar ma'auni na lafiyar kwakwalwa, suna da ƙanƙanta. Wannan halin yana nuna yanayin da karuwar gasa ta ilimi ba kawai yana haɓaka saka hannun jari na kuɗi da lokaci a ilimi ba har ma yana ba da gudummawa ga hauhawar koyarwa ta waje da kuma muhimmiyar aikin ilimi ga ɗalibai. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Bincike da yawa na tsarin da ke nazarin bayyanar alamun bakin ciki tsakanin ɗalibai a China sun gano cewa, a matsakaita, kashi 17.2% na ɗaliban makarantar firamare da kashi 28.4% na ɗaliban jami'ar kasar Sin sun nuna alamun baƙin cikin ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=July 26, 2022 |title=Other Concerns and Conditions with ADHD {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/conditions.html |access-date=March 15, 2024 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> A kasar Sin, an nuna mayar da hankali kan lafiyar yara da matasa a cikin tsarin manufofi guda uku masu alaƙa: na farko, ana gane lafiyarsu ta hankali a cikin manyan manufofi na kasa; na biyu, babban mayar da hankali ne a cikin shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya na uwaye da yara; kuma na uku, takamaiman manufofi an sadaukar da su ne kawai ga lafiyar kwakwalwa na wannan matasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Nazarin ya nuna cewa shirye-shiryen inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa suna cikin kokarin da ya fi tasiri a cikin shirye-shirye na inganta kiwon lafiya.<ref name=":1"/> An yi ƙoƙari don magance damuwa ta ilimi, tare da shirye-shiryen kwanan nan da nufin rage nauyin da ke kan ɗalibai da inganta yanayin ilimi mafi lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2021, an gabatar da "Manufar Ragewa Biyu", wanda ke ba da umarni ga makarantu su rage yawan aikin gida da horar da harabar makarantar, wanda zai iya rage matsin lamba na ilimi da inganta lafiyar ɗalibai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Mood Disorder Among Children |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090051/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Tare da shirin ilimi na tilas na Shekaru tara na kasar Sin, makarantun firamare suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ingantawa da inganta lafiyar kwakwalwar yara, suna aiki a matsayin wurare masu kyau don isar da ayyukan da suka shafi.<ref name=":1"/> Dangane da 'Tsarin Aiki don Lafiya ta Zuciya a China (2011-2020) ', an zaɓi kashi 85% na ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa a matsayin manufa a makarantun firamare na birane da kashi 70% a yankunan karkara a shekarar 2015.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=Work Plan for Mental Health in China (2011–2020) |url=http://www.nhfpc.gov.cn/jkj/s5888/200805/81047a30f3c34141b12481de35930d78.shtml |website=National Health and Family Committee of the People's Republic of China |access-date=2026-01-06 |archive-date=2017-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118150537/http://www.nhfpc.gov.cn/jkj/s5888/200805/81047a30f3c34141b12481de35930d78.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ya yi jayayya don kimanta yaduwar cututtukan kwakwalwa da kuma kara wayar da kan jama'a game da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta yara da matasa daga 30%-40% a 2005 zuwa 80% ta 2015. Shirin ya kuma jaddada muhimmancin samar da bayanai masu sauƙi game da rigakafin rikicewar kwakwalwa da kuma tantancewa ta hanyar likitocin kulawa ta farko.<ref name=":2" /> Kamar yadda aka sake sabunta 'Dokar Lafiya ta Zuciya ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin' wacce aka kafa a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2013, an gabatar da tanadi da yawa game da lafiyar hankali na yara da matasa.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=H. |last2=Phillips |first2=M. |last3=Cheng |first3=H. |last4=Chen |first4=Q. |last5=Chen |first5=X. |last6=Fralick |first6=D. |last7=Zhang |first7=Y. |last8=Liu |first8=M. |last9=Huang |first9=J. |last10=Bueber |first10=M. |date=December 12, 2012 |title=Mental Health Law of the People's Republic of China (English translation with annotations) - Shanghai Carchives of Psychiatry |url=https://shanghaiarchivesofpsychiatry.org/en/2012.06.001.html |journal=Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry |language=en-US |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=305–321 |doi=10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2012.06.001 |pmc=4198897 |pmid=25324635 |access-date=March 27, 2024}}</ref> Ana ba da umarnin masu ilimin halayyar dan adam da masu ba da shawara su kasance a makarantu a kowane mataki don magance matsalolin hankali da batutuwan halayyar mutum. Bugu da ƙari, cibiyoyin ilimi na makarantar sakandare dole ne su gudanar da nau'ikan ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa. A lokuta na abubuwan da suka faru ko wasu abubuwan damuwa, makarantu suna da alhakin tara kwararru da samar da shawarwari na tunanin mutum da tallafin lafiyar kwakwalwa ga yara da ke cikin bukata.<ref name=":32" /> A ranar 30 ga watan Disamba, 2016, ma'aikatu 22 da kwamitocin, gami da Hukumar Lafiya da Shirye-shiryen Iyali ta Kasa da sauransu, sun fito da 'Gaskiya Ra'ayoyin kan Karfafa Ayyukan Lafiya na Zuciya' ('Opinions'). Ya jaddada muhimmancin inganta tsarin kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa a cikin ilimi, yana ba da shawara don kafa cibiyoyin ba da shawara da kasancewar ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a duk nau'ikan cibiyoyin ilimi, daga kwalejoji da jami'o'i zuwa makarantun sakandare. <ref name=":4" /> === Koriya ta Kudu === [[Koriya ta Kudu|South Korea]] has traditionally placed much value on education. As a nation that has a degree of enthusiasm like no other for education has created an environment where children are pressured to study more than ever. When mental health issues affect students there are very few resources available to help students cope. The nation's general view of mental health problems, such as anxiety, depression or thoughts of suicide, is that they are believed to be a sign of personal weakness that could bring shame upon a family if a member would be discovered to have such an illness. This is true if the problem arises in a social, educational or family setting. Rather than perceiving mental health issues as a medical condition and concern requiring treatment especially in students, a majority of Korea's population has perceived them as a cultural stigma. A study found when surveying over 600 Korean citizens from the age of 20-60+ years in 2008, most of the older people, many of whom are parents, shared similar and negative views on mental health issues such as depression.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> The older adults generally were also found to have a negative view of mental health services, including those offered through the educational system, as they are deeply influenced by the cultural stigma around the topic. This negative view of mental health services in education has provided implications for students who are struggling emotionally, as many do not know what, if any, help might be available in the facilities of education. However, this does not mean no mental health services exist in the world or in the educational setting. The [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|World Health Organization]] (WHO) in 2006 collected data <ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Mood Disorder Among Children |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090051/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> regarding Korea's mental health system. The goal of collecting this information was to attempt to improve the mental health system and to provide a baseline for monitoring the change. Despite Korea having a low budget for mental health services compared to other developed countries, it has taken steps to create long term mental health plans to advance its national health system such as raising more awareness for mental health, creating communities for students, and removing the cultural stigma around mental health.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Sauƙaƙewa da haɓaka daidaitawa == === Rigakafi === The pressures of school, extracurricular activities, work and relationships with friends and family can be a lot for an individual to manage and at times can be overwhelming. In order to prevent these overwhelming feelings from turning into a mental health problem, taking measures to prevent these emotions from escalating is essential. School-based programs that help students with emotional-regulation, stress management, conflict resolution, and active coping and cognitive restructuring are a few suggested ways that give students resources that can promote their mental health (Mental Health Commission, 2012).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Bincike ya nuna cewa ɗaliban da ke karɓar lafiyar zamantakewa da ta hankali za su sami damar samun ƙarin nasarorin ilimi. Tunda yawancin yara suna ciyar da babban ɓangare na rana a makaranta, kimanin awanni 6, makarantu sune wuri mai kyau ga ɗalibai don karɓar ayyukan da suke buƙata. Lokacin da ba a magance lafiyar kwakwalwa ba, wannan na iya haifar da matsaloli tare da haifar da jan hankali ga abokan ɗalibai da malamai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2020 ya gano cewa kashi 43% na masu binciken ilimi an tsananta musu ko kuma an zalunta su a wurin aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Mood Disorder Among Children |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090051/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Yawancin masu amsa sun yi iƙirarin cewa yanayin aikinsu ya hana bincike. A cewar wata kasida ta 2019 game da ma'aikatan zamantakewar makaranta, fagen ma'aikatan jama'a a makarantu yana ci gaba da girma. A shekara ta 1996, akwai kimanin ma'aikatan zamantakewa 9,000 kawai a makarantu. Wannan ya karu zuwa tsakanin ma'aikatan zamantakewa 20,000 zuwa 22,000. A cewar Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata ta Amurka, Ofishin Kididdigar Ayyuka, an kiyasta filin zai ci gaba da girma daga 2016 zuwa 2026 saboda karuwar ayyukan kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa da ake buƙata a makarantu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> === Kasancewa === Kasancewa a cikin yanayin makaranta na iya zama mafi mahimmancin abubuwan da suka dace da ke shafar aikin ɗalibai a cikin yanayin ilimi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Matsalar da ta shafi makaranta da karuwar tsammanin ilimi na iya kara damuwa da ta shafi makarantar kuma hakan ya shafi aikin su na ilimi. Rashin karɓar jama'a an nuna shi don haifar da raguwar sha'awa da shiga saboda ɗalibai suna da wahalar ci gaba da shiga cikin mahalli inda ba sa jin darajar da maraba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Mood Disorder Among Children |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090051/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mood-disorder-in-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Jin kasancewa yana haifar da buffer tsakanin ɗalibai da alamun baƙin ciki kuma yana rage jin damuwa a makaranta. Sauran abubuwan da ba na kasancewa ba na iya shafar jin daɗin ɗalibai na kasancewa, wanda ya haɗa da ba a wakilce su da launin fata, ƙabilu, ko rashin wakilcin ƙarni na farko a makarantu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Wani batu da ke fuskantar a cikin al'ummarmu a yau shine zalunci wanda zai iya faruwa a makaranta ko ma a cikin aji. Cin zarafi na iya haifar da matsaloli ga ɗalibai kamar dogaro da sinadarai, lahani na jiki, da raguwar aikin ilimi. A cewar NASP, babban kashi, kusan kashi 70%-80%, na mutane sun fuskanci zalunci a shekarun makarantarsu inda ɗalibin zai iya zama mai zalunci, wanda aka azabtar, ko ma mai kallo. Don ma'aikata a makarantu su fahimci yadda za a lura da Manyan a matsayin matsala da abin da za a yi don warware shi, NASP tana ba da shawara don jagorantar shugabanni a yadda za a warware waɗannan batutuwan da kuma samar da bayanai game da shirye-shiryen da ke akwai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> Binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2020 da kungiyar ba da riba ta Burtaniya Ditch The Label ta gano cewa daga cikin mutanen da aka zalunta a wannan shekarar kashi 36% sun ba da rahoton baƙin ciki, kashi 33% suna da tunanin kashe kansu, kuma kashi 27% sun ji rauni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015090046/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=November 24, 2017 |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> == Dubi kuma ==   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kmfgjtki8qpdpz5w16kyx6rwklambhs 0 132769 822065 772797 2026-04-18T07:33:22Z Garbu Audu 44085 822065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Anne Lester Alstott ƙwararriyar lauya ce 'yar Amurka. Ita ce Farfesa Jacquin D. Bierman a fannin Haraji a Makarantar Shari'a ta Yale . == Sana'a == Ta kammala karatun digiri ''na summa cum laude'' daga Jami'ar Georgetown a shekarar 1984 kuma ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Yale a shekarar 1987. <ref> name="YLS profile">{{Cite web |title=Anne L. Alstott - Yale Law School |url=https://law.yale.edu/anne-l-alstott |access-date=May 2, 2019 |website=Yale Law School}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatun lauya, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar lauya a Sullivan &amp;amp; Cromwell da kuma a matsayin [[Alkalin shari'ar gudanarwa|Mai Ba da Shawara]] kan Shari'a a Ofishin Manufofin Haraji ( Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka ). <re>name="YLS profile" </ref> A shekarar 1992, Alstott ta zama farfesa a Makarantar Shari'a ta Columbia, inda ta koyar har zuwa shekarar 1996. Daga nan ta zama farfesa mai ziyara (1996–97) kuma farfesa a fannin shari'a (1997-2004) a Makarantar Shari'a ta Yale . A shekarar 2004, ta zama Farfesa Jacquin D. Bierman a fannin haraji. Ta zauna a Makarantar Shari'a ta Yale har zuwa 2008. Ta kasance mataimakiyar shugabar mata ta tsawon wa'adi biyu a Makarantar Shari'a ta Yale, a lokacin kaka na 2002 da kuma a shekarun 2004–05. Daga 2008 zuwa 2011, ta yi aiki a matsayin Farfesa Manley O. Hudson na Shari'a a Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard da kuma darakta a ''Asusun Binciken Haraji da Kudi'' . Daga nan ta dawo a matsayin Farfesa Jacquin D. Bierman a fannin haraji a Makarantar Shari'a ta Yale, inda har yanzu take aiki a yau. <ref> name="YLS profile">{{Cite web |title=Anne L. Alstott - Yale Law School |url=https://law.yale.edu/anne-l-alstott |access-date=May 2, 2019 |website=Yale Law School}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://law.yale.edu/anne-l-alstott "Anne L. Alstott - Yale Law School"]. </cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=CCH CPELink - Anne L. Alstott |url=https://www.cchcpelink.com/instructor/anne-alstott/ |access-date=May 2, 2019 |website=CCH CPELink}}</ref> An zaɓe ta a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CCH CPELink - Anne L. Alstott |url=https://www.cchcpelink.com/instructor/anne-alstott/ |access-date=May 2, 2019 |website=CCH CPELink}}</ref> == Littattafan tarihi == * ''Zabin Jama'a: Yadda Ake Faɗaɗa 'Yanci, Ƙara Dama, da Inganta Daidaito'' . Tare da Ganesh Sitaraman . Cambridge (Amurka): Harvard University Press, 2019. * ''Sabuwar Yarjejeniya Don Tsofaffi: Zuwa Ga Ci Gaban Ritaya'' . Cambridge (Amurka): Harvard University Press, 2016. * ''Babu Fita: Abin da Iyaye ke bin Yara da kuma Abin da Al'umma ke bin Iyaye'' . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. * ''Ƙungiyar Masu Ruwa da Tsaki'' . Tare da [[Bruce Ackerman]] . New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999. === Littattafan Karatu === * ''Harajin Kuɗin Tarayya, Ka'idoji da Manufofi na Graetz, Schenk, da Alstott, na 8.'' Tare da Michael J. Graetz da Deborah H. Schenk. Birnin New York: Foundation Press, 2018. * ''Haraji a cikin Ka'idoji Shida: Jagorar Ɗalibi'' . Riverwoods: CCH, Inc., 2018. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] gag6i39vvjhnpm3umtzqrerh57b53rk 0 132966 822071 773219 2026-04-18T07:38:23Z Kusa MS 44084 822071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Don Lynn Anderson''' (Maris 5, 1933)&nbsp;– Disamba 2, 2014) masanin ilimin ƙasa ne na Amurka wanda ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga fahimtar asali, juyin halitta, tsari, da kuma tsarin [[Duniya]] da sauran duniyoyi. Ƙwararren masani a fannoni daban-daban na kimiyya, aikin Anderson ya haɗa da ilimin girgizar ƙasa, kimiyyar lissafi mai ƙarfi, ilimin geochemistry da petrology don bayyana yadda [[Duniya]] ke aiki. An kuma fi sanin Anderson da gudummawarsa ga fahimtar zurfin cikin Duniya, kuma kwanan nan , don hasashen ka'idar farantin cewa wuraren zafi samfurin tectonics ne na farantin maimakon ƙananan fulawoyi da ke fitowa daga zurfin [[Duniya]] . Anderson ya kasance Farfesa (Emeritus) na Geophysics a Sashen Kimiyyar Ƙasa da Taurari a Cibiyar Fasaha ta California (Caltech) . Ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa daga ƙungiyoyin ilimin ƙasa, ilimin ƙasa da ilmin taurari. A shekarar 1998 an ba shi kyautar Crafoord ta Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences tare da Adam Dziewonski . <ref name="Crafoord">{{Cite web |title=The Crafoord Prize 1998 |url=http://www.crafoordprize.se/press/arkivpressreleases/thecrafoordprize1998.5.32d4db7210df50fec2d800018185.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526203152/http://www.crafoordprize.se/press/arkivpressreleases/thecrafoordprize1998.5.32d4db7210df50fec2d800018185.html |archive-date=26 May 2011 |access-date=18 April 2011 |website=Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Anderson ya sami lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta Kimiyya . Ya sami digirin girmamawa daga Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Rensselaer (inda ya yi karatun digirinsa na farko a [[Ilmin duwatsu|fannin ilimin ƙasa]] da ilimin ƙasa ) da Jami'ar Paris (Sorbonne), kuma ya yi aiki a kwamitocin ba da shawara na jami'a da yawa, ciki har da waɗanda ke [[Jami'ar Harvard|Harvard]], Princeton, Yale, Jami'ar Chicago, [[Jami'ar Stanford|Stanford]], Jami'ar Paris, Jami'ar Purdue, da Jami'ar Rice . Binciken Anderson mai faɗi ya haifar da ɗaruruwan takardu da aka buga a fannonin kimiyyar duniya, ilimin girgizar ƙasa, kimiyyar ma'adinai, ilimin petrolaji, ilimin geochemistry, tectonics da falsafar kimiyya . == Rayuwa da manyan gudummawar kimiyya == [[Fayil:Don_L._Anderson_National_Medal_of_Science.jpg|right|thumb|Karɓar lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta kimiyya daga Shugaba Bill Clinton]] [[Fayil:Don_&_Nancy_Anderson_50th_Wedding_Anniversary.jpg|right|thumb|Don da Nancy Anderson suna murnar cika shekaru 50 da aurensu]] [[File:Cover_of_New_Theory_of_the_Earth.jpg|right|thumb|Murfin littafin Anderson, ''New Theory of the Earth,'' ya nuna muhawarar da ake ci gaba da yi tsakanin masana kimiyyar ƙasa kan ko aman wuta sakamakon halitta ne na farantin tectonics ko kuma suna fitowa daga zurfin Duniya ta hanyar ƙananan fulawoyi.]] An haife shi a Frederick, [[Maryland]], a shekarar 1933, Anderson ya koma Baltimore yana ɗan shekara shida. Ya kammala karatunsa daga Baltimore Polytech Institute <ref name="OralHistory">{{Cite web |title=Interview with Don L. Anderson |url=http://oralhistories.library.caltech.edu/136/01/Anderson_D_OHO.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807061349/http://oralhistories.library.caltech.edu/136/01/Anderson_D_OHO.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2011 |access-date=18 April 2011 |website=Caltech Archives Oral Histories Online |publisher=California Institute of Technology}}</ref> sannan ya halarci Rensselaer Polytech Institute (RPI) inda ya sami digirin farko a fannin ilimin ƙasa da ilimin ƙasa a shekarar 1955. Daga nan ya yi aiki a masana'antar mai a California, Montana da Wyoming, kuma ya yi aiki a rundunar sojin sama a Massachusetts da Thule, Greenland kafin ya koma California, inda ya sami digirin Ph.D. a fannin ilimin ƙasa da lissafi a Caltech a shekarar 1962. Ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa na ilimi a ɗakin gwaje-gwajen girgizar ƙasa na Caltech, inda ya zama darakta na biyu mafi daɗewa a aikinsa daga 1967 zuwa 1989. Ya auri Nancy Ruth Anderson, ya haifi 'ya'ya biyu, Lynn Anderson Rodriguez da Lee Weston Anderson, da kuma jikoki huɗu. Anderson ya fara aikinsa na kimiyya ne yayin da yake aiki a [[United States Air Force|rundunar sojin saman Amurka]] . A [[Greenland]], ya yi nazarin halayen kankara ta teku. An ɗora wa Anderson alhakin tantance ko kankara tana da ƙarfi sosai don jure saukar manyan jiragen sama. A lokacin da yake aiki tare da abokin aikinsa, Dr. Wilford Weeks, kan takardun kimiyya da suka samo asali daga binciken, ya bayyana wa Anderson cewa yana buƙatar ƙarin ilimi. Ya zaɓi halartar Caltech a fannin ilimin ƙasa. Rubutun Anderson ya mayar da hankali kan halayen anisotropic, ko kuma waɗanda suka dogara da alkibla, na mantle . Ya yi nazarin yaɗuwar raƙuman ruwa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai masu rikitarwa. Kafin aikin Anderson, masana girgizar ƙasa sun ɗauka cewa cikin Duniya yana aiki kamar gilashi, kuma yana da isotropic. Bayan kammala karatunsa na Ph.D. a 1962, Anderson ya shiga jami'a a Caltech kuma ya koma wasu fannoni na karatu, yana rubuta takardu kan abun da ke ciki, yanayin zahiri, da asalin Duniya da kuma sauran duniyoyi. Daga baya a cikin aikinsa, ya koma ga tasirin anisotropy da narkewar wani ɓangare da kuma kasancewar ruwa a cikin mantle na sama . Shi da abokan aikinsa sun ƙirƙiro hanyoyi don la'akari da anisotropy da kuma halayen raƙuman girgizar ƙasa marasa sassauci don bayyana yadda Duniya ke aiki. Kalmomin fasaha ga waɗanda suka yi nazarinsa sune rashin jituwa, rashin yarda, rashin yarda, da kuma rashin jituwa. A wata ma'anar, Duniya ba ta da wani tsari mai kyau, mai laushi. A tsawon shekaru sama da 50 da ya yi yana aiki, Anderson ya buga takardu kan yadda [[wata]], Venus da [[Mars]] suka kasance da kuma [[Duniya|asalinsu]] . Shi babban mai bincike ne kan aikin Viking zuwa [[Mars]] a shekarar 1971. Anderson da abokan aikinsa sun binciki dangantakar da ke tsakanin halayen dutsen mantle a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba mai yawa da yanayin zafi, sauye-sauyen yanayi na ma'adanai na mantle, da kuma samar da girgizar ƙasa . Sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga fahimtar motsin faranti na tectonic ta hanyar zana taswirar kwararar iska a cikin mantle na Duniya ta amfani da hanyoyin girgizar ƙasa. Waɗannan nazarin sun haifar da haɓaka Tsarin Duniya na Farko (PREM), wanda ke ba da ƙimar mizanin ma'auni don mahimman halayen Duniya, gami da saurin girgizar ƙasa, yawan yawa, matsin lamba, raguwa, da anisotropy a matsayin aikin radius na duniya da tsawon rai. PREM yanzu shine samfurin ma'auni na duniya. An ambaci wannan aikin lokacin da Anderson, tare da abokin aikinsa Adam Dziewonski na [[Jami'ar Harvard]], aka ba su kyautar Crafoord a shekarar 1998 a Sweden. Ta hanyar la'akari da kimiyyar lissafi da yanayin zafi na kayan Duniya a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi mai yawa da matsin lamba a cikin zurfin ciki, Anderson ya ƙirƙiri ka'idoji waɗanda suka bambanta da hasashe na kimiyya na yau da kullun. Musamman, Anderson ya nuna cewa daidaitattun samfuran geochemical da juyin halitta na Duniya suna da lahani saboda sun karya dokokin thermodynamics ta hanyoyin da za su sa Duniya ta yi aiki a matsayin injin motsi na dindindin . Anderson ya kwatanta waɗannan samfuran da " Just-So Stories " na Rudyard Kipling, kuma ya nuna cewa waɗannan ka'idoji suna ci gaba da wanzuwa lokacin da aka bayyana shaidu masu rikitarwa a matsayin abubuwan da ba su dace ba ko abubuwan da ba su dace ba. Samfuran Anderson sun dogara ne akan kimiyyar lissafi da thermodynamics da kuma ilimin ƙasa, kuma suna tsayawa ga abubuwan lura da gwaje-gwajen da suka dogara da shaida. Anderson ya ƙirƙiro wani madadin tsarin ma'adanai da isotopic na mantle. Duniya tana da asali mai zafi sosai kuma an raba ta ta hanyar sinadarai tun lokacin da ta haɗu shekaru biliyan 4.5 da suka gabata. Hikimar kimiyya ta al'ada ita ce dukkan mantle ɗin an yi su ne da peridotite wanda olivine ke mamaye, wasu daga cikinsu kayan asali ne. Anderson, a gefe guda, ya nuna cewa tsakiyar mantle ɗin ya ƙunshi piclogite, pyroxene da garnet -rick rock. Sabanin ra'ayoyin kimiyya da suka fi yawa, Anderson ya yi jayayya cewa zurfin mantle ɗin yana da yawa kuma ba ya iya tashi zuwa saman ko samar da basalts . Anderson ya ba da shawarar cewa duk basalts ana samar da su ne a cikin mantle na sama. Waɗannan ra'ayoyin sun samo asali ne daga haɗakar geochemistry, petrology, seismology, da thermodynamics, yayin da samfuran yau da kullun sun dogara ne kawai akan ɗaya ko biyu daga cikin waɗannan fannoni da zato da yawa. Anderson ya kuma kalubalanci ra'ayoyin kimiyya na gargajiya kan yadda ake samar da [[Dutsen Volcano|duwatsu masu aman wuta]], musamman ma ka'idar duwatsu masu aman wuta masu dauke da iska a Duniya, kamar yadda W. Jason Morgan ya gabatar, Anderson ya yi jayayya cewa abin da ake kira hasashen duwatsu masu aman wuta ba shi da inganci kuma cewa wurare masu zafi da tsibiran teku kamar [[Hawaii]] ko [[Ayislan|Iceland]], maimakon haka, su ne kayayyakin da aka saba amfani da su wajen samar da duwatsu masu aman wuta . Duk da cewa masana kimiyyar geochemist da yawa sun yi imanin cewa duwatsu masu aman wuta sun samo asali ne daga ƙananan duwatsu masu aman wuta da ke fitowa daga saman tsakiyar Duniya, Anderson ya nuna cewa za a iya bayyana su gaba ɗaya ta hanyar abubuwan da ba su dace ba na sinadarai da ma'adanai a cikin babban murfin. Bugu da ƙari, Anderson ya nuna cewa duk wani nuni na hasashen duwatsu masu aman wuta ya karya dokokin thermodynamics na asali saboda suna dogara ne akan samar da zafi mai ɗorewa daga zurfin Duniya ko ma daga wajen Duniya. A gefe guda kuma, Anderson ya yarda da ra'ayin gargajiya cewa cikin Duniya yana sanyaya kuma cewa duwatsu masu aman wuta kawai suna taɓa wani yanki na dutse mai narkewa wanda ke cikin babban murfin, ko kuma harsashin waje na Duniya. Ta hanyar motsin faranti ne ake barin [[magma]] ta isa saman ta hanyar yankunan karyewa, ramuka, [[Dutsen Volcano|aman wuta]] da kuma wuraren da ake kira wurare masu zafi. Anderson ya kuma yi la'akari da cewa faranti tectonics sakamako ne na halitta na sanyaya wata duniya daga sama. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Duk da cewa aikinsa ya dogara ne akan ilimin girgizar ƙasa, kimiyyar lissafi ta gargajiya da kuma yanayin zafi da kuma iliminsa game da cikin Duniya, ana ɗaukar ka'idodin Anderson a matsayin masu kawo cece-kuce saboda sun rabu da ra'ayoyin da al'ummar geochemical suka haɓaka kuma waɗanda aka ambata a cikin wallafe-wallafe masu tasiri kamar Nature and Science . Wani gidan yanar gizo mai aiki, mantleplumes.org, ya sadaukar da kansa ga ƙalubalen da Anderson da abokan aikinsa suka fuskanta game da bayanin daidaito, ko na littafi game da aman wuta da yanayin Duniya. Hanyar Anderson mai fannoni daban-daban, tare da ƙwarewarsa a fannin ilimin ƙasa, ilimin ƙasa, kimiyyar lissafi mai ƙarfi, da kuma ilimin thermodynamics, ta ba shi damar bayyana juyin halitta da tsarin Duniya ta hanyoyin da ke ƙalubalantar ra'ayoyin da aka yarda da su na zamaninsa. Abokin aikinsa Seth Stein na Jami'ar Northwestern ya ce game da Sabuwar Ka'idar Duniya ta Anderson: "Wata tsohuwar karin magana ta ce babu ɗaliban Duniya na gaske saboda muna haƙa ƙananan ramukanmu mu zauna a cikinsu. Wannan littafin misali ne mai ban mamaki wanda ya haɗa batutuwa da yawa da suka shafi tsarin duniya, juyin halitta, da kuma yanayin rayuwa. Har ma masu karatu waɗanda ba su yarda da wasu hujjoji ba za su same su masu fahimta da kuma ƙarfafa gwiwa." Anderson ya mutu a Cambria, California, a ranar 2 ga Disamba, 2014, sakamakon cutar kansa, yana da shekaru 81. == Bayanan fasaha == * Ya nuna cewa anisotropy da aelasticity suna da mahimmanci wajen yaɗuwar raƙuman girgizar ƙasa a Duniya. * An gabatar da tasirin dogaro da mita da kuma rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin ilimin girgizar ƙasa na zamani. Wannan ya ba da damar warware bambance-bambance tsakanin nau'ikan bayanai na girgizar ƙasa daban-daban (rawayoyin jiki, samfuran yau da kullun; bambancin raƙuman ruwa na Rayleigh-Love) da kuma haɗa dukkan nau'ikan bayanai zuwa juye-juye guda ɗaya. * An ƙirƙiro ka'idar dogaro da mitar gudu da kuma rage zafi (Q) kuma an yi amfani da ita ga mantle da core (Shan Mant Model). * An ƙirƙiro hanyoyin da za a iya juya raƙuman ruwa na saman don tsarin anisotropic (Universal Dispersion Curves). * Ya nuna (tare da Minster) yadda ƙananan kimiyyar lissafi za su iya bayyana yadda abubuwan da ke faruwa na ɗan gajeren lokaci za su iya alaƙa da ilimin halittar jiki na dogon lokaci. * Tare da Nataf, Nakanishi, Tanimoto, da Montagner, Regan ya ƙirƙiro tsarin farko na 3D na anisotropic mantle. == Lambobin yabo da girmamawa == * Lamba ta James B. Macelwane ta Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Amurka (1966) <ref name="Macelwane">{{Cite web |title=James B. Macelwane Medal |url=http://www.agu.org/about/honors/union/macelwane/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606151326/http://www.agu.org/about/honors/union/macelwane/ |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=18 April 2011 |website=American Geophysical Union}}</ref> * Kyautar Nasarar Apollo ta Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama da Sararin Samaniya ta Ƙasa a 1969 * Ɗan ƙungiyar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka (1972) <ref name="AAAS">{{Cite web |title=Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter A |url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf |access-date=18 April 2011 |publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences}}</ref> * Ɗan ƙungiyar American Geophysical Union (1973) <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> * Kyautar Newcomb Cleveland ta Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci Gaban Kimiyya (1977) (Masana Kimiyyar Viking Mission ) <ref name="Newcomb">{{Cite web |title=AAAS Newcomb Cleveland Prize |url=http://archives.aaas.org/awards.php?a_id=7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607023735/http://archives.aaas.org/awards.php?a_id=7 |archive-date=7 June 2011 |access-date=18 April 2011 |website=American Academy for the Advancement of Science}}</ref> * Nasarar Nasarar Kimiyya ta Musamman (1977) * Memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa (1982) * Ɗan Ƙasashen Waje Mai Girmamawa na Ƙungiyar Kimiyyar Ƙasashen Turai (1985) <ref name="EUG">{{Cite web |title=EUG Honorary Fellows |url=http://www.egu.eu/eug/honorary_fellows.htm |access-date=18 April 2011 |website=European Union of Geoscientists |publisher=European Geosciences Union}}</ref> * Lambar yabo ta Emil Wiechert ta ƙungiyar nazarin halittu ta Jamus (1986) <ref name="DGG">{{Cite web |title=Emil-Wiechert-Medaille |url=http://www.dgg-online.de/emil-wiechert.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807080229/http://www.dgg-online.de/emil-wiechert.php |archive-date=7 August 2011 |access-date=18 April 2011 |website=Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft |language=de}}</ref> * Lambar Rana ta Arthur L. ta Ƙungiyar Masana Ƙasa ta Amurka (1987) <ref name="Day">{{Cite web |title=Past Award & Medal Recipients |url=https://www.geosociety.org/awards/past.htm#day |access-date=18 April 2011 |website=Geological Society of America}}</ref> * Ɗan ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya (1988) * Lambar Zinare ta Ƙungiyar Sararin Samaniya ta Sarauta (1988) <ref name="GoldMedal">{{Cite web |title=Winners of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society |url=http://www.ras.org.uk/awards-and-grants/awards/268 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525064844/http://www.ras.org.uk/awards-and-grants/awards/268 |archive-date=25 May 2011 |access-date=18 April 2011 |website=Royal Astronomical Society}}</ref> * Memba na Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka (1990) <ref name="APS">{{Cite web |title=Public Profile: Dr. Don L. Anderson |url=http://www.amphilsoc.org/public-profile/22F7719A-D697-DE11-A8C4-0013724C588C |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319173635/http://www.amphilsoc.org/public-profile/22F7719A-D697-DE11-A8C4-0013724C588C |archive-date=19 March 2012 |access-date=18 April 2011 |website=American Philosophical Society}}</ref> * Lambar yabo ta William Bowie ta Ƙungiyar Nazarin Ƙasa ta Amurka (1991) <ref name="Bowie">{{Cite web |title=William Bowie Medal |url=http://www.agu.org/about/honors/union/bowie/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814171716/http://www.agu.org/about/honors/union/bowie/ |archive-date=14 August 2011 |access-date=18 April 2011 |website=American Geophysical Union}}</ref> * Guggenheim Fellow (1998) <ref name="Guggenheim">{{Cite web |title=Don L. Anderson: Search Results |url=http://www.gf.org/fellows/results?query=Don+L.+Anderson&lower_bound=1998&upper_bound=1998&competition=ALL&fellowship_category=ALL&x=0&y=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920180438/http://www.gf.org/fellows/results?query=Don+L.+Anderson&lower_bound=1998&upper_bound=1998&competition=ALL&fellowship_category=ALL&x=0&y=0 |archive-date=20 September 2012 |access-date=18 April 2011 |website=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation}}</ref> * Kyautar Craford ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Royal Swedish (1998 tare da Dziewonski) <ref name="Crafoord">{{Cite web |title=The Crafoord Prize 1998 |url=http://www.crafoordprize.se/press/arkivpressreleases/thecrafoordprize1998.5.32d4db7210df50fec2d800018185.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526203152/http://www.crafoordprize.se/press/arkivpressreleases/thecrafoordprize1998.5.32d4db7210df50fec2d800018185.html |archive-date=26 May 2011 |access-date=18 April 2011 |website=Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110526203152/http://www.crafoordprize.se/press/arkivpressreleases/thecrafoordprize1998.5.32d4db7210df50fec2d800018185.html "The Crafoord Prize 1998"]. ''Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences''. Archived from [http://www.crafoordprize.se/press/arkivpressreleases/thecrafoordprize1998.5.32d4db7210df50fec2d800018185.html the original] on 26 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> * Lambar Yabo ta Ƙasa ta Kimiyya (1998) <ref name="NMS">{{Cite web |title=The Laureates 1998 |url=http://www.nationalmedals.org/medals/1998.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929073841/http://www.nationalmedals.org/medals/1998.php |archive-date=29 September 2011 |access-date=18 April 2011 |website=National Science & Technology Medals Foundation}}</ref> * Digirin girmamawa daga Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) da Jami'ar Paris (Sorbonne) == Muhimman littattafai == * AM Dziewonski; DL Anderson. (1981). ''Tsarin farko na Tunani na Duniya'' ; Ilimin Kimiyyar Duniya da Tsarin Ciki na Duniya 25, S.297–356. * DL Anderson. (2007). [http://authors.library.caltech.edu/25038/ Sabuwar Ka'idar Duniya] ; Cambridge University Press, New York. * DL Anderson. (1989). [https://web.archive.org/web/20051201033719/http://caltechbook.library.caltech.edu/14/ Ka'idar Duniya] ; Blackwell Scientific Publications. * Don L. Anderson da James H. Natland. (2014) ''Sabunta Mantle da hanyoyin da dutsen mai aman wuta ke bi'' ; Takardun Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa [http://www.pnas.org/content/111/41/E4298.abstract] juzu'i na 111 lamba 41. . * DL Anderson. (2013). ''Tatsuniyar mantle plum mai ɗorewa - Shin plums suna wanzuwa?'' ; Mujallar Kimiyyar Duniya ta Australiya: da James H. Natland. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]] <span>:</span> [[doi:10.1080/08120099.2013.835283|10.1080/08120099.2013.835283]] * Anderson, Don L. (2011). ''Hawaii, Layukan Iyaka da Man Fetur na Yanayi - Takaddun Ƙasa'', J. Petrol., 52, 1547–1577; . * GR Foulger, DL Anderson. (2005). ''Kyakkyawan samfuri don wuraren zafi na Iceland'' ; Mujallar Nazarin Dutsen Aman Wuta da Binciken Geothermal '''141''' . * Anderson, DL (2005). ''Nauyin kai, daidaiton kai, da kuma tsarin kai a fannin geodynamics da geochemistry, a cikin Deep Mantle na Duniya: Tsarin, Tsarin, da Juyin Halitta'', Editoci. RD van der Hilst, J. Bass, J. Matas & J. Trampert, AGU Geophysical Monograph Series 160, 165–186. * Anderson, DL (2005). ''Wuraren da ake samun maki: Tsarin plum da faranti'', a cikin Foulger, GR, Natland, JH, Presnall, DC, da Anderson, DL, edits., Faranti, plum, da paradigms: Takardar Musamman ta Ƙungiyar Geological Society of America 388, shafi na 10.&nbsp;31–54. * Anderson, Don L. da Natland, JH (2005). ''Takaitaccen tarihin hasashen plume da masu fafatawa da shi: Ra'ayi da jayayya'', a cikin Foulger, GR, Natland, JH, Presnall, DC, da Anderson, DL, edits., Plates, Plumes, & Paradigms, : Takardar Musamman ta GSA 388, shafi na 100.&nbsp;119-145. * Meibom, A. da Anderson, DL (2003). ''Haɗakar Manyan Mantle na Ƙididdiga'', Wasikun Kimiyya na Duniya, 217, shafi na 1.&nbsp;123–139. * Wen, L., da Anderson, Don L. (1997). ''Lakabin mantle convection: Samfurin geoid da topography'', Wasikun Kimiyya na Duniya da Duniya, v. 146, p.&nbsp;367-377. * Anderson, Don L. (1995). ''Lithosphere, taurari da kuma perisphere'', Sharhin Geophysics, v. 33, shafi.&nbsp;125-149. * Anderson, Don L.; Zhang, Y.-S.; Tanimoto, T. (1992). ''Kan plume, lithosphere na nahiyar, flood basalts da tomography'', a cikin: Magmatism da Sanadin Warwarewar Nahiyar, BC Storey, T. Alabaster da RJ Pankhurst, edits., Geological Society Special Publication, No. 68. * Anderson, Don L.; Tanimoto, T.; da Zhang, Y.-S. (1992). ''Fannin tectonics da wuraren da ke da zafi: Matsakaici na uku'', Kimiyya, v. 256, shafi.&nbsp;1645-1650. * Scrivner, C. da Anderson, Don L. (1992). ''Tasirin subduction bayan Pangea akan mantle tomography da convection na duniya'', Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 19, no. 10, p.&nbsp;1053-1056. * Anderson, Don L. (1989). ''Ina ne a Duniya akwai ɓawon?'', Physics Today, Maris, shafi.&nbsp;38-46. * Anderson, Don L. (1987). ''Daidaito na Girgizar Ƙasa na Jiha ta II. Halayen Shear da Thermodynamics na Ƙananan Mantle'', Phys. Duniyar Duniya. Ciki, v. 45, p.&nbsp;307-323. * Anderson, Don L. (1985). ''Maganganun zafi na iya samuwa ta hanyar rabawa da gurɓata MORB'', Nature, v. 318, shafi.&nbsp;145-149. * Tanimoto, T., da Anderson, Don L. (1985). ''Bambancin gefe da azimuthal anisotropy na saman mantle: Love and Rayleigh waves 100-250 sec'', Jour. Geophys. Res., v. 90, p.&nbsp;1842-1858. * Anderson, Don L. (1986). ''Kimiyyar Duniya & Manufofin Jama'a'', Geotimes, v. 31, lamba 10, shafi.&nbsp;5. * Nataf, H.-C.; Nakanishi, I.; da Anderson, Don L. (1986). ''Ma'aunin Saurin Raƙuman Mantle da Juyawa don Bambancin Lateral da Anisotropy, Sashe na III: Juyawa'', Mujallar Geophys. Res., v. 91, a'a. B7, p.&nbsp;7261-7307. * Anderson, Don L. (1984). ''Duniya a matsayin duniya: siffofi da bambance-bambance'', Kimiyya, v. 223, a'a. 4634, p.&nbsp;347-355. 178. * Anderson, Don L. (1982). ''Wurare masu zafi, wander na polar, mesozoic convection, da geoid'', Nature, v. 297, no. 5865, p.&nbsp;391-393. * Anderson, Don L.; da Given, JW (1982). ''Tsarin ƙungiyar shaye-shaye ta Q don Duniya'', Jour. Geophys. Res., v. 87, a'a. B5, p.&nbsp;3893-3904. * Jerin Masana kimiyyar ƙasa == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] 6tmnt3ajv01sdyjgo7xroc647p2fkrd 822072 822071 2026-04-18T07:39:09Z Kusa MS 44084 822072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Don Lynn Anderson''' (Maris 5, 1933)&nbsp;– Disamba 2, 2014) masanin ilimin ƙasa ne na Amurka wanda ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga fahimtar asali, juyin halitta, tsari, da kuma tsarin [[Duniya]] da sauran duniyoyi. Ƙwararren masani a fannoni daban-daban na kimiyya, aikin Anderson ya haɗa da ilimin girgizar ƙasa, kimiyyar lissafi mai ƙarfi, ilimin geochemistry da petrology don bayyana yadda [[Duniya]] ke aiki. An kuma fi sanin Anderson da gudummawarsa ga fahimtar zurfin cikin Duniya, kuma kwanan nan , don hasashen ka'idar farantin cewa wuraren zafi samfurin tectonics ne na farantin maimakon ƙananan fulawoyi da ke fitowa daga zurfin [[Duniya]] . Anderson ya kasance Farfesa (Emeritus) na Geophysics a Sashen Kimiyyar Ƙasa da Taurari a Cibiyar Fasaha ta California (Caltech) . Ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa daga ƙungiyoyin ilimin ƙasa, ilimin ƙasa da ilmin taurari. A shekarar 1998 an ba shi kyautar Crafoord ta Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences tare da Adam Dziewonski . <ref name="Crafoord">{{Cite web |title=The Crafoord Prize 1998 |url=http://www.crafoordprize.se/press/arkivpressreleases/thecrafoordprize1998.5.32d4db7210df50fec2d800018185.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526203152/http://www.crafoordprize.se/press/arkivpressreleases/thecrafoordprize1998.5.32d4db7210df50fec2d800018185.html |archive-date=26 May 2011 |access-date=18 April 2011 |website=Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Anderson ya sami lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta Kimiyya . Ya sami digirin girmamawa daga Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Rensselaer (inda ya yi karatun digirinsa na farko a [[Ilmin duwatsu|fannin ilimin ƙasa]] da ilimin ƙasa ) da Jami'ar Paris (Sorbonne), kuma ya yi aiki a kwamitocin ba da shawara na jami'a da yawa, ciki har da waɗanda ke [[Jami'ar Harvard|Harvard]], Princeton, Yale, Jami'ar Chicago, [[Jami'ar Stanford|Stanford]], Jami'ar Paris, Jami'ar Purdue, da Jami'ar Rice . Binciken Anderson mai faɗi ya haifar da ɗaruruwan takardu da aka buga a fannonin kimiyyar duniya, ilimin girgizar ƙasa, kimiyyar ma'adinai, ilimin petrolaji, ilimin geochemistry, tectonics da falsafar kimiyya . == Rayuwa da manyan gudummawar kimiyya == [[Fayil:Don_L._Anderson_National_Medal_of_Science.jpg|right|thumb|Karɓar lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta kimiyya daga Shugaba Bill Clinton]] [[Fayil:Don_&_Nancy_Anderson_50th_Wedding_Anniversary.jpg|right|thumb|Don da Nancy Anderson suna murnar cika shekaru 50 da aurensu]] [[File:Cover_of_New_Theory_of_the_Earth.jpg|right|thumb|Murfin littafin Anderson, ''New Theory of the Earth,'' ya nuna muhawarar da ake ci gaba da yi tsakanin masana kimiyyar ƙasa kan ko aman wuta sakamakon halitta ne na farantin tectonics ko kuma suna fitowa daga zurfin Duniya ta hanyar ƙananan fulawoyi.]] An haife shi a Frederick, [[Maryland]], a shekarar 1933, Anderson ya koma Baltimore yana ɗan shekara shida. Ya kammala karatunsa daga Baltimore Polytech Institute <ref name="OralHistory">{{Cite web |title=Interview with Don L. Anderson |url=http://oralhistories.library.caltech.edu/136/01/Anderson_D_OHO.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807061349/http://oralhistories.library.caltech.edu/136/01/Anderson_D_OHO.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2011 |access-date=18 April 2011 |website=Caltech Archives Oral Histories Online |publisher=California Institute of Technology}}</ref> sannan ya halarci Rensselaer Polytech Institute (RPI) inda ya sami digirin farko a fannin ilimin ƙasa da ilimin ƙasa a shekarar 1955. Daga nan ya yi aiki a masana'antar mai a California, Montana da Wyoming, kuma ya yi aiki a rundunar sojin sama a Massachusetts da Thule, Greenland kafin ya koma California, inda ya sami digirin Ph.D. a fannin ilimin ƙasa da lissafi a Caltech a shekarar 1962. Ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa na ilimi a ɗakin gwaje-gwajen girgizar ƙasa na Caltech, inda ya zama darakta na biyu mafi daɗewa a aikinsa daga 1967 zuwa 1989. Ya auri Nancy Ruth Anderson, ya haifi 'ya'ya biyu, Lynn Anderson Rodriguez da Lee Weston Anderson, da kuma jikoki huɗu. Anderson ya fara aikinsa na kimiyya ne yayin da yake aiki a [[United States Air Force|rundunar sojin saman Amurka]] . A [[Greenland]], ya yi nazarin halayen kankara ta teku. An ɗora wa Anderson alhakin tantance ko kankara tana da ƙarfi sosai don jure saukar manyan jiragen sama. A lokacin da yake aiki tare da abokin aikinsa, Dr. Wilford Weeks, kan takardun kimiyya da suka samo asali daga binciken, ya bayyana wa Anderson cewa yana buƙatar ƙarin ilimi. Ya zaɓi halartar Caltech a fannin ilimin ƙasa. Rubutun Anderson ya mayar da hankali kan halayen anisotropic, ko kuma waɗanda suka dogara da alkibla, na mantle . Ya yi nazarin yaɗuwar raƙuman ruwa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai masu rikitarwa. Kafin aikin Anderson, masana girgizar ƙasa sun ɗauka cewa cikin Duniya yana aiki kamar gilashi, kuma yana da isotropic. Bayan kammala karatunsa na Ph.D. a 1962, Anderson ya shiga jami'a a Caltech kuma ya koma wasu fannoni na karatu, yana rubuta takardu kan abun da ke ciki, yanayin zahiri, da asalin Duniya da kuma sauran duniyoyi. Daga baya a cikin aikinsa, ya koma ga tasirin anisotropy da narkewar wani ɓangare da kuma kasancewar ruwa a cikin mantle na sama . Shi da abokan aikinsa sun ƙirƙiro hanyoyi don la'akari da anisotropy da kuma halayen raƙuman girgizar ƙasa marasa sassauci don bayyana yadda Duniya ke aiki. Kalmomin fasaha ga waɗanda suka yi nazarinsa sune rashin jituwa, rashin yarda, rashin yarda, da kuma rashin jituwa. A wata ma'anar, Duniya ba ta da wani tsari mai kyau, mai laushi. A tsawon shekaru sama da 50 da ya yi yana aiki, Anderson ya buga takardu kan yadda [[wata]], Venus da [[Mars]] suka kasance da kuma [[Duniya|asalinsu]] . Shi babban mai bincike ne kan aikin Viking zuwa [[Mars]] a shekarar 1971. Anderson da abokan aikinsa sun binciki dangantakar da ke tsakanin halayen dutsen mantle a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba mai yawa da yanayin zafi, sauye-sauyen yanayi na ma'adanai na mantle, da kuma samar da girgizar ƙasa . Sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga fahimtar motsin faranti na tectonic ta hanyar zana taswirar kwararar iska a cikin mantle na Duniya ta amfani da hanyoyin girgizar ƙasa. Waɗannan nazarin sun haifar da haɓaka Tsarin Duniya na Farko (PREM), wanda ke ba da ƙimar mizanin ma'auni don mahimman halayen Duniya, gami da saurin girgizar ƙasa, yawan yawa, matsin lamba, raguwa, da anisotropy a matsayin aikin radius na duniya da tsawon rai. PREM yanzu shine samfurin ma'auni na duniya. An ambaci wannan aikin lokacin da Anderson, tare da abokin aikinsa Adam Dziewonski na [[Jami'ar Harvard]], aka ba su kyautar Crafoord a shekarar 1998 a Sweden. Ta hanyar la'akari da kimiyyar lissafi da yanayin zafi na kayan Duniya a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi mai yawa da matsin lamba a cikin zurfin ciki, Anderson ya ƙirƙiri ka'idoji waɗanda suka bambanta da hasashe na kimiyya na yau da kullun. Musamman, Anderson ya nuna cewa daidaitattun samfuran geochemical da juyin halitta na Duniya suna da lahani saboda sun karya dokokin thermodynamics ta hanyoyin da za su sa Duniya ta yi aiki a matsayin injin motsi na dindindin . Anderson ya kwatanta waɗannan samfuran da " Just-So Stories " na Rudyard Kipling, kuma ya nuna cewa waɗannan ka'idoji suna ci gaba da wanzuwa lokacin da aka bayyana shaidu masu rikitarwa a matsayin abubuwan da ba su dace ba ko abubuwan da ba su dace ba. Samfuran Anderson sun dogara ne akan kimiyyar lissafi da thermodynamics da kuma ilimin ƙasa, kuma suna tsayawa ga abubuwan lura da gwaje-gwajen da suka dogara da shaida. Anderson ya ƙirƙiro wani madadin tsarin ma'adanai da isotopic na mantle. Duniya tana da asali mai zafi sosai kuma an raba ta ta hanyar sinadarai tun lokacin da ta haɗu shekaru biliyan 4.5 da suka gabata. Hikimar kimiyya ta al'ada ita ce dukkan mantle ɗin an yi su ne da peridotite wanda olivine ke mamaye, wasu daga cikinsu kayan asali ne. Anderson, a gefe guda kuma, ya nuna cewa tsakiyar mantle ɗin ya ƙunshi piclogite, pyroxene da garnet -rick rock. Sabanin ra'ayoyin kimiyya da suka fi yawa, Anderson ya yi jayayya cewa zurfin mantle ɗin yana da yawa kuma ba ya iya tashi zuwa saman ko samar da basalts . Anderson ya ba da shawarar cewa duk basalts ana samar da su ne a cikin mantle na sama. Waɗannan ra'ayoyin sun samo asali ne daga haɗakar geochemistry, petrology, seismology, da thermodynamics, yayin da samfuran yau da kullun sun dogara ne kawai akan ɗaya ko biyu daga cikin waɗannan fannoni da zato da yawa. Anderson ya kuma kalubalanci ra'ayoyin kimiyya na gargajiya kan yadda ake samar da [[Dutsen Volcano|duwatsu masu aman wuta]], musamman ma ka'idar duwatsu masu aman wuta masu dauke da iska a Duniya, kamar yadda W. Jason Morgan ya gabatar, Anderson ya yi jayayya cewa abin da ake kira hasashen duwatsu masu aman wuta ba shi da inganci kuma cewa wurare masu zafi da tsibiran teku kamar [[Hawaii]] ko [[Ayislan|Iceland]], maimakon haka, su ne kayayyakin da aka saba amfani da su wajen samar da duwatsu masu aman wuta . Duk da cewa masana kimiyyar geochemist da yawa sun yi imanin cewa duwatsu masu aman wuta sun samo asali ne daga ƙananan duwatsu masu aman wuta da ke fitowa daga saman tsakiyar Duniya, Anderson ya nuna cewa za a iya bayyana su gaba ɗaya ta hanyar abubuwan da ba su dace ba na sinadarai da ma'adanai a cikin babban murfin. Bugu da ƙari, Anderson ya nuna cewa duk wani nuni na hasashen duwatsu masu aman wuta ya karya dokokin thermodynamics na asali saboda suna dogara ne akan samar da zafi mai ɗorewa daga zurfin Duniya ko ma daga wajen Duniya. A gefe guda kuma, Anderson ya yarda da ra'ayin gargajiya cewa cikin Duniya yana sanyaya kuma cewa duwatsu masu aman wuta kawai suna taɓa wani yanki na dutse mai narkewa wanda ke cikin babban murfin, ko kuma harsashin waje na Duniya. Ta hanyar motsin faranti ne ake barin [[magma]] ta isa saman ta hanyar yankunan karyewa, ramuka, [[Dutsen Volcano|aman wuta]] da kuma wuraren da ake kira wurare masu zafi. Anderson ya kuma yi la'akari da cewa faranti tectonics sakamako ne na halitta na sanyaya wata duniya daga sama. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Duk da cewa aikinsa ya dogara ne akan ilimin girgizar ƙasa, kimiyyar lissafi ta gargajiya da kuma yanayin zafi da kuma iliminsa game da cikin Duniya, ana ɗaukar ka'idodin Anderson a matsayin masu kawo cece-kuce saboda sun rabu da ra'ayoyin da al'ummar geochemical suka haɓaka kuma waɗanda aka ambata a cikin wallafe-wallafe masu tasiri kamar Nature and Science . Wani gidan yanar gizo mai aiki, mantleplumes.org, ya sadaukar da kansa ga ƙalubalen da Anderson da abokan aikinsa suka fuskanta game da bayanin daidaito, ko na littafi game da aman wuta da yanayin Duniya. Hanyar Anderson mai fannoni daban-daban, tare da ƙwarewarsa a fannin ilimin ƙasa, ilimin ƙasa, kimiyyar lissafi mai ƙarfi, da kuma ilimin thermodynamics, ta ba shi damar bayyana juyin halitta da tsarin Duniya ta hanyoyin da ke ƙalubalantar ra'ayoyin da aka yarda da su na zamaninsa. Abokin aikinsa Seth Stein na Jami'ar Northwestern ya ce game da Sabuwar Ka'idar Duniya ta Anderson: "Wata tsohuwar karin magana ta ce babu ɗaliban Duniya na gaske saboda muna haƙa ƙananan ramukanmu mu zauna a cikinsu. Wannan littafin misali ne mai ban mamaki wanda ya haɗa batutuwa da yawa da suka shafi tsarin duniya, juyin halitta, da kuma yanayin rayuwa. Har ma masu karatu waɗanda ba su yarda da wasu hujjoji ba za su same su masu fahimta da kuma ƙarfafa gwiwa." Anderson ya mutu a Cambria, California, a ranar 2 ga Disamba, 2014, sakamakon cutar kansa, yana da shekaru 81. == Bayanan fasaha == * Ya nuna cewa anisotropy da aelasticity suna da mahimmanci wajen yaɗuwar raƙuman girgizar ƙasa a Duniya. * An gabatar da tasirin dogaro da mita da kuma rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin ilimin girgizar ƙasa na zamani. Wannan ya ba da damar warware bambance-bambance tsakanin nau'ikan bayanai na girgizar ƙasa daban-daban (rawayoyin jiki, samfuran yau da kullun; bambancin raƙuman ruwa na Rayleigh-Love) da kuma haɗa dukkan nau'ikan bayanai zuwa juye-juye guda ɗaya. * An ƙirƙiro ka'idar dogaro da mitar gudu da kuma rage zafi (Q) kuma an yi amfani da ita ga mantle da core (Shan Mant Model). * An ƙirƙiro hanyoyin da za a iya juya raƙuman ruwa na saman don tsarin anisotropic (Universal Dispersion Curves). * Ya nuna (tare da Minster) yadda ƙananan kimiyyar lissafi za su iya bayyana yadda abubuwan da ke faruwa na ɗan gajeren lokaci za su iya alaƙa da ilimin halittar jiki na dogon lokaci. * Tare da Nataf, Nakanishi, Tanimoto, da Montagner, Regan ya ƙirƙiro tsarin farko na 3D na anisotropic mantle. == Lambobin yabo da girmamawa == * Lamba ta James B. Macelwane ta Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Amurka (1966) <ref name="Macelwane">{{Cite web |title=James B. Macelwane Medal |url=http://www.agu.org/about/honors/union/macelwane/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606151326/http://www.agu.org/about/honors/union/macelwane/ |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=18 April 2011 |website=American Geophysical Union}}</ref> * Kyautar Nasarar Apollo ta Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama da Sararin Samaniya ta Ƙasa a 1969 * Ɗan ƙungiyar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka (1972) <ref name="AAAS">{{Cite web |title=Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter A |url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf |access-date=18 April 2011 |publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences}}</ref> * Ɗan ƙungiyar American Geophysical Union (1973) <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> * Kyautar Newcomb Cleveland ta Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci Gaban Kimiyya (1977) (Masana Kimiyyar Viking Mission ) <ref name="Newcomb">{{Cite web |title=AAAS Newcomb Cleveland Prize |url=http://archives.aaas.org/awards.php?a_id=7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607023735/http://archives.aaas.org/awards.php?a_id=7 |archive-date=7 June 2011 |access-date=18 April 2011 |website=American Academy for the Advancement of Science}}</ref> * Nasarar Nasarar Kimiyya ta Musamman (1977) * Memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa (1982) * Ɗan Ƙasashen Waje Mai Girmamawa na Ƙungiyar Kimiyyar Ƙasashen Turai (1985) <ref name="EUG">{{Cite web |title=EUG Honorary Fellows |url=http://www.egu.eu/eug/honorary_fellows.htm |access-date=18 April 2011 |website=European Union of Geoscientists |publisher=European Geosciences Union}}</ref> * Lambar yabo ta Emil Wiechert ta ƙungiyar nazarin halittu ta Jamus (1986) <ref name="DGG">{{Cite web |title=Emil-Wiechert-Medaille |url=http://www.dgg-online.de/emil-wiechert.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807080229/http://www.dgg-online.de/emil-wiechert.php |archive-date=7 August 2011 |access-date=18 April 2011 |website=Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft |language=de}}</ref> * Lambar Rana ta Arthur L. ta Ƙungiyar Masana Ƙasa ta Amurka (1987) <ref name="Day">{{Cite web |title=Past Award & Medal Recipients |url=https://www.geosociety.org/awards/past.htm#day |access-date=18 April 2011 |website=Geological Society of America}}</ref> * Ɗan ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya (1988) * Lambar Zinare ta Ƙungiyar Sararin Samaniya ta Sarauta (1988) <ref name="GoldMedal">{{Cite web |title=Winners of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society |url=http://www.ras.org.uk/awards-and-grants/awards/268 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525064844/http://www.ras.org.uk/awards-and-grants/awards/268 |archive-date=25 May 2011 |access-date=18 April 2011 |website=Royal Astronomical Society}}</ref> * Memba na Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka (1990) <ref name="APS">{{Cite web |title=Public Profile: Dr. Don L. Anderson |url=http://www.amphilsoc.org/public-profile/22F7719A-D697-DE11-A8C4-0013724C588C |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319173635/http://www.amphilsoc.org/public-profile/22F7719A-D697-DE11-A8C4-0013724C588C |archive-date=19 March 2012 |access-date=18 April 2011 |website=American Philosophical Society}}</ref> * Lambar yabo ta William Bowie ta Ƙungiyar Nazarin Ƙasa ta Amurka (1991) <ref name="Bowie">{{Cite web |title=William Bowie Medal |url=http://www.agu.org/about/honors/union/bowie/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814171716/http://www.agu.org/about/honors/union/bowie/ |archive-date=14 August 2011 |access-date=18 April 2011 |website=American Geophysical Union}}</ref> * Guggenheim Fellow (1998) <ref name="Guggenheim">{{Cite web |title=Don L. Anderson: Search Results |url=http://www.gf.org/fellows/results?query=Don+L.+Anderson&lower_bound=1998&upper_bound=1998&competition=ALL&fellowship_category=ALL&x=0&y=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920180438/http://www.gf.org/fellows/results?query=Don+L.+Anderson&lower_bound=1998&upper_bound=1998&competition=ALL&fellowship_category=ALL&x=0&y=0 |archive-date=20 September 2012 |access-date=18 April 2011 |website=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation}}</ref> * Kyautar Craford ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Royal Swedish (1998 tare da Dziewonski) <ref name="Crafoord">{{Cite web |title=The Crafoord Prize 1998 |url=http://www.crafoordprize.se/press/arkivpressreleases/thecrafoordprize1998.5.32d4db7210df50fec2d800018185.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526203152/http://www.crafoordprize.se/press/arkivpressreleases/thecrafoordprize1998.5.32d4db7210df50fec2d800018185.html |archive-date=26 May 2011 |access-date=18 April 2011 |website=Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110526203152/http://www.crafoordprize.se/press/arkivpressreleases/thecrafoordprize1998.5.32d4db7210df50fec2d800018185.html "The Crafoord Prize 1998"]. ''Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences''. Archived from [http://www.crafoordprize.se/press/arkivpressreleases/thecrafoordprize1998.5.32d4db7210df50fec2d800018185.html the original] on 26 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> * Lambar Yabo ta Ƙasa ta Kimiyya (1998) <ref name="NMS">{{Cite web |title=The Laureates 1998 |url=http://www.nationalmedals.org/medals/1998.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929073841/http://www.nationalmedals.org/medals/1998.php |archive-date=29 September 2011 |access-date=18 April 2011 |website=National Science & Technology Medals Foundation}}</ref> * Digirin girmamawa daga Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) da Jami'ar Paris (Sorbonne) == Muhimman littattafai == * AM Dziewonski; DL Anderson. (1981). ''Tsarin farko na Tunani na Duniya'' ; Ilimin Kimiyyar Duniya da Tsarin Ciki na Duniya 25, S.297–356. * DL Anderson. (2007). [http://authors.library.caltech.edu/25038/ Sabuwar Ka'idar Duniya] ; Cambridge University Press, New York. * DL Anderson. (1989). [https://web.archive.org/web/20051201033719/http://caltechbook.library.caltech.edu/14/ Ka'idar Duniya] ; Blackwell Scientific Publications. * Don L. Anderson da James H. Natland. (2014) ''Sabunta Mantle da hanyoyin da dutsen mai aman wuta ke bi'' ; Takardun Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa [http://www.pnas.org/content/111/41/E4298.abstract] juzu'i na 111 lamba 41. . * DL Anderson. (2013). ''Tatsuniyar mantle plum mai ɗorewa - Shin plums suna wanzuwa?'' ; Mujallar Kimiyyar Duniya ta Australiya: da James H. Natland. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]] <span>:</span> [[doi:10.1080/08120099.2013.835283|10.1080/08120099.2013.835283]] * Anderson, Don L. (2011). ''Hawaii, Layukan Iyaka da Man Fetur na Yanayi - Takaddun Ƙasa'', J. Petrol., 52, 1547–1577; . * GR Foulger, DL Anderson. (2005). ''Kyakkyawan samfuri don wuraren zafi na Iceland'' ; Mujallar Nazarin Dutsen Aman Wuta da Binciken Geothermal '''141''' . * Anderson, DL (2005). ''Nauyin kai, daidaiton kai, da kuma tsarin kai a fannin geodynamics da geochemistry, a cikin Deep Mantle na Duniya: Tsarin, Tsarin, da Juyin Halitta'', Editoci. RD van der Hilst, J. Bass, J. Matas & J. Trampert, AGU Geophysical Monograph Series 160, 165–186. * Anderson, DL (2005). ''Wuraren da ake samun maki: Tsarin plum da faranti'', a cikin Foulger, GR, Natland, JH, Presnall, DC, da Anderson, DL, edits., Faranti, plum, da paradigms: Takardar Musamman ta Ƙungiyar Geological Society of America 388, shafi na 10.&nbsp;31–54. * Anderson, Don L. da Natland, JH (2005). ''Takaitaccen tarihin hasashen plume da masu fafatawa da shi: Ra'ayi da jayayya'', a cikin Foulger, GR, Natland, JH, Presnall, DC, da Anderson, DL, edits., Plates, Plumes, & Paradigms, : Takardar Musamman ta GSA 388, shafi na 100.&nbsp;119-145. * Meibom, A. da Anderson, DL (2003). ''Haɗakar Manyan Mantle na Ƙididdiga'', Wasikun Kimiyya na Duniya, 217, shafi na 1.&nbsp;123–139. * Wen, L., da Anderson, Don L. (1997). ''Lakabin mantle convection: Samfurin geoid da topography'', Wasikun Kimiyya na Duniya da Duniya, v. 146, p.&nbsp;367-377. * Anderson, Don L. (1995). ''Lithosphere, taurari da kuma perisphere'', Sharhin Geophysics, v. 33, shafi.&nbsp;125-149. * Anderson, Don L.; Zhang, Y.-S.; Tanimoto, T. (1992). ''Kan plume, lithosphere na nahiyar, flood basalts da tomography'', a cikin: Magmatism da Sanadin Warwarewar Nahiyar, BC Storey, T. Alabaster da RJ Pankhurst, edits., Geological Society Special Publication, No. 68. * Anderson, Don L.; Tanimoto, T.; da Zhang, Y.-S. (1992). ''Fannin tectonics da wuraren da ke da zafi: Matsakaici na uku'', Kimiyya, v. 256, shafi.&nbsp;1645-1650. * Scrivner, C. da Anderson, Don L. (1992). ''Tasirin subduction bayan Pangea akan mantle tomography da convection na duniya'', Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 19, no. 10, p.&nbsp;1053-1056. * Anderson, Don L. (1989). ''Ina ne a Duniya akwai ɓawon?'', Physics Today, Maris, shafi.&nbsp;38-46. * Anderson, Don L. (1987). ''Daidaito na Girgizar Ƙasa na Jiha ta II. Halayen Shear da Thermodynamics na Ƙananan Mantle'', Phys. Duniyar Duniya. Ciki, v. 45, p.&nbsp;307-323. * Anderson, Don L. (1985). ''Maganganun zafi na iya samuwa ta hanyar rabawa da gurɓata MORB'', Nature, v. 318, shafi.&nbsp;145-149. * Tanimoto, T., da Anderson, Don L. (1985). ''Bambancin gefe da azimuthal anisotropy na saman mantle: Love and Rayleigh waves 100-250 sec'', Jour. Geophys. Res., v. 90, p.&nbsp;1842-1858. * Anderson, Don L. (1986). ''Kimiyyar Duniya & Manufofin Jama'a'', Geotimes, v. 31, lamba 10, shafi.&nbsp;5. * Nataf, H.-C.; Nakanishi, I.; da Anderson, Don L. (1986). ''Ma'aunin Saurin Raƙuman Mantle da Juyawa don Bambancin Lateral da Anisotropy, Sashe na III: Juyawa'', Mujallar Geophys. Res., v. 91, a'a. B7, p.&nbsp;7261-7307. * Anderson, Don L. (1984). ''Duniya a matsayin duniya: siffofi da bambance-bambance'', Kimiyya, v. 223, a'a. 4634, p.&nbsp;347-355. 178. * Anderson, Don L. (1982). ''Wurare masu zafi, wander na polar, mesozoic convection, da geoid'', Nature, v. 297, no. 5865, p.&nbsp;391-393. * Anderson, Don L.; da Given, JW (1982). ''Tsarin ƙungiyar shaye-shaye ta Q don Duniya'', Jour. Geophys. Res., v. 87, a'a. B5, p.&nbsp;3893-3904. * Jerin Masana kimiyyar ƙasa == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] k6bteta1cr0o6nhy7ocefn8n9hczuft 0 133293 822105 773897 2026-04-18T09:48:36Z K Bogi 44093 822105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''William Perry Jr.''' (May 31, 1965 – August 7, 2023), better known as '''DJ Casper''' (also known as '''Mr. C the Slide Man'''), was an American disc jockey.<ref>{{Cite magazine}}</ref> Born and raised in [[Chicago]], he was known as "Casper" due to frequently being clad in all white attire on stage. He was best known for his 2000 single "Cha Cha Slide". == Ayyuka == PE na farko kuma kawai ya buga rikodin, "Casper Slide Pt. 1" - wanda aka fi sani da "Cha Cha Slide" - Perry ne ya kirkireshi ga dan uwansa, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai horar da kansa a Bally Total Fitness a shekarar 1998. <ref name="npr">{{Cite web |last=Eng |first=Monica |last2=Nagasawa |first2=Katherine |date=2019 |title=The Cha-Cha Slide And More: Which Dances Were Invented In Chicago? |url=https://www.npr.org/local/309/2019/09/02/756031354/the-cha-cha-slide-and-more-which-dances-were-invented-in-chicago |access-date=August 9, 2023 |website=npr}}</ref> Bayan waƙar ta karu da shahara a matsayin motsa jiki na motsa jiki a Kungiyoyin motsa jiki da PE a makarantu, Casper ya kirkiro waƙar ta biyu a cikin shekarar 2000, mai taken "Casper Slide Pt. 2", wanda Elroy Smith ya karɓa a gidan rediyo na Chicago, WGCI-FM. Waƙar ta zama abin bugawa a Birnin Chicago a shekara ta 2004, lokacin da lakabin rikodin M.O.B. na birnin ya shiga ciki, ya taimaka wa Perry ya kirkiro kundin tarawa tare da wasu masu zane-zane na Birnin Chicago don inganta rawa. <ref>{{Cite magazine}}</ref> "Cha Cha Slide" daga baya Universal Records ta karbe shi kuma ya zama abin bugawa a duniya, musamman a Ingila, inda ya hau kan UK Singles Chart a watan Maris na shekara ta 2004 kuma ya zama waƙar Burtaniya ta uku mafi kyawun sayar da shekara ta 2004. <ref name="npr">{{Cite web |last=Eng |first=Monica |last2=Nagasawa |first2=Katherine |date=2019 |title=The Cha-Cha Slide And More: Which Dances Were Invented In Chicago? |url=https://www.npr.org/local/309/2019/09/02/756031354/the-cha-cha-slide-and-more-which-dances-were-invented-in-chicago |access-date=August 9, 2023 |website=npr}}</ref> Perry ya bayyana a matsayin DJ a cikin kakar wasa ta 6 na Orange Is the New Black, a cikin Crazy Eyes' hallucination na fursunoni da masu gadi suna rawa zuwa Cha Cha Slide . == Rashin lafiya da mutuwa == A watan Janairun 2016, an gano Perry da Ciwon daji na koda da ciwon kansa na neuroendocrine.<ref>{{Cite magazine}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2016 |title='Cha Cha Slide' Creator DJ Casper Fighting Cancer – JetMag.com |url=http://www.jetmag.com/entertainment/cha-cha-slide/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031150729/http://www.jetmag.com/entertainment/cha-cha-slide/ |archive-date=October 31, 2016 |access-date=October 31, 2016 |website=[[Jet (magazine)|Jet Magazine]]}}</ref> Bayan wani tiyata mara nasara a wannan watan, ya fara maganin chemotherapy.<ref name=":0" /> A wata hira a watan Yulin 2018, ya bayyana cewa yana cikin raguwa. A cikin 2019, Perry ya bayyana cewa ya doke kansa na koda da hanta kuma ya ce shi mutum ne mai canzawa, yana mai cewa "wannan shine hanyar Allah na rage ni kadan".<ref>[http://www.v103.com/pages/casper.html V103.com] {{Webarchive}}</ref> Perry ya mutu daga ciwon daji na koda da hanta a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta, 2023, yana da shekaru 58. An tuna da shi a matsayin mahaliccin Cha Cha Slide a cikin tashoshin ƙasa da kuma kafofin watsa labarai na Chicago, tare da mutumin rediyo Seandale Hunley yana bayyana Perry a matsayin "hoton Chicago" kuma yana ba da shawarar Perry yana rawa da Cha Cha Slides a Sama: "Ya kasance a can Cha-Chaing yanzu, mutum. "<ref name=":1" /> == Bayanan da aka yi == [[Fayil:DJ_Casper_and_Miss_Mia.jpg|right|thumb|Perry tare da Mia Park a lokacin da aka shirya fim na 500 na ''Chic-a-Go-Go'' .]] === Albums === * Wasanni na waje (1999) <ref name="es">{{Cite web |last=Bulbul |first=Nuray |date=August 8, 2023 |title=DJ Casper: Musician who created Cha Cha Slide dies aged 58 |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/dj-casper-death-cha-cha-slide-b1099291.html |access-date=August 9, 2023 |website=Evening Standard}}</ref> * ''Cha-Cha Slide: Kundin Slide na asali'' (2000) * ''Casper'' (2001) <ref name="es" /> === Ma'aurata === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Jerin mutane, tare da matsayi na ginshiƙi, yana nuna shekarar da aka saki da sunan kundin ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:14em;" |Taken ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Shekara ! colspan="8" scope="col" |Matsayi mafi girma ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:14em;" |Album |- ! style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |US ! style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |USR<nowiki>&</nowiki>amp;B<nowiki><br id="mwkg"></nowiki> ! style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |AUS<br /> ! style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |GER ! style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |IRE ! style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |NL ! style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |SWI ! style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |Burtaniya |- ! scope="row" |"Cha Cha Slide" |2000 |83 |24 |64 |83 |3 |12 |86 |1 |''Cha-Cha Slide: Kundin Slide na asali'' |- ! scope="row" |"Ka rufe kai a gefen kai" |2004 | - | - | - | - |25 | - | - |16| {{Non-album single}} |} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] ====MANAZARTA==== ehj9wk0419tbzuxq2ilgn2s40tjcmtx 822106 822105 2026-04-18T09:49:05Z K Bogi 44093 822106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''William Perry Jr.''' (May 31, 1965 – August 7, 2023), better known as '''DJ Casper''' (also known as '''Mr. C the Slide Man'''), was an American disc jockey.<ref>{{Cite magazine}}</ref> Born and raised in [[Chicago]], he was known as "Casper" due to frequently being clad in all white attire on stage. He was best known for his 2000 single "Cha Cha Slide". == Ayyuka == PE na farko kuma kawai ya buga rikodin, "Casper Slide Pt. 1" - wanda aka fi sani da "Cha Cha Slide" - Perry ne ya kirkireshi ga dan uwansa, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai horar da kansa a Bally Total Fitness a shekarar 1998. <ref name="npr">{{Cite web |last=Eng |first=Monica |last2=Nagasawa |first2=Katherine |date=2019 |title=The Cha-Cha Slide And More: Which Dances Were Invented In Chicago? |url=https://www.npr.org/local/309/2019/09/02/756031354/the-cha-cha-slide-and-more-which-dances-were-invented-in-chicago |access-date=August 9, 2023 |website=npr}}</ref> Bayan waƙar ta karu da shahara a matsayin motsa jiki na motsa jiki a Kungiyoyin motsa jiki da PE a makarantu, Casper ya kirkiro waƙar ta biyu a cikin shekarar 2000, mai taken "Casper Slide Pt. 2", wanda Elroy Smith ya karɓa a gidan rediyo na Chicago, WGCI-FM. Waƙar ta zama abin bugawa a Birnin Chicago a shekara ta 2004, lokacin da lakabin rikodin M.O.B. na birnin ya shiga ciki, ya taimaka wa Perry ya kirkiro kundin tarawa tare da wasu masu zane-zane na Birnin Chicago don inganta rawa. <ref>{{Cite magazine}}</ref> "Cha Cha Slide" daga baya Universal Records ta karbe shi kuma ya zama abin bugawa a duniya, musamman a Ingila, inda ya hau kan UK Singles Chart a watan Maris na shekara ta 2004 kuma ya zama waƙar Burtaniya ta uku mafi kyawun sayar da shekara ta 2004. <ref name="npr">{{Cite web |last=Eng |first=Monica |last2=Nagasawa |first2=Katherine |date=2019 |title=The Cha-Cha Slide And More: Which Dances Were Invented In Chicago? |url=https://www.npr.org/local/309/2019/09/02/756031354/the-cha-cha-slide-and-more-which-dances-were-invented-in-chicago |access-date=August 9, 2023 |website=npr}}</ref> Perry ya bayyana a matsayin DJ a cikin kakar wasa ta 6 na Orange Is the New Black, a cikin Crazy Eyes' hallucination na fursunoni da masu gadi suna rawa zuwa Cha Cha Slide . == Rashin lafiya da mutuwa == A watan Janairun shekarar 2016, an gano Perry da Ciwon daji na koda da ciwon kansa na neuroendocrine.<ref>{{Cite magazine}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2016 |title='Cha Cha Slide' Creator DJ Casper Fighting Cancer – JetMag.com |url=http://www.jetmag.com/entertainment/cha-cha-slide/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031150729/http://www.jetmag.com/entertainment/cha-cha-slide/ |archive-date=October 31, 2016 |access-date=October 31, 2016 |website=[[Jet (magazine)|Jet Magazine]]}}</ref> Bayan wani tiyata mara nasara a wannan watan, ya fara maganin chemotherapy.<ref name=":0" /> A wata hira a watan Yulin 2018, ya bayyana cewa yana cikin raguwa. A cikin 2019, Perry ya bayyana cewa ya doke kansa na koda da hanta kuma ya ce shi mutum ne mai canzawa, yana mai cewa "wannan shine hanyar Allah na rage ni kadan".<ref>[http://www.v103.com/pages/casper.html V103.com] {{Webarchive}}</ref> Perry ya mutu daga ciwon daji na koda da hanta a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta, 2023, yana da shekaru 58. An tuna da shi a matsayin mahaliccin Cha Cha Slide a cikin tashoshin ƙasa da kuma kafofin watsa labarai na Chicago, tare da mutumin rediyo Seandale Hunley yana bayyana Perry a matsayin "hoton Chicago" kuma yana ba da shawarar Perry yana rawa da Cha Cha Slides a Sama: "Ya kasance a can Cha-Chaing yanzu, mutum. "<ref name=":1" /> == Bayanan da aka yi == [[Fayil:DJ_Casper_and_Miss_Mia.jpg|right|thumb|Perry tare da Mia Park a lokacin da aka shirya fim na 500 na ''Chic-a-Go-Go'' .]] === Albums === * Wasanni na waje (1999) <ref name="es">{{Cite web |last=Bulbul |first=Nuray |date=August 8, 2023 |title=DJ Casper: Musician who created Cha Cha Slide dies aged 58 |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/dj-casper-death-cha-cha-slide-b1099291.html |access-date=August 9, 2023 |website=Evening Standard}}</ref> * ''Cha-Cha Slide: Kundin Slide na asali'' (2000) * ''Casper'' (2001) <ref name="es" /> === Ma'aurata === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Jerin mutane, tare da matsayi na ginshiƙi, yana nuna shekarar da aka saki da sunan kundin ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:14em;" |Taken ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Shekara ! colspan="8" scope="col" |Matsayi mafi girma ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:14em;" |Album |- ! style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |US ! style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |USR<nowiki>&</nowiki>amp;B<nowiki><br id="mwkg"></nowiki> ! style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |AUS<br /> ! style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |GER ! style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |IRE ! style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |NL ! style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |SWI ! style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |Burtaniya |- ! scope="row" |"Cha Cha Slide" |2000 |83 |24 |64 |83 |3 |12 |86 |1 |''Cha-Cha Slide: Kundin Slide na asali'' |- ! scope="row" |"Ka rufe kai a gefen kai" |2004 | - | - | - | - |25 | - | - |16| {{Non-album single}} |} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] ====MANAZARTA==== hborr4j4wqjmkpzz3wtsnj2aavjj1f9 0 133847 822116 811514 2026-04-18T09:54:05Z K Bogi 44093 822116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zamiruddin Ahmad''' (1878 – 6 July 1940) was a Sufi scholar active in the early 20th century in the Bengal region, now part of Bangladesh, and was a successor to Rashid Ahmad Gangohi. He served as the founding patron of [[Darul Uloom Hathazari]] for over three decades, and Al Jamia Al Islamia Patiya was established under his direction. His successors include Azizul Haque and Muhammad Yunus. == Rayuwa ta farko == An kuma haifi Zamiruddin Ahmad a shekara ta 1878 a ƙauyen Shoabil na Fatikchhari a Yankin Chittagong (Bangladesh na yanzu). <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last3=Junaid Babunagari}}</ref> Ya fuskanci wahala tun da wuri bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, Nur Uddin, wanda ya haifar da matsalolin kudi ga iyalinsa. Neman aiki, ya koma [[Yangon|Rangoon]] (yanzu Yangon, Myanmar), inda ya yi aiki a masana'anta. A wannan lokacin, ya shiga cikin ilmantarwa na addini na al'ada a ƙarƙashin imam na Punjabi kuma ya haɓaka wani sha'awa ga rubutun ''Rahe Najat'' . Wannan karuwar mayar da hankali kan ilimin Islama ya kai shi ga barin aikinsa ya bi ilimin addini a Indiya. Da yake da niyyar shiga ƙungiyar ruhaniya ta Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, Ahmad ya nemi yin alkawarin aminci ([[bay'ah]]) a gare shi; duk da haka, Gangohi ya shawarce shi da ya fara gudanar da nazarin Islama.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last3=Shah Ahmad Hasan|last=Hafez Ahmadullah}}</ref> Ahmad daga nan ya shiga Darul Uloom Deoband, inda ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Mahmud Hasan Deobandi kuma ya sami ƙarin umarni a cikin shari'ar Islama daga Aziz-ul-Rahman Usmani.{{Sfn|Islambadi|1996}}{{Sfn|Hasan|2016}} Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya ci gaba da bunkasa ilimin da yake da shi game da dokar Islama a karkashin Gangohi kuma, a cikin 1906, ya sami duka maye gurbin ruhaniya (khilafat) da kuma izinin ilimi (ijazah). == Shekaru na baya == Bayan ya koma Bengal, Ahmad ya fara koyarwa a Jamiaul Uloom a Fatikchhari . Lokacin da tattaunawar ta tashi game da kafa madrasa a Hathazari, Ashraf Ali Thanwi ya shawarci shugabannin al'umma su tuntube shi.{{Sfn|Islambadi|1996}} Bayan kafuwar [[Darul Uloom Hathazari]], Ahmad ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mai kula da shi na tsawon shekaru 35. Baya ga ayyukansa na gudanarwa, ya koyar da ''Mishkat al-Masabih'' da ''Al-Hidayah'' kuma ya ba da jagora ta ruhaniya ga ɗalibansa. Daga cikin almajiransa akwai Muhammad Faizullah, Shah Ahmad Hasan, Shah Abdul Wahhab, da Saeed Ahmad Sandwipi . A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Ahmad ya koma baya daga alhakin gudanarwa na yau da kullun don mayar da hankali kan koyarwar ruhaniya da fadakarwa, yana tafiya a fadin Bengal, Assam, da Burma.{{Sfn|Islambadi|1996}} Ya nada magaji kamar Azizul Haque da Muhammad Yunus, tare da Azizul Hache daga baya ya kafa Al Jamia Al Islamia Patiya a 1938 a karkashin jagorancinsa. {{Sfn|Hasan|2016}} Ahmad ya yi aure sau bakwai kuma yana da 'ya'ya goma sha huɗu.{{Sfn|Hasan|2016}} Ya mutu a ranar 6 ga Yulin 1940 kuma an binne shi kusa da Masallacin Nur kusa da Darul Uloom Hathazari . ''Tazkira-e-Zamir'' na Faiz Ahmad Islamabadi shine tushen tushen bayanan rayuwarsa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last3=Junaid Babunagari}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} isfts6alc55vdtpi5xr4ii3jxn4ia2k 822117 822116 2026-04-18T09:54:28Z K Bogi 44093 822117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zamiruddin Ahmad''' (1878 – 6 July 1940) was a Sufi scholar active in the early 20th century in the Bengal region, now part of Bangladesh, and was a successor to Rashid Ahmad Gangohi. He served as the founding patron of [[Darul Uloom Hathazari]] for over three decades, and Al Jamia Al Islamia Patiya was established under his direction. His successors include Azizul Haque and Muhammad Yunus. == Rayuwa ta farko == An kuma haifi Zamiruddin Ahmad a shekara ta 1878 a ƙauyen Shoabil na Fatikchhari a Yankin Chittagong (Bangladesh na yanzu). <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last3=Junaid Babunagari}}</ref> Ya fuskanci wahala tun da wuri bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, Nur Uddin, wanda ya haifar da matsalolin kudi ga iyalinsa. Neman aiki, ya koma [[Yangon|Rangoon]] (yanzu Yangon, Myanmar), inda ya yi aiki a masana'anta. A wannan lokacin, ya shiga cikin ilmantarwa na addini na al'ada a ƙarƙashin imam na Punjabi kuma ya haɓaka wani sha'awa ga rubutun ''Rahe Najat'' . Wannan karuwar mayar da hankali kan ilimin Islama ya kai shi ga barin aikinsa ya bi ilimin addini a Indiya. Da yake da niyyar shiga ƙungiyar ruhaniya ta Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, Ahmad ya nemi yin alkawarin aminci ([[bay'ah]]) a gare shi; duk da haka, Gangohi ya shawarce shi da ya fara gudanar da nazarin Islama.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last3=Shah Ahmad Hasan|last=Hafez Ahmadullah}}</ref> Ahmad daga nan ya shiga Darul Uloom Deoband, inda ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Mahmud Hasan Deobandi kuma ya sami ƙarin umarni a cikin shari'ar Islama daga Aziz-ul-Rahman Usmani.{{Sfn|Islambadi|1996}}{{Sfn|Hasan|2016}} Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya ci gaba da bunkasa ilimin da yake da shi game da dokar Islama a karkashin Gangohi kuma, a cikin 1906, ya sami duka maye gurbin ruhaniya (khilafat) da kuma izinin ilimi (ijazah). == Shekaru na baya == Bayan ya koma Bengal, Ahmad ya fara koyarwa a Jamiaul Uloom a Fatikchhari . Lokacin da tattaunawar ta tashi game da kafa madrasa a Hathazari, Ashraf Ali Thanwi ya shawarci shugabannin al'umma su tuntube shi.{{Sfn|Islambadi|1996}} Bayan kafuwar [[Darul Uloom Hathazari]], Ahmad ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mai kula da shi na tsawon shekaru 35. Baya ga ayyukansa na gudanarwa, ya koyar da ''Mishkat al-Masabih'' da ''Al-Hidayah'' kuma ya ba da jagora ta ruhaniya ga ɗalibansa. Daga cikin almajiransa akwai Muhammad Faizullah, Shah Ahmad Hasan, Shah Abdul Wahhab, da Saeed Ahmad Sandwipi . A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Ahmad ya koma baya daga alhakin gudanarwa na yau da kullun don mayar da hankali kan koyarwar ruhaniya da fadakarwa, yana tafiya a fadin Bengal, Assam, da Burma.{{Sfn|Islambadi|1996}} Ya nada magaji kamar Azizul Haque da Muhammad Yunus, tare da Azizul Hache daga baya ya kafa Al Jamia Al Islamia Patiya a shekarar 1938 a karkashin jagorancinsa. {{Sfn|Hasan|2016}} Ahmad ya yi aure sau bakwai kuma yana da 'ya'ya goma sha huɗu.{{Sfn|Hasan|2016}} Ya mutu a ranar 6 ga Yulin 1940 kuma an binne shi kusa da Masallacin Nur kusa da Darul Uloom Hathazari . ''Tazkira-e-Zamir'' na Faiz Ahmad Islamabadi shine tushen tushen bayanan rayuwarsa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last3=Junaid Babunagari}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} dcvxbza48217wm3tlnjlmvl0ah6qz2w 0 134471 822114 776101 2026-04-18T09:53:15Z K Bogi 44093 822114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}{{Databox}} '''Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia''' (Russian: Елена Владимировна Романова, romanized: Yelena Vladimirovna Romanova; 29 January 1882 – 13 March 1957) was the only daughter and youngest child of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia and Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Her husband was Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark and they were both first cousins of [[Nicholas na II|Emperor Nicholas II of Russia]]. She was also the first cousin of Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Queen of Denmark, and the maternal grandmother of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, Princess Alexandra, and Prince Michael of Kent. Queen Juliana of the Netherlands was also her half-first cousin. == Rayuwa ta farko == Elena da ýan uwanta uku da suka tsira, Kirill, Boris, da Andrei, suna da mai kula da Ingilishi kuma suna magana da Ingilishi a matsayin yarensu na farko. Matashiyar Elena tana da fushi kuma wani lokacin ba ta da iko. A lokacin da take da shekaru hudu, ta yi wa mai zane Henry Jones Thaddeus hoto. Ta kama wuka na takarda kuma ta yi barazanar mai kula da ita, wanda ya ɓoye a bayan Thaddeus. "Sau da karamar yarinyar ta canja hankalinta zuwa gare ni, idanunta masu baƙar fata suna ƙonewa da fushi, "in ji Thaddeus. Elena, wacce mahaifiyar da ke sane da matsayinta na zamantakewa ce ta haifa, wasu sun kuma dauke ta mai girman kai. "Mutumin talakawa, ina jin tausayi a gare ta, "in ji abokin hamayyar mahaifiyarta, Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, "domin tana da dadi sosai, amma banza ne kuma kyakkyawa ce".<ref name="Zeepvat, p. 90" /> == Aure da yara == [[Fayil:NicholasHelenchildren.jpg|left|thumb|Iyalin, a kusa da 1908]] Ta yi alkawarin aure ga Yarima Max na Baden, amma Max ya fice daga alkawarin. Mahaifiyar Elena ta yi fushi kuma al'umma ta yi jita-jita game da wahalar Elena wajen samun miji. A wani lokaci a shekara ta 1899, an yi la'akari da Elena mai shekaru 17 da haihuwa ga Archduke Franz Ferdinand na Austria; duk da haka, wannan bai kai komai ba yayin da ya fada cikin soyayya da Countess Sophie Chotek . Yarima Nicholas na Girka da Denmark, ɗan na uku na George I na Girka, ya fara gabatar da shi a cikin 1900, amma mahaifiyar Elena ba ta son barin 'yarta ta auri ƙaramin ɗa ba tare da dukiya ko damar gadon sarauta ba. Daga karshe ta amince da barin Elena ta auri Nicholas, wanda shine dan uwan Elena na biyu ta hanyar mahaifiyarsa Olga Constantinovna ta Rasha da mahaifinta Vladimir Alexandrovich na Rasha, a cikin 1902 bayan ya bayyana cewa babu wani tayin da ke cikin sararin samaniya. Ma'auratan sun yi aure a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta 1902 a Tsarskoye Selo, Rasha. Kamar bukukuwan aure da yawa na mulkin mallaka, babban al'amari ne, kuma Sarki sarakuna da Sarauniyar Rasha, Sarki da Sarauniya na Helenawa, da sauran sarakuna da manyan mutanen Rasha sun halarta. "Babban hali" na Elena ya fusata wasu mutane a kotu.[1] A cewar jami'in diflomasiyyar Burtaniya Francis Elliot, akwai wani abin da ya faru tsakanin Elena da surukarta Princess Marie Bonaparte: An yi zargin, Elena ta ki gaishe da Marie kuma "ta janye takalman ta kamar ba za ta taɓa ta ba". Elena ta yi tunanin cewa Marie tana ƙarƙashinta, saboda kakanta yana aiki da gidan caca na Monte Carlo. [undefined][3] Elena ta kalli wata surukarta Princess Alice na Battenberg saboda jinin morganatic na baya.[2] The Dowager Empress ta rubuta cewa Elena "tana da sautin da ba shi da kyau kuma mai girman kai wanda zai iya girgiza mutane".[1] === Dukiya da mazauna === [[Fayil:Ιταλική_πρεσβεία_στην_Αθήνα_6666.jpg|alt=Neoclassical façade with columned portico.|right|thumb|300x300px|Fadar Nicholas a Athens (yanzu Ofishin Jakadancin Italiya) ]] A matsayinta na babbar Duchess ta Rasha, an karɓi Elena shekara-shekara na rubles 15,000 a kowace shekara tun daga haihuwa, wanda ya ba ta damar tara dukiya mai zaman kanta kusan rubles 300,000. Bayan aurenta ta ƙare shekara-shekara, kuma a maimakon haka ta karɓi sadaki na al'ada na Grand Duchess na Rasha, wanda ya kai 1,000,000 rubles.<ref name="ESBE-VelikayaKnyazhna" /> Wannan adadin ya kasance daidai da kusan US $ 500,000 (daidai da $ 18,171,154 a 2024). <ref name="ESBE-VelikayaKnyazhna" /> An gudanar da babban birnin sadaki a Rasha, daga inda aka biya Elena kudin shiga na shekara-shekara na rubles 50,000. <ref>Zeepvat, Charlotte, ''The Camera and the Tsars: A Romanov Family Album,'' Sutton Publishing, 2004, p. 65</ref> == Rayuwa a gudun hijira == [[Fayil:Elena_Vladimirovna_of_Russia_princess_of_Greece.jpg|thumb|Hoton da Philip na László ya yi, 1914]] Daga baya rikice-rikicen Juyin Juya Halin Rasha na 1917 da rikice-rikice na gaba a Girka, wanda ya zama jamhuriya kuma ya haifar da iyalin da ke zaune a Faransa na ɗan lokaci. Yayinda take zaune a Faransa Grand Duchess Elena ta shiga cikin aikin sadaka ga 'yan gudun hijirar Rasha, musamman yara. Rashin kudi saboda gudun hijirar da suka yi daga Girka da kuma asarar kudaden shiga na Rasha, Yarima Nicholas da iyalinsa sun rayu a cikin yanayin da ya ragu, amma mai kyau. Babban tarin kayan ado na Grand Duchess Elena, da kuma zane-zane na Yarima Nicholas, sune hanyoyin samun kudin shiga. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1957]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sp41mhqf9i2auwuzhgvyiqgrgld5oad 822115 822114 2026-04-18T09:53:38Z K Bogi 44093 822115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}{{Databox}} '''Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia''' (Russian: Елена Владимировна Романова, romanized: Yelena Vladimirovna Romanova; 29 January 1882 – 13 March 1957) was the only daughter and youngest child of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia and Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Her husband was Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark and they were both first cousins of [[Nicholas na II|Emperor Nicholas II of Russia]]. She was also the first cousin of Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Queen of Denmark, and the maternal grandmother of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, Princess Alexandra, and Prince Michael of Kent. Queen Juliana of the Netherlands was also her half-first cousin. == Rayuwa ta farko == Elena da ýan uwanta uku da suka tsira, Kirill, Boris, da Andrei, suna da mai kula da Ingilishi kuma suna magana da Ingilishi a matsayin yarensu na farko. Matashiyar Elena tana da fushi kuma wani lokacin ba ta da iko. A lokacin da take da shekaru hudu, ta yi wa mai zane Henry Jones Thaddeus hoto. Ta kama wuka na takarda kuma ta yi barazanar mai kula da ita, wanda ya ɓoye a bayan Thaddeus. "Sau da karamar yarinyar ta canja hankalinta zuwa gare ni, idanunta masu baƙar fata suna ƙonewa da fushi, "in ji Thaddeus. Elena, wacce mahaifiyar da ke sane da matsayinta na zamantakewa ce ta haifa, wasu sun kuma dauke ta mai girman kai. "Mutumin talakawa, ina jin tausayi a gare ta, "in ji abokin hamayyar mahaifiyarta, Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, "domin tana da dadi sosai, amma banza ne kuma kyakkyawa ce".<ref name="Zeepvat, p. 90" /> == Aure da yara == [[Fayil:NicholasHelenchildren.jpg|left|thumb|Iyalin, a kusa da 1908]] Ta yi alkawarin aure ga Yarima Max na Baden, amma Max ya fice daga alkawarin. Mahaifiyar Elena ta yi fushi kuma al'umma ta yi jita-jita game da wahalar Elena wajen samun miji. A wani lokaci a shekara ta 1899, an yi la'akari da Elena mai shekaru 17 da haihuwa ga Archduke Franz Ferdinand na Austria; duk da haka, wannan bai kai komai ba yayin da ya fada cikin soyayya da Countess Sophie Chotek . Yarima Nicholas na Girka da Denmark, ɗan na uku na George I na Girka, ya fara gabatar da shi a cikin shekarar 1900, amma mahaifiyar Elena ba ta son barin 'yarta ta auri ƙaramin ɗa ba tare da dukiya ko damar gadon sarauta ba. Daga karshe ta amince da barin Elena ta auri Nicholas, wanda shine dan uwan Elena na biyu ta hanyar mahaifiyarsa Olga Constantinovna ta Rasha da mahaifinta Vladimir Alexandrovich na Rasha, a cikin 1902 bayan ya bayyana cewa babu wani tayin da ke cikin sararin samaniya. Ma'auratan sun yi aure a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta 1902 a Tsarskoye Selo, Rasha. Kamar bukukuwan aure da yawa na mulkin mallaka, babban al'amari ne, kuma Sarki sarakuna da Sarauniyar Rasha, Sarki da Sarauniya na Helenawa, da sauran sarakuna da manyan mutanen Rasha sun halarta. "Babban hali" na Elena ya fusata wasu mutane a kotu.[1] A cewar jami'in diflomasiyyar Burtaniya Francis Elliot, akwai wani abin da ya faru tsakanin Elena da surukarta Princess Marie Bonaparte: An yi zargin, Elena ta ki gaishe da Marie kuma "ta janye takalman ta kamar ba za ta taɓa ta ba". Elena ta yi tunanin cewa Marie tana ƙarƙashinta, saboda kakanta yana aiki da gidan caca na Monte Carlo. [undefined][3] Elena ta kalli wata surukarta Princess Alice na Battenberg saboda jinin morganatic na baya.[2] The Dowager Empress ta rubuta cewa Elena "tana da sautin da ba shi da kyau kuma mai girman kai wanda zai iya girgiza mutane".[1] === Dukiya da mazauna === [[Fayil:Ιταλική_πρεσβεία_στην_Αθήνα_6666.jpg|alt=Neoclassical façade with columned portico.|right|thumb|300x300px|Fadar Nicholas a Athens (yanzu Ofishin Jakadancin Italiya) ]] A matsayinta na babbar Duchess ta Rasha, an karɓi Elena shekara-shekara na rubles 15,000 a kowace shekara tun daga haihuwa, wanda ya ba ta damar tara dukiya mai zaman kanta kusan rubles 300,000. Bayan aurenta ta ƙare shekara-shekara, kuma a maimakon haka ta karɓi sadaki na al'ada na Grand Duchess na Rasha, wanda ya kai 1,000,000 rubles.<ref name="ESBE-VelikayaKnyazhna" /> Wannan adadin ya kasance daidai da kusan US $ 500,000 (daidai da $ 18,171,154 a 2024). <ref name="ESBE-VelikayaKnyazhna" /> An gudanar da babban birnin sadaki a Rasha, daga inda aka biya Elena kudin shiga na shekara-shekara na rubles 50,000. <ref>Zeepvat, Charlotte, ''The Camera and the Tsars: A Romanov Family Album,'' Sutton Publishing, 2004, p. 65</ref> == Rayuwa a gudun hijira == [[Fayil:Elena_Vladimirovna_of_Russia_princess_of_Greece.jpg|thumb|Hoton da Philip na László ya yi, 1914]] Daga baya rikice-rikicen Juyin Juya Halin Rasha na 1917 da rikice-rikice na gaba a Girka, wanda ya zama jamhuriya kuma ya haifar da iyalin da ke zaune a Faransa na ɗan lokaci. Yayinda take zaune a Faransa Grand Duchess Elena ta shiga cikin aikin sadaka ga 'yan gudun hijirar Rasha, musamman yara. Rashin kudi saboda gudun hijirar da suka yi daga Girka da kuma asarar kudaden shiga na Rasha, Yarima Nicholas da iyalinsa sun rayu a cikin yanayin da ya ragu, amma mai kyau. Babban tarin kayan ado na Grand Duchess Elena, da kuma zane-zane na Yarima Nicholas, sune hanyoyin samun kudin shiga. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1957]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dp8sd6f0zqd8wx31by46iwyuhjzie6o 0 134552 822138 783488 2026-04-18T11:35:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 822138 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Berlin,_Mitte,_Museumsinsel,_Alte_Nationalgalerie.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Ginin asali na National Gallery a Berlin, yanzu [[Alte Nationalgalerie]]]]{{Databox}} '''National Gallery''' (Jamusanci: Nationalgalerie) a Berlin, Jamus, gidan kayan gargajiya ne na fasaha na ƙarni na 19, 20 da 21. Yana daga cikin Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Berlin. Daga [[Alte Nationalgalerie]], wanda aka gina shi kuma aka buɗe shi a 1876, sararin baje kolinsa ya fadada ya haɗa da wasu wurare biyar. Gidajen tarihi suna daga cikin Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Berlin, mallakar Gidauniyar Al'adun Prussian. == Wuraren da aka yi == A halin yanzu ana nuna abubuwan da ke cikin National Gallery a wurare biyar: <ref name="Freunde">{{Cite web |title=Die Nationalgalerie und die Freunde |url=http://www.freunde-der-nationalgalerie.de/de/nationalgalerie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528162917/https://www.freunde-der-nationalgalerie.de/de/nationalgalerie.html |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=4 June 2012 |website=Verein der Freunde der Nationalgalerie |language=de}}</ref> * [[Alte Nationalgalerie]]: zane-zane na ƙarni na 19, a tsibirin MuseumTsibirin Gidan Tarihi * Neue Nationalgalerie: zane-zane na karni na 20, a Kulturforum . Ginin, wanda Ludwig Mies van der Rohe ya tsara, ya buɗe a ranar 15 ga Satumba 1968. <ref name="Jubilee">Roland Keitsch, [http://www.bild.de/regional/berlin/berlin/jubilaeum-einer-berliner-institution-peter-klaus-schuster-5812374.bild.html "Rückblick auf die tollsten und chaotischsten Ausstellungen: Neue Nationalgalerie hat Geburtstag"]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[Bild]]'', 15 September 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> * [[Gidan kayan gargajiya na Berggruen]]: a Charlottenburg, yana nuna kayan gargajiya na fasahar zamani na karni na 20 wanda Heinz Berggruens ya tattara; an kara shi a cikin National Gallery a cikin 1996. <ref name="Retter">[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-9109819.html "Die unheimlichen Retter"], ''Der Spiegel'', 28 October 1996 {{In lang|de}}</ref> * Scharf-Gerstenberg Collection: a cikin Charlottenburg, yana nuna fasahar karni na 20 daga Romanticism na Faransa zuwa Surrealism; an kara shi a cikin National Gallery a cikin 2008 .<ref name="Kunstjuwel">[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/zeitung/kunstjuwel-fuer-berlin/1275044.html "Kunstjuwel für Berlin"], Zeitung heute, ''Der Tagesspiegel'', 10 July 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> * [[Hamburger Bahnhof]]: Museum für Gegenwart, fasahar zamani; an kara shi a cikin National Gallery a cikin 1996. <ref name="Retter" /> * Ikilisiyar Friedrichswerder: siffar ƙarni na 19, cocin da Karl Friedrich Schinkel ya tsara, an buɗe shi a matsayin mahaɗin National Gallery a watan Satumbar 1987. <ref name="Schuster">Peter-Klaus Schuster, ''Die Alte Nationalgalerie'', Berlin: Berlin: SMB-DuMont, 2003, {{ISBN|9783832173708}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=m6npAAAAMAAJ&q=September+1987+als+Filiale+der+Nationalgalerie+er%C3%B6ffnet. p. 45].</ref> Daga 2012 zuwa 2020 an rufe ginin saboda lalacewar tsarin. == Tarihi == === Shirye-shiryen, tushe da kuma gina ginin na asali === Akwai tattaunawa mai tsawo game da sha'awar kafa tashar ƙasa a Berlin, [1] musamman a lokacin juyin juya halin kasa a kusa da 1848, kuma ya zama babban tsari daga 1850, lokacin da wallafe-wallafen suka bayyana suna ba da shawara. [2] Tun daga farko an ɗaure shi da burin Prussia da kuma sha'awar Berlin ta zama babban birnin duniya.[3] An yanke shawarar ne a 1861, bayan mutuwar mai banki da mai kula da fasaha Joachim Heinrich Wilhelm Wagener, wanda ya ba da tarin tarin sa mai yawa (artworks 262) ga Yarima Regent na lokacin, Sarki William na gaba, da fatan haɓaka kafa gallery na "kwanan nan".[2][4][5][6] Da farko an san tarin da Wagenersche und Nationalgalerie (Wagener da National Gallery) kuma an ajiye shi a cikin gine-ginen Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussia.[7] Friedrich August Stüler ya fara aiki a kan zane don ginin gallery a 1863, bisa ga zane na mahaifin William I, Sarki Frederick William IV na Prussia. Shekaru biyu da shirye-shirye biyu da suka gaza daga baya, an yarda da shawararsa ta uku. Stüler ya mutu kafin a kammala shirin kuma Carl Busse ya kula da sauran bayanai a 1865. A cikin 1866, ta hanyar umarnin sarki da majalisarsa, an kirkiro ''Kommission für den Bau der Nationalgalerie'' (Kwamitin don gina tashar ƙasa). <ref>[http://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/friedrichswerdersche-kirche/about-us/profile.html SMB page]</ref> An rushe ƙasa a 1867 a ƙarƙashin kulawar Heinrich Strack . A shekara ta 1872 an kammala tsarin kuma an fara aikin ciki. An bude shi ne a ranar 22 ga Maris, 1876 a gaban William I, wanda a lokacin shi ne Sarkin sarakuna na Jamus. Ginin, a yau [[Alte Nationalgalerie]], yayi kama da Haikali Greco-Roman (wani nau'in da aka zaba don alamomin sa cewa, an nuna shi, bai dace da nuna fasaha ba) <ref>[http://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/friedrichswerdersche-kirche/about-us/profile.html SMB page]</ref> kuma yana da haɗin haɗin haɗin marigayi Classicism da farkon Neo-Renaissance. An yi niyyar bayyana "haɗin kai na fasaha, al'umma, da tarihi", sabili da haka yana da fannoni masu kama da coci (tare da apse) da gidan wasan kwaikwayo (babban matakala da ke kaiwa ga shigarwa) da kuma haikalin. Wani mutum-mutumi na Frederick William IV yana saman matakala, kuma matakala na ciki suna da frieze na Otto Geyer wanda ke nuna tarihin Jamus daga zamanin da ya gabata zuwa karni na 19. Rubutun a kan ƙofar ya karanta "Ga fasahar Jamusanci, 1871" (shekarar da aka kafa Daular, ba shekarar da aka kammala tashar ba).<ref>{{cite news |title=Friedrichswerdersche Kirche: Der Schinkel-Bau öffnet wieder |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/der-schinkel-bau-offnet-wieder-4135786.html |newspaper=Der Tagesspiegel Online}}</ref> A ziyararsa ta farko zuwa Berlin, a watan Nuwamba 1916, matashi [[Adolf Hitler]] ya aika da katin gidan waya na wannan ginin ga abokin aiki a makamai don taya shi murna kan karbar Iron Cross.<ref>[http://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/friedrichswerdersche-kirche/about-us/profile.html SMB page]</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} dm2qh79wwomygk2lshf90tbldgn7sfp 822139 822138 2026-04-18T11:35:22Z Pharouqenr 25549 822139 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Berlin,_Mitte,_Museumsinsel,_Alte_Nationalgalerie.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Ginin asali na National Gallery a Berlin, yanzu [[Alte Nationalgalerie]]]]{{Databox}} '''National Gallery''' (Jamusanci: Nationalgalerie) a Berlin, Jamus, gidan kayan gargajiya ne na fasaha na ƙarni na 19, 20 da 21. Yana daga cikin Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Berlin. Daga [[Alte Nationalgalerie]], wanda aka gina shi kuma aka buɗe shi a 1876, sararin baje kolinsa ya fadada ya haɗa da wasu wurare biyar. Gidajen tarihi suna daga cikin Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Berlin, mallakar Gidauniyar Al'adun Prussian. == Wuraren da aka yi == A halin yanzu ana nuna abubuwan da ke cikin National Gallery a wurare biyar: <ref name="Freunde">{{Cite web |title=Die Nationalgalerie und die Freunde |url=http://www.freunde-der-nationalgalerie.de/de/nationalgalerie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528162917/https://www.freunde-der-nationalgalerie.de/de/nationalgalerie.html |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=4 June 2012 |website=Verein der Freunde der Nationalgalerie |language=de}}</ref> * [[Alte Nationalgalerie]]: zane-zane na ƙarni na 19, a tsibirin MuseumTsibirin Gidan Tarihi * Neue Nationalgalerie: zane-zane na karni na 20, a Kulturforum . Ginin, wanda Ludwig Mies van der Rohe ya tsara, ya buɗe a ranar 15 ga Satumba 1968.<ref name="Jubilee">Roland Keitsch, [http://www.bild.de/regional/berlin/berlin/jubilaeum-einer-berliner-institution-peter-klaus-schuster-5812374.bild.html "Rückblick auf die tollsten und chaotischsten Ausstellungen: Neue Nationalgalerie hat Geburtstag"]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[Bild]]'', 15 September 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> * [[Gidan kayan gargajiya na Berggruen]]: a Charlottenburg, yana nuna kayan gargajiya na fasahar zamani na karni na 20 wanda Heinz Berggruens ya tattara; an kara shi a cikin National Gallery a cikin 1996. <ref name="Retter">[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-9109819.html "Die unheimlichen Retter"], ''Der Spiegel'', 28 October 1996 {{In lang|de}}</ref> * Scharf-Gerstenberg Collection: a cikin Charlottenburg, yana nuna fasahar karni na 20 daga Romanticism na Faransa zuwa Surrealism; an kara shi a cikin National Gallery a cikin 2008 .<ref name="Kunstjuwel">[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/zeitung/kunstjuwel-fuer-berlin/1275044.html "Kunstjuwel für Berlin"], Zeitung heute, ''Der Tagesspiegel'', 10 July 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> * [[Hamburger Bahnhof]]: Museum für Gegenwart, fasahar zamani; an kara shi a cikin National Gallery a cikin 1996. <ref name="Retter" /> * Ikilisiyar Friedrichswerder: siffar ƙarni na 19, cocin da Karl Friedrich Schinkel ya tsara, an buɗe shi a matsayin mahaɗin National Gallery a watan Satumbar 1987. <ref name="Schuster">Peter-Klaus Schuster, ''Die Alte Nationalgalerie'', Berlin: Berlin: SMB-DuMont, 2003, {{ISBN|9783832173708}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=m6npAAAAMAAJ&q=September+1987+als+Filiale+der+Nationalgalerie+er%C3%B6ffnet. p. 45].</ref> Daga 2012 zuwa 2020 an rufe ginin saboda lalacewar tsarin. == Tarihi == === Shirye-shiryen, tushe da kuma gina ginin na asali === Akwai tattaunawa mai tsawo game da sha'awar kafa tashar ƙasa a Berlin, [1] musamman a lokacin juyin juya halin kasa a kusa da 1848, kuma ya zama babban tsari daga 1850, lokacin da wallafe-wallafen suka bayyana suna ba da shawara. [2] Tun daga farko an ɗaure shi da burin Prussia da kuma sha'awar Berlin ta zama babban birnin duniya.[3] An yanke shawarar ne a 1861, bayan mutuwar mai banki da mai kula da fasaha Joachim Heinrich Wilhelm Wagener, wanda ya ba da tarin tarin sa mai yawa (artworks 262) ga Yarima Regent na lokacin, Sarki William na gaba, da fatan haɓaka kafa gallery na "kwanan nan".[2][4][5][6] Da farko an san tarin da Wagenersche und Nationalgalerie (Wagener da National Gallery) kuma an ajiye shi a cikin gine-ginen Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussia.[7] Friedrich August Stüler ya fara aiki a kan zane don ginin gallery a 1863, bisa ga zane na mahaifin William I, Sarki Frederick William IV na Prussia. Shekaru biyu da shirye-shirye biyu da suka gaza daga baya, an yarda da shawararsa ta uku. Stüler ya mutu kafin a kammala shirin kuma Carl Busse ya kula da sauran bayanai a 1865. A cikin 1866, ta hanyar umarnin sarki da majalisarsa, an kirkiro ''Kommission für den Bau der Nationalgalerie'' (Kwamitin don gina tashar ƙasa). <ref>[http://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/friedrichswerdersche-kirche/about-us/profile.html SMB page]</ref> An rushe ƙasa a 1867 a ƙarƙashin kulawar Heinrich Strack . A shekara ta 1872 an kammala tsarin kuma an fara aikin ciki. An bude shi ne a ranar 22 ga Maris, 1876 a gaban William I, wanda a lokacin shi ne Sarkin sarakuna na Jamus. Ginin, a yau [[Alte Nationalgalerie]], yayi kama da Haikali Greco-Roman (wani nau'in da aka zaba don alamomin sa cewa, an nuna shi, bai dace da nuna fasaha ba) <ref>[http://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/friedrichswerdersche-kirche/about-us/profile.html SMB page]</ref> kuma yana da haɗin haɗin haɗin marigayi Classicism da farkon Neo-Renaissance. An yi niyyar bayyana "haɗin kai na fasaha, al'umma, da tarihi", sabili da haka yana da fannoni masu kama da coci (tare da apse) da gidan wasan kwaikwayo (babban matakala da ke kaiwa ga shigarwa) da kuma haikalin. Wani mutum-mutumi na Frederick William IV yana saman matakala, kuma matakala na ciki suna da frieze na Otto Geyer wanda ke nuna tarihin Jamus daga zamanin da ya gabata zuwa karni na 19. Rubutun a kan ƙofar ya karanta "Ga fasahar Jamusanci, 1871" (shekarar da aka kafa Daular, ba shekarar da aka kammala tashar ba).<ref>{{cite news |title=Friedrichswerdersche Kirche: Der Schinkel-Bau öffnet wieder |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/der-schinkel-bau-offnet-wieder-4135786.html |newspaper=Der Tagesspiegel Online}}</ref> A ziyararsa ta farko zuwa Berlin, a watan Nuwamba 1916, matashi [[Adolf Hitler]] ya aika da katin gidan waya na wannan ginin ga abokin aiki a makamai don taya shi murna kan karbar Iron Cross.<ref>[http://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/friedrichswerdersche-kirche/about-us/profile.html SMB page]</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} jki7hnnifegsskfyv04eaf7jseim8la 822140 822139 2026-04-18T11:35:39Z Pharouqenr 25549 822140 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Berlin,_Mitte,_Museumsinsel,_Alte_Nationalgalerie.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Ginin asali na National Gallery a Berlin, yanzu [[Alte Nationalgalerie]]]]{{Databox}} '''National Gallery''' (Jamusanci: Nationalgalerie) a Berlin, Jamus, gidan kayan gargajiya ne na fasaha na ƙarni na 19, 20 da 21. Yana daga cikin Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Berlin. Daga [[Alte Nationalgalerie]], wanda aka gina shi kuma aka buɗe shi a 1876, sararin baje kolinsa ya fadada ya haɗa da wasu wurare biyar. Gidajen tarihi suna daga cikin Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Berlin, mallakar Gidauniyar Al'adun Prussian. == Wuraren da aka yi == A halin yanzu ana nuna abubuwan da ke cikin National Gallery a wurare biyar: <ref name="Freunde">{{Cite web |title=Die Nationalgalerie und die Freunde |url=http://www.freunde-der-nationalgalerie.de/de/nationalgalerie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528162917/https://www.freunde-der-nationalgalerie.de/de/nationalgalerie.html |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=4 June 2012 |website=Verein der Freunde der Nationalgalerie |language=de}}</ref> * [[Alte Nationalgalerie]]: zane-zane na ƙarni na 19, a tsibirin MuseumTsibirin Gidan Tarihi * Neue Nationalgalerie: zane-zane na karni na 20, a Kulturforum . Ginin, wanda Ludwig Mies van der Rohe ya tsara, ya buɗe a ranar 15 ga Satumba 1968.<ref name="Jubilee">Roland Keitsch, [http://www.bild.de/regional/berlin/berlin/jubilaeum-einer-berliner-institution-peter-klaus-schuster-5812374.bild.html "Rückblick auf die tollsten und chaotischsten Ausstellungen: Neue Nationalgalerie hat Geburtstag"]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[Bild]]'', 15 September 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> * [[Gidan kayan gargajiya na Berggruen]]: a Charlottenburg, yana nuna kayan gargajiya na fasahar zamani na karni na 20 wanda Heinz Berggruens ya tattara; an kara shi a cikin National Gallery a cikin 1996.<ref name="Retter">[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-9109819.html "Die unheimlichen Retter"], ''Der Spiegel'', 28 October 1996 {{In lang|de}}</ref> * Scharf-Gerstenberg Collection: a cikin Charlottenburg, yana nuna fasahar karni na 20 daga Romanticism na Faransa zuwa Surrealism; an kara shi a cikin National Gallery a cikin 2008 .<ref name="Kunstjuwel">[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/zeitung/kunstjuwel-fuer-berlin/1275044.html "Kunstjuwel für Berlin"], Zeitung heute, ''Der Tagesspiegel'', 10 July 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> * [[Hamburger Bahnhof]]: Museum für Gegenwart, fasahar zamani; an kara shi a cikin National Gallery a cikin 1996. <ref name="Retter" /> * Ikilisiyar Friedrichswerder: siffar ƙarni na 19, cocin da Karl Friedrich Schinkel ya tsara, an buɗe shi a matsayin mahaɗin National Gallery a watan Satumbar 1987. <ref name="Schuster">Peter-Klaus Schuster, ''Die Alte Nationalgalerie'', Berlin: Berlin: SMB-DuMont, 2003, {{ISBN|9783832173708}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=m6npAAAAMAAJ&q=September+1987+als+Filiale+der+Nationalgalerie+er%C3%B6ffnet. p. 45].</ref> Daga 2012 zuwa 2020 an rufe ginin saboda lalacewar tsarin. == Tarihi == === Shirye-shiryen, tushe da kuma gina ginin na asali === Akwai tattaunawa mai tsawo game da sha'awar kafa tashar ƙasa a Berlin, [1] musamman a lokacin juyin juya halin kasa a kusa da 1848, kuma ya zama babban tsari daga 1850, lokacin da wallafe-wallafen suka bayyana suna ba da shawara. [2] Tun daga farko an ɗaure shi da burin Prussia da kuma sha'awar Berlin ta zama babban birnin duniya.[3] An yanke shawarar ne a 1861, bayan mutuwar mai banki da mai kula da fasaha Joachim Heinrich Wilhelm Wagener, wanda ya ba da tarin tarin sa mai yawa (artworks 262) ga Yarima Regent na lokacin, Sarki William na gaba, da fatan haɓaka kafa gallery na "kwanan nan".[2][4][5][6] Da farko an san tarin da Wagenersche und Nationalgalerie (Wagener da National Gallery) kuma an ajiye shi a cikin gine-ginen Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussia.[7] Friedrich August Stüler ya fara aiki a kan zane don ginin gallery a 1863, bisa ga zane na mahaifin William I, Sarki Frederick William IV na Prussia. Shekaru biyu da shirye-shirye biyu da suka gaza daga baya, an yarda da shawararsa ta uku. Stüler ya mutu kafin a kammala shirin kuma Carl Busse ya kula da sauran bayanai a 1865. A cikin 1866, ta hanyar umarnin sarki da majalisarsa, an kirkiro ''Kommission für den Bau der Nationalgalerie'' (Kwamitin don gina tashar ƙasa). <ref>[http://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/friedrichswerdersche-kirche/about-us/profile.html SMB page]</ref> An rushe ƙasa a 1867 a ƙarƙashin kulawar Heinrich Strack . A shekara ta 1872 an kammala tsarin kuma an fara aikin ciki. An bude shi ne a ranar 22 ga Maris, 1876 a gaban William I, wanda a lokacin shi ne Sarkin sarakuna na Jamus. Ginin, a yau [[Alte Nationalgalerie]], yayi kama da Haikali Greco-Roman (wani nau'in da aka zaba don alamomin sa cewa, an nuna shi, bai dace da nuna fasaha ba) <ref>[http://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/friedrichswerdersche-kirche/about-us/profile.html SMB page]</ref> kuma yana da haɗin haɗin haɗin marigayi Classicism da farkon Neo-Renaissance. An yi niyyar bayyana "haɗin kai na fasaha, al'umma, da tarihi", sabili da haka yana da fannoni masu kama da coci (tare da apse) da gidan wasan kwaikwayo (babban matakala da ke kaiwa ga shigarwa) da kuma haikalin. Wani mutum-mutumi na Frederick William IV yana saman matakala, kuma matakala na ciki suna da frieze na Otto Geyer wanda ke nuna tarihin Jamus daga zamanin da ya gabata zuwa karni na 19. Rubutun a kan ƙofar ya karanta "Ga fasahar Jamusanci, 1871" (shekarar da aka kafa Daular, ba shekarar da aka kammala tashar ba).<ref>{{cite news |title=Friedrichswerdersche Kirche: Der Schinkel-Bau öffnet wieder |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/der-schinkel-bau-offnet-wieder-4135786.html |newspaper=Der Tagesspiegel Online}}</ref> A ziyararsa ta farko zuwa Berlin, a watan Nuwamba 1916, matashi [[Adolf Hitler]] ya aika da katin gidan waya na wannan ginin ga abokin aiki a makamai don taya shi murna kan karbar Iron Cross.<ref>[http://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/friedrichswerdersche-kirche/about-us/profile.html SMB page]</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} h2u3nlj80fu3bb1f2zrlkgim1oj1lxi 822141 822140 2026-04-18T11:35:55Z Pharouqenr 25549 822141 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Berlin,_Mitte,_Museumsinsel,_Alte_Nationalgalerie.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Ginin asali na National Gallery a Berlin, yanzu [[Alte Nationalgalerie]]]]{{Databox}} '''National Gallery''' (Jamusanci: Nationalgalerie) a Berlin, Jamus, gidan kayan gargajiya ne na fasaha na ƙarni na 19, 20 da 21. Yana daga cikin Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Berlin. Daga [[Alte Nationalgalerie]], wanda aka gina shi kuma aka buɗe shi a 1876, sararin baje kolinsa ya fadada ya haɗa da wasu wurare biyar. Gidajen tarihi suna daga cikin Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Berlin, mallakar Gidauniyar Al'adun Prussian. == Wuraren da aka yi == A halin yanzu ana nuna abubuwan da ke cikin National Gallery a wurare biyar: <ref name="Freunde">{{Cite web |title=Die Nationalgalerie und die Freunde |url=http://www.freunde-der-nationalgalerie.de/de/nationalgalerie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528162917/https://www.freunde-der-nationalgalerie.de/de/nationalgalerie.html |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=4 June 2012 |website=Verein der Freunde der Nationalgalerie |language=de}}</ref> * [[Alte Nationalgalerie]]: zane-zane na ƙarni na 19, a tsibirin MuseumTsibirin Gidan Tarihi * Neue Nationalgalerie: zane-zane na karni na 20, a Kulturforum . Ginin, wanda Ludwig Mies van der Rohe ya tsara, ya buɗe a ranar 15 ga Satumba 1968.<ref name="Jubilee">Roland Keitsch, [http://www.bild.de/regional/berlin/berlin/jubilaeum-einer-berliner-institution-peter-klaus-schuster-5812374.bild.html "Rückblick auf die tollsten und chaotischsten Ausstellungen: Neue Nationalgalerie hat Geburtstag"]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[Bild]]'', 15 September 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> * [[Gidan kayan gargajiya na Berggruen]]: a Charlottenburg, yana nuna kayan gargajiya na fasahar zamani na karni na 20 wanda Heinz Berggruens ya tattara; an kara shi a cikin National Gallery a cikin 1996.<ref name="Retter">[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-9109819.html "Die unheimlichen Retter"], ''Der Spiegel'', 28 October 1996 {{In lang|de}}</ref> * Scharf-Gerstenberg Collection: a cikin Charlottenburg, yana nuna fasahar karni na 20 daga Romanticism na Faransa zuwa Surrealism; an kara shi a cikin National Gallery a cikin 2008 .<ref name="Kunstjuwel">[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/zeitung/kunstjuwel-fuer-berlin/1275044.html "Kunstjuwel für Berlin"], Zeitung heute, ''Der Tagesspiegel'', 10 July 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> * [[Hamburger Bahnhof]]: Museum für Gegenwart, fasahar zamani; an kara shi a cikin National Gallery a cikin 1996.<ref name="Retter" /> * Ikilisiyar Friedrichswerder: siffar ƙarni na 19, cocin da Karl Friedrich Schinkel ya tsara, an buɗe shi a matsayin mahaɗin National Gallery a watan Satumbar 1987. <ref name="Schuster">Peter-Klaus Schuster, ''Die Alte Nationalgalerie'', Berlin: Berlin: SMB-DuMont, 2003, {{ISBN|9783832173708}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=m6npAAAAMAAJ&q=September+1987+als+Filiale+der+Nationalgalerie+er%C3%B6ffnet. p. 45].</ref> Daga 2012 zuwa 2020 an rufe ginin saboda lalacewar tsarin. == Tarihi == === Shirye-shiryen, tushe da kuma gina ginin na asali === Akwai tattaunawa mai tsawo game da sha'awar kafa tashar ƙasa a Berlin, [1] musamman a lokacin juyin juya halin kasa a kusa da 1848, kuma ya zama babban tsari daga 1850, lokacin da wallafe-wallafen suka bayyana suna ba da shawara. [2] Tun daga farko an ɗaure shi da burin Prussia da kuma sha'awar Berlin ta zama babban birnin duniya.[3] An yanke shawarar ne a 1861, bayan mutuwar mai banki da mai kula da fasaha Joachim Heinrich Wilhelm Wagener, wanda ya ba da tarin tarin sa mai yawa (artworks 262) ga Yarima Regent na lokacin, Sarki William na gaba, da fatan haɓaka kafa gallery na "kwanan nan".[2][4][5][6] Da farko an san tarin da Wagenersche und Nationalgalerie (Wagener da National Gallery) kuma an ajiye shi a cikin gine-ginen Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussia.[7] Friedrich August Stüler ya fara aiki a kan zane don ginin gallery a 1863, bisa ga zane na mahaifin William I, Sarki Frederick William IV na Prussia. Shekaru biyu da shirye-shirye biyu da suka gaza daga baya, an yarda da shawararsa ta uku. Stüler ya mutu kafin a kammala shirin kuma Carl Busse ya kula da sauran bayanai a 1865. A cikin 1866, ta hanyar umarnin sarki da majalisarsa, an kirkiro ''Kommission für den Bau der Nationalgalerie'' (Kwamitin don gina tashar ƙasa). <ref>[http://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/friedrichswerdersche-kirche/about-us/profile.html SMB page]</ref> An rushe ƙasa a 1867 a ƙarƙashin kulawar Heinrich Strack . A shekara ta 1872 an kammala tsarin kuma an fara aikin ciki. An bude shi ne a ranar 22 ga Maris, 1876 a gaban William I, wanda a lokacin shi ne Sarkin sarakuna na Jamus. Ginin, a yau [[Alte Nationalgalerie]], yayi kama da Haikali Greco-Roman (wani nau'in da aka zaba don alamomin sa cewa, an nuna shi, bai dace da nuna fasaha ba) <ref>[http://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/friedrichswerdersche-kirche/about-us/profile.html SMB page]</ref> kuma yana da haɗin haɗin haɗin marigayi Classicism da farkon Neo-Renaissance. An yi niyyar bayyana "haɗin kai na fasaha, al'umma, da tarihi", sabili da haka yana da fannoni masu kama da coci (tare da apse) da gidan wasan kwaikwayo (babban matakala da ke kaiwa ga shigarwa) da kuma haikalin. Wani mutum-mutumi na Frederick William IV yana saman matakala, kuma matakala na ciki suna da frieze na Otto Geyer wanda ke nuna tarihin Jamus daga zamanin da ya gabata zuwa karni na 19. Rubutun a kan ƙofar ya karanta "Ga fasahar Jamusanci, 1871" (shekarar da aka kafa Daular, ba shekarar da aka kammala tashar ba).<ref>{{cite news |title=Friedrichswerdersche Kirche: Der Schinkel-Bau öffnet wieder |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/der-schinkel-bau-offnet-wieder-4135786.html |newspaper=Der Tagesspiegel Online}}</ref> A ziyararsa ta farko zuwa Berlin, a watan Nuwamba 1916, matashi [[Adolf Hitler]] ya aika da katin gidan waya na wannan ginin ga abokin aiki a makamai don taya shi murna kan karbar Iron Cross.<ref>[http://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/friedrichswerdersche-kirche/about-us/profile.html SMB page]</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} bhvb36ett4zogzm6fq0wc0lm7bol4ze 822142 822141 2026-04-18T11:36:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 822142 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Berlin,_Mitte,_Museumsinsel,_Alte_Nationalgalerie.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Ginin asali na National Gallery a Berlin, yanzu [[Alte Nationalgalerie]]]]{{Databox}} '''National Gallery''' (Jamusanci: Nationalgalerie) a Berlin, Jamus, gidan kayan gargajiya ne na fasaha na ƙarni na 19, 20 da 21. Yana daga cikin Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Berlin. Daga [[Alte Nationalgalerie]], wanda aka gina shi kuma aka buɗe shi a 1876, sararin baje kolinsa ya fadada ya haɗa da wasu wurare biyar. Gidajen tarihi suna daga cikin Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Berlin, mallakar Gidauniyar Al'adun Prussian. == Wuraren da aka yi == A halin yanzu ana nuna abubuwan da ke cikin National Gallery a wurare biyar: <ref name="Freunde">{{Cite web |title=Die Nationalgalerie und die Freunde |url=http://www.freunde-der-nationalgalerie.de/de/nationalgalerie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528162917/https://www.freunde-der-nationalgalerie.de/de/nationalgalerie.html |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=4 June 2012 |website=Verein der Freunde der Nationalgalerie |language=de}}</ref> * [[Alte Nationalgalerie]]: zane-zane na ƙarni na 19, a tsibirin MuseumTsibirin Gidan Tarihi * Neue Nationalgalerie: zane-zane na karni na 20, a Kulturforum . Ginin, wanda Ludwig Mies van der Rohe ya tsara, ya buɗe a ranar 15 ga Satumba 1968.<ref name="Jubilee">Roland Keitsch, [http://www.bild.de/regional/berlin/berlin/jubilaeum-einer-berliner-institution-peter-klaus-schuster-5812374.bild.html "Rückblick auf die tollsten und chaotischsten Ausstellungen: Neue Nationalgalerie hat Geburtstag"]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[Bild]]'', 15 September 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> * [[Gidan kayan gargajiya na Berggruen]]: a Charlottenburg, yana nuna kayan gargajiya na fasahar zamani na karni na 20 wanda Heinz Berggruens ya tattara; an kara shi a cikin National Gallery a cikin 1996.<ref name="Retter">[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-9109819.html "Die unheimlichen Retter"], ''Der Spiegel'', 28 October 1996 {{In lang|de}}</ref> * Scharf-Gerstenberg Collection: a cikin Charlottenburg, yana nuna fasahar karni na 20 daga Romanticism na Faransa zuwa Surrealism; an kara shi a cikin National Gallery a cikin 2008 .<ref name="Kunstjuwel">[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/zeitung/kunstjuwel-fuer-berlin/1275044.html "Kunstjuwel für Berlin"], Zeitung heute, ''Der Tagesspiegel'', 10 July 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> * [[Hamburger Bahnhof]]: Museum für Gegenwart, fasahar zamani; an kara shi a cikin National Gallery a cikin 1996.<ref name="Retter" /> * Ikilisiyar Friedrichswerder: siffar ƙarni na 19, cocin da Karl Friedrich Schinkel ya tsara, an buɗe shi a matsayin mahaɗin National Gallery a watan Satumbar 1987.<ref name="Schuster">Peter-Klaus Schuster, ''Die Alte Nationalgalerie'', Berlin: Berlin: SMB-DuMont, 2003, {{ISBN|9783832173708}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=m6npAAAAMAAJ&q=September+1987+als+Filiale+der+Nationalgalerie+er%C3%B6ffnet. p. 45].</ref> Daga 2012 zuwa 2020 an rufe ginin saboda lalacewar tsarin. == Tarihi == === Shirye-shiryen, tushe da kuma gina ginin na asali === Akwai tattaunawa mai tsawo game da sha'awar kafa tashar ƙasa a Berlin, [1] musamman a lokacin juyin juya halin kasa a kusa da 1848, kuma ya zama babban tsari daga 1850, lokacin da wallafe-wallafen suka bayyana suna ba da shawara. [2] Tun daga farko an ɗaure shi da burin Prussia da kuma sha'awar Berlin ta zama babban birnin duniya.[3] An yanke shawarar ne a 1861, bayan mutuwar mai banki da mai kula da fasaha Joachim Heinrich Wilhelm Wagener, wanda ya ba da tarin tarin sa mai yawa (artworks 262) ga Yarima Regent na lokacin, Sarki William na gaba, da fatan haɓaka kafa gallery na "kwanan nan".[2][4][5][6] Da farko an san tarin da Wagenersche und Nationalgalerie (Wagener da National Gallery) kuma an ajiye shi a cikin gine-ginen Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussia.[7] Friedrich August Stüler ya fara aiki a kan zane don ginin gallery a 1863, bisa ga zane na mahaifin William I, Sarki Frederick William IV na Prussia. Shekaru biyu da shirye-shirye biyu da suka gaza daga baya, an yarda da shawararsa ta uku. Stüler ya mutu kafin a kammala shirin kuma Carl Busse ya kula da sauran bayanai a 1865. A cikin 1866, ta hanyar umarnin sarki da majalisarsa, an kirkiro ''Kommission für den Bau der Nationalgalerie'' (Kwamitin don gina tashar ƙasa). <ref>[http://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/friedrichswerdersche-kirche/about-us/profile.html SMB page]</ref> An rushe ƙasa a 1867 a ƙarƙashin kulawar Heinrich Strack . A shekara ta 1872 an kammala tsarin kuma an fara aikin ciki. An bude shi ne a ranar 22 ga Maris, 1876 a gaban William I, wanda a lokacin shi ne Sarkin sarakuna na Jamus. Ginin, a yau [[Alte Nationalgalerie]], yayi kama da Haikali Greco-Roman (wani nau'in da aka zaba don alamomin sa cewa, an nuna shi, bai dace da nuna fasaha ba) <ref>[http://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/friedrichswerdersche-kirche/about-us/profile.html SMB page]</ref> kuma yana da haɗin haɗin haɗin marigayi Classicism da farkon Neo-Renaissance. An yi niyyar bayyana "haɗin kai na fasaha, al'umma, da tarihi", sabili da haka yana da fannoni masu kama da coci (tare da apse) da gidan wasan kwaikwayo (babban matakala da ke kaiwa ga shigarwa) da kuma haikalin. Wani mutum-mutumi na Frederick William IV yana saman matakala, kuma matakala na ciki suna da frieze na Otto Geyer wanda ke nuna tarihin Jamus daga zamanin da ya gabata zuwa karni na 19. Rubutun a kan ƙofar ya karanta "Ga fasahar Jamusanci, 1871" (shekarar da aka kafa Daular, ba shekarar da aka kammala tashar ba).<ref>{{cite news |title=Friedrichswerdersche Kirche: Der Schinkel-Bau öffnet wieder |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/der-schinkel-bau-offnet-wieder-4135786.html |newspaper=Der Tagesspiegel Online}}</ref> A ziyararsa ta farko zuwa Berlin, a watan Nuwamba 1916, matashi [[Adolf Hitler]] ya aika da katin gidan waya na wannan ginin ga abokin aiki a makamai don taya shi murna kan karbar Iron Cross.<ref>[http://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/friedrichswerdersche-kirche/about-us/profile.html SMB page]</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} gt6co0nfpe1zb761vpck3dgyy75f352 822143 822142 2026-04-18T11:36:32Z Pharouqenr 25549 822143 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Berlin,_Mitte,_Museumsinsel,_Alte_Nationalgalerie.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Ginin asali na National Gallery a Berlin, yanzu [[Alte Nationalgalerie]]]]{{Databox}} '''National Gallery''' (Jamusanci: Nationalgalerie) a Berlin, Jamus, gidan kayan gargajiya ne na fasaha na ƙarni na 19, 20 da 21. Yana daga cikin Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Berlin. Daga [[Alte Nationalgalerie]], wanda aka gina shi kuma aka buɗe shi a 1876, sararin baje kolinsa ya fadada ya haɗa da wasu wurare biyar. Gidajen tarihi suna daga cikin Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Berlin, mallakar Gidauniyar Al'adun Prussian. == Wuraren da aka yi == A halin yanzu ana nuna abubuwan da ke cikin National Gallery a wurare biyar: <ref name="Freunde">{{Cite web |title=Die Nationalgalerie und die Freunde |url=http://www.freunde-der-nationalgalerie.de/de/nationalgalerie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528162917/https://www.freunde-der-nationalgalerie.de/de/nationalgalerie.html |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=4 June 2012 |website=Verein der Freunde der Nationalgalerie |language=de}}</ref> * [[Alte Nationalgalerie]]: zane-zane na ƙarni na 19, a tsibirin MuseumTsibirin Gidan Tarihi * Neue Nationalgalerie: zane-zane na karni na 20, a Kulturforum . Ginin, wanda Ludwig Mies van der Rohe ya tsara, ya buɗe a ranar 15 ga Satumba 1968.<ref name="Jubilee">Roland Keitsch, [http://www.bild.de/regional/berlin/berlin/jubilaeum-einer-berliner-institution-peter-klaus-schuster-5812374.bild.html "Rückblick auf die tollsten und chaotischsten Ausstellungen: Neue Nationalgalerie hat Geburtstag"]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[Bild]]'', 15 September 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> * [[Gidan kayan gargajiya na Berggruen]]: a Charlottenburg, yana nuna kayan gargajiya na fasahar zamani na karni na 20 wanda Heinz Berggruens ya tattara; an kara shi a cikin National Gallery a cikin 1996.<ref name="Retter">[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-9109819.html "Die unheimlichen Retter"], ''Der Spiegel'', 28 October 1996 {{In lang|de}}</ref> * Scharf-Gerstenberg Collection: a cikin Charlottenburg, yana nuna fasahar karni na 20 daga Romanticism na Faransa zuwa Surrealism; an kara shi a cikin National Gallery a cikin 2008 .<ref name="Kunstjuwel">[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/zeitung/kunstjuwel-fuer-berlin/1275044.html "Kunstjuwel für Berlin"], Zeitung heute, ''Der Tagesspiegel'', 10 July 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> * [[Hamburger Bahnhof]]: Museum für Gegenwart, fasahar zamani; an kara shi a cikin National Gallery a cikin 1996.<ref name="Retter" /> * Ikilisiyar Friedrichswerder: siffar ƙarni na 19, cocin da Karl Friedrich Schinkel ya tsara, an buɗe shi a matsayin mahaɗin National Gallery a watan Satumbar 1987.<ref name="Schuster">Peter-Klaus Schuster, ''Die Alte Nationalgalerie'', Berlin: Berlin: SMB-DuMont, 2003, {{ISBN|9783832173708}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=m6npAAAAMAAJ&q=September+1987+als+Filiale+der+Nationalgalerie+er%C3%B6ffnet. p. 45].</ref> Daga 2012 zuwa 2020 an rufe ginin saboda lalacewar tsarin. == Tarihi == === Shirye-shiryen, tushe da kuma gina ginin na asali === Akwai tattaunawa mai tsawo game da sha'awar kafa tashar ƙasa a Berlin, [1] musamman a lokacin juyin juya halin kasa a kusa da 1848, kuma ya zama babban tsari daga 1850, lokacin da wallafe-wallafen suka bayyana suna ba da shawara. Tun daga farko an ɗaure shi da burin Prussia da kuma sha'awar Berlin ta zama babban birnin duniya.[3] An yanke shawarar ne a 1861, bayan mutuwar mai banki da mai kula da fasaha Joachim Heinrich Wilhelm Wagener, wanda ya ba da tarin tarin sa mai yawa (artworks 262) ga Yarima Regent na lokacin, Sarki William na gaba, da fatan haɓaka kafa gallery na "kwanan nan".[2][4][5][6] Da farko an san tarin da Wagenersche und Nationalgalerie (Wagener da National Gallery) kuma an ajiye shi a cikin gine-ginen Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussia.[7] Friedrich August Stüler ya fara aiki a kan zane don ginin gallery a 1863, bisa ga zane na mahaifin William I, Sarki Frederick William IV na Prussia. Shekaru biyu da shirye-shirye biyu da suka gaza daga baya, an yarda da shawararsa ta uku. Stüler ya mutu kafin a kammala shirin kuma Carl Busse ya kula da sauran bayanai a 1865. A cikin 1866, ta hanyar umarnin sarki da majalisarsa, an kirkiro ''Kommission für den Bau der Nationalgalerie'' (Kwamitin don gina tashar ƙasa). <ref>[http://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/friedrichswerdersche-kirche/about-us/profile.html SMB page]</ref> An rushe ƙasa a 1867 a ƙarƙashin kulawar Heinrich Strack . A shekara ta 1872 an kammala tsarin kuma an fara aikin ciki. An bude shi ne a ranar 22 ga Maris, 1876 a gaban William I, wanda a lokacin shi ne Sarkin sarakuna na Jamus. Ginin, a yau [[Alte Nationalgalerie]], yayi kama da Haikali Greco-Roman (wani nau'in da aka zaba don alamomin sa cewa, an nuna shi, bai dace da nuna fasaha ba) <ref>[http://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/friedrichswerdersche-kirche/about-us/profile.html SMB page]</ref> kuma yana da haɗin haɗin haɗin marigayi Classicism da farkon Neo-Renaissance. An yi niyyar bayyana "haɗin kai na fasaha, al'umma, da tarihi", sabili da haka yana da fannoni masu kama da coci (tare da apse) da gidan wasan kwaikwayo (babban matakala da ke kaiwa ga shigarwa) da kuma haikalin. Wani mutum-mutumi na Frederick William IV yana saman matakala, kuma matakala na ciki suna da frieze na Otto Geyer wanda ke nuna tarihin Jamus daga zamanin da ya gabata zuwa karni na 19. Rubutun a kan ƙofar ya karanta "Ga fasahar Jamusanci, 1871" (shekarar da aka kafa Daular, ba shekarar da aka kammala tashar ba).<ref>{{cite news |title=Friedrichswerdersche Kirche: Der Schinkel-Bau öffnet wieder |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/der-schinkel-bau-offnet-wieder-4135786.html |newspaper=Der Tagesspiegel Online}}</ref> A ziyararsa ta farko zuwa Berlin, a watan Nuwamba 1916, matashi [[Adolf Hitler]] ya aika da katin gidan waya na wannan ginin ga abokin aiki a makamai don taya shi murna kan karbar Iron Cross.<ref>[http://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/friedrichswerdersche-kirche/about-us/profile.html SMB page]</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} p9r2hqx83qtrfvuim810h3dflkyph2z 822144 822143 2026-04-18T11:36:54Z Pharouqenr 25549 822144 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Berlin,_Mitte,_Museumsinsel,_Alte_Nationalgalerie.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Ginin asali na National Gallery a Berlin, yanzu [[Alte Nationalgalerie]]]]{{Databox}} '''National Gallery''' (Jamusanci: Nationalgalerie) a Berlin, Jamus, gidan kayan gargajiya ne na fasaha na ƙarni na 19, 20 da 21. Yana daga cikin Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Berlin. Daga [[Alte Nationalgalerie]], wanda aka gina shi kuma aka buɗe shi a 1876, sararin baje kolinsa ya fadada ya haɗa da wasu wurare biyar. Gidajen tarihi suna daga cikin Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Berlin, mallakar Gidauniyar Al'adun Prussian. == Wuraren da aka yi == A halin yanzu ana nuna abubuwan da ke cikin National Gallery a wurare biyar: <ref name="Freunde">{{Cite web |title=Die Nationalgalerie und die Freunde |url=http://www.freunde-der-nationalgalerie.de/de/nationalgalerie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528162917/https://www.freunde-der-nationalgalerie.de/de/nationalgalerie.html |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=4 June 2012 |website=Verein der Freunde der Nationalgalerie |language=de}}</ref> * [[Alte Nationalgalerie]]: zane-zane na ƙarni na 19, a tsibirin MuseumTsibirin Gidan Tarihi * Neue Nationalgalerie: zane-zane na karni na 20, a Kulturforum . Ginin, wanda Ludwig Mies van der Rohe ya tsara, ya buɗe a ranar 15 ga Satumba 1968.<ref name="Jubilee">Roland Keitsch, [http://www.bild.de/regional/berlin/berlin/jubilaeum-einer-berliner-institution-peter-klaus-schuster-5812374.bild.html "Rückblick auf die tollsten und chaotischsten Ausstellungen: Neue Nationalgalerie hat Geburtstag"]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[Bild]]'', 15 September 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> * [[Gidan kayan gargajiya na Berggruen]]: a Charlottenburg, yana nuna kayan gargajiya na fasahar zamani na karni na 20 wanda Heinz Berggruens ya tattara; an kara shi a cikin National Gallery a cikin 1996.<ref name="Retter">[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-9109819.html "Die unheimlichen Retter"], ''Der Spiegel'', 28 October 1996 {{In lang|de}}</ref> * Scharf-Gerstenberg Collection: a cikin Charlottenburg, yana nuna fasahar karni na 20 daga Romanticism na Faransa zuwa Surrealism; an kara shi a cikin National Gallery a cikin 2008 .<ref name="Kunstjuwel">[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/zeitung/kunstjuwel-fuer-berlin/1275044.html "Kunstjuwel für Berlin"], Zeitung heute, ''Der Tagesspiegel'', 10 July 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> * [[Hamburger Bahnhof]]: Museum für Gegenwart, fasahar zamani; an kara shi a cikin National Gallery a cikin 1996.<ref name="Retter" /> * Ikilisiyar Friedrichswerder: siffar ƙarni na 19, cocin da Karl Friedrich Schinkel ya tsara, an buɗe shi a matsayin mahaɗin National Gallery a watan Satumbar 1987.<ref name="Schuster">Peter-Klaus Schuster, ''Die Alte Nationalgalerie'', Berlin: Berlin: SMB-DuMont, 2003, {{ISBN|9783832173708}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=m6npAAAAMAAJ&q=September+1987+als+Filiale+der+Nationalgalerie+er%C3%B6ffnet. p. 45].</ref> Daga 2012 zuwa 2020 an rufe ginin saboda lalacewar tsarin. == Tarihi == === Shirye-shiryen, tushe da kuma gina ginin na asali === Akwai tattaunawa mai tsawo game da sha'awar kafa tashar ƙasa a Berlin, [1] musamman a lokacin juyin juya halin kasa a kusa da 1848, kuma ya zama babban tsari daga 1850, lokacin da wallafe-wallafen suka bayyana suna ba da shawara. Tun daga farko an ɗaure shi da burin Prussia da kuma sha'awar Berlin ta zama babban birnin duniya. An yanke shawarar ne a 1861, bayan mutuwar mai banki da mai kula da fasaha Joachim Heinrich Wilhelm Wagener, wanda ya ba da tarin tarin sa mai yawa (artworks 262) ga Yarima Regent na lokacin, Sarki William na gaba, da fatan haɓaka kafa gallery na "kwanan nan".[2][4][5][6] Da farko an san tarin da Wagenersche und Nationalgalerie (Wagener da National Gallery) kuma an ajiye shi a cikin gine-ginen Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussia. Friedrich August Stüler ya fara aiki a kan zane don ginin gallery a 1863, bisa ga zane na mahaifin William I, Sarki Frederick William IV na Prussia. Shekaru biyu da shirye-shirye biyu da suka gaza daga baya, an yarda da shawararsa ta uku. Stüler ya mutu kafin a kammala shirin kuma Carl Busse ya kula da sauran bayanai a 1865. A cikin 1866, ta hanyar umarnin sarki da majalisarsa, an kirkiro ''Kommission für den Bau der Nationalgalerie'' (Kwamitin don gina tashar ƙasa). <ref>[http://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/friedrichswerdersche-kirche/about-us/profile.html SMB page]</ref> An rushe ƙasa a 1867 a ƙarƙashin kulawar Heinrich Strack . A shekara ta 1872 an kammala tsarin kuma an fara aikin ciki. An bude shi ne a ranar 22 ga Maris, 1876 a gaban William I, wanda a lokacin shi ne Sarkin sarakuna na Jamus. Ginin, a yau [[Alte Nationalgalerie]], yayi kama da Haikali Greco-Roman (wani nau'in da aka zaba don alamomin sa cewa, an nuna shi, bai dace da nuna fasaha ba) <ref>[http://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/friedrichswerdersche-kirche/about-us/profile.html SMB page]</ref> kuma yana da haɗin haɗin haɗin marigayi Classicism da farkon Neo-Renaissance. An yi niyyar bayyana "haɗin kai na fasaha, al'umma, da tarihi", sabili da haka yana da fannoni masu kama da coci (tare da apse) da gidan wasan kwaikwayo (babban matakala da ke kaiwa ga shigarwa) da kuma haikalin. Wani mutum-mutumi na Frederick William IV yana saman matakala, kuma matakala na ciki suna da frieze na Otto Geyer wanda ke nuna tarihin Jamus daga zamanin da ya gabata zuwa karni na 19. Rubutun a kan ƙofar ya karanta "Ga fasahar Jamusanci, 1871" (shekarar da aka kafa Daular, ba shekarar da aka kammala tashar ba).<ref>{{cite news |title=Friedrichswerdersche Kirche: Der Schinkel-Bau öffnet wieder |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/der-schinkel-bau-offnet-wieder-4135786.html |newspaper=Der Tagesspiegel Online}}</ref> A ziyararsa ta farko zuwa Berlin, a watan Nuwamba 1916, matashi [[Adolf Hitler]] ya aika da katin gidan waya na wannan ginin ga abokin aiki a makamai don taya shi murna kan karbar Iron Cross.<ref>[http://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/friedrichswerdersche-kirche/about-us/profile.html SMB page]</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} m18ud7mleh7ubql70zqf4as9gdkbnbq 822145 822144 2026-04-18T11:37:19Z Pharouqenr 25549 822145 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Berlin,_Mitte,_Museumsinsel,_Alte_Nationalgalerie.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Ginin asali na National Gallery a Berlin, yanzu [[Alte Nationalgalerie]]]]{{Databox}} '''National Gallery''' (Jamusanci: Nationalgalerie) a Berlin, Jamus, gidan kayan gargajiya ne na fasaha na ƙarni na 19, 20 da 21. Yana daga cikin Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Berlin. Daga [[Alte Nationalgalerie]], wanda aka gina shi kuma aka buɗe shi a 1876, sararin baje kolinsa ya fadada ya haɗa da wasu wurare biyar. Gidajen tarihi suna daga cikin Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Berlin, mallakar Gidauniyar Al'adun Prussian. == Wuraren da aka yi == A halin yanzu ana nuna abubuwan da ke cikin National Gallery a wurare biyar: <ref name="Freunde">{{Cite web |title=Die Nationalgalerie und die Freunde |url=http://www.freunde-der-nationalgalerie.de/de/nationalgalerie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528162917/https://www.freunde-der-nationalgalerie.de/de/nationalgalerie.html |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=4 June 2012 |website=Verein der Freunde der Nationalgalerie |language=de}}</ref> * [[Alte Nationalgalerie]]: zane-zane na ƙarni na 19, a tsibirin MuseumTsibirin Gidan Tarihi * Neue Nationalgalerie: zane-zane na karni na 20, a Kulturforum . Ginin, wanda Ludwig Mies van der Rohe ya tsara, ya buɗe a ranar 15 ga Satumba 1968.<ref name="Jubilee">Roland Keitsch, [http://www.bild.de/regional/berlin/berlin/jubilaeum-einer-berliner-institution-peter-klaus-schuster-5812374.bild.html "Rückblick auf die tollsten und chaotischsten Ausstellungen: Neue Nationalgalerie hat Geburtstag"]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[Bild]]'', 15 September 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> * [[Gidan kayan gargajiya na Berggruen]]: a Charlottenburg, yana nuna kayan gargajiya na fasahar zamani na karni na 20 wanda Heinz Berggruens ya tattara; an kara shi a cikin National Gallery a cikin 1996.<ref name="Retter">[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-9109819.html "Die unheimlichen Retter"], ''Der Spiegel'', 28 October 1996 {{In lang|de}}</ref> * Scharf-Gerstenberg Collection: a cikin Charlottenburg, yana nuna fasahar karni na 20 daga Romanticism na Faransa zuwa Surrealism; an kara shi a cikin National Gallery a cikin 2008 .<ref name="Kunstjuwel">[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/zeitung/kunstjuwel-fuer-berlin/1275044.html "Kunstjuwel für Berlin"], Zeitung heute, ''Der Tagesspiegel'', 10 July 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> * [[Hamburger Bahnhof]]: Museum für Gegenwart, fasahar zamani; an kara shi a cikin National Gallery a cikin 1996.<ref name="Retter" /> * Ikilisiyar Friedrichswerder: siffar ƙarni na 19, cocin da Karl Friedrich Schinkel ya tsara, an buɗe shi a matsayin mahaɗin National Gallery a watan Satumbar 1987.<ref name="Schuster">Peter-Klaus Schuster, ''Die Alte Nationalgalerie'', Berlin: Berlin: SMB-DuMont, 2003, {{ISBN|9783832173708}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=m6npAAAAMAAJ&q=September+1987+als+Filiale+der+Nationalgalerie+er%C3%B6ffnet. p. 45].</ref> Daga 2012 zuwa 2020 an rufe ginin saboda lalacewar tsarin. == Tarihi == === Shirye-shiryen, tushe da kuma gina ginin na asali === Akwai tattaunawa mai tsawo game da sha'awar kafa tashar ƙasa a Berlin, [1] musamman a lokacin juyin juya halin kasa a kusa da 1848, kuma ya zama babban tsari daga 1850, lokacin da wallafe-wallafen suka bayyana suna ba da shawara. Tun daga farko an ɗaure shi da burin Prussia da kuma sha'awar Berlin ta zama babban birnin duniya. An yanke shawarar ne a 1861, bayan mutuwar mai banki da mai kula da fasaha Joachim Heinrich Wilhelm Wagener, wanda ya ba da tarin tarin sa mai yawa (artworks 262) ga Yarima Regent na lokacin, Sarki William na gaba, da fatan haɓaka kafa gallery na "kwanan nan". Da farko an san tarin da Wagenersche und Nationalgalerie (Wagener da National Gallery) kuma an ajiye shi a cikin gine-ginen Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussia. Friedrich August Stüler ya fara aiki a kan zane don ginin gallery a 1863, bisa ga zane na mahaifin William I, Sarki Frederick William IV na Prussia. Shekaru biyu da shirye-shirye biyu da suka gaza daga baya, an yarda da shawararsa ta uku. Stüler ya mutu kafin a kammala shirin kuma Carl Busse ya kula da sauran bayanai a 1865. A cikin 1866, ta hanyar umarnin sarki da majalisarsa, an kirkiro ''Kommission für den Bau der Nationalgalerie'' (Kwamitin don gina tashar ƙasa). <ref>[http://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/friedrichswerdersche-kirche/about-us/profile.html SMB page]</ref> An rushe ƙasa a 1867 a ƙarƙashin kulawar Heinrich Strack . A shekara ta 1872 an kammala tsarin kuma an fara aikin ciki. An bude shi ne a ranar 22 ga Maris, 1876 a gaban William I, wanda a lokacin shi ne Sarkin sarakuna na Jamus. Ginin, a yau [[Alte Nationalgalerie]], yayi kama da Haikali Greco-Roman (wani nau'in da aka zaba don alamomin sa cewa, an nuna shi, bai dace da nuna fasaha ba) <ref>[http://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/friedrichswerdersche-kirche/about-us/profile.html SMB page]</ref> kuma yana da haɗin haɗin haɗin marigayi Classicism da farkon Neo-Renaissance. An yi niyyar bayyana "haɗin kai na fasaha, al'umma, da tarihi", sabili da haka yana da fannoni masu kama da coci (tare da apse) da gidan wasan kwaikwayo (babban matakala da ke kaiwa ga shigarwa) da kuma haikalin. Wani mutum-mutumi na Frederick William IV yana saman matakala, kuma matakala na ciki suna da frieze na Otto Geyer wanda ke nuna tarihin Jamus daga zamanin da ya gabata zuwa karni na 19. Rubutun a kan ƙofar ya karanta "Ga fasahar Jamusanci, 1871" (shekarar da aka kafa Daular, ba shekarar da aka kammala tashar ba).<ref>{{cite news |title=Friedrichswerdersche Kirche: Der Schinkel-Bau öffnet wieder |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/der-schinkel-bau-offnet-wieder-4135786.html |newspaper=Der Tagesspiegel Online}}</ref> A ziyararsa ta farko zuwa Berlin, a watan Nuwamba 1916, matashi [[Adolf Hitler]] ya aika da katin gidan waya na wannan ginin ga abokin aiki a makamai don taya shi murna kan karbar Iron Cross.<ref>[http://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/friedrichswerdersche-kirche/about-us/profile.html SMB page]</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} 0ya9q6uc42kb3jbfdvuzxftbjpta652 822146 822145 2026-04-18T11:37:53Z Pharouqenr 25549 822146 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Berlin,_Mitte,_Museumsinsel,_Alte_Nationalgalerie.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Ginin asali na National Gallery a Berlin, yanzu [[Alte Nationalgalerie]]]]{{Databox}} '''National Gallery''' (Jamusanci: Nationalgalerie) a Berlin, Jamus, gidan kayan gargajiya ne na fasaha na ƙarni na 19, 20 da 21. Yana daga cikin Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Berlin. Daga [[Alte Nationalgalerie]], wanda aka gina shi kuma aka buɗe shi a 1876, sararin baje kolinsa ya fadada ya haɗa da wasu wurare biyar. Gidajen tarihi suna daga cikin Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Berlin, mallakar Gidauniyar Al'adun Prussian. == Wuraren da aka yi == A halin yanzu ana nuna abubuwan da ke cikin National Gallery a wurare biyar: <ref name="Freunde">{{Cite web |title=Die Nationalgalerie und die Freunde |url=http://www.freunde-der-nationalgalerie.de/de/nationalgalerie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528162917/https://www.freunde-der-nationalgalerie.de/de/nationalgalerie.html |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=4 June 2012 |website=Verein der Freunde der Nationalgalerie |language=de}}</ref> * [[Alte Nationalgalerie]]: zane-zane na ƙarni na 19, a tsibirin MuseumTsibirin Gidan Tarihi * Neue Nationalgalerie: zane-zane na karni na 20, a Kulturforum . Ginin, wanda Ludwig Mies van der Rohe ya tsara, ya buɗe a ranar 15 ga Satumba 1968.<ref name="Jubilee">Roland Keitsch, [http://www.bild.de/regional/berlin/berlin/jubilaeum-einer-berliner-institution-peter-klaus-schuster-5812374.bild.html "Rückblick auf die tollsten und chaotischsten Ausstellungen: Neue Nationalgalerie hat Geburtstag"]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[Bild]]'', 15 September 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> * [[Gidan kayan gargajiya na Berggruen]]: a Charlottenburg, yana nuna kayan gargajiya na fasahar zamani na karni na 20 wanda Heinz Berggruens ya tattara; an kara shi a cikin National Gallery a cikin 1996.<ref name="Retter">[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-9109819.html "Die unheimlichen Retter"], ''Der Spiegel'', 28 October 1996 {{In lang|de}}</ref> * Scharf-Gerstenberg Collection: a cikin Charlottenburg, yana nuna fasahar karni na 20 daga Romanticism na Faransa zuwa Surrealism; an kara shi a cikin National Gallery a cikin 2008 .<ref name="Kunstjuwel">[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/zeitung/kunstjuwel-fuer-berlin/1275044.html "Kunstjuwel für Berlin"], Zeitung heute, ''Der Tagesspiegel'', 10 July 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> * [[Hamburger Bahnhof]]: Museum für Gegenwart, fasahar zamani; an kara shi a cikin National Gallery a cikin 1996.<ref name="Retter" /> * Ikilisiyar Friedrichswerder: siffar ƙarni na 19, cocin da Karl Friedrich Schinkel ya tsara, an buɗe shi a matsayin mahaɗin National Gallery a watan Satumbar 1987.<ref name="Schuster">Peter-Klaus Schuster, ''Die Alte Nationalgalerie'', Berlin: Berlin: SMB-DuMont, 2003, {{ISBN|9783832173708}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=m6npAAAAMAAJ&q=September+1987+als+Filiale+der+Nationalgalerie+er%C3%B6ffnet. p. 45].</ref> Daga 2012 zuwa 2020 an rufe ginin saboda lalacewar tsarin. == Tarihi == === Shirye-shiryen, tushe da kuma gina ginin na asali === Akwai tattaunawa mai tsawo game da sha'awar kafa tashar ƙasa a Berlin, [1] musamman a lokacin juyin juya halin kasa a kusa da 1848, kuma ya zama babban tsari daga 1850, lokacin da wallafe-wallafen suka bayyana suna ba da shawara. Tun daga farko an ɗaure shi da burin Prussia da kuma sha'awar Berlin ta zama babban birnin duniya. An yanke shawarar ne a 1861, bayan mutuwar mai banki da mai kula da fasaha Joachim Heinrich Wilhelm Wagener, wanda ya ba da tarin tarin sa mai yawa (artworks 262) ga Yarima Regent na lokacin, Sarki William na gaba, da fatan haɓaka kafa gallery na "kwanan nan". Da farko an san tarin da Wagenersche und Nationalgalerie (Wagener da National Gallery) kuma an ajiye shi a cikin gine-ginen Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussia. Friedrich August Stüler ya fara aiki a kan zane don ginin gallery a 1863, bisa ga zane na mahaifin William I, Sarki Frederick William IV na Prussia. Shekaru biyu da shirye-shirye biyu da suka gaza daga baya, an yarda da shawararsa ta uku. Stüler ya mutu kafin a kammala shirin kuma Carl Busse ya kula da sauran bayanai a 1865. A cikin 1866, ta hanyar umarnin sarki da majalisarsa, an kirkiro ''Kommission für den Bau der Nationalgalerie'' (Kwamitin don gina tashar ƙasa). <ref>[http://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/friedrichswerdersche-kirche/about-us/profile.html SMB page]</ref> An rushe ƙasa a 1867 a ƙarƙashin kulawar Heinrich Strack . A shekara ta 1872 an kammala tsarin kuma an fara aikin ciki. An bude shi ne a ranar 22 ga Maris, 1876 a gaban William I, wanda a lokacin shi ne Sarkin sarakuna na Jamus. Ginin, a yau [[Alte Nationalgalerie]], yayi kama da Haikali Greco-Roman (wani nau'in da aka zaba don alamomin sa cewa, an nuna shi, bai dace da nuna fasaha ba) <ref>[http://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/friedrichswerdersche-kirche/about-us/profile.html SMB page]</ref> kuma yana da haɗin haɗin haɗin marigayi Classicism da farkon Neo-Renaissance. An yi niyyar bayyana "haɗin kai na fasaha, al'umma, da tarihi", sabili da haka yana da fannoni masu kama da coci (tare da apse) da gidan wasan kwaikwayo (babban matakala da ke kaiwa ga shigarwa) da kuma haikalin. Wani mutum-mutumi na Frederick William IV yana saman matakala, kuma matakala na ciki suna da frieze na Otto Geyer wanda ke nuna tarihin Jamus daga zamanin da ya gabata zuwa karni na 19. Rubutun a kan ƙofar ya karanta "Ga fasahar Jamusanci, 1871" (shekarar da aka kafa Daular, ba shekarar da aka kammala tashar ba).<ref>{{cite news |title=Friedrichswerdersche Kirche: Der Schinkel-Bau öffnet wieder |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/der-schinkel-bau-offnet-wieder-4135786.html |newspaper=Der Tagesspiegel Online}}</ref> A ziyararsa ta farko zuwa Berlin, a watan Nuwamba 1916, matashi [[Adolf Hitler]] ya aika da katin gidan waya na wannan ginin ga abokin aiki a makamai don taya shi murna kan karbar Iron Cross.<ref>[http://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/friedrichswerdersche-kirche/about-us/profile.html SMB page]</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist|2}} 0reiagdz7kxbgngcde26bscft4gpmrv 0 135202 821968 783857 2026-04-17T17:19:40Z Joserpkm 35450 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 821968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gregg S. Hymowitz''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 1965) <ref>name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Weiss |first=Miles |date=10 January 2014 |title=Hymowitz Raises $600 Million to Back Activist Investors |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-01-10/hymowitz-raises-600-million-to-back-activist-investors |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-12-31 |website=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> hamshakin attajiri ne ɗan Amurka wanda shine shugaban, babban jami'in gudanarwa kuma wanda ya kafa EnTrust Global, <ref> name=":3">{{Cite web |date=26 March 2019 |title=EnTrust Global: Not Only A Fund Of Funds {{!}} AlphaWeek |url=https://www.alpha-week.com/entrust-global-not-only-fund-funds |access-date=2019-12-31 |website=www.alpha-week.com}}</ref> wani kamfani mai saka hannun jari daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 July 2019 |title=EnTrustPermal rebrands as EnTrust Global |url=https://www.hedgeweek.com/2019/03/07/273739/entrustpermal-rebrands-entrust-global |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Hymowitz mai saka hannun jari ne mai fafutuka, wanda aka san shi da dabarun saka hannun jari mai ƙarfin hali. A cewar ''Forbes'', yana da kimanin dukiyarsa ta dala biliyan 2 a watan Afrilun 2025. <ref name="Forbes Profile">{{Cite web |title=Gregg Hymowitz |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/gregg-hymowitz/ |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Hymowitz ɗan asalin Bellmore ne, New York . <ref> name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Benoit |first=Juliet Chung and David |title=The Man Behind Activist Investors' Biggest Bets |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-man-behind-activist-investors-biggest-bets-1500037200 |access-date=2019-12-31 |website=WSJ |language=en-US}}</ref> Mahaifinsa da kakansa suna da kasuwancin kera soso wanda suka rasa a shekarun 1980, kuma wannan gogewar ta zaburar da shi ya "tabbatar da cewa koyaushe yana da abin da zai koma baya a kai." <ref> name=":7">{{Cite web |title=This Billionaire Investor Takes Advice From Usher |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnhyatt/2024/03/05/this-billionaire-investor-takes-advice-from-usher/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Forbes}}</ref> Ya sami digirin farko na Fasaha, Phi Beta Kappa, daga Jami'ar Jihar New York da ke Binghamton a 1987. Daga baya ya kammala karatun digiri na farko daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard tare da Likitan Shari'a a 1990. <ref>name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Traphagen Distinguished Alumni Speaker Series with Gregg Hymowitz JD'90 |url=https://hls.harvard.edu/event/traphagen-distinguished-alumni-speaker-series-with-gregg-hymowitz-jd90/ |access-date=2019-12-31 |website=Harvard Law School |language=en |archive-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231131012/https://hls.harvard.edu/event/traphagen-distinguished-alumni-speaker-series-with-gregg-hymowitz-jd90/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shi ne ƙwararren Harry S. Truman a 1985 daga New York, ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar Hansard na Burtaniya a 1987 kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta Kwamitin Gwamna kan Nasarar Scholastic a 2004. == Sana'a == === Farkon aikina === Ya fara aikinsa a matsayin lauya a Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher &amp;amp; Flom inda ya mayar da hankali kan haɗaka da saye-saye kafin ya shiga Goldman, Sachs &amp;amp; Co. a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙasa a 1992. <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Weiss |first=Miles |date=10 January 2014 |title=Hymowitz Raises $600 Million to Back Activist Investors |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-01-10/hymowitz-raises-600-million-to-back-activist-investors |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-12-31 |website=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> === Amintaccen Duniya === A shekarar 1997, ya bar Goldman ya kafa Entrust Global (wanda asali EnTrust Capital ne). <ref>name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Weiss |first=Miles |date=10 January 2014 |title=Hymowitz Raises $600 Million to Back Activist Investors |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-01-10/hymowitz-raises-600-million-to-back-activist-investors |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-12-31 |website=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> Lokacin da ya kafa Entrust, Hymowitz da abokan aikinsa sun gudanar da harkokin tattara kadarori da yanke shawara kan saka hannun jari don gina ƙaramin fayil mai ƙarfi amma mai ƙarfi. A ƙarshen shekara, kamfanin yana da kadarori sama da dala biliyan 1.1 kuma yana ci gaba da faɗaɗawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 July 2019 |title=EnTrustPermal rebrands as EnTrust Global |url=https://www.hedgeweek.com/2019/03/07/273739/entrustpermal-rebrands-entrust-global |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, Legg Mason ya sayi hannun jari na kashi 65% a EnTrust akan dala miliyan 400, inda Hymowitz shi ma ya riƙe hannun jari na kashi 35%. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Verdict |date=2016-01-25 |title=Legg Mason to merge Permal hedge fund platform with EnTrust Capital |url=https://www.privatebankerinternational.com/news/legg-mason-to-merge-permal-group-with-entrust-capital-250116-4792401/ |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=Private Banker International |language=en-US}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin Legg Mason, an haɗa EnTrust da Permal Group, yana ɗaukar sunan EnTrustPermal. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2016 |title=Legg Mason completes merger of Permal and EnTrust Capital – Baltimore Sun |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/business/bs-bz-entrustpermal-transaction-20160502-story.html |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=www.baltimoresun.com}}</ref> Kamfanin ya sake suna zuwa EnTrust Global a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Knab |first=Matthias |title=EnTrust Permal rebrands as EnTrust Global - Opalesque |url=https://www.opalesque.com/industry-updates/5590/entrust-permal-rebrands-as-entrust-global.html |access-date=2019-12-31 |website=www.opalesque.com}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2024, yana da kadarori na dala biliyan 18.8 a ƙarƙashin gudanarwa. <ref name="Forbes Profile"/> A watan Fabrairun 2020, Franklin Resources ta sayi Legg Mason akan dala biliyan 4.5. Maimakon a haɗa shi cikin Franklin Resources sakamakon yarjejeniyar, Hymowitz ya amince ya sake sayen EnTrust ta hanyar sayen hannun jarin Legg Mason na EnTrust. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 July 2019 |title=EnTrustPermal rebrands as EnTrust Global |url=https://www.hedgeweek.com/2019/03/07/273739/entrustpermal-rebrands-entrust-global |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Daga baya Hymowitz ya sayar da hannun jarin tsiraru na kashi 20% a cikin EnTrust ga Asusun Arziki na [[Brunei]] . <ref name="Forbes Profile"/> EnTrust Global da GMF Capital sun kafa EG Acquisitions, wani kamfani na musamman da aka yi rajista ba tare da rajista ba. EG Acquisitions sun shigar da ƙarar IPO ta dala miliyan 250 a watan Afrilun 2021. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-30 |title=Karmic reckoning? Investors in activist hedge funds agitate for change |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-hedgefunds-investors-focus-idUSKCN1UP17T |access-date=2019-12-31 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> A watan Oktoban 2022, an sanar da cewa EG Acquisitions za ta haɗu da kamfanin jet mai zaman kansa flyExclusive, wanda zai kai kamfanin ga jama'a tare da jimlar darajar dala miliyan 600. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 July 2019 |title=EnTrustPermal rebrands as EnTrust Global |url=https://www.hedgeweek.com/2019/03/07/273739/entrustpermal-rebrands-entrust-global |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, babban kaso na babban birnin Hudson Executive Capital LP da ya samu don hannun jarinsa a cikin jarin Deutsche Bank ya fito ne daga EntrustPermal na Hymowitz. <ref name="The Wall Street Journal bank exit">{{Cite web |last=Strasburg |first=Jenny |title=Deutsche Bank to Exit Global Equities, Trading Business |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/deutsche-bank-to-exit-global-equities-trading-business-11562512302?shareToken=st4d78d299920a4414bf48249a3f7742ae |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> EnTrust Global yana da kashi 25% na hannun jari a Alma Capital, kuma abokin tarayya ne na kamfanin Third Point LLC mai fafutuka da ke Amurka, tare da hannun jarin dala miliyan 650 a [[Nestlé]] . EnTrust Global ta kuma samar da jari ga Politan Capital Management, wanda ta hanyarsa ta zuba jari a kamfanonin kiwon lafiya na Centene Corporation a shekarar 2021, <ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-30 |title=Karmic reckoning? Investors in activist hedge funds agitate for change |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-hedgefunds-investors-focus-idUSKCN1UP17T |access-date=2019-12-31 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> da kuma Masimo a shekarar 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 July 2019 |title=EnTrustPermal rebrands as EnTrust Global |url=https://www.hedgeweek.com/2019/03/07/273739/entrustpermal-rebrands-entrust-global |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> ==== Zuba Jari a Tekun Girika ==== A shekarar 2015, kamfanin ya ƙaddamar da Asusun Blue Ocean, wani sashe na ba da rance ga jiragen ruwa. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-30 |title=Karmic reckoning? Investors in activist hedge funds agitate for change |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-hedgefunds-investors-focus-idUSKCN1UP17T |access-date=2019-12-31 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 July 2019 |title=EnTrustPermal rebrands as EnTrust Global |url=https://www.hedgeweek.com/2019/03/07/273739/entrustpermal-rebrands-entrust-global |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Maris na 2019, sun ba da kuɗi ga jiragen ruwa sama da hamsin tare da saka hannun jari na sama da dala biliyan ɗaya a cikin alkawurra, wanda aka tura dala miliyan 600, suna amfani da rashin masu ba da rance na banki a ɓangaren teku. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 July 2019 |title=EnTrustPermal rebrands as EnTrust Global |url=https://www.hedgeweek.com/2019/03/07/273739/entrustpermal-rebrands-entrust-global |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2019-03-07 |title=EnTrustPermal rebrands as EnTrust Global {{!}} Hedgeweek |url=http://www.hedgeweek.com/2019/03/07/273739/entrustpermal-rebrands-entrust-global |access-date=2021-01-21 |website=www.hedgeweek.com |language=en}}</ref> A watan Disamba na 2020, EnTrust Global ta rufe tara kuɗi na dala biliyan 2.1 ga Asusun Blue Ocean. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Verdict |date=2016-01-25 |title=Legg Mason to merge Permal hedge fund platform with EnTrust Capital |url=https://www.privatebankerinternational.com/news/legg-mason-to-merge-permal-group-with-entrust-capital-250116-4792401/ |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=Private Banker International |language=en-US}}</ref> EnTrust Global ta tara ƙarin dala miliyan 925 don Asusun Blue Ocean tsakanin Afrilu da Yuni 2021, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2016 |title=Legg Mason completes merger of Permal and EnTrust Capital – Baltimore Sun |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/business/bs-bz-entrustpermal-transaction-20160502-story.html |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=www.baltimoresun.com}}</ref> kuma ta sayi Maas Capital daga bankin Dutch ABN Amro . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Knab |first=Matthias |title=EnTrust Permal rebrands as EnTrust Global - Opalesque |url=https://www.opalesque.com/industry-updates/5590/entrust-permal-rebrands-as-entrust-global.html |access-date=2019-12-31 |website=www.opalesque.com}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2024, Blue Ocean ta kammala sayen manajan asusun saka hannun jari na Offshore Merchant Partners, wanda ya ƙware a masana'antar ruwa da makamashi. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-30 |title=Karmic reckoning? Investors in activist hedge funds agitate for change |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-hedgefunds-investors-focus-idUSKCN1UP17T |access-date=2019-12-31 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> A watan Disamba na 2024, kamfanin ya cimma yarjejeniya don siyan Belships akan dala miliyan 450. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 July 2019 |title=EnTrustPermal rebrands as EnTrust Global |url=https://www.hedgeweek.com/2019/03/07/273739/entrustpermal-rebrands-entrust-global |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Hymowitz shi ne kuma shugaban Purus Marine, <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2021-04-16 |title=EnTrust Global launches maritime holdings firm - Maritime Direct |url=https://maritime.direct/en/2021/04/16/entrust-global-launches-maritime-holdings-firm/ |access-date=2023-05-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> wani kamfani mai riƙe da hannun jari wanda Entrust ta ƙaddamar a shekarar 2021 wanda ke zuba jari a harkokin sufuri na teku da kayayyakin more rayuwa masu kyau ga muhalli da ƙarancin carbon . <ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-30 |title=Karmic reckoning? Investors in activist hedge funds agitate for change |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-hedgefunds-investors-focus-idUSKCN1UP17T |access-date=2019-12-31 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> Purus Marine ta sami jari daga Itochu da First Citizens Bank . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 July 2019 |title=EnTrustPermal rebrands as EnTrust Global |url=https://www.hedgeweek.com/2019/03/07/273739/entrustpermal-rebrands-entrust-global |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-30 |title=Karmic reckoning? Investors in activist hedge funds agitate for change |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-hedgefunds-investors-focus-idUSKCN1UP17T |access-date=2019-12-31 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> Tana samar da jiragen ruwa na jigilar kaya zuwa masana'antu kamar iska ta teku, sufuri, iskar gas mai ruwa da kuma jigilar kayayyaki. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 July 2019 |title=EnTrustPermal rebrands as EnTrust Global |url=https://www.hedgeweek.com/2019/03/07/273739/entrustpermal-rebrands-entrust-global |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Kamfanin yana da jiragen sama sama da 50 masu ƙarancin carbon a farkon 2023, <ref name=":6" /> kuma yana shirin cimma ƙarancin carbon [[Fitar da sifili|nan]] da shekarar 2030. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Verdict |date=2016-01-25 |title=Legg Mason to merge Permal hedge fund platform with EnTrust Capital |url=https://www.privatebankerinternational.com/news/legg-mason-to-merge-permal-group-with-entrust-capital-250116-4792401/ |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=Private Banker International |language=en-US}}</ref> Hymowitz yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Zuba Jari na EnTrust Global, Kwamitin Biyan Kuɗi da Kwamitin Kuɗi da Kulawa, kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Zartarwa na Blue Ocean. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Traphagen Distinguished Alumni Speaker Series with Gregg Hymowitz JD'90 |url=https://hls.harvard.edu/event/traphagen-distinguished-alumni-speaker-series-with-gregg-hymowitz-jd90/ |access-date=2019-12-31 |website=Harvard Law School |language=en |archive-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231131012/https://hls.harvard.edu/event/traphagen-distinguished-alumni-speaker-series-with-gregg-hymowitz-jd90/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Sauran aiki === Hymowitz yana kula da Jolli Four, LLC, wani kamfanin gidaje da ke Wellington, [[Florida]] . A shekarar 2021, kamfanin ya sayar da wani fili a Wellington ga Logan Marksbury mai dawaki kan dala miliyan 12. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-30 |title=Karmic reckoning? Investors in activist hedge funds agitate for change |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-hedgefunds-investors-focus-idUSKCN1UP17T |access-date=2019-12-31 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> Hymowitz ya kasance mai tattaunawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin da dama kamar Fox News ' ''Cavuto on Business'', <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 July 2019 |title=EnTrustPermal rebrands as EnTrust Global |url=https://www.hedgeweek.com/2019/03/07/273739/entrustpermal-rebrands-entrust-global |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Bloomberg Television, <ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-30 |title=Karmic reckoning? Investors in activist hedge funds agitate for change |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-hedgefunds-investors-focus-idUSKCN1UP17T |access-date=2019-12-31 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> da kuma ''Squawk Box'' na CNBC . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 July 2019 |title=EnTrustPermal rebrands as EnTrust Global |url=https://www.hedgeweek.com/2019/03/07/273739/entrustpermal-rebrands-entrust-global |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Hymowitz ya kuma shiga cikin tara kuɗi ta siyasa, kuma ya kasance shugaban yaƙin neman zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Dick Gephardt na 2004. A shekara ta 2001, Hymowitz ya kasance mai magana da yawun Majalisar Wakilan Amurka a lokacin zaman sauraren ra'ayoyi kan ko rikice-rikicen sha'awa sun shafi binciken masu sharhi kan harkokin kasuwanci . == Salon saka hannun jari == Hymowitz mai saka hannun jari ne mai fafutuka, kuma ya yi tsokaci kan yuwuwar masu saka hannun jari na masu fafutuka don taimakawa masu zuba jari gano mafi kyawun damar saka hannun jari. Ya shahara da amfani da jarin da aka tattara da dabarun saka hannun jari masu "ƙarfi". ''Jaridar Wall Street Journal'' ta bayyana shi a matsayin "mai bayan wasu manyan fare na masu fafutuka na Wall Street". <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Benoit |first=Juliet Chung and David |title=The Man Behind Activist Investors' Biggest Bets |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-man-behind-activist-investors-biggest-bets-1500037200 |access-date=2019-12-31 |website=WSJ |language=en-US}}</ref> A lokacin rikicin kuɗi na 2008, dabarun saka hannun jarinsa tare da EnTrust ya samo asali don haɗawa da ƙarin saka hannun jari tare da saka hannun jari na ra'ayi ɗaya bisa ga rarrabuwar kawuna. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=This Billionaire Investor Takes Advice From Usher |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnhyatt/2024/03/05/this-billionaire-investor-takes-advice-from-usher/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Forbes}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, Hymowitz, a matsayin shugaban EnTrust Capital, ya tara kimanin dala miliyan 600 don asusun da masu fafutukar masu hannun jari ke sarrafawa. A lokacin [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|rikicin COVID-19 na 2020]], Hymowitz ya bayyana cewa masu fafutukar saka hannun jari, ta hanyar ba wa mai zuba jari damar yin tasiri kan shawarwarin kamfanoni, kyakkyawan dabarun saka hannun jari ne ga lokutan wargajewar tattalin arziki. Hymowitz ya takaita falsafar kasuwancinsa a matsayin "juya ko ɓacewa", taken da ya karɓa bayan tattaunawa da mawaƙi Usher . <ref name=":1"/> == Taimakon jama'a == Hymowitz kwararren mai taimakon jama'a ne, mai sha'awar abubuwan da suka shafi ilimi, al'amuran zamantakewa, da fasaha. A shekarar 1995, Hymowitz ya kafa tallafin karatu na Hymowitz, wanda ake bai wa ɗaliban jami'a na Kwalejin Harpur na cikakken lokaci. Hymowitz ya ba wa Hymowitz Farfesa na Lafiya ta Duniya a Jami'ar Duke, wadda aka sanya wa suna bayansa. A shekarar 2017, Farfesa David Boyd ya zama wanda ya fara rike wannan kujera. Hymowitz ya shiga gasar FTI Consulting Great Charity Challenge wadda ta tara dala miliyan 2.5 ga kungiyoyin agaji na Florida. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-30 |title=Karmic reckoning? Investors in activist hedge funds agitate for change |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-hedgefunds-investors-focus-idUSKCN1UP17T |access-date=2019-12-31 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> Ya kuma bayar da gudummawa ga National Multiple Sclerosis Society, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 July 2019 |title=EnTrustPermal rebrands as EnTrust Global |url=https://www.hedgeweek.com/2019/03/07/273739/entrustpermal-rebrands-entrust-global |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> New York Cares, <ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-30 |title=Karmic reckoning? Investors in activist hedge funds agitate for change |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-hedgefunds-investors-focus-idUSKCN1UP17T |access-date=2019-12-31 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> da kuma The Retreat, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta a The Hamptons wadda ke ba da tallafi ga wadanda rikicin cikin gida ya shafa. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 July 2019 |title=EnTrustPermal rebrands as EnTrust Global |url=https://www.hedgeweek.com/2019/03/07/273739/entrustpermal-rebrands-entrust-global |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Yana cikin kwamitin shirya taron YAGP na 2017 mai taken "Taurarin Yau Haɗu da Taurarin Gobe", <ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-30 |title=Karmic reckoning? Investors in activist hedge funds agitate for change |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-hedgefunds-investors-focus-idUSKCN1UP17T |access-date=2019-12-31 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> kuma yana cikin ƙungiyar New York Leadership Circle for Mikva Challenge, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ba ta da alaƙa da jam'iyya. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 July 2019 |title=EnTrustPermal rebrands as EnTrust Global |url=https://www.hedgeweek.com/2019/03/07/273739/entrustpermal-rebrands-entrust-global |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> Matar Hymowitz Marcella tana haɓaka fasaha sosai, musamman rawa. Ita ce shugabar kirkire-kirkire ta Gasar Matasan Amurka ta Grand Prix. A lokacin bikin YAGP na 25 a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 2024, YAGP ta buɗe ƙungiyar Marcella Hymowitz Creative Fellowship, wacce ke tallafawa masu rawa na ƙasashen duniya. An ba da kuɗin tallafin karatu tare da tallafin dala miliyan 1 daga Gidauniyar Iyalin Hymowitz. Gidauniyar Iyalin Hymowitz ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga shirin rawa na Jami'ar Duke, wanda 'ya'yan Hymowitz biyu suka kammala karatu daga ciki. == Kasancewar membobin hukumar == Hymowitz shine shugaban EnTrust Global da Purus Marine, <ref name=":5"/> kuma yana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na flyExclusive. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-30 |title=Karmic reckoning? Investors in activist hedge funds agitate for change |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-hedgefunds-investors-focus-idUSKCN1UP17T |access-date=2019-12-31 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Amintattu a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Montefiore kuma ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu a matsayin amintaccen Makarantar Ranar Kasa ta Riverdale . <ref name=":2"/> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Hymowitz ya auri Debby Hymowitz, wanda ya haifi 'ya'ya uku da su, har zuwa 2007. Daga baya Hymowitz ya auri Marcella Guarino Hymowitz a 2013, kuma suna da 'ya'ya uku. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-30 |title=Karmic reckoning? Investors in activist hedge funds agitate for change |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-hedgefunds-investors-focus-idUSKCN1UP17T |access-date=2019-12-31 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> A 2021, Hymowitz da matarsa Marcella sun sayi kadada biyar na kadada a bakin teku a Parrot Cay daga Bruce Willis akan dala miliyan 6. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 July 2019 |title=EnTrustPermal rebrands as EnTrust Global |url=https://www.hedgeweek.com/2019/03/07/273739/entrustpermal-rebrands-entrust-global |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=31 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7atytq2ml065n4bze93x12qzza1kn2c 0 135241 822024 791968 2026-04-17T20:46:34Z Maryam Abdullahi Anka 44060 822024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anna Anachoutlou'''{{Efn|Also known as '''Anna Azachoutlou''' and '''Anna Megale Komnene'''.{{Sfn|Vougiouklaki|2003}}}} (Girkanci; ya mutu 3 Satumban shekarar 1342) ya mallaki Daular Trebizond daga 1341 zuwa 1342. Ita ce 'yar fari ta sarki Trapezuntine Alexios II Megas Komnenos (r.  1297-1330) kuma ta shiga gidan ibada a matsayin nun a lokacin mulkin mahaifinta. Bayan rasuwar mahaifinta, ɗan'uwan Anna Andronikos III (r. 1330-1332), dan uwanta Manuel II (r. 1332) da ɗayan ɗan'uwanta Basil (r. 13.32-1340) sun yi mulki cikin sauri. Bayan mutuwar Basil, gwauruwarsa Irene Palaiologina, wanda ba shi da alaƙa da daular Grand Komnenos mai mulki na Trebizond, ya kwace iko a matsayin sarauniya mai mulki. A watan Yuni / Yuli na shekara ta 1341, Anna ta tsere daga gidan ibada kuma nan da nan ta fara tara goyon baya don yaƙi da Irene. Duk da kasancewa mace har zuwa kwanan nan nun, kuma akwai wasu mazajen da za su iya zama magajin daularta, Anna ta jawo hankalin goyon baya mai yawa daga lardunan daular, daga kabilun tsiraru kamar mutanen Laz da Zan, da kuma daga sojojin Georgia, ko dai mercenaries ko sojojin da Sarki [[George V na Georgia]] ya aiko. A ranar 17 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1341, Anna ta kama Trebizond ba tare da yaƙi ba, Irene ta yi murabus 'yan kwanaki da suka gabata, kuma an naɗa ta sarauniya. Yawancin abubuwa iri ɗaya na Trapezuntine masu daraja waɗanda suka yi tsayayya da Irene suma sun yi tsayayyar da Anna kuma a maimakon haka sun fi son magajin namiji, babban dan takarar da zai yiwu shine kawun Anna Michael. A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1341, Michael ya isa Trebizond da niyyar auren Irene, amma bayan ya same ta da aka cire ta ya yi niyyar da'awar kursiyin kansa. Kodayake ya sami karɓar maraba da farko, an ci abokansa kuma an kama shi kuma an ɗaure shi da safe. Bayan da ta kayar da abokin hamayyarta mafi bayyane, Anna ta ci gaba da mulki sama da shekara guda. Kodayake nasarar soja, kayar da rundunar Aq Qoyunlu a cikin 1342, manufofin cikin gida da tattalin arziki na Anna sun jawo wasu adawa daga magoya bayanta. Wasu daga cikin mutanen Trapezuntine ne suka kori Anna a ƙarshen watan Agusta ko farkon watan Satumba na shekara ta 1342 kuma an maƙure ta har ta mutu a ranar 3 ga Satumba. Kashegari, ɗan Michael John III ya kama Trebizond tare da goyon bayan wasu manyan mutane. == Rayuwa ta farko == Anna Anachoutlou, an haife ta a ƙarshen karni na 13, {{Sfn|Vougiouklaki|2003}} ita ce 'yar fari ta Alexios II Megas Komnenos, wanda ya mallaki Daular Trebizond daga 1297 zuwa 1330. Tana da 'yan'uwa maza huɗu; Andronikos III (sarki 1330-1332), Basil (sarki-1332-1340), Michael da George, da ƙaramar'uwa, Eudokia . Andronikos III ya kashe Michael da George a cikin 1330 a lokacin da ya hau gadon sarauta.{{Sfn|Jackson Williams|2007}} Tun da farko a rayuwarta, Anna ta zama nun kuma mafi yawan rayuwarta ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɓoye a cikin gidan ibada.{{Sfn|Finlay|1851}} A matsayinta na nun, Anna na iya kasancewa mai kula da wani karamin gidan ibada da aka keɓe ga Saint Euthymius the Great, mai yiwuwa a [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]]. Wannan na iya kasancewa wannan gidan ibada inda ta kasance nun.{{Sfn|Vougiouklaki|2003}}{{Sfn|Karpov|2007}} Kodayake akwai alaƙa ta addini tsakanin Trebizond da Urushalima a wannan lokacin, haɗin Anna da wannan gidan ibada yana tallafawa ne kawai ta hanyar takarda guda ɗaya na sahihanci. {{Sfn|Karpov|2007}}{{Sfn|Dennis|2000}} Ba a san ma'anar sunan mahaifiyar Anna na biyu ba, {{Transl|el|Anachoutlou}}, amma ya bayyana cewa asalin [[Turkanci|Turkiyya]] ne. Wataƙila sunan ya samo asali ne daga mahaifiyarta ta Georgian, Jiajak Jaqeli, saboda irin waɗannan alamu na suna sun fara bayyana a Georgia a farkon karni na 13, {{Sfn|Jackson Williams|2007}} wanda ƙasar da ke ƙarƙashin ikon [[Masarautar Mongol|Daular Mongol]] ta rinjayi.{{Sfn|Karpov|2007}}{{Efn|Some researchers in the past, such as Odysseus Lampsidēs, believed Anna and some of her siblings were children of Alexios II by an otherwise unknown Turkish wife or mistress, but this is unsupported by the surviving evidence.{{Sfn|Jackson Williams|2007|p=176}}}} A madadin haka, yana yiwuwa Anachoutlou sunan laƙabi ne kuma haɗuwa da sunan Anna da kalmar Turkiyya {{Lang|tr|kutlu}}, a wannan yanayin zai nufin 'Anna mai albarka'.{{Sfn|Kennedy|2019}} 'Yan uwan Anna mafi ƙanƙanta suna da irin wannan sunan mahaifiyar Turkiyya: ana kiran Michael {{Transl|el|Azachoutlou}} kuma ana kiran George {{Transl|el|Achpougas}}.{{Sfn|Jackson Williams|2007}} Sunan ''Azachoutlou'', wani lokacin ana amfani da shi ga Anna, a bayyane yake a wasu lokuta ana amfani da ita ga kakanta na Georgian, Beka I Jaqeli . {{Sfn|Vougiouklaki|2003}} ==Bayanan Kula== {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a0yifxto508dhwycdb2lohzrkxqlu1z 0 135340 821900 777786 2026-04-17T14:08:30Z Usmanmaifada 20279 821900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyoyin koyon harshe masu sauƙin kai''' wurare ne na ilimi waɗanda aka tsara don koyon ɗalibai waɗanda aƙalla wani ɓangare ne, idan ba su da cikakken jagoranci kai tsaye. Dalibai suna da damar samun albarkatu tun daga darussan da aka kwafi tare da maɓallan amsa zuwa software na kwamfuta don koyon harshe. Waɗannan cibiyoyi sun fito ne daga salon koyo wanda zai iya zuwa da sunaye da yawa: hanyar da mai koyo ke mai da hankali kan koyo, 'yancin kai na mai koyo ko kuma [[Koyar da kai|koyon kai kai tsaye]]. Waɗannan cibiyoyi suna wanzuwa galibi a [[Asiya]], [[Turai]] da [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]]. Amfani da irin waɗannan wurare da ka'idar koyarwa da suka dogara da ita tana da fa'idodi da rashin amfani. Amfani da kyau na iya haifar da jin ƙarfafawa da sakamako mafi kyau na koyo, amma isa ga inda ɗalibai da malamai za su iya amfani da su yadda ya kamata na iya zama matsala. Saboda wannan dalili, tsarin cibiyoyin samun damar kai da aka kafa ya bambanta daga aikin da ɗalibi ya jagoranta gaba ɗaya tare da nutsewa a cikin aji zuwa shirye-shiryen da ke ba da jagorar malami ko malami ga aikin ɗalibai. == Ma'anar == Koyon harshe mai sauƙin kai yana haɓaka hanyar da ɗalibai ke karatu da kansu suna zaɓar daga cikin albarkatu daban-daban da ake da su. Ka'idar da ke bayan wannan salon koyo ita ce ɗalibai, musamman ɗaliban harshen waje, suna koyo mafi kyau idan suna da ra'ayi game da yadda suke koyo. [1] Koyon harshe mai sauƙin kai yana da alaƙa da tsarin da mai koyo ke mai da hankali kan shi, 'yancin kai na mai koyo da kuma koyo mai kai tsaye yayin da duk ke mai da hankali kan alhakin ɗalibai da kuma shiga cikin aikin koyonsa. [2] Wannan salon koyarwa galibi ana yin sa ne a cikin yanayin koyo mai zaman kansa ko cibiyar samun damar kai. Cibiyoyin samun dama kai tsaye na iya zama mai sauƙi kamar aji da aka keɓe tare da ƙamus da shiryayyen darussan da aka yi amfani da su ta takarda zuwa cibiyoyin dijital na zamani tare da nau'ikan albarkatu daban-daban na kwamfuta da Intanet. Wadanne albarkatu ne ake da su da kuma yadda ake jagorantar ɗalibai su yi amfani da su ya dogara ne akan albarkatun kuɗi da ake da su da kuma yawan 'yancin kai na ɗalibai da wata cibiya ta yanke shawarar bai wa ɗalibai. <ref name="Rodden">{{Cite web |last=Rodden |first=Michael |year=2007 |title=Self-Access: A framework for diversity |url=http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/resources/self_access.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817093215/http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/resources/self_access.shtml |archive-date=2007-08-17}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 12gcl3upl24vnfgvt6tjz85rtq2j74u 821901 821900 2026-04-17T14:09:59Z Usmanmaifada 20279 821901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyoyin koyon harshe masu sauƙin kai''' wurare ne na ilimi waɗanda aka tsara don koyon ɗalibai waɗanda aƙalla wani ɓangare ne, idan ba su da cikakken jagoranci kai tsaye. Dalibai suna da damar samun albarkatu tun daga darussan da aka kwafi tare da maɓallan amsa zuwa software na kwamfuta don koyon harshe. Waɗannan cibiyoyi sun fito ne daga salon koyo wanda zai iya zuwa da sunaye da yawa: hanyar da mai koyo ke mai da hankali kan koyo, 'yancin kai na mai koyo ko kuma [[Koyar da kai|koyon kai kai tsaye]]. Waɗannan cibiyoyi suna wanzuwa galibi a [[Asiya]], [[Turai]] da [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]]. Amfani da irin waɗannan wurare da ka'idar koyarwa da suka dogara da ita tana da fa'idodi da rashin amfani. Amfani da kyau na iya haifar da jin ƙarfafawa da sakamako mafi kyau na koyo, amma isa ga inda ɗalibai da malamai za su iya amfani da su yadda ya kamata na iya zama matsala. Saboda wannan dalili, tsarin cibiyoyin samun damar kai da aka kafa ya bambanta daga aikin da ɗalibi ya jagoranta gaba ɗaya tare da nutsewa a cikin aji zuwa shirye-shiryen da ke ba da jagorar malami ko malami ga aikin ɗalibai. == Ma'anar == Koyon harshe mai sauƙin kai yana haɓaka hanyar da ɗalibai ke karatu da kansu suna zaɓar daga cikin albarkatu daban-daban da ake da su. Ka'idar da ke bayan wannan salon koyo ita ce ɗalibai, musamman ɗaliban harshen waje, suna koyo mafi kyau idan suna da ra'ayi game da yadda suke koyo.[1] Koyon harshe mai sauƙin kai yana da alaƙa da tsarin da mai koyo ke mai da hankali kan shi, 'yancin kai na mai koyo da kuma koyo mai kai tsaye yayin da duk ke mai da hankali kan alhakin ɗalibai da kuma shiga cikin aikin koyonsa.[2] Wannan salon koyarwa galibi ana yin sa ne a cikin yanayin koyo mai zaman kansa ko cibiyar samun damar kai. Cibiyoyin samun dama kai tsaye na iya zama mai sauƙi kamar aji da aka keɓe tare da ƙamus da shiryayyen darussan da aka yi amfani da su ta takarda zuwa cibiyoyin dijital na zamani tare da nau'ikan albarkatu daban-daban na kwamfuta da Intanet. Wadanne albarkatu ne ake da su da kuma yadda ake jagorantar ɗalibai su yi amfani da su ya dogara ne akan albarkatun kuɗi da ake da su da kuma yawan 'yancin kai na ɗalibai da wata cibiya ta yanke shawarar bai wa ɗalibai. <ref name="Rodden">{{Cite web |last=Rodden |first=Michael |year=2007 |title=Self-Access: A framework for diversity |url=http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/resources/self_access.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817093215/http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/resources/self_access.shtml |archive-date=2007-08-17}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} fp6xtccgmvqwqdjxvnq984hybq9zyvz 821902 821901 2026-04-17T14:12:12Z Usmanmaifada 20279 /* Ma'anar */ 821902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyoyin koyon harshe masu sauƙin kai''' wurare ne na ilimi waɗanda aka tsara don koyon ɗalibai waɗanda aƙalla wani ɓangare ne, idan ba su da cikakken jagoranci kai tsaye. Dalibai suna da damar samun albarkatu tun daga darussan da aka kwafi tare da maɓallan amsa zuwa software na kwamfuta don koyon harshe. Waɗannan cibiyoyi sun fito ne daga salon koyo wanda zai iya zuwa da sunaye da yawa: hanyar da mai koyo ke mai da hankali kan koyo, 'yancin kai na mai koyo ko kuma [[Koyar da kai|koyon kai kai tsaye]]. Waɗannan cibiyoyi suna wanzuwa galibi a [[Asiya]], [[Turai]] da [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]]. Amfani da irin waɗannan wurare da ka'idar koyarwa da suka dogara da ita tana da fa'idodi da rashin amfani. Amfani da kyau na iya haifar da jin ƙarfafawa da sakamako mafi kyau na koyo, amma isa ga inda ɗalibai da malamai za su iya amfani da su yadda ya kamata na iya zama matsala. Saboda wannan dalili, tsarin cibiyoyin samun damar kai da aka kafa ya bambanta daga aikin da ɗalibi ya jagoranta gaba ɗaya tare da nutsewa a cikin aji zuwa shirye-shiryen da ke ba da jagorar malami ko malami ga aikin ɗalibai. == Ma'anar == Koyon harshe mai sauƙin kai yana [[haɓaka]] hanyar da ɗalibai ke karatu da kansu suna zaɓar daga cikin albarkatu daban-daban da ake da su. Ka'idar da ke bayan wannan salon koyo ita ce ɗalibai, musamman ɗaliban harshen waje, suna koyo mafi kyau idan suna da ra'ayi game da yadda suke koyo.[1] Koyon harshe mai sauƙin kai yana da alaƙa da tsarin da mai koyo ke mai da hankali kan shi, 'yancin kai na mai koyo da kuma koyo mai kai tsaye yayin da duk ke mai da hankali kan alhakin ɗalibai da kuma shiga cikin aikin koyonsa.[2] Wannan salon koyarwa galibi ana yin sa ne a cikin yanayin koyo mai zaman kansa ko cibiyar samun damar kai. Cibiyoyin samun dama kai tsaye na iya zama mai sauƙi kamar aji da aka keɓe tare da ƙamus da shiryayyen darussan da aka yi amfani da su ta takarda zuwa cibiyoyin dijital na zamani tare da nau'ikan albarkatu daban-daban na kwamfuta da Intanet. Wadanne albarkatu ne ake da su da kuma yadda ake jagorantar ɗalibai su yi amfani da su ya dogara ne akan albarkatun kuɗi da ake da su da kuma yawan 'yancin kai na ɗalibai da wata cibiya ta yanke shawarar bai wa ɗalibai. <ref name="Rodden">{{Cite web |last=Rodden |first=Michael |year=2007 |title=Self-Access: A framework for diversity |url=http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/resources/self_access.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817093215/http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/resources/self_access.shtml |archive-date=2007-08-17}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} flceg1mks6c7zci1hc1kz82071igoiq 0 136164 821967 794599 2026-04-17T17:17:21Z Joserpkm 35450 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 821967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gwaji Bincike A cikin Halakar Tsohon [[Library of Alexandria .|Laburaren Iskandariya]] wani rubutu ne na 1892 wanda Shibli Nomani ya rubuta, wanda aka buga shi da farko a cikin [[Urdu]] a matsayin '''''Kutubkhana-i-Iskandariyya''''' (Urdu). Ya bincika da'awar da aka yi a ƙarƙashin Khalifa [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]] ya lalata Laburaren Iskandariya kuma ya yi jayayya, bisa ga shaidar tarihi, cewa ɗakin karatu ya riga ya ɓace ƙarni da yawa da suka gabata. Aikin ya yi nazari sosai kan tushen Turai da na Kirista, yana kammala cewa zargin da ake yi wa Musulmai ba shi da tushe kuma ba daidai ba ne a tarihi. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == An fara buga rubutun ne a shekara ta 1892. Manufarta ita ce ta bincika da kuma amsa da'awar da aka rarraba a ko'ina cewa a lokacin da Larabawa suka ci Masar, Khalifa [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]] ya lalata [[Library of Alexandria .|Laburaren Iskandariya]], wurin adana ƙarni na ilimin da aka tara a ƙarƙashin Ptolemies.<ref name=":Azami" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khanum |first=Almas |date=2016 |title=Maulana Shibli Nomani ki Muhqiqana Kawishen |url=https://tahqeeqnama.gcu.edu.pk/website/journal/article/5d9f27733d6e0/page |journal=Tahqeeq Nama |language=ur |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=292}}</ref> Wannan zargi, sau da yawa ana amfani dashi don bayar da shawarar cewa Musulmai suna adawa da ilimi, ya zama karɓa a Turai.<ref name=":Azami" /> Shibli ya lura cewa wannan labarin ya rinjayi wallafe-wallafen, falsafar, da kuma sanannen magana, yana shiga cikin al'adu da magana ta ilimi na ƙarni da yawa. Binciken Shibli ya nuna cewa Musulmai ba su da alhakin lalata ɗakin karatu. A lokacin nasarar musulmi, ɗakin karatu ya riga ya daina wanzuwa: [[Julius Caesar|Julius Kaisar]] ya lalata rabin ƙarni da suka gabata, kuma sauran ayyukan sun warwatse.{{Sfn|Nasir|1986}} Da'awar da ke nuna Musulmai ya samo asali ne daga marubucin Kirista Abu al-Farj (an haife shi a shekara ta 1226) kuma daga baya marubutan tarihi na Turai suka yada shi, wadanda suka danganta lalacewar ga Musulmai ba tare da bincike mai zurfi ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khanum |first=Almas |date=2016 |title=Maulana Shibli Nomani ki Muhqiqana Kawishen |url=https://tahqeeqnama.gcu.edu.pk/website/journal/article/5d9f27733d6e0/page |journal=Tahqeeq Nama |language=ur |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=292}}</ref> Shibli ya kuma lura da kulawar da masana tarihi na Turai suka zaba, yana lura da cewa an lalata wasu manyan ɗakunan karatu a [[Iran]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], da sauran wurare ba tare da damuwa ba, suna tayar da tambayoyi game da dalilin da ya sa ɗakin karatu na Alexandria ya sami irin wannan mayar da hankali. A cikin bincikensa, Shibli ya bincika rubuce-rubucen Turai a cikin Jamusanci, Faransanci, da Ingilishi, yana kimanta da'awar su. Kodayake da farko masanin Larabci da Farisa ne, ya yi nuni da tushe na Turai tare da daidaito kuma ya yi amfani da ka'idodin watsa labarai don tabbatar da abubuwan da suka faru a tarihi.<ref name=":Siddiqi" /> == Kyauta == Ta hanyar wannan rubutun, an dauki Shibli a matsayin masanin farko da ya karyata da'awar cewa Musulmai ne ke da alhakin lalata Laburaren Alexandria.<ref name=":AJHISR">{{Cite journal |last=Musharraf |first=Muhammad Nabeel |last2=Dars |first2=Bashir Ahmed |date=2016 |title=Who Burnt The Grand Library Of Alexandria? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Muhammad-Nabeel-Musharraf-2/publication/307856004_Who_burnt_the_grand_library_of_Alexandria/links/57ceddff08ae057987ac0104/Who-burnt-the-grand-library-of-Alexandria.pdf?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIn19 |journal=Australian Journal of Humanities and Islamic Studies Research (AJHISR) |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=7–20}}</ref> Daga baya malaman gabas da yawa suka amince da karkatarsa a karni na 20. <ref name=":AJHISR" /> An karanta rubutun sosai kuma an fassara shi cikin harsuna da yawa. An buga fassarar Turanci ta Muhammad Ghouse Sayeed a Hyderabad a cikin 1893, kuma daga baya Sabahuddin Abdur Rahman ya samar da wani fassarar. Ana ci gaba da ambaton aikin a matsayin cikakken bincike a kan batun, kuma bisa ga Arshad Islam, ya tilasta wa malaman Turai da yawa su sake la'akari da tunanin da suka gabata game da lalata ɗakin karatu kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na tattaunawa mai zurfi game da amincin labarun tarihi.<ref name=":Azami" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khanum |first=Almas |date=2016 |title=Maulana Shibli Nomani ki Muhqiqana Kawishen |url=https://tahqeeqnama.gcu.edu.pk/website/journal/article/5d9f27733d6e0/page |journal=Tahqeeq Nama |language=ur |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=292}}</ref> [[Sulaiman Nadi|Sulaiman Nadvi]] ya bayyana cewa an yarda da binciken a ko'ina tsakanin masu bincike. Masana da yawa sun sake nazarin aikin dalla-dalla. Md. Nasir na Jami'ar Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar ya lura cewa yana nuna zurfin fahimtar Shibli game da tarihi, Hanyar tarihi, da wayewar Islama.{{Sfn|Nasir|1986}} Mohammad Ilyas al-Azami ya bayyana shi a matsayin cikakke, mai tunani, kuma masanin kimiyya, yayin da Zafar Ahmad Siddiqi ya jaddada darajar gabatarwa mai ban sha'awa, tsari na shaidu, da kuma bayyanawa. {{Sfn|Siddiqi|1988}} Md. Faiz Ahmad na Jami'ar Delhi ya lura cewa rubutun Shibli ya kalubalanci labaran tarihi na Turai ta hanyar yin tambaya game da hanyoyin bincike, nazarin asusun, da magance batutuwan nuna bambanci, yayin da yake hada bincike mai zurfi, tunani mai ma'ana, da shaidu.{{Sfn|Ahmad|2017}} Ya ci gaba da lura cewa rubutun ya ja hankalin malaman Turai, ya rinjayi muhawara da suka biyo baya, kuma ya taimaka wajen magance labaran da aka rarraba a ko'ina.{{Sfn|Ahmad|2017}} == Dubi kuma == * Ayyukan tarihi na Deobandi == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * Harshen Urdu a cikin Intanet ArchiveTarihin Intanet * Turanci a Intanet ArchiveTarihin Intanet g3wek8mony38wdvh4647akfw971su5c 0 136241 821966 793541 2026-04-17T17:15:28Z Joserpkm 35450 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 821966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kamfanin Attitude Pictures Ltd''' kamfani ne na shirye-shiryen talabijin na New Zealand wanda ke ƙirƙirar shirye-shiryen talabijin masu faɗi iri-iri kuma sun ƙware a shirye-shiryen da suka shafi nakasa . 2025 Nasara: ''Grit & Glory'' - Kyautar Allon Wasanni na Shekara ta NZ. == Ayyuka == === Halayya (jerin talabijin) === Kamfanin yana samar da shirye-shiryen talabijin marasa rajista waɗanda aka nuna a ƙasashe sama da 80. Robyn Scott-Vincent ne ya tsara shirinmu na Four Go Flatting, da Down For Love. Dukansu shirye-shiryen da aka fara gabatarwa a TVNZ da kuma Down For Love suna samuwa a duk duniya akan Netflix. Nan ba da jimawa ba za a gabatar da shiri na uku na Down for Love an ba shi taken Mafi Kyawun Tsarin Gaskiya na Asali a Kyautar Talabijin ta New Zealand a 2023 da 2024. Shirin talabijin na Attitude mai taken '''Attitude''' yana nunawa duk mako akan TVNZ 1 tun daga Maris 2005. <ref name="IMDbAttitude2">{{Cite web |title=Attitude |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4167644/ |access-date=15 December 2018 |website=IMDb |publisher=IMDb Inc}}</ref> Shirin talabijin yana da alaƙa da halayen mutane kuma yana mai da hankali kan ƙalubalen amma kuma juriyar mutanen da ke zaune da nakasa da rashin lafiya mai ɗorewa, ko kuma suna renon yaro mai nakasa. An nuna aƙalla shirye-shirye 700. Kamfanin kuma yana samar da abubuwan da yara ke ciki, shirye-shiryen shirye-shirye na tarihi da wasanni. <ref name="GreiveAttitudeLtd2">{{Cite web |last=Greive |first=Duncan |date=26 July 2017 |title=Review: 'Attitude' shows New Zealand lives we rarely see on screen |url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/tv/26-07-2017/review-attitude-shows-the-reality-of-life-in-new-zealand-for-the-disabled/ |access-date=15 December 2018 |website=The Spinoff |publisher=The Spinoff}}</ref> === Abubuwan da ke cikin gasar Paralympic === Attitude ta shafe shekaru ashirin tana ɗaukar hotunan 'yan wasan New Zealand da na ƙasashen duniya na Paralympic, sannan ta bi ƙungiyoyin New Zealand zuwa ga tarukan ƙasa da ƙasa. Ita ce abokin watsa shirye-shirye na TVNZ a Gasar Paralympic ta [[Faris|Paris]] 2024. Grit and Glory (2024) (wani shiri na musamman na mintuna 90) ya rubuta tafiyar 'yan wasa zuwa Gasar. A shekarar 2013, Attitude Pictures ta zama kamfanin samarwa na farko da ya sami haƙƙin watsa shirye-shirye na yanki don taron Paralympic. Attitude ta sami haƙƙin shiga Gasar Wasannin Sanyi na Paralympic ta Sochi 2014 <ref name="BeehiveAttitudeLtd">{{Cite web |title=Minister for Disability Issues congratulates Attitude Pictures |url=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/minister-disability-issues-congratulates-attitude-pictures |access-date=15 December 2018 |website=The Beehive |publisher=New Zealand Government |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="ParalympicsOrgAttitudeLtd">{{Cite web |title=Sochi 2014 Paralympics broadcast rights in New Zealand awarded to Attitude Pictures |url=https://www.paralympic.org/news/sochi-2014-paralympics-broadcast-rights-new-zealand-awarded-attitude-pictures |access-date=15 December 2018 |website=Paralympics.org |publisher=International Paralympic Committee}}</ref> kuma ta watsa shirye-shiryenta kai tsaye na sama da awanni 50 ta hanyar attitudelive.com. An kuma watsa shirye-shiryen Attitude game da Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta IPC ta [[Glasgow]] ta 2015, kuma ta haɗu da TVNZ don samar da Wasannin Paralympic na Rio 2016 da Wasannin Paralympic na [[Tokyo]] na 2020. A shekarar 2025, wanda ya kafa kamfanin Robyn Scott-Vincent ya sami kyautar Paralympic Order of Merit daga Kwamitin Paralympic na Duniya saboda ayyukanta ga ƙungiyar Paralympic. === Wasannin Olympics na Musamman === A shekara ta 2010, an zaɓi Attitude Pictures a matsayin kamfanin shirya fina-finai na musamman na gasar cin kofin Unity ta Olympics. Attitude ta yi abubuwan da suka shafi shirye-shirye kafin, lokacin da kuma bayan wasan gasar cin kofin Unity a [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA]] da aka yi a Afirka ta Kudu. Attitude Pictures ta haɗu da gasar Olympics ta musamman don tallafawa horar da jagoranci kuma ta samar da shirye-shiryen bidiyo da dama da ke nuna rayuwar 'yan wasa a cikin yanayi na wasanni da zamantakewa. <ref name="SpecialOlympicsNZAttitude">{{Cite web |title=Special Olympics New Zealand {{!}} Attitude Pictures Ltd |url=http://www.specialolympics.org.nz/Be-Our-Partner/Family-partners/Attitude-Pictures-Limited.aspx |access-date=15 December 2018 |website=www.specialolympics.org.nz |publisher=Special Olympics New Zealand |archive-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215173740/http://www.specialolympics.org.nz/Be-Our-Partner/Family-partners/Attitude-Pictures-Limited.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Al'adaLive === A watan Satumba na 2013, Attitude ta ƙaddamar da wani dandamali na dijital ta yanar gizo, attitudelive.com. Shafin ya tabbatar da cewa kundin tarihin kamfanin na shirye-shiryen fina-finai 700 za a iya shiga cikinsa a duk duniya ta hanyar daidaikun mutane, iyalai, ma'aikatan lafiya da ma'aikatan tallafi masu alaƙa a matsayin tushen bayanai da fahimta mai mahimmanci. Yanzu kundin yana kan [[YouTube]] . <ref name="AbilityAttitude">{{Cite web |title=AttitudeLive |url=https://abilitymagazine.com/attitudelive.html |access-date=15 December 2018 |website=abilitymagazine.com |publisher=ABILITY}}</ref> == Amincewar Ɗabi'a == An kafa Attitude Trust a shekarar 2008 ta hannun Robyn Scott-Vincent da tsohon ɗan wasan Paralympia na New Zealand Curtis Palmer, kuma ƙungiyar agaji ce mai rijista da aka ƙirƙira don haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a da kuma gane nasarorin mutanen da ke fama da nakasa. Har zuwa shekarar 2021, ta amfani da wani ra'ayi mai ƙirƙira da Attitude Pictures ta ƙirƙira, Trust ta gabatar da kyaututtuka na ƙasa a wani bikin cin abincin dare na baƙi, wanda aka gudanar don dacewa da Ranar Nakasassu ta Duniya. An nuna kyautar Attitude Awards ta talabijin ta Attitude Pictures Ltd, kuma an nuna ta a TVNZ. Bikin bayar da kyautar na farko ya kasance a shekarar 2008. An gudanar da kyaututtukan They Awards na ƙarshe a shekarar 2021. Rukunonin kyaututtuka daban-daban sun yaba da gudummawar da nasarorin 'yan New Zealand waɗanda ke da nakasa. Kudaden da aka samu daga taron sun tallafa wa guraben karo ilimi na jami'a ga mutanen da ke da nakasa waɗanda ke tallafa musu don nazarin kafofin watsa labarai da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital. <ref name="UofWAttitudeLtd">{{Cite web |date=13 October 2015 |title=Scholarship detail |url=https://www.victoria.ac.nz/study/student-finance/scholarships/find-scholarship/scholarship-detail?detailCode=804161 |access-date=15 December 2018 |website=Victoria University of Wellington |publisher=Victoria University of Wellington |language=en}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara a lokacin wa'adin Scott-Vincent an saka su ne ga sabuwar ƙungiya wacce galibin mutanen da ke da nakasa ke gudanarwa. == Tarihi == An kafa kamfanin Attitude Pictures Ltd a shekarar 1992, sannan aka san shi da RSVP Productions, kuma yana da hedikwata a [[Auckland]], New Zealand. <ref name="AbilityAttitude"/> == Manazarta == fyf8jxtnm8ofdhgoelqfxa7dpstll1x 0 137224 821932 781104 2026-04-17T16:35:03Z Pharouqenr 25549 821932 wikitext text/x-wiki Alexis Golfinos (Girkanci; an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Nuwamba 2004) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Girka wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba a kungiyar Super League 2 ta Athens Kallithea. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2004]] d2obj0uun79qedoy6k6xzbqkoh1br4f 821933 821932 2026-04-17T16:35:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 821933 wikitext text/x-wiki Alexis Golfinos (Girkanci; an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Nuwamba 2004) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Girka wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba a kungiyar Super League 2 ta Athens Kallithea. == Manazarta == {{Hujja}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2004]] ikrisgfh6wfd93ug0xlhg9rw67p3ktm 821934 821933 2026-04-17T16:35:54Z Pharouqenr 25549 821934 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alexis Golfinos''' (Girkanci; an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Nuwamba 2004) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Girka wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba a kungiyar Super League 2 ta Athens Kallithea. == Manazarta == {{Hujja}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2004]] n94ayk0eovi9mee44rvvf1ipjwgsz0i 821935 821934 2026-04-17T16:36:17Z Pharouqenr 25549 821935 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alexis Golfinos''' (Girkanci; an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Nuwamba 2004) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Girka wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba a kungiyar Super League 2 ta Athens Kallithea. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Hujja}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2004]] fyo2ebt59hg4nrfbewalidhx1z1vml3 0 137474 822075 817520 2026-04-18T07:43:04Z Kusa MS 44084 822075 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:An_alcoholic_man_with_delirium_Wellcome_L0060780_(level_correction).jpg|thumb|Hoton Faransanci yana gargadi cewa "l'alcohol tue" ("alcohol kill") ]] [[Fayil:Ephemera_Collection,_Weight_and_Alcohol_Wellcome_L0030510.jpg|thumb|Hoton Burtaniya game da tasirin samun nauyi na barasa]] Ilimin barasa shine aikin yada bayanai game da Tasirin barasa akan kiwon lafiya, da kuma al'umma da iyali.[1] An gabatar da shi a cikin makarantun jama'a ta hanyar kungiyoyin masu tsauraran ra'ayi kamar su Women's Christian Temperance Union a ƙarshen karni na 19. [1] Da farko, ilimin barasa ya mayar da hankali kan yadda amfani da abin sha ya shafi al'umma, da kuma iyali.[1] A cikin shekarun 1930, wannan ya hada da ilimi game da tasirin barasa a kan kiwon lafiya.[1] Misali, ko da amfani da barasa mai sauƙi da matsakaici yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji a cikin mutane.[2][3] An kafa kungiyoyi irin su Cibiyar Nazarin Cin Hanci da Alcoholism a Amurka don gabatar da ilimin barasa tare da wadanda ke cikin motsi, kamar Majalisar Amurka kan Matsalar Alcohol.[1][4] == Ma'anar == ''Ilimin barasa'' shine shirin samar da bayanai da ƙwarewar da suka dace da rayuwa a duniyar da ake amfani da barasa ba daidai ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rahoton Yanayin Duniya na Kungiyoyin Lafiya na Duniya (WHO) kan Alcohol da Lafiya, ya nuna gaskiyar cewa barasa zai zama babbar matsala a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, tare da kimantawa da ke nuna cewa zai zama babban dalilin nakasa da mutuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |date=2014 |title=Global status report on alcohol and health 2014 |url=https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1 |access-date=2015-04-17 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> Bayar da mutane game da barasa da shan giya mai cutarwa ya kamata ya zama fifiko. == Tasirin barasa a kwakwalwa == An san barasa yana da mummunar tasiri a kwakwalwar mutum. An nuna cewa shan giya mai yawa na iya samun tasiri mai yawa a kan kwakwalwa kamar "slips" mai sauƙi a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya zuwa yanayi na dindindin da na raunanawa. Shan ruwa mai matsakaici na iya haifar da irin wannan raunin da ya shafi shan giya mai yawa. Tasirin shan barasa na dogon lokaci da na gajeren lokaci na iya haɗawa da wahalar tafiya, hangen nesa mara kyau, magana mara kyau, jinkirin amsawa, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da dai sauransu. Abubuwa da yawa suna tasiri ga yadda barasa ke shafar wani mutum. Abubuwa kamar: [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}} * yawanci da kuma sau da yawa mutum yake sha * shekarun da mutum ya fara shan giya, da kuma tsawon lokacin da suka sha * Shekarar mutum, matakin ilimi, jinsi, asalin kwayoyin halitta, da tarihin iyali na maye * ko mutum yana cikin haɗari sakamakon matsin lamba da matsin lamba * Batutuwan lafiyar mutum Koyar da mutum game da barasa a gaba zai iya zama babban mai buɗe ido, musamman ma tare da kwakwalwar ɗalibai masu tasowa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manufofin == Koyar da matasa da manya game da amfani da barasa ƙoƙari ne na rage haɗarin haɓaka matsalar amfani da kwayoyi a nan gaba. Shan abin sha na barasa yana daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalolin kiwon lafiya a duk duniya. Amfani da kwayoyi a ƙuruciya na iya haifar da haɗarin kiwon lafiya iri-iri, nan da nan kuma daga baya a rayuwa, da kuma karuwar yiwuwar haɓaka SUD.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Turhan |first=Abdullah |last2=Onrust |first2=Simone A. |last3=Ten Klooster |first3=Peter M. |last4=Pieterse |first4=Marcel E. |date=March 2017 |title=A school-based programme for tobacco and alcohol prevention in special education: effectiveness of the modified 'healthy school and drugs' intervention and moderation by school subtype |url=https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/a1f3b7e1-1ff2-4afa-9eaf-2dd60d63f461 |journal=Addiction |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=533–543 |doi=10.1111/add.13672 |issn=1360-0443 |pmid=27767230 |s2cid=3637064}}</ref> Koyar da matasa game da tasirin barasa da matsalolin kiwon lafiya da ke zuwa da shi a farkon rayuwa na iya taimakawa hana lalacewar kafin a yi shi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Hanyoyin ilimi == === Tsarin Abstinence === An san tsarin Abstinence da "kada ku yi". Wannan samfurin yana wakiltar barasa a matsayin mummunan ko zunubi saboda ɗabi'a, addini, lafiya ko wasu dalilai. Kodayake akwai mutanen da ke guje wa barasa saboda waɗannan dalilai, ba kowa ba ne ya fada ƙarƙashin waɗannan rukunoni. Sabili da haka, tsarin abstinence bai tabbatar da samun nasara a cikin al'ummomin al'adu da yawa ba inda ba kowa ba ne ke da dalilin da ya sa ya guje wa barasa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Engs |first=Ruth C. |author-link=Ruth C. Engs |date=January–February 1981 |title=Responsibility and Alcohol |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~engs/articles/resp1.html |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Health Education |publisher=[[American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance]] |volume=12 |pages=20–22 |doi=10.1080/00970050.1981.10616787 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614065756/http://www.indiana.edu/~engs/articles/resp1.html |archive-date=14 June 2009 |access-date=2009-07-03 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Tsarin Tattalin Arziki na Jama'a === Tsarin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki yana wakiltar kididdiga da gaskiyar da suka shafi yawan amfani da barasa. Shan giya mara kyau na iya haifar da matsaloli daban-daban kuma wannan samfurin yana sanar da mutane game da sakamakon hatsarin mota, laifuka da aka aikata da batutuwan iyali duk suna fitowa daga rashin amfani da barasa. Wannan samfurin kuma yana nuna adadin kuɗin da aka kashe akan matsalolin kiwon lafiya da suka shafi barasa. Koyaya wannan samfurin yana da gefe ɗaya kuma ya nuna cewa ba shi da tasiri.<ref name=":1"/> === Hanyar Shan giya === Hanyar maye tana bi da barasa kamar cuta ce. Hanyar maye tana kwatanta mummunan tasirin barasa da mummunan tasirin wasu cututtuka. Yana mai da hankali kan mummunar tasirin jiki da tunanin mutum na miyagun ƙwayoyi. Kodayake wannan hanyar na iya taimakawa wajen nuna alamomi da alamun cutar shan barasa ya kasa hana mutum [[Shaye-shaye|Shan giya]], da alhakin ko rashin alhakin.<ref name=":1"/> === Sauran Hanyar === Sauran hanyar tana neman wasu hanyoyin da za a iya sha. Zaɓuɓɓuka sun nuna cewa suna da nasara wajen maye gurbin barasa muddin suna samuwa ga mutumin da ke canzawa. Wannan hanyar duk da haka ba ta da kyau don canza halin shan giya ko al'ada, amma yana rage yawan barasa da aka sha. Har ila yau, yana da wahala a sami madadin da za a iya amfani da shi a madadin barasa a wasu lokuta inda ake haɗa barasa tare da abubuwan wasanni da yawa.<ref name=":2"/> == Kudin da fa'idodi == Mutane galibi suna mamakin ko shirye-shiryen ilimin barasa sun cancanci kudi. A cewar labarin "Abin da Za Mu Iya - da Ba Za Mu Iya ba - Sa ran daga Rigakafin Magunguna na Makaranta," daga The Journal of Drug and Alcohol Review, matsakaicin shirin rashin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi mai tsada $ 150 na iya adana $ 840 a cikin farashin zamantakewa ga kowane mahalarta. An ba da wannan binciken ya mayar da hankali kan fiye da barasa kawai, amma a kashi 28 cikin dari barasa yana da alhakin adadin ajiyar jama'a na biyu. Ana iya ganin tanadin zamantakewa ta hanyar kashe kuɗin kiwon lafiya, ɗaurin kurkuku, rashin aiki, mutuwar da ba ta da kyau, da sauransu. Marubutan wannan labarin sun kuma yi iƙirarin cewa raguwar haihuwa da ba a haifa ba da daɗewa ba da sauran amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, tare da ingantaccen aikin makaranta da ƙimar digiri mafi girma ƙarin fa'idodi ne na amfani da shirin rikicewar amfani da miyagu. == Littattafai == Akwai littattafai da yawa game da shan giya da dakatar da shan giya, an san nau'in da Quit lit. == Shirye-shiryen kasa == === Amurka === Koyarwa game da shan barasa ya kasance batun jayayya ga makarantu a Amurka saboda ra'ayoyi daban-daban na Amurkawa akan batun. Hanyoyi daban-daban na ilimi - kamar yadda aka ambata a sama - waɗanda ke nuna waɗannan ra'ayoyin an haɓaka su kuma an gwada su a cikin ƙarni na ƙarshe, amma sun ba da ɗan canjin halayyar. <ref name=":1"/> ==== Tsarin makaranta ==== Ka'idodin ilimin barasa a makarantun gwamnati na K-12 sun bambanta daga jiha zuwa jiha. A lokuta masu wuya, wasu jihohi kamar [[Alaska]] ba sa buƙatar shirin ilimin barasa a duk fadin jihar a makarantun jama'a. A wasu jihohi, kamar [[Delaware]], bukatun sun fi tsananin gaske. Daliban Delaware dole ne su kammala sa'o'i 10 na horo a kowace shekara dangane da kwayoyi ciki har da barasa a cikin maki K-4 da sa'oƙi 15 a cikin maki 5-12. Bincike da yawa kamar Project SAFE sun nuna cewa yin niyya ga matasa kamar 6-8 yana da mahimmanci don hana su yin amfani da barasa daga baya a rayuwa. Mutanen da suka fara shan giya kafin su kai shekara 15 sun ninka sau biyar da za su iya kamuwa da matsalar shan barasa daga baya a rayuwa. Hukumar Kula da Lafiya da Kula da Lafiyar Zuciya (SAMSHA) ta yi iƙirarin cewa "Kimanin kashi 10 cikin 100 na yara masu shekaru 12 sun ce sun yi amfani da barasa aƙalla sau ɗaya. Da shekaru 13 wannan adadin ya ninka sau biyu. " A cikin shirye-shiryen ilimin barasa da suka gabata a makarantun Amurka, an yi amfani da dabarun tsoratarwa a cikin ƙoƙari na shawo kan matasa kada su sha. A cewar wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Prevention First, amfani da dabarun tsoro a cikin shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a game da barasa na iya zama abin ƙyama. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa ɗalibai suna koyo mafi kyau daga wani mai gaskiya kuma ba ya gabatar da su da kuskure. ==== Kwalejin ==== Shirye-shiryen barasa da darussan a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga ɗaliban koleji na yanzu ne, yaduwar yaduwa don ilimantar da ɗaliban yara game da shan barasa a ƙoƙarin rage yawan shan giya, da ɗalibai masu aminci. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A halin yanzu makarantu 747 a Amurka suna buƙatar wani nau'in ilimin barasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dole ne dalibai su kammala shirin da ke ilimantar da su kan sakamakon shan giya. MADD ta bayyana a cikin wani littafi na baya-bayan nan cewa 4 daga cikin daliban koleji 5 suna shan giya kuma 100% na daliban da aka bincika sun ce shan barasa yayin da suke kwaleji yana da fa'idodin zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |date=2014 |title=Global status report on alcohol and health 2014 |url=https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1 |access-date=2015-04-17 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> Yawancin kwalejoji suna da manufofin barasa wanda ke hana shan giya na yara kuma yana da sakamako. Makarantu da yawa suna buƙatar shirin shiga don duk ɗaliban canja wurin da suka halarta da kuma sabon ɗaliban da ke bayyana haɗari da manufofi game da barasa. An nuna wani shirin game da marigayi Gordie Bailey mai shekaru 18 a kwalejoji da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana amfani da darussan kan layi a makarantu da yawa. Hanyar da cibiyoyin ke amfani da ita ita ce AlcoholEdu, shirin rigakafin yawan jama'a wanda ake gudanar da shi ga duk daliban makarantar sakandare ko kwaleji.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Manufar AlcoholEdu ita ce canzawa ko tasiri ga yadda daliban koleji ke ji game da shan giya, da kuma ilimantar da dalibai game da haɗarin haɗari da ke tattare da amfani da barasa ta hanyar gabatar da dalibai tare da nazarin gaskiya don rinjayar ɗalibai kada su cinye.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |date=2014 |title=Global status report on alcohol and health 2014 |url=https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1 |access-date=2015-04-17 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> A Amurka, Collegedrinkingprevention.gov shafin yanar gizon gwamnati ne wanda ke tallafawa ta hanyar Cibiyar Nazarin Alcohol da Alcoholism ta Kasa wacce ke da niyyar canza al'adun shan giya na kwaleji. Rahoton su, Kira zuwa Aiki: Canja Al'adun Shan a Kwalejin Amurka, ya ba da cikakken bayani game da yadda kwalejoji da jami'o'i ke gudanar da shirye-shiryen barasa. Jami'o'in da ke tallafawa jama'a dole ne su bi ka'idodinsu kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin rahoton su. === Ostiraliya === A [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] amfani da barasa matasan matsala ce mai girma; a cikin 2011 kashi 74% na daliban Ostiraliya masu shekaru tsakanin 12 zuwa 17 sun gwada barasa a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, kuma a cikin 2010 wani binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 31% na dalibai masu shekaru 16 zuwa 17 sun sha fiye da 20 a cikin zaman daya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kowace shekara, mutane 5,500 a Ostiraliya suna mutuwa, kuma kusan 157,000 suna asibiti daga shan barasa kai tsaye. An rasa rayuka 400 daga hare-haren da suka shafi barasa. Yana biyan kasar kusan dala biliyan 36 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |date=2014 |title=Global status report on alcohol and health 2014 |url=https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1 |access-date=2015-04-17 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta kafa kungiyoyi da kamfen daban-daban don kokarin magance hauhawar shan giya na matasa, rage yawan mutuwar da raunin da ke faruwa, da kuma sanar da mutane game da mummunan tasirin da zai iya haifar da shan giya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> ==== Kungiyoyin gwamnati ==== DrinkWise Australia ita ce babbar kungiya a Ostiraliya da nufin ilimantar da jama'a game da amfani da barasa, galibi ana mai da hankali ga matasa. Kamfen din da suka yi na roƙon wadanda suka bar makaranta su sha da alhakin (wanda ake kira "Yadda za a sha da kyau") an yi imanin cewa sun yi nasara. Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan shekaru 18 zuwa 24 da suka ga kamfen ɗin sun ce sun rage shan giya a cikin dare ɗaya, kuma sama da rabin matasa sun ce kamfen ɗin ya taimaka musu tattauna al'adun shan giya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya lashe lambar yabo ta Silver Spike a 2014 Spike Asia awards . Hanyoyin yanzu a makarantu don ilmantarwa game da barasa sun haɗa da: * Yin amfani da hanyar da ta shafi tasirin zamantakewa * Haɗakar da shiga iyaye da aiki akan gina haɗin kai a cikin al'umma * Maida hankali kan hulɗa sosai tare da ɗalibai don hannayensu a kan isar da su Akwai manyan nau'ikan shirye-shiryen ilimin barasa guda hudu da aka yi amfani da su a Ostiraliya: * Tushen makaranta (aji ko dukan makaranta) * Tushen Iyali * Tushen al'umma * Haɗuwa (na shirye-shiryen makaranta da na al'umma) ==== Shirye-shiryen makaranta ==== Jihohin Australiya kowannensu yana da shirye-shirye daban-daban da gwamnatocin jihohin su suka kafa don daliban makarantar sakandare da kuma karatu da yawa don bincika tasirin da ilimin makaranta ke da shi akan halaye na shan giya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Kwamishinan Yammacin Australia na Yara da Matasa (CCYP) ya nemi yadda matasa masu shekaru 14-17 ke kallon barasa da kuma mummunan sakamako da zai iya haifar da cinye shi da kuma ilimi game da daidaitattun abubuwan sha da jagororin barasa na kasa a cikin 2011. CCYP ta kuma inganta shirye-shirye guda biyu - SDERA (Ilimi na Magunguna da Sanarwar Hanyar Makarantar) da SHAHRP (School Health and Alcohol Harm Reduction Project) - don ilimantar da ɗaliban makarantar sakandare game da rigakafi da rage cutar da barasa ke haifar. SDERA ta yi niyya ne ga rigakafi kuma an koyar da ita a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin ilimin kiwon lafiya da jiki a WA, yayin da SHAHRP ta yi niyyar rage yiwuwar cutar kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Kasa a Jami'ar Curtin ce ta gudanar da ita. Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horarwa ta Victoria ta aiwatar da shirin 'Get Ready' a cikin 2012. Shirin an yi niyya ne ga dalibai a cikin shekaru 7-9 kuma ya koya wa dalibai game da haɗarin barasa da sauran kwayoyi. Hakazalika, Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Horarwa da Aiki ta Queensland ta yi aiki tare da Hukumar Kula da Darussan su da Hukumar Bincike don ƙirƙirar shirin iliminsu 'Alcohol da sauran kwayoyi.' Shirin yana magance barasa da sauran kwayoyin ta hanyar tsarin ilimin kiwon lafiya da jiki kuma an yi niyya ne ga ɗaliban makarantar sakandare a cikin shekaru 7-12. Shirin yana aiki tare da 'tsarin dare mai aminci' wanda ke game da tashin hankali da barasa da sauran kwayoyi suka haifar. == Dubi kuma == * Ilimin miyagun ƙwayoyi == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Yawan mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da barasa kusan ninki biyu tun 1991, fitowar labarai, Ofishin Ƙididdigar Ƙasa na Ƙasar IngilaOfishin Kididdiga na Kasa * [https://patient.info/healthy-living/alcohol-and-liver-disease/alcoholism-and-problem-drinking Shan giya da Matsalar Shan giya], Marasa lafiya Burtaniya * 'Al'adun Boze' na Turanci An yi niyya, Labaran BBC * [https://www.scotpho.org.uk/behaviour/alcohol/introduction Bayanan barasa Scotland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901084113/https://www.scotpho.org.uk/behaviour/alcohol/introduction |date=2022-09-01 }} An adana 2022-09-01 a , Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa, Ayyukan Kasa Scotland * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090504211759/http://ades.bc.ca/home/default.html Ofishin Ilimi na Magunguna] {{Alcohol and health}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sryl3ewf5vf1lr7zol9ibuvysfe5ae3 822076 822075 2026-04-18T07:43:39Z Kusa MS 44084 822076 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:An_alcoholic_man_with_delirium_Wellcome_L0060780_(level_correction).jpg|thumb|Hoton Faransanci yana gargadi cewa "l'alcohol tue" ("alcohol kill") ]] [[Fayil:Ephemera_Collection,_Weight_and_Alcohol_Wellcome_L0030510.jpg|thumb|Hoton Burtaniya game da tasirin samun nauyi na barasa]] Ilimin barasa shine aikin yada bayanai game da Tasirin barasa akan kiwon lafiya, da kuma al'umma da iyali.[1] An gabatar da shi a cikin makarantun jama'a ta hanyar kungiyoyin masu tsauraran ra'ayi kamar su Women's Christian Temperance Union a ƙarshen karni na 19. [1] Da farko, ilimin barasa ya mayar da hankali kan yadda amfani da abin sha ya shafi al'umma, da kuma iyali.[1] A cikin shekarun 1930, wannan ya hada da ilimi game da tasirin barasa a kan kiwon lafiya.[1] Misali, ko da amfani da barasa mai sauƙi da matsakaici yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji a cikin mutane.[2][3] An kafa kungiyoyi irin su Cibiyar Nazarin Cin Hanci da Alcoholism a Amurka don gabatar da ilimin barasa tare da wadanda ke cikin motsi, kamar Majalisar Amurka kan Matsalar Alcohol.[1][4] == Ma'anar == ''Ilimin barasa'' shine shirin samar da bayanai da ƙwarewar da suka dace da rayuwa a duniyar da ake amfani da barasa ba daidai ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rahoton Yanayin Duniya na Kungiyoyin Lafiya na Duniya (WHO) kan Alcohol da Lafiya, ya nuna gaskiyar cewa barasa zai zama babbar matsala a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, tare da kimantawa da ke nuna cewa zai zama babban dalilin nakasa da mutuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |date=2014 |title=Global status report on alcohol and health 2014 |url=https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1 |access-date=2015-04-17 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> Bayar da mutane game da barasa da shan giya mai cutarwa ya kamata ya zama fifiko. == Tasirin barasa a kwakwalwa == An san barasa yana da mummunar tasiri a kwakwalwar mutum. An nuna cewa shan giya mai yawa na iya samun tasiri mai yawa a kan kwakwalwa kamar "slips" mai sauƙi a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya zuwa yanayi na dindindin da na raunanawa. Shan ruwa mai matsakaici na iya haifar da irin wannan raunin da ya shafi shan giya mai yawa. Tasirin shan barasa na dogon lokaci da na gajeren lokaci na iya haɗawa da wahalar tafiya, hangen nesa mara kyau, magana mara kyau, jinkirin amsawa, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da dai sauransu. Abubuwa da yawa suna tasiri ga yadda barasa ke shafar wani mutum. Abubuwa kamar: [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}} * yawanci da kuma sau da yawa mutum yake sha * shekarun da mutum ya fara shan giya, da kuma tsawon lokacin da suka sha * Shekarar mutum, matakin ilimi, jinsi, asalin kwayoyin halitta, da tarihin iyali na maye * ko mutum yana cikin haɗari sakamakon matsin lamba da matsin lamba * Batutuwan lafiyar mutum Koyar da mutum game da barasa a gaba zai iya zama babban mai buɗe ido, musamman ma tare da kwakwalwar ɗalibai masu tasowa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manufofin == Koyar da matasa da manya game da amfani da barasa ƙoƙari ne na rage haɗarin haɓaka matsalar amfani da kwayoyi a nan gaba. Shan abin sha na barasa yana daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalolin kiwon lafiya a duk duniya. Amfani da kwayoyi a ƙuruciya na iya haifar da haɗarin kiwon lafiya iri-iri, nan da nan kuma daga baya a rayuwa, da kuma karuwar yiwuwar haɓaka SUD.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Turhan |first=Abdullah |last2=Onrust |first2=Simone A. |last3=Ten Klooster |first3=Peter M. |last4=Pieterse |first4=Marcel E. |date=March 2017 |title=A school-based programme for tobacco and alcohol prevention in special education: effectiveness of the modified 'healthy school and drugs' intervention and moderation by school subtype |url=https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/a1f3b7e1-1ff2-4afa-9eaf-2dd60d63f461 |journal=Addiction |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=533–543 |doi=10.1111/add.13672 |issn=1360-0443 |pmid=27767230 |s2cid=3637064}}</ref> Koyar da matasa game da tasirin barasa da matsalolin kiwon lafiya da ke zuwa da shi a farkon rayuwa na iya taimakawa hana lalacewar kafin a yi shi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Hanyoyin ilimi == === Tsarin Abstinence === An san tsarin Abstinence da "kada ku yi". Wannan samfurin yana wakiltar barasa a matsayin mummunan ko zunubi saboda ɗabi'a, addini, lafiya ko wasu dalilai. Kodayake akwai mutanen da ke guje wa barasa saboda waɗannan dalilai, ba kowa ba ne ya fada ƙarƙashin waɗannan rukunoni. Sabili da haka, tsarin abstinence bai tabbatar da samun nasara a cikin al'ummomin al'adu da yawa ba inda ba kowa ba ne ke da dalilin da ya sa ya guje wa barasa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Engs |first=Ruth C. |author-link=Ruth C. Engs |date=January–February 1981 |title=Responsibility and Alcohol |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~engs/articles/resp1.html |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Health Education |publisher=[[American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance]] |volume=12 |pages=20–22 |doi=10.1080/00970050.1981.10616787 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614065756/http://www.indiana.edu/~engs/articles/resp1.html |archive-date=14 June 2009 |access-date=2009-07-03 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Tsarin Tattalin Arziki na Jama'a === Tsarin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki yana wakiltar kididdiga da gaskiyar da suka shafi yawan amfani da barasa. Shan giya mara kyau na iya haifar da matsaloli daban-daban kuma wannan samfurin yana sanar da mutane game da sakamakon hatsarin mota, laifuka da aka aikata da batutuwan iyali duk suna fitowa daga rashin amfani da barasa. Wannan samfurin kuma yana nuna adadin kuɗin da aka kashe akan matsalolin kiwon lafiya da suka shafi barasa. Koyaya wannan samfurin yana da gefe ɗaya kuma ya nuna cewa ba shi da tasiri.<ref name=":1"/> === Hanyar Shan giya === Hanyar maye tana bi da barasa kamar cuta ce. Hanyar maye tana kwatanta mummunan tasirin barasa da mummunan tasirin wasu cututtuka. Yana mai da hankali kan mummunar tasirin jiki da tunanin mutum na miyagun ƙwayoyi. Kodayake wannan hanyar na iya taimakawa wajen nuna alamomi da alamun cutar shan barasa ya kasa hana mutum [[Shaye-shaye|Shan giya]], da alhakin ko rashin alhakin.<ref name=":1"/> === Sauran Hanyar === Sauran hanyar tana neman wasu hanyoyin da za a iya sha. Zaɓuɓɓuka sun nuna cewa suna da nasara wajen maye gurbin barasa muddin suna samuwa ga mutumin da ke canzawa. Wannan hanyar duk da haka ba ta da kyau don canza halin shan giya ko al'ada, amma yana rage yawan barasa da aka sha. Har ila yau kuma, yana da wahala a sami madadin da za a iya amfani da shi a madadin barasa a wasu lokuta inda ake haɗa barasa tare da abubuwan wasanni da yawa.<ref name=":2"/> == Kudin da fa'idodi == Mutane galibi suna mamakin ko shirye-shiryen ilimin barasa sun cancanci kudi. A cewar labarin "Abin da Za Mu Iya - da Ba Za Mu Iya ba - Sa ran daga Rigakafin Magunguna na Makaranta," daga The Journal of Drug and Alcohol Review, matsakaicin shirin rashin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi mai tsada $ 150 na iya adana $ 840 a cikin farashin zamantakewa ga kowane mahalarta. An ba da wannan binciken ya mayar da hankali kan fiye da barasa kawai, amma a kashi 28 cikin dari barasa yana da alhakin adadin ajiyar jama'a na biyu. Ana iya ganin tanadin zamantakewa ta hanyar kashe kuɗin kiwon lafiya, ɗaurin kurkuku, rashin aiki, mutuwar da ba ta da kyau, da sauransu. Marubutan wannan labarin sun kuma yi iƙirarin cewa raguwar haihuwa da ba a haifa ba da daɗewa ba da sauran amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, tare da ingantaccen aikin makaranta da ƙimar digiri mafi girma ƙarin fa'idodi ne na amfani da shirin rikicewar amfani da miyagu. == Littattafai == Akwai littattafai da yawa game da shan giya da dakatar da shan giya, an san nau'in da Quit lit. == Shirye-shiryen kasa == === Amurka === Koyarwa game da shan barasa ya kasance batun jayayya ga makarantu a Amurka saboda ra'ayoyi daban-daban na Amurkawa akan batun. Hanyoyi daban-daban na ilimi - kamar yadda aka ambata a sama - waɗanda ke nuna waɗannan ra'ayoyin an haɓaka su kuma an gwada su a cikin ƙarni na ƙarshe, amma sun ba da ɗan canjin halayyar. <ref name=":1"/> ==== Tsarin makaranta ==== Ka'idodin ilimin barasa a makarantun gwamnati na K-12 sun bambanta daga jiha zuwa jiha. A lokuta masu wuya, wasu jihohi kamar [[Alaska]] ba sa buƙatar shirin ilimin barasa a duk fadin jihar a makarantun jama'a. A wasu jihohi, kamar [[Delaware]], bukatun sun fi tsananin gaske. Daliban Delaware dole ne su kammala sa'o'i 10 na horo a kowace shekara dangane da kwayoyi ciki har da barasa a cikin maki K-4 da sa'oƙi 15 a cikin maki 5-12. Bincike da yawa kamar Project SAFE sun nuna cewa yin niyya ga matasa kamar 6-8 yana da mahimmanci don hana su yin amfani da barasa daga baya a rayuwa. Mutanen da suka fara shan giya kafin su kai shekara 15 sun ninka sau biyar da za su iya kamuwa da matsalar shan barasa daga baya a rayuwa. Hukumar Kula da Lafiya da Kula da Lafiyar Zuciya (SAMSHA) ta yi iƙirarin cewa "Kimanin kashi 10 cikin 100 na yara masu shekaru 12 sun ce sun yi amfani da barasa aƙalla sau ɗaya. Da shekaru 13 wannan adadin ya ninka sau biyu. " A cikin shirye-shiryen ilimin barasa da suka gabata a makarantun Amurka, an yi amfani da dabarun tsoratarwa a cikin ƙoƙari na shawo kan matasa kada su sha. A cewar wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Prevention First, amfani da dabarun tsoro a cikin shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a game da barasa na iya zama abin ƙyama. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa ɗalibai suna koyo mafi kyau daga wani mai gaskiya kuma ba ya gabatar da su da kuskure. ==== Kwalejin ==== Shirye-shiryen barasa da darussan a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga ɗaliban koleji na yanzu ne, yaduwar yaduwa don ilimantar da ɗaliban yara game da shan barasa a ƙoƙarin rage yawan shan giya, da ɗalibai masu aminci. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A halin yanzu makarantu 747 a Amurka suna buƙatar wani nau'in ilimin barasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dole ne dalibai su kammala shirin da ke ilimantar da su kan sakamakon shan giya. MADD ta bayyana a cikin wani littafi na baya-bayan nan cewa 4 daga cikin daliban koleji 5 suna shan giya kuma 100% na daliban da aka bincika sun ce shan barasa yayin da suke kwaleji yana da fa'idodin zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |date=2014 |title=Global status report on alcohol and health 2014 |url=https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1 |access-date=2015-04-17 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> Yawancin kwalejoji suna da manufofin barasa wanda ke hana shan giya na yara kuma yana da sakamako. Makarantu da yawa suna buƙatar shirin shiga don duk ɗaliban canja wurin da suka halarta da kuma sabon ɗaliban da ke bayyana haɗari da manufofi game da barasa. An nuna wani shirin game da marigayi Gordie Bailey mai shekaru 18 a kwalejoji da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana amfani da darussan kan layi a makarantu da yawa. Hanyar da cibiyoyin ke amfani da ita ita ce AlcoholEdu, shirin rigakafin yawan jama'a wanda ake gudanar da shi ga duk daliban makarantar sakandare ko kwaleji.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Manufar AlcoholEdu ita ce canzawa ko tasiri ga yadda daliban koleji ke ji game da shan giya, da kuma ilimantar da dalibai game da haɗarin haɗari da ke tattare da amfani da barasa ta hanyar gabatar da dalibai tare da nazarin gaskiya don rinjayar ɗalibai kada su cinye.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |date=2014 |title=Global status report on alcohol and health 2014 |url=https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1 |access-date=2015-04-17 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> A Amurka, Collegedrinkingprevention.gov shafin yanar gizon gwamnati ne wanda ke tallafawa ta hanyar Cibiyar Nazarin Alcohol da Alcoholism ta Kasa wacce ke da niyyar canza al'adun shan giya na kwaleji. Rahoton su, Kira zuwa Aiki: Canja Al'adun Shan a Kwalejin Amurka, ya ba da cikakken bayani game da yadda kwalejoji da jami'o'i ke gudanar da shirye-shiryen barasa. Jami'o'in da ke tallafawa jama'a dole ne su bi ka'idodinsu kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin rahoton su. === Ostiraliya === A [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] amfani da barasa matasan matsala ce mai girma; a cikin 2011 kashi 74% na daliban Ostiraliya masu shekaru tsakanin 12 zuwa 17 sun gwada barasa a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, kuma a cikin 2010 wani binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 31% na dalibai masu shekaru 16 zuwa 17 sun sha fiye da 20 a cikin zaman daya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kowace shekara, mutane 5,500 a Ostiraliya suna mutuwa, kuma kusan 157,000 suna asibiti daga shan barasa kai tsaye. An rasa rayuka 400 daga hare-haren da suka shafi barasa. Yana biyan kasar kusan dala biliyan 36 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |date=2014 |title=Global status report on alcohol and health 2014 |url=https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1 |access-date=2015-04-17 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta kafa kungiyoyi da kamfen daban-daban don kokarin magance hauhawar shan giya na matasa, rage yawan mutuwar da raunin da ke faruwa, da kuma sanar da mutane game da mummunan tasirin da zai iya haifar da shan giya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> ==== Kungiyoyin gwamnati ==== DrinkWise Australia ita ce babbar kungiya a Ostiraliya da nufin ilimantar da jama'a game da amfani da barasa, galibi ana mai da hankali ga matasa. Kamfen din da suka yi na roƙon wadanda suka bar makaranta su sha da alhakin (wanda ake kira "Yadda za a sha da kyau") an yi imanin cewa sun yi nasara. Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan shekaru 18 zuwa 24 da suka ga kamfen ɗin sun ce sun rage shan giya a cikin dare ɗaya, kuma sama da rabin matasa sun ce kamfen ɗin ya taimaka musu tattauna al'adun shan giya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya lashe lambar yabo ta Silver Spike a 2014 Spike Asia awards . Hanyoyin yanzu a makarantu don ilmantarwa game da barasa sun haɗa da: * Yin amfani da hanyar da ta shafi tasirin zamantakewa * Haɗakar da shiga iyaye da aiki akan gina haɗin kai a cikin al'umma * Maida hankali kan hulɗa sosai tare da ɗalibai don hannayensu a kan isar da su Akwai manyan nau'ikan shirye-shiryen ilimin barasa guda hudu da aka yi amfani da su a Ostiraliya: * Tushen makaranta (aji ko dukan makaranta) * Tushen Iyali * Tushen al'umma * Haɗuwa (na shirye-shiryen makaranta da na al'umma) ==== Shirye-shiryen makaranta ==== Jihohin Australiya kowannensu yana da shirye-shirye daban-daban da gwamnatocin jihohin su suka kafa don daliban makarantar sakandare da kuma karatu da yawa don bincika tasirin da ilimin makaranta ke da shi akan halaye na shan giya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Kwamishinan Yammacin Australia na Yara da Matasa (CCYP) ya nemi yadda matasa masu shekaru 14-17 ke kallon barasa da kuma mummunan sakamako da zai iya haifar da cinye shi da kuma ilimi game da daidaitattun abubuwan sha da jagororin barasa na kasa a cikin 2011. CCYP ta kuma inganta shirye-shirye guda biyu - SDERA (Ilimi na Magunguna da Sanarwar Hanyar Makarantar) da SHAHRP (School Health and Alcohol Harm Reduction Project) - don ilimantar da ɗaliban makarantar sakandare game da rigakafi da rage cutar da barasa ke haifar. SDERA ta yi niyya ne ga rigakafi kuma an koyar da ita a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin ilimin kiwon lafiya da jiki a WA, yayin da SHAHRP ta yi niyyar rage yiwuwar cutar kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Kasa a Jami'ar Curtin ce ta gudanar da ita. Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horarwa ta Victoria ta aiwatar da shirin 'Get Ready' a cikin 2012. Shirin an yi niyya ne ga dalibai a cikin shekaru 7-9 kuma ya koya wa dalibai game da haɗarin barasa da sauran kwayoyi. Hakazalika, Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Horarwa da Aiki ta Queensland ta yi aiki tare da Hukumar Kula da Darussan su da Hukumar Bincike don ƙirƙirar shirin iliminsu 'Alcohol da sauran kwayoyi.' Shirin yana magance barasa da sauran kwayoyin ta hanyar tsarin ilimin kiwon lafiya da jiki kuma an yi niyya ne ga ɗaliban makarantar sakandare a cikin shekaru 7-12. Shirin yana aiki tare da 'tsarin dare mai aminci' wanda ke game da tashin hankali da barasa da sauran kwayoyi suka haifar. == Dubi kuma == * Ilimin miyagun ƙwayoyi == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Yawan mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da barasa kusan ninki biyu tun 1991, fitowar labarai, Ofishin Ƙididdigar Ƙasa na Ƙasar IngilaOfishin Kididdiga na Kasa * [https://patient.info/healthy-living/alcohol-and-liver-disease/alcoholism-and-problem-drinking Shan giya da Matsalar Shan giya], Marasa lafiya Burtaniya * 'Al'adun Boze' na Turanci An yi niyya, Labaran BBC * [https://www.scotpho.org.uk/behaviour/alcohol/introduction Bayanan barasa Scotland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901084113/https://www.scotpho.org.uk/behaviour/alcohol/introduction |date=2022-09-01 }} An adana 2022-09-01 a , Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa, Ayyukan Kasa Scotland * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090504211759/http://ades.bc.ca/home/default.html Ofishin Ilimi na Magunguna] {{Alcohol and health}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4srq99y20vye85l5a7k9gxytaql267v 822088 822076 2026-04-18T07:58:19Z Musa Vacho77 9881 Gyara 822088 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:An_alcoholic_man_with_delirium_Wellcome_L0060780_(level_correction).jpg|thumb|Hoton Faransanci yana gargadi cewa "l'alcohol tue" ("alcohol kill") ]] [[Fayil:Ephemera_Collection,_Weight_and_Alcohol_Wellcome_L0030510.jpg|thumb|Hoton Burtaniya game da tasirin samun nauyi na barasa]] ' ' ' Ilimin Barasa ' ' ' shine aikin yada bayanai game da Tasirin barasa akan kiwon lafiya, da kuma al'umma da iyali.[1] An gabatar da shi a cikin makarantun jama'a ta hanyar kungiyoyin masu tsauraran ra'ayi kamar su Women's Christian Temperance Union a ƙarshen karni na 19. [1] Da farko, ilimin barasa ya mayar da hankali kan yadda amfani da abin sha ya shafi al'umma, da kuma iyali.[1] A cikin shekarun 1930, wannan ya hada da ilimi game da tasirin barasa a kan kiwon lafiya.[1] Misali, ko da amfani da barasa mai sauƙi da matsakaici yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji a cikin mutane.[2][3] An kafa kungiyoyi irin su Cibiyar Nazarin Cin Hanci da Alcoholism a Amurka don gabatar da ilimin barasa tare da wadanda ke cikin motsi, kamar Majalisar Amurka kan Matsalar Alcohol.[1][4] == Ma'anar == ''Ilimin barasa'' shine shirin samar da bayanai da ƙwarewar da suka dace da rayuwa a duniyar da ake amfani da barasa ba daidai ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rahoton Yanayin Duniya na Kungiyoyin Lafiya na Duniya (WHO) kan Alcohol da Lafiya, ya nuna gaskiyar cewa barasa zai zama babbar matsala a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, tare da kimantawa da ke nuna cewa zai zama babban dalilin nakasa da mutuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |date=2014 |title=Global status report on alcohol and health 2014 |url=https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1 |access-date=2015-04-17 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> Bayar da mutane game da barasa da shan giya mai cutarwa ya kamata ya zama fifiko. == Tasirin barasa a kwakwalwa == An san barasa yana da mummunar tasiri a kwakwalwar mutum. An nuna cewa shan giya mai yawa na iya samun tasiri mai yawa a kan kwakwalwa kamar "slips" mai sauƙi a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya zuwa yanayi na dindindin da na raunanawa. Shan ruwa mai matsakaici na iya haifar da irin wannan raunin da ya shafi shan giya mai yawa. Tasirin shan barasa na dogon lokaci da na gajeren lokaci na iya haɗawa da wahalar tafiya, hangen nesa mara kyau, magana mara kyau, jinkirin amsawa, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da dai sauransu. Abubuwa da yawa suna tasiri ga yadda barasa ke shafar wani mutum. Abubuwa kamar: [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}} * yawanci da kuma sau da yawa mutum yake sha * shekarun da mutum ya fara shan giya, da kuma tsawon lokacin da suka sha * Shekarar mutum, matakin ilimi, jinsi, asalin kwayoyin halitta, da tarihin iyali na maye * ko mutum yana cikin haɗari sakamakon matsin lamba da matsin lamba * Batutuwan lafiyar mutum Koyar da mutum game da barasa a gaba zai iya zama babban mai buɗe ido, musamman ma tare da kwakwalwar ɗalibai masu tasowa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manufofin == Koyar da matasa da manya game da amfani da barasa ƙoƙari ne na rage haɗarin haɓaka matsalar amfani da kwayoyi a nan gaba. Shan abin sha na barasa yana daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalolin kiwon lafiya a duk duniya. Amfani da kwayoyi a ƙuruciya na iya haifar da haɗarin kiwon lafiya iri-iri, nan da nan kuma daga baya a rayuwa, da kuma karuwar yiwuwar haɓaka SUD.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Turhan |first=Abdullah |last2=Onrust |first2=Simone A. |last3=Ten Klooster |first3=Peter M. |last4=Pieterse |first4=Marcel E. |date=March 2017 |title=A school-based programme for tobacco and alcohol prevention in special education: effectiveness of the modified 'healthy school and drugs' intervention and moderation by school subtype |url=https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/a1f3b7e1-1ff2-4afa-9eaf-2dd60d63f461 |journal=Addiction |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=533–543 |doi=10.1111/add.13672 |issn=1360-0443 |pmid=27767230 |s2cid=3637064}}</ref> Koyar da matasa game da tasirin barasa da matsalolin kiwon lafiya da ke zuwa da shi a farkon rayuwa na iya taimakawa hana lalacewar kafin a yi shi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Hanyoyin ilimi == === Tsarin Abstinence === An san tsarin Abstinence da "kada ku yi". Wannan samfurin yana wakiltar barasa a matsayin mummunan ko zunubi saboda ɗabi'a, addini, lafiya ko wasu dalilai. Kodayake akwai mutanen da ke guje wa barasa saboda waɗannan dalilai, ba kowa ba ne ya fada ƙarƙashin waɗannan rukunoni. Sabili da haka, tsarin abstinence bai tabbatar da samun nasara a cikin al'ummomin al'adu da yawa ba inda ba kowa ba ne ke da dalilin da ya sa ya guje wa barasa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Engs |first=Ruth C. |author-link=Ruth C. Engs |date=January–February 1981 |title=Responsibility and Alcohol |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~engs/articles/resp1.html |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Health Education |publisher=[[American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance]] |volume=12 |pages=20–22 |doi=10.1080/00970050.1981.10616787 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614065756/http://www.indiana.edu/~engs/articles/resp1.html |archive-date=14 June 2009 |access-date=2009-07-03 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Tsarin Tattalin Arziki na Jama'a === Tsarin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki yana wakiltar kididdiga da gaskiyar da suka shafi yawan amfani da barasa. Shan giya mara kyau na iya haifar da matsaloli daban-daban kuma wannan samfurin yana sanar da mutane game da sakamakon hatsarin mota, laifuka da aka aikata da batutuwan iyali duk suna fitowa daga rashin amfani da barasa. Wannan samfurin kuma yana nuna adadin kuɗin da aka kashe akan matsalolin kiwon lafiya da suka shafi barasa. Koyaya wannan samfurin yana da gefe ɗaya kuma ya nuna cewa ba shi da tasiri.<ref name=":1"/> === Hanyar Shan giya === Hanyar maye tana bi da barasa kamar cuta ce. Hanyar maye tana kwatanta mummunan tasirin barasa da mummunan tasirin wasu cututtuka. Yana mai da hankali kan mummunar tasirin jiki da tunanin mutum na miyagun ƙwayoyi. Kodayake wannan hanyar na iya taimakawa wajen nuna alamomi da alamun cutar shan barasa ya kasa hana mutum [[Shaye-shaye|Shan giya]], da alhakin ko rashin alhakin.<ref name=":1"/> === Sauran Hanyar === Sauran hanyar tana neman wasu hanyoyin da za a iya sha. Zaɓuɓɓuka sun nuna cewa suna da nasara wajen maye gurbin barasa muddin suna samuwa ga mutumin da ke canzawa. Wannan hanyar duk da haka ba ta da kyau don canza halin shan giya ko al'ada, amma yana rage yawan barasa da aka sha. Har ila yau kuma, yana da wahala a sami madadin da za a iya amfani da shi a madadin barasa a wasu lokuta inda ake haɗa barasa tare da abubuwan wasanni da yawa.<ref name=":2"/> == Kudin da fa'idodi == Mutane galibi suna mamakin ko shirye-shiryen ilimin barasa sun cancanci kudi. A cewar labarin "Abin da Za Mu Iya - da Ba Za Mu Iya ba - Sa ran daga Rigakafin Magunguna na Makaranta," daga The Journal of Drug and Alcohol Review, matsakaicin shirin rashin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi mai tsada $ 150 na iya adana $ 840 a cikin farashin zamantakewa ga kowane mahalarta. An ba da wannan binciken ya mayar da hankali kan fiye da barasa kawai, amma a kashi 28 cikin dari barasa yana da alhakin adadin ajiyar jama'a na biyu. Ana iya ganin tanadin zamantakewa ta hanyar kashe kuɗin kiwon lafiya, ɗaurin kurkuku, rashin aiki, mutuwar da ba ta da kyau, da sauransu. Marubutan wannan labarin sun kuma yi iƙirarin cewa raguwar haihuwa da ba a haifa ba da daɗewa ba da sauran amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, tare da ingantaccen aikin makaranta da ƙimar digiri mafi girma ƙarin fa'idodi ne na amfani da shirin rikicewar amfani da miyagu. == Littattafai == Akwai littattafai da yawa game da shan giya da dakatar da shan giya, an san nau'in da Quit lit. == Shirye-shiryen kasa == === Amurka === Koyarwa game da shan barasa ya kasance batun jayayya ga makarantu a Amurka saboda ra'ayoyi daban-daban na Amurkawa akan batun. Hanyoyi daban-daban na ilimi - kamar yadda aka ambata a sama - waɗanda ke nuna waɗannan ra'ayoyin an haɓaka su kuma an gwada su a cikin ƙarni na ƙarshe, amma sun ba da ɗan canjin halayyar. <ref name=":1"/> ==== Tsarin makaranta ==== Ka'idodin ilimin barasa a makarantun gwamnati na K-12 sun bambanta daga jiha zuwa jiha. A lokuta masu wuya, wasu jihohi kamar [[Alaska]] ba sa buƙatar shirin ilimin barasa a duk fadin jihar a makarantun jama'a. A wasu jihohi, kamar [[Delaware]], bukatun sun fi tsananin gaske. Daliban Delaware dole ne su kammala sa'o'i 10 na horo a kowace shekara dangane da kwayoyi ciki har da barasa a cikin maki K-4 da sa'oƙi 15 a cikin maki 5-12. Bincike da yawa kamar Project SAFE sun nuna cewa yin niyya ga matasa kamar 6-8 yana da mahimmanci don hana su yin amfani da barasa daga baya a rayuwa. Mutanen da suka fara shan giya kafin su kai shekara 15 sun ninka sau biyar da za su iya kamuwa da matsalar shan barasa daga baya a rayuwa. Hukumar Kula da Lafiya da Kula da Lafiyar Zuciya (SAMSHA) ta yi iƙirarin cewa "Kimanin kashi 10 cikin 100 na yara masu shekaru 12 sun ce sun yi amfani da barasa aƙalla sau ɗaya. Da shekaru 13 wannan adadin ya ninka sau biyu. " A cikin shirye-shiryen ilimin barasa da suka gabata a makarantun Amurka, an yi amfani da dabarun tsoratarwa a cikin ƙoƙari na shawo kan matasa kada su sha. A cewar wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Prevention First, amfani da dabarun tsoro a cikin shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a game da barasa na iya zama abin ƙyama. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa ɗalibai suna koyo mafi kyau daga wani mai gaskiya kuma ba ya gabatar da su da kuskure. ==== Kwalejin ==== Shirye-shiryen barasa da darussan a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga ɗaliban koleji na yanzu ne, yaduwar yaduwa don ilimantar da ɗaliban yara game da shan barasa a ƙoƙarin rage yawan shan giya, da ɗalibai masu aminci. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A halin yanzu makarantu 747 a Amurka suna buƙatar wani nau'in ilimin barasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dole ne dalibai su kammala shirin da ke ilimantar da su kan sakamakon shan giya. MADD ta bayyana a cikin wani littafi na baya-bayan nan cewa 4 daga cikin daliban koleji 5 suna shan giya kuma 100% na daliban da aka bincika sun ce shan barasa yayin da suke kwaleji yana da fa'idodin zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |date=2014 |title=Global status report on alcohol and health 2014 |url=https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1 |access-date=2015-04-17 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> Yawancin kwalejoji suna da manufofin barasa wanda ke hana shan giya na yara kuma yana da sakamako. Makarantu da yawa suna buƙatar shirin shiga don duk ɗaliban canja wurin da suka halarta da kuma sabon ɗaliban da ke bayyana haɗari da manufofi game da barasa. An nuna wani shirin game da marigayi Gordie Bailey mai shekaru 18 a kwalejoji da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana amfani da darussan kan layi a makarantu da yawa. Hanyar da cibiyoyin ke amfani da ita ita ce AlcoholEdu, shirin rigakafin yawan jama'a wanda ake gudanar da shi ga duk daliban makarantar sakandare ko kwaleji.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Manufar AlcoholEdu ita ce canzawa ko tasiri ga yadda daliban koleji ke ji game da shan giya, da kuma ilimantar da dalibai game da haɗarin haɗari da ke tattare da amfani da barasa ta hanyar gabatar da dalibai tare da nazarin gaskiya don rinjayar ɗalibai kada su cinye.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |date=2014 |title=Global status report on alcohol and health 2014 |url=https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1 |access-date=2015-04-17 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> A Amurka, Collegedrinkingprevention.gov shafin yanar gizon gwamnati ne wanda ke tallafawa ta hanyar Cibiyar Nazarin Alcohol da Alcoholism ta Kasa wacce ke da niyyar canza al'adun shan giya na kwaleji. Rahoton su, Kira zuwa Aiki: Canja Al'adun Shan a Kwalejin Amurka, ya ba da cikakken bayani game da yadda kwalejoji da jami'o'i ke gudanar da shirye-shiryen barasa. Jami'o'in da ke tallafawa jama'a dole ne su bi ka'idodinsu kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin rahoton su. === Ostiraliya === A [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] amfani da barasa matasan matsala ce mai girma; a cikin 2011 kashi 74% na daliban Ostiraliya masu shekaru tsakanin 12 zuwa 17 sun gwada barasa a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, kuma a cikin 2010 wani binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 31% na dalibai masu shekaru 16 zuwa 17 sun sha fiye da 20 a cikin zaman daya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kowace shekara, mutane 5,500 a Ostiraliya suna mutuwa, kuma kusan 157,000 suna asibiti daga shan barasa kai tsaye. An rasa rayuka 400 daga hare-haren da suka shafi barasa. Yana biyan kasar kusan dala biliyan 36 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |date=2014 |title=Global status report on alcohol and health 2014 |url=https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1 |access-date=2015-04-17 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta kafa kungiyoyi da kamfen daban-daban don kokarin magance hauhawar shan giya na matasa, rage yawan mutuwar da raunin da ke faruwa, da kuma sanar da mutane game da mummunan tasirin da zai iya haifar da shan giya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> ==== Kungiyoyin gwamnati ==== DrinkWise Australia ita ce babbar kungiya a Ostiraliya da nufin ilimantar da jama'a game da amfani da barasa, galibi ana mai da hankali ga matasa. Kamfen din da suka yi na roƙon wadanda suka bar makaranta su sha da alhakin (wanda ake kira "Yadda za a sha da kyau") an yi imanin cewa sun yi nasara. Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan shekaru 18 zuwa 24 da suka ga kamfen ɗin sun ce sun rage shan giya a cikin dare ɗaya, kuma sama da rabin matasa sun ce kamfen ɗin ya taimaka musu tattauna al'adun shan giya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya lashe lambar yabo ta Silver Spike a 2014 Spike Asia awards . Hanyoyin yanzu a makarantu don ilmantarwa game da barasa sun haɗa da: * Yin amfani da hanyar da ta shafi tasirin zamantakewa * Haɗakar da shiga iyaye da aiki akan gina haɗin kai a cikin al'umma * Maida hankali kan hulɗa sosai tare da ɗalibai don hannayensu a kan isar da su Akwai manyan nau'ikan shirye-shiryen ilimin barasa guda hudu da aka yi amfani da su a Ostiraliya: * Tushen makaranta (aji ko dukan makaranta) * Tushen Iyali * Tushen al'umma * Haɗuwa (na shirye-shiryen makaranta da na al'umma) ==== Shirye-shiryen makaranta ==== Jihohin Australiya kowannensu yana da shirye-shirye daban-daban da gwamnatocin jihohin su suka kafa don daliban makarantar sakandare da kuma karatu da yawa don bincika tasirin da ilimin makaranta ke da shi akan halaye na shan giya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Kwamishinan Yammacin Australia na Yara da Matasa (CCYP) ya nemi yadda matasa masu shekaru 14-17 ke kallon barasa da kuma mummunan sakamako da zai iya haifar da cinye shi da kuma ilimi game da daidaitattun abubuwan sha da jagororin barasa na kasa a cikin 2011. CCYP ta kuma inganta shirye-shirye guda biyu - SDERA (Ilimi na Magunguna da Sanarwar Hanyar Makarantar) da SHAHRP (School Health and Alcohol Harm Reduction Project) - don ilimantar da ɗaliban makarantar sakandare game da rigakafi da rage cutar da barasa ke haifar. SDERA ta yi niyya ne ga rigakafi kuma an koyar da ita a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin ilimin kiwon lafiya da jiki a WA, yayin da SHAHRP ta yi niyyar rage yiwuwar cutar kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Kasa a Jami'ar Curtin ce ta gudanar da ita. Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horarwa ta Victoria ta aiwatar da shirin 'Get Ready' a cikin 2012. Shirin an yi niyya ne ga dalibai a cikin shekaru 7-9 kuma ya koya wa dalibai game da haɗarin barasa da sauran kwayoyi. Hakazalika, Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Horarwa da Aiki ta Queensland ta yi aiki tare da Hukumar Kula da Darussan su da Hukumar Bincike don ƙirƙirar shirin iliminsu 'Alcohol da sauran kwayoyi.' Shirin yana magance barasa da sauran kwayoyin ta hanyar tsarin ilimin kiwon lafiya da jiki kuma an yi niyya ne ga ɗaliban makarantar sakandare a cikin shekaru 7-12. Shirin yana aiki tare da 'tsarin dare mai aminci' wanda ke game da tashin hankali da barasa da sauran kwayoyi suka haifar. == Dubi kuma == * Ilimin miyagun ƙwayoyi == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Yawan mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da barasa kusan ninki biyu tun 1991, fitowar labarai, Ofishin Ƙididdigar Ƙasa na Ƙasar IngilaOfishin Kididdiga na Kasa * [https://patient.info/healthy-living/alcohol-and-liver-disease/alcoholism-and-problem-drinking Shan giya da Matsalar Shan giya], Marasa lafiya Burtaniya * 'Al'adun Boze' na Turanci An yi niyya, Labaran BBC * [https://www.scotpho.org.uk/behaviour/alcohol/introduction Bayanan barasa Scotland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901084113/https://www.scotpho.org.uk/behaviour/alcohol/introduction |date=2022-09-01 }} An adana 2022-09-01 a , Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa, Ayyukan Kasa Scotland * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090504211759/http://ades.bc.ca/home/default.html Ofishin Ilimi na Magunguna] {{Alcohol and health}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1efg3uzewn4nki1jy9n2034djfqa7k2 822089 822088 2026-04-18T07:59:43Z Musa Vacho77 9881 822089 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:An_alcoholic_man_with_delirium_Wellcome_L0060780_(level_correction).jpg|thumb|Hoton Faransanci yana gargadi cewa "l'alcohol tue" ("alcohol kill") ]] [[Fayil:Ephemera_Collection,_Weight_and_Alcohol_Wellcome_L0030510.jpg|thumb|Hoton Burtaniya game da tasirin samun nauyi na barasa]] Ilimin Barasa shine aikin yada bayanai game da Tasirin barasa akan kiwon lafiya, da kuma al'umma da iyali.[1] An gabatar da shi a cikin makarantun jama'a ta hanyar kungiyoyin masu tsauraran ra'ayi kamar su Women's Christian Temperance Union a ƙarshen karni na 19. [1] Da farko, ilimin barasa ya mayar da hankali kan yadda amfani da abin sha ya shafi al'umma, da kuma iyali.[1] A cikin shekarun 1930, wannan ya hada da ilimi game da tasirin barasa a kan kiwon lafiya.[1] Misali, ko da amfani da barasa mai sauƙi da matsakaici yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji a cikin mutane.[2][3] An kafa kungiyoyi irin su Cibiyar Nazarin Cin Hanci da Alcoholism a Amurka don gabatar da ilimin barasa tare da wadanda ke cikin motsi, kamar Majalisar Amurka kan Matsalar Alcohol.[1][4] == Ma'anar == ''Ilimin barasa'' shine shirin samar da bayanai da ƙwarewar da suka dace da rayuwa a duniyar da ake amfani da barasa ba daidai ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rahoton Yanayin Duniya na Kungiyoyin Lafiya na Duniya (WHO) kan Alcohol da Lafiya, ya nuna gaskiyar cewa barasa zai zama babbar matsala a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, tare da kimantawa da ke nuna cewa zai zama babban dalilin nakasa da mutuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |date=2014 |title=Global status report on alcohol and health 2014 |url=https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1 |access-date=2015-04-17 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> Bayar da mutane game da barasa da shan giya mai cutarwa ya kamata ya zama fifiko. == Tasirin barasa a kwakwalwa == An san barasa yana da mummunar tasiri a kwakwalwar mutum. An nuna cewa shan giya mai yawa na iya samun tasiri mai yawa a kan kwakwalwa kamar "slips" mai sauƙi a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya zuwa yanayi na dindindin da na raunanawa. Shan ruwa mai matsakaici na iya haifar da irin wannan raunin da ya shafi shan giya mai yawa. Tasirin shan barasa na dogon lokaci da na gajeren lokaci na iya haɗawa da wahalar tafiya, hangen nesa mara kyau, magana mara kyau, jinkirin amsawa, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da dai sauransu. Abubuwa da yawa suna tasiri ga yadda barasa ke shafar wani mutum. Abubuwa kamar: [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}} * yawanci da kuma sau da yawa mutum yake sha * shekarun da mutum ya fara shan giya, da kuma tsawon lokacin da suka sha * Shekarar mutum, matakin ilimi, jinsi, asalin kwayoyin halitta, da tarihin iyali na maye * ko mutum yana cikin haɗari sakamakon matsin lamba da matsin lamba * Batutuwan lafiyar mutum Koyar da mutum game da barasa a gaba zai iya zama babban mai buɗe ido, musamman ma tare da kwakwalwar ɗalibai masu tasowa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manufofin == Koyar da matasa da manya game da amfani da barasa ƙoƙari ne na rage haɗarin haɓaka matsalar amfani da kwayoyi a nan gaba. Shan abin sha na barasa yana daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalolin kiwon lafiya a duk duniya. Amfani da kwayoyi a ƙuruciya na iya haifar da haɗarin kiwon lafiya iri-iri, nan da nan kuma daga baya a rayuwa, da kuma karuwar yiwuwar haɓaka SUD.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Turhan |first=Abdullah |last2=Onrust |first2=Simone A. |last3=Ten Klooster |first3=Peter M. |last4=Pieterse |first4=Marcel E. |date=March 2017 |title=A school-based programme for tobacco and alcohol prevention in special education: effectiveness of the modified 'healthy school and drugs' intervention and moderation by school subtype |url=https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/a1f3b7e1-1ff2-4afa-9eaf-2dd60d63f461 |journal=Addiction |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=533–543 |doi=10.1111/add.13672 |issn=1360-0443 |pmid=27767230 |s2cid=3637064}}</ref> Koyar da matasa game da tasirin barasa da matsalolin kiwon lafiya da ke zuwa da shi a farkon rayuwa na iya taimakawa hana lalacewar kafin a yi shi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Hanyoyin ilimi == === Tsarin Abstinence === An san tsarin Abstinence da "kada ku yi". Wannan samfurin yana wakiltar barasa a matsayin mummunan ko zunubi saboda ɗabi'a, addini, lafiya ko wasu dalilai. Kodayake akwai mutanen da ke guje wa barasa saboda waɗannan dalilai, ba kowa ba ne ya fada ƙarƙashin waɗannan rukunoni. Sabili da haka, tsarin abstinence bai tabbatar da samun nasara a cikin al'ummomin al'adu da yawa ba inda ba kowa ba ne ke da dalilin da ya sa ya guje wa barasa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Engs |first=Ruth C. |author-link=Ruth C. Engs |date=January–February 1981 |title=Responsibility and Alcohol |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~engs/articles/resp1.html |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Health Education |publisher=[[American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance]] |volume=12 |pages=20–22 |doi=10.1080/00970050.1981.10616787 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614065756/http://www.indiana.edu/~engs/articles/resp1.html |archive-date=14 June 2009 |access-date=2009-07-03 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Tsarin Tattalin Arziki na Jama'a === Tsarin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki yana wakiltar kididdiga da gaskiyar da suka shafi yawan amfani da barasa. Shan giya mara kyau na iya haifar da matsaloli daban-daban kuma wannan samfurin yana sanar da mutane game da sakamakon hatsarin mota, laifuka da aka aikata da batutuwan iyali duk suna fitowa daga rashin amfani da barasa. Wannan samfurin kuma yana nuna adadin kuɗin da aka kashe akan matsalolin kiwon lafiya da suka shafi barasa. Koyaya wannan samfurin yana da gefe ɗaya kuma ya nuna cewa ba shi da tasiri.<ref name=":1"/> === Hanyar Shan giya === Hanyar maye tana bi da barasa kamar cuta ce. Hanyar maye tana kwatanta mummunan tasirin barasa da mummunan tasirin wasu cututtuka. Yana mai da hankali kan mummunar tasirin jiki da tunanin mutum na miyagun ƙwayoyi. Kodayake wannan hanyar na iya taimakawa wajen nuna alamomi da alamun cutar shan barasa ya kasa hana mutum [[Shaye-shaye|Shan giya]], da alhakin ko rashin alhakin.<ref name=":1"/> === Sauran Hanyar === Sauran hanyar tana neman wasu hanyoyin da za a iya sha. Zaɓuɓɓuka sun nuna cewa suna da nasara wajen maye gurbin barasa muddin suna samuwa ga mutumin da ke canzawa. Wannan hanyar duk da haka ba ta da kyau don canza halin shan giya ko al'ada, amma yana rage yawan barasa da aka sha. Har ila yau kuma, yana da wahala a sami madadin da za a iya amfani da shi a madadin barasa a wasu lokuta inda ake haɗa barasa tare da abubuwan wasanni da yawa.<ref name=":2"/> == Kudin da fa'idodi == Mutane galibi suna mamakin ko shirye-shiryen ilimin barasa sun cancanci kudi. A cewar labarin "Abin da Za Mu Iya - da Ba Za Mu Iya ba - Sa ran daga Rigakafin Magunguna na Makaranta," daga The Journal of Drug and Alcohol Review, matsakaicin shirin rashin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi mai tsada $ 150 na iya adana $ 840 a cikin farashin zamantakewa ga kowane mahalarta. An ba da wannan binciken ya mayar da hankali kan fiye da barasa kawai, amma a kashi 28 cikin dari barasa yana da alhakin adadin ajiyar jama'a na biyu. Ana iya ganin tanadin zamantakewa ta hanyar kashe kuɗin kiwon lafiya, ɗaurin kurkuku, rashin aiki, mutuwar da ba ta da kyau, da sauransu. Marubutan wannan labarin sun kuma yi iƙirarin cewa raguwar haihuwa da ba a haifa ba da daɗewa ba da sauran amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, tare da ingantaccen aikin makaranta da ƙimar digiri mafi girma ƙarin fa'idodi ne na amfani da shirin rikicewar amfani da miyagu. == Littattafai == Akwai littattafai da yawa game da shan giya da dakatar da shan giya, an san nau'in da Quit lit. == Shirye-shiryen kasa == === Amurka === Koyarwa game da shan barasa ya kasance batun jayayya ga makarantu a Amurka saboda ra'ayoyi daban-daban na Amurkawa akan batun. Hanyoyi daban-daban na ilimi - kamar yadda aka ambata a sama - waɗanda ke nuna waɗannan ra'ayoyin an haɓaka su kuma an gwada su a cikin ƙarni na ƙarshe, amma sun ba da ɗan canjin halayyar. <ref name=":1"/> ==== Tsarin makaranta ==== Ka'idodin ilimin barasa a makarantun gwamnati na K-12 sun bambanta daga jiha zuwa jiha. A lokuta masu wuya, wasu jihohi kamar [[Alaska]] ba sa buƙatar shirin ilimin barasa a duk fadin jihar a makarantun jama'a. A wasu jihohi, kamar [[Delaware]], bukatun sun fi tsananin gaske. Daliban Delaware dole ne su kammala sa'o'i 10 na horo a kowace shekara dangane da kwayoyi ciki har da barasa a cikin maki K-4 da sa'oƙi 15 a cikin maki 5-12. Bincike da yawa kamar Project SAFE sun nuna cewa yin niyya ga matasa kamar 6-8 yana da mahimmanci don hana su yin amfani da barasa daga baya a rayuwa. Mutanen da suka fara shan giya kafin su kai shekara 15 sun ninka sau biyar da za su iya kamuwa da matsalar shan barasa daga baya a rayuwa. Hukumar Kula da Lafiya da Kula da Lafiyar Zuciya (SAMSHA) ta yi iƙirarin cewa "Kimanin kashi 10 cikin 100 na yara masu shekaru 12 sun ce sun yi amfani da barasa aƙalla sau ɗaya. Da shekaru 13 wannan adadin ya ninka sau biyu. " A cikin shirye-shiryen ilimin barasa da suka gabata a makarantun Amurka, an yi amfani da dabarun tsoratarwa a cikin ƙoƙari na shawo kan matasa kada su sha. A cewar wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Prevention First, amfani da dabarun tsoro a cikin shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a game da barasa na iya zama abin ƙyama. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa ɗalibai suna koyo mafi kyau daga wani mai gaskiya kuma ba ya gabatar da su da kuskure. ==== Kwalejin ==== Shirye-shiryen barasa da darussan a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga ɗaliban koleji na yanzu ne, yaduwar yaduwa don ilimantar da ɗaliban yara game da shan barasa a ƙoƙarin rage yawan shan giya, da ɗalibai masu aminci. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A halin yanzu makarantu 747 a Amurka suna buƙatar wani nau'in ilimin barasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dole ne dalibai su kammala shirin da ke ilimantar da su kan sakamakon shan giya. MADD ta bayyana a cikin wani littafi na baya-bayan nan cewa 4 daga cikin daliban koleji 5 suna shan giya kuma 100% na daliban da aka bincika sun ce shan barasa yayin da suke kwaleji yana da fa'idodin zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |date=2014 |title=Global status report on alcohol and health 2014 |url=https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1 |access-date=2015-04-17 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> Yawancin kwalejoji suna da manufofin barasa wanda ke hana shan giya na yara kuma yana da sakamako. Makarantu da yawa suna buƙatar shirin shiga don duk ɗaliban canja wurin da suka halarta da kuma sabon ɗaliban da ke bayyana haɗari da manufofi game da barasa. An nuna wani shirin game da marigayi Gordie Bailey mai shekaru 18 a kwalejoji da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana amfani da darussan kan layi a makarantu da yawa. Hanyar da cibiyoyin ke amfani da ita ita ce AlcoholEdu, shirin rigakafin yawan jama'a wanda ake gudanar da shi ga duk daliban makarantar sakandare ko kwaleji.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Manufar AlcoholEdu ita ce canzawa ko tasiri ga yadda daliban koleji ke ji game da shan giya, da kuma ilimantar da dalibai game da haɗarin haɗari da ke tattare da amfani da barasa ta hanyar gabatar da dalibai tare da nazarin gaskiya don rinjayar ɗalibai kada su cinye.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |date=2014 |title=Global status report on alcohol and health 2014 |url=https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1 |access-date=2015-04-17 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> A Amurka, Collegedrinkingprevention.gov shafin yanar gizon gwamnati ne wanda ke tallafawa ta hanyar Cibiyar Nazarin Alcohol da Alcoholism ta Kasa wacce ke da niyyar canza al'adun shan giya na kwaleji. Rahoton su, Kira zuwa Aiki: Canja Al'adun Shan a Kwalejin Amurka, ya ba da cikakken bayani game da yadda kwalejoji da jami'o'i ke gudanar da shirye-shiryen barasa. Jami'o'in da ke tallafawa jama'a dole ne su bi ka'idodinsu kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin rahoton su. === Ostiraliya === A [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] amfani da barasa matasan matsala ce mai girma; a cikin 2011 kashi 74% na daliban Ostiraliya masu shekaru tsakanin 12 zuwa 17 sun gwada barasa a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, kuma a cikin 2010 wani binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 31% na dalibai masu shekaru 16 zuwa 17 sun sha fiye da 20 a cikin zaman daya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kowace shekara, mutane 5,500 a Ostiraliya suna mutuwa, kuma kusan 157,000 suna asibiti daga shan barasa kai tsaye. An rasa rayuka 400 daga hare-haren da suka shafi barasa. Yana biyan kasar kusan dala biliyan 36 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |date=2014 |title=Global status report on alcohol and health 2014 |url=https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1 |access-date=2015-04-17 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta kafa kungiyoyi da kamfen daban-daban don kokarin magance hauhawar shan giya na matasa, rage yawan mutuwar da raunin da ke faruwa, da kuma sanar da mutane game da mummunan tasirin da zai iya haifar da shan giya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> ==== Kungiyoyin gwamnati ==== DrinkWise Australia ita ce babbar kungiya a Ostiraliya da nufin ilimantar da jama'a game da amfani da barasa, galibi ana mai da hankali ga matasa. Kamfen din da suka yi na roƙon wadanda suka bar makaranta su sha da alhakin (wanda ake kira "Yadda za a sha da kyau") an yi imanin cewa sun yi nasara. Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan shekaru 18 zuwa 24 da suka ga kamfen ɗin sun ce sun rage shan giya a cikin dare ɗaya, kuma sama da rabin matasa sun ce kamfen ɗin ya taimaka musu tattauna al'adun shan giya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya lashe lambar yabo ta Silver Spike a 2014 Spike Asia awards . Hanyoyin yanzu a makarantu don ilmantarwa game da barasa sun haɗa da: * Yin amfani da hanyar da ta shafi tasirin zamantakewa * Haɗakar da shiga iyaye da aiki akan gina haɗin kai a cikin al'umma * Maida hankali kan hulɗa sosai tare da ɗalibai don hannayensu a kan isar da su Akwai manyan nau'ikan shirye-shiryen ilimin barasa guda hudu da aka yi amfani da su a Ostiraliya: * Tushen makaranta (aji ko dukan makaranta) * Tushen Iyali * Tushen al'umma * Haɗuwa (na shirye-shiryen makaranta da na al'umma) ==== Shirye-shiryen makaranta ==== Jihohin Australiya kowannensu yana da shirye-shirye daban-daban da gwamnatocin jihohin su suka kafa don daliban makarantar sakandare da kuma karatu da yawa don bincika tasirin da ilimin makaranta ke da shi akan halaye na shan giya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Kwamishinan Yammacin Australia na Yara da Matasa (CCYP) ya nemi yadda matasa masu shekaru 14-17 ke kallon barasa da kuma mummunan sakamako da zai iya haifar da cinye shi da kuma ilimi game da daidaitattun abubuwan sha da jagororin barasa na kasa a cikin 2011. CCYP ta kuma inganta shirye-shirye guda biyu - SDERA (Ilimi na Magunguna da Sanarwar Hanyar Makarantar) da SHAHRP (School Health and Alcohol Harm Reduction Project) - don ilimantar da ɗaliban makarantar sakandare game da rigakafi da rage cutar da barasa ke haifar. SDERA ta yi niyya ne ga rigakafi kuma an koyar da ita a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin ilimin kiwon lafiya da jiki a WA, yayin da SHAHRP ta yi niyyar rage yiwuwar cutar kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Kasa a Jami'ar Curtin ce ta gudanar da ita. Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horarwa ta Victoria ta aiwatar da shirin 'Get Ready' a cikin 2012. Shirin an yi niyya ne ga dalibai a cikin shekaru 7-9 kuma ya koya wa dalibai game da haɗarin barasa da sauran kwayoyi. Hakazalika, Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Horarwa da Aiki ta Queensland ta yi aiki tare da Hukumar Kula da Darussan su da Hukumar Bincike don ƙirƙirar shirin iliminsu 'Alcohol da sauran kwayoyi.' Shirin yana magance barasa da sauran kwayoyin ta hanyar tsarin ilimin kiwon lafiya da jiki kuma an yi niyya ne ga ɗaliban makarantar sakandare a cikin shekaru 7-12. Shirin yana aiki tare da 'tsarin dare mai aminci' wanda ke game da tashin hankali da barasa da sauran kwayoyi suka haifar. == Dubi kuma == * Ilimin miyagun ƙwayoyi == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Yawan mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da barasa kusan ninki biyu tun 1991, fitowar labarai, Ofishin Ƙididdigar Ƙasa na Ƙasar IngilaOfishin Kididdiga na Kasa * [https://patient.info/healthy-living/alcohol-and-liver-disease/alcoholism-and-problem-drinking Shan giya da Matsalar Shan giya], Marasa lafiya Burtaniya * 'Al'adun Boze' na Turanci An yi niyya, Labaran BBC * [https://www.scotpho.org.uk/behaviour/alcohol/introduction Bayanan barasa Scotland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901084113/https://www.scotpho.org.uk/behaviour/alcohol/introduction |date=2022-09-01 }} An adana 2022-09-01 a , Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa, Ayyukan Kasa Scotland * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090504211759/http://ades.bc.ca/home/default.html Ofishin Ilimi na Magunguna] {{Alcohol and health}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] j2hjxof7axvogihyo6dsj46pzgd698l 822090 822089 2026-04-18T08:03:38Z Musa Vacho77 9881 822090 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:An_alcoholic_man_with_delirium_Wellcome_L0060780_(level_correction).jpg|thumb|Hoton Faransanci yana gargadi cewa "l'alcohol tue" ("alcohol kill") ]] [[Fayil:Ephemera_Collection,_Weight_and_Alcohol_Wellcome_L0030510.jpg|thumb|Hoton Burtaniya game da tasirin samun nauyi na barasa]] '''Ilimin Barasa''' shine aikin yada bayanai game da Tasirin barasa akan kiwon lafiya, da kuma al'umma da iyali.[1] An gabatar da shi a cikin makarantun jama'a ta hanyar kungiyoyin masu tsauraran ra'ayi kamar su Women's Christian Temperance Union a ƙarshen karni na 19. [1] Da farko, ilimin barasa ya mayar da hankali kan yadda amfani da abin sha ya shafi al'umma, da kuma iyali.[1] A cikin shekarun 1930, wannan ya hada da ilimi game da tasirin barasa a kan kiwon lafiya.[1] Misali, ko da amfani da barasa mai sauƙi da matsakaici yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji a cikin mutane.[2][3] An kafa kungiyoyi irin su Cibiyar Nazarin Cin Hanci da Alcoholism a Amurka don gabatar da ilimin barasa tare da wadanda ke cikin motsi, kamar Majalisar Amurka kan Matsalar Alcohol.[1][4] == Ma'anar == ''Ilimin barasa'' shine shirin samar da bayanai da ƙwarewar da suka dace da rayuwa a duniyar da ake amfani da barasa ba daidai ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rahoton Yanayin Duniya na Kungiyoyin Lafiya na Duniya (WHO) kan Alcohol da Lafiya, ya nuna gaskiyar cewa barasa zai zama babbar matsala a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, tare da kimantawa da ke nuna cewa zai zama babban dalilin nakasa da mutuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |date=2014 |title=Global status report on alcohol and health 2014 |url=https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1 |access-date=2015-04-17 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> Bayar da mutane game da barasa da shan giya mai cutarwa ya kamata ya zama fifiko. == Tasirin barasa a kwakwalwa == An san barasa yana da mummunar tasiri a kwakwalwar mutum. An nuna cewa shan giya mai yawa na iya samun tasiri mai yawa a kan kwakwalwa kamar "slips" mai sauƙi a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya zuwa yanayi na dindindin da na raunanawa. Shan ruwa mai matsakaici na iya haifar da irin wannan raunin da ya shafi shan giya mai yawa. Tasirin shan barasa na dogon lokaci da na gajeren lokaci na iya haɗawa da wahalar tafiya, hangen nesa mara kyau, magana mara kyau, jinkirin amsawa, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da dai sauransu. Abubuwa da yawa suna tasiri ga yadda barasa ke shafar wani mutum. Abubuwa kamar: [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}} * yawanci da kuma sau da yawa mutum yake sha * shekarun da mutum ya fara shan giya, da kuma tsawon lokacin da suka sha * Shekarar mutum, matakin ilimi, jinsi, asalin kwayoyin halitta, da tarihin iyali na maye * ko mutum yana cikin haɗari sakamakon matsin lamba da matsin lamba * Batutuwan lafiyar mutum Koyar da mutum game da barasa a gaba zai iya zama babban mai buɗe ido, musamman ma tare da kwakwalwar ɗalibai masu tasowa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manufofin == Koyar da matasa da manya game da amfani da barasa ƙoƙari ne na rage haɗarin haɓaka matsalar amfani da kwayoyi a nan gaba. Shan abin sha na barasa yana daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalolin kiwon lafiya a duk duniya. Amfani da kwayoyi a ƙuruciya na iya haifar da haɗarin kiwon lafiya iri-iri, nan da nan kuma daga baya a rayuwa, da kuma karuwar yiwuwar haɓaka SUD.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Turhan |first=Abdullah |last2=Onrust |first2=Simone A. |last3=Ten Klooster |first3=Peter M. |last4=Pieterse |first4=Marcel E. |date=March 2017 |title=A school-based programme for tobacco and alcohol prevention in special education: effectiveness of the modified 'healthy school and drugs' intervention and moderation by school subtype |url=https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/a1f3b7e1-1ff2-4afa-9eaf-2dd60d63f461 |journal=Addiction |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=533–543 |doi=10.1111/add.13672 |issn=1360-0443 |pmid=27767230 |s2cid=3637064}}</ref> Koyar da matasa game da tasirin barasa da matsalolin kiwon lafiya da ke zuwa da shi a farkon rayuwa na iya taimakawa hana lalacewar kafin a yi shi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Hanyoyin ilimi == === Tsarin Abstinence === An san tsarin Abstinence da "kada ku yi". Wannan samfurin yana wakiltar barasa a matsayin mummunan ko zunubi saboda ɗabi'a, addini, lafiya ko wasu dalilai. Kodayake akwai mutanen da ke guje wa barasa saboda waɗannan dalilai, ba kowa ba ne ya fada ƙarƙashin waɗannan rukunoni. Sabili da haka, tsarin abstinence bai tabbatar da samun nasara a cikin al'ummomin al'adu da yawa ba inda ba kowa ba ne ke da dalilin da ya sa ya guje wa barasa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Engs |first=Ruth C. |author-link=Ruth C. Engs |date=January–February 1981 |title=Responsibility and Alcohol |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~engs/articles/resp1.html |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Health Education |publisher=[[American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance]] |volume=12 |pages=20–22 |doi=10.1080/00970050.1981.10616787 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614065756/http://www.indiana.edu/~engs/articles/resp1.html |archive-date=14 June 2009 |access-date=2009-07-03 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Tsarin Tattalin Arziki na Jama'a === Tsarin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki yana wakiltar kididdiga da gaskiyar da suka shafi yawan amfani da barasa. Shan giya mara kyau na iya haifar da matsaloli daban-daban kuma wannan samfurin yana sanar da mutane game da sakamakon hatsarin mota, laifuka da aka aikata da batutuwan iyali duk suna fitowa daga rashin amfani da barasa. Wannan samfurin kuma yana nuna adadin kuɗin da aka kashe akan matsalolin kiwon lafiya da suka shafi barasa. Koyaya wannan samfurin yana da gefe ɗaya kuma ya nuna cewa ba shi da tasiri.<ref name=":1"/> === Hanyar Shan giya === Hanyar maye tana bi da barasa kamar cuta ce. Hanyar maye tana kwatanta mummunan tasirin barasa da mummunan tasirin wasu cututtuka. Yana mai da hankali kan mummunar tasirin jiki da tunanin mutum na miyagun ƙwayoyi. Kodayake wannan hanyar na iya taimakawa wajen nuna alamomi da alamun cutar shan barasa ya kasa hana mutum [[Shaye-shaye|Shan giya]], da alhakin ko rashin alhakin.<ref name=":1"/> === Sauran Hanyar === Sauran hanyar tana neman wasu hanyoyin da za a iya sha. Zaɓuɓɓuka sun nuna cewa suna da nasara wajen maye gurbin barasa muddin suna samuwa ga mutumin da ke canzawa. Wannan hanyar duk da haka ba ta da kyau don canza halin shan giya ko al'ada, amma yana rage yawan barasa da aka sha. Har ila yau kuma, yana da wahala a sami madadin da za a iya amfani da shi a madadin barasa a wasu lokuta inda ake haɗa barasa tare da abubuwan wasanni da yawa.<ref name=":2"/> == Kudin da fa'idodi == Mutane galibi suna mamakin ko shirye-shiryen ilimin barasa sun cancanci kudi. A cewar labarin "Abin da Za Mu Iya - da Ba Za Mu Iya ba - Sa ran daga Rigakafin Magunguna na Makaranta," daga The Journal of Drug and Alcohol Review, matsakaicin shirin rashin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi mai tsada $ 150 na iya adana $ 840 a cikin farashin zamantakewa ga kowane mahalarta. An ba da wannan binciken ya mayar da hankali kan fiye da barasa kawai, amma a kashi 28 cikin dari barasa yana da alhakin adadin ajiyar jama'a na biyu. Ana iya ganin tanadin zamantakewa ta hanyar kashe kuɗin kiwon lafiya, ɗaurin kurkuku, rashin aiki, mutuwar da ba ta da kyau, da sauransu. Marubutan wannan labarin sun kuma yi iƙirarin cewa raguwar haihuwa da ba a haifa ba da daɗewa ba da sauran amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, tare da ingantaccen aikin makaranta da ƙimar digiri mafi girma ƙarin fa'idodi ne na amfani da shirin rikicewar amfani da miyagu. == Littattafai == Akwai littattafai da yawa game da shan giya da dakatar da shan giya, an san nau'in da Quit lit. == Shirye-shiryen kasa == === Amurka === Koyarwa game da shan barasa ya kasance batun jayayya ga makarantu a Amurka saboda ra'ayoyi daban-daban na Amurkawa akan batun. Hanyoyi daban-daban na ilimi - kamar yadda aka ambata a sama - waɗanda ke nuna waɗannan ra'ayoyin an haɓaka su kuma an gwada su a cikin ƙarni na ƙarshe, amma sun ba da ɗan canjin halayyar. <ref name=":1"/> ==== Tsarin makaranta ==== Ka'idodin ilimin barasa a makarantun gwamnati na K-12 sun bambanta daga jiha zuwa jiha. A lokuta masu wuya, wasu jihohi kamar [[Alaska]] ba sa buƙatar shirin ilimin barasa a duk fadin jihar a makarantun jama'a. A wasu jihohi, kamar [[Delaware]], bukatun sun fi tsananin gaske. Daliban Delaware dole ne su kammala sa'o'i 10 na horo a kowace shekara dangane da kwayoyi ciki har da barasa a cikin maki K-4 da sa'oƙi 15 a cikin maki 5-12. Bincike da yawa kamar Project SAFE sun nuna cewa yin niyya ga matasa kamar 6-8 yana da mahimmanci don hana su yin amfani da barasa daga baya a rayuwa. Mutanen da suka fara shan giya kafin su kai shekara 15 sun ninka sau biyar da za su iya kamuwa da matsalar shan barasa daga baya a rayuwa. Hukumar Kula da Lafiya da Kula da Lafiyar Zuciya (SAMSHA) ta yi iƙirarin cewa "Kimanin kashi 10 cikin 100 na yara masu shekaru 12 sun ce sun yi amfani da barasa aƙalla sau ɗaya. Da shekaru 13 wannan adadin ya ninka sau biyu. " A cikin shirye-shiryen ilimin barasa da suka gabata a makarantun Amurka, an yi amfani da dabarun tsoratarwa a cikin ƙoƙari na shawo kan matasa kada su sha. A cewar wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Prevention First, amfani da dabarun tsoro a cikin shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a game da barasa na iya zama abin ƙyama. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa ɗalibai suna koyo mafi kyau daga wani mai gaskiya kuma ba ya gabatar da su da kuskure. ==== Kwalejin ==== Shirye-shiryen barasa da darussan a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga ɗaliban koleji na yanzu ne, yaduwar yaduwa don ilimantar da ɗaliban yara game da shan barasa a ƙoƙarin rage yawan shan giya, da ɗalibai masu aminci. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A halin yanzu makarantu 747 a Amurka suna buƙatar wani nau'in ilimin barasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dole ne dalibai su kammala shirin da ke ilimantar da su kan sakamakon shan giya. MADD ta bayyana a cikin wani littafi na baya-bayan nan cewa 4 daga cikin daliban koleji 5 suna shan giya kuma 100% na daliban da aka bincika sun ce shan barasa yayin da suke kwaleji yana da fa'idodin zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |date=2014 |title=Global status report on alcohol and health 2014 |url=https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1 |access-date=2015-04-17 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> Yawancin kwalejoji suna da manufofin barasa wanda ke hana shan giya na yara kuma yana da sakamako. Makarantu da yawa suna buƙatar shirin shiga don duk ɗaliban canja wurin da suka halarta da kuma sabon ɗaliban da ke bayyana haɗari da manufofi game da barasa. An nuna wani shirin game da marigayi Gordie Bailey mai shekaru 18 a kwalejoji da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana amfani da darussan kan layi a makarantu da yawa. Hanyar da cibiyoyin ke amfani da ita ita ce AlcoholEdu, shirin rigakafin yawan jama'a wanda ake gudanar da shi ga duk daliban makarantar sakandare ko kwaleji.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Manufar AlcoholEdu ita ce canzawa ko tasiri ga yadda daliban koleji ke ji game da shan giya, da kuma ilimantar da dalibai game da haɗarin haɗari da ke tattare da amfani da barasa ta hanyar gabatar da dalibai tare da nazarin gaskiya don rinjayar ɗalibai kada su cinye.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |date=2014 |title=Global status report on alcohol and health 2014 |url=https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1 |access-date=2015-04-17 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> A Amurka, Collegedrinkingprevention.gov shafin yanar gizon gwamnati ne wanda ke tallafawa ta hanyar Cibiyar Nazarin Alcohol da Alcoholism ta Kasa wacce ke da niyyar canza al'adun shan giya na kwaleji. Rahoton su, Kira zuwa Aiki: Canja Al'adun Shan a Kwalejin Amurka, ya ba da cikakken bayani game da yadda kwalejoji da jami'o'i ke gudanar da shirye-shiryen barasa. Jami'o'in da ke tallafawa jama'a dole ne su bi ka'idodinsu kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin rahoton su. === Ostiraliya === A [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] amfani da barasa matasan matsala ce mai girma; a cikin 2011 kashi 74% na daliban Ostiraliya masu shekaru tsakanin 12 zuwa 17 sun gwada barasa a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, kuma a cikin 2010 wani binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 31% na dalibai masu shekaru 16 zuwa 17 sun sha fiye da 20 a cikin zaman daya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kowace shekara, mutane 5,500 a Ostiraliya suna mutuwa, kuma kusan 157,000 suna asibiti daga shan barasa kai tsaye. An rasa rayuka 400 daga hare-haren da suka shafi barasa. Yana biyan kasar kusan dala biliyan 36 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |date=2014 |title=Global status report on alcohol and health 2014 |url=https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1 |access-date=2015-04-17 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta kafa kungiyoyi da kamfen daban-daban don kokarin magance hauhawar shan giya na matasa, rage yawan mutuwar da raunin da ke faruwa, da kuma sanar da mutane game da mummunan tasirin da zai iya haifar da shan giya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> ==== Kungiyoyin gwamnati ==== DrinkWise Australia ita ce babbar kungiya a Ostiraliya da nufin ilimantar da jama'a game da amfani da barasa, galibi ana mai da hankali ga matasa. Kamfen din da suka yi na roƙon wadanda suka bar makaranta su sha da alhakin (wanda ake kira "Yadda za a sha da kyau") an yi imanin cewa sun yi nasara. Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan shekaru 18 zuwa 24 da suka ga kamfen ɗin sun ce sun rage shan giya a cikin dare ɗaya, kuma sama da rabin matasa sun ce kamfen ɗin ya taimaka musu tattauna al'adun shan giya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=M. M. |last2=Mathijssen |first2=J. J. P. |last3=van Bon-Martens |first3=M. J. H. |last4=van Oers |first4=H. A. M. |last5=Garretsen |first5=H. F. L. |year=2013 |title=Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: A systematic review |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1747-597X-8-18 |pmc=3679782 |pmid=23725406 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya lashe lambar yabo ta Silver Spike a 2014 Spike Asia awards . Hanyoyin yanzu a makarantu don ilmantarwa game da barasa sun haɗa da: * Yin amfani da hanyar da ta shafi tasirin zamantakewa * Haɗakar da shiga iyaye da aiki akan gina haɗin kai a cikin al'umma * Maida hankali kan hulɗa sosai tare da ɗalibai don hannayensu a kan isar da su Akwai manyan nau'ikan shirye-shiryen ilimin barasa guda hudu da aka yi amfani da su a Ostiraliya: * Tushen makaranta (aji ko dukan makaranta) * Tushen Iyali * Tushen al'umma * Haɗuwa (na shirye-shiryen makaranta da na al'umma) ==== Shirye-shiryen makaranta ==== Jihohin Australiya kowannensu yana da shirye-shirye daban-daban da gwamnatocin jihohin su suka kafa don daliban makarantar sakandare da kuma karatu da yawa don bincika tasirin da ilimin makaranta ke da shi akan halaye na shan giya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Kwamishinan Yammacin Australia na Yara da Matasa (CCYP) ya nemi yadda matasa masu shekaru 14-17 ke kallon barasa da kuma mummunan sakamako da zai iya haifar da cinye shi da kuma ilimi game da daidaitattun abubuwan sha da jagororin barasa na kasa a cikin 2011. CCYP ta kuma inganta shirye-shirye guda biyu - SDERA (Ilimi na Magunguna da Sanarwar Hanyar Makarantar) da SHAHRP (School Health and Alcohol Harm Reduction Project) - don ilimantar da ɗaliban makarantar sakandare game da rigakafi da rage cutar da barasa ke haifar. SDERA ta yi niyya ne ga rigakafi kuma an koyar da ita a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin ilimin kiwon lafiya da jiki a WA, yayin da SHAHRP ta yi niyyar rage yiwuwar cutar kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Kasa a Jami'ar Curtin ce ta gudanar da ita. Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horarwa ta Victoria ta aiwatar da shirin 'Get Ready' a cikin 2012. Shirin an yi niyya ne ga dalibai a cikin shekaru 7-9 kuma ya koya wa dalibai game da haɗarin barasa da sauran kwayoyi. Hakazalika, Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Horarwa da Aiki ta Queensland ta yi aiki tare da Hukumar Kula da Darussan su da Hukumar Bincike don ƙirƙirar shirin iliminsu 'Alcohol da sauran kwayoyi.' Shirin yana magance barasa da sauran kwayoyin ta hanyar tsarin ilimin kiwon lafiya da jiki kuma an yi niyya ne ga ɗaliban makarantar sakandare a cikin shekaru 7-12. Shirin yana aiki tare da 'tsarin dare mai aminci' wanda ke game da tashin hankali da barasa da sauran kwayoyi suka haifar. == Dubi kuma == * Ilimin miyagun ƙwayoyi == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Yawan mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da barasa kusan ninki biyu tun 1991, fitowar labarai, Ofishin Ƙididdigar Ƙasa na Ƙasar IngilaOfishin Kididdiga na Kasa * [https://patient.info/healthy-living/alcohol-and-liver-disease/alcoholism-and-problem-drinking Shan giya da Matsalar Shan giya], Marasa lafiya Burtaniya * 'Al'adun Boze' na Turanci An yi niyya, Labaran BBC * [https://www.scotpho.org.uk/behaviour/alcohol/introduction Bayanan barasa Scotland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901084113/https://www.scotpho.org.uk/behaviour/alcohol/introduction |date=2022-09-01 }} An adana 2022-09-01 a , Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa, Ayyukan Kasa Scotland * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090504211759/http://ades.bc.ca/home/default.html Ofishin Ilimi na Magunguna] {{Alcohol and health}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 58bjkre956s50hoqzbzvjjr49u4mz1w 0 137848 821994 821361 2026-04-17T20:03:33Z Mahuta 11340 821994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Joseph Hugh Moglia''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Afrilun shekarar 1949) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan [[Amurka]] kuma tsohon kocin [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|ƙwallon ƙafa]]. Ya kasance babban kocin ƙwallon ƙafa a Jami'ar Coastal Carolina daga shekarar 2012 zuwa 2016 sannan kuma a 2018 bayan ya shafe kakar wasa ta shekarar 2017 yana hutun jinya. A lokacin aikinsa, Coastal Carolina Chanticleers sun sauya sheka daga NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) zuwa NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS). A cikin shekaru shida, Coastal Carolina ta tattara rikodin 56–22. Moglia ita ce tsohon shugaba kuma tsohon shugaban kamfanin TD Ameritrade. Moglia ita ce marubucin littattafai biyu: ''The Perimeter Attack Offens'' da ''Coach Yourself to Success: Winning the Investment Game'' . == Farkon aikina == Moglia ya halarci Makarantar Shirye-shirye ta Fordham da ke Bronx daga 1963 zuwa 1967. Ya sami digirinsa na farko a fannin tattalin arziƙi daga Jami'ar Fordham da kuma digirinsa na biyu a fannin ilimin sakandare daga Jami'ar Delaware. Ya kasance kocin ƙwallon ƙafa na tsawon shekaru 16, inda ya kammala a matsayin mai kula da tsaron gida a Kwalejin Dartmouth daga shekarar 1981 zuwa 1983, ya bar Kwalejin Lafayette duk da cewa sabon kocin a wancan lokacin Bill Russo ya nemi ya ci gaba da aiki bayan an sallami HC Neil Putnam a watan Nuwamban 1980 bayan maki 3-7 a wannan kakar. Kocin Russo ya riƙe DC Joe Sarra na Putnam wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki a Disamba 1980. Bayan kammala kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta 1983, Moglia ta yanke shawarar fara aiki a karo na biyu a Wall Street . Moglia ta shiga shirin horo na Merrill Lynch MBA. Akwai masu horo ashirin da shida, waɗanda suka kammala karatun MBA ashirin da biyar da kuma kocin ƙwallon ƙafa ɗaya. == Aikin kasuwanci == Moglia ya shafe shekaru 17 a Merrill Lynch, inda ya kasance memba na kwamitocin zartarwa na harkokin kasuwanci na cibiyoyi da kuma harkokin abokan ciniki masu zaman kansu. Kafin ya tafi ya dauki matsayin babban jami'in gudanarwa a Ameritrade Holding Corp (wanda yanzu shine TD Ameritrade) a shekara ta 2001, shi ne ke da alhakin dukkan kayayyakin saka hannun jari, kamfanin inshora, kasuwancin 401(k) da kuma harkokin kasuwanci na tsakiyar kasuwa. A cikin shekaru bakwai da ya yi a TD Ameritrade, Moglia da tawagarsa ta manyan jami'ai sun kula da kamfanin yayin da kadarorin abokan cinikinsa suka karu daga dala biliyan 24 zuwa sama da dala biliyan 300, suka kara yawan jarin kasuwa daga dala miliyan 700 zuwa dala biliyan 12 <ref> name="BW">{{Cite web |date=May 15, 2008 |title=Joe Moglia to Assume TD AMERITRADE Chairmanship in Fiscal 2009; Fred Tomczyk Named Next CEO |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2008_May_15/ai_n25430393/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612225406/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2008_May_15/ai_n25430393/ |archive-date=June 12, 2010 |access-date=September 29, 2010 |publisher=[[Business Wire]]}}</ref> kuma suka samar da shekaru biyar a jere na ayyukan samun riba mai yawa. Ya kuma taimaka wa kamfanin ya yi amfani da damar haɗewa da saye, ciki har da biyu daga cikin manyan kamfanonin dillalan rangwame: Datek Online Holdings a watan Satumba na shekarar 2002 da TD Waterhouse a watan Janairu na 2006. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2008, yana nuna sha'awar neman wasu buƙatu, Moglia ya sanar da cewa zai bar mukamin Shugaba a kaka mai zuwa. <ref>name="BW">{{Cite web |date=May 15, 2008 |title=Joe Moglia to Assume TD AMERITRADE Chairmanship in Fiscal 2009; Fred Tomczyk Named Next CEO |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2008_May_15/ai_n25430393/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612225406/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2008_May_15/ai_n25430393/ |archive-date=June 12, 2010 |access-date=September 29, 2010 |publisher=[[Business Wire]]}}</ref> An yi bincike kan wanda zai gaje shi a lokacin bazara da bazara. A watan Satumba na 2008, Moglia ya sauka daga mukamin Shugaba a TD Ameritrade. Fred Tomczyk, tsohon Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na TD Bank Financial Group, ya gaje shi. Ba tare da barin kamfanin gaba ɗaya ba, Moglia ya zama sabon shugaban, ya maye gurbin J. Joseph Ricketts . Wannan shine karo na farko a tarihin kamfanin inda babu wani memba na dangin Ricketts da ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar gudanarwa, banda kaɗan daga cikin waɗanda suka rage a matsayin daraktoci masu zaman kansu a kwamitin gudanarwa. Moglia ya yi murabus a matsayin Shugaban TD Ameritrade a ƙarshen 2020 lokacin da aka sanar da haɗin gwiwa da Charles Schwab Corporation . Moglia ta kafa Fundamental Global Investors a shekarar 2012 tare da Kyle Cerminara, kuma har yanzu tana kan gaba a shugabancinta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2021 |title=A CEO's Guide for How to Build an Asset Management Firm |url=https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b1tdzptw6f2qvl/A-CEO-s-Guide-for-How-to-Build-an-Asset-Management-Firm |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=Institutional Investor |language=en-gb}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2020, su biyun sun kafa wani kamfani na musamman mai suna FG New America Acquisition Corp, inda Moglia ke shugaba kuma abokiyar hulɗa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Pia |date=2021-07-21 |title=Fintech OppFi goes public as CEO looks to alleviate America's emergency savings drought |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/21/fintech-oppfi-goes-public-as-ceo-looks-to-alleviate-americas-emergency-savings-drought.html |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elon Musk's secretive brain-machine venture, Neuralink, offers a glimpse |url=https://fortune.com/2020/08/28/elon-musks-secretive-brain-machine-venture-neuralink-offers-a-glimpse/ |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref> == Komawa ga koyarwa == Bayan ya sauka daga mukamin Shugaba, Moglia ya fara aiki a Jami'ar Nebraska-Lincoln a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga babban kocin ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙarƙashin Bo Pelini . A ranar 10 ga Nuwamban shekarar 2010, an naɗa Moglia a matsayin babban kocin sabuwar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta United Football League, Virginia Destroyers . A ranar 12 ga Janairu, 2011, aka naɗa shi shugaban kuma babban kocin Omaha Nighthawks, wanda wurin aikinsa shine TD Ameritrade Park Omaha . Yayin da matsayin kuɗi na UFL ya tabarbare, Moglia ta sanya hannu da Coastal Carolina a ranar 20 ga Disamba, 2011, inda ta maye gurbin David Bennett . A kakar wasa ta farko da ya yi da Coastal, ya jagoranci ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar Big South Conference Championship ta 2012 kuma an naɗa shi a matsayin Kocin Shekara na Big South Conference na 2012. Bayan kakar wasa ta Big South ta 2015, shirin Chanticleers ya fara sauya sheka zuwa FBS, babban matakin gasar kwaleji. Coastal Carolina ta shiga taron Sun Belt Conference don wasannin da ba na ƙwallon ƙafa ba a watan Yulin 2016, kuma ta zama membobin ƙwallon ƙafa na Sun Belt a 2017, shekara ta biyu kuma ta ƙarshe ta sauyin FBS. Ba su cancanci wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa ko kuma gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Sun Belt ba a wannan lokacin. A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2017, Moglia ta tafi hutun likita; makarantar ta sanar a ranar 5 ga Janairu, 2018, cewa an ba shi izinin likita don komawa koyarwa na cikakken lokaci. Jamey Chadwell, wanda Moglia ya ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin sabon mai kula da hare-harensa a watan Janairun 2017, shi ne kocin riƙo na Coastal a lokacin hutun Moglia. == Ritaya daga aikin horarwa == A ranar 18 ga Janairu, 2019, Moglia ya sanar da cewa zai sauka daga mukaminsa na babban kocin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Coastal Carolina Chanticleers sannan ya miƙa matsayin babban kocin ga Jamey Chadwell, wanda shi ne mai kula da hare-harensa kuma kocin riƙo a lokacin hutunsa. Moglia ya bayyana cewa duk da cewa kwangilarsa za ta kare har zuwa 2021, ya yi imanin cewa yin hakan ya fi dacewa da shirin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2021 |title=A CEO's Guide for How to Build an Asset Management Firm |url=https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b1tdzptw6f2qvl/A-CEO-s-Guide-for-How-to-Build-an-Asset-Management-Firm |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=Institutional Investor |language=en-gb}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Pia |date=2021-07-21 |title=Fintech OppFi goes public as CEO looks to alleviate America's emergency savings drought |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/21/fintech-oppfi-goes-public-as-ceo-looks-to-alleviate-americas-emergency-savings-drought.html |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elon Musk's secretive brain-machine venture, Neuralink, offers a glimpse |url=https://fortune.com/2020/08/28/elon-musks-secretive-brain-machine-venture-neuralink-offers-a-glimpse/ |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2021 |title=A CEO's Guide for How to Build an Asset Management Firm |url=https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b1tdzptw6f2qvl/A-CEO-s-Guide-for-How-to-Build-an-Asset-Management-Firm |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=Institutional Investor |language=en-gb}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Satumba, 2021, an sanar da cewa Joe Moglia zai bayar da babbar kyauta ta kuɗi ga Jami'ar Coastal Carolina wadda za ta taimaka wajen fara aikin ƙira a kan cibiyar motsa jiki ta ƙwallon ƙafa ta cikin gida ta dala miliyan 15, faɗaɗa wuraren ƙwallon ƙafa na jami'o'i, da kuma fara wani aikin ƙwallon ƙafa na yankin kudu. Kyautar za ta kuma taimaka wajen kammala kuɗaɗen filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na maza da mata na dala miliyan 5. Jami'ar ko Moglia ba su bayyana adadin gudummawar ba. Shugaban CCU Michael T. Benson ya sanar da cewa za a sanya wa cibiyar ilimi da wasanni suna nan ba da jimawa ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2021 |title=A CEO's Guide for How to Build an Asset Management Firm |url=https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b1tdzptw6f2qvl/A-CEO-s-Guide-for-How-to-Build-an-Asset-Management-Firm |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=Institutional Investor |language=en-gb}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Pia |date=2021-07-21 |title=Fintech OppFi goes public as CEO looks to alleviate America's emergency savings drought |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/21/fintech-oppfi-goes-public-as-ceo-looks-to-alleviate-americas-emergency-savings-drought.html |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da za a yi a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2023, Jami'arsa ta Alma Mater Fordham ta sake wa Jack Coffey Field suna zuwa Joe Moglia Stadium. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2021 |title=A CEO's Guide for How to Build an Asset Management Firm |url=https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b1tdzptw6f2qvl/A-CEO-s-Guide-for-How-to-Build-an-Asset-Management-Firm |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=Institutional Investor |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Tarihin babban mai horaswa == === Kwaleji === {{CFB Yearly Record Start|type=coach|team=|conf=|bowl=|poll=both|poll1=Coaches|poll2=TSN/STATS}} {{CFB Yearly Record Subhead|name=[[Coastal Carolina Chanticleers football|Coastal Carolina Chanticleers]]|conf=[[Big South Conference]]|startyear=2012|endyear=2015}} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry|championship=conference|year=[[2012 NCAA Division I FCS football season|2012]]|name=[[2012 Coastal Carolina Chanticleers football team|Coastal Carolina]]|overall=8–5|conference=5–1|confstanding=T–1st|bowlname=[[2012 NCAA Division I FCS football season#Postseason|NCAA Division I Second Round]]|bowloutcome=L|ranking=24|ranking2=24}} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry|championship=conference|year=[[2013 NCAA Division I FCS football season|2013]]|name=[[2013 Coastal Carolina Chanticleers football team|Coastal Carolina]]|overall=12–3|conference=4–1|confstanding=T–1st|bowlname=[[2013 NCAA Division I FCS football season#Postseason|NCAA Division I Quarterfinal]]|bowloutcome=L|ranking=7|ranking2=7}} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry|championship=conference|year=[[2014 NCAA Division I FCS football season|2014]]|name=[[2014 Coastal Carolina Chanticleers football team|Coastal Carolina]]|overall=12–2|conference=4–1|confstanding=T–1st|bowlname=[[2014 NCAA Division I FCS football season#Postseason|NCAA Division I Quarterfinal]]|bowloutcome=L|ranking=5|ranking2=5}} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry|championship=|year=[[2015 NCAA Division I FCS football season|2015]]|name=[[2015 Coastal Carolina Chanticleers football team|Coastal Carolina]]|overall=9–3|conference=4–2|confstanding=2nd|bowlname=[[2015 NCAA Division I FCS football season#Postseason|NCAA Division I First Round]]|bowloutcome=L|ranking=17|ranking2=16}} {{CFB Yearly Record Subhead|name=[[Coastal Carolina Chanticleers football|Coastal Carolina Chanticleers]]|conf=[[NCAA Division I FCS independent schools|NCAA Division I FCS independent]]|startyear=2016|endyear=single}} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry|championship=|year=[[2016 NCAA Division I FCS football season|2016]]|name=[[2016 Coastal Carolina Chanticleers football team|Coastal Carolina]]|overall=10–2|conference=|confstanding=|bowlname=|bowloutcome=|ranking=18|ranking2=18}} {{CFB Yearly Record Subhead|name=[[Coastal Carolina Chanticleers football|Coastal Carolina Chanticleers]]|conf=[[Sun Belt Conference]]|startyear=2018|endyear=single}} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry|championship=|year=[[2018 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2018]]|name=[[2018 Coastal Carolina Chanticleers football team|Coastal Carolina]]|overall=5–7|conference=2–6|confstanding=4th <small>(East)</small>|bowlname=|bowloutcome=|ranking=|ranking2=}} {{CFB Yearly Record Subtotal|name=Coastal Carolina|overall=56–22 <!-- As of games through 11/23/18 -->|confrecord=19–11}} {{CFB Yearly Record End|overall=56–22 <!-- As of games through 11/23/18 -->|bowls=no|poll=two|polltype=Rankings from final FCS Coaches Poll|polltype2=Rankings from final [[The Sports Network (wire service)|The Sports Network]]/[[Stats Perform|STATS]] FCS Polls (starting 2015)}} === Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta United === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Ƙungiyar ! rowspan="2" | Shekara ! colspan="5" | Lokacin yau da kullun ! colspan="4" | Bayan kakar wasa |- ! Nasara ! An rasa ! Hulɗa ! Nasara % ! Gama ! Nasara ! An rasa ! Nasara % ! Sakamako |- ! OMA ! 2011 | 1 | 3 | 0 | .250 | '''Na uku''' | 0 | 1 | .000 | '''Na huɗu''' |- ! colspan="2" | Jimlar OMA ! 1 ! 3 ! 0 ! .250 ! ! 0 ! 1 ! .000 ! |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 1 ! 3 ! 0 ! .250 ! ! 0 ! 1 ! .000 ! |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q09x2ny3zmzbijo3ozhmxxdxiugq0kc 821995 821994 2026-04-17T20:03:45Z Mahuta 11340 821995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Joseph Hugh Moglia''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Afrilun shekarar 1949) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan [[Amurka]] kuma tsohon kocin [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|ƙwallon ƙafa]]. Ya kasance babban kocin ƙwallon ƙafa a Jami'ar Coastal Carolina daga shekarar 2012 zuwa 2016 sannan kuma a 2018 bayan ya shafe kakar wasa ta shekarar 2017 yana hutun jinya. A lokacin aikinsa, Coastal Carolina Chanticleers sun sauya sheka daga NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) zuwa NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS). A cikin shekaru shida, Coastal Carolina ta tattara rikodin 56–22. Moglia ita ce tsohon shugaba kuma tsohon shugaban kamfanin TD Ameritrade. Moglia ita ce marubucin littattafai biyu: ''The Perimeter Attack Offens'' da ''Coach Yourself to Success: Winning the Investment Game'' . == Farkon aikina == Moglia ya halarci Makarantar Shirye-shirye ta Fordham da ke Bronx daga 1963 zuwa 1967. Ya sami digirinsa na farko a fannin tattalin arziƙi daga Jami'ar Fordham da kuma digirinsa na biyu a fannin ilimin sakandare daga Jami'ar Delaware. Ya kuma kasance kocin ƙwallon ƙafa na tsawon shekaru 16, inda ya kammala a matsayin mai kula da tsaron gida a Kwalejin Dartmouth daga shekarar 1981 zuwa 1983, ya bar Kwalejin Lafayette duk da cewa sabon kocin a wancan lokacin Bill Russo ya nemi ya ci gaba da aiki bayan an sallami HC Neil Putnam a watan Nuwamban 1980 bayan maki 3-7 a wannan kakar. Kocin Russo ya riƙe DC Joe Sarra na Putnam wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki a Disamba 1980. Bayan kammala kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta 1983, Moglia ta yanke shawarar fara aiki a karo na biyu a Wall Street . Moglia ta shiga shirin horo na Merrill Lynch MBA. Akwai masu horo ashirin da shida, waɗanda suka kammala karatun MBA ashirin da biyar da kuma kocin ƙwallon ƙafa ɗaya. == Aikin kasuwanci == Moglia ya shafe shekaru 17 a Merrill Lynch, inda ya kasance memba na kwamitocin zartarwa na harkokin kasuwanci na cibiyoyi da kuma harkokin abokan ciniki masu zaman kansu. Kafin ya tafi ya dauki matsayin babban jami'in gudanarwa a Ameritrade Holding Corp (wanda yanzu shine TD Ameritrade) a shekara ta 2001, shi ne ke da alhakin dukkan kayayyakin saka hannun jari, kamfanin inshora, kasuwancin 401(k) da kuma harkokin kasuwanci na tsakiyar kasuwa. A cikin shekaru bakwai da ya yi a TD Ameritrade, Moglia da tawagarsa ta manyan jami'ai sun kula da kamfanin yayin da kadarorin abokan cinikinsa suka karu daga dala biliyan 24 zuwa sama da dala biliyan 300, suka kara yawan jarin kasuwa daga dala miliyan 700 zuwa dala biliyan 12 <ref> name="BW">{{Cite web |date=May 15, 2008 |title=Joe Moglia to Assume TD AMERITRADE Chairmanship in Fiscal 2009; Fred Tomczyk Named Next CEO |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2008_May_15/ai_n25430393/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612225406/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2008_May_15/ai_n25430393/ |archive-date=June 12, 2010 |access-date=September 29, 2010 |publisher=[[Business Wire]]}}</ref> kuma suka samar da shekaru biyar a jere na ayyukan samun riba mai yawa. Ya kuma taimaka wa kamfanin ya yi amfani da damar haɗewa da saye, ciki har da biyu daga cikin manyan kamfanonin dillalan rangwame: Datek Online Holdings a watan Satumba na shekarar 2002 da TD Waterhouse a watan Janairu na 2006. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2008, yana nuna sha'awar neman wasu buƙatu, Moglia ya sanar da cewa zai bar mukamin Shugaba a kaka mai zuwa. <ref>name="BW">{{Cite web |date=May 15, 2008 |title=Joe Moglia to Assume TD AMERITRADE Chairmanship in Fiscal 2009; Fred Tomczyk Named Next CEO |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2008_May_15/ai_n25430393/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612225406/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2008_May_15/ai_n25430393/ |archive-date=June 12, 2010 |access-date=September 29, 2010 |publisher=[[Business Wire]]}}</ref> An yi bincike kan wanda zai gaje shi a lokacin bazara da bazara. A watan Satumba na 2008, Moglia ya sauka daga mukamin Shugaba a TD Ameritrade. Fred Tomczyk, tsohon Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na TD Bank Financial Group, ya gaje shi. Ba tare da barin kamfanin gaba ɗaya ba, Moglia ya zama sabon shugaban, ya maye gurbin J. Joseph Ricketts . Wannan shine karo na farko a tarihin kamfanin inda babu wani memba na dangin Ricketts da ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar gudanarwa, banda kaɗan daga cikin waɗanda suka rage a matsayin daraktoci masu zaman kansu a kwamitin gudanarwa. Moglia ya yi murabus a matsayin Shugaban TD Ameritrade a ƙarshen 2020 lokacin da aka sanar da haɗin gwiwa da Charles Schwab Corporation . Moglia ta kafa Fundamental Global Investors a shekarar 2012 tare da Kyle Cerminara, kuma har yanzu tana kan gaba a shugabancinta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2021 |title=A CEO's Guide for How to Build an Asset Management Firm |url=https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b1tdzptw6f2qvl/A-CEO-s-Guide-for-How-to-Build-an-Asset-Management-Firm |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=Institutional Investor |language=en-gb}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2020, su biyun sun kafa wani kamfani na musamman mai suna FG New America Acquisition Corp, inda Moglia ke shugaba kuma abokiyar hulɗa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Pia |date=2021-07-21 |title=Fintech OppFi goes public as CEO looks to alleviate America's emergency savings drought |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/21/fintech-oppfi-goes-public-as-ceo-looks-to-alleviate-americas-emergency-savings-drought.html |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elon Musk's secretive brain-machine venture, Neuralink, offers a glimpse |url=https://fortune.com/2020/08/28/elon-musks-secretive-brain-machine-venture-neuralink-offers-a-glimpse/ |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref> == Komawa ga koyarwa == Bayan ya sauka daga mukamin Shugaba, Moglia ya fara aiki a Jami'ar Nebraska-Lincoln a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga babban kocin ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙarƙashin Bo Pelini . A ranar 10 ga Nuwamban shekarar 2010, an naɗa Moglia a matsayin babban kocin sabuwar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta United Football League, Virginia Destroyers . A ranar 12 ga Janairu, 2011, aka naɗa shi shugaban kuma babban kocin Omaha Nighthawks, wanda wurin aikinsa shine TD Ameritrade Park Omaha . Yayin da matsayin kuɗi na UFL ya tabarbare, Moglia ta sanya hannu da Coastal Carolina a ranar 20 ga Disamba, 2011, inda ta maye gurbin David Bennett . A kakar wasa ta farko da ya yi da Coastal, ya jagoranci ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar Big South Conference Championship ta 2012 kuma an naɗa shi a matsayin Kocin Shekara na Big South Conference na 2012. Bayan kakar wasa ta Big South ta 2015, shirin Chanticleers ya fara sauya sheka zuwa FBS, babban matakin gasar kwaleji. Coastal Carolina ta shiga taron Sun Belt Conference don wasannin da ba na ƙwallon ƙafa ba a watan Yulin 2016, kuma ta zama membobin ƙwallon ƙafa na Sun Belt a 2017, shekara ta biyu kuma ta ƙarshe ta sauyin FBS. Ba su cancanci wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa ko kuma gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Sun Belt ba a wannan lokacin. A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2017, Moglia ta tafi hutun likita; makarantar ta sanar a ranar 5 ga Janairu, 2018, cewa an ba shi izinin likita don komawa koyarwa na cikakken lokaci. Jamey Chadwell, wanda Moglia ya ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin sabon mai kula da hare-harensa a watan Janairun 2017, shi ne kocin riƙo na Coastal a lokacin hutun Moglia. == Ritaya daga aikin horarwa == A ranar 18 ga Janairu, 2019, Moglia ya sanar da cewa zai sauka daga mukaminsa na babban kocin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Coastal Carolina Chanticleers sannan ya miƙa matsayin babban kocin ga Jamey Chadwell, wanda shi ne mai kula da hare-harensa kuma kocin riƙo a lokacin hutunsa. Moglia ya bayyana cewa duk da cewa kwangilarsa za ta kare har zuwa 2021, ya yi imanin cewa yin hakan ya fi dacewa da shirin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2021 |title=A CEO's Guide for How to Build an Asset Management Firm |url=https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b1tdzptw6f2qvl/A-CEO-s-Guide-for-How-to-Build-an-Asset-Management-Firm |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=Institutional Investor |language=en-gb}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Pia |date=2021-07-21 |title=Fintech OppFi goes public as CEO looks to alleviate America's emergency savings drought |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/21/fintech-oppfi-goes-public-as-ceo-looks-to-alleviate-americas-emergency-savings-drought.html |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elon Musk's secretive brain-machine venture, Neuralink, offers a glimpse |url=https://fortune.com/2020/08/28/elon-musks-secretive-brain-machine-venture-neuralink-offers-a-glimpse/ |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2021 |title=A CEO's Guide for How to Build an Asset Management Firm |url=https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b1tdzptw6f2qvl/A-CEO-s-Guide-for-How-to-Build-an-Asset-Management-Firm |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=Institutional Investor |language=en-gb}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Satumba, 2021, an sanar da cewa Joe Moglia zai bayar da babbar kyauta ta kuɗi ga Jami'ar Coastal Carolina wadda za ta taimaka wajen fara aikin ƙira a kan cibiyar motsa jiki ta ƙwallon ƙafa ta cikin gida ta dala miliyan 15, faɗaɗa wuraren ƙwallon ƙafa na jami'o'i, da kuma fara wani aikin ƙwallon ƙafa na yankin kudu. Kyautar za ta kuma taimaka wajen kammala kuɗaɗen filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na maza da mata na dala miliyan 5. Jami'ar ko Moglia ba su bayyana adadin gudummawar ba. Shugaban CCU Michael T. Benson ya sanar da cewa za a sanya wa cibiyar ilimi da wasanni suna nan ba da jimawa ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2021 |title=A CEO's Guide for How to Build an Asset Management Firm |url=https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b1tdzptw6f2qvl/A-CEO-s-Guide-for-How-to-Build-an-Asset-Management-Firm |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=Institutional Investor |language=en-gb}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Pia |date=2021-07-21 |title=Fintech OppFi goes public as CEO looks to alleviate America's emergency savings drought |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/21/fintech-oppfi-goes-public-as-ceo-looks-to-alleviate-americas-emergency-savings-drought.html |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da za a yi a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2023, Jami'arsa ta Alma Mater Fordham ta sake wa Jack Coffey Field suna zuwa Joe Moglia Stadium. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2021 |title=A CEO's Guide for How to Build an Asset Management Firm |url=https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b1tdzptw6f2qvl/A-CEO-s-Guide-for-How-to-Build-an-Asset-Management-Firm |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=Institutional Investor |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Tarihin babban mai horaswa == === Kwaleji === {{CFB Yearly Record Start|type=coach|team=|conf=|bowl=|poll=both|poll1=Coaches|poll2=TSN/STATS}} {{CFB Yearly Record Subhead|name=[[Coastal Carolina Chanticleers football|Coastal Carolina Chanticleers]]|conf=[[Big South Conference]]|startyear=2012|endyear=2015}} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry|championship=conference|year=[[2012 NCAA Division I FCS football season|2012]]|name=[[2012 Coastal Carolina Chanticleers football team|Coastal Carolina]]|overall=8–5|conference=5–1|confstanding=T–1st|bowlname=[[2012 NCAA Division I FCS football season#Postseason|NCAA Division I Second Round]]|bowloutcome=L|ranking=24|ranking2=24}} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry|championship=conference|year=[[2013 NCAA Division I FCS football season|2013]]|name=[[2013 Coastal Carolina Chanticleers football team|Coastal Carolina]]|overall=12–3|conference=4–1|confstanding=T–1st|bowlname=[[2013 NCAA Division I FCS football season#Postseason|NCAA Division I Quarterfinal]]|bowloutcome=L|ranking=7|ranking2=7}} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry|championship=conference|year=[[2014 NCAA Division I FCS football season|2014]]|name=[[2014 Coastal Carolina Chanticleers football team|Coastal Carolina]]|overall=12–2|conference=4–1|confstanding=T–1st|bowlname=[[2014 NCAA Division I FCS football season#Postseason|NCAA Division I Quarterfinal]]|bowloutcome=L|ranking=5|ranking2=5}} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry|championship=|year=[[2015 NCAA Division I FCS football season|2015]]|name=[[2015 Coastal Carolina Chanticleers football team|Coastal Carolina]]|overall=9–3|conference=4–2|confstanding=2nd|bowlname=[[2015 NCAA Division I FCS football season#Postseason|NCAA Division I First Round]]|bowloutcome=L|ranking=17|ranking2=16}} {{CFB Yearly Record Subhead|name=[[Coastal Carolina Chanticleers football|Coastal Carolina Chanticleers]]|conf=[[NCAA Division I FCS independent schools|NCAA Division I FCS independent]]|startyear=2016|endyear=single}} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry|championship=|year=[[2016 NCAA Division I FCS football season|2016]]|name=[[2016 Coastal Carolina Chanticleers football team|Coastal Carolina]]|overall=10–2|conference=|confstanding=|bowlname=|bowloutcome=|ranking=18|ranking2=18}} {{CFB Yearly Record Subhead|name=[[Coastal Carolina Chanticleers football|Coastal Carolina Chanticleers]]|conf=[[Sun Belt Conference]]|startyear=2018|endyear=single}} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry|championship=|year=[[2018 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2018]]|name=[[2018 Coastal Carolina Chanticleers football team|Coastal Carolina]]|overall=5–7|conference=2–6|confstanding=4th <small>(East)</small>|bowlname=|bowloutcome=|ranking=|ranking2=}} {{CFB Yearly Record Subtotal|name=Coastal Carolina|overall=56–22 <!-- As of games through 11/23/18 -->|confrecord=19–11}} {{CFB Yearly Record End|overall=56–22 <!-- As of games through 11/23/18 -->|bowls=no|poll=two|polltype=Rankings from final FCS Coaches Poll|polltype2=Rankings from final [[The Sports Network (wire service)|The Sports Network]]/[[Stats Perform|STATS]] FCS Polls (starting 2015)}} === Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta United === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Ƙungiyar ! rowspan="2" | Shekara ! colspan="5" | Lokacin yau da kullun ! colspan="4" | Bayan kakar wasa |- ! Nasara ! An rasa ! Hulɗa ! Nasara % ! Gama ! Nasara ! An rasa ! Nasara % ! Sakamako |- ! OMA ! 2011 | 1 | 3 | 0 | .250 | '''Na uku''' | 0 | 1 | .000 | '''Na huɗu''' |- ! colspan="2" | Jimlar OMA ! 1 ! 3 ! 0 ! .250 ! ! 0 ! 1 ! .000 ! |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 1 ! 3 ! 0 ! .250 ! ! 0 ! 1 ! .000 ! |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] svrzj26zcsq79yvo6f0rwc3yhmywmz7 0 138002 821930 788671 2026-04-17T16:33:55Z Pharouqenr 25549 821930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Khan Bahadur '''Muhammad Bazullah Sahib Bahadur''' ma'aikacin gwamnati ne kuma mai gudanarwa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kamfanin Madras daga 1920 zuwa 1923 kuma a matsayin shugaban kasa da magajin gari a 1919. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a ta Madras ta Farko daga 1930 zuwa 1932 (Yanzu Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jama'a na Tamil Nadu), sannan ya zama shugabanta daga 1932 zuwa 1935. == Manazarta == {{Hujja}}{{Reflist}} c0c9xa76xmr84d8qf09nw0kkkbpigd9 821931 821930 2026-04-17T16:34:15Z Pharouqenr 25549 821931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Stub}} Khan Bahadur '''Muhammad Bazullah Sahib Bahadur''' ma'aikacin gwamnati ne kuma mai gudanarwa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kamfanin Madras daga 1920 zuwa 1923 kuma a matsayin shugaban kasa da magajin gari a 1919. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a ta Madras ta Farko daga 1930 zuwa 1932 (Yanzu Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jama'a na Tamil Nadu), sannan ya zama shugabanta daga 1932 zuwa 1935. == Manazarta == {{Hujja}}{{Reflist}} 81hnlhyelawlvlokc7vyxco7av9yajw 0 139476 822013 789821 2026-04-17T20:40:09Z Maryam Abdullahi Anka 44060 822013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Anna Emilie Jaffé''' ( née Anna Emilie Jaffé) Gluge ; kimanin 1845 - 5 Maris 1942) wani mai tattara zane-zane ne na Yahudawa ýan ƙasar Belgium. Ita 'yar likita ce a Brussels kuma farfesa Theophilus Gottlieb Gluge, wani Bayahude ɗan ƙasar Jamus wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa Belgium a shekarun 1830 da matarsa Johanna Gluge. A tsakiyar ƙarni na 18, 'yan iyalin Gluge sun bar Jamus suka zauna a Arewacin Ireland. A can, Anna ta haɗu ta auri John Jaffé (1843-1934), wani mai fitar da lilin da leshi na Irish da ke Belfast a ranar 3 ga Yuni, 1873 a zauren birnin Brussels . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rembrandt van Rijn (attributed to) (1606-1669) Portrait of Rembrandt's Father (c. 1630) |url=https://www.monumentsmenandwomenfnd.org/join-the-hunt/wwii-most-wanted-rembrandt |access-date=15 March 2024 |website=Monuments Men and Womens Foundation}}</ref> Bayan mijinta ya yi ritaya daga aikin ƙwararru a Belfast, Ireland, Anna ta shawo kan mijinta ya zaɓi Nice don zama, duk da cewa ma'auratan sun mallaki gidaje a Monte Carlo da Neufchatel. A Nice, sun fara zama a wurin da aka fi sani da Villa Jaffé, wanda ke kan Promenade des Anglais inda za su zauna tsawon shekaru hamsin. Ma'auratan ba su taɓa haihuwa ba amma an rubuta rayuwarsu ta al'adu daga majiyoyi daban-daban. Anna ƙwararriyar mai tattara kayan fasaha ce kuma masanin tarihin fasaha na Jamus kuma mai kula da gidan tarihi Wilhelm von Bode ya yi tasiri a cikin siyayyarta. Tare da babban arzikinsa da kuma kyakkyawar sha'awar Anna na siyan kayan fasaha, abubuwan da ke cikin gidan Jaffé sun yi karo da mallakar wani ƙaramin gidan tarihi. An san cewa tarin kayansu ya ƙunshi zane-zanen Old Masters, gami da ayyukan da [[Francisco Goya|Goya]], Rembrandt, Constable, Francesco Guardi, Isaac van Ostade da JMW Turner suka ƙirƙira, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu aka saya a Paris ta hannun dillalin Charles Sedelmeyer . Gidan ya haɗa da kayan daki masu kyau da kayan ado. <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fp4EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA696 notice of marriage] in [[The Medical Times and Gazette]] mentioning Anna Emilie as third daughter of Order of Leopold recipient Gottlieb Gluge, on Google books</ref> Domin murnar cika shekaru da aurensu na Diamond, John da Anna sun sayi ɗakin karatu na Napoleon da Marie-Louise a shekarar 1933 don bayar da gudummawa ga Gidan Tarihi na Malmaison. Haka kuma, masu kula da Gidan Tarihi na Massée da ke Nice, Anna da mijinta a kai a kai suna ba da rancen zane-zane daga tarin kayansu zuwa nunin kayan tarihi, kamar a shekarar 1934, '''Les Anglais dans le comté de Nice''', wani wasan kwaikwayo da aka keɓe ga fasahar Burtaniya wanda Jaffés suka ba da rancen zane-zane na Gainsborough, Constable, da Turner. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 1934, magajin garin Nice, Croix de Chevalier de la légion d'Honneur, ya ba John da Anna izinin zama magajin garin saboda gudummawar da suka bayar a al'adu. Duk da cewa mijinta ya mutu daga baya a wannan shekarar yana da shekaru 91, Anna ta rayu har zuwa 1942, kuma ta shaida yadda gwamnatin Vichy ta yi wa Yahudawa kawanya. Duk da cewa da farko ta yi niyyar barin tarin kayanta ga cibiyoyin gwamnati daban-daban, yayin da duk hulɗar Yahudawa a waɗannan cibiyoyin ta ɓace a hankali, ta yanke shawarar canza wasiyyarta ta kuma bar komai ga 'yan'uwanta mata da 'yan'uwanta mata. Ba ta san cewa rayuwar 'yan'uwanta mata da 'yan'uwanta mata na fuskantar barazana ba a lokacin da ta mutu. A watan Yulin 1943, gwamnatin Vichy ta kwace gidan Jaffé da dukkan zane-zanen Jaffé, jimilla zane-zane sama da 60. An sayar da da yawa a ƙarƙashin umarnin Kwamishinan Tambayoyin Yahudawa na Ƙasar Faransa (Commissariat aux questions juives de l'Etat Français) a babban zauren Hotel ɗin Savoy da ke Nice a ranakun 12 da 13 ga Yuli, 1943. Duk da cewa wani ɗan'uwanta ya yi tambayoyi da yawa bayan yaƙin, kakan ɗan'uwanta Alain Monteagle ne daga ƙarshe ya sami nasarar dawo da wasu daga cikin kadarorin iyalin ta hanyar zaɓar mai da hankali kan zane-zane 200 da aka rubuta da kyau da aka sayar a gwanjon, waɗanda Anna ta saya galibi tare da tattaunawa da Bode. A cikin kusan shekaru tamanin tun lokacin da aka sace zane-zanenta, an mayar da zane-zane goma sha ɗaya ga sauran magada Jaffé. == Ayyukan da aka mayar == <gallery> Fayil:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Glaucus_and_Scylla_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|alt=Glaucus and Scylla, by J. M. W. Turner| ''Glaucus da Scylla'', na JMW Turner Fayil:Manuel_García_de_la_Prada_por_Goya.jpg|alt=Manuel García de la Prada by Goya| ''Manuel García de la Prada'' na [[Francisco Goya|Goya]] Fayil:Francesco_Guardi_-_The_Grand_Canal_in_Venice_with_Palazzo_Bembo_-_2005.41_-_J._Paul_Getty_Museum.jpg|alt=The Grand Canal in Venice with Palazzo Bembo, by Francesco Guardi| ''Babban Canal a Venice tare da Palazzo Bembo'', na Francesco Guardi </gallery> == Manazarta == c66uw4d5a6ht0ykmqpepjl6mfucqtph 822014 822013 2026-04-17T20:40:34Z Maryam Abdullahi Anka 44060 822014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Anna Emilie Jaffé''' ( née Anna Emilie Jaffé) Gluge ; kimanin 1845 - 5 Maris 1942) wani mai tattara zane-zane ne na Yahudawa ýan ƙasar Belgium. Ita 'yar likita ce a Brussels kuma farfesa Theophilus Gottlieb Gluge, wani Bayahude ɗan ƙasar Jamus wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa Belgium a shekarun 1830 da matarsa Johanna Gluge. A tsakiyar ƙarni na 18, 'yan iyalin Gluge sun bar Jamus suka zauna a Arewacin Ireland. A can, Anna ta haɗu ta auri John Jaffé (1843-1934), wani mai fitar da lilin da leshi na Irish da ke Belfast a ranar 3 ga Yuni, 1873 a zauren birnin Brussels . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rembrandt van Rijn (attributed to) (1606-1669) Portrait of Rembrandt's Father (c. 1630) |url=https://www.monumentsmenandwomenfnd.org/join-the-hunt/wwii-most-wanted-rembrandt |access-date=15 March 2024 |website=Monuments Men and Womens Foundation}}</ref> Bayan mijinta ya yi ritaya daga aikin ƙwararru a Belfast, Ireland, Anna ta shawo kan mijinta ya zaɓi Nice don zama, duk da cewa ma'auratan sun mallaki gidaje a Monte Carlo da Neufchatel. A Nice, sun fara zama a wurin da aka fi sani da Villa Jaffé, wanda ke kan Promenade des Anglais inda za su zauna tsawon shekaru hamsin. Ma'auratan ba su taɓa haihuwa ba amma an rubuta rayuwarsu ta al'adu daga majiyoyi daban-daban. Anna ƙwararriyar mai tattara kayan fasaha ce kuma masanin tarihin fasaha na Jamus kuma mai kula da gidan tarihi Wilhelm von Bode ya kuma yi tasiri a cikin siyayyarta. Tare da babban arzikinsa da kuma kyakkyawar sha'awar Anna na siyan kayan fasaha, abubuwan da ke cikin gidan Jaffé sun yi karo da mallakar wani ƙaramin gidan tarihi. An san cewa tarin kayansu ya ƙunshi zane-zanen Old Masters, gami da ayyukan da [[Francisco Goya|Goya]], Rembrandt, Constable, Francesco Guardi, Isaac van Ostade da JMW Turner suka ƙirƙira, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu aka saya a Paris ta hannun dillalin Charles Sedelmeyer . Gidan ya haɗa da kayan daki masu kyau da kayan ado. <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fp4EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA696 notice of marriage] in [[The Medical Times and Gazette]] mentioning Anna Emilie as third daughter of Order of Leopold recipient Gottlieb Gluge, on Google books</ref> Domin murnar cika shekaru da aurensu na Diamond, John da Anna sun sayi ɗakin karatu na Napoleon da Marie-Louise a shekarar 1933 don bayar da gudummawa ga Gidan Tarihi na Malmaison. Haka kuma, masu kula da Gidan Tarihi na Massée da ke Nice, Anna da mijinta a kai a kai suna ba da rancen zane-zane daga tarin kayansu zuwa nunin kayan tarihi, kamar a shekarar 1934, '''Les Anglais dans le comté de Nice''', wani wasan kwaikwayo da aka keɓe ga fasahar Burtaniya wanda Jaffés suka ba da rancen zane-zane na Gainsborough, Constable, da Turner. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 1934, magajin garin Nice, Croix de Chevalier de la légion d'Honneur, ya ba John da Anna izinin zama magajin garin saboda gudummawar da suka bayar a al'adu. Duk da cewa mijinta ya mutu daga baya a wannan shekarar yana da shekaru 91, Anna ta rayu har zuwa 1942, kuma ta shaida yadda gwamnatin Vichy ta yi wa Yahudawa kawanya. Duk da cewa da farko ta yi niyyar barin tarin kayanta ga cibiyoyin gwamnati daban-daban, yayin da duk hulɗar Yahudawa a waɗannan cibiyoyin ta ɓace a hankali, ta yanke shawarar canza wasiyyarta ta kuma bar komai ga 'yan'uwanta mata da 'yan'uwanta mata. Ba ta san cewa rayuwar 'yan'uwanta mata da 'yan'uwanta mata na fuskantar barazana ba a lokacin da ta mutu. A watan Yulin 1943, gwamnatin Vichy ta kwace gidan Jaffé da dukkan zane-zanen Jaffé, jimilla zane-zane sama da 60. An sayar da da yawa a ƙarƙashin umarnin Kwamishinan Tambayoyin Yahudawa na Ƙasar Faransa (Commissariat aux questions juives de l'Etat Français) a babban zauren Hotel ɗin Savoy da ke Nice a ranakun 12 da 13 ga Yuli, 1943. Duk da cewa wani ɗan'uwanta ya yi tambayoyi da yawa bayan yaƙin, kakan ɗan'uwanta Alain Monteagle ne daga ƙarshe ya sami nasarar dawo da wasu daga cikin kadarorin iyalin ta hanyar zaɓar mai da hankali kan zane-zane 200 da aka rubuta da kyau da aka sayar a gwanjon, waɗanda Anna ta saya galibi tare da tattaunawa da Bode. A cikin kusan shekaru tamanin tun lokacin da aka sace zane-zanenta, an mayar da zane-zane goma sha ɗaya ga sauran magada Jaffé. == Ayyukan da aka mayar == <gallery> Fayil:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Glaucus_and_Scylla_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|alt=Glaucus and Scylla, by J. M. W. Turner| ''Glaucus da Scylla'', na JMW Turner Fayil:Manuel_García_de_la_Prada_por_Goya.jpg|alt=Manuel García de la Prada by Goya| ''Manuel García de la Prada'' na [[Francisco Goya|Goya]] Fayil:Francesco_Guardi_-_The_Grand_Canal_in_Venice_with_Palazzo_Bembo_-_2005.41_-_J._Paul_Getty_Museum.jpg|alt=The Grand Canal in Venice with Palazzo Bembo, by Francesco Guardi| ''Babban Canal a Venice tare da Palazzo Bembo'', na Francesco Guardi </gallery> == Manazarta == 4pt36fjflk06cbnn74dxe2z6komeg7y 0 140785 822111 796033 2026-04-18T09:51:42Z K Bogi 44093 822111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abu Sulaiman Dawud ibn Nusair al-Tā'ī''', (Arabic: ابو سلیمان داؤد بن نصیر الطائي) usually referred to as '''Dawud Tā'ī''', (died between 776 and 783 CE) was an [[Musulunci|Islamic]] scholar and [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] mystic. He resided in [[Kufa]] and was a prominent student of [[Imam Abu Hanifa|Abu Hanifa]]. His disciples included many influential personalities of Islamic mysticism, e.g., Maruf Karkhi. His master was [[Habib al-Ajami]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-03 |title=Hazrat Daud al Tai r.a |url=https://aalequtub.com/hazrat-daud-al-tai-r-a/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Aal-e-Qutub Aal-e-Syed Abdullah Shah Ghazi |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == Ta'i ya yi karatun [[Hadisi|hadith]] da [[Fiƙihu|fiqh]] na shekaru da yawa tare da Imam Azam Abu Hanifa a Kufa, kuma kasancewa daya daga cikin ɗaliban da ya fi so, ya kai matakin da ya fi girma a kimiyya da fiqh. Har ila yau, yana da ingancin magana. Wataƙila ma yana da ɗan ƙyama. A zahiri, lokacin da ya bugi wani da sandarsa, malaminsa Abu Hanifa ya tsawata masa: "Abu Suleiman, hannunka da harshinka suna girma da tsawo!" Dawud al-Tai ya sha wahala sosai daga wannan gargadi kuma bai yi magana ba a shekarar da ta gabata ta zama dalibi; bai tambayi ko amsa kowane tambaya ba. Kodayake al-Tai shine "mafi yawan masu magana a lokacinsa kuma wanda ya san Larabci mafi kyau", kuma "ɗaya daga cikin manyan Imamai a cikin fiqh da ra'ayi", ya jefa littattafansa cikin Kogin Yufiretis saboda wasu dalilai waɗanda aka nuna daban a cikin tushe kuma ya koma zuhd da bauta. <ref name="Nuaym" /> Ya nisanta kansa gaba ɗaya daga al'amuran jama'a da na duniya, ya kulle kansa a gidansa, kuma ya shiga ikilisiya ne kawai a lokutan addu'a. Daga cikin mutanen da ya sadu da su akwai Fudayl b. Iyaz, [[Jafar as-Sadiq|Jafar al-Sadiq]] da [[Ibrahim ibn Adham]] . Ya kuma sadu da K[[Khalifofi|Halifa]] Harun al-Rashid na [[Daular Abbasiyyah|Abbasid]] a cewar Imam [[Abu Yusuf]] . A cewar Fariduddin Attar, Fudayl b. Iyaz ya yi alfaharin samun girmamawa na saduwa da shi sau biyu. Ɗaya daga cikin tsaransa yayin da yake kwatanta girmansa ya ce, "Idan Dawud al-Tai ya rayu a cikin Zamanin Farin Ciki [lokacin Annabi Mai Tsarki], Alkur'ani tabbas zai ambaci zuhd da taqwa. "<ref name="TDV">{{Cite web |title=DÂVÛD et-TÂÎ - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/davud-et-tai |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi |language=tr}}</ref> Maruf Karkhi, sanannen almajirinsa, ya gabatar da ubangijinsa ta hanyar cewa, "Ban taɓa ganin wani wanda ba ya darajar duniya kamar Tai. " Gaskiyar cewa ya yi amfani da kalmar nan "Bari mutuwarku ta zama bikinku" yayin da yake fatan wani da kyau kuma ya ga mutuwa a matsayin ceto daga kurkuku na wannan duniya yana nuna halayyar rayuwar asceticism a wannan lokacin. Wannan kyakkyawar fahimta game da mutuwa ta zama Shab-i Arus (Ranar Rashin Rashin Rana) a cikin lokutan baya. Dawud al-Tai, wanda ya ba da kabarinsa don a gina shi a wani wuri da ba a yi amfani da shi ba kuma don haka yana son ɓoyewa a duniya ya ci gaba a can, ya kasance yana ba da muhimmancin gaske ga bauta, amma ya ce bai kamata mutum ya ga bautar mutum a matsayin cikakke ba kuma bai kamata ya amince da bautarsu ba. A cewarsa, bautar mutumin da ba shi da karimci da muruwa ba cikakke ba ne. A zahiri, bayan ya juya zuwa Sufism, ya kashe kuɗin da mahaifinsa ya bari tare da abokansa.<ref name="TDV">{{Cite web |title=DÂVÛD et-TÂÎ - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/davud-et-tai |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi |language=tr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/davud-et-tai "DÂVÛD et-TÂÎ - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi"]. ''TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi'' (in Turkish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-30</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)]]</ref> Al-Tai ya mutu yayin da yake karanta Alkur'ani a gidansa, wanda ya lalace. A cikin tushe, an ba da labarin cewa ya yi rashin lafiya kuma ya mutu saboda tasirin aya game da jahannama wanda ya karanta wata dare har zuwa safe.<ref name="TDV" /> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Sufis * Suhrawardiyya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Sufi}}{{Authority control}} cr0gle2u6u2i0qjwab8hk1hf7sz0hta 822112 822111 2026-04-18T09:52:17Z K Bogi 44093 822112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abu Sulaiman Dawud ibn Nusair al-Tā'ī''', (Arabic: ابو سلیمان داؤد بن نصیر الطائي) usually referred to as '''Dawud Tā'ī''', (died between 776 and 783 CE) was an [[Musulunci|Islamic]] scholar and [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] mystic. He resided in [[Kufa]] and was a prominent student of [[Imam Abu Hanifa|Abu Hanifa]]. His disciples included many influential personalities of Islamic mysticism, e.g., Maruf Karkhi. His master was [[Habib al-Ajami]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-03 |title=Hazrat Daud al Tai r.a |url=https://aalequtub.com/hazrat-daud-al-tai-r-a/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Aal-e-Qutub Aal-e-Syed Abdullah Shah Ghazi |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == Ta'i ya yi karatun [[Hadisi|hadith]] da [[Fiƙihu|fiqh]] na shekaru da yawa tare da Imam Azam Abu Hanifa a Kufa, kuma kasancewa daya daga cikin ɗaliban da ya fi so, ya kai matakin da ya fi girma a kimiyya da fiqh. Har ila yau, yana da ingancin magana. Wataƙila ma yana da ɗan ƙyama. A zahiri, lokacin da ya bugi wani da sandarsa, malaminsa Abu Hanifa ya tsawata masa: "Abu Suleiman, hannunka da harshinka suna girma da tsawo!" Dawud al-Tai ya sha wahala sosai daga wannan gargadi kuma bai yi magana ba a shekarar da ta gabata ta zama dalibi; bai tambayi ko amsa kowane tambaya ba. Kodayake al-Tai shine "mafi yawan masu magana a lokacinsa kuma wanda ya san Larabci mafi kyau", kuma "ɗaya daga cikin manyan Imamai a cikin fiqh da ra'ayi", ya jefa littattafansa cikin Kogin Yufiretis saboda wasu dalilai waɗanda aka nuna daban a cikin tushe kuma ya koma zuhd da bauta. <ref name="Nuaym" /> Ya nisanta kansa gaba ɗaya daga al'amuran jama'a da na duniya, ya kulle kansa a gidansa, kuma ya shiga ikilisiya ne kawai a lokutan addu'a. Daga cikin mutanen da ya sadu da su akwai Fudayl b. Iyaz, [[Jafar as-Sadiq|Jafar al-Sadiq]] da [[Ibrahim ibn Adham]] . Ya kuma sadu da K[[Khalifofi|Halifa]] Harun al-Rashid na [[Daular Abbasiyyah|Abbasid]] a cewar Imam [[Abu Yusuf]] . A cewar Fariduddin Attar, Fudayl b. Iyaz ya yi alfaharin samun girmamawa na saduwa da shi sau biyu. Ɗaya daga cikin tsaransa yayin da yake kwatanta girmansa ya ce, "Idan Dawud al-Tai ya rayu a cikin Zamanin Farin Ciki [lokacin Annabi Mai Tsarki], Alkur'ani tabbas zai ambaci zuhd da taqwa. "<ref name="TDV">{{Cite web |title=DÂVÛD et-TÂÎ - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/davud-et-tai |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi |language=tr}}</ref> Maruf Karkhi, sanannen almajirinsa, ya gabatar da ubangijinsa ta hanyar cewa, "Ban taɓa ganin wani wanda ba ya darajar duniya kamar Tai. " Gaskiyar cewa ya yi amfani da kalmar nan "Bari mutuwarku ta zama bikinku" yayin da yake fatan wani da kyau kuma ya ga mutuwa a matsayin ceto daga kurkuku na wannan duniya yana nuna halayyar rayuwar asceticism a wannan lokacin. Wannan kyakkyawar fahimta game da mutuwa ta zama Shab-i Arus (Ranar Rashin Rashin Rana) a cikin lokutan baya. Dawud al-Tai, wanda ya ba da kabarinsa don a gina shi a wani wuri da ba a yi amfani da shi ba kuma don haka yana son ɓoyewa a duniya ya ci gaba a can, ya kasance yana ba da muhimmancin gaske ga bauta, amma ya ce bai kamata mutum ya ga bautar mutum a matsayin cikakke ba kuma bai kamata ya amince da bautarsu ba. A cewarsa, bautar mutumin da ba shi da karimci da muruwa ba cikakke ba ne. A zahiri, bayan ya juya zuwa Sufism, ya kashe kuɗin da mahaifinsa ya bari tare da abokansa.<ref name="TDV">{{Cite web |title=DÂVÛD et-TÂÎ - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/davud-et-tai |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi |language=tr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/davud-et-tai "DÂVÛD et-TÂÎ - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi"]. ''TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi'' (in Turkish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-30</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)]]</ref> Al-Tai ya kuma mutu yayin da yake karanta Alkur'ani a gidansa, wanda ya lalace. A cikin tushe, an ba da labarin cewa ya yi rashin lafiya kuma ya mutu saboda tasirin aya game da jahannama wanda ya karanta wata dare har zuwa safe.<ref name="TDV" /> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Sufis * Suhrawardiyya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Sufi}}{{Authority control}} af51arh3t18t1o46wls0enclzmrua74 0 141194 822094 797072 2026-04-18T09:44:09Z K Bogi 44093 822094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdul Jabbar''' (11 October 1919 – 21 February 1952) was a Bengali protester who was killed during the Bengali language movement in 1952 that took place in what was then East Pakistan. He is considered a martyr in [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="ds11Feb2008" /> == Tarihi == An haifi Abdul Jabbar a ranar 11 ga Octoban shekarar 1919 a Pachua a ƙarƙashin Gaffargaon, Mymensingh, Gabashin Bengal, British Raj . Kodayake ya sami ilimin firamare a makarantar sakandare ta yankin da ake kira pathsala (Dhopaghat Krishtobazar Primary School), ya kasa ci gaba da karatunsa saboda talauci. == Ayyuka == Abdul Jabbar yana aiki tare da mahaifinsa yana noma a ƙauyensu. Ya yanke shawarar tafiya zuwa garin [[Narayanganj]] mai tashar jiragen ruwa a Burma ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa. Ya sami aiki a Burma ta hannun wani Baturen Ingila da ya haɗu da shi a Narayanganj. Ya yi aiki a can tsawon shekaru 12 kafin ya koma Burma. An ɗauke shi aiki a Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Indiya ta Birtaniya a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu amma an sallame shi bayan ya ji rauni a lokacin horo. A lokacin yana aiki a matsayin mai dinki. Ya zo Dhaka, Gabashin Pakistan a 1952 tare da matarsa don yi wa surukarsa magani a Asibitin Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Dhaka. <ref name="bpedia2" /> A 1949, ya shiga [[Bangladesh Ansar|Ansar Bangladesh]], rundunar sojoji ta [[Bangladesh]] (wadda a wancan lokacin ake [[East Pakistan|kira Gabashin Pakistan]] ). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-21 |script-title=bn:ভাষা শহীদ আনসার প্লাটুন কমান্ডার আব্দুল জব্বারের প্রতি আনসার ও গ্রাম প্রতিরক্ষা বাহিনীর পক্ষ হতে বিনম্র শ্রদ্ধা |url=https://chetona24news.com/3178/?fbclid=IwY2xjawKW6FBleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHvBsaFwk8GJtsh33nOCkAhq6V3kXhMMxqqK-1oOVO3ZnqCvzBg6YQXUgKkpE_aem_Yh-FN_0UbrUGmp2JNsgntQ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=চেতনা ২৪ নিউজ |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == A shekara ta 1949, Abdul Jabbar ya auri Amina Khatun, ɗaya daga cikin 'yar'uwar abokansa kuma ya zauna. Shekara daya da rabi bayan auren, Amina ta haifi jariri, wanda ake kira Nurul Islam Badol. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1919]] eycv2jo3pusb6llg1obs9ryyxh3puu0 0 141308 822109 814108 2026-04-18T09:50:39Z K Bogi 44093 822109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ilyas Khoja''' (Chagatai and [[Farisawa|Persian]]: الیاس خواجه; died 1368) was Khan in Transoxiana (1363) and Khan of Moghulistan from 1363 to 1368. He was the son of Tughlugh Timur. == Tarihin rayuwa == A cikin shekarar 1363, Tughlugh Timur, wanda kwanan nan ya mallaki Transoxiana kuma ya kashe yawancin shugabannin yankin, ya nada Ilyas Khoja a matsayin mai mulkinta. Rashin tausayi da Moghuls suka mallaki yankin ya sa mutane da yawa su yi adawa da su, ciki har da Amir Husayn na Qara'unas da Amir Timur na Barlas. Tare sun fuskanci sojojin Moghuls da kabilun yankin da ke da aminci ga Ilyas Khoja, kuma sun ci su a yakin Stone Bridge. Ba da daɗewa ba, Tughlugh Timur ya mutu kuma Ilyas Khoja ya tafi Moghulistan don karɓar mulki. A cikin 1365, Ilyas Khoja ya koma Transoxiana. A watan Mayu, ya ci Amir Husayn da Timur a yakin Tashkent, amma lokacin da ya isa gaban ƙofofin Samarkand mazaunanta sun ki yarda ya shiga, kuma kewaye da ya biyo baya ya kasance bala'i. Wani annoba tsakanin dawakai ya hana Moghuls ikon su, kuma an tilasta musu su sake barin Transoxiana. A shekara ta 1368, Ilyas Khoja ya mutu. Dughlat amir Qamar ud-Din sannan ya kwace khanship; mai yiwuwa ne ke da alhakin mutuwar Ilyas Khoja. An kashe yawancin dangin khan, amma an ɓoye ɗan'uwansa Khizr Khoja, wanda daga ƙarshe zai sake dawo da Moghulistan don layin Chagatai Khan, cikin aminci. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{S-start}} {{S-bef|before=[[Tughlugh Timur]]}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Chagatai Khans|Moghul Khan]]|years=1363–1368}} {{S-aft|after=[[Qamar Ud-Din (Moghulistan)|Qamar Ud-Din]]}} {{S-bef|before=[[Tughlugh Timur]]}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Chagatai Khans|Khan in Transoxiana]]|years=1363}} {{S-aft|after=[[Adil-Sultan]]}} {{S-end}} gzncqxgzl1et3c4qnduyrysr8tixp7l 0 141361 822110 797662 2026-04-18T09:51:14Z K Bogi 44093 822110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ibrahim Khan''' (often referred as '''Principal Ibrahim Khan'''; {{Circa|1894}} – 29 March 1978)<ref name="bpedia">{{Cite book|edition=Mohammad Daniul}}</ref> was a Bangladeshi litterateur. He was awarded Ekushey Padak in 1977 by the Government of Bangladesh. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Khan a Shabaj Nagar a cikin Gundumar Tangail . <ref name="bpedia">{{Cite book|edition=Mohammad Daniul}}</ref> Ya wuce jarrabawar shiga daga makarantar sakandare ta Pingna da FA daga Kwalejin Ananda Mohan a 1912 da 1914 bi da bi. Ya sami digiri na farko daga Kwalejin St. Paul's Cathedral Mission a 1916 da kuma digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Calcutta a matsayin dan takara mai zaman kansa. Ya sami digiri na shari'a a shekarar 1918. <ref name="bpedia" /> == Ayyuka == Khan ya fara aikinsa a matsayin shugaban makarantar sakandare ta Karatia, gundumar Tangail a shekarar 1919. Khan ya shiga cikin ayyukan kamar Khelafat Andolon, Asohojog Andolon da Rayet Mohajon Birodhi Andolon . An kuma zabe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Lardin da Majalisar Dokoki a 1945 da 1953 bi da bi. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1947, wasu masu ilimi na Bangalee ciki har da Khan sun sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da ke buƙatar a karɓi [[Yaren Bengali|Bangla]] a matsayin harshen jihar na Gabashin Bengal. A shekara ta 1962, an zabe shi a matsayin memba na majalisar dokoki ta kasa (MNA). <ref name="death" /> Khan shine memba mai kafa kuma shugaban farko na Kwalejin Sadat a Karatia, Tangail . Ya yi aiki a kwalejin har zuwa 1947. <ref name="bpedia">{{Cite book|edition=Mohammad Daniul}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFIslam2012">Islam, Sirajul (2012). [http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Khan,_Principal_Ibrahim "Khan, Principal Ibrahim"]. In [[Sirajul Islam|Islam, Sirajul]]; Huq, Mohammad Daniul (eds.). ''Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh'' (Second&nbsp;ed.). [[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]].</cite></ref> Dangane da abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwar shugaban Turkiyya [[Mustafa Kamal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], Khan ya buga wasan kwaikwayo, mai taken ''"Kamal Pasha"'', a cikin 1926. == Manazarta == 0bi1xo4cs7se5v9sfpqqys1pxhpiqm5 0 141540 822061 798432 2026-04-18T07:30:15Z Garbu Audu 44085 822061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tracy L. Johnson''' ita ce Shugabar Shugabar Keith da Cecilia Terasaki a Kimiyyar Rayuwa kuma Farfesa a fannin Kwayoyin Halitta, Kwayoyin Halitta, da Ci gaban Halittu a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Ita kuma farfesa ce a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Howard Hughes . A watan Mayu na shekarar 2020, an nada ta a matsayin Shugabar Sashen Kimiyyar Rayuwa na UCLA . == Bincike == Binciken farko da Johnson ya buga ya binciki tasirin diskin intravertebral ta amfani da dasa ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin berayen yashi. Binciken ya mayar da hankali kan haɗakar histology, al'adar nama, da immunocytochemistry . Ƙungiyarta ta yi amfani da wannan binciken don tantance ko waɗannan berayen suna da kyakkyawan samfurin halitta don bincike na gaba don fara haɓaka hanyoyin magance ƙwayoyin halitta na gaske. A halin yanzu , binciken Johnson ya mayar da hankali kan fahimtar tsarin kwayoyin halitta, gyaran chromatin, haɗa RNA da kuma yadda daidaita haɗakar ke ba ƙwayoyin halitta damar amsawa ga muhallinsu. Musamman, ƙungiyarta ta yi nazarin spliceosome, wani "inji" na macromolecular wanda aka yi da ƙananan raka'a guda biyar wanda ke hulɗa da RNA na pre-messenger don samar da sigar da aka gyara, <ref> name="o4062">{{Cite web |title=Johnson Lab |url=https://johnsonlab.mcdb.ucla.edu/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=UCLA College of Life Sciences: Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology}}</ref> wanda ke haifar da fassara mai dacewa zuwa sunadarai. Ta hanyar bincikenta, Johnson tana fatan bayyana ayyukan spliceosomes a cikin haɗa RNA don gano yadda maye gurbi zai iya haifar da ci gaban wasu cututtuka. <ref> name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Professor Tracy Johnson |url=https://www.rnasociety.org/professor-tracy-johnson |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=www.rnasociety.org}}</ref> Ta amfani da fasahar kwayoyin halitta, ƙungiyarta ta ba da shaida cewa haɗuwar spliceosome a kusa da sabon rubutun mRNA ana tsara shi ta hanyar gyare-gyaren histone a cikin chromatin na yankin da aka rubuta. <ref> name="k8902">{{Cite web |last=Glass |first=Emily |date=2021-03-27 |title=Dr. Tracy Johnson: RNA Splicing, Chromatin Modification, and the Coordinated Control of Gene Expression |url=https://misciwriters.com/2021/03/27/dr-tracy-johnson-rna-splicing-chromatin-modification-and-the-coordinated-control-of-gene-expression/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=University of Michigan Science Writers}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leung |first=Calvin S. |last2=Douglass |first2=Stephen M. |last3=Morselli |first3=Marco |last4=Obusan |first4=Matthew B. |last5=Pavlyukov |first5=Marat S. |last6=Pellegrini |first6=Matteo |last7=Johnson |first7=Tracy L. |date=2019 |title=H3K36 Methylation and the Chromodomain Protein Eaf3 Are Required for Proper Cotranscriptional Spliceosome Assembly |journal=Cell Reports |volume=27 |issue=13 |pages=3760–3769.e4 |doi=10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.100 |pmc=6904931 |pmid=31242410}}</ref> Johnson ta kuma yi aiki kan gano da haɓaka tsarin tri-snRNPs, ƙaramin ribonucleoprotein na nukiliya da ake samu a cikin spliceosomes. Waɗannan snRNPs suna sanya sassan mRNA a daidai wurin da ake so a haɗa su. Aikinta ya ba da damar ganin takamaiman yankunan da ake sha'awa akan spliceosome waɗanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin haɗa RNA. Ta gabatar da wannan binciken ga Ƙungiyar RNA a cikin 2016. Yayin da bincikenta na haɗin RNA ke ci gaba, binciken Johnson na 2020 ya binciki rawar da dopamine ke takawa wajen daidaita motsin kashin baya (ANS), tare da mai da hankali kan yadda tsarin jijiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke shafar wannan tsari. Binciken ya binciki yadda kasancewar ko rashin ANS ke canza martanin motsin kashin baya ga dopamine == Sana'a da ilimi == Johnson ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin [[Biochemistry]] da Cell Biology daga Jami'ar California, San Diego da kuma digirinta na uku a fannin Biochemistry da Molecular Biology daga sashen Molecular da Cell Biology a Jami'ar California, Berkeley . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Tracy Johnson {{!}} UCLA Graduate Programs in Bioscience (GPB) |url=http://bioscience.ucla.edu/faculty/tracy-johnson |access-date=2020-06-16 |website=bioscience.ucla.edu}}</ref> Ta kasance daliba ta uku a fannin digiri na uku a fannin Jane Coffin Childs a Cibiyar Fasaha ta California, tana nazarin hanyoyin haɗa RNA da Dr. [[John Abelson]] . <ref name=":2" /> Daga 2003 zuwa 2013, Johnson ta kasance memba a cikin sashen kimiyyar halittu na Jami'ar California San Diego inda ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da lambar yabo ta Shugaban Kasa ta Kimiyyar Kasa (NSF) Kyautar Aiki ta Farko ga Masana Kimiyya da Injiniyoyi (PECASE) da lambar yabo ta Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar UCSD don Kyau a Koyar da Digiri na Farko. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Tracy Johnson {{!}} UCLA Graduate Programs in Bioscience (GPB) |url=http://bioscience.ucla.edu/faculty/tracy-johnson |access-date=2020-06-16 |website=bioscience.ucla.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://bioscience.ucla.edu/faculty/tracy-johnson "Tracy Johnson | UCLA Graduate Programs in Bioscience (GPB)"]. ''bioscience.ucla.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> Johnson ta shiga sashen Jami'ar California, Los Angeles a 2013 a matsayin farfesa a fannin ilmin kwayoyin halitta, kwayoyin halitta, da ci gaban halittu kuma tana da Shugaban Keith da Cecilia Terasaki na Shugaban Kasa. A 2014, an nada ta Farfesa a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Howard Hughes, <ref name=":2" /> kuma ta zama mataimakiyar shugabar ilimi don ƙwarewa a fannin kimiyyar rayuwa a 2015. <ref name=":0" /> An nada ta shugabar sashen Kimiyyar Rayuwa ta UCLA a 2020. <ref name=":0" /> Johnson ya kuma mai da hankali kan haɓaka shirye-shirye don ƙirƙirar ƙwarewar koyo mai canzawa ga ɗaliban da ke karatun digiri na farko <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Tracy Johnson |url=https://www.hhmipathways.ucla.edu/ucla-hhmi-pathways-to-success-program/eligibility/dr-tracy-johnson |website=UCLA HHMI Pathways to Success Program}}</ref> gami da Shirin Hanyar Samun Nasara ta UCLA-HHMI. <ref name="HHMI">{{Cite web |title=Tracy L. Johnson, PhD |url=https://www.hhmi.org/scientists/tracy-l-johnson |website=HHMI}}</ref> Shirin cikakken dabara ne don samar wa ɗalibai ƙwarewar bincike ta gaske a farkon ayyukansu na ilimi. <ref name=":1" /> Shirin yana da manyan abubuwa guda uku: (1) Kwas ɗin dakin gwaje-gwaje wanda ke gudana ta hanyar CURL (Lab ɗin Bincike na Digiri na Haɗin gwiwa), (2) hanyar sadarwa ta jagoranci wacce ke haɗa jagoranci na takwarorinsu da na matsayi, da kuma (3) al'ummomin ilmantarwa masu zurfi. <ref name=":1" /> == Daraja da kyaututtuka == * Memba na Ƙungiyar RNA <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Professor Tracy Johnson |url=https://www.rnasociety.org/professor-tracy-johnson |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=www.rnasociety.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.rnasociety.org/professor-tracy-johnson "Professor Tracy Johnson"]. ''www.rnasociety.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-04-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> * Kyautar Ruth Kirschstein ta Ruth Kirschstein ta Ƙungiyar Nazarin Halittu da Kwayoyin Halitta ta Amurka (2022) <ref name="Ruth Kirschstein Diversity in Science Award">{{Cite web |last=Bankston |first=Adriana |title=Johnson wants every student to feel like they belong |url=https://www.asbmb.org/asbmb-today/people/120921/johnson-wants-every-student-to-feel-they-belong |access-date=20 April 2025 |website=ASBMBTODAY}}</ref> * Shugabar Ilimin Halittu da Kimiyyar Halittu ta Halittar Kwayoyin Halitta (2015) <ref name=":2" /> * Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a don Ingantaccen Haɗaka, UCLA Life Sciences (2015) * Farfesa Howard Hughes na Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya (HHMI) (2014) <ref name="HHMI">{{Cite web |title=Tracy L. Johnson, PhD |url=https://www.hhmi.org/scientists/tracy-l-johnson |website=HHMI}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.hhmi.org/scientists/tracy-l-johnson "Tracy L. Johnson, PhD"]. ''HHMI''.</cite></ref> * Kyautar Abokan Hulɗa na Chancellor don Ƙwarewa a Koyar da Digiri na Farko <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Tracy Johnson {{!}} UCLA Graduate Programs in Bioscience (GPB) |url=http://bioscience.ucla.edu/faculty/tracy-johnson |access-date=2020-06-16 |website=bioscience.ucla.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://bioscience.ucla.edu/faculty/tracy-johnson "Tracy Johnson | UCLA Graduate Programs in Bioscience (GPB)"]. ''bioscience.ucla.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> (2013) * Manyan Farfesoshi Mata 20 a California (2013) <ref name=":2" /> * Jane Coffin Childs ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu <ref name=":2" /> * Kyautar Shugaban Ƙasa ta Ayyukan Farko ga Masana Kimiyya da Injiniyoyi (PECASE) (2006) == Littattafai ==   * Awad, A. M., Venkataramanan, S., Nag, A., Galivanche, A. R., Bradley, M. C., Neves, L. T., Douglass, S., Clarke, C. F., & Johnson, T. L. (2017). Chromatin-remodeling SWI/SNF complex regulates coenzyme Q6 synthesis and a metabolic shift to respiration in yeast. ''The Journal of biological chemistry'', ''292''(36), 14851–14866.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Awad |first=Agape M. |last2=Venkataramanan |first2=Srivats |last3=Nag |first3=Anish |last4=Galivanche |first4=Anoop Raj |last5=Bradley |first5=Michelle C. |last6=Neves |first6=Lauren T. |last7=Douglass |first7=Stephen |last8=Clarke |first8=Catherine F. |last9=Johnson |first9=Tracy L. |date=2017-09-08 |title=Chromatin-remodeling SWI/SNF complex regulates coenzyme Q6 synthesis and a metabolic shift to respiration in yeast |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=292 |issue=36 |pages=14851–14866 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M117.798397 |issn=1083-351X |pmc=5592666 |pmid=28739803 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Awad, Agape M, et al. "Nutrient Sensing and Mitochondrial Coenzyme Q Biosynthesis: Are They Connected by a Phosphatase?" ''The FASEB Journal'', vol. 31, no. S1, 1 Apr. 2017. ''ResearchGate''<ref name="Publshed work">{{Cite journal |last=Awad |first=Agape M. |last2=Venkataramanan |first2=Srivats |last3=Nag |first3=Anish |last4=Bradley |first4=Michelle C. |last5=Galivanche |first5=Anoop R. |last6=Johnson |first6=Tracy L. |last7=Clarke |first7=Catherine F. |date=April 2017 |title=Nutrient sensing and mitochondrial coenzyme Q biosynthesis: Are they connected by a phosphatase? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352215780 |journal=The FASEB Journal |volume=31 |issue=S1 |doi=10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.782.15 |access-date=17 April 2025 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Barber, P. H., Hayes, T. B., Johnson, T. L., & Márquez-Magaña, L. (2020). Systemic racism in higher education. Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), 369(6510), 1440–1441.<ref name="science.abd7140">{{Cite journal |last=Barber |first=Paul H. |last2=Hayes |first2=Tyrone B. |last3=Johnson |first3=Tracy L. |last4=Márquez-Magaña |first4=Leticia |last5=10,234 signatories |date=2020-09-18 |editor-last=Sills |editor-first=Jennifer |title=Systemic racism in higher education |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abd7140 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=369 |issue=6510 |pages=1440–1441 |bibcode=2020Sci...369.1440B |doi=10.1126/science.abd7140 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=32943517 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Baumgartner, B. L., Bennett, M. R., Ferry, M., Johnson, T. L., Tsimring, L. S., & Hasty, J. (2011). Antagonistic gene transcripts regulate adaptation to new growth environments. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America'', ''108''(52), 21087–21092.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baumgartner |first=Bridget L. |last2=Bennett |first2=Matthew R. |last3=Ferry |first3=Michael |last4=Johnson |first4=Tracy L. |last5=Tsimring |first5=Lev S. |last6=Hasty |first6=Jeff |date=2011-12-27 |title=Antagonistic gene transcripts regulate adaptation to new growth environments |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=108 |issue=52 |pages=21087–21092 |bibcode=2011PNAS..10821087B |doi=10.1073/pnas.1111408109 |issn=1091-6490 |pmc=3248483 |pmid=22160690 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Brangwynne, C. P., & Johnson, T. L. (2013). The micro and macro of RNA function. ''Molecular biology of the cell'', ''24''(6), 679.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brangwynne |first=Clifford P. |last2=Johnson |first2=Tracy L. |date=2013 |title=The micro and macro of RNA function |journal=Molecular Biology of the Cell |volume=24 |issue=6 |page=679 |doi=10.1091/mbc.E13-01-0012 |issn=1939-4586 |pmc=3596239 |pmid=23486403}}</ref> * Buschemeyer, W. C., 3rd, Klink, J. C., Mavropoulos, J. C., Poulton, S. H., Demark-Wahnefried, W., Hursting, S. D., Cohen, P., Hwang, D., Johnson, T. L., & Freedland, S. J. (2010). Effect of intermittent fasting with or without caloric restriction on prostate cancer growth and survival in SCID mice. ''The Prostate'', ''70''(10), 1037–1043.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buschemeyer |first=W. Cooper |last2=Klink |first2=Joseph C. |last3=Mavropoulos |first3=John C. |last4=Poulton |first4=Susan H. |last5=Demark-Wahnefried |first5=Wendy |last6=Hursting |first6=Stephen D. |last7=Cohen |first7=Pinchas |last8=Hwang |first8=David |last9=Johnson |first9=Tracy L. |last10=Freedland |first10=Stephen J. |date=2010-07-01 |title=Effect of intermittent fasting with or without caloric restriction on prostate cancer growth and survival in SCID mice |journal=The Prostate |volume=70 |issue=10 |pages=1037–1043 |doi=10.1002/pros.21136 |issn=1097-0045 |pmid=20166128}}</ref> * Carpentier, W. R., Charles, J. B., Shelhamer, M., Hackler, A. S., Johnson, T. L., Domingo, C. M. M., Sutton, J. P., Scott, G. B. I., & Wotring, V. E. (2018). Biomedical findings from NASA's Project Mercury: a case series. ''NPJ microgravity'', ''4'', 6.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carpentier |first=William R. |last2=Charles |first2=John B. |last3=Shelhamer |first3=Mark |last4=Hackler |first4=Amanda S. |last5=Johnson |first5=Tracy L. |last6=Domingo |first6=Catherine M. M. |last7=Sutton |first7=Jeffrey P. |last8=Scott |first8=Graham B. I. |last9=Wotring |first9=Virginia E. |date=2018 |title=Biomedical findings from NASA's Project Mercury: a case series |journal=npj Microgravity |volume=4 |doi=10.1038/s41526-018-0040-5 |issn=2373-8065 |pmc=5849611 |pmid=29560415}}</ref> Fischer, H. H., Moore, S. L., Johnson, T. L., Everhart, R. M., Batal, H., & Davidsoni, A. J. (2017). Appointment reminders by text message in a safety net health care system: a pragmatic investigation. ''eGEMs'', ''5''(1), 20.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fischer |first=Henry H. |last2=Moore |first2=Susan L. |last3=Johnson |first3=Tracy L. |last4=Everhart |first4=Rachel M. |last5=Batal |first5=Holly |last6=Davidsoni |first6=Arthur J. |date=2017-09-04 |title=Appointment reminders by text message in a safety net health care system: a pragmatic investigation |journal=eGEMs |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=20 |doi=10.5334/egems.215 |issn=2327-9214 |pmc=5983071 |pmid=29881740 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Cheng, C. S., Johnson, T. L., & Hoffmann, A. (2008). Epigenetic control: slow and global, nimble and local. ''Genes & development'', ''22''(9), 1110–1114.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cheng |first=Christine S. |last2=Johnson |first2=Tracy L. |last3=Hoffmann |first3=Alexander |date=2008-05-01 |title=Epigenetic control: slow and global, nimble and local |journal=Genes & Development |volume=22 |issue=9 |pages=1110–1114 |doi=10.1101/gad.1677008 |issn=0890-9369 |pmc=2732403 |pmid=18451102}}</ref> * Davern, M., Lepkowski, J., Call, K. T., Arnold, N., Johnson, T. L., Goldsteen, K., Todd-Malmlov, A., & Blewett, L. A. (2004). Telephone service interruption weighting adjustments for state health insurance surveys. ''Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financing'', ''41''(3), 280–290.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davern |first=Michael |last2=Lepkowski |first2=James |last3=Call |first3=Kathleen Thiede |last4=Arnold |first4=Noreen |last5=Johnson |first5=Tracy L. |last6=Goldsteen |first6=Karen |last7=Todd-Malmlov |first7=April |last8=Blewett |first8=Lynn A. |date=2004 |title=Telephone service interruption weighting adjustments for state health insurance surveys |journal=Inquiry: A Journal of Medical Care Organization, Provision and Financing |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=280–290 |doi=10.1177/004695800404100305 |issn=0046-9580 |pmid=15669746}}</ref> * Davis-Turak, J. C., Allison, K., Shokhirev, M. N., Ponomarenko, P., Tsimring, L. S., Glass, C. K., Johnson, T. L., & Hoffmann, A. (2015). Considering the kinetics of mRNA synthesis in the analysis of the genome and epigenome reveals determinants of co-transcriptional splicing. ''Nucleic Acids Research'', ''43''(2), 699–707.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis-Turak |first=Jeremy C. |last2=Allison |first2=Karmel |last3=Shokhirev |first3=Maxim N. |last4=Ponomarenko |first4=Petr |last5=Tsimring |first5=Lev S. |last6=Glass |first6=Christopher K. |last7=Johnson |first7=Tracy L. |last8=Hoffmann |first8=Alexander |date=2015 |title=Considering the kinetics of mRNA synthesis in the analysis of the genome and epigenome reveals determinants of co-transcriptional splicing |journal=Nucleic Acids Research |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=699–707 |doi=10.1093/nar/gku1338 |issn=1362-4962 |pmc=4333389 |pmid=25541195}}</ref> * Davis-Turak, J., Johnson, T. L., & Hoffmann, A. (2018). Mathematical modeling identifies potential gene structure determinants of co-transcriptional control of alternative pre-mRNA splicing. ''Nucleic Acids Research'', ''46''(20), 10598–10607.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis-Turak |first=Jeremy |last2=Johnson |first2=Tracy L. |last3=Hoffmann |first3=Alexander |date=2018-11-16 |title=Mathematical modeling identifies potential gene structure determinants of co-transcriptional control of alternative pre-mRNA splicing |journal=Nucleic Acids Research |volume=46 |issue=20 |pages=10598–10607 |doi=10.1093/nar/gky870 |issn=1362-4962 |pmc=6237756 |pmid=30272246}}</ref> * Davis-Turak, J., Johnson, T. L., & Hoffmann, A. (2019). Mathematical modeling identifies potential gene structure determinants of co-transcriptional control of alternative pre-mRNA splicing. ''Nucleic Acids Research'', ''47''(3), 1602–1603.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis-Turak |first=Jeremy |last2=Johnson |first2=Tracy L. |last3=Hoffmann |first3=Alexander |date=2019-02-20 |title=Mathematical modeling identifies potential gene structure determinants of co-transcriptional control of alternative pre-mRNA splicing |journal=Nucleic Acids Research |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=1602–1603 |doi=10.1093/nar/gkz013 |issn=1362-4962 |pmc=6379712 |pmid=30649426}}</ref> * Edwards, S. R., & Johnson, T. L. (2019). Intron RNA sequences help yeast cells to survive starvation. ''Nature'', ''565''(7741), 578–579.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Edwards |first=Samantha R. |last2=Johnson |first2=Tracy L. |date=2019 |title=Intron RNA sequences help yeast cells to survive starvation |journal=Nature |volume=565 |issue=7741 |pages=578–579 |bibcode=2019Natur.565..578E |doi=10.1038/d41586-019-00088-y |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=6855244 |pmid=30683935}}</ref> * Gruber, H. E., Johnson, T. L., Leslie, K., Ingram, J. A., Martin, D., Hoelscher, G., Banks, D., Phieffer, L., Coldham, G., & Hanley, E. N., Jr (2002). Autologous intervertebral disc cell implantation: a model using Psammomys obesus, the sand rat. ''Spine'', ''27''(15), 1626–1633. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200208010-00007</nowiki><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gruber |first=Helen E. |last2=Johnson |first2=Tracy L. |last3=Leslie |first3=Kelly |last4=Ingram |first4=Jane A. |last5=Martin |first5=David |last6=Hoelscher |first6=Gretchen |last7=Banks |first7=David |last8=Phieffer |first8=Laura |last9=Coldham |first9=Geoff |last10=Hanley |first10=Edward N. |date=2002-08-01 |title=Autologous intervertebral disc cell implantation: a model using Psammomys obesus, the sand rat |journal=Spine |volume=27 |issue=15 |pages=1626–1633 |doi=10.1097/00007632-200208010-00007 |issn=1528-1159 |pmid=12163723}}</ref> * Gunderson, F. Q., & Johnson, T. L. (2009). Acetylation by the transcriptional coactivator Gcn5 plays a novel role in co-transcriptional spliceosome assembly. ''PLoS genetics'', ''5''(10), e1000682.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gunderson |first=Felizza Q. |last2=Johnson |first2=Tracy L. |date=2009 |title=Acetylation by the transcriptional coactivator Gcn5 plays a novel role in co-transcriptional spliceosome assembly |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=5 |issue=10 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000682 |issn=1553-7404 |pmc=2752994 |pmid=19834536 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Gunderson, F. Q., Merkhofer, E. C., & Johnson, T. L. (2011). Dynamic histone acetylation is critical for cotranscriptional spliceosome assembly and spliceosomal rearrangements. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America'', ''108''(5), 2004–2009.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gunderson |first=Felizza Q. |last2=Merkhofer |first2=Evan C. |last3=Johnson |first3=Tracy L. |date=2011-02-01 |title=Dynamic histone acetylation is critical for cotranscriptional spliceosome assembly and spliceosomal rearrangements |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=108 |issue=5 |pages=2004–2009 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108.2004G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1011982108 |issn=1091-6490 |pmc=3033250 |pmid=21245291 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Hossain, M. A., Claggett, J. M., Nguyen, T., & Johnson, T. L. (2009). The cap binding complex influences H2B ubiquitination by facilitating splicing of the SUS1 pre-mRNA. ''RNA'', ''15''(8), 1515–1527.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hossain |first=Munshi Azad |last2=Claggett |first2=Julia M. |last3=Nguyen |first3=Tiffany |last4=Johnson |first4=Tracy L. |date=2009 |title=The cap binding complex influences H2B ubiquitination by facilitating splicing of the SUS1 pre-mRNA |journal=RNA |volume=15 |issue=8 |pages=1515–1527 |doi=10.1261/rna.1540409 |issn=1469-9001 |pmc=2714748 |pmid=19561118}}</ref> * Hossain, M. A., Rodriguez, C. M., & Johnson, T. L. (2011). Key features of the two-intron Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene SUS1 contribute to its alternative splicing. ''Nucleic Acids Research'', ''39''(19), 8612–8627.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hossain |first=Munshi Azad |last2=Rodriguez |first2=Caitlin M. |last3=Johnson |first3=Tracy L. |date=2011 |title=Key features of the two-intron Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene SUS1 contribute to its alternative splicing |journal=Nucleic Acids Research |volume=39 |issue=19 |pages=8612–8627 |doi=10.1093/nar/gkr497 |issn=1362-4962 |pmc=3201863 |pmid=21749978}}</ref> * Hossain, M. A., Chung, C., Pradhan, S. K., & Johnson, T. L. (2013). The yeast cap binding complex modulates transcription factor recruitment and establishes proper histone H3K36 trimethylation during active transcription. ''Molecular and cellular biology'', ''33''(4), 785–799.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hossain |first=Munshi Azad |last2=Chung |first2=Christina |last3=Pradhan |first3=Suman K. |last4=Johnson |first4=Tracy L. |date=2013 |title=The yeast cap binding complex modulates transcription factor recruitment and establishes proper histone H3K36 trimethylation during active transcription |journal=Molecular and Cellular Biology |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=785–799 |doi=10.1128/MCB.00947-12 |issn=1098-5549 |pmc=3571348 |pmid=23230273}}</ref> * Hossain, M. A., & Johnson, T. L. (2014). Using yeast genetics to study splicing mechanisms. ''Methods in molecular biology'', ''1126'', 285–298. * Hossain, M. A., Claggett, J. M., Edwards, S. R., Shi, A., Pennebaker, S. L., Cheng, M. Y., Hasty, J., & Johnson, T. L. (2016). Posttranscriptional Regulation of Gcr1 Expression and Activity Is Crucial for Metabolic Adjustment in Response to Glucose Availability. ''Molecular cell'', ''62''(3), 346–358.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hossain |first=Munshi Azad |last2=Claggett |first2=Julia M. |last3=Edwards |first3=Samantha R. |last4=Shi |first4=Aishan |last5=Pennebaker |first5=Sara L. |last6=Cheng |first6=Melodyanne Y. |last7=Hasty |first7=Jeff |last8=Johnson |first8=Tracy L. |date=2016-05-05 |title=Posttranscriptional Regulation of Gcr1 Expression and Activity Is Crucial for Metabolic Adjustment in Response to Glucose Availability |journal=Molecular Cell |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=346–358 |doi=10.1016/j.molcel.2016.04.012 |issn=1097-4164 |pmc=5117908 |pmid=27153533}}</ref> * Johnson, T. L., & Vilardell, J. (2012). Regulated pre-mRNA splicing: the ghostwriter of the eukaryotic genome. ''Biochimica et biophysica acta'', ''1819''(6), 538–545.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Tracy L. |last2=Vilardell |first2=Josep |date=2012 |title=Regulated pre-mRNA splicing: the ghostwriter of the eukaryotic genome |journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms |volume=1819 |issue=6 |pages=538–545 |doi=10.1016/j.bbagrm.2011.12.011 |issn=0006-3002 |pmc=3345063 |pmid=22248620}}</ref> * Johnson, T. L., Tulis, D. A., Keeler, B. E., Virag, J. A., Lust, R. M., & Clemens, S. (2013). The dopamine D3 receptor knockout mouse mimics aging-related changes in autonomic function and cardiac fibrosis. ''PloS one'', ''8''(8), e74116.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Tracy L. |last2=Tulis |first2=David A. |last3=Keeler |first3=Benjamin E. |last4=Virag |first4=Jitka A. |last5=Lust |first5=Robert M. |last6=Clemens |first6=Stefan |date=2013 |title=The dopamine D3 receptor knockout mouse mimics aging-related changes in autonomic function and cardiac fibrosis |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=8 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...874116J |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0074116 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3758275 |pmid=24023697 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Johnson, T. L., Rinehart, D. J., Durfee, J., Brewer, D., Batal, H., Blum, J., Oronce, C. I., Melinkovich, P., & Gabow, P. (2015). For many patients who use large amounts of health care services, the need is intense yet temporary. ''Health affairs (Project Hope)'', ''34''(8), 1312–1319.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Tracy L. |last2=Rinehart |first2=Deborah J. |last3=Durfee |first3=Josh |last4=Brewer |first4=Daniel |last5=Batal |first5=Holly |last6=Blum |first6=Joshua |last7=Oronce |first7=Carlos I. |last8=Melinkovich |first8=Paul |last9=Gabow |first9=Patricia |date=2015 |title=For many patients who use large amounts of health care services, the need is intense yet temporary |journal=Health Affairs |volume=34 |issue=8 |pages=1312–1319 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2014.1186 |issn=2694-233X |pmid=26240244}}</ref> * Johnson, T. L., Brewer, D., Estacio, R., Vlasimsky, T., Durfee, M. J., Thompson, K. R., Everhart, R. M., Rinehart, D. J., & Batal, H. (2015). Augmenting Predictive Modeling Tools with Clinical Insights for Care Coordination Program Design and Implementation. ''eGEMs'', ''3''(1), 1181.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Tracy L. |last2=Brewer |first2=Daniel |last3=Estacio |first3=Raymond |last4=Vlasimsky |first4=Tara |last5=Durfee |first5=Michael J. |last6=Thompson |first6=Kathy R. |last7=Everhart |first7=Rachel M. |last8=Rinehart |first8=Deborath J. |last9=Batal |first9=Holly |date=2015 |title=Augmenting Predictive Modeling Tools with Clinical Insights for Care Coordination Program Design and Implementation |journal=eGEMs |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=1181 |doi=10.13063/2327-9214.1181 |issn=2327-9214 |pmc=4537083 |pmid=26290884}}</ref> * Johnson, T. L., & Ares, M., Jr (2016). SMITten by the Speed of Splicing. ''Cell'', ''165''(2), 265–267.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Tracy L. |last2=Ares |first2=Manuel |date=2016-04-07 |title=SMITten by the Speed of Splicing |journal=Cell |volume=165 |issue=2 |pages=265–267 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2016.03.035 |issn=1097-4172 |pmid=27058658}}</ref> * Johnson, T. L., & Clemens, S. (2021). Differential dopamine modulation of spinal reflex amplitudes is associated with the presence or absence of the autonomic nervous system. Neuroscience letters, ''742'', 135514.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Tracy L. |last2=Clemens |first2=Stefan |date=2021-01-18 |title=Differential dopamine modulation of spinal reflex amplitudes is associated with the presence or absence of the autonomic nervous system |journal=Neuroscience Letters |volume=742 |doi=10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135514 |issn=1872-7972 |pmid=33227368}}</ref> * Leung, C. S., & Johnson, T. L. (2018). The Exon Junction Complex: A Multitasking Guardian of the Transcriptome. ''Molecular cell'', ''72''(5), 799–801.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leung |first=Calvin S. |last2=Johnson |first2=Tracy L. |date=2018-12-06 |title=The Exon Junction Complex: A Multitasking Guardian of the Transcriptome |journal=Molecular Cell |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=799–801 |doi=10.1016/j.molcel.2018.11.030 |issn=1097-4164 |pmc=6823928 |pmid=30526869}}</ref> * Leung, C. S., Douglass, S. M., Morselli, M., Obusan, M. B., Pavlyukov, M. S., Pellegrini, M., & Johnson, T. L. (2019). H3K36 Methylation and the Chromodomain Protein Eaf3 Are Required for Proper Cotranscriptional Spliceosome Assembly. ''Cell reports'', ''27''(13), 3760–3769.e4.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leung |first=Calvin S. |last2=Douglass |first2=Stephen M. |last3=Morselli |first3=Marco |last4=Obusan |first4=Matthew B. |last5=Pavlyukov |first5=Marat S. |last6=Pellegrini |first6=Matteo |last7=Johnson |first7=Tracy L. |date=2019-06-25 |title=H3K36 Methylation and the Chromodomain Protein Eaf3 Are Required for Proper Cotranscriptional Spliceosome Assembly |journal=Cell Reports |volume=27 |issue=13 |pages=3760–3769.e4 |doi=10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.100 |issn=2211-1247 |pmc=6904931 |pmid=31242410}}</ref> * Lyu, S., Doroodchi, A., Xing, H., Sheng, Y., DeAndrade, M. P., Yang, Y., Johnson, T. L., Clemens, S., Yokoi, F., Miller, M. A., Xiao, R., & Li, Y. (2020). BTBD9 and dopaminergic dysfunction in the pathogenesis of restless legs syndrome. ''Brain structure & function'', ''225''(6), 1743–1760.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lyu |first=Shangru |last2=Doroodchi |first2=Atbin |last3=Xing |first3=Hong |last4=Sheng |first4=Yi |last5=DeAndrade |first5=Mark P. |last6=Yang |first6=Youfeng |last7=Johnson |first7=Tracy L. |last8=Clemens |first8=Stefan |last9=Yokoi |first9=Fumiaki |last10=Miller |first10=Michael A. |last11=Xiao |first11=Rui |last12=Li |first12=Yuqing |date=July 2020 |title=BTBD9 and dopaminergic dysfunction in the pathogenesis of restless legs syndrome |journal=Brain Structure & Function |volume=225 |issue=6 |pages=1743–1760 |doi=10.1007/s00429-020-02090-x |issn=1863-2661 |pmc=7429108 |pmid=32468214}}</ref> * McKay, S. L., & Johnson, T. L. (2010). A bird's-eye view of post-translational modifications in the spliceosome and their roles in spliceosome dynamics. ''Molecular bioSystems'', ''6''(11), 2093–2102.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McKay |first=Susannah L. |last2=Johnson |first2=Tracy L. |date=2010 |title=A bird's-eye view of post-translational modifications in the spliceosome and their roles in spliceosome dynamics |journal=Molecular BioSystems |volume=6 |issue=11 |pages=2093–2102 |doi=10.1039/c002828b |issn=1742-2051 |pmc=4065859 |pmid=20672149}}</ref> * McKay, S. L., & Johnson, T. L. (2011). An investigation of a role for U2 snRNP spliceosomal components in regulating transcription. ''PloS one'', ''6''(1), e16077.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McKay |first=Susannah L. |last2=Johnson |first2=Tracy L. |date=2011-01-24 |title=An investigation of a role for U2 snRNP spliceosomal components in regulating transcription |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=1 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...616077M |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0016077 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3025917 |pmid=21283673 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Merkhofer, E. C., & Johnson, T. L. (2012). U1 snRNA rewrites the "script". ''Cell'', ''150''(1), 9–11.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Merkhofer |first=Evan C. |last2=Johnson |first2=Tracy L. |date=2012-07-06 |title=U1 snRNA rewrites the "script" |journal=Cell |volume=150 |issue=1 |pages=9–11 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.017 |issn=1097-4172 |pmc=4088317 |pmid=22770211}}</ref> * Merkhofer, E. C., Hu, P., & Johnson, T. L. (2014). Introduction to cotranscriptional RNA splicing. ''Methods in molecular biology'', ''1126'', 83–96. * Neves, L. T., Douglass, S., Spreafico, R., Venkataramanan, S., Kress, T. L., & Johnson, T. L. (2017). The histone variant H2A.Z promotes efficient cotranscriptional splicing in ''S. cerevisiae''. ''Genes & development'', ''31''(7), 702–717.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Neves |first=Lauren T. |last2=Douglass |first2=Stephen |last3=Spreafico |first3=Roberto |last4=Venkataramanan |first4=Srivats |last5=Kress |first5=Tracy L. |last6=Johnson |first6=Tracy L. |date=2017-04-01 |title=The histone variant H2A.Z promotes efficient cotranscriptional splicing in S. cerevisiae |journal=Genes & Development |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=702–717 |doi=10.1101/gad.295188.116 |issn=1549-5477 |pmc=5411710 |pmid=28446598}}</ref> * Venkataramanan, S., Douglass, S., Galivanche, A. R., & Johnson, T. L. (2017). The chromatin remodeling complex Swi/Snf regulates splicing of meiotic transcripts in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ''Nucleic Acids Research'', ''45''(13), 7708–7721.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Venkataramanan |first=Srivats |last2=Douglass |first2=Stephen |last3=Galivanche |first3=Anoop R. |last4=Johnson |first4=Tracy L. |date=2017-07-27 |title=The chromatin remodeling complex Swi/Snf regulates splicing of meiotic transcripts in Saccharomyces cerevisiae |journal=Nucleic Acids Research |volume=45 |issue=13 |pages=7708–7721 |doi=10.1093/nar/gkx373 |issn=1362-4962 |pmc=5570110 |pmid=28637241}}</ref> * Virag, J. A., Anderson, E. J., Kent, S. D., Blanton, H. D., Johnson, T. L., Moukdar, F., DeAntonio, J. H., Thayne, K., Ding, J. M., & Lust, R. M. (2013). Cardioprotection via preserved mitochondrial structure and function in the mPer2-mutant mouse myocardium. ''American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology'', ''305''(4), H477–H483.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Virag |first=Jitka A. I. |last2=Anderson |first2=Ethan J. |last3=Kent |first3=Susan D. |last4=Blanton |first4=Harrison D. |last5=Johnson |first5=Tracy L. |last6=Moukdar |first6=Fatiha |last7=DeAntonio |first7=Jonathan H. |last8=Thayne |first8=Kathleen |last9=Ding |first9=Jian M. |last10=Lust |first10=Robert M. |date=2013-08-15 |title=Cardioprotection via preserved mitochondrial structure and function in the mPer2-mutant mouse myocardium |journal=American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology |volume=305 |issue=4 |pages=H477–483 |doi=10.1152/ajpheart.00914.2012 |issn=1522-1539 |pmc=3891252 |pmid=23771689}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 3ro2sun354433fyzyyxkk78db3c6ic6 822062 822061 2026-04-18T07:30:51Z Garbu Audu 44085 822062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tracy L. Johnson''' ita ce Shugabar Shugabar Keith da Cecilia Terasaki a Kimiyyar Rayuwa kuma Farfesa a fannin Kwayoyin Halitta, Kwayoyin Halitta, da Ci gaban Halittu a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Ita kuma farfesa ce a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Howard Hughes . A watan Mayu na shekarar 2020, an nada ta a matsayin Shugabar Sashen Kimiyyar Rayuwa na UCLA . == Bincike == Binciken farko da Johnson ya buga ya binciki tasirin diskin intravertebral ta amfani da dasa ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin berayen yashi. Binciken ya mayar da hankali kan haɗakar histology, al'adar nama, da immunocytochemistry . Ƙungiyarta ta yi amfani da wannan binciken don tantance ko waɗannan berayen suna da kyakkyawan samfurin halitta don bincike na gaba don fara haɓaka hanyoyin magance ƙwayoyin halitta na gaske. A halin yanzu , binciken Johnson ya mayar da hankali kan fahimtar tsarin kwayoyin halitta, gyaran chromatin, haɗa RNA da kuma yadda daidaita haɗakar ke ba ƙwayoyin halitta damar amsawa ga muhallinsu. Musamman, ƙungiyarta ta yi nazarin spliceosome, wani "inji" na macromolecular wanda aka yi da ƙananan raka'a guda biyar wanda ke hulɗa da RNA na pre-messenger don samar da sigar da aka gyara, <ref> name="o4062">{{Cite web |title=Johnson Lab |url=https://johnsonlab.mcdb.ucla.edu/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=UCLA College of Life Sciences: Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology}}</ref> wanda ke haifar da fassara mai dacewa zuwa sunadarai. Ta hanyar bincikenta, Johnson tana fatan bayyana ayyukan spliceosomes a cikin haɗa RNA don gano yadda maye gurbi zai iya haifar da ci gaban wasu cututtuka. <ref> name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Professor Tracy Johnson |url=https://www.rnasociety.org/professor-tracy-johnson |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=www.rnasociety.org}}</ref> Ta amfani da fasahar kwayoyin halitta, ƙungiyarta ta ba da shaida cewa haɗuwar spliceosome a kusa da sabon rubutun mRNA ana tsara shi ta hanyar gyare-gyaren histone a cikin chromatin na yankin da aka rubuta. <ref> name="k8902">{{Cite web |last=Glass |first=Emily |date=2021-03-27 |title=Dr. Tracy Johnson: RNA Splicing, Chromatin Modification, and the Coordinated Control of Gene Expression |url=https://misciwriters.com/2021/03/27/dr-tracy-johnson-rna-splicing-chromatin-modification-and-the-coordinated-control-of-gene-expression/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=University of Michigan Science Writers}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leung |first=Calvin S. |last2=Douglass |first2=Stephen M. |last3=Morselli |first3=Marco |last4=Obusan |first4=Matthew B. |last5=Pavlyukov |first5=Marat S. |last6=Pellegrini |first6=Matteo |last7=Johnson |first7=Tracy L. |date=2019 |title=H3K36 Methylation and the Chromodomain Protein Eaf3 Are Required for Proper Cotranscriptional Spliceosome Assembly |journal=Cell Reports |volume=27 |issue=13 |pages=3760–3769.e4 |doi=10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.100 |pmc=6904931 |pmid=31242410}}</ref> Johnson ta kuma yi aiki kan gano da haɓaka tsarin tri-snRNPs, ƙaramin ribonucleoprotein na nukiliya da ake samu a cikin spliceosomes. Waɗannan snRNPs suna sanya sassan mRNA a daidai wurin da ake so a haɗa su. Aikinta ya ba da damar ganin takamaiman yankunan da ake sha'awa akan spliceosome waɗanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin haɗa RNA. Ta gabatar da wannan binciken ga Ƙungiyar RNA a cikin 2016. Yayin da bincikenta na haɗin RNA ke ci gaba, binciken Johnson na 2020 ya binciki rawar da dopamine ke takawa wajen daidaita motsin kashin baya (ANS), tare da mai da hankali kan yadda tsarin jijiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke shafar wannan tsari. Binciken ya binciki yadda kasancewar ko rashin ANS ke canza martanin motsin kashin baya ga dopamine == Sana'a da ilimi == Johnson ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin [[Biochemistry]] da Cell Biology daga Jami'ar California, San Diego da kuma digirinta na uku a fannin Biochemistry da Molecular Biology daga sashen Molecular da Cell Biology a Jami'ar California, Berkeley . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Tracy Johnson {{!}} UCLA Graduate Programs in Bioscience (GPB) |url=http://bioscience.ucla.edu/faculty/tracy-johnson |access-date=2020-06-16 |website=bioscience.ucla.edu}}</ref> Ta kasance daliba ta uku a fannin digiri na uku a fannin Jane Coffin Childs a Cibiyar Fasaha ta California, tana nazarin hanyoyin haɗa RNA da Dr. [[John Abelson]] . <ref name=":2" /> Daga shekarar 2003 zuwa 2013, Johnson ta kasance memba a cikin sashen kimiyyar halittu na Jami'ar California San Diego inda ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da lambar yabo ta Shugaban Kasa ta Kimiyyar Kasa (NSF) Kyautar Aiki ta Farko ga Masana Kimiyya da Injiniyoyi (PECASE) da lambar yabo ta Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar UCSD don Kyau a Koyar da Digiri na Farko. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Tracy Johnson {{!}} UCLA Graduate Programs in Bioscience (GPB) |url=http://bioscience.ucla.edu/faculty/tracy-johnson |access-date=2020-06-16 |website=bioscience.ucla.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://bioscience.ucla.edu/faculty/tracy-johnson "Tracy Johnson | UCLA Graduate Programs in Bioscience (GPB)"]. ''bioscience.ucla.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> Johnson ta shiga sashen Jami'ar California, Los Angeles a 2013 a matsayin farfesa a fannin ilmin kwayoyin halitta, kwayoyin halitta, da ci gaban halittu kuma tana da Shugaban Keith da Cecilia Terasaki na Shugaban Kasa. A 2014, an nada ta Farfesa a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Howard Hughes, <ref name=":2" /> kuma ta zama mataimakiyar shugabar ilimi don ƙwarewa a fannin kimiyyar rayuwa a 2015. <ref name=":0" /> An nada ta shugabar sashen Kimiyyar Rayuwa ta UCLA a 2020. <ref name=":0" /> Johnson ya kuma mai da hankali kan haɓaka shirye-shirye don ƙirƙirar ƙwarewar koyo mai canzawa ga ɗaliban da ke karatun digiri na farko <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Tracy Johnson |url=https://www.hhmipathways.ucla.edu/ucla-hhmi-pathways-to-success-program/eligibility/dr-tracy-johnson |website=UCLA HHMI Pathways to Success Program}}</ref> gami da Shirin Hanyar Samun Nasara ta UCLA-HHMI. <ref name="HHMI">{{Cite web |title=Tracy L. Johnson, PhD |url=https://www.hhmi.org/scientists/tracy-l-johnson |website=HHMI}}</ref> Shirin cikakken dabara ne don samar wa ɗalibai ƙwarewar bincike ta gaske a farkon ayyukansu na ilimi. <ref name=":1" /> Shirin yana da manyan abubuwa guda uku: (1) Kwas ɗin dakin gwaje-gwaje wanda ke gudana ta hanyar CURL (Lab ɗin Bincike na Digiri na Haɗin gwiwa), (2) hanyar sadarwa ta jagoranci wacce ke haɗa jagoranci na takwarorinsu da na matsayi, da kuma (3) al'ummomin ilmantarwa masu zurfi. <ref name=":1" /> == Daraja da kyaututtuka == * Memba na Ƙungiyar RNA <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Professor Tracy Johnson |url=https://www.rnasociety.org/professor-tracy-johnson |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=www.rnasociety.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.rnasociety.org/professor-tracy-johnson "Professor Tracy Johnson"]. ''www.rnasociety.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-04-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> * Kyautar Ruth Kirschstein ta Ruth Kirschstein ta Ƙungiyar Nazarin Halittu da Kwayoyin Halitta ta Amurka (2022) <ref name="Ruth Kirschstein Diversity in Science Award">{{Cite web |last=Bankston |first=Adriana |title=Johnson wants every student to feel like they belong |url=https://www.asbmb.org/asbmb-today/people/120921/johnson-wants-every-student-to-feel-they-belong |access-date=20 April 2025 |website=ASBMBTODAY}}</ref> * Shugabar Ilimin Halittu da Kimiyyar Halittu ta Halittar Kwayoyin Halitta (2015) <ref name=":2" /> * Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a don Ingantaccen Haɗaka, UCLA Life Sciences (2015) * Farfesa Howard Hughes na Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya (HHMI) (2014) <ref name="HHMI">{{Cite web |title=Tracy L. Johnson, PhD |url=https://www.hhmi.org/scientists/tracy-l-johnson |website=HHMI}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.hhmi.org/scientists/tracy-l-johnson "Tracy L. Johnson, PhD"]. ''HHMI''.</cite></ref> * Kyautar Abokan Hulɗa na Chancellor don Ƙwarewa a Koyar da Digiri na Farko <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Tracy Johnson {{!}} UCLA Graduate Programs in Bioscience (GPB) |url=http://bioscience.ucla.edu/faculty/tracy-johnson |access-date=2020-06-16 |website=bioscience.ucla.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://bioscience.ucla.edu/faculty/tracy-johnson "Tracy Johnson | UCLA Graduate Programs in Bioscience (GPB)"]. ''bioscience.ucla.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> (2013) * Manyan Farfesoshi Mata 20 a California (2013) <ref name=":2" /> * Jane Coffin Childs ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu <ref name=":2" /> * Kyautar Shugaban Ƙasa ta Ayyukan Farko ga Masana Kimiyya da Injiniyoyi (PECASE) (2006) == Littattafai ==   * Awad, A. M., Venkataramanan, S., Nag, A., Galivanche, A. R., Bradley, M. C., Neves, L. T., Douglass, S., Clarke, C. F., & Johnson, T. L. (2017). Chromatin-remodeling SWI/SNF complex regulates coenzyme Q6 synthesis and a metabolic shift to respiration in yeast. ''The Journal of biological chemistry'', ''292''(36), 14851–14866.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Awad |first=Agape M. |last2=Venkataramanan |first2=Srivats |last3=Nag |first3=Anish |last4=Galivanche |first4=Anoop Raj |last5=Bradley |first5=Michelle C. |last6=Neves |first6=Lauren T. |last7=Douglass |first7=Stephen |last8=Clarke |first8=Catherine F. |last9=Johnson |first9=Tracy L. |date=2017-09-08 |title=Chromatin-remodeling SWI/SNF complex regulates coenzyme Q6 synthesis and a metabolic shift to respiration in yeast |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=292 |issue=36 |pages=14851–14866 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M117.798397 |issn=1083-351X |pmc=5592666 |pmid=28739803 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Awad, Agape M, et al. "Nutrient Sensing and Mitochondrial Coenzyme Q Biosynthesis: Are They Connected by a Phosphatase?" ''The FASEB Journal'', vol. 31, no. S1, 1 Apr. 2017. ''ResearchGate''<ref name="Publshed work">{{Cite journal |last=Awad |first=Agape M. |last2=Venkataramanan |first2=Srivats |last3=Nag |first3=Anish |last4=Bradley |first4=Michelle C. |last5=Galivanche |first5=Anoop R. |last6=Johnson |first6=Tracy L. |last7=Clarke |first7=Catherine F. |date=April 2017 |title=Nutrient sensing and mitochondrial coenzyme Q biosynthesis: Are they connected by a phosphatase? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352215780 |journal=The FASEB Journal |volume=31 |issue=S1 |doi=10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.782.15 |access-date=17 April 2025 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Barber, P. H., Hayes, T. B., Johnson, T. L., & Márquez-Magaña, L. (2020). Systemic racism in higher education. Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), 369(6510), 1440–1441.<ref name="science.abd7140">{{Cite journal |last=Barber |first=Paul H. |last2=Hayes |first2=Tyrone B. |last3=Johnson |first3=Tracy L. |last4=Márquez-Magaña |first4=Leticia |last5=10,234 signatories |date=2020-09-18 |editor-last=Sills |editor-first=Jennifer |title=Systemic racism in higher education |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abd7140 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=369 |issue=6510 |pages=1440–1441 |bibcode=2020Sci...369.1440B |doi=10.1126/science.abd7140 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=32943517 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Baumgartner, B. L., Bennett, M. R., Ferry, M., Johnson, T. L., Tsimring, L. S., & Hasty, J. (2011). Antagonistic gene transcripts regulate adaptation to new growth environments. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America'', ''108''(52), 21087–21092.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baumgartner |first=Bridget L. |last2=Bennett |first2=Matthew R. |last3=Ferry |first3=Michael |last4=Johnson |first4=Tracy L. |last5=Tsimring |first5=Lev S. |last6=Hasty |first6=Jeff |date=2011-12-27 |title=Antagonistic gene transcripts regulate adaptation to new growth environments |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=108 |issue=52 |pages=21087–21092 |bibcode=2011PNAS..10821087B |doi=10.1073/pnas.1111408109 |issn=1091-6490 |pmc=3248483 |pmid=22160690 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Brangwynne, C. P., & Johnson, T. L. (2013). The micro and macro of RNA function. ''Molecular biology of the cell'', ''24''(6), 679.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brangwynne |first=Clifford P. |last2=Johnson |first2=Tracy L. |date=2013 |title=The micro and macro of RNA function |journal=Molecular Biology of the Cell |volume=24 |issue=6 |page=679 |doi=10.1091/mbc.E13-01-0012 |issn=1939-4586 |pmc=3596239 |pmid=23486403}}</ref> * Buschemeyer, W. C., 3rd, Klink, J. C., Mavropoulos, J. C., Poulton, S. H., Demark-Wahnefried, W., Hursting, S. D., Cohen, P., Hwang, D., Johnson, T. L., & Freedland, S. J. (2010). Effect of intermittent fasting with or without caloric restriction on prostate cancer growth and survival in SCID mice. ''The Prostate'', ''70''(10), 1037–1043.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buschemeyer |first=W. 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I. |last2=Anderson |first2=Ethan J. |last3=Kent |first3=Susan D. |last4=Blanton |first4=Harrison D. |last5=Johnson |first5=Tracy L. |last6=Moukdar |first6=Fatiha |last7=DeAntonio |first7=Jonathan H. |last8=Thayne |first8=Kathleen |last9=Ding |first9=Jian M. |last10=Lust |first10=Robert M. |date=2013-08-15 |title=Cardioprotection via preserved mitochondrial structure and function in the mPer2-mutant mouse myocardium |journal=American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology |volume=305 |issue=4 |pages=H477–483 |doi=10.1152/ajpheart.00914.2012 |issn=1522-1539 |pmc=3891252 |pmid=23771689}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 7x7xyokzeprbi92ummvn3dit2inkwco 0 142323 822002 801125 2026-04-17T20:32:09Z Maryam Abdullahi Anka 44060 822002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anna LoPizzo''' ma'aikaciyar baƙi 'yar Italiya ce da aka kashe a lokacin Lawrence Textile Strike (wanda aka fi sani da Bread and Roses Strike). Mutuwarta ta kasance mai mahimmanci ga ɓangarorin biyu a gwagwarmayar. Bruce Watson ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa mai suna ''Bread and Roses: Mills, Migrants, and the Struggle for the American Dream'', "Idan Amurka tana da Kabarin Baƙi da Ba a San Ko Wanene ba yana girmama miliyoyin baƙi da Allah kaɗai ya sani da kuma ýan uwan da ke tattara bishiyoyin iyali, Anna LoPizzo za ta zama babban ɗan takara don kwanciya a ciki." == Rayuwa == LoPizzo, an haife ta a Buccheri (Italiya SR) a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 1878 (An tabbatar da takaddun bayanai) wataƙila ta canza sunanta a Anna LaMonica, tana zaune a Common Street a Lawrence, Massachusetts. [1] == Mutuwa == A ranar 29 ga Janairu, 1912, jami'in tsaro Oscar Benoit ya harbi gungun ma'aikatan da ke yajin aiki, inda ya buge LoPizzo ya kuma kashe shi. Shaidu goma sha tara ne suka tabbatar da hakan. A cikin littafin ''Roughneck'', Peter Carlson ya rubuta: == Zarge-zargen da shari'ar == Hukumomi sun yi amfani da mutuwar Anna LoPizzo a lokacin yajin aikin Lawrence a matsayin hanyar wargaza da kuma matsa wa ƙungiyar ma'aikata lamba. An kama Joseph Ettor da Arturo Giovannitti, dukkansu masu shirya IWW, saboda kisan gillar duk da cewa suna da nisan mil biyu a lokacin mutuwarta. 'Yan sanda sun yi ikirarin cewa suna "tayar da hankali da kuma samar da aikata laifin ta hanyar neman makirci ba bisa ka'ida ba", don haka suka mai da su "kayan haɗi kafin a yi hakan". An daure mutanen biyu ba tare da beli ba har sai an yi musu shari'a. Daga baya an kama mutum na uku, Joseph Caruso, saboda kisan. Duk da haka: == Muhimmancin mutuwar Anna LoPizzo == Mutuwar Anna LoPizzo a layin masu zanga-zanga ta bai wa hukumomi damar cire manyan masu shirya taron biyu daga aiki har tsawon lokacin yajin aikin, amma kuma ya zama abin da ma'aikatan suka yi kira da a yi adalci. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Spicuzza |first=Mary |date=March 1999 |title=Bread Winners |url=http://www.metroactive.com/papers/cruz/03.10.99/women3-9910.html |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=www.metroactive.com}}</ref> Kwanaki kaɗan bayan mutuwar LoPizzo, "wasu mata 'yan Italiya da suka fusata sun haɗu da wani jami'in 'yan sanda shi kaɗai a kan gadar kankara. Bayan sun cire masa bindiga, sandar sa da tambarin sa, sun yanke masa abin ɗaurewa na jami'in suka cire wandonsa - wata dabarar wulaƙanci da ta shahara a tsakanin matan Lawrence marasa tsari - suka rataye jami'in a kan kogin mai sanyi". <ref name=":1" /> == Manazarta == koe1uxa3evao1uw5xjm3bwdxy3whclm 822003 822002 2026-04-17T20:32:35Z Maryam Abdullahi Anka 44060 822003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anna LoPizzo''' ma'aikaciyar baƙi 'yar Italiya ce da aka kashe a lokacin Lawrence Textile Strike (wanda aka fi sani da Bread and Roses Strike). Mutuwarta ta kasance mai mahimmanci ga ɓangarorin biyu a gwagwarmayar. Bruce Watson ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa mai suna ''Bread and Roses: Mills, Migrants, and the Struggle for the American Dream'', "Idan Amurka tana da Kabarin Baƙi da Ba a San Ko Wanene ba yana girmama miliyoyin baƙi da Allah kaɗai ya sani da kuma ýan uwan da ke tattara bishiyoyin iyali, Anna LoPizzo za ta zama babban ɗan takara don kwanciya a ciki." == Rayuwa == LoPizzo, an haife ta a Buccheri (Italiya SR) a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 1878 (An tabbatar da takaddun bayanai) wataƙila ta canza sunanta a Anna LaMonica, tana zaune a Common Street a Lawrence, Massachusetts. [1] == Mutuwa == A ranar 29 ga Janairun shekarar 1912, jami'in tsaro Oscar Benoit ya harbi gungun ma'aikatan da ke yajin aiki, inda ya buge LoPizzo ya kuma kashe shi. Shaidu goma sha tara ne suka tabbatar da hakan. A cikin littafin ''Roughneck'', Peter Carlson ya rubuta: == Zarge-zargen da shari'ar == Hukumomi sun yi amfani da mutuwar Anna LoPizzo a lokacin yajin aikin Lawrence a matsayin hanyar wargaza da kuma matsa wa ƙungiyar ma'aikata lamba. An kama Joseph Ettor da Arturo Giovannitti, dukkansu masu shirya IWW, saboda kisan gillar duk da cewa suna da nisan mil biyu a lokacin mutuwarta. 'Yan sanda sun yi ikirarin cewa suna "tayar da hankali da kuma samar da aikata laifin ta hanyar neman makirci ba bisa ka'ida ba", don haka suka mai da su "kayan haɗi kafin a yi hakan". An daure mutanen biyu ba tare da beli ba har sai an yi musu shari'a. Daga baya an kama mutum na uku, Joseph Caruso, saboda kisan. Duk da haka: == Muhimmancin mutuwar Anna LoPizzo == Mutuwar Anna LoPizzo a layin masu zanga-zanga ta bai wa hukumomi damar cire manyan masu shirya taron biyu daga aiki har tsawon lokacin yajin aikin, amma kuma ya zama abin da ma'aikatan suka yi kira da a yi adalci. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Spicuzza |first=Mary |date=March 1999 |title=Bread Winners |url=http://www.metroactive.com/papers/cruz/03.10.99/women3-9910.html |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=www.metroactive.com}}</ref> Kwanaki kaɗan bayan mutuwar LoPizzo, "wasu mata 'yan Italiya da suka fusata sun haɗu da wani jami'in 'yan sanda shi kaɗai a kan gadar kankara. Bayan sun cire masa bindiga, sandar sa da tambarin sa, sun yanke masa abin ɗaurewa na jami'in suka cire wandonsa - wata dabarar wulaƙanci da ta shahara a tsakanin matan Lawrence marasa tsari - suka rataye jami'in a kan kogin mai sanyi". <ref name=":1" /> == Manazarta == 8usncgedyeu1bw617nnitahp5ovtq9d 0 142326 821903 801132 2026-04-17T14:32:09Z IvanScrooge98 5040 821903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Analilia Mejia''' (an haife ta a shekarar 1977 ko 1978)<ref>https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/malinowski-concedes-to-mejia-in-democratic-special-election-primary-in-new-jersey</ref> 'yar fafutuka ce ta Amurka, 'yar siyasa, kuma darakta mai zaman kanta a matsayin darakta mai haɗin gwiwa na ƙungiyar masu fafutukar ci gaba ta Center for Popular Democracy . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Wildstein |first=David |date=November 14, 2025 |title=Analilia Mejia, a top staffer to Bernie Sanders in 2020, may seek Sherrill congressional seat |url=https://newjerseyglobe.com/congress/analilia-mejia-a-top-staffer-to-bernie-sanders-in-2020-may-seek-sherrill-congressional-seat/ |access-date=February 6, 2026 |website=[[New Jersey Globe]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta taɓa yin aiki a matsayin daraktan siyasa na ƙasa na kamfen ɗin shugaban ƙasa na Bernie Sanders na 2020 kuma ta yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka a lokacin gwamnatin Biden . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Nussbaum |first=Alex |last2=Westhoven |first2=William |date=February 6, 2026 |title=Who is Analilia Mejia? Activist in a tight primary in NJ-11 District |url=https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/politics/elections/2026/02/06/who-is-analilia-mejia-nj-primary-for-district-11-congress/88541237007/ |access-date=February 6, 2026 |website=[[North Jersey Media Group]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Mejia ita ce 'yar takarar Democrat a zaɓen musamman na gundumar 11 ta majalisar dokoki ta New Jersey na 2026. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Mejia a Elizabeth, New Jersey, ga uwa daga [[Kolombiya|Colombia]] da kuma uba daga [[Jamhuriyar Dominika|Jamhuriyar Dominican]], waɗanda dukkansu ma'aikatan masana'antu ne; da farko mahaifiyarta ba ta da takardun shaida. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=O'Dea |first=Colleen |date=March 9, 2016 |title=Profile: Family’s Own Story Motivates Her to Help the Working Poor in NJ |url=https://www.njspotlightnews.org/2016/03/16-03-08-profile-family-s-own-story-motivates-her-to-help-the-working-poor-in-nj/ |access-date=February 6, 2026 |website=[[NJ Spotlight]]}}</ref> An rene ta a garin haihuwarta, <ref name=":1" /> ta sami digirin farko a fannin adabi na kwatantawa daga Jami'ar Rutgers a shekarar 2000, digirin digiri na biyu a fannin manufofin jama'a daga Makarantar Tsare-tsare da manufofin jama'a ta Edward J. Bloustein a shekarar 2002, da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin dangantakar ma'aikata da ilimi daga Makarantar Gudanarwa da Hulɗa da Ma'aikata a shekarar 2003. <ref name="Rutgers 2019">{{Cite web |last=Lally |first=Robin |date=March 13, 2019 |title=White House or Bust for Rutgers Alumna |url=https://www.rutgers.edu/news/white-house-or-bust-rutgers-alumna |access-date=February 6, 2025 |website=[[Rutgers University]]}}</ref> == Sana'a == [[Fayil:White_House_Champions_of_Change_Anelilia_Mejia.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Mejia a shekarar 2009]] [[Fayil:Women's_March_on_New_Jersey_1_21_17_-_32452047125.jpg|right|thumb|201x201px|Mejia (dama) tana magana a lokacin zanga-zangar mata a New Jersey a shekarar 2017.]] Mejia ta yi aiki a matsayin mai shiryawa tare da Ma'aikatan Abinci da Kasuwanci na United Food and Commercial, ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan siyasa na SEIU Local 32BJ, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Otal da Gidajen Abinci, da kuma mataimakin darektan siyasa a UNITE HERE da ke [[Chicago]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=O'Dea |first=Colleen |date=March 9, 2016 |title=Profile: Family’s Own Story Motivates Her to Help the Working Poor in NJ |url=https://www.njspotlightnews.org/2016/03/16-03-08-profile-family-s-own-story-motivates-her-to-help-the-working-poor-in-nj/ |access-date=February 6, 2026 |website=[[NJ Spotlight]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFO'Dea2016">O'Dea, Colleen (March 9, 2016). [https://www.njspotlightnews.org/2016/03/16-03-08-profile-family-s-own-story-motivates-her-to-help-the-working-poor-in-nj/ "Profile: Family's Own Story Motivates Her to Help the Working Poor in NJ"]. ''[[NJ Spotlight]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> A zaɓen Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na 2012 a New Jersey, Mejia ita ce Daraktan Kuri'ar Latino/Labour na kamfen ɗin Bob Menendez mai ci. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Wildstein |first=David |date=February 4, 2021 |title=Analilia Mejia named to U.S. Department of Labor post |url=https://newjerseyglobe.com/national/analilia-mejia-named-to-u-s-department-of-labor-post/ |access-date=February 7, 2026 |website=[[New Jersey Globe]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2014, ta kasance babbar darekta a New Jersey Working Families Alliance, wani reshe na Jam'iyyar Working Families Party . A zaɓen fidda gwani na shugaban ƙasa na Democrat na 2016, Mejia ta kasance wakili ga Bernie Sanders . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Flanagan |first=Brenda |title=NJ Working Families executive director to join Bernie Sanders campaign {{!}} Video |url=https://www.njspotlightnews.org/video/nj-working-families-executive-director-to-join-bernie-sanders-campaign/ |access-date=February 6, 2026 |website=[[NJ Spotlight News]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, ta bar New Jersey Working Families Alliance don yin aiki a matsayin darektan siyasa na ƙasa don yakin neman zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Sanders na 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dovere |first=Edward-Isaac |date=February 19, 2019 |title=Bernie Sanders Is the Democratic Front-Runner |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/02/bernie-sanders-democratic-frontrunner-president/583066/ |access-date=February 6, 2026 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en}}</ref> An nada Mejia mataimakiyar darakta a Ofishin Mata na Amurka a Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka a lokacin gwamnatin [[Joe Biden]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Wildstein |first=David |date=November 14, 2025 |title=Analilia Mejia, a top staffer to Bernie Sanders in 2020, may seek Sherrill congressional seat |url=https://newjerseyglobe.com/congress/analilia-mejia-a-top-staffer-to-bernie-sanders-in-2020-may-seek-sherrill-congressional-seat/ |access-date=February 6, 2026 |website=[[New Jersey Globe]] |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWildstein2025">Wildstein, David (November 14, 2025). [https://newjerseyglobe.com/congress/analilia-mejia-a-top-staffer-to-bernie-sanders-in-2020-may-seek-sherrill-congressional-seat/ "Analilia Mejia, a top staffer to Bernie Sanders in 2020, may seek Sherrill congressional seat"]. ''[[New Jersey Globe]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Wildstein |first=David |date=February 4, 2021 |title=Analilia Mejia named to U.S. Department of Labor post |url=https://newjerseyglobe.com/national/analilia-mejia-named-to-u-s-department-of-labor-post/ |access-date=February 7, 2026 |website=[[New Jersey Globe]] |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWildstein2021">Wildstein, David (February 4, 2021). [https://newjerseyglobe.com/national/analilia-mejia-named-to-u-s-department-of-labor-post/ "Analilia Mejia named to U.S. Department of Labor post"]. ''[[New Jersey Globe]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> A halin yanzu ita ce darakta mai haɗin gwiwa a Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya Mai Farin Jini . <ref name=":0" /> == Yaƙin neman zaɓen 'Yan Majalisar Wakilan Amurka na 2026 == A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 2025, Mejia ta sanar da takararta ta neman zaɓe na musamman a gundumar 11 ta majalisar dokoki ta New Jersey bayan da Mikie Sherrill, wakiliyar da ke kan mulki, ta zama gwamnan New Jersey . [1] Ita da wasu 'yan takara 10, ciki har da tsohon wakilin Amurka Tom Malinowski da tsohon mataimakin gwamna Tahesha Way, sun tsaya takara a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat. Mejia ta tsaya a matsayin mai ci gaba, tare da goyon bayan Sanatocin Amurka Bernie Sanders da Elizabeth Warren da kuma Wakilin Amurka Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez . [2] A lokacin zaɓen fidda gwani, ta yi jawabi a wani gangami a Wayne, New Jersey a matsayin wani ɓangare na rangadin Sanders na Fighting Oligarchy . [3] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] rl3auutn8nxqd2m8h8qypz25ywjn026 0 143099 822029 803380 2026-04-17T20:49:19Z Maryam Abdullahi Anka 44060 822029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anna Löwenstein''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Lowenstein'''; an haife ta a shekara ta 1951) 'yar asalin Burtaniya ce. Ta kuma yi aiki ga [[Universal Esperanto Association|Ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Duniya]] daga 1977-1981. A karkashin sunan '''Anna Brennan''', ta kafa kuma ta kasance edita na mujallar mata ''Sekso kaj Egaleco'' 1979-1988, kuma ta shirya sashin 'harshe mai sauƙi' na [[Kontakto]] 1983-1986.<ref name="bio">Sutton, Geoffrey. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-Z_8CG9g2jIC&dq=%22Sekso+kaj+egaleco%22&pg=PA572 Concise Encyclopedia of the Original Literature of Esperanto], pp. 572–73 (Mondial 2008) ({{ISBN|978-1-59569-090-6}})</ref> Ta rubuta wasu wadanda ba na almara ba, da kuma litattafai biyu. Littafin tarihinta The Stone City (La Ŝtona Urbo), an fara buga shi a Turanci da Esperanto a cikin 1999, kuma tun daga lokacin an fassara shi zuwa Faransanci (2010) da Hungarian (2014).<ref name="stone1">Löwenstein, Anna. ''The Stone City'' (1999) ({{ISBN|978-0-7544-0098-1}})</ref> Littafinta na biyu Morto de artisto (2008) an buga shi a cikin Esperanto .<ref name="artisto">Löwenstein, Anna. ''Morto de artisto'' (2008) ({{ISBN|9789077066393}})</ref> An san ta sosai a matsayin 'yar jarida, malama kuma mai fafutuka a cikin ƙungiyar Esperanto, kuma ta kasance memba na [[Academy of Esperanto|Kwalejin Esperanto]] tun shekara ta 2001. Anna tana da kwarewar sama da shekaru 20 a koyar da [[Esperanto]].<ref name="Learn Esperanto">{{Cite web |last=Pep Talk radio Team |title=LEARN ESPERANTO WITH ANNA LOWENSTEIN |url=https://www.peptalkradio.com/Anna-Lowenstein/ |website=[[Pep Talk Radio]] |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce gwauruwar Renato Corsetti, tsohon shugaban kungiyar Esperanto ta Duniya . Ma'auratan sun zauna tare a [[Italiya]] daga 1981, amma tun daga 2015 sun zauna a Ingila. Mahaifinta shi ne ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Heinz Bernard . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] gfesr1ikqcxx9klevxbv5d8ad8fp23g 0 143894 822004 805384 2026-04-17T20:33:07Z Maryam Abdullahi Anka 44060 822004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:002a.OK_Poppy_1920.4.3_CiteTheSaltLakeTribune_Sat_Page22_MadameE.GuerinAndPoppy.jpg|thumb|Anna Guérin sanye da "kayan yakin neman zabe" - wannan ya dogara ne akan kayan aikin Chasseurs Alpins na Faransa. An buga wannan hoton a cikin Salt Lake Tribune a ranar 3 ga Afrilun shekarar 1920. An gyara shi da wani murfin wani furen tunawa da aka yi da Faransa a shekarar 1921 - wanda aka rarraba a Kanada.]] '''<big>Tarihin Rayuwa</big>''' <small>'''Sunan haihuwa''' = Anna Alix Boulle.</small> <small>'''Ranar haihuwa''' = (1878-02-03 ) 1878-02-03)</small> <small>'''Wurin Haihuwa''' = Vallon-Pont-d'Arc, [[Faransa]]</small> <small>'''Ranar mutuwa''' = {{Death date and age|1961|04|16|1878|02|15}}</small> <small>'''Wurin mutuwa''' = 5 Charles Dickens Square, Paris</small> <small>'''Ƙasa''' = [[Faransa]]</small> <small>'''Sana'a''' = Malami, Malami, Malamin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, Jinƙai, Wanda ya kafa ra'ayin 'Ranar Poppy Tsakanin Ƙawayen' - wanda dukkan ƙasashe masu haɗin gwiwa da Ingilishi suka amince da shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya.</small> <small>'''Awards''' = Certificat d'aptitude pédagogique (CAP), Ordre des Palmes académiques, [[L‘Officier de l'Instruction Publique|l'Officier de l'Instruction Publique]], [[U.S. Victory Liberty Loan Medal|US Nasara Lamuni Lamuni Lamuni]]</small> '''Anna E. Guérin''' (an haife ta '''Anna Alix Boulle''', 3 ga Fabrairu 1878 - 16 ga Afrilu 1961) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Relevés Ardéchois |url=http://releves.free.fr/index.php?page=ec&ville=vallon |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=releves.free.fr}}</ref> ita ce ta kafa Ranar Tunawa da Poppy . Kafin wannan, ta kasance malamar makaranta a [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] ; malamar makaranta a ''[[Ƙungiyar Faransanci|ƙungiyar Alliance Française]]'' ; kuma malamar makaranta, mai tara kuɗi da kuma taimakon jama'a a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] . Saboda ayyukan da ta yi wa Faransa, an ba ta lambar yabo ta ''Ordre des Palmes academiques'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=texte |first=Madagascar Auteur du |date=1907-06-15 |title=Journal officiel de Madagascar et dépendances |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6476996z |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=Gallica |language=EN}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madame Guérin |url=https://poppyladymadameguerin.wordpress.com/ |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=Madame Guérin |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Newspapers.com - Historical Newspapers from 1700s-2000s |url=http://www.newspapers.com/ |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> da kuma [[L‘Officier de l'Instruction Publique|l'Officier de l'Instruction Publique]] . Saboda ayyukan da ta yi wa Amurka, don Liberty Bond, an ba Anna Guérin lambar yabo ta Victory Liberty Loan Medallion. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Newspapers.com - Historical Newspapers from 1700s-2000s |url=http://www.newspapers.com/ |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> Da farko, Ranar Masoya tata ta amfanar da zawarawa da marayu a yankunan Faransa da yaƙi ya daidaita. An yi mata baftisma ta ''"'' Mace Mai Farin Ciki daga Faransa ''"'' bayan an gayyace ta ta yi jawabi ga ƙungiyar American Legion, a taronta na 1920, a [[Cleveland|Cleveland, Ohio]], game da ra'ayinta na asali na 'Ranar Masoya Tsakanin Ƙawance'. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Headquarters |first=American Legion National |date=1920-10-15 |title=The American Legion Weekly [Volume 2, No. 38 (October 15, 1920)] |url=https://archive.legion.org/handle/20.500.12203/2957 |language=en-US}}</ref> Manufarta ita ce dukkan ƙasashen da suka haɗu da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya su yi amfani da masoya na wucin gadi, waɗanda zawarawa da marayu na Faransa suka yi, a matsayin alama don tunawa da waɗanda suka sadaukar da rayukansu a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, kuma a lokaci guda, ƙirƙirar hanyar tara kuɗi don tallafawa iyalan waɗanda suka mutu da waɗanda suka tsira, daga baya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Newspapers.com - Historical Newspapers from 1700s-2000s |url=http://www.newspapers.com/ |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> Yanzu, Masoya Mai Farin Ciki ta ƙunshi duk rikice-rikicen da suka faru tun daga lokacin. [[Fayil:La_Mairie_(Town_Hall),_Vallon,_Ardèche_département,_France.jpg|thumb|La Mairie (Zauren Gari), Vallon, Ardeche departement, Faransa.]] == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Guérin a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 1878, a lokacin da aka haife ta a Vallon (-Pont-d'Arc) '','' Ardèche, [[Faransa]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Relevés Ardéchois |url=http://releves.free.fr/index.php?page=ec&ville=vallon |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=releves.free.fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://releves.free.fr/index.php?page=ec&ville=vallon "Relevés Ardéchois"]. ''releves.free.fr''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> Iyayenta masu gona ne, Auguste Boulle da matarsa Anna (née Granier). Ta auri ɗan ƙasar [[Cuba]], ɗan ƙasar Faransa, Paul Rabanit, a Vallon, a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 1897. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Relevés Ardéchois |url=http://releves.free.fr/index.php?page=ec&ville=vallon |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=releves.free.fr}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan auren, suka yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] ta Faransa. [[Fayil:Two_sides_to_Madagascar,_during_Madame_Guérin's_time_-_French_and_Malagasy.jpg|thumb|Bangarorin biyu sun yi wa Madagascar kawanya, a zamanin Madame Guérin - Faransanci da Malagasy.]] == Madagascar == Bayan ta isa tsibirin Madagascar, Anna (a matsayin Madame Rabanit) ta fara koyarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=texte |first=Madagascar Auteur du |date=1899-03-22 |title=Journal officiel de Madagascar et dépendances. Supplément commercial (Tamatave et Côte Est) / Colonie de Madagascar |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5598115z |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=Gallica |language=EN}}</ref> Ta ƙirƙiri makarantar kwana 'École Rabanit', wadda ta sami suna a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyau a tsibirin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1904-02-16 |title=Le Madagascar. Organe des intérêts politiques et coloniaux de l'Île |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5728512n |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=Gallica |language=EN}}</ref> Tana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da ke tsibirin da suka taimaka wa Gouverneur Général Joseph-Simon Gallieni a ƙoƙarinsa na ilmantar da mutanen Malagasy game da harshen Faransanci da al'adunsu. Saboda waɗannan ayyukan, an ba Anna lambar yabo ta Faransa 'Officier d'Académie' (Silver Palms) a 1907. Ta saki mijinta a wannan shekarar. A 1909, ta bar Madagascar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gallica |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/accueil/fr/content/accueil-fr?mode=desktop |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=gallica.bnf.fr}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Oktoba 1910, Anna ta auri Alkali Constant Charles Eugène Guérin ("Eugène") a Vallon. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Relevés Ardéchois |url=http://releves.free.fr/index.php?page=ec&ville=vallon |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=releves.free.fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=texte |first=Madagascar Auteur du |date=1907-07-27 |title=Journal officiel de Madagascar et dépendances |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6485193x |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=Gallica |language=EN}}</ref> [[Fayil:Alliance_française_lecturer_Madame_Guérin_portraying_a_praying_Jeanne_d'Arc.jpg|thumb|Malamar Alliance française Madame Guérin tana zana Jeanne d'Arc mai addu'a.]] == Babban Birtaniya == A yanzu Madam E. Guérin, ta tafi Burtaniya jim kaɗan bayan aurenta da Eugène kuma ta sanya 'ya'yanta mata biyu a makarantar kwana ta Landan. [1] Ta yi lacca a Ingila, Scotland da Arewacin Ireland don ƙungiyar 'Alliance Française' na kusan shekaru huɗu. Tana da sha'awar haɓaka al'adun Faransa da harshe; da ilimi. [2] Yayin da take Burtaniya, Paul Cambon, Jakadan Faransa a Landan, ya ba Anna kyautar le médaille Officier de l'Instruction Publique. [3] Anna ta yi lacca tsakanin kaka da bazara, tana yin lokacin bazara a Faransa. [4] == Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya == A shekarar 1914, kafin barkewar [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], Anna Guérin ta amince ta yi lacca a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Search the archive {{!}} British Newspaper Archive |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/ |access-date=2019-10-13 |via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]}}</ref> Ta shafe shekaru uku tana bin wannan tsari kuma ta yi tafiya a faɗin Tekun Atlantika a watan Oktoban 1914. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancestry® {{!}} Genealogy, Family Trees & Family History Records |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/ |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=www.ancestry.co.uk}}</ref> Da farko, laccocinta suna ƙarƙashin jagorancin ' [[Ƙungiyar Faransanci|Alliance Française]] ' amma ta ɓoye tattara kuɗi don dalilan yaƙin Faransa, a ƙarshen laccocinta. An tattara waɗannan gudummawar da aka ba da son rai kuma an aika su kai tsaye zuwa Faransa, ta hanyar wani ɓangare na uku. Da zarar Amurka ta shiga yaƙin, Anna ta tara kuɗi a bayyane, a kan dandamali na jama'a. Ta tara kuɗi don ƙungiyar 'Abinci ga Faransa'; zawarawa da marayu na Faransa; tsoffin sojojin Faransa (an sallame su ba tare da fansho ba); Red Cross ta Amurka da Lamunin Lamunin 'Yanci na Amurka da sauransu. Yayin da take ba da lacca ga Lamunin 'Yanci na Amurka, mutane da yawa sun bayyana Anna Guérin a matsayin mafi kyawun mai magana da yawun yaƙi ''.'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Newspapers.com - Historical Newspapers from 1700s-2000s |url=http://www.newspapers.com/ |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> Saboda ayyukanta ga Lamunin 'Yanci na Amurka, an ba Anna Guérin lambar yabo ta Lamunin 'Yanci na Nasara na 1919. Anna Guérin ta koma Faransa kowace bazara. Annobar mura ta Spanish 'Flu ta rage abin da zai zama rangadinta na 1918/19. Tana tsakiyar [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] lokacin da aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta ta 1918. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Newspapers.com - Historical Newspapers from 1700s-2000s |url=http://www.newspapers.com/ |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> == Ranar Poppy Tsakanin Kawaye == Anna Guérin ta yi tunanin cewa kwanakin tara kuɗinta sun ƙare. Duk da haka, bayan 'yan kwanaki kalilan da ta koma gida a Faransa, an kira ta zuwa Paris. Gwamnatin Faransa ta ƙirƙiri 'La Ligue des enfants de France et d'Amérique', tare da poppy a matsayin alamarta. An bai wa Madam Anna Guérin aikin komawa Amurka don ƙirƙirar reshen Amurka - wanda ake kira 'American-Franco Children's League' (wanda kuma aka sani da 'American Star' da 'American-French Children's League'). Alamar poppy ta samo asali ne daga waƙar ''In Flanders Fields'' ta Lt. Col. John McCrae, wani likitan tiyata na soja na Kanada. Sojoji da yawa sun sami kwarin gwiwa daga poppy da ke tsiro a fagen fama kuma da yawa sun zaɓi ɗaya suka mayar da shi gida - irin wannan jin daɗin da ke da alaƙa da zubar jini. A kowace jiha da ta ziyarta, Anna Guérin ta kafa kwamitin ƙungiyar yara. Biyan kuɗi ga membobinta da kuma taron tara kuɗi zai samar da wasu kuɗaɗe masu mahimmanci, waɗanda ake buƙata sosai ga marayu a yankunan da yaƙi ya daidaita na Faransa, akai-akai. A shekarar 1919, ta fara gudanar da Kwanakin Poppy a Amurka - tana rarraba waƙar poppy takarda, a madadin gudummawa. Mata da 'yan mata na gida su ne ginshiƙin ayyukanta; masu sayar da poppy suna sanya sarƙoƙi masu ɗauke da "A cikin filayen Flanders, poppy suna girma". <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Montana Standard of Butte, Montana, 22 June 1920, page 5 |url=http://www.newspapers.com/ |access-date=2019-11-10 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:034.AmericanLegion_1920.10.15_americanlegionwe238amer-page-011_Page11.jpg|thumb|Wannan shafi na 11 ne na bugu na "Bayan Taro" na mujallar mako-mako ta American Legion ta ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 1920. Anna Guérin an nuna ta a tsakiya/hagu.]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 1961]] aekx1wjy256tt0ac6ljixix5wd6tg3s 822005 822004 2026-04-17T20:33:37Z Maryam Abdullahi Anka 44060 822005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:002a.OK_Poppy_1920.4.3_CiteTheSaltLakeTribune_Sat_Page22_MadameE.GuerinAndPoppy.jpg|thumb|Anna Guérin sanye da "kayan yakin neman zabe" - wannan ya dogara ne akan kayan aikin Chasseurs Alpins na Faransa. An buga wannan hoton a cikin Salt Lake Tribune a ranar 3 ga Afrilun shekarar 1920. An gyara shi da wani murfin wani furen tunawa da aka yi da Faransa a shekarar 1921 - wanda aka rarraba a Kanada.]] '''<big>Tarihin Rayuwa</big>''' <small>'''Sunan haihuwa''' = Anna Alix Boulle.</small> <small>'''Ranar haihuwa''' = (1878-02-03 ) 1878-02-03)</small> <small>'''Wurin Haihuwa''' = Vallon-Pont-d'Arc, [[Faransa]]</small> <small>'''Ranar mutuwa''' = {{Death date and age|1961|04|16|1878|02|15}}</small> <small>'''Wurin mutuwa''' = 5 Charles Dickens Square, Paris</small> <small>'''Ƙasa''' = [[Faransa]]</small> <small>'''Sana'a''' = Malami, Malami, Malamin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, Jinƙai, Wanda ya kafa ra'ayin 'Ranar Poppy Tsakanin Ƙawayen' - wanda dukkan ƙasashe masu haɗin gwiwa da Ingilishi suka amince da shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya.</small> <small>'''Awards''' = Certificat d'aptitude pédagogique (CAP), Ordre des Palmes académiques, [[L‘Officier de l'Instruction Publique|l'Officier de l'Instruction Publique]], [[U.S. Victory Liberty Loan Medal|US Nasara Lamuni Lamuni Lamuni]]</small> '''Anna E. Guérin''' (an haife ta '''Anna Alix Boulle''', 3 ga Fabrairu 1878 - 16 ga Afrilu 1961) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Relevés Ardéchois |url=http://releves.free.fr/index.php?page=ec&ville=vallon |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=releves.free.fr}}</ref> ita ce ta kafa Ranar Tunawa da Poppy . Kafin wannan, ta kasance malamar makaranta a [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] ; malamar makaranta a ''[[Ƙungiyar Faransanci|ƙungiyar Alliance Française]]'' ; kuma malamar makaranta, mai tara kuɗi da kuma taimakon jama'a a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] . Saboda ayyukan da ta yi wa Faransa, an ba ta lambar yabo ta ''Ordre des Palmes academiques'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=texte |first=Madagascar Auteur du |date=1907-06-15 |title=Journal officiel de Madagascar et dépendances |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6476996z |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=Gallica |language=EN}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madame Guérin |url=https://poppyladymadameguerin.wordpress.com/ |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=Madame Guérin |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Newspapers.com - Historical Newspapers from 1700s-2000s |url=http://www.newspapers.com/ |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> da kuma [[L‘Officier de l'Instruction Publique|l'Officier de l'Instruction Publique]] . Saboda ayyukan da ta yi wa Amurka, don Liberty Bond, an ba Anna Guérin lambar yabo ta Victory Liberty Loan Medallion. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Newspapers.com - Historical Newspapers from 1700s-2000s |url=http://www.newspapers.com/ |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> Da farko, Ranar Masoya tata ta kuma amfanar da zawarawa da marayu a yankunan Faransa da yaƙi ya daidaita. An yi mata baftisma ta ''"'' Mace Mai Farin Ciki daga Faransa ''"'' bayan an gayyace ta ta yi jawabi ga ƙungiyar American Legion, a taronta na 1920, a [[Cleveland|Cleveland, Ohio]], game da ra'ayinta na asali na 'Ranar Masoya Tsakanin Ƙawance'. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Headquarters |first=American Legion National |date=1920-10-15 |title=The American Legion Weekly [Volume 2, No. 38 (October 15, 1920)] |url=https://archive.legion.org/handle/20.500.12203/2957 |language=en-US}}</ref> Manufarta ita ce dukkan ƙasashen da suka haɗu da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya su yi amfani da masoya na wucin gadi, waɗanda zawarawa da marayu na Faransa suka yi, a matsayin alama don tunawa da waɗanda suka sadaukar da rayukansu a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, kuma a lokaci guda, ƙirƙirar hanyar tara kuɗi don tallafawa iyalan waɗanda suka mutu da waɗanda suka tsira, daga baya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Newspapers.com - Historical Newspapers from 1700s-2000s |url=http://www.newspapers.com/ |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> Yanzu, Masoya Mai Farin Ciki ta ƙunshi duk rikice-rikicen da suka faru tun daga lokacin. [[Fayil:La_Mairie_(Town_Hall),_Vallon,_Ardèche_département,_France.jpg|thumb|La Mairie (Zauren Gari), Vallon, Ardeche departement, Faransa.]] == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Guérin a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 1878, a lokacin da aka haife ta a Vallon (-Pont-d'Arc) '','' Ardèche, [[Faransa]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Relevés Ardéchois |url=http://releves.free.fr/index.php?page=ec&ville=vallon |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=releves.free.fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://releves.free.fr/index.php?page=ec&ville=vallon "Relevés Ardéchois"]. ''releves.free.fr''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> Iyayenta masu gona ne, Auguste Boulle da matarsa Anna (née Granier). Ta auri ɗan ƙasar [[Cuba]], ɗan ƙasar Faransa, Paul Rabanit, a Vallon, a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 1897. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Relevés Ardéchois |url=http://releves.free.fr/index.php?page=ec&ville=vallon |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=releves.free.fr}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan auren, suka yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] ta Faransa. [[Fayil:Two_sides_to_Madagascar,_during_Madame_Guérin's_time_-_French_and_Malagasy.jpg|thumb|Bangarorin biyu sun yi wa Madagascar kawanya, a zamanin Madame Guérin - Faransanci da Malagasy.]] == Madagascar == Bayan ta isa tsibirin Madagascar, Anna (a matsayin Madame Rabanit) ta fara koyarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=texte |first=Madagascar Auteur du |date=1899-03-22 |title=Journal officiel de Madagascar et dépendances. Supplément commercial (Tamatave et Côte Est) / Colonie de Madagascar |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5598115z |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=Gallica |language=EN}}</ref> Ta ƙirƙiri makarantar kwana 'École Rabanit', wadda ta sami suna a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyau a tsibirin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1904-02-16 |title=Le Madagascar. Organe des intérêts politiques et coloniaux de l'Île |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5728512n |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=Gallica |language=EN}}</ref> Tana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da ke tsibirin da suka taimaka wa Gouverneur Général Joseph-Simon Gallieni a ƙoƙarinsa na ilmantar da mutanen Malagasy game da harshen Faransanci da al'adunsu. Saboda waɗannan ayyukan, an ba Anna lambar yabo ta Faransa 'Officier d'Académie' (Silver Palms) a 1907. Ta saki mijinta a wannan shekarar. A 1909, ta bar Madagascar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gallica |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/accueil/fr/content/accueil-fr?mode=desktop |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=gallica.bnf.fr}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Oktoba 1910, Anna ta auri Alkali Constant Charles Eugène Guérin ("Eugène") a Vallon. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Relevés Ardéchois |url=http://releves.free.fr/index.php?page=ec&ville=vallon |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=releves.free.fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=texte |first=Madagascar Auteur du |date=1907-07-27 |title=Journal officiel de Madagascar et dépendances |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6485193x |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=Gallica |language=EN}}</ref> [[Fayil:Alliance_française_lecturer_Madame_Guérin_portraying_a_praying_Jeanne_d'Arc.jpg|thumb|Malamar Alliance française Madame Guérin tana zana Jeanne d'Arc mai addu'a.]] == Babban Birtaniya == A yanzu Madam E. Guérin, ta tafi Burtaniya jim kaɗan bayan aurenta da Eugène kuma ta sanya 'ya'yanta mata biyu a makarantar kwana ta Landan. [1] Ta yi lacca a Ingila, Scotland da Arewacin Ireland don ƙungiyar 'Alliance Française' na kusan shekaru huɗu. Tana da sha'awar haɓaka al'adun Faransa da harshe; da ilimi. [2] Yayin da take Burtaniya, Paul Cambon, Jakadan Faransa a Landan, ya ba Anna kyautar le médaille Officier de l'Instruction Publique. [3] Anna ta yi lacca tsakanin kaka da bazara, tana yin lokacin bazara a Faransa. [4] == Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya == A shekarar 1914, kafin barkewar [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], Anna Guérin ta amince ta yi lacca a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Search the archive {{!}} British Newspaper Archive |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/ |access-date=2019-10-13 |via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]}}</ref> Ta shafe shekaru uku tana bin wannan tsari kuma ta yi tafiya a faɗin Tekun Atlantika a watan Oktoban 1914. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancestry® {{!}} Genealogy, Family Trees & Family History Records |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/ |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=www.ancestry.co.uk}}</ref> Da farko, laccocinta suna ƙarƙashin jagorancin ' [[Ƙungiyar Faransanci|Alliance Française]] ' amma ta ɓoye tattara kuɗi don dalilan yaƙin Faransa, a ƙarshen laccocinta. An tattara waɗannan gudummawar da aka ba da son rai kuma an aika su kai tsaye zuwa Faransa, ta hanyar wani ɓangare na uku. Da zarar Amurka ta shiga yaƙin, Anna ta tara kuɗi a bayyane, a kan dandamali na jama'a. Ta tara kuɗi don ƙungiyar 'Abinci ga Faransa'; zawarawa da marayu na Faransa; tsoffin sojojin Faransa (an sallame su ba tare da fansho ba); Red Cross ta Amurka da Lamunin Lamunin 'Yanci na Amurka da sauransu. Yayin da take ba da lacca ga Lamunin 'Yanci na Amurka, mutane da yawa sun bayyana Anna Guérin a matsayin mafi kyawun mai magana da yawun yaƙi ''.'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Newspapers.com - Historical Newspapers from 1700s-2000s |url=http://www.newspapers.com/ |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> Saboda ayyukanta ga Lamunin 'Yanci na Amurka, an ba Anna Guérin lambar yabo ta Lamunin 'Yanci na Nasara na 1919. Anna Guérin ta koma Faransa kowace bazara. Annobar mura ta Spanish 'Flu ta rage abin da zai zama rangadinta na 1918/19. Tana tsakiyar [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] lokacin da aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta ta 1918. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Newspapers.com - Historical Newspapers from 1700s-2000s |url=http://www.newspapers.com/ |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> == Ranar Poppy Tsakanin Kawaye == Anna Guérin ta yi tunanin cewa kwanakin tara kuɗinta sun ƙare. Duk da haka, bayan 'yan kwanaki kalilan da ta koma gida a Faransa, an kira ta zuwa Paris. Gwamnatin Faransa ta ƙirƙiri 'La Ligue des enfants de France et d'Amérique', tare da poppy a matsayin alamarta. An bai wa Madam Anna Guérin aikin komawa Amurka don ƙirƙirar reshen Amurka - wanda ake kira 'American-Franco Children's League' (wanda kuma aka sani da 'American Star' da 'American-French Children's League'). Alamar poppy ta samo asali ne daga waƙar ''In Flanders Fields'' ta Lt. Col. John McCrae, wani likitan tiyata na soja na Kanada. Sojoji da yawa sun sami kwarin gwiwa daga poppy da ke tsiro a fagen fama kuma da yawa sun zaɓi ɗaya suka mayar da shi gida - irin wannan jin daɗin da ke da alaƙa da zubar jini. A kowace jiha da ta ziyarta, Anna Guérin ta kafa kwamitin ƙungiyar yara. Biyan kuɗi ga membobinta da kuma taron tara kuɗi zai samar da wasu kuɗaɗe masu mahimmanci, waɗanda ake buƙata sosai ga marayu a yankunan da yaƙi ya daidaita na Faransa, akai-akai. A shekarar 1919, ta fara gudanar da Kwanakin Poppy a Amurka - tana rarraba waƙar poppy takarda, a madadin gudummawa. Mata da 'yan mata na gida su ne ginshiƙin ayyukanta; masu sayar da poppy suna sanya sarƙoƙi masu ɗauke da "A cikin filayen Flanders, poppy suna girma". <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Montana Standard of Butte, Montana, 22 June 1920, page 5 |url=http://www.newspapers.com/ |access-date=2019-11-10 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:034.AmericanLegion_1920.10.15_americanlegionwe238amer-page-011_Page11.jpg|thumb|Wannan shafi na 11 ne na bugu na "Bayan Taro" na mujallar mako-mako ta American Legion ta ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 1920. Anna Guérin an nuna ta a tsakiya/hagu.]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 1961]] cajwavz4q81xj8r7426tq4uxpfgre1t 0 144502 822107 807000 2026-04-18T09:49:46Z K Bogi 44093 822107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fidela Oller Angelats''' (born '''Maria Dolors Oller Angelats'''; 17 September 1869 – 30 August 1936) was a Spanish religious sister of the ''Hermanas de Sant Josep o Vetlladores'' (Sisters of Saint Joseph of Girona).<ref name="SQPN">{{Cite web |date=7 September 2015 |title=Blessed Maria Dolores Oller Angelats |url=https://catholicsaints.info/blessed-maria-dolores-oller-angelats/ |access-date=9 November 2018 |publisher=Saints SQPN}}</ref><ref name="SEB">{{Cite web |date= |title=Blessed Fidelia (Dolores) Oller Angelats |url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/96772 |access-date=9 November 2018 |publisher=Santi e Beati}}</ref> She suffered martyrdom in the Spanish Civil War when she was gunned together along a road at Xeresa.<ref name="SEB" /> On 5 September 2015, she was beatied in the Girona Cathedral.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pregunta Santoral |date=5 September 2015 |title=Beatas Facunda Margenat, Fidella Oller y Josefa Monrabal, religiosas mártires |url=http://www.preguntasantoral.es/2015/09/beatas-hermanas-veladoras/ |access-date=5 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="SQPN" /><ref name="SEB" /> == Rayuwa == An haifi Maria Dolors Oller Angelats a ranar 17 ga Satumban shekarar 1869 a Bañolas a matsayin babbar 'ya'ya huɗu da aka haifa wa [[Tukwane|mai tukwane]] Lorenzo Oller Verdaguer (1842–88) da Margarita Angelats Frigola. An yi bikin baftismarta 'yan kaɗan bayan haka a cocin cocin Santa María del Turers inda aka yi mata baftisma da sunaye ''Dolors Margarita Teresa'' . Bishop na Girona Constantino Bonet ya ba ta Confirmation watanni biyu bayan haka a watan Nuwamba. <ref name="SEB">{{Cite web |date= |title=Blessed Fidelia (Dolores) Oller Angelats |url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/96772 |access-date=9 November 2018 |publisher=Santi e Beati}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/96772 "Blessed Fidelia (Dolores) Oller Angelats"]. Santi e Beati<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> 'Yan'uwanta uku (a jere) su ne Lorenzo (an haife shi a 1873), Teresa (sunan namiji; an haife shi a 1875) da Salvador (an haife shi a 1880). Daga baya ɗan'uwanta Salvador ya zama Marist a matsayin Ɗan'uwa Doroteo. <ref name="SEB" /> <ref name="MR">{{Cite web |last=Melanie Rigney |date=9 November 2016 |title=Wednesday's Woman: Blessed Maria Dolores Oller Angelats |url=http://melanierigney.com/blog/catholicism/5224/ |access-date=9 November 2018}}</ref> Kakanta na uba (kuma mai tukwane) shi ne Lorenzo Oller Bartra. Tun tana da shekaru goma sha bakwai, ta yi burin shiga rayuwar addini fiye da yadda take a lokacin yarintarta, kuma ta yanke shawarar cewa za ta zama mai da'awar addini da kanta. Wannan ya samo asali ne daga lokacin da ta fara haɗuwa da 'Yan'uwa Mata Masu Addini na Saint Joseph na Girona waɗanda suka zo garinsu a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 1880 don taimakawa a asibiti na gida; ta fuskanci su a wannan lokacin kuma aikinsu ya ja hankalinta. Oller ta yi ƙoƙarinta na farko don shiga wannan umarni ba da daɗewa ba bayan wannan ƙudurin amma an tilasta mata ta tafi gida bayan mutuwar mahaifinta kwatsam a 1888 (ya mutu yana kula da wani dangi mara lafiya). <ref name="MR">{{Cite web |last=Melanie Rigney |date=9 November 2016 |title=Wednesday's Woman: Blessed Maria Dolores Oller Angelats |url=http://melanierigney.com/blog/catholicism/5224/ |access-date=9 November 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMelanie_Rigney2016">Melanie Rigney (9 November 2016). [http://melanierigney.com/blog/catholicism/5224/ "Wednesday's Woman: Blessed Maria Dolores Oller Angelats"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Wannan komawa gida ya sa ta kula da mahaifiyarta gwauruwa da 'yan'uwanta (Lorenzo mai shekaru goma sha biyar, Teresa mai shekaru goma sha uku, da Salvador mai shekaru takwas) ban da kakan mahaifinta wanda ya ƙaura tare da su. Amma ba da daɗewa ba ta yanke shawarar cewa aikinta yana ƙaruwa don haka ta koma ga umarninta don ci gaba da aikinta a ƙarƙashin sabuwar uwargida Sister María Vinardell. Oller ta dawo kan umarnin a ranar 12 ga Mayu 1892 don sake fara sabuwar makarantarta kuma ta ɗauki sunan addini "Fidela" sakamakon haka. <ref name="SEB">{{Cite web |date= |title=Blessed Fidelia (Dolores) Oller Angelats |url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/96772 |access-date=9 November 2018 |publisher=Santi e Beati}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/96772 "Blessed Fidelia (Dolores) Oller Angelats"]. Santi e Beati<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Oller ta fara aikinta na farko a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 1894 tare da wasu mutane biyu (Inés Pagés Grivé (an haife ta a shekara ta 1875) da Teresa Canal Vila (an haife ta a shekara ta 1871)) sannan ta fara aikinta na addini a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 1902. <ref name="SQPN">{{Cite web |date=7 September 2015 |title=Blessed Maria Dolores Oller Angelats |url=https://catholicsaints.info/blessed-maria-dolores-oller-angelats/ |access-date=9 November 2018 |publisher=Saints SQPN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://catholicsaints.info/blessed-maria-dolores-oller-angelats/ "Blessed Maria Dolores Oller Angelats"]. Saints SQPN. 7 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Oller ta ba da ayyukanta a asibitoci domin kula da marasa lafiya kuma an san ta da kasancewa mai ta'aziyya ga waɗanda ke rashin lafiya. A shekarar 1911 aka naɗa ta shugabar gidan sufi a Malgrat de Mar har zuwa watan Agusta na 1917 lokacin da aka mayar da ita Camprodón. Daga baya Oller ta koma Gandía a shekarar 1927 inda ta kafa sabon gidan sufi saboda umarninta kuma inda ta zama babbar gidan sufi. A nan ne ta shahara a tsakanin abokan aikinta saboda ja-gorarta da kuma kasancewarta mai goyon baya. <ref name="SQPN">{{Cite web |date=7 September 2015 |title=Blessed Maria Dolores Oller Angelats |url=https://catholicsaints.info/blessed-maria-dolores-oller-angelats/ |access-date=9 November 2018 |publisher=Saints SQPN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://catholicsaints.info/blessed-maria-dolores-oller-angelats/ "Blessed Maria Dolores Oller Angelats"]. Saints SQPN. 7 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Barkewar Yaƙin Basasa na Spain a shekarar 1936 ya sa aka ƙone cocin kwaleji na gida da ke Gandía wata guda bayan fara rikicin a ranar 2 ga Agusta. Daga baya aka gaya wa Oller ta miƙa dukkan kuɗaɗe da bayanan ga 'yan bindiga duk da cewa ta aika su ba da daɗewa ba kafin wannan zuwa gidan uwar rundunar da ke wani yanki. <ref name="MR">{{Cite web |last=Melanie Rigney |date=9 November 2016 |title=Wednesday's Woman: Blessed Maria Dolores Oller Angelats |url=http://melanierigney.com/blog/catholicism/5224/ |access-date=9 November 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMelanie_Rigney2016">Melanie Rigney (9 November 2016). [http://melanierigney.com/blog/catholicism/5224/ "Wednesday's Woman: Blessed Maria Dolores Oller Angelats"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Daga baya, 'yar cocin ta gudu ta ɓuya (ta sha wahala da rashin barci da sanin cewa wani abu zai iya faruwa da ita a wani lokaci) kuma tana ƙaura daga wuri zuwa wuri sai ta haɗu da wata abokiyar aikinta: Sister Josefa Monrabal Montaner. Ma'auratan sun yanke shawarar ƙaura zuwa wani gida bayan an ba su shi kuma suka zauna a keɓe ba tare da sun bar gidan ba don guje wa gano shi. Amma duk wannan ya canza a daren ranar 29 ga Agusta lokacin da aka gano su aka kama su. A lokacin wannan kama ne aka karye hannunta a lokacin hayaniyar. <ref name="MR" /> Shugaban gidan José María Aparisi ya buɗe ƙofa ga 'yan bindiga da ke neman a kama su. Ya fara jin tsoron cewa shi ma za a kama shi don haka ya bayyana inda suke. Mutanen sun so Oller ba Monrabal ba, duk da cewa na biyun ya nemi kada a raba ta da Oller. An harbi Oller da Monrabal sau da yawa kuma an bar su suna zubar da jini har suka mutu sakamakon raunukan da suka samu a cikin dare ɗaya. Oller da kanta ta mutu sakamakon raunukan da ta samu a ranar 30 ga Agusta a kan hanyar da ta haɗa Gandía da Xeresa . [1] An harbi Oller a kafada da kuma a haikali na dama yayin da Monrabal ta mutu sakamakon mummunan zubar jini bayan an harbe ta a gefen hagu na wuyanta. Mutanen da ke zaune a wannan yanki sun ji karar harbin kuma daga baya da safe suka gano gawarwakin; mutanen sun binne su a Xeresa da rana amma an tono gawarwakin a shekarar 1939 aka mayar da su Gandía. [2] Daga baya an tono gawarta kuma yanzu haka ana ajiye su a Gandía. == Ƙarfafawa == Tsarin cika alƙawuran cocin ya ci gaba daga 24 ga Nuwamba 2001 har zuwa 11 ga Janairu 2003, Ikilisiyar Dalilan Waliyyai ta ayyana cewa wannan tsari yana aiki a cikin wata doka da aka bayar a ranar 28 ga Maris 2003. Bayanin ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka ya tattara takardar Positio wadda za ta ba da labarin rayuwarsu da kuma tabbatar da kisan da aka yi musu ''a cikin odium fidei'' ("cikin ƙiyayya ga addini"). An gabatar da Positio a shekarar 2004 amma babu wani mataki da aka ɗauka sai bayan kusan shekaru goma a ranar 10 ga Disamba 2013 tare da masana tauhidi da suka tabbatar da dalilin. [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya tabbatar da an yi mata bushara a ranar 23 ga Janairu 2015; Cardinal Angelo Amato ya jagoranci bikin a Cathedral na Girona a ranar 5 ga Satumba 2015; Bishop na Girona Francisco Pardo Artigas da Archbishop na Cardinal na Valencia Antonio Cañizares Llovera sun halarci bushara. <ref name="CC">{{Cite web |date=7 September 2015 |title=3 Spanish martyrs beatified |url=https://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=26042 |access-date=9 November 2018 |publisher=[[Catholic Culture]]}}</ref> An yi wa Oller bushara tare da abokiyar addininta Josefa Monrabal Montaner da Caterina Margenat Roura. Cardinal Amato - a lokacin bushara - ya lura cewa "har ma a yau, Kiristoci su ne tsirarun da aka fi tsananta wa a duniya". Paparoma Francis ya kuma yaba wa mutanen uku a cikin jawabinsa na Angelus a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 2015 kuma ya lura cewa "su 'yan'uwa ne na Cibiyar Addini ta Saint Joseph na Girona, waɗanda aka kashe saboda amincinsu ga Almasihu da Cocin". Paparoma ya ƙara jaddada cewa 'yan mata mata suna "dogara ga Allah" waɗanda aka san su da "zubar da jininsu". <ref name="CC" /> Mai gabatar da wannan dalili shine Sister Teresa Fernández Mielgo. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1869]] 109ii9sap7wwdwmh1q1hcj1jiyggcxr 822108 822107 2026-04-18T09:50:13Z K Bogi 44093 822108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fidela Oller Angelats''' (born '''Maria Dolors Oller Angelats'''; 17 September 1869 – 30 August 1936) was a Spanish religious sister of the ''Hermanas de Sant Josep o Vetlladores'' (Sisters of Saint Joseph of Girona).<ref name="SQPN">{{Cite web |date=7 September 2015 |title=Blessed Maria Dolores Oller Angelats |url=https://catholicsaints.info/blessed-maria-dolores-oller-angelats/ |access-date=9 November 2018 |publisher=Saints SQPN}}</ref><ref name="SEB">{{Cite web |date= |title=Blessed Fidelia (Dolores) Oller Angelats |url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/96772 |access-date=9 November 2018 |publisher=Santi e Beati}}</ref> She suffered martyrdom in the Spanish Civil War when she was gunned together along a road at Xeresa.<ref name="SEB" /> On 5 September 2015, she was beatied in the Girona Cathedral.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pregunta Santoral |date=5 September 2015 |title=Beatas Facunda Margenat, Fidella Oller y Josefa Monrabal, religiosas mártires |url=http://www.preguntasantoral.es/2015/09/beatas-hermanas-veladoras/ |access-date=5 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="SQPN" /><ref name="SEB" /> == Rayuwa == An haifi Maria Dolors Oller Angelats a ranar 17 ga Satumban shekarar 1869 a Bañolas a matsayin babbar 'ya'ya huɗu da aka haifa wa [[Tukwane|mai tukwane]] Lorenzo Oller Verdaguer (1842–88) da Margarita Angelats Frigola. An yi bikin baftismarta 'yan kaɗan bayan haka a cocin cocin Santa María del Turers inda aka yi mata baftisma da sunaye ''Dolors Margarita Teresa'' . Bishop na Girona Constantino Bonet ya ba ta Confirmation watanni biyu bayan haka a watan Nuwamba. <ref name="SEB">{{Cite web |date= |title=Blessed Fidelia (Dolores) Oller Angelats |url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/96772 |access-date=9 November 2018 |publisher=Santi e Beati}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/96772 "Blessed Fidelia (Dolores) Oller Angelats"]. Santi e Beati<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> 'Yan'uwanta uku (a jere) su ne Lorenzo (an haife shi a 1873), Teresa (sunan namiji; an haife shi a 1875) da Salvador (an haife shi a 1880). Daga baya ɗan'uwanta Salvador ya zama Marist a matsayin Ɗan'uwa Doroteo. <ref name="SEB" /> <ref name="MR">{{Cite web |last=Melanie Rigney |date=9 November 2016 |title=Wednesday's Woman: Blessed Maria Dolores Oller Angelats |url=http://melanierigney.com/blog/catholicism/5224/ |access-date=9 November 2018}}</ref> Kakanta na uba (kuma mai tukwane) shi ne Lorenzo Oller Bartra. Tun tana da shekaru goma sha bakwai, ta yi burin shiga rayuwar addini fiye da yadda take a lokacin yarintarta, kuma ta yanke shawarar cewa za ta zama mai da'awar addini da kanta. Wannan ya samo asali ne daga lokacin da ta fara haɗuwa da 'Yan'uwa Mata Masu Addini na Saint Joseph na Girona waɗanda suka zo garinsu a ranar 14 ga Yulin shekarar 1880 don taimakawa a asibiti na gida; ta fuskanci su a wannan lokacin kuma aikinsu ya ja hankalinta. Oller ta yi ƙoƙarinta na farko don shiga wannan umarni ba da daɗewa ba bayan wannan ƙudurin amma an tilasta mata ta tafi gida bayan mutuwar mahaifinta kwatsam a 1888 (ya mutu yana kula da wani dangi mara lafiya). <ref name="MR">{{Cite web |last=Melanie Rigney |date=9 November 2016 |title=Wednesday's Woman: Blessed Maria Dolores Oller Angelats |url=http://melanierigney.com/blog/catholicism/5224/ |access-date=9 November 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMelanie_Rigney2016">Melanie Rigney (9 November 2016). [http://melanierigney.com/blog/catholicism/5224/ "Wednesday's Woman: Blessed Maria Dolores Oller Angelats"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Wannan komawa gida ya sa ta kula da mahaifiyarta gwauruwa da 'yan'uwanta (Lorenzo mai shekaru goma sha biyar, Teresa mai shekaru goma sha uku, da Salvador mai shekaru takwas) ban da kakan mahaifinta wanda ya ƙaura tare da su. Amma ba da daɗewa ba ta yanke shawarar cewa aikinta yana ƙaruwa don haka ta koma ga umarninta don ci gaba da aikinta a ƙarƙashin sabuwar uwargida Sister María Vinardell. Oller ta dawo kan umarnin a ranar 12 ga Mayu 1892 don sake fara sabuwar makarantarta kuma ta ɗauki sunan addini "Fidela" sakamakon haka. <ref name="SEB">{{Cite web |date= |title=Blessed Fidelia (Dolores) Oller Angelats |url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/96772 |access-date=9 November 2018 |publisher=Santi e Beati}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/96772 "Blessed Fidelia (Dolores) Oller Angelats"]. Santi e Beati<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Oller ta fara aikinta na farko a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 1894 tare da wasu mutane biyu (Inés Pagés Grivé (an haife ta a shekara ta 1875) da Teresa Canal Vila (an haife ta a shekara ta 1871)) sannan ta fara aikinta na addini a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 1902. <ref name="SQPN">{{Cite web |date=7 September 2015 |title=Blessed Maria Dolores Oller Angelats |url=https://catholicsaints.info/blessed-maria-dolores-oller-angelats/ |access-date=9 November 2018 |publisher=Saints SQPN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://catholicsaints.info/blessed-maria-dolores-oller-angelats/ "Blessed Maria Dolores Oller Angelats"]. Saints SQPN. 7 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Oller ta ba da ayyukanta a asibitoci domin kula da marasa lafiya kuma an san ta da kasancewa mai ta'aziyya ga waɗanda ke rashin lafiya. A shekarar 1911 aka naɗa ta shugabar gidan sufi a Malgrat de Mar har zuwa watan Agusta na 1917 lokacin da aka mayar da ita Camprodón. Daga baya Oller ta koma Gandía a shekarar 1927 inda ta kafa sabon gidan sufi saboda umarninta kuma inda ta zama babbar gidan sufi. A nan ne ta shahara a tsakanin abokan aikinta saboda ja-gorarta da kuma kasancewarta mai goyon baya. <ref name="SQPN">{{Cite web |date=7 September 2015 |title=Blessed Maria Dolores Oller Angelats |url=https://catholicsaints.info/blessed-maria-dolores-oller-angelats/ |access-date=9 November 2018 |publisher=Saints SQPN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://catholicsaints.info/blessed-maria-dolores-oller-angelats/ "Blessed Maria Dolores Oller Angelats"]. Saints SQPN. 7 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Barkewar Yaƙin Basasa na Spain a shekarar 1936 ya sa aka ƙone cocin kwaleji na gida da ke Gandía wata guda bayan fara rikicin a ranar 2 ga Agusta. Daga baya aka gaya wa Oller ta miƙa dukkan kuɗaɗe da bayanan ga 'yan bindiga duk da cewa ta aika su ba da daɗewa ba kafin wannan zuwa gidan uwar rundunar da ke wani yanki. <ref name="MR">{{Cite web |last=Melanie Rigney |date=9 November 2016 |title=Wednesday's Woman: Blessed Maria Dolores Oller Angelats |url=http://melanierigney.com/blog/catholicism/5224/ |access-date=9 November 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMelanie_Rigney2016">Melanie Rigney (9 November 2016). [http://melanierigney.com/blog/catholicism/5224/ "Wednesday's Woman: Blessed Maria Dolores Oller Angelats"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Daga baya, 'yar cocin ta gudu ta ɓuya (ta sha wahala da rashin barci da sanin cewa wani abu zai iya faruwa da ita a wani lokaci) kuma tana ƙaura daga wuri zuwa wuri sai ta haɗu da wata abokiyar aikinta: Sister Josefa Monrabal Montaner. Ma'auratan sun yanke shawarar ƙaura zuwa wani gida bayan an ba su shi kuma suka zauna a keɓe ba tare da sun bar gidan ba don guje wa gano shi. Amma duk wannan ya canza a daren ranar 29 ga Agusta lokacin da aka gano su aka kama su. A lokacin wannan kama ne aka karye hannunta a lokacin hayaniyar. <ref name="MR" /> Shugaban gidan José María Aparisi ya buɗe ƙofa ga 'yan bindiga da ke neman a kama su. Ya fara jin tsoron cewa shi ma za a kama shi don haka ya bayyana inda suke. Mutanen sun so Oller ba Monrabal ba, duk da cewa na biyun ya nemi kada a raba ta da Oller. An harbi Oller da Monrabal sau da yawa kuma an bar su suna zubar da jini har suka mutu sakamakon raunukan da suka samu a cikin dare ɗaya. Oller da kanta ta mutu sakamakon raunukan da ta samu a ranar 30 ga Agusta a kan hanyar da ta haɗa Gandía da Xeresa . [1] An harbi Oller a kafada da kuma a haikali na dama yayin da Monrabal ta mutu sakamakon mummunan zubar jini bayan an harbe ta a gefen hagu na wuyanta. Mutanen da ke zaune a wannan yanki sun ji karar harbin kuma daga baya da safe suka gano gawarwakin; mutanen sun binne su a Xeresa da rana amma an tono gawarwakin a shekarar 1939 aka mayar da su Gandía. [2] Daga baya an tono gawarta kuma yanzu haka ana ajiye su a Gandía. == Ƙarfafawa == Tsarin cika alƙawuran cocin ya ci gaba daga 24 ga Nuwamba 2001 har zuwa 11 ga Janairu 2003, Ikilisiyar Dalilan Waliyyai ta ayyana cewa wannan tsari yana aiki a cikin wata doka da aka bayar a ranar 28 ga Maris 2003. Bayanin ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka ya tattara takardar Positio wadda za ta ba da labarin rayuwarsu da kuma tabbatar da kisan da aka yi musu ''a cikin odium fidei'' ("cikin ƙiyayya ga addini"). An gabatar da Positio a shekarar 2004 amma babu wani mataki da aka ɗauka sai bayan kusan shekaru goma a ranar 10 ga Disamba 2013 tare da masana tauhidi da suka tabbatar da dalilin. [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya tabbatar da an yi mata bushara a ranar 23 ga Janairu 2015; Cardinal Angelo Amato ya jagoranci bikin a Cathedral na Girona a ranar 5 ga Satumba 2015; Bishop na Girona Francisco Pardo Artigas da Archbishop na Cardinal na Valencia Antonio Cañizares Llovera sun halarci bushara. <ref name="CC">{{Cite web |date=7 September 2015 |title=3 Spanish martyrs beatified |url=https://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=26042 |access-date=9 November 2018 |publisher=[[Catholic Culture]]}}</ref> An yi wa Oller bushara tare da abokiyar addininta Josefa Monrabal Montaner da Caterina Margenat Roura. Cardinal Amato - a lokacin bushara - ya lura cewa "har ma a yau, Kiristoci su ne tsirarun da aka fi tsananta wa a duniya". Paparoma Francis ya kuma yaba wa mutanen uku a cikin jawabinsa na Angelus a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 2015 kuma ya lura cewa "su 'yan'uwa ne na Cibiyar Addini ta Saint Joseph na Girona, waɗanda aka kashe saboda amincinsu ga Almasihu da Cocin". Paparoma ya ƙara jaddada cewa 'yan mata mata suna "dogara ga Allah" waɗanda aka san su da "zubar da jininsu". <ref name="CC" /> Mai gabatar da wannan dalili shine Sister Teresa Fernández Mielgo. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1869]] 77lqonaei2g1z8ne7d81q9n74mhn3v6 0 144670 822093 807483 2026-04-18T09:43:14Z K Bogi 44093 822093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Edith Lagos''' was a Peruvian Guerrilla fighter who was a member of the party Shining Path (Spanish: Sendero Luminoso), one of the multiple Communist Parties of Peru. Lagos was a prominent promoter of the group's agenda. == Rayuwa == An kuma haifi Legas a Ayacucho ga wani iyali mai arziki. Ta yi karatun lauya a Jami'ar San Martín de Porres da ke [[Lima]] kafin ta fice ta shiga Shining Path <ref>{{Cite web |title=¿Quién es Edith Lagos, la senderista del video del Frente Amplio? |url=http://altavoz.pe/2017/04/20/23464/quien-es-edith-lagos-la-senderista-del-video-del-frente-amplio |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225161735/http://altavoz.pe/2017/04/20/23464/quien-es-edith-lagos-la-senderista-del-video-del-frente-amplio |archive-date=2017-12-25 |access-date=2017-09-15 |website=altavoz.pe |language=es}}</ref> A shekarar 1980, Lagos ta tsere daga gidan yarin Ayacucho bayan da wani rukunin sojoji na Shining Path ya hura rami a bangon gidan yarin. Ta shafe shekaru biyu tana tallata Shining Path da kuma shiga cikin ayyukansu. A shekarar 1982, an kashe Legas a Umaca, Peru, a wani musayar wuta da 'yan sanda da jami'an tsaro . [1] An binne ta a Ayacucho. An kiyasta cewa mutane har 30,000 ne suka halarci jana'izar. Daga baya rundunar Rodrigo Franco ta kai harin bam a kabarin Lago. [2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] an3ygv7fbh5oug2f84df741lgqnurd5 0 145483 822074 809818 2026-04-18T07:41:18Z Kusa MS 44084 822074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Filippo Salvatore Gilii|Gilij]] ne ya buga jerin kalmomin farko na Tamanaku a cikin shekara ta 1780, daga zamansa na shekaru kimanin 20 tsakanin Tamanku wanda ya fara a kusa da shekara ta 1750. == Fasahar sauti == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! !Biyuwa !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Gishiri |- align="center" !Dakatar da |p |t | |k |ʔ |- !Rashin lafiya | | |ts (dz) | | |- align="center" !Fricative |[β] | | | |[h] |- align="center" !Hanci |m |n |[ɲ] | | |- align="center" !Ruwa | |r [l] | | | |- align="center" !Kusanci |w | |j | | |} Tsayawa na iya yin murya da allophones na [b d ɡ]. Allophones na /p, n, r/ sun haɗa da [β h ɲ l]. === Sautin sautin === {| class="wikitable" ! !A gaba !Tsakiya !Komawa |- align="center" !Babba |I aiki |ɨ ɨ |u lokacin da |- align="center" !Tsakanin |Za a yi amfani da shi |ə̃ |ko kuma |- align="center" !Ƙananan | |a nan | |} == Manqzarta == t7wg98cbt0n7dka5zjx2xqqvlnpov8c 0 147393 822159 817722 2026-04-18T11:44:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 822159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Laura L. Yeager''' (née '''Brandt'''; an haife ta 1963 ko 1964) jami'ar tsaro ce a cikin Sojojin Amurka.<ref name="meet">{{Cite web |last=Langhorne |first=Daniel |date=June 30, 2019 |title=She just made history as the first woman to lead an Army division. Meet Maj. Gen. Laura Yeager |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-laura-yeager-first-woman-to-lead-army-division-20190630-story.html |access-date=2019-06-30 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Ta zama kwamandan rundunar sojan kasa ta 40 a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2019 kuma ta yi aiki a wannan rawar har zuwa 15 ga Mayu, 2022. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi umurni da rundunar sojan Amurka. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Yeager ta girma ne a Fountain Valley, California . Mahaifinta, Robert Brandt, babban janar ce ta sojoji da ya yi ritaya kuma tsohon soja ne na Yaƙin Vietnam . [1] Ta halarci Jami'ar Jihar California, Long Beach, inda ta shiga Rundunar Horar da Jami'an Tsaro don taimakawa wajen biyan kuɗin karatun koleji. Tana da digiri na farko a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam daga Jami'ar California, Irvine, da kuma digiri biyu na biyu, daya a cikin aure da maganin iyali daga Jami'an Chapman kuma daya a cikin Nazarin dabarun daga Kwalejin Yakin Sojojin Amurka. == Ayyukan soja == An ba Yeager umurni a matsayin mataimakin na biyu a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 1986, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shalby |first=Colleen |date=June 11, 2019 |title=For the first time in history, a woman will lead a U.S. Army infantry division |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-first-woman-army-infantry-california-20190611-story.html |access-date=2019-06-16 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> bayan haka ta kammala karatun Jami'in Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Sojoji. Na farko da aka nada shi ne a matsayin jagora tare da Kamfanin Kiwon Lafiya na 423. <ref name="guard">{{Cite web |title=Brigadier General Laura L. Yeager |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/portals/31/Features/ngbgomo/bio/2/2928.html |access-date=June 16, 2019 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]], [[National Guard Bureau]]}}</ref> Ta kammala horo a matsayin matukin jirgi mai saukar ungulu na soja a shekarar 1989. Daga nan sai ta tashi da jirage masu saukar ungulu na Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk a matsayin matukin jirgi na kwashewar likitanci. Bayan shekaru takwas, ta bar aiki a matsayin kyaftin din lokacin da aka haifi ɗanta na farko. Ta shiga rundunar soji kuma daga baya ta ci gaba da aikin soja a cikin Sojojin Tsaro na California . [[Fayil:Laura_L._Yeager_(1).jpg|thumb|Kanal Laura Yeager, 2011]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] psi38b1puq45ph75tfrdoh0u6gdz0aj 822160 822159 2026-04-18T11:44:57Z Pharouqenr 25549 822160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Laura L. Yeager''' (née '''Brandt'''; an haife ta 1963 ko 1964) jami'ar tsaro ce a cikin Sojojin [[Amurka]].<ref name="meet">{{Cite web |last=Langhorne |first=Daniel |date=June 30, 2019 |title=She just made history as the first woman to lead an Army division. Meet Maj. Gen. Laura Yeager |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-laura-yeager-first-woman-to-lead-army-division-20190630-story.html |access-date=2019-06-30 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Ta zama kwamandan rundunar sojan kasa ta 40 a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2019 kuma ta yi aiki a wannan rawar har zuwa 15 ga Mayu, 2022. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi umurni da rundunar sojan Amurka. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Yeager ta girma ne a Fountain Valley, California . Mahaifinta, Robert Brandt, babban janar ce ta sojoji da ya yi ritaya kuma tsohon soja ne na Yaƙin Vietnam . [1] Ta halarci Jami'ar Jihar California, Long Beach, inda ta shiga Rundunar Horar da Jami'an Tsaro don taimakawa wajen biyan kuɗin karatun koleji. Tana da digiri na farko a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam daga Jami'ar California, Irvine, da kuma digiri biyu na biyu, daya a cikin aure da maganin iyali daga Jami'an Chapman kuma daya a cikin Nazarin dabarun daga Kwalejin Yakin Sojojin Amurka. == Ayyukan soja == An ba Yeager umurni a matsayin mataimakin na biyu a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 1986, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shalby |first=Colleen |date=June 11, 2019 |title=For the first time in history, a woman will lead a U.S. Army infantry division |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-first-woman-army-infantry-california-20190611-story.html |access-date=2019-06-16 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> bayan haka ta kammala karatun Jami'in Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Sojoji. Na farko da aka nada shi ne a matsayin jagora tare da Kamfanin Kiwon Lafiya na 423. <ref name="guard">{{Cite web |title=Brigadier General Laura L. Yeager |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/portals/31/Features/ngbgomo/bio/2/2928.html |access-date=June 16, 2019 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]], [[National Guard Bureau]]}}</ref> Ta kammala horo a matsayin matukin jirgi mai saukar ungulu na soja a shekarar 1989. Daga nan sai ta tashi da jirage masu saukar ungulu na Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk a matsayin matukin jirgi na kwashewar likitanci. Bayan shekaru takwas, ta bar aiki a matsayin kyaftin din lokacin da aka haifi ɗanta na farko. Ta shiga rundunar soji kuma daga baya ta ci gaba da aikin soja a cikin Sojojin Tsaro na California . [[Fayil:Laura_L._Yeager_(1).jpg|thumb|Kanal Laura Yeager, 2011]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] 3l9ivm2ji3euzs6tgiju28zqm5whu2m 822161 822160 2026-04-18T11:45:28Z Pharouqenr 25549 822161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Laura L. Yeager''' (née '''Brandt'''; an haife ta 1963 ko 1964) jami'ar tsaro ce a cikin Sojojin [[Amurka]].<ref name="meet">{{Cite web |last=Langhorne |first=Daniel |date=June 30, 2019 |title=She just made history as the first woman to lead an Army division. Meet Maj. Gen. Laura Yeager |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-laura-yeager-first-woman-to-lead-army-division-20190630-story.html |access-date=2019-06-30 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Ta zama kwamandan rundunar sojan kasa ta 40 a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2019 kuma ta yi aiki a wannan rawar har zuwa 15 ga Mayu, 2022. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi umurni da rundunar sojan [[Amurka]]. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Yeager ta girma ne a Fountain Valley, California . Mahaifinta, Robert Brandt, babban janar ce ta sojoji da ya yi ritaya kuma tsohon soja ne na Yaƙin Vietnam . [1] Ta halarci Jami'ar Jihar California, Long Beach, inda ta shiga Rundunar Horar da Jami'an Tsaro don taimakawa wajen biyan kuɗin karatun koleji. Tana da digiri na farko a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam daga Jami'ar California, Irvine, da kuma digiri biyu na biyu, daya a cikin aure da maganin iyali daga Jami'an Chapman kuma daya a cikin Nazarin dabarun daga Kwalejin Yakin Sojojin Amurka. == Ayyukan soja == An ba Yeager umurni a matsayin mataimakin na biyu a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 1986, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shalby |first=Colleen |date=June 11, 2019 |title=For the first time in history, a woman will lead a U.S. Army infantry division |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-first-woman-army-infantry-california-20190611-story.html |access-date=2019-06-16 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> bayan haka ta kammala karatun Jami'in Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Sojoji. Na farko da aka nada shi ne a matsayin jagora tare da Kamfanin Kiwon Lafiya na 423. <ref name="guard">{{Cite web |title=Brigadier General Laura L. Yeager |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/portals/31/Features/ngbgomo/bio/2/2928.html |access-date=June 16, 2019 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]], [[National Guard Bureau]]}}</ref> Ta kammala horo a matsayin matukin jirgi mai saukar ungulu na soja a shekarar 1989. Daga nan sai ta tashi da jirage masu saukar ungulu na Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk a matsayin matukin jirgi na kwashewar likitanci. Bayan shekaru takwas, ta bar aiki a matsayin kyaftin din lokacin da aka haifi ɗanta na farko. Ta shiga rundunar soji kuma daga baya ta ci gaba da aikin soja a cikin Sojojin Tsaro na California . [[Fayil:Laura_L._Yeager_(1).jpg|thumb|Kanal Laura Yeager, 2011]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] dnuqg0115f1ni1it443gawfe8804y4o 822162 822161 2026-04-18T11:45:53Z Pharouqenr 25549 822162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Laura L. Yeager''' (née '''Brandt'''; an haife ta 1963 ko 1964) jami'ar tsaro ce a cikin Sojojin [[Amurka]].<ref name="meet">{{Cite web |last=Langhorne |first=Daniel |date=June 30, 2019 |title=She just made history as the first woman to lead an Army division. Meet Maj. Gen. Laura Yeager |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-laura-yeager-first-woman-to-lead-army-division-20190630-story.html |access-date=2019-06-30 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Ta zama kwamandan rundunar sojan kasa ta 40 a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2019 kuma ta yi aiki a wannan rawar har zuwa 15 ga Mayu, 2022. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi umurni da rundunar sojan [[Amurka]]. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Yeager ta girma ne a Fountain Valley, California . Mahaifinta, Robert Brandt, babban janar ce ta sojoji da ya yi ritaya kuma tsohon soja ne na Yaƙin Vietnam . [1] Ta halarci Jami'ar Jihar California, Long Beach, inda ta shiga Rundunar Horar da Jami'an Tsaro don taimakawa wajen biyan kuɗin karatun koleji. Tana da digiri na farko a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam daga Jami'ar California, Irvine, da kuma digiri biyu na biyu, daya a cikin aure da maganin iyali daga Jami'an Chapman kuma daya a cikin Nazarin dabarun daga Kwalejin Yakin Sojojin Amurka. == Ayyukan soja == An ba Yeager umurni a matsayin mataimakin na biyu a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 1986, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shalby |first=Colleen |date=June 11, 2019 |title=For the first time in history, a woman will lead a U.S. Army infantry division |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-first-woman-army-infantry-california-20190611-story.html |access-date=2019-06-16 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> bayan haka ta kammala karatun Jami'in Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Sojoji. Na farko da aka nada shi ne a matsayin jagora tare da Kamfanin Kiwon Lafiya na 423. <ref name="guard">{{Cite web |title=Brigadier General Laura L. Yeager |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/portals/31/Features/ngbgomo/bio/2/2928.html |access-date=June 16, 2019 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]], [[National Guard Bureau]]}}</ref> Ta kammala horo a matsayin matukin jirgi mai saukar ungulu na soja a shekarar 1989. Daga nan sai ta tashi da jirage masu saukar ungulu na Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk a matsayin matukin jirgi na kwashewar likitanci. Bayan shekaru takwas, ta bar aiki a matsayin kyaftin din lokacin da aka haifi ɗanta na farko. Ta shiga rundunar soji kuma daga baya ta ci gaba da aikin soja a cikin Sojojin Tsaro na [[California]] . [[Fayil:Laura_L._Yeager_(1).jpg|thumb|Kanal Laura Yeager, 2011]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] jq2whrxqeqxu71e7akh2vu840kq6cpv 822163 822162 2026-04-18T11:46:14Z Pharouqenr 25549 822163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Laura L. Yeager''' (née '''Brandt'''; an haife ta 1963 ko 1964) jami'ar tsaro ce a cikin Sojojin [[Amurka]].<ref name="meet">{{Cite web |last=Langhorne |first=Daniel |date=June 30, 2019 |title=She just made history as the first woman to lead an Army division. Meet Maj. Gen. Laura Yeager |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-laura-yeager-first-woman-to-lead-army-division-20190630-story.html |access-date=2019-06-30 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Ta zama kwamandan rundunar sojan kasa ta 40 a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2019 kuma ta yi aiki a wannan rawar har zuwa 15 ga Mayu, 2022. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi umurni da rundunar sojan [[Amurka]]. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Yeager ta girma ne a Fountain Valley, California . Mahaifinta, Robert Brandt, babban janar ce ta sojoji da ya yi ritaya kuma tsohon soja ne na Yaƙin Vietnam . [1] Ta halarci Jami'ar Jihar California, Long Beach, inda ta shiga Rundunar Horar da Jami'an Tsaro don taimakawa wajen biyan kuɗin karatun koleji. Tana da digiri na farko a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam daga Jami'ar California, Irvine, da kuma digiri biyu na biyu, daya a cikin aure da maganin iyali daga Jami'an Chapman kuma daya a cikin Nazarin dabarun daga Kwalejin Yakin Sojojin [[Amurka]]. == Ayyukan soja == An ba Yeager umurni a matsayin mataimakin na biyu a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 1986, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shalby |first=Colleen |date=June 11, 2019 |title=For the first time in history, a woman will lead a U.S. Army infantry division |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-first-woman-army-infantry-california-20190611-story.html |access-date=2019-06-16 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> bayan haka ta kammala karatun Jami'in Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Sojoji. Na farko da aka nada shi ne a matsayin jagora tare da Kamfanin Kiwon Lafiya na 423. <ref name="guard">{{Cite web |title=Brigadier General Laura L. Yeager |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/portals/31/Features/ngbgomo/bio/2/2928.html |access-date=June 16, 2019 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]], [[National Guard Bureau]]}}</ref> Ta kammala horo a matsayin matukin jirgi mai saukar ungulu na soja a shekarar 1989. Daga nan sai ta tashi da jirage masu saukar ungulu na Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk a matsayin matukin jirgi na kwashewar likitanci. Bayan shekaru takwas, ta bar aiki a matsayin kyaftin din lokacin da aka haifi ɗanta na farko. Ta shiga rundunar soji kuma daga baya ta ci gaba da aikin soja a cikin Sojojin Tsaro na [[California]] . [[Fayil:Laura_L._Yeager_(1).jpg|thumb|Kanal Laura Yeager, 2011]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] 28d1beloti58ak0i07x8l4cr7d885cz 0 148164 821904 2026-04-17T15:10:53Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349187261|Ruth Hayward]]" 821904 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ruth Hayward''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1934), injiniya ce, mai zane-zane, kuma mai ba da agaji. An kuma san ta da siffofin jama'a a San Diego. Mazaunin rayuwarta na San Diego, a cikin 1987 an girmama ta da lambar yabo ta Tribute to Women & Industry (TWIN) ta YWCA don aikinta a matsayin injiniya a Janar Dynamics / Electronics kuma a matsayin mai sa kai a Cibiyar Mata ta Rachel don marasa gida. <ref name="whsites1998">{{Cite web |title=San Diego Metropolitan - TWIN - May 1998 |url=http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315121133/http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |archive-date=2012-03-15 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net}}</ref> == Injiniya == Hayward ya zama injiniya a cikin shekarun 1960 yayin da yake aiki ga Janar Dynamics . A wannan lokacin, mata kalilan ne suka shiga fagen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1991-08-12 |title=Women at work: a status report. (San Diego women executives' viewpoints on gender-related workplace issues)(Extra: Women in Busi |url=http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/11178084.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Entrepreneur.com}}</ref> A cikin shekaru 38 da ta yi a Janar Dynamics ta shiga cikin wani aikin da ya sami masu watsa rediyo don taimakawa wajen gano wuraren abokan gaba. Babban matsayi na aikinta ya haɗa da aiki a kan gano fashewa a karkashin kasa, aikin da mai yiwuwa ya ceci daruruwan rayuka.<ref name="whsites1998" /> == Mai zane == Bayan ya yi ritaya daga Janar Dynamics Hayward ya yi karatun zane-zane tare da TJ Dixon, <ref name="digitalseed1">{{Cite web |date=1999-03-02 |title=Kate Sessions Statue: Sculptor Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121110351/http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |archive-date=2013-01-21 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Digitalseed}}</ref> ƙwararre a cikin siffar mutum. Daidaitawar aikinta ya nuna ƙwarewar injiniya, da kuma ƙaunar da take da ita ga daukar hoto da kuma siffar mutum.<ref name="digitalseed1" /> Hudu daga cikin ayyukan tagulla masu tasiri na San Diegans ana nuna su a San Diego's Balboa Park . <ref name="hillquest1">{{Cite web |title="Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |archive-date=2011-12-26 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}</ref> "Founders' Plaza" a cikin wurin shakatawa ya ƙunshi cikakkun siffofinta na George Marston 1946), wanda aka fi sani da ɗan ƙasar San Diego na farko, Ephraim Weed Morse (1823-1906), da Alonzo Horton (1813-1909), "Uba na San Diego". <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Diego's First Citizen |url=http://www.hillquest.com/history/san_diegos_first_citizen.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819090525/http://www.hillquest.com/history/san_diegos_first_citizen.htm |archive-date=2011-08-19 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-12 |title=Founder's Plaza in Balboa Park &#124; Flickr - Photo Sharing! |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/michael-seljos/2089468421/ |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Flickr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-06-24 |title=June 24, 2006 ~ Life in a Fifth Wheel RV ~ Balboa Park, San Diego, California |url=http://www.homeofourfathers.com/lisbeth/journal24jun2006.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125112401/http://www.homeofourfathers.com/lisbeth/journal24jun2006.htm |archive-date=January 25, 2013 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Homeofourfathers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-11 |title=Culture Report: 'Art-Hoax' Alarms |url=http://voiceofsandiego.org/2012/12/11/culture-report-art-hoax-alarms/ |access-date=2013-12-31 |website=Voice of San Diego}}</ref> Hoton Hayward na "Uwar San Diego," masanin tsire-tsire, masanin lambu da kuma gine-ginen shimfidar wuri Kate Sessions, yana tsaye daban.<ref name="hillquest1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2011 |title=The Wisecracking Sculptor of Balboa Park |url=http://voiceofsandiego.org/2011/12/30/the-wisecracking-sculptor-of-balboa-park/ |access-date=2013-12-31 |website=Voice of San Diego}}</ref> Sauran siffofin jama'a a San Diego ta Hayward sun haɗa da bus na [[Ellen Browning-Scripps]] a [[Scripps Green Hospital|Asibitin Scripps Green]], <ref name="hillquest1" /> bus na Lily Tomlin a [[Rachel's Women's Center|Cibiyar Mata ta Rachel]] a cikin garin San Diego, bus na tagulla a Timken Gallery, Balboa Park na Darakta mai kafa Walter Ames, da kuma bus na [[Margaret Sellers]], a Cibiyar Gudanar da Rarraba ta Amurka, a kan Rancho Carmel Road. Ayyukan da aka gudanar a asirce sun haɗa da zane-zane na mai gudanarwa na San Diego Opera, Karen Keltner, da kuma siffar likitan Barbara Levy na Seattle.<ref name="digitalseed1">{{Cite web |date=1999-03-02 |title=Kate Sessions Statue: Sculptor Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121110351/http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |archive-date=2013-01-21 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Digitalseed}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html "Kate Sessions Statue: Sculptor Ruth Hayward"]. Digitalseed. 1999-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([[:Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service]]</ref> Hotunan namun daji da na yanayi na Hayward an yi amfani da su ta San Diego River Conservancy da sauran kungiyoyin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=San Diego River Conservancy - Photo Gallery |url=http://sdrc.ca.gov/photo_gallery.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129033024/http://sdrc.ca.gov/photo_gallery.html |archive-date=2016-11-29 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sdrc.ca.gov}}</ref> Ta yi tafiya zuwa dukkan nahiyoyi bakwai kuma tana daukar hotuna duk inda ta je.<ref name="hillquest1">{{Cite web |title="Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |archive-date=2011-12-26 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm ""Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward"]. Hillquest.com. Archived from [http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm the original] on 2011-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ruth Hayward ta sami girmamawa daga La Jolla Historical Society a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2011, saboda aikinta a matsayin mai zane, da kuma bayar da gudummawar jikinta na Ellen Browning Scripps . [http://www.lajollalight.com/2011/09/21/la-jolla-historical-society-says-thank-you-to-sculptor-ruth-hayward/]. Gidan kayan gargajiya na San Diego ya amince da fasahar Hayward ta hanyar zabar ta a matsayin daya daga cikin masu zane-zane 100 na San Diego a cikin aikin Centennial. Ayyukanta sun kasance wani ɓangare na nune-nunen a Gidan Tarihi na Oceanside mai taken "100 Artists 100 Years" Afrilu 18 - Yuli 26, 2015. ,<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Artists, 100 Years - The Centennial Project {{!}} San Diego Museum of Art Artists Guild Sales Gallery |url=http://www.sdmaag.org/100-artists-100-years-centennial-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610050408/http://www.sdmaag.org/100-artists-100-years-centennial-project |archive-date=2015-06-10 |website=www.sdmaag.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The San Diego Union-Tribune - San Diego, California & National News |url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2015/jun/06/san-diego-museum-of-art-artists-guild/}}</ref> == Ayyukan agaji da agaji == Hayward tana tallafawa ayyukan agaji na San Diego, gami da City Beautiful of San Diego, <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=City Beautiful Of San Diego |url=https://www.angelfire.com/ca5/catalen/CityBeautifulSanDiego/city_beautiful_of_san_diego.htm |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Angelfire.com}}</ref> San Diego River Park Foundation <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-28 |title=Land Acquisition |url=http://www.sandiegoriver.org/acquisition.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001235203/http://www.sandiegoriver.org/acquisition.php |archive-date=2011-10-01 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sandiegoriver.org}}</ref> da San Diego Opera. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-02-06 |title=SD Opera Turandot - voiceofsandiego.org: San Diego News, Analysis And Conversation |url=http://www.voiceofsandiego.org/image_9b676472-19d5-11e0-84fa-001cc4c03286.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=voiceofsandiego.org}}</ref> Tana da shekaru ashirin na aiki a kan kwamitin [[Rachael's Women's Center|Cibiyar Mata ta Rachael]], wani mafaka na mata marasa gida, wanda ta kasance memba mai kafawa.<ref name="hillquest1">{{Cite web |title="Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |archive-date=2011-12-26 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm ""Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward"]. Hillquest.com. Archived from [http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm the original] on 2011-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name="whsites1998">{{Cite web |title=San Diego Metropolitan - TWIN - May 1998 |url=http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315121133/http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |archive-date=2012-03-15 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120315121133/http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html "San Diego Metropolitan - TWIN - May 1998"]. Sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net. Archived from [http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html the original] on 2012-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ita ce tsohuwar shugabar Project Wildlife, ƙungiyar San Diego wacce ke gyara dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye da suka ji rauni.<ref name="hillquest1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-03-30 |title=A tale near and dear to our hearts &#124; The San Diego Union-Tribune |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060330/news_7m30bell.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Signonsandiego.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-11-08 |title=Election Central? Try Golden Hall &#124; The San Diego Union-Tribune |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20051108/news_1m8bell.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Signonsandiego.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] 2j1ad7ycvncwn6a27hnw23jd04kovrb 821911 821904 2026-04-17T15:34:13Z Kamal JB 24987 821911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ruth Hayward''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1934), injiniya ce, mai zane-zane, kuma mai ba da agaji. An kuma san ta da siffofin jama'a a San Diego. Mazaunin rayuwarta na San Diego, a cikin 1987 an girmama ta da lambar yabo ta Tribute to Women & Industry (TWIN) ta YWCA don aikinta a matsayin injiniya a Janar Dynamics / Electronics kuma a matsayin mai sa kai a Cibiyar Mata ta Rachel don marasa gida. <ref name="whsites1998">{{Cite web |title=San Diego Metropolitan - TWIN - May 1998 |url=http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315121133/http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |archive-date=2012-03-15 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net}}</ref> == Injiniya == Hayward ya zama injiniya a cikin shekarun 1960 yayin da yake aiki ga Janar Dynamics . A wannan lokacin, mata kalilan ne suka shiga fagen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1991-08-12 |title=Women at work: a status report. (San Diego women executives' viewpoints on gender-related workplace issues)(Extra: Women in Busi |url=http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/11178084.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Entrepreneur.com}}</ref> A cikin shekaru 38 da ta yi a Janar Dynamics ta shiga cikin wani aikin da ya sami masu watsa rediyo don taimakawa wajen gano wuraren abokan gaba. Babban matsayi na aikinta ya haɗa da aiki a kan gano fashewa a karkashin kasa, aikin da mai yiwuwa ya ceci daruruwan rayuka.<ref name="whsites1998" /> == Mai zane == Bayan ya yi ritaya daga Janar Dynamics Hayward ya yi karatun zane-zane tare da TJ Dixon, <ref name="digitalseed1">{{Cite web |date=1999-03-02 |title=Kate Sessions Statue: Sculptor Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121110351/http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |archive-date=2013-01-21 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Digitalseed}}</ref> ƙwararre a cikin siffar mutum. Daidaitawar aikinta ya nuna ƙwarewar injiniya, da kuma ƙaunar da take da ita ga daukar hoto da kuma siffar mutum.<ref name="digitalseed1" /> Hudu daga cikin ayyukan tagulla masu tasiri na San Diegans ana nuna su a San Diego's Balboa Park . <ref name="hillquest1">{{Cite web |title="Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |archive-date=2011-12-26 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}</ref> "Founders' Plaza" a cikin wurin shakatawa ya ƙunshi cikakkun siffofinta na George Marston 1946), wanda aka fi sani da ɗan ƙasar San Diego na farko, Ephraim Weed Morse (1823-1906), da Alonzo Horton (1813-1909), "Uba na San Diego". <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Diego's First Citizen |url=http://www.hillquest.com/history/san_diegos_first_citizen.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819090525/http://www.hillquest.com/history/san_diegos_first_citizen.htm |archive-date=2011-08-19 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-12 |title=Founder's Plaza in Balboa Park &#124; Flickr - Photo Sharing! |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/michael-seljos/2089468421/ |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Flickr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-06-24 |title=June 24, 2006 ~ Life in a Fifth Wheel RV ~ Balboa Park, San Diego, California |url=http://www.homeofourfathers.com/lisbeth/journal24jun2006.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125112401/http://www.homeofourfathers.com/lisbeth/journal24jun2006.htm |archive-date=January 25, 2013 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Homeofourfathers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-11 |title=Culture Report: 'Art-Hoax' Alarms |url=http://voiceofsandiego.org/2012/12/11/culture-report-art-hoax-alarms/ |access-date=2013-12-31 |website=Voice of San Diego}}</ref> Hoton Hayward na "Uwar San Diego," masanin tsire-tsire, masanin lambu da kuma gine-ginen shimfidar wuri Kate Sessions, yana tsaye daban.<ref name="hillquest1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2011 |title=The Wisecracking Sculptor of Balboa Park |url=http://voiceofsandiego.org/2011/12/30/the-wisecracking-sculptor-of-balboa-park/ |access-date=2013-12-31 |website=Voice of San Diego}}</ref> Sauran siffofin jama'a a San Diego ta Hayward sun haɗa da bus na [[Ellen Browning-Scripps]] a [[Scripps Green Hospital|Asibitin Scripps Green]], <ref name="hillquest1" /> bus na Lily Tomlin a [[Rachel's Women's Center|Cibiyar Mata ta Rachel]] a cikin garin San Diego, bus na tagulla a Timken Gallery, Balboa Park na Darakta mai kafa Walter Ames, da kuma bus na [[Margaret Sellers]], a Cibiyar Gudanar da Rarraba ta Amurka, a kan Rancho Carmel Road. Ayyukan da aka gudanar a asirce sun haɗa da zane-zane na mai gudanarwa na San Diego Opera, Karen Keltner, da kuma siffar likitan Barbara Levy na Seattle.<ref name="digitalseed1">{{Cite web |date=1999-03-02 |title=Kate Sessions Statue: Sculptor Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121110351/http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |archive-date=2013-01-21 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Digitalseed}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html "Kate Sessions Statue: Sculptor Ruth Hayward"]. Digitalseed. 1999-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([[:Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service]]</ref> Hotunan namun daji da na yanayi na Hayward an yi amfani da su ta San Diego River Conservancy da sauran kungiyoyin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=San Diego River Conservancy - Photo Gallery |url=http://sdrc.ca.gov/photo_gallery.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129033024/http://sdrc.ca.gov/photo_gallery.html |archive-date=2016-11-29 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sdrc.ca.gov}}</ref> Ta yi tafiya zuwa dukkan nahiyoyi bakwai kuma tana daukar hotuna duk inda ta je.<ref name="hillquest1">{{Cite web |title="Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |archive-date=2011-12-26 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm ""Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward"]. Hillquest.com. Archived from [http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm the original] on 2011-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ruth Hayward ta sami girmamawa daga La Jolla Historical Society a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2011, saboda aikinta a matsayin mai zane, da kuma bayar da gudummawar jikinta na Ellen Browning Scripps . [http://www.lajollalight.com/2011/09/21/la-jolla-historical-society-says-thank-you-to-sculptor-ruth-hayward/]. Gidan kayan gargajiya na San Diego ya amince da fasahar Hayward ta hanyar zabar ta a matsayin daya daga cikin masu zane-zane 100 na San Diego a cikin aikin Centennial. Ayyukanta sun kasance wani ɓangare na nune-nunen a Gidan Tarihi na Oceanside mai taken "100 Artists 100 Years" Afrilu 18 - Yuli 26, 2015. ,<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Artists, 100 Years - The Centennial Project {{!}} San Diego Museum of Art Artists Guild Sales Gallery |url=http://www.sdmaag.org/100-artists-100-years-centennial-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610050408/http://www.sdmaag.org/100-artists-100-years-centennial-project |archive-date=2015-06-10 |website=www.sdmaag.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The San Diego Union-Tribune - San Diego, California & National News |url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2015/jun/06/san-diego-museum-of-art-artists-guild/}}</ref> == Ayyukan agaji da agaji == Hayward tana tallafawa ayyukan agaji na San Diego, gami da City Beautiful of San Diego, <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=City Beautiful Of San Diego |url=https://www.angelfire.com/ca5/catalen/CityBeautifulSanDiego/city_beautiful_of_san_diego.htm |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Angelfire.com}}</ref> San Diego River Park Foundation <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-28 |title=Land Acquisition |url=http://www.sandiegoriver.org/acquisition.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001235203/http://www.sandiegoriver.org/acquisition.php |archive-date=2011-10-01 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sandiegoriver.org}}</ref> da San Diego Opera. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-02-06 |title=SD Opera Turandot - voiceofsandiego.org: San Diego News, Analysis And Conversation |url=http://www.voiceofsandiego.org/image_9b676472-19d5-11e0-84fa-001cc4c03286.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=voiceofsandiego.org}}</ref> Tana da shekaru ashirin na aiki a kan kwamitin [[Rachael's Women's Center|Cibiyar Mata ta Rachael]], wani mafaka na mata marasa gida, wanda ta kasance memba mai kafawa.<ref name="hillquest1">{{Cite web |title="Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |archive-date=2011-12-26 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm ""Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward"]. Hillquest.com. Archived from [http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm the original] on 2011-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name="whsites1998">{{Cite web |title=San Diego Metropolitan - TWIN - May 1998 |url=http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315121133/http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |archive-date=2012-03-15 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120315121133/http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html "San Diego Metropolitan - TWIN - May 1998"]. Sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net. Archived from [http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html the original] on 2012-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ita ce tsohuwar shugabar Project Wildlife, ƙungiyar San Diego wacce ke gyara dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye da suka ji rauni.<ref name="hillquest1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-03-30 |title=A tale near and dear to our hearts &#124; The San Diego Union-Tribune |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060330/news_7m30bell.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Signonsandiego.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-11-08 |title=Election Central? Try Golden Hall &#124; The San Diego Union-Tribune |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20051108/news_1m8bell.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Signonsandiego.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] rbgpxj3f67qojab8epybcsf23jw1een 821912 821911 2026-04-17T15:34:52Z Kamal JB 24987 821912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ruth Hayward''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1934), injiniya ce, mai zane-zane, kuma mai ba da agaji. An kuma san ta da siffofin jama'a a San Diego. Mazaunin rayuwarta na San Diego, a cikin 1987 an girmama ta da lambar yabo ta Tribute to Women & Industry (TWIN) ta YWCA don aikinta a matsayin injiniya a Janar Dynamics / Electronics kuma a matsayin mai sa kai a Cibiyar Mata ta Rachel don marasa gida. <ref> name="whsites1998">{{Cite web |title=San Diego Metropolitan - TWIN - May 1998 |url=http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315121133/http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |archive-date=2012-03-15 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net}}</ref> == Injiniya == Hayward ya zama injiniya a cikin shekarun 1960 yayin da yake aiki ga Janar Dynamics . A wannan lokacin, mata kalilan ne suka shiga fagen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1991-08-12 |title=Women at work: a status report. (San Diego women executives' viewpoints on gender-related workplace issues)(Extra: Women in Busi |url=http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/11178084.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Entrepreneur.com}}</ref> A cikin shekaru 38 da ta yi a Janar Dynamics ta shiga cikin wani aikin da ya sami masu watsa rediyo don taimakawa wajen gano wuraren abokan gaba. Babban matsayi na aikinta ya haɗa da aiki a kan gano fashewa a karkashin kasa, aikin da mai yiwuwa ya ceci daruruwan rayuka.<ref name="whsites1998" /> == Mai zane == Bayan ya yi ritaya daga Janar Dynamics Hayward ya yi karatun zane-zane tare da TJ Dixon, <ref name="digitalseed1">{{Cite web |date=1999-03-02 |title=Kate Sessions Statue: Sculptor Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121110351/http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |archive-date=2013-01-21 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Digitalseed}}</ref> ƙwararre a cikin siffar mutum. Daidaitawar aikinta ya nuna ƙwarewar injiniya, da kuma ƙaunar da take da ita ga daukar hoto da kuma siffar mutum.<ref name="digitalseed1" /> Hudu daga cikin ayyukan tagulla masu tasiri na San Diegans ana nuna su a San Diego's Balboa Park . <ref name="hillquest1">{{Cite web |title="Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |archive-date=2011-12-26 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}</ref> "Founders' Plaza" a cikin wurin shakatawa ya ƙunshi cikakkun siffofinta na George Marston 1946), wanda aka fi sani da ɗan ƙasar San Diego na farko, Ephraim Weed Morse (1823-1906), da Alonzo Horton (1813-1909), "Uba na San Diego". <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Diego's First Citizen |url=http://www.hillquest.com/history/san_diegos_first_citizen.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819090525/http://www.hillquest.com/history/san_diegos_first_citizen.htm |archive-date=2011-08-19 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-12 |title=Founder's Plaza in Balboa Park &#124; Flickr - Photo Sharing! |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/michael-seljos/2089468421/ |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Flickr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-06-24 |title=June 24, 2006 ~ Life in a Fifth Wheel RV ~ Balboa Park, San Diego, California |url=http://www.homeofourfathers.com/lisbeth/journal24jun2006.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125112401/http://www.homeofourfathers.com/lisbeth/journal24jun2006.htm |archive-date=January 25, 2013 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Homeofourfathers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-11 |title=Culture Report: 'Art-Hoax' Alarms |url=http://voiceofsandiego.org/2012/12/11/culture-report-art-hoax-alarms/ |access-date=2013-12-31 |website=Voice of San Diego}}</ref> Hoton Hayward na "Uwar San Diego," masanin tsire-tsire, masanin lambu da kuma gine-ginen shimfidar wuri Kate Sessions, yana tsaye daban.<ref name="hillquest1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2011 |title=The Wisecracking Sculptor of Balboa Park |url=http://voiceofsandiego.org/2011/12/30/the-wisecracking-sculptor-of-balboa-park/ |access-date=2013-12-31 |website=Voice of San Diego}}</ref> Sauran siffofin jama'a a San Diego ta Hayward sun haɗa da bus na [[Ellen Browning-Scripps]] a [[Scripps Green Hospital|Asibitin Scripps Green]], <ref name="hillquest1" /> bus na Lily Tomlin a [[Rachel's Women's Center|Cibiyar Mata ta Rachel]] a cikin garin San Diego, bus na tagulla a Timken Gallery, Balboa Park na Darakta mai kafa Walter Ames, da kuma bus na [[Margaret Sellers]], a Cibiyar Gudanar da Rarraba ta Amurka, a kan Rancho Carmel Road. Ayyukan da aka gudanar a asirce sun haɗa da zane-zane na mai gudanarwa na San Diego Opera, Karen Keltner, da kuma siffar likitan Barbara Levy na Seattle.<ref name="digitalseed1">{{Cite web |date=1999-03-02 |title=Kate Sessions Statue: Sculptor Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121110351/http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |archive-date=2013-01-21 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Digitalseed}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html "Kate Sessions Statue: Sculptor Ruth Hayward"]. Digitalseed. 1999-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([[:Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service]]</ref> Hotunan namun daji da na yanayi na Hayward an yi amfani da su ta San Diego River Conservancy da sauran kungiyoyin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=San Diego River Conservancy - Photo Gallery |url=http://sdrc.ca.gov/photo_gallery.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129033024/http://sdrc.ca.gov/photo_gallery.html |archive-date=2016-11-29 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sdrc.ca.gov}}</ref> Ta yi tafiya zuwa dukkan nahiyoyi bakwai kuma tana daukar hotuna duk inda ta je.<ref name="hillquest1">{{Cite web |title="Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |archive-date=2011-12-26 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm ""Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward"]. Hillquest.com. Archived from [http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm the original] on 2011-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ruth Hayward ta sami girmamawa daga La Jolla Historical Society a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2011, saboda aikinta a matsayin mai zane, da kuma bayar da gudummawar jikinta na Ellen Browning Scripps . [http://www.lajollalight.com/2011/09/21/la-jolla-historical-society-says-thank-you-to-sculptor-ruth-hayward/]. Gidan kayan gargajiya na San Diego ya amince da fasahar Hayward ta hanyar zabar ta a matsayin daya daga cikin masu zane-zane 100 na San Diego a cikin aikin Centennial. Ayyukanta sun kasance wani ɓangare na nune-nunen a Gidan Tarihi na Oceanside mai taken "100 Artists 100 Years" Afrilu 18 - Yuli 26, 2015. ,<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Artists, 100 Years - The Centennial Project {{!}} San Diego Museum of Art Artists Guild Sales Gallery |url=http://www.sdmaag.org/100-artists-100-years-centennial-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610050408/http://www.sdmaag.org/100-artists-100-years-centennial-project |archive-date=2015-06-10 |website=www.sdmaag.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The San Diego Union-Tribune - San Diego, California & National News |url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2015/jun/06/san-diego-museum-of-art-artists-guild/}}</ref> == Ayyukan agaji da agaji == Hayward tana tallafawa ayyukan agaji na San Diego, gami da City Beautiful of San Diego, <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=City Beautiful Of San Diego |url=https://www.angelfire.com/ca5/catalen/CityBeautifulSanDiego/city_beautiful_of_san_diego.htm |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Angelfire.com}}</ref> San Diego River Park Foundation <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-28 |title=Land Acquisition |url=http://www.sandiegoriver.org/acquisition.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001235203/http://www.sandiegoriver.org/acquisition.php |archive-date=2011-10-01 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sandiegoriver.org}}</ref> da San Diego Opera. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-02-06 |title=SD Opera Turandot - voiceofsandiego.org: San Diego News, Analysis And Conversation |url=http://www.voiceofsandiego.org/image_9b676472-19d5-11e0-84fa-001cc4c03286.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=voiceofsandiego.org}}</ref> Tana da shekaru ashirin na aiki a kan kwamitin [[Rachael's Women's Center|Cibiyar Mata ta Rachael]], wani mafaka na mata marasa gida, wanda ta kasance memba mai kafawa.<ref name="hillquest1">{{Cite web |title="Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |archive-date=2011-12-26 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm ""Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward"]. Hillquest.com. Archived from [http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm the original] on 2011-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name="whsites1998">{{Cite web |title=San Diego Metropolitan - TWIN - May 1998 |url=http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315121133/http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |archive-date=2012-03-15 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120315121133/http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html "San Diego Metropolitan - TWIN - May 1998"]. Sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net. Archived from [http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html the original] on 2012-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ita ce tsohuwar shugabar Project Wildlife, ƙungiyar San Diego wacce ke gyara dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye da suka ji rauni.<ref name="hillquest1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-03-30 |title=A tale near and dear to our hearts &#124; The San Diego Union-Tribune |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060330/news_7m30bell.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Signonsandiego.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-11-08 |title=Election Central? Try Golden Hall &#124; The San Diego Union-Tribune |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20051108/news_1m8bell.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Signonsandiego.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] mxw46rs3ebrk0jhemb6u148ksxmpcc6 821913 821912 2026-04-17T15:35:38Z Kamal JB 24987 /* Injiniya */ 821913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ruth Hayward''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1934), injiniya ce, mai zane-zane, kuma mai ba da agaji. An kuma san ta da siffofin jama'a a San Diego. Mazaunin rayuwarta na San Diego, a cikin 1987 an girmama ta da lambar yabo ta Tribute to Women & Industry (TWIN) ta YWCA don aikinta a matsayin injiniya a Janar Dynamics / Electronics kuma a matsayin mai sa kai a Cibiyar Mata ta Rachel don marasa gida. <ref> name="whsites1998">{{Cite web |title=San Diego Metropolitan - TWIN - May 1998 |url=http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315121133/http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |archive-date=2012-03-15 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net}}</ref> == Injiniya == Hayward ta zama injiniya a cikin shekarun 1960 yayin da yake aiki ga Janar Dynamics . A wannan lokacin, mata kalilan ne suka shiga fagen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1991-08-12 |title=Women at work: a status report. (San Diego women executives' viewpoints on gender-related workplace issues)(Extra: Women in Busi |url=http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/11178084.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Entrepreneur.com}}</ref> A cikin shekaru 38 da ta yi a Janar Dynamics ta shiga cikin wani aikin da ya sami masu watsa rediyo don taimakawa wajen gano wuraren abokan gaba. Babban matsayi na aikinta ya haɗa da aiki a kan gano fashewa a karkashin kasa, aikin da mai yiwuwa ya ceci daruruwan rayuka.<ref name="whsites1998" /> == Mai zane == Bayan ya yi ritaya daga Janar Dynamics Hayward ya yi karatun zane-zane tare da TJ Dixon, <ref name="digitalseed1">{{Cite web |date=1999-03-02 |title=Kate Sessions Statue: Sculptor Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121110351/http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |archive-date=2013-01-21 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Digitalseed}}</ref> ƙwararre a cikin siffar mutum. Daidaitawar aikinta ya nuna ƙwarewar injiniya, da kuma ƙaunar da take da ita ga daukar hoto da kuma siffar mutum.<ref name="digitalseed1" /> Hudu daga cikin ayyukan tagulla masu tasiri na San Diegans ana nuna su a San Diego's Balboa Park . <ref name="hillquest1">{{Cite web |title="Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |archive-date=2011-12-26 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}</ref> "Founders' Plaza" a cikin wurin shakatawa ya ƙunshi cikakkun siffofinta na George Marston 1946), wanda aka fi sani da ɗan ƙasar San Diego na farko, Ephraim Weed Morse (1823-1906), da Alonzo Horton (1813-1909), "Uba na San Diego". <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Diego's First Citizen |url=http://www.hillquest.com/history/san_diegos_first_citizen.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819090525/http://www.hillquest.com/history/san_diegos_first_citizen.htm |archive-date=2011-08-19 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-12 |title=Founder's Plaza in Balboa Park &#124; Flickr - Photo Sharing! |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/michael-seljos/2089468421/ |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Flickr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-06-24 |title=June 24, 2006 ~ Life in a Fifth Wheel RV ~ Balboa Park, San Diego, California |url=http://www.homeofourfathers.com/lisbeth/journal24jun2006.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125112401/http://www.homeofourfathers.com/lisbeth/journal24jun2006.htm |archive-date=January 25, 2013 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Homeofourfathers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-11 |title=Culture Report: 'Art-Hoax' Alarms |url=http://voiceofsandiego.org/2012/12/11/culture-report-art-hoax-alarms/ |access-date=2013-12-31 |website=Voice of San Diego}}</ref> Hoton Hayward na "Uwar San Diego," masanin tsire-tsire, masanin lambu da kuma gine-ginen shimfidar wuri Kate Sessions, yana tsaye daban.<ref name="hillquest1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2011 |title=The Wisecracking Sculptor of Balboa Park |url=http://voiceofsandiego.org/2011/12/30/the-wisecracking-sculptor-of-balboa-park/ |access-date=2013-12-31 |website=Voice of San Diego}}</ref> Sauran siffofin jama'a a San Diego ta Hayward sun haɗa da bus na [[Ellen Browning-Scripps]] a [[Scripps Green Hospital|Asibitin Scripps Green]], <ref name="hillquest1" /> bus na Lily Tomlin a [[Rachel's Women's Center|Cibiyar Mata ta Rachel]] a cikin garin San Diego, bus na tagulla a Timken Gallery, Balboa Park na Darakta mai kafa Walter Ames, da kuma bus na [[Margaret Sellers]], a Cibiyar Gudanar da Rarraba ta Amurka, a kan Rancho Carmel Road. Ayyukan da aka gudanar a asirce sun haɗa da zane-zane na mai gudanarwa na San Diego Opera, Karen Keltner, da kuma siffar likitan Barbara Levy na Seattle.<ref name="digitalseed1">{{Cite web |date=1999-03-02 |title=Kate Sessions Statue: Sculptor Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121110351/http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |archive-date=2013-01-21 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Digitalseed}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html "Kate Sessions Statue: Sculptor Ruth Hayward"]. Digitalseed. 1999-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([[:Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service]]</ref> Hotunan namun daji da na yanayi na Hayward an yi amfani da su ta San Diego River Conservancy da sauran kungiyoyin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=San Diego River Conservancy - Photo Gallery |url=http://sdrc.ca.gov/photo_gallery.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129033024/http://sdrc.ca.gov/photo_gallery.html |archive-date=2016-11-29 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sdrc.ca.gov}}</ref> Ta yi tafiya zuwa dukkan nahiyoyi bakwai kuma tana daukar hotuna duk inda ta je.<ref name="hillquest1">{{Cite web |title="Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |archive-date=2011-12-26 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm ""Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward"]. Hillquest.com. Archived from [http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm the original] on 2011-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ruth Hayward ta sami girmamawa daga La Jolla Historical Society a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2011, saboda aikinta a matsayin mai zane, da kuma bayar da gudummawar jikinta na Ellen Browning Scripps . [http://www.lajollalight.com/2011/09/21/la-jolla-historical-society-says-thank-you-to-sculptor-ruth-hayward/]. Gidan kayan gargajiya na San Diego ya amince da fasahar Hayward ta hanyar zabar ta a matsayin daya daga cikin masu zane-zane 100 na San Diego a cikin aikin Centennial. Ayyukanta sun kasance wani ɓangare na nune-nunen a Gidan Tarihi na Oceanside mai taken "100 Artists 100 Years" Afrilu 18 - Yuli 26, 2015. ,<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Artists, 100 Years - The Centennial Project {{!}} San Diego Museum of Art Artists Guild Sales Gallery |url=http://www.sdmaag.org/100-artists-100-years-centennial-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610050408/http://www.sdmaag.org/100-artists-100-years-centennial-project |archive-date=2015-06-10 |website=www.sdmaag.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The San Diego Union-Tribune - San Diego, California & National News |url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2015/jun/06/san-diego-museum-of-art-artists-guild/}}</ref> == Ayyukan agaji da agaji == Hayward tana tallafawa ayyukan agaji na San Diego, gami da City Beautiful of San Diego, <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=City Beautiful Of San Diego |url=https://www.angelfire.com/ca5/catalen/CityBeautifulSanDiego/city_beautiful_of_san_diego.htm |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Angelfire.com}}</ref> San Diego River Park Foundation <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-28 |title=Land Acquisition |url=http://www.sandiegoriver.org/acquisition.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001235203/http://www.sandiegoriver.org/acquisition.php |archive-date=2011-10-01 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sandiegoriver.org}}</ref> da San Diego Opera. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-02-06 |title=SD Opera Turandot - voiceofsandiego.org: San Diego News, Analysis And Conversation |url=http://www.voiceofsandiego.org/image_9b676472-19d5-11e0-84fa-001cc4c03286.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=voiceofsandiego.org}}</ref> Tana da shekaru ashirin na aiki a kan kwamitin [[Rachael's Women's Center|Cibiyar Mata ta Rachael]], wani mafaka na mata marasa gida, wanda ta kasance memba mai kafawa.<ref name="hillquest1">{{Cite web |title="Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |archive-date=2011-12-26 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm ""Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward"]. Hillquest.com. Archived from [http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm the original] on 2011-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name="whsites1998">{{Cite web |title=San Diego Metropolitan - TWIN - May 1998 |url=http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315121133/http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |archive-date=2012-03-15 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120315121133/http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html "San Diego Metropolitan - TWIN - May 1998"]. Sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net. Archived from [http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html the original] on 2012-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ita ce tsohuwar shugabar Project Wildlife, ƙungiyar San Diego wacce ke gyara dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye da suka ji rauni.<ref name="hillquest1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-03-30 |title=A tale near and dear to our hearts &#124; The San Diego Union-Tribune |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060330/news_7m30bell.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Signonsandiego.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-11-08 |title=Election Central? Try Golden Hall &#124; The San Diego Union-Tribune |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20051108/news_1m8bell.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Signonsandiego.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] 8j7j0ani6ylex99aan5epscxz0teq8j 821914 821913 2026-04-17T15:36:00Z Kamal JB 24987 /* Injiniya */ 821914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ruth Hayward''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1934), injiniya ce, mai zane-zane, kuma mai ba da agaji. An kuma san ta da siffofin jama'a a San Diego. Mazaunin rayuwarta na San Diego, a cikin 1987 an girmama ta da lambar yabo ta Tribute to Women & Industry (TWIN) ta YWCA don aikinta a matsayin injiniya a Janar Dynamics / Electronics kuma a matsayin mai sa kai a Cibiyar Mata ta Rachel don marasa gida. <ref> name="whsites1998">{{Cite web |title=San Diego Metropolitan - TWIN - May 1998 |url=http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315121133/http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |archive-date=2012-03-15 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net}}</ref> == Injiniya == Hayward ta zama {{injiniya]] a cikin shekarun 1960 yayin da yake aiki ga Janar Dynamics . A wannan lokacin, mata kalilan ne suka shiga fagen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1991-08-12 |title=Women at work: a status report. (San Diego women executives' viewpoints on gender-related workplace issues)(Extra: Women in Busi |url=http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/11178084.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Entrepreneur.com}}</ref> A cikin shekaru 38 da ta yi a Janar Dynamics ta shiga cikin wani aikin da ya sami masu watsa rediyo don taimakawa wajen gano wuraren abokan gaba. Babban matsayi na aikinta ya haɗa da aiki a kan gano fashewa a karkashin kasa, aikin da mai yiwuwa ya ceci daruruwan rayuka.<ref name="whsites1998" /> == Mai zane == Bayan ya yi ritaya daga Janar Dynamics Hayward ya yi karatun zane-zane tare da TJ Dixon, <ref name="digitalseed1">{{Cite web |date=1999-03-02 |title=Kate Sessions Statue: Sculptor Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121110351/http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |archive-date=2013-01-21 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Digitalseed}}</ref> ƙwararre a cikin siffar mutum. Daidaitawar aikinta ya nuna ƙwarewar injiniya, da kuma ƙaunar da take da ita ga daukar hoto da kuma siffar mutum.<ref name="digitalseed1" /> Hudu daga cikin ayyukan tagulla masu tasiri na San Diegans ana nuna su a San Diego's Balboa Park . <ref name="hillquest1">{{Cite web |title="Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |archive-date=2011-12-26 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}</ref> "Founders' Plaza" a cikin wurin shakatawa ya ƙunshi cikakkun siffofinta na George Marston 1946), wanda aka fi sani da ɗan ƙasar San Diego na farko, Ephraim Weed Morse (1823-1906), da Alonzo Horton (1813-1909), "Uba na San Diego". <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Diego's First Citizen |url=http://www.hillquest.com/history/san_diegos_first_citizen.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819090525/http://www.hillquest.com/history/san_diegos_first_citizen.htm |archive-date=2011-08-19 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-12 |title=Founder's Plaza in Balboa Park &#124; Flickr - Photo Sharing! |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/michael-seljos/2089468421/ |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Flickr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-06-24 |title=June 24, 2006 ~ Life in a Fifth Wheel RV ~ Balboa Park, San Diego, California |url=http://www.homeofourfathers.com/lisbeth/journal24jun2006.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125112401/http://www.homeofourfathers.com/lisbeth/journal24jun2006.htm |archive-date=January 25, 2013 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Homeofourfathers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-11 |title=Culture Report: 'Art-Hoax' Alarms |url=http://voiceofsandiego.org/2012/12/11/culture-report-art-hoax-alarms/ |access-date=2013-12-31 |website=Voice of San Diego}}</ref> Hoton Hayward na "Uwar San Diego," masanin tsire-tsire, masanin lambu da kuma gine-ginen shimfidar wuri Kate Sessions, yana tsaye daban.<ref name="hillquest1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2011 |title=The Wisecracking Sculptor of Balboa Park |url=http://voiceofsandiego.org/2011/12/30/the-wisecracking-sculptor-of-balboa-park/ |access-date=2013-12-31 |website=Voice of San Diego}}</ref> Sauran siffofin jama'a a San Diego ta Hayward sun haɗa da bus na [[Ellen Browning-Scripps]] a [[Scripps Green Hospital|Asibitin Scripps Green]], <ref name="hillquest1" /> bus na Lily Tomlin a [[Rachel's Women's Center|Cibiyar Mata ta Rachel]] a cikin garin San Diego, bus na tagulla a Timken Gallery, Balboa Park na Darakta mai kafa Walter Ames, da kuma bus na [[Margaret Sellers]], a Cibiyar Gudanar da Rarraba ta Amurka, a kan Rancho Carmel Road. Ayyukan da aka gudanar a asirce sun haɗa da zane-zane na mai gudanarwa na San Diego Opera, Karen Keltner, da kuma siffar likitan Barbara Levy na Seattle.<ref name="digitalseed1">{{Cite web |date=1999-03-02 |title=Kate Sessions Statue: Sculptor Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121110351/http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |archive-date=2013-01-21 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Digitalseed}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html "Kate Sessions Statue: Sculptor Ruth Hayward"]. Digitalseed. 1999-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([[:Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service]]</ref> Hotunan namun daji da na yanayi na Hayward an yi amfani da su ta San Diego River Conservancy da sauran kungiyoyin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=San Diego River Conservancy - Photo Gallery |url=http://sdrc.ca.gov/photo_gallery.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129033024/http://sdrc.ca.gov/photo_gallery.html |archive-date=2016-11-29 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sdrc.ca.gov}}</ref> Ta yi tafiya zuwa dukkan nahiyoyi bakwai kuma tana daukar hotuna duk inda ta je.<ref name="hillquest1">{{Cite web |title="Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |archive-date=2011-12-26 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm ""Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward"]. Hillquest.com. Archived from [http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm the original] on 2011-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ruth Hayward ta sami girmamawa daga La Jolla Historical Society a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2011, saboda aikinta a matsayin mai zane, da kuma bayar da gudummawar jikinta na Ellen Browning Scripps . [http://www.lajollalight.com/2011/09/21/la-jolla-historical-society-says-thank-you-to-sculptor-ruth-hayward/]. Gidan kayan gargajiya na San Diego ya amince da fasahar Hayward ta hanyar zabar ta a matsayin daya daga cikin masu zane-zane 100 na San Diego a cikin aikin Centennial. Ayyukanta sun kasance wani ɓangare na nune-nunen a Gidan Tarihi na Oceanside mai taken "100 Artists 100 Years" Afrilu 18 - Yuli 26, 2015. ,<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Artists, 100 Years - The Centennial Project {{!}} San Diego Museum of Art Artists Guild Sales Gallery |url=http://www.sdmaag.org/100-artists-100-years-centennial-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610050408/http://www.sdmaag.org/100-artists-100-years-centennial-project |archive-date=2015-06-10 |website=www.sdmaag.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The San Diego Union-Tribune - San Diego, California & National News |url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2015/jun/06/san-diego-museum-of-art-artists-guild/}}</ref> == Ayyukan agaji da agaji == Hayward tana tallafawa ayyukan agaji na San Diego, gami da City Beautiful of San Diego, <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=City Beautiful Of San Diego |url=https://www.angelfire.com/ca5/catalen/CityBeautifulSanDiego/city_beautiful_of_san_diego.htm |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Angelfire.com}}</ref> San Diego River Park Foundation <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-28 |title=Land Acquisition |url=http://www.sandiegoriver.org/acquisition.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001235203/http://www.sandiegoriver.org/acquisition.php |archive-date=2011-10-01 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sandiegoriver.org}}</ref> da San Diego Opera. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-02-06 |title=SD Opera Turandot - voiceofsandiego.org: San Diego News, Analysis And Conversation |url=http://www.voiceofsandiego.org/image_9b676472-19d5-11e0-84fa-001cc4c03286.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=voiceofsandiego.org}}</ref> Tana da shekaru ashirin na aiki a kan kwamitin [[Rachael's Women's Center|Cibiyar Mata ta Rachael]], wani mafaka na mata marasa gida, wanda ta kasance memba mai kafawa.<ref name="hillquest1">{{Cite web |title="Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |archive-date=2011-12-26 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm ""Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward"]. Hillquest.com. Archived from [http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm the original] on 2011-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name="whsites1998">{{Cite web |title=San Diego Metropolitan - TWIN - May 1998 |url=http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315121133/http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |archive-date=2012-03-15 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120315121133/http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html "San Diego Metropolitan - TWIN - May 1998"]. Sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net. Archived from [http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html the original] on 2012-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ita ce tsohuwar shugabar Project Wildlife, ƙungiyar San Diego wacce ke gyara dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye da suka ji rauni.<ref name="hillquest1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-03-30 |title=A tale near and dear to our hearts &#124; The San Diego Union-Tribune |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060330/news_7m30bell.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Signonsandiego.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-11-08 |title=Election Central? Try Golden Hall &#124; The San Diego Union-Tribune |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20051108/news_1m8bell.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Signonsandiego.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] p0o9tlfuke056wep0zht5hvij0rwmja 821915 821914 2026-04-17T15:36:18Z Kamal JB 24987 /* Injiniya */ 821915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ruth Hayward''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1934), injiniya ce, mai zane-zane, kuma mai ba da agaji. An kuma san ta da siffofin jama'a a San Diego. Mazaunin rayuwarta na San Diego, a cikin 1987 an girmama ta da lambar yabo ta Tribute to Women & Industry (TWIN) ta YWCA don aikinta a matsayin injiniya a Janar Dynamics / Electronics kuma a matsayin mai sa kai a Cibiyar Mata ta Rachel don marasa gida. <ref> name="whsites1998">{{Cite web |title=San Diego Metropolitan - TWIN - May 1998 |url=http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315121133/http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |archive-date=2012-03-15 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net}}</ref> == Injiniya == Hayward ta zama [[injiniya]] a cikin shekarun 1960 yayin da yake aiki ga Janar Dynamics . A wannan lokacin, mata kalilan ne suka shiga fagen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1991-08-12 |title=Women at work: a status report. (San Diego women executives' viewpoints on gender-related workplace issues)(Extra: Women in Busi |url=http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/11178084.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Entrepreneur.com}}</ref> A cikin shekaru 38 da ta yi a Janar Dynamics ta shiga cikin wani aikin da ya sami masu watsa rediyo don taimakawa wajen gano wuraren abokan gaba. Babban matsayi na aikinta ya haɗa da aiki a kan gano fashewa a karkashin kasa, aikin da mai yiwuwa ya ceci daruruwan rayuka.<ref name="whsites1998" /> == Mai zane == Bayan ya yi ritaya daga Janar Dynamics Hayward ya yi karatun zane-zane tare da TJ Dixon, <ref name="digitalseed1">{{Cite web |date=1999-03-02 |title=Kate Sessions Statue: Sculptor Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121110351/http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |archive-date=2013-01-21 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Digitalseed}}</ref> ƙwararre a cikin siffar mutum. Daidaitawar aikinta ya nuna ƙwarewar injiniya, da kuma ƙaunar da take da ita ga daukar hoto da kuma siffar mutum.<ref name="digitalseed1" /> Hudu daga cikin ayyukan tagulla masu tasiri na San Diegans ana nuna su a San Diego's Balboa Park . <ref name="hillquest1">{{Cite web |title="Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |archive-date=2011-12-26 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}</ref> "Founders' Plaza" a cikin wurin shakatawa ya ƙunshi cikakkun siffofinta na George Marston 1946), wanda aka fi sani da ɗan ƙasar San Diego na farko, Ephraim Weed Morse (1823-1906), da Alonzo Horton (1813-1909), "Uba na San Diego". <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Diego's First Citizen |url=http://www.hillquest.com/history/san_diegos_first_citizen.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819090525/http://www.hillquest.com/history/san_diegos_first_citizen.htm |archive-date=2011-08-19 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-12 |title=Founder's Plaza in Balboa Park &#124; Flickr - Photo Sharing! |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/michael-seljos/2089468421/ |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Flickr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-06-24 |title=June 24, 2006 ~ Life in a Fifth Wheel RV ~ Balboa Park, San Diego, California |url=http://www.homeofourfathers.com/lisbeth/journal24jun2006.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125112401/http://www.homeofourfathers.com/lisbeth/journal24jun2006.htm |archive-date=January 25, 2013 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Homeofourfathers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-11 |title=Culture Report: 'Art-Hoax' Alarms |url=http://voiceofsandiego.org/2012/12/11/culture-report-art-hoax-alarms/ |access-date=2013-12-31 |website=Voice of San Diego}}</ref> Hoton Hayward na "Uwar San Diego," masanin tsire-tsire, masanin lambu da kuma gine-ginen shimfidar wuri Kate Sessions, yana tsaye daban.<ref name="hillquest1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2011 |title=The Wisecracking Sculptor of Balboa Park |url=http://voiceofsandiego.org/2011/12/30/the-wisecracking-sculptor-of-balboa-park/ |access-date=2013-12-31 |website=Voice of San Diego}}</ref> Sauran siffofin jama'a a San Diego ta Hayward sun haɗa da bus na [[Ellen Browning-Scripps]] a [[Scripps Green Hospital|Asibitin Scripps Green]], <ref name="hillquest1" /> bus na Lily Tomlin a [[Rachel's Women's Center|Cibiyar Mata ta Rachel]] a cikin garin San Diego, bus na tagulla a Timken Gallery, Balboa Park na Darakta mai kafa Walter Ames, da kuma bus na [[Margaret Sellers]], a Cibiyar Gudanar da Rarraba ta Amurka, a kan Rancho Carmel Road. Ayyukan da aka gudanar a asirce sun haɗa da zane-zane na mai gudanarwa na San Diego Opera, Karen Keltner, da kuma siffar likitan Barbara Levy na Seattle.<ref name="digitalseed1">{{Cite web |date=1999-03-02 |title=Kate Sessions Statue: Sculptor Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121110351/http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |archive-date=2013-01-21 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Digitalseed}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html "Kate Sessions Statue: Sculptor Ruth Hayward"]. Digitalseed. 1999-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([[:Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service]]</ref> Hotunan namun daji da na yanayi na Hayward an yi amfani da su ta San Diego River Conservancy da sauran kungiyoyin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=San Diego River Conservancy - Photo Gallery |url=http://sdrc.ca.gov/photo_gallery.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129033024/http://sdrc.ca.gov/photo_gallery.html |archive-date=2016-11-29 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sdrc.ca.gov}}</ref> Ta yi tafiya zuwa dukkan nahiyoyi bakwai kuma tana daukar hotuna duk inda ta je.<ref name="hillquest1">{{Cite web |title="Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |archive-date=2011-12-26 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm ""Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward"]. Hillquest.com. Archived from [http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm the original] on 2011-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ruth Hayward ta sami girmamawa daga La Jolla Historical Society a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2011, saboda aikinta a matsayin mai zane, da kuma bayar da gudummawar jikinta na Ellen Browning Scripps . [http://www.lajollalight.com/2011/09/21/la-jolla-historical-society-says-thank-you-to-sculptor-ruth-hayward/]. Gidan kayan gargajiya na San Diego ya amince da fasahar Hayward ta hanyar zabar ta a matsayin daya daga cikin masu zane-zane 100 na San Diego a cikin aikin Centennial. Ayyukanta sun kasance wani ɓangare na nune-nunen a Gidan Tarihi na Oceanside mai taken "100 Artists 100 Years" Afrilu 18 - Yuli 26, 2015. ,<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Artists, 100 Years - The Centennial Project {{!}} San Diego Museum of Art Artists Guild Sales Gallery |url=http://www.sdmaag.org/100-artists-100-years-centennial-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610050408/http://www.sdmaag.org/100-artists-100-years-centennial-project |archive-date=2015-06-10 |website=www.sdmaag.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The San Diego Union-Tribune - San Diego, California & National News |url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2015/jun/06/san-diego-museum-of-art-artists-guild/}}</ref> == Ayyukan agaji da agaji == Hayward tana tallafawa ayyukan agaji na San Diego, gami da City Beautiful of San Diego, <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=City Beautiful Of San Diego |url=https://www.angelfire.com/ca5/catalen/CityBeautifulSanDiego/city_beautiful_of_san_diego.htm |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Angelfire.com}}</ref> San Diego River Park Foundation <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-28 |title=Land Acquisition |url=http://www.sandiegoriver.org/acquisition.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001235203/http://www.sandiegoriver.org/acquisition.php |archive-date=2011-10-01 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sandiegoriver.org}}</ref> da San Diego Opera. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-02-06 |title=SD Opera Turandot - voiceofsandiego.org: San Diego News, Analysis And Conversation |url=http://www.voiceofsandiego.org/image_9b676472-19d5-11e0-84fa-001cc4c03286.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=voiceofsandiego.org}}</ref> Tana da shekaru ashirin na aiki a kan kwamitin [[Rachael's Women's Center|Cibiyar Mata ta Rachael]], wani mafaka na mata marasa gida, wanda ta kasance memba mai kafawa.<ref name="hillquest1">{{Cite web |title="Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |archive-date=2011-12-26 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm ""Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward"]. Hillquest.com. Archived from [http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm the original] on 2011-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name="whsites1998">{{Cite web |title=San Diego Metropolitan - TWIN - May 1998 |url=http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315121133/http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |archive-date=2012-03-15 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120315121133/http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html "San Diego Metropolitan - TWIN - May 1998"]. Sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net. Archived from [http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html the original] on 2012-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ita ce tsohuwar shugabar Project Wildlife, ƙungiyar San Diego wacce ke gyara dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye da suka ji rauni.<ref name="hillquest1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-03-30 |title=A tale near and dear to our hearts &#124; The San Diego Union-Tribune |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060330/news_7m30bell.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Signonsandiego.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-11-08 |title=Election Central? Try Golden Hall &#124; The San Diego Union-Tribune |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20051108/news_1m8bell.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Signonsandiego.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] nc6ecihdlsyzo917s7xcke8tbadvpdw 821918 821915 2026-04-17T15:40:02Z Kamal JB 24987 /* Injiniya */ 821918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ruth Hayward''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1934), injiniya ce, mai zane-zane, kuma mai ba da agaji. An kuma san ta da siffofin jama'a a San Diego. Mazaunin rayuwarta na San Diego, a cikin 1987 an girmama ta da lambar yabo ta Tribute to Women & Industry (TWIN) ta YWCA don aikinta a matsayin injiniya a Janar Dynamics / Electronics kuma a matsayin mai sa kai a Cibiyar Mata ta Rachel don marasa gida. <ref> name="whsites1998">{{Cite web |title=San Diego Metropolitan - TWIN - May 1998 |url=http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315121133/http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |archive-date=2012-03-15 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net}}</ref> == Injiniya == Hayward ta zama [[injiniya]] a cikin shekarun 1960 yayin da take aiki ga Janar Dynamics . A wannan lokacin, mata kalilan ne suka shiga fagen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1991-08-12 |title=Women at work: a status report. (San Diego women executives' viewpoints on gender-related workplace issues)(Extra: Women in Busi |url=http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/11178084.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Entrepreneur.com}}</ref> A cikin shekaru 38 da ta yi a Janar Dynamics ta shiga cikin wani aikin da ya sami masu watsa rediyo don taimakawa wajen gano wuraren abokan gaba. Babban matsayi na aikinta ya haɗa da aiki a kan gano fashewa a karkashin kasa, aikin da mai yiwuwa ya ceci daruruwan rayuka.<ref name="whsites1998" /> == Mai zane == Bayan ya yi ritaya daga Janar Dynamics Hayward ya yi karatun zane-zane tare da TJ Dixon, <ref name="digitalseed1">{{Cite web |date=1999-03-02 |title=Kate Sessions Statue: Sculptor Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121110351/http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |archive-date=2013-01-21 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Digitalseed}}</ref> ƙwararre a cikin siffar mutum. Daidaitawar aikinta ya nuna ƙwarewar injiniya, da kuma ƙaunar da take da ita ga daukar hoto da kuma siffar mutum.<ref name="digitalseed1" /> Hudu daga cikin ayyukan tagulla masu tasiri na San Diegans ana nuna su a San Diego's Balboa Park . <ref name="hillquest1">{{Cite web |title="Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |archive-date=2011-12-26 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}</ref> "Founders' Plaza" a cikin wurin shakatawa ya ƙunshi cikakkun siffofinta na George Marston 1946), wanda aka fi sani da ɗan ƙasar San Diego na farko, Ephraim Weed Morse (1823-1906), da Alonzo Horton (1813-1909), "Uba na San Diego". <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Diego's First Citizen |url=http://www.hillquest.com/history/san_diegos_first_citizen.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819090525/http://www.hillquest.com/history/san_diegos_first_citizen.htm |archive-date=2011-08-19 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-12 |title=Founder's Plaza in Balboa Park &#124; Flickr - Photo Sharing! |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/michael-seljos/2089468421/ |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Flickr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-06-24 |title=June 24, 2006 ~ Life in a Fifth Wheel RV ~ Balboa Park, San Diego, California |url=http://www.homeofourfathers.com/lisbeth/journal24jun2006.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125112401/http://www.homeofourfathers.com/lisbeth/journal24jun2006.htm |archive-date=January 25, 2013 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Homeofourfathers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-11 |title=Culture Report: 'Art-Hoax' Alarms |url=http://voiceofsandiego.org/2012/12/11/culture-report-art-hoax-alarms/ |access-date=2013-12-31 |website=Voice of San Diego}}</ref> Hoton Hayward na "Uwar San Diego," masanin tsire-tsire, masanin lambu da kuma gine-ginen shimfidar wuri Kate Sessions, yana tsaye daban.<ref name="hillquest1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2011 |title=The Wisecracking Sculptor of Balboa Park |url=http://voiceofsandiego.org/2011/12/30/the-wisecracking-sculptor-of-balboa-park/ |access-date=2013-12-31 |website=Voice of San Diego}}</ref> Sauran siffofin jama'a a San Diego ta Hayward sun haɗa da bus na [[Ellen Browning-Scripps]] a [[Scripps Green Hospital|Asibitin Scripps Green]], <ref name="hillquest1" /> bus na Lily Tomlin a [[Rachel's Women's Center|Cibiyar Mata ta Rachel]] a cikin garin San Diego, bus na tagulla a Timken Gallery, Balboa Park na Darakta mai kafa Walter Ames, da kuma bus na [[Margaret Sellers]], a Cibiyar Gudanar da Rarraba ta Amurka, a kan Rancho Carmel Road. Ayyukan da aka gudanar a asirce sun haɗa da zane-zane na mai gudanarwa na San Diego Opera, Karen Keltner, da kuma siffar likitan Barbara Levy na Seattle.<ref name="digitalseed1">{{Cite web |date=1999-03-02 |title=Kate Sessions Statue: Sculptor Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121110351/http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |archive-date=2013-01-21 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Digitalseed}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html "Kate Sessions Statue: Sculptor Ruth Hayward"]. Digitalseed. 1999-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([[:Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service]]</ref> Hotunan namun daji da na yanayi na Hayward an yi amfani da su ta San Diego River Conservancy da sauran kungiyoyin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=San Diego River Conservancy - Photo Gallery |url=http://sdrc.ca.gov/photo_gallery.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129033024/http://sdrc.ca.gov/photo_gallery.html |archive-date=2016-11-29 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sdrc.ca.gov}}</ref> Ta yi tafiya zuwa dukkan nahiyoyi bakwai kuma tana daukar hotuna duk inda ta je.<ref name="hillquest1">{{Cite web |title="Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |archive-date=2011-12-26 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm ""Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward"]. Hillquest.com. Archived from [http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm the original] on 2011-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ruth Hayward ta sami girmamawa daga La Jolla Historical Society a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2011, saboda aikinta a matsayin mai zane, da kuma bayar da gudummawar jikinta na Ellen Browning Scripps . [http://www.lajollalight.com/2011/09/21/la-jolla-historical-society-says-thank-you-to-sculptor-ruth-hayward/]. Gidan kayan gargajiya na San Diego ya amince da fasahar Hayward ta hanyar zabar ta a matsayin daya daga cikin masu zane-zane 100 na San Diego a cikin aikin Centennial. Ayyukanta sun kasance wani ɓangare na nune-nunen a Gidan Tarihi na Oceanside mai taken "100 Artists 100 Years" Afrilu 18 - Yuli 26, 2015. ,<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Artists, 100 Years - The Centennial Project {{!}} San Diego Museum of Art Artists Guild Sales Gallery |url=http://www.sdmaag.org/100-artists-100-years-centennial-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610050408/http://www.sdmaag.org/100-artists-100-years-centennial-project |archive-date=2015-06-10 |website=www.sdmaag.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The San Diego Union-Tribune - San Diego, California & National News |url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2015/jun/06/san-diego-museum-of-art-artists-guild/}}</ref> == Ayyukan agaji da agaji == Hayward tana tallafawa ayyukan agaji na San Diego, gami da City Beautiful of San Diego, <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=City Beautiful Of San Diego |url=https://www.angelfire.com/ca5/catalen/CityBeautifulSanDiego/city_beautiful_of_san_diego.htm |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Angelfire.com}}</ref> San Diego River Park Foundation <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-28 |title=Land Acquisition |url=http://www.sandiegoriver.org/acquisition.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001235203/http://www.sandiegoriver.org/acquisition.php |archive-date=2011-10-01 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sandiegoriver.org}}</ref> da San Diego Opera. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-02-06 |title=SD Opera Turandot - voiceofsandiego.org: San Diego News, Analysis And Conversation |url=http://www.voiceofsandiego.org/image_9b676472-19d5-11e0-84fa-001cc4c03286.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=voiceofsandiego.org}}</ref> Tana da shekaru ashirin na aiki a kan kwamitin [[Rachael's Women's Center|Cibiyar Mata ta Rachael]], wani mafaka na mata marasa gida, wanda ta kasance memba mai kafawa.<ref name="hillquest1">{{Cite web |title="Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |archive-date=2011-12-26 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm ""Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward"]. Hillquest.com. Archived from [http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm the original] on 2011-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name="whsites1998">{{Cite web |title=San Diego Metropolitan - TWIN - May 1998 |url=http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315121133/http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |archive-date=2012-03-15 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120315121133/http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html "San Diego Metropolitan - TWIN - May 1998"]. Sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net. Archived from [http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html the original] on 2012-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ita ce tsohuwar shugabar Project Wildlife, ƙungiyar San Diego wacce ke gyara dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye da suka ji rauni.<ref name="hillquest1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-03-30 |title=A tale near and dear to our hearts &#124; The San Diego Union-Tribune |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060330/news_7m30bell.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Signonsandiego.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-11-08 |title=Election Central? Try Golden Hall &#124; The San Diego Union-Tribune |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20051108/news_1m8bell.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Signonsandiego.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] 5jdgi8lvevoailuuwf2tcelodpijkq2 821919 821918 2026-04-17T15:42:15Z Kamal JB 24987 /* Injiniya */ 821919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ruth Hayward''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1934), injiniya ce, mai zane-zane, kuma mai ba da agaji. An kuma san ta da siffofin jama'a a San Diego. Mazaunin rayuwarta na San Diego, a cikin 1987 an girmama ta da lambar yabo ta Tribute to Women & Industry (TWIN) ta YWCA don aikinta a matsayin injiniya a Janar Dynamics / Electronics kuma a matsayin mai sa kai a Cibiyar Mata ta Rachel don marasa gida. <ref> name="whsites1998">{{Cite web |title=San Diego Metropolitan - TWIN - May 1998 |url=http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315121133/http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |archive-date=2012-03-15 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net}}</ref> == Injiniya == Hayward ta zama [[injiniya]] a cikin shekarun 1960 yayin da take aiki ga Janar Dynamics . A wannan lokacin, mata kalilan ne suka shiga fagen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1991-08-12 |title=Women at work: a status report. (San Diego women executives' viewpoints on gender-related workplace issues)(Extra: Women in Busi |url=http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/11178084.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Entrepreneur.com}}</ref> A cikin shekaru 38 da ta yi a Janar [[Dynamics]] ta shiga cikin wani aikin da ya sami masu watsa rediyo don taimakawa wajen gano wuraren abokan gaba. Babban matsayi na aikinta ya haɗa da aiki a kan gano fashewa a karkashin kasa, aikin da mai yiwuwa ya ceci daruruwan rayuka.<ref name="whsites1998" /> == Mai zane == Bayan ya yi ritaya daga Janar Dynamics Hayward ya yi karatun zane-zane tare da TJ Dixon, <ref name="digitalseed1">{{Cite web |date=1999-03-02 |title=Kate Sessions Statue: Sculptor Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121110351/http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |archive-date=2013-01-21 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Digitalseed}}</ref> ƙwararre a cikin siffar mutum. Daidaitawar aikinta ya nuna ƙwarewar injiniya, da kuma ƙaunar da take da ita ga daukar hoto da kuma siffar mutum.<ref name="digitalseed1" /> Hudu daga cikin ayyukan tagulla masu tasiri na San Diegans ana nuna su a San Diego's Balboa Park . <ref name="hillquest1">{{Cite web |title="Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |archive-date=2011-12-26 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}</ref> "Founders' Plaza" a cikin wurin shakatawa ya ƙunshi cikakkun siffofinta na George Marston 1946), wanda aka fi sani da ɗan ƙasar San Diego na farko, Ephraim Weed Morse (1823-1906), da Alonzo Horton (1813-1909), "Uba na San Diego". <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Diego's First Citizen |url=http://www.hillquest.com/history/san_diegos_first_citizen.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819090525/http://www.hillquest.com/history/san_diegos_first_citizen.htm |archive-date=2011-08-19 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-12 |title=Founder's Plaza in Balboa Park &#124; Flickr - Photo Sharing! |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/michael-seljos/2089468421/ |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Flickr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-06-24 |title=June 24, 2006 ~ Life in a Fifth Wheel RV ~ Balboa Park, San Diego, California |url=http://www.homeofourfathers.com/lisbeth/journal24jun2006.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125112401/http://www.homeofourfathers.com/lisbeth/journal24jun2006.htm |archive-date=January 25, 2013 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Homeofourfathers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-11 |title=Culture Report: 'Art-Hoax' Alarms |url=http://voiceofsandiego.org/2012/12/11/culture-report-art-hoax-alarms/ |access-date=2013-12-31 |website=Voice of San Diego}}</ref> Hoton Hayward na "Uwar San Diego," masanin tsire-tsire, masanin lambu da kuma gine-ginen shimfidar wuri Kate Sessions, yana tsaye daban.<ref name="hillquest1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2011 |title=The Wisecracking Sculptor of Balboa Park |url=http://voiceofsandiego.org/2011/12/30/the-wisecracking-sculptor-of-balboa-park/ |access-date=2013-12-31 |website=Voice of San Diego}}</ref> Sauran siffofin jama'a a San Diego ta Hayward sun haɗa da bus na [[Ellen Browning-Scripps]] a [[Scripps Green Hospital|Asibitin Scripps Green]], <ref name="hillquest1" /> bus na Lily Tomlin a [[Rachel's Women's Center|Cibiyar Mata ta Rachel]] a cikin garin San Diego, bus na tagulla a Timken Gallery, Balboa Park na Darakta mai kafa Walter Ames, da kuma bus na [[Margaret Sellers]], a Cibiyar Gudanar da Rarraba ta Amurka, a kan Rancho Carmel Road. Ayyukan da aka gudanar a asirce sun haɗa da zane-zane na mai gudanarwa na San Diego Opera, Karen Keltner, da kuma siffar likitan Barbara Levy na Seattle.<ref name="digitalseed1">{{Cite web |date=1999-03-02 |title=Kate Sessions Statue: Sculptor Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121110351/http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |archive-date=2013-01-21 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Digitalseed}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html "Kate Sessions Statue: Sculptor Ruth Hayward"]. Digitalseed. 1999-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([[:Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service]]</ref> Hotunan namun daji da na yanayi na Hayward an yi amfani da su ta San Diego River Conservancy da sauran kungiyoyin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=San Diego River Conservancy - Photo Gallery |url=http://sdrc.ca.gov/photo_gallery.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129033024/http://sdrc.ca.gov/photo_gallery.html |archive-date=2016-11-29 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sdrc.ca.gov}}</ref> Ta yi tafiya zuwa dukkan nahiyoyi bakwai kuma tana daukar hotuna duk inda ta je.<ref name="hillquest1">{{Cite web |title="Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |archive-date=2011-12-26 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm ""Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward"]. Hillquest.com. Archived from [http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm the original] on 2011-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ruth Hayward ta sami girmamawa daga La Jolla Historical Society a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2011, saboda aikinta a matsayin mai zane, da kuma bayar da gudummawar jikinta na Ellen Browning Scripps . [http://www.lajollalight.com/2011/09/21/la-jolla-historical-society-says-thank-you-to-sculptor-ruth-hayward/]. Gidan kayan gargajiya na San Diego ya amince da fasahar Hayward ta hanyar zabar ta a matsayin daya daga cikin masu zane-zane 100 na San Diego a cikin aikin Centennial. Ayyukanta sun kasance wani ɓangare na nune-nunen a Gidan Tarihi na Oceanside mai taken "100 Artists 100 Years" Afrilu 18 - Yuli 26, 2015. ,<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Artists, 100 Years - The Centennial Project {{!}} San Diego Museum of Art Artists Guild Sales Gallery |url=http://www.sdmaag.org/100-artists-100-years-centennial-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610050408/http://www.sdmaag.org/100-artists-100-years-centennial-project |archive-date=2015-06-10 |website=www.sdmaag.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The San Diego Union-Tribune - San Diego, California & National News |url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2015/jun/06/san-diego-museum-of-art-artists-guild/}}</ref> == Ayyukan agaji da agaji == Hayward tana tallafawa ayyukan agaji na San Diego, gami da City Beautiful of San Diego, <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=City Beautiful Of San Diego |url=https://www.angelfire.com/ca5/catalen/CityBeautifulSanDiego/city_beautiful_of_san_diego.htm |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Angelfire.com}}</ref> San Diego River Park Foundation <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-28 |title=Land Acquisition |url=http://www.sandiegoriver.org/acquisition.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001235203/http://www.sandiegoriver.org/acquisition.php |archive-date=2011-10-01 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sandiegoriver.org}}</ref> da San Diego Opera. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-02-06 |title=SD Opera Turandot - voiceofsandiego.org: San Diego News, Analysis And Conversation |url=http://www.voiceofsandiego.org/image_9b676472-19d5-11e0-84fa-001cc4c03286.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=voiceofsandiego.org}}</ref> Tana da shekaru ashirin na aiki a kan kwamitin [[Rachael's Women's Center|Cibiyar Mata ta Rachael]], wani mafaka na mata marasa gida, wanda ta kasance memba mai kafawa.<ref name="hillquest1">{{Cite web |title="Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |archive-date=2011-12-26 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm ""Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward"]. Hillquest.com. Archived from [http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm the original] on 2011-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name="whsites1998">{{Cite web |title=San Diego Metropolitan - TWIN - May 1998 |url=http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315121133/http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |archive-date=2012-03-15 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120315121133/http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html "San Diego Metropolitan - TWIN - May 1998"]. Sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net. Archived from [http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html the original] on 2012-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ita ce tsohuwar shugabar Project Wildlife, ƙungiyar San Diego wacce ke gyara dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye da suka ji rauni.<ref name="hillquest1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-03-30 |title=A tale near and dear to our hearts &#124; The San Diego Union-Tribune |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060330/news_7m30bell.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Signonsandiego.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-11-08 |title=Election Central? Try Golden Hall &#124; The San Diego Union-Tribune |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20051108/news_1m8bell.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Signonsandiego.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] lek8au5woa4yb8xdp8pjnzqxz1ajqiv 821920 821919 2026-04-17T15:45:28Z Kamal JB 24987 /* Mai zane */ 821920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ruth Hayward''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1934), injiniya ce, mai zane-zane, kuma mai ba da agaji. An kuma san ta da siffofin jama'a a San Diego. Mazaunin rayuwarta na San Diego, a cikin 1987 an girmama ta da lambar yabo ta Tribute to Women & Industry (TWIN) ta YWCA don aikinta a matsayin injiniya a Janar Dynamics / Electronics kuma a matsayin mai sa kai a Cibiyar Mata ta Rachel don marasa gida. <ref> name="whsites1998">{{Cite web |title=San Diego Metropolitan - TWIN - May 1998 |url=http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315121133/http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |archive-date=2012-03-15 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net}}</ref> == Injiniya == Hayward ta zama [[injiniya]] a cikin shekarun 1960 yayin da take aiki ga Janar Dynamics . A wannan lokacin, mata kalilan ne suka shiga fagen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1991-08-12 |title=Women at work: a status report. (San Diego women executives' viewpoints on gender-related workplace issues)(Extra: Women in Busi |url=http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/11178084.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Entrepreneur.com}}</ref> A cikin shekaru 38 da ta yi a Janar [[Dynamics]] ta shiga cikin wani aikin da ya sami masu watsa rediyo don taimakawa wajen gano wuraren abokan gaba. Babban matsayi na aikinta ya haɗa da aiki a kan gano fashewa a karkashin kasa, aikin da mai yiwuwa ya ceci daruruwan rayuka.<ref name="whsites1998" /> == Mai zane == Bayan ta yi ritaya daga Janar Dynamics Hayward ya yi karatun zane-zane tare da TJ Dixon, <ref name="digitalseed1">{{Cite web |date=1999-03-02 |title=Kate Sessions Statue: Sculptor Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121110351/http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |archive-date=2013-01-21 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Digitalseed}}</ref> ƙwararre a cikin siffar mutum. Daidaitawar aikinta ya nuna ƙwarewar injiniya, da kuma ƙaunar da take da ita ga daukar hoto da kuma siffar mutum.<ref name="digitalseed1" /> Hudu daga cikin ayyukan tagulla masu tasiri na San Diegans ana nuna su a San Diego's Balboa Park . <ref name="hillquest1">{{Cite web |title="Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |archive-date=2011-12-26 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}</ref> "Founders' Plaza" a cikin wurin shakatawa ya ƙunshi cikakkun siffofinta na George Marston 1946), wanda aka fi sani da ɗan ƙasar San Diego na farko, Ephraim Weed Morse (1823-1906), da Alonzo Horton (1813-1909), "Uba na San Diego". <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Diego's First Citizen |url=http://www.hillquest.com/history/san_diegos_first_citizen.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819090525/http://www.hillquest.com/history/san_diegos_first_citizen.htm |archive-date=2011-08-19 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-12 |title=Founder's Plaza in Balboa Park &#124; Flickr - Photo Sharing! |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/michael-seljos/2089468421/ |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Flickr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-06-24 |title=June 24, 2006 ~ Life in a Fifth Wheel RV ~ Balboa Park, San Diego, California |url=http://www.homeofourfathers.com/lisbeth/journal24jun2006.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125112401/http://www.homeofourfathers.com/lisbeth/journal24jun2006.htm |archive-date=January 25, 2013 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Homeofourfathers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-11 |title=Culture Report: 'Art-Hoax' Alarms |url=http://voiceofsandiego.org/2012/12/11/culture-report-art-hoax-alarms/ |access-date=2013-12-31 |website=Voice of San Diego}}</ref> Hoton Hayward na "Uwar San Diego," masanin tsire-tsire, masanin lambu da kuma gine-ginen shimfidar wuri Kate Sessions, yana tsaye daban.<ref name="hillquest1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2011 |title=The Wisecracking Sculptor of Balboa Park |url=http://voiceofsandiego.org/2011/12/30/the-wisecracking-sculptor-of-balboa-park/ |access-date=2013-12-31 |website=Voice of San Diego}}</ref> Sauran siffofin jama'a a San Diego ta Hayward sun haɗa da bus na [[Ellen Browning-Scripps]] a [[Scripps Green Hospital|Asibitin Scripps Green]], <ref name="hillquest1" /> bus na Lily Tomlin a [[Rachel's Women's Center|Cibiyar Mata ta Rachel]] a cikin garin San Diego, bus na tagulla a Timken Gallery, Balboa Park na Darakta mai kafa Walter Ames, da kuma bus na [[Margaret Sellers]], a Cibiyar Gudanar da Rarraba ta Amurka, a kan Rancho Carmel Road. Ayyukan da aka gudanar a asirce sun haɗa da zane-zane na mai gudanarwa na San Diego Opera, Karen Keltner, da kuma siffar likitan Barbara Levy na Seattle.<ref name="digitalseed1">{{Cite web |date=1999-03-02 |title=Kate Sessions Statue: Sculptor Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121110351/http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html |archive-date=2013-01-21 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Digitalseed}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.digitalseed.com/sandiego/gardener/attractions/balboapark/katesessions/sculptor.html "Kate Sessions Statue: Sculptor Ruth Hayward"]. Digitalseed. 1999-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([[:Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service]]</ref> Hotunan namun daji da na yanayi na Hayward an yi amfani da su ta San Diego River Conservancy da sauran kungiyoyin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=San Diego River Conservancy - Photo Gallery |url=http://sdrc.ca.gov/photo_gallery.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129033024/http://sdrc.ca.gov/photo_gallery.html |archive-date=2016-11-29 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sdrc.ca.gov}}</ref> Ta yi tafiya zuwa dukkan nahiyoyi bakwai kuma tana daukar hotuna duk inda ta je.<ref name="hillquest1">{{Cite web |title="Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |archive-date=2011-12-26 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm ""Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward"]. Hillquest.com. Archived from [http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm the original] on 2011-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ruth Hayward ta sami girmamawa daga La Jolla Historical Society a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2011, saboda aikinta a matsayin mai zane, da kuma bayar da gudummawar jikinta na Ellen Browning Scripps . [http://www.lajollalight.com/2011/09/21/la-jolla-historical-society-says-thank-you-to-sculptor-ruth-hayward/]. Gidan kayan gargajiya na San Diego ya amince da fasahar Hayward ta hanyar zabar ta a matsayin daya daga cikin masu zane-zane 100 na San Diego a cikin aikin Centennial. Ayyukanta sun kasance wani ɓangare na nune-nunen a Gidan Tarihi na Oceanside mai taken "100 Artists 100 Years" Afrilu 18 - Yuli 26, 2015. ,<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Artists, 100 Years - The Centennial Project {{!}} San Diego Museum of Art Artists Guild Sales Gallery |url=http://www.sdmaag.org/100-artists-100-years-centennial-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610050408/http://www.sdmaag.org/100-artists-100-years-centennial-project |archive-date=2015-06-10 |website=www.sdmaag.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The San Diego Union-Tribune - San Diego, California & National News |url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2015/jun/06/san-diego-museum-of-art-artists-guild/}}</ref> == Ayyukan agaji da agaji == Hayward tana tallafawa ayyukan agaji na San Diego, gami da City Beautiful of San Diego, <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=City Beautiful Of San Diego |url=https://www.angelfire.com/ca5/catalen/CityBeautifulSanDiego/city_beautiful_of_san_diego.htm |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Angelfire.com}}</ref> San Diego River Park Foundation <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-28 |title=Land Acquisition |url=http://www.sandiegoriver.org/acquisition.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001235203/http://www.sandiegoriver.org/acquisition.php |archive-date=2011-10-01 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sandiegoriver.org}}</ref> da San Diego Opera. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-02-06 |title=SD Opera Turandot - voiceofsandiego.org: San Diego News, Analysis And Conversation |url=http://www.voiceofsandiego.org/image_9b676472-19d5-11e0-84fa-001cc4c03286.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=voiceofsandiego.org}}</ref> Tana da shekaru ashirin na aiki a kan kwamitin [[Rachael's Women's Center|Cibiyar Mata ta Rachael]], wani mafaka na mata marasa gida, wanda ta kasance memba mai kafawa.<ref name="hillquest1">{{Cite web |title="Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward |url=http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm |archive-date=2011-12-26 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Hillquest.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203129/http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm ""Beauty can Save the World" - The art of Ruth Hayward"]. Hillquest.com. Archived from [http://www.hillquest.com/community/beauty_can_save_the_world.htm the original] on 2011-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name="whsites1998">{{Cite web |title=San Diego Metropolitan - TWIN - May 1998 |url=http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315121133/http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html |archive-date=2012-03-15 |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120315121133/http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html "San Diego Metropolitan - TWIN - May 1998"]. Sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net. Archived from [http://sandiegometro.archives.whsites.net/1998/may/charge.html the original] on 2012-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ita ce tsohuwar shugabar Project Wildlife, ƙungiyar San Diego wacce ke gyara dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye da suka ji rauni.<ref name="hillquest1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-03-30 |title=A tale near and dear to our hearts &#124; The San Diego Union-Tribune |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060330/news_7m30bell.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Signonsandiego.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-11-08 |title=Election Central? Try Golden Hall &#124; The San Diego Union-Tribune |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20051108/news_1m8bell.html |access-date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Signonsandiego.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] lnffz2xibpckty4ociumpjewxteiavw 0 148165 821916 2026-04-17T15:36:42Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338873530|Allura Zamarripa]]" 821916 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Allura Zamarripa''' (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2002) 'yar wasan [[Tennis]] ce ta Amurka. == Ayyuka == Tana da matsayi mafi girma a gasar WTA sau biyu a tarihinta, inda ta kai matsayi na 225 a gasar, wanda ta samu a ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 2022. Zuwa yanzu, ta lashe gasar sau ɗaya da kuma gasar sau biyu sau tara a gasar ITF Circuit. Zamarripa ta lashe lambar yabo mafi girma har zuwa yau a 2020 Bellatorum Resources Pro Classic a cikin taron sau biyu, tare da 'yar'uwarta tagwaye Maribella, ta doke Paula Kania-Choduń da Katarzyna Piter a wasan karshe. == Wasanni na karshe na ITF == === Singles: 1 (sunan) === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%" !Labari |- style="background:#f0f8ff;" |Wasanni na W15 |} {| class="wikitable" !Sakamakon !Ranar       !Gasar !Tier !Yankin da ke sama !Abokin hamayya ! class="unsortable" |Sakamakon |- | bgcolor="98FB98" |Nasara |Disamba 2018 | bgcolor="#f0f8ff" |ITF Bogotá, Colombia | bgcolor="#f0f8ff" |W15 |Yumbu |Andrea Renée Villarreal{{Flagicon|MEX}} |6–3, 6–3 |} === Sau biyu: 19 (10 lakabi, 9 masu cin gaba) === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%" !Labari |- style="background:#f7e98e;" |Wasanni na W80 |- style="background:#addfad;" |W60/75 gasa |- style="background:lightblue;" |Wasanni na W25/35 |- style="background:#f0f8ff;" |Wasanni na W15 |} {| class="sortable wikitable" !Sakamakon ! class="unsortable" |W-L !Ranar       !Gasar !Tier !Yankin da ke sama !Abokin hulɗa !Masu adawa ! class="unsortable" |Sakamakon |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Rashin |<small>0–1</small> |Satumba 2018 | style="background:#f0f8ff;" |ITF Hilton Head, US | style="background:#f0f8ff;" |W15 |Yumbu |[[Maribella Zamarripa]]{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Bárbara Gatica]] [[Rebeca Pereira]]{{Flagicon|CHI}}<br />{{Flagicon|BRA}} |6–7⁽²⁾, 6–3, [9–11] |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |<small>1–1</small> |Disamba 2018 | style="background:#f0f8ff;" |ITF Bogotá, Colombia | style="background:#f0f8ff;f" |W15 |Yumbu |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[María Paulina Pérez]] [[Paula Andrea Pérez]]{{Flagicon|COL}}<br />{{Flagicon|COL}} |7–5, 6–4 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |<small>2–1</small> |Yuni 2019 | style="background:#f0f8ff;" |ITF Wesley Chapel, Amurka | style="background:#f0f8ff;" |W15 |Yumbu |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Kylie Collins (tennis)|Kylie Collins]] Sofia Sawing{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}}[[Sofia Sewing|Sofia sutura]] |3–6, 6–4, [13–11] |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |<small>3–1</small> |Yuni 2019 | style="background:#f0f8ff;" |ITF Orlando, Amurka | style="background:#f0f8ff;" |W15 |Yumbu |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |Kimmi Hance [[Ashlyn Krueger]]{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |6–3, 6–1 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Rashin |<small>3–2</small> |Satumba 2018 | style="background:#f0f8ff;" |ITF Cancún, Mexico | style="background:#f0f8ff;" |W15 |Da wuya |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Maya Tahan]] [[Eva Vedder]]{{Flagicon|ISR}}<br />{{Flagicon|NED}} |4–6, 6–4, [2–10] |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |<small>4–2</small> |Nuwamba 2020 | style="background:#f7e98e;" |Tyler Pro Classic, Amurka | style="background:#f7e98e;" |W80 |Da wuya |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Paula Kania-Choduń]] [[Katarzyna Piter]]{{Flagicon|POL}}<br />{{Flagicon|POL}} |6–3, 5–7, [11–9] |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Rashin |<small>4–3</small> |Yuni 2022 | style="background:lightblue;" |ITF Sumter, Amurka | style="background:lightblue;" |W25 |Da wuya |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |Kylie Collins [[Peyton Stearns]]{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |3–6, 7–5, [7–10] |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |<small>5–3</small> |Yuni 2022 | style="background:lightblue;" |ITF Wichita, Amurka | style="background:lightblue;" |W25 |Da wuya |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Carolyn Ansari]] [[Ariana Arseneault]]{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|CAN}} |6–4, 6–2 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Rashin |<small>5–4</small> |Satumba 2022 | style="background:#addfad;" |Ƙalubalen Berkeley, US | style="background:#addfad;" |W60 |Da wuya |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Elvina Kalieva]] Peyton Stearns{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |6–7, 6–7 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |<small>6–4</small> |Oktoba 2022 | style="background:lightblue;" |ITF Florence, Amurka | style="background:lightblue;" |W25 |Da wuya |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Samantha Crawford]] [[Clervie Ngounoue]]{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |6–3, 6–4 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Rashin |<small>6–5</small> |Oktoba 2022 | style="background:lightblue;" |ITF Fort Worth, Amurka | style="background:lightblue;" |W25 |Da wuya |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Katarina Kozarov]] [[Maria Kozyreva]]{{Flagicon|SRB}}<br />{{Flagicon|RUS}} |4–6, 7–6⁽¹²⁾, [7–10] |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Rashin |<small>6–6</small> |Afrilu 2023 | style="background:lightblue;" |ITF Jackson, Amurka | style="background:lightblue;" |W25 |Yumbu |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Jaeda Daniel]] [[McCartney Kessler]]{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |6–1, 1–6, [5–10] |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Rashin |<small>6–7</small> |Oktoba 2023 | style="background:lightblue;" |ITF Edmonton, Kanada | style="background:lightblue;" |W25 |Hard (i) |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Kayla Cross]] [[Liv Hovde]]{{Flagicon|CAN}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |6–4, 4–6, [7–10] |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |<small>7–7</small> |Janairu 2024 | style="background:#addfad;" |Vero Beach Open, US | style="background:#addfad;" |W75+H |Yumbu |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Hailey Baptiste]] [[Whitney Osuigwe]]{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |6–3, 3–6, [10–4] |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |<small>8–7</small> |Janairu 2025 | style="background:lightblue;" |ITF Naples, Amurka | style="background:lightblue;" |W35 |Yumbu |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Julie Belgraver]] [[Jasmijn Gimbrère]]{{Flagicon|FRA}}<br />{{Flagicon|NED}} |7–5, 6–1 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Rashin |<small>8–8</small> |Mayu 2025 | style="background:lightblue;" |ITF Boca Raton, Amurka | style="background:lightblue;" |W35 |Yumbu |[[Kayla Day|Ranar Kayla]]{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Fiona Crawley]] [[Alana Smith (tennis)|Alana Smith]]{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |4–6, 2–6 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |<small>9–8</small> |Mayu 2025 | style="background:lightblue;" |ITF Orlando, Amurka | style="background:lightblue;" |W35 |Yumbu |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Jenny Dürst]] [[Dasha Plekhanova]]{{Flagicon|SUI}}<br />{{Flagicon|CAN}} |6–3, 6–1 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Rashin |<small>9–9</small> |Nuwamba 2025 | style="background:lightblue;" |ITF Orlando, Amurka | style="background:lightblue;" |W35 |Yumbu |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Angella Okutoyi]] [[Francesca Pace]]{{Flagicon|KEN}}<br />{{Flagicon|ITA}} |6–3, 4–6, [12–14] |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |<small>10–7</small> |Janairu 2026 | style="background:#addfad;" |Vero Beach International Tennis Open, Amurka | style="background:#addfad;" |W75 |Yumbu |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Jazmín Ortenzi]] [[Anna Rogers]]{{Flagicon|ARG}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |Gudun tafiya |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Allura Zamarripaa cikinKungiyar Tennis ta Mata * Allura Zamarripaa cikinƘungiyar Tennis ta Duniya * Allura ZamarripaaESPN.com [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] kmy4b1apr8tchdmufoio5rghailc0oi 821917 821916 2026-04-17T15:37:14Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 821917 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Allura Zamarripa''' (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2002) 'yar wasan [[Tennis]] ce ta Amurka. == Ayyuka == Tana da matsayi mafi girma a gasar WTA sau biyu a tarihinta, inda ta kai matsayi na 225 a gasar, wanda ta samu a ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 2022. Zuwa yanzu, ta lashe gasar sau ɗaya da kuma gasar sau biyu sau tara a gasar ITF Circuit. Zamarripa ta lashe lambar yabo mafi girma har zuwa yau a 2020 Bellatorum Resources Pro Classic a cikin taron sau biyu, tare da 'yar'uwarta tagwaye Maribella, ta doke Paula Kania-Choduń da Katarzyna Piter a wasan karshe. == Wasanni na karshe na ITF == === Singles: 1 (sunan) === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%" !Labari |- style="background:#f0f8ff;" |Wasanni na W15 |} {| class="wikitable" !Sakamakon !Ranar       !Gasar !Tier !Yankin da ke sama !Abokin hamayya ! class="unsortable" |Sakamakon |- | bgcolor="98FB98" |Nasara |Disamba 2018 | bgcolor="#f0f8ff" |ITF Bogotá, Colombia | bgcolor="#f0f8ff" |W15 |Yumbu |Andrea Renée Villarreal{{Flagicon|MEX}} |6–3, 6–3 |} === Sau biyu: 19 (10 lakabi, 9 masu cin gaba) === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%" !Labari |- style="background:#f7e98e;" |Wasanni na W80 |- style="background:#addfad;" |W60/75 gasa |- style="background:lightblue;" |Wasanni na W25/35 |- style="background:#f0f8ff;" |Wasanni na W15 |} {| class="sortable wikitable" !Sakamakon ! class="unsortable" |W-L !Ranar       !Gasar !Tier !Yankin da ke sama !Abokin hulɗa !Masu adawa ! class="unsortable" |Sakamakon |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Rashin |<small>0–1</small> |Satumba 2018 | style="background:#f0f8ff;" |ITF Hilton Head, US | style="background:#f0f8ff;" |W15 |Yumbu |[[Maribella Zamarripa]]{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Bárbara Gatica]] [[Rebeca Pereira]]{{Flagicon|CHI}}<br />{{Flagicon|BRA}} |6–7⁽²⁾, 6–3, [9–11] |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |<small>1–1</small> |Disamba 2018 | style="background:#f0f8ff;" |ITF Bogotá, Colombia | style="background:#f0f8ff;f" |W15 |Yumbu |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[María Paulina Pérez]] [[Paula Andrea Pérez]]{{Flagicon|COL}}<br />{{Flagicon|COL}} |7–5, 6–4 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |<small>2–1</small> |Yuni 2019 | style="background:#f0f8ff;" |ITF Wesley Chapel, Amurka | style="background:#f0f8ff;" |W15 |Yumbu |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Kylie Collins (tennis)|Kylie Collins]] Sofia Sawing{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}}[[Sofia Sewing|Sofia sutura]] |3–6, 6–4, [13–11] |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |<small>3–1</small> |Yuni 2019 | style="background:#f0f8ff;" |ITF Orlando, Amurka | style="background:#f0f8ff;" |W15 |Yumbu |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |Kimmi Hance [[Ashlyn Krueger]]{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |6–3, 6–1 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Rashin |<small>3–2</small> |Satumba 2018 | style="background:#f0f8ff;" |ITF Cancún, Mexico | style="background:#f0f8ff;" |W15 |Da wuya |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Maya Tahan]] [[Eva Vedder]]{{Flagicon|ISR}}<br />{{Flagicon|NED}} |4–6, 6–4, [2–10] |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |<small>4–2</small> |Nuwamba 2020 | style="background:#f7e98e;" |Tyler Pro Classic, Amurka | style="background:#f7e98e;" |W80 |Da wuya |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Paula Kania-Choduń]] [[Katarzyna Piter]]{{Flagicon|POL}}<br />{{Flagicon|POL}} |6–3, 5–7, [11–9] |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Rashin |<small>4–3</small> |Yuni 2022 | style="background:lightblue;" |ITF Sumter, Amurka | style="background:lightblue;" |W25 |Da wuya |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |Kylie Collins [[Peyton Stearns]]{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |3–6, 7–5, [7–10] |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |<small>5–3</small> |Yuni 2022 | style="background:lightblue;" |ITF Wichita, Amurka | style="background:lightblue;" |W25 |Da wuya |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Carolyn Ansari]] [[Ariana Arseneault]]{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|CAN}} |6–4, 6–2 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Rashin |<small>5–4</small> |Satumba 2022 | style="background:#addfad;" |Ƙalubalen Berkeley, US | style="background:#addfad;" |W60 |Da wuya |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Elvina Kalieva]] Peyton Stearns{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |6–7, 6–7 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |<small>6–4</small> |Oktoba 2022 | style="background:lightblue;" |ITF Florence, Amurka | style="background:lightblue;" |W25 |Da wuya |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Samantha Crawford]] [[Clervie Ngounoue]]{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |6–3, 6–4 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Rashin |<small>6–5</small> |Oktoba 2022 | style="background:lightblue;" |ITF Fort Worth, Amurka | style="background:lightblue;" |W25 |Da wuya |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Katarina Kozarov]] [[Maria Kozyreva]]{{Flagicon|SRB}}<br />{{Flagicon|RUS}} |4–6, 7–6⁽¹²⁾, [7–10] |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Rashin |<small>6–6</small> |Afrilu 2023 | style="background:lightblue;" |ITF Jackson, Amurka | style="background:lightblue;" |W25 |Yumbu |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Jaeda Daniel]] [[McCartney Kessler]]{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |6–1, 1–6, [5–10] |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Rashin |<small>6–7</small> |Oktoba 2023 | style="background:lightblue;" |ITF Edmonton, Kanada | style="background:lightblue;" |W25 |Hard (i) |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Kayla Cross]] [[Liv Hovde]]{{Flagicon|CAN}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |6–4, 4–6, [7–10] |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |<small>7–7</small> |Janairu 2024 | style="background:#addfad;" |Vero Beach Open, US | style="background:#addfad;" |W75+H |Yumbu |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Hailey Baptiste]] [[Whitney Osuigwe]]{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |6–3, 3–6, [10–4] |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |<small>8–7</small> |Janairu 2025 | style="background:lightblue;" |ITF Naples, Amurka | style="background:lightblue;" |W35 |Yumbu |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Julie Belgraver]] [[Jasmijn Gimbrère]]{{Flagicon|FRA}}<br />{{Flagicon|NED}} |7–5, 6–1 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Rashin |<small>8–8</small> |Mayu 2025 | style="background:lightblue;" |ITF Boca Raton, Amurka | style="background:lightblue;" |W35 |Yumbu |[[Kayla Day|Ranar Kayla]]{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Fiona Crawley]] [[Alana Smith (tennis)|Alana Smith]]{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |4–6, 2–6 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |<small>9–8</small> |Mayu 2025 | style="background:lightblue;" |ITF Orlando, Amurka | style="background:lightblue;" |W35 |Yumbu |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Jenny Dürst]] [[Dasha Plekhanova]]{{Flagicon|SUI}}<br />{{Flagicon|CAN}} |6–3, 6–1 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Rashin |<small>9–9</small> |Nuwamba 2025 | style="background:lightblue;" |ITF Orlando, Amurka | style="background:lightblue;" |W35 |Yumbu |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Angella Okutoyi]] [[Francesca Pace]]{{Flagicon|KEN}}<br />{{Flagicon|ITA}} |6–3, 4–6, [12–14] |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |<small>10–7</small> |Janairu 2026 | style="background:#addfad;" |Vero Beach International Tennis Open, Amurka | style="background:#addfad;" |W75 |Yumbu |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Jazmín Ortenzi]] [[Anna Rogers]]{{Flagicon|ARG}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |Gudun tafiya |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Allura Zamarripaa cikinKungiyar Tennis ta Mata * Allura Zamarripaa cikinƘungiyar Tennis ta Duniya * Allura ZamarripaaESPN.com [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] 3httlv4xug1qhwui79kgo8iwmqu5lpo 821921 821917 2026-04-17T15:48:22Z Dumbassman 8317 821921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Allura Zamarripa''' (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2002) 'yar wasan [[Tennis]] ce ta Amurka. == Ayyuka == Tana da matsayi mafi girma a gasar WTA sau biyu a tarihinta, inda ta kai matsayi na 225 a gasar, wanda ta samu a ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 2022. Zuwa yanzu, ta lashe gasar sau ɗaya da kuma gasar sau biyu sau tara a gasar ITF Circuit. Zamarripa ta lashe lambar yabo mafi girma har zuwa yau a 2020 Bellatorum Resources Pro Classic a cikin taron sau biyu, tare da 'yar'uwarta tagwaye Maribella, ta doke Paula Kania-Choduń da Katarzyna Piter a wasan karshe. == Wasanni na karshe na ITF == === Singles: 1 (sunan) === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%" !Labari |- style="background:#f0f8ff;" |Wasanni na W15 |} {| class="wikitable" !Sakamakon !Ranar       !Gasar !Tier !Yankin da ke sama !Abokin hamayya ! class="unsortable" |Sakamakon |- | bgcolor="98FB98" |Nasara |Disamba 2018 | bgcolor="#f0f8ff" |ITF Bogotá, Colombia | bgcolor="#f0f8ff" |W15 |Yumbu |Andrea Renée Villarreal{{Flagicon|MEX}} |6–3, 6–3 |} === Sau biyu: 19 (10 lakabi, 9 masu cin gaba) === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%" !Labari |- style="background:#f7e98e;" |Wasanni na W80 |- style="background:#addfad;" |W60/75 gasa |- style="background:lightblue;" |Wasanni na W25/35 |- style="background:#f0f8ff;" |Wasanni na W15 |} {| class="sortable wikitable" !Sakamakon ! class="unsortable" |W-L !Ranar       !Gasar !Tier !Yankin da ke sama !Abokin hulɗa !Masu adawa ! class="unsortable" |Sakamakon |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Rashin |<small>0–1</small> |Satumba 2018 | style="background:#f0f8ff;" |ITF Hilton Head, US | style="background:#f0f8ff;" |W15 |Yumbu |[[Maribella Zamarripa]]{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Bárbara Gatica]] [[Rebeca Pereira]]{{Flagicon|CHI}}<br />{{Flagicon|BRA}} |6–7⁽²⁾, 6–3, [9–11] |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |<small>1–1</small> |Disamba 2018 | style="background:#f0f8ff;" |ITF Bogotá, Colombia | style="background:#f0f8ff;f" |W15 |Yumbu |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[María Paulina Pérez]] [[Paula Andrea Pérez]]{{Flagicon|COL}}<br />{{Flagicon|COL}} |7–5, 6–4 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |<small>2–1</small> |Yuni 2019 | style="background:#f0f8ff;" |ITF Wesley Chapel, Amurka | style="background:#f0f8ff;" |W15 |Yumbu |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Kylie Collins (tennis)|Kylie Collins]] Sofia Sawing{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}}[[Sofia Sewing|Sofia sutura]] |3–6, 6–4, [13–11] |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |<small>3–1</small> |Yuni 2019 | style="background:#f0f8ff;" |ITF Orlando, Amurka | style="background:#f0f8ff;" |W15 |Yumbu |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |Kimmi Hance [[Ashlyn Krueger]]{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |6–3, 6–1 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Rashin |<small>3–2</small> |Satumba 2018 | style="background:#f0f8ff;" |ITF Cancún, Mexico | style="background:#f0f8ff;" |W15 |Da wuya |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Maya Tahan]] [[Eva Vedder]]{{Flagicon|ISR}}<br />{{Flagicon|NED}} |4–6, 6–4, [2–10] |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |<small>4–2</small> |Nuwamba 2020 | style="background:#f7e98e;" |Tyler Pro Classic, Amurka | style="background:#f7e98e;" |W80 |Da wuya |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Paula Kania-Choduń]] [[Katarzyna Piter]]{{Flagicon|POL}}<br />{{Flagicon|POL}} |6–3, 5–7, [11–9] |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Rashin |<small>4–3</small> |Yuni 2022 | style="background:lightblue;" |ITF Sumter, Amurka | style="background:lightblue;" |W25 |Da wuya |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |Kylie Collins [[Peyton Stearns]]{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |3–6, 7–5, [7–10] |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |<small>5–3</small> |Yuni 2022 | style="background:lightblue;" |ITF Wichita, Amurka | style="background:lightblue;" |W25 |Da wuya |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Carolyn Ansari]] [[Ariana Arseneault]]{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|CAN}} |6–4, 6–2 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Rashin |<small>5–4</small> |Satumba 2022 | style="background:#addfad;" |Ƙalubalen Berkeley, US | style="background:#addfad;" |W60 |Da wuya |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Elvina Kalieva]] Peyton Stearns{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |6–7, 6–7 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |<small>6–4</small> |Oktoba 2022 | style="background:lightblue;" |ITF Florence, Amurka | style="background:lightblue;" |W25 |Da wuya |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Samantha Crawford]] [[Clervie Ngounoue]]{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |6–3, 6–4 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Rashin |<small>6–5</small> |Oktoba 2022 | style="background:lightblue;" |ITF Fort Worth, Amurka | style="background:lightblue;" |W25 |Da wuya |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Katarina Kozarov]] [[Maria Kozyreva]]{{Flagicon|SRB}}<br />{{Flagicon|RUS}} |4–6, 7–6⁽¹²⁾, [7–10] |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Rashin |<small>6–6</small> |Afrilu 2023 | style="background:lightblue;" |ITF Jackson, Amurka | style="background:lightblue;" |W25 |Yumbu |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Jaeda Daniel]] [[McCartney Kessler]]{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |6–1, 1–6, [5–10] |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Rashin |<small>6–7</small> |Oktoba 2023 | style="background:lightblue;" |ITF Edmonton, Kanada | style="background:lightblue;" |W25 |Hard (i) |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Kayla Cross]] [[Liv Hovde]]{{Flagicon|CAN}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |6–4, 4–6, [7–10] |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |<small>7–7</small> |Janairu 2024 | style="background:#addfad;" |Vero Beach Open, US | style="background:#addfad;" |W75+H |Yumbu |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Hailey Baptiste]] [[Whitney Osuigwe]]{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |6–3, 3–6, [10–4] |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |<small>8–7</small> |Janairu 2025 | style="background:lightblue;" |ITF Naples, Amurka | style="background:lightblue;" |W35 |Yumbu |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Julie Belgraver]] [[Jasmijn Gimbrère]]{{Flagicon|FRA}}<br />{{Flagicon|NED}} |7–5, 6–1 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Rashin |<small>8–8</small> |Mayu 2025 | style="background:lightblue;" |ITF Boca Raton, Amurka | style="background:lightblue;" |W35 |Yumbu |[[Kayla Day|Ranar Kayla]]{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Fiona Crawley]] [[Alana Smith (tennis)|Alana Smith]]{{Flagicon|USA}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |4–6, 2–6 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |<small>9–8</small> |Mayu 2025 | style="background:lightblue;" |ITF Orlando, Amurka | style="background:lightblue;" |W35 |Yumbu |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Jenny Dürst]] [[Dasha Plekhanova]]{{Flagicon|SUI}}<br />{{Flagicon|CAN}} |6–3, 6–1 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Rashin |<small>9–9</small> |Nuwamba 2025 | style="background:lightblue;" |ITF Orlando, Amurka | style="background:lightblue;" |W35 |Yumbu |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Angella Okutoyi]] [[Francesca Pace]]{{Flagicon|KEN}}<br />{{Flagicon|ITA}} |6–3, 4–6, [12–14] |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Nasara |<small>10–7</small> |Janairu 2026 | style="background:#addfad;" |Vero Beach International Tennis Open, Amurka | style="background:#addfad;" |W75 |Yumbu |Maribella Zamarripa{{Flagicon|USA}} |[[Jazmín Ortenzi]] [[Anna Rogers]]{{Flagicon|ARG}}<br />{{Flagicon|USA}} |Gudun tafiya |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Allura Zamarripaa cikinKungiyar Tennis ta Mata * Allura Zamarripaa cikinƘungiyar Tennis ta Duniya * Allura ZamarripaaESPN.com [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] hri1ekcmyspr3eqvtfln5hse9s76jgy 3 148166 822031 2026-04-17T21:23:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822031 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Badbrains13! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Badbrains13|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 17 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) 9v9f1egq2qi3xu7eezoae4sgcoue7l8 3 148167 822032 2026-04-17T21:23:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822032 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Vwrho! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Vwrho|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 17 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) c69rimtyq00hl3tkw3dqsz5e8m1m4oc 3 148168 822033 2026-04-17T21:23:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822033 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, LavaSalt402! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/LavaSalt402|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 17 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) jhbbjltdlbvd3kg5wp022h9tl2mz0pf 3 148169 822034 2026-04-17T21:23:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822034 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, ToluT15! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/ToluT15|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 17 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) 4n2mvsgqb0f24kvivxlpa5jvpnj45o8 3 148170 822035 2026-04-17T21:23:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822035 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Huwarm! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Huwarm|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 17 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) qdqfxjl3shryl9gkjeda3o3zo24dz6w 3 148171 822036 2026-04-17T21:24:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822036 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Muqarab Syed! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Muqarab Syed|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 17 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) j5qffkk4gchv7vng9c0ocmofnqg0si9 3 148172 822037 2026-04-17T21:24:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822037 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mercyuniverse! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mercyuniverse|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 17 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) awabb4rkgoublax67bg1vbhq157uqpu 3 148173 822038 2026-04-17T21:24:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822038 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Morkoz! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Morkoz|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 17 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) j3vwlc4bfwt0ieypwkk0f2y7dtalkno 3 148174 822039 2026-04-17T21:24:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822039 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, A NIGERIANHouseR.C.C.GViaDepretis11AL! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/A NIGERIANHouseR.C.C.GViaDepretis11AL|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 17 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) qxa1gcolm4fjykgyx4sk05ls6d8i8tc 3 148175 822040 2026-04-17T21:24:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822040 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Asiya Maru! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Asiya Maru|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 17 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) 0uzpq7pk1iv3h2e5efvlgx054kamob9 3 148176 822041 2026-04-17T21:24:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822041 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Haladu Isa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Haladu Isa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 17 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) bvfr6opxa6w1c8ukomrfagqdvive042 3 148177 822042 2026-04-17T21:25:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822042 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mamuda Lurwanu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mamuda Lurwanu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 17 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) 8e4ovo8rm54bivt9os8y4l4u7d7wlkn 3 148178 822043 2026-04-17T21:25:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822043 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Maryam Abdullahi Anka! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Maryam Abdullahi Anka|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 17 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) dj7lyas7em4s524oqxalwdpycvfqnht 3 148179 822044 2026-04-17T21:25:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822044 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bala Abdulkarim! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bala Abdulkarim|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 17 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) 687yxf8m459fwcfrucehxpvoy4iq962 3 148180 822045 2026-04-17T21:25:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822045 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Goni bulama! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Goni bulama|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 17 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) f20r0eg8j77alm3o8xjknhbd1e3n54i 3 148181 822046 2026-04-17T21:25:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822046 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Cak Noryz! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Cak Noryz|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 17 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) tck10jsjjxuk023n9jgxib1ncgojw7v 3 148182 822047 2026-04-17T21:25:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822047 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sherzad kamal! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sherzad kamal|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 17 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) 8w7ozyv1p8803tn1b01fjakxcaj0bd4 3 148183 822048 2026-04-17T21:26:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822048 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, SG5536B! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/SG5536B|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 17 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) ph0s8uuch35iotoy0a2x3a8584j17sc 3 148184 822049 2026-04-17T21:26:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822049 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ayomide sofolahan! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ayomide sofolahan|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 17 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) o7o6v6dbgbx61pq5nnejwpp3d8aoo3m 3 148185 822050 2026-04-17T21:26:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822050 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ahamad roufaï! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ahamad roufaï|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 17 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) 0skikbvhr4v34dj9yrbg4oytxtdq9yx 3 148186 822051 2026-04-17T21:26:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822051 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Crimson2124! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Crimson2124|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 17 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) dkbjjhlao9lljiekliv7nzathjpjb0f 3 148187 822052 2026-04-17T21:26:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822052 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Archangel1966! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Archangel1966|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 17 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) 0iexg5dkj9d25jz4htspm5amfg0fui5 3 148188 822053 2026-04-17T21:26:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822053 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, TheSilksongPikmin! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/TheSilksongPikmin|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 17 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) e0eyhlu349rxmzyxq73wpnn3ivnkptz 0 148189 822055 2026-04-18T04:50:01Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349081303|Naisula Lesuuda]]" 822055 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Naisula Josephine Lesuuda''' (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 1984), 'yar siyasa ce ta Kenya kuma [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|Mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata]]. Ita memba ce ta Majalisar dokokin Kenya .{{Authority control}} == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Lesuuda a Samburu a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 1984, <ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Naisula Lesuuda Biography and Profile |url=https://softkenya.com/kenya/naisula-lesuuda/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927012346/https://softkenya.com/kenya/naisula-lesuuda/ |archive-date=27 September 2017 |access-date=15 July 2017 |publisher=Soft Kenya}}</ref> ta farko cikin yara uku da aka haifa ga wani Bishop na Anglican da kuma wata 'yar kasuwa. <ref name="exposed">{{Cite web |date=17 March 2017 |title=EXPOSED: LEAKED SEXY WHATSAPP Chat Between Hon Murkomen and Senator Naisula Lesuuda |url=https://www.kenya-today.com/entertainment/exposed-leaked-sexy-whatsapp-chat-hon-murkomen-senator-naisula-lesuuda |access-date=15 July 2017 |website=Kenya Today}}</ref> Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Daystar tare da digiri a fannin sadarwa da ci gaban al'umma.<ref name="bio" /><ref name="exposed" /><ref name="standard">{{Cite web |last=Keberenge |first=Kenfrey |date=13 May 2012 |title=Her cause captured Kibaki's eye |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000058109/her-cause-captured-kibaki-s-eye |access-date=15 July 2017 |website=Standard}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Lesuuda ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida a Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Kenya, gami da karbar bakuncin ''Good Morning Kenya'' . <ref name="20young">{{Cite web |last=Nsehe |first=Mfonobong |date=4 December 2014 |title=The 20 Youngest Power Women In Africa 2014 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2014/12/04/the-20-youngest-power-women-in-africa-2014/2/#282437955895 |access-date=15 July 2017 |website=Forbes}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, bayan an kashe mutane goma a cikin satar shanu a Laikipia, ta zama memba mai kafa Laikipia Peace Caravan.<ref name="standard">{{Cite web |last=Keberenge |first=Kenfrey |date=13 May 2012 |title=Her cause captured Kibaki's eye |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000058109/her-cause-captured-kibaki-s-eye |access-date=15 July 2017 |website=Standard}}</ref><ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Naisula Lesuuda Biography and Profile |url=https://softkenya.com/kenya/naisula-lesuuda/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927012346/https://softkenya.com/kenya/naisula-lesuuda/ |archive-date=27 September 2017 |access-date=15 July 2017 |publisher=Soft Kenya}}</ref> Wannan kuma ya haifar da kafa wasu kungiyoyin zaman lafiya na gida, da gwamnatin Kenya da USAid suka goyi bayan.<ref name="standard" /> A shekara ta 2010, aikinta tare da wannan kungiyar ya kai ta ga zama matashiyar mace ta Kenya da ta lashe lambar yabo ta shugaban kasa ta Grand Warrior . <ref name="standard" /><ref name="konnect">{{Cite web |last=Nkem-Eneanya |first=Jennifer |date=27 May 2015 |title=Senator at 30: Kenya's Naisula Lesuuda is Breaking Boundaries and Advocating for the Girl-Child |url=http://www.konnectafrica.net/naisula-lesuuda/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017001834/http://www.konnectafrica.net/naisula-lesuuda/ |archive-date=17 October 2017 |access-date=15 July 2017 |website=Konnect Africa}}</ref> A cikin 2013, Lesuuda ta bar aikinta don ta kafa Gidauniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Naisula Lesuuda wacce ke ba da shawara ga ilimin 'yan mata da kuma kawar da yankan mata da auren yara. <ref name="20young">{{Cite web |last=Nsehe |first=Mfonobong |date=4 December 2014 |title=The 20 Youngest Power Women In Africa 2014 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2014/12/04/the-20-youngest-power-women-in-africa-2014/2/#282437955895 |access-date=15 July 2017 |website=Forbes}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaiyesimi |first=Adedoyin |date=26 January 2017 |title=Meet Naisula Lesuuda, the youngest female member of the Kenyan Senate at age 30! |url=http://leadingladiesafrica.org/site/2017/01/26/meet-naisula-lesuuda-youngest-female-member-kenyan-senate-age-30/ |access-date=15 July 2017 |website=Leading Ladies Africa}}</ref><ref name="standard">{{Cite web |last=Keberenge |first=Kenfrey |date=13 May 2012 |title=Her cause captured Kibaki's eye |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000058109/her-cause-captured-kibaki-s-eye |access-date=15 July 2017 |website=Standard}}</ref> Lesuuda ta shiga cikin yakin neman zabe na Shugaba Uhuru Kenyatta a shekarar 2013, <ref name="defect">{{Cite web |last=Mukere |first=Tony |date=13 March 2017 |title=Senator Naisula Lesuuda Defects from Jubilee to Kanu as she vies for Samburu West MP |url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/senator-naisula-lesuuda-defects-jubilee-kanu-she-vies-samburu-west-mp-17427 |access-date=15 July 2017 |publisher=Kenyas.co.ke}}</ref> sannan aka zaba ta a kan tikitin jam'iyyarsa ta TNA don wakiltar Gundumar Samburu a Majalisar Dattijai a shekarar 2013, ta zama mafi ƙanƙanta mata. <ref name="20young">{{Cite web |last=Nsehe |first=Mfonobong |date=4 December 2014 |title=The 20 Youngest Power Women In Africa 2014 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2014/12/04/the-20-youngest-power-women-in-africa-2014/2/#282437955895 |access-date=15 July 2017 |website=Forbes}}</ref><ref name="nation">{{Cite web |last=Oruko |first=Ibrahim |last2=Rugene |first2=Njeri |date=29 June 2017 |title=Nominated women senators now seek various elective positions |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/Nominated-women-senators/1064-3991866-xypbkhz/index.html |access-date=15 July 2017 |website=Daily Nation}}</ref> Daga nan aka zabe ta Mataimakin Shugaban Kungiyar Mata ta Kenya . [[Fayil:Onofiok_Luke_with_Kenyan_Amb_to_Somalia,_Khamati,_and_Kenyan_Senator_Lesuuda.jpg|right|thumb|Naisula Lesuuda (R) tare da [[Onofiok Luke|Onofiok Luka]], lauya kuma dan majalisa, kuma tare da Jakadan Kenya a Somalia, Yvonne Khamati (L), a ranar ƙarshe ta Kungiyar Matasan Afirka a [[Nairobi]] a shekarar 2014.]] A shekara ta 2016, ta sanar da cewa za ta bar Majalisar Dattijai don neman zabe a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta Samburu West, <ref name="ready">{{Cite web |last=Fundi |first=Martin |date=5 September 2016 |title=Senator Naisula 'ready to challenge men for MP in 2017' |url=http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2016/09/05/senator-naisula-ready-to-challenge-men-for-mp-in-2017_c1415187 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619075554/http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2016/09/05/senator-naisula-ready-to-challenge-men-for-mp-in-2017_c1415187 |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=15 July 2017 |website=The Star}}</ref> sannan a shekarar 2017 ta sauya daga Jubilee zuwa jam'iyyar KANU.<ref name="ditch">{{Cite web |last=Mwangi |first=William |date=12 March 2017 |title=Senator Naisula Lesuuda ditches Jubilee for Kanu |url=http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2017/03/12/senator-naisula-lesuuda-ditches-jubilee-for-kanu_c1523116 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718172434/http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2017/03/12/senator-naisula-lesuuda-ditches-jubilee-for-kanu_c1523116 |archive-date=18 July 2017 |access-date=15 July 2017 |website=The Star}}</ref><ref name="defect">{{Cite web |last=Mukere |first=Tony |date=13 March 2017 |title=Senator Naisula Lesuuda Defects from Jubilee to Kanu as she vies for Samburu West MP |url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/senator-naisula-lesuuda-defects-jubilee-kanu-she-vies-samburu-west-mp-17427 |access-date=15 July 2017 |publisher=Kenyas.co.ke}}</ref> Ta ci gaba da tallafa wa Kenyatta.<ref name="nation">{{Cite web |last=Oruko |first=Ibrahim |last2=Rugene |first2=Njeri |date=29 June 2017 |title=Nominated women senators now seek various elective positions |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/Nominated-women-senators/1064-3991866-xypbkhz/index.html |access-date=15 July 2017 |website=Daily Nation}}</ref> A zaben 2017, Lesuuda ta samu kuri'u 14,560, inda ta doke shugaba mai ci Jonathan Lelelit wanda ya samu kuri'u 13,970, [1] ta zama 'yar majalisa ta farko a mazabar Samburu ta yamma.[2][3]. Ta kasance daya daga cikin ’yan majalisar mata da yawa wadanda su ne mata tilo da aka zaba a yankinsu. Sauran sun hada da Mary Emaase a gundumar Busia, Mary Maingi a gundumar Kirinyaga da Mishi Mboko a Mombasa.[4] Lokacin da majalisa ta zauna a watan Agustan 2017, ta sanar da niyyar neman matsayin Mataimakin Kakakin Majalisar Dokoki, amma ta kasa gabatar da takardar neman zabe kafin zabe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vidija |first=Patrick |date=25 August 2017 |title=Lesuuda guns for Deputy Speaker seat as Parliament opens |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2017/08/25/lesuuda-guns-for-deputy-speaker-seat-as-parliament-opens_c1623689 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831133134/https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2017/08/25/lesuuda-guns-for-deputy-speaker-seat-as-parliament-opens_c1623689 |archive-date=31 August 2017 |access-date=31 August 2017 |website=The Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kabasa |first=Edward |date=29 August 2017 |title=Three cleared to vie for National Assembly speaker position |url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/local-news/three-cleared-vie-national-assembly-speaker-position/ |access-date=31 August 2017 |website=KBC}}</ref> An sake zabar ta a mazabar Samburu ta Yamma a Babban zaben 2022. == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == * Shugaban kasa Order of the Grand Warrior don aikin jarida da ke nuna batutuwan zamantakewa da inganta zaman lafiya, 2010 <ref name="20young">{{Cite web |last=Nsehe |first=Mfonobong |date=4 December 2014 |title=The 20 Youngest Power Women In Africa 2014 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2014/12/04/the-20-youngest-power-women-in-africa-2014/2/#282437955895 |access-date=15 July 2017 |website=Forbes}}</ref> <ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Naisula Lesuuda Biography and Profile |url=https://softkenya.com/kenya/naisula-lesuuda/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927012346/https://softkenya.com/kenya/naisula-lesuuda/ |archive-date=27 September 2017 |access-date=15 July 2017 |publisher=Soft Kenya}}</ref> * Kyautar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya don Kyakkyawan Kwararru, 2011 <ref name="20young" /> <ref name="peace" /> * Mafi kyawun masu cin nasara biyar na 2018 One Young World Awards .[https://www.oneyoungworld.com/news-item/john-major-announces-politician-year-award-winners-oyw2018 2018 kaddamar da One Young World Awards.] == [https://www.oneyoungworld.com/news-item/john-major-announces-politician-year-award-winners-oyw2018 Rayuwa ta mutum] == Lesuuda ta yi aure, kuma tana da 'ya'ya mata 2. ].<ref name="exposed">{{Cite web |date=17 March 2017 |title=EXPOSED: LEAKED SEXY WHATSAPP Chat Between Hon Murkomen and Senator Naisula Lesuuda |url=https://www.kenya-today.com/entertainment/exposed-leaked-sexy-whatsapp-chat-hon-murkomen-senator-naisula-lesuuda |access-date=15 July 2017 |website=Kenya Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Karanja |first=Samuel |date=18 March 2017 |title=Kenyans EXPLODE after Murkomen-Lesuda love affair is exposed |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/234158-kenyans-explode-murkomen-lesuda-love-affair-exposed.html |access-date=15 July 2017 |website=Tuko}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Majalisar dokoki ta 13 ta Kenya * Mata a Kenya * Hanifa Adan * [[Ida Odinga]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Current Kenyan MPs}} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LqEVlVxpZPs Naisula Lesuuda: Daga ɗan jarida zuwa Sanata] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] drpa0fka40c9dyucox4apysr46gnwgw 0 148190 822120 2026-04-18T10:13:46Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349628863|Nanjira Sambuli]]" 822120 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Nanjira Sambuli''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1988) mai bincike ne na Kenya, marubuci, mai nazarin manufofi kuma mai dabarun da ke sha'awar da aiki kan fahimtar tasirin da ke tattare da tallafin ICT a kan shugabanci, kafofin watsa labarai, kasuwanci da al'adu. == Ilimi == Sambuli tana da digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar lissafi daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] . == Ayyuka == Nanjira Fellow ce a cikin Fasaha da Shirin Harkokin Kasa da Kasa a The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, [1] kuma Ford Global Fellow. [2] Har ila yau, ita ce Shugabar kuma co-Shugaba na Transform Health Coalition, memba na kwamitin a The New Humanitarian, Development Gateway [3] da Digital Impact Alliance [4] (DIAL) da kuma Kwamishina a kan Lancet & Financial Times Global Commission (Governing Health Futures 2030 [4]).[5][6][7] Nanjira kuma tana zaune a kan allon ba da shawara da yawa, gami da Fasahar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya da Shirye-shiryen Adalci na Jama'a, Alliance for Inclusive Algorithms <ref>{{Cite web |title=Advisory Board |url=https://aplusalliance.org/advisory-board/ |access-date=September 19, 2023 |website=aplusalliance.org |language=en}}</ref> da kuma Cibiyar AI da Daidaitawa ta Majalisar Carnegie. Bugu da ƙari, ita ce mai kula da diflomasiyya a Cibiyar Kimiyya da diflomasii ta Geneva (GESDA). <ref>{{Cite web |title=GESDA - Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator {{!}} GESDA - Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator |url=https://gesda.global/ |access-date=2021-07-09 |website=gesda.global |language=en-US}}</ref> Nanjira ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Manajan Manufofin kuma a baya a matsayin Manajan Gudanar da Daidaitawar Daidaitawa ta Dijital a Gidauniyar Yanar Gizo ta Duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nanjira Sambuli |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/profile/nanjira-sambuli.html |access-date=2018-10-10 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=The Bigger Deal |date=2017-12-14 |title=On The Back Seat With Sunny #8: Nanjira Sambuli |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dtz6kQxK8zg |access-date=2018-10-10 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Nanjira Sambuli ta kasance tsohon Shugaba na Bincike da Manajan Bincike a iHub a [[Nairobi]] tsakanin 2013 da 2016. Ta yi magana a taron da yawa da abubuwan da suka faru game da daidaito na dijital da manufofin dijital, gami da re:publica 2019, rp:Accra 2018, Open Up 2016 da kuma taron koli na Afirka kan Mata da 'Yan Mata a Fasaha. Nanjira memba ce ta Babban Kwamitin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Haɗin Kai na Dijital kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki a Babban Kwamitin Babban Sakatare na Majalisar Dattijai don Karfafa Tattalin Arziki na Mata (2016-17). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Event Details: Speaker Bio {{!}} Omidyar Network |url=https://www.omidyar.com/events/open-2016/speaker/nanjira-sambuli |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709010205/https://www.omidyar.com/events/open-2016/speaker/nanjira-sambuli |archive-date=9 July 2019 |access-date=2018-10-10 |website=www.omidyar.com |language=en}}</ref>&nbsp; == Ayyuka == Sambuli ta jagoranci aikin 'Yancin Mata na kan layi a Gidauniyar Yanar Gizo, wanda ya ƙunshi cibiyar sadarwa ta kungiyoyin kare hakkin jinsi da na dijital a duk faɗin Afirka, Asiya da Latin Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2015 |title=Women's Rights Online |url=https://webfoundation.org/our-work/projects/womens-rights-online/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310030747/https://webfoundation.org/our-work/projects/womens-rights-online/ |archive-date=10 March 2021 |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=World Wide Web Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Sambuli ya kirkiro wani tsari don samun damar, tabbatarwa da ingancin Crowdsourcing, Umati, aikin sa ido mai haɗari na kan layi. [an kara bayani da ake buƙata] Wannan aikin a halin yanzu yana gudana a [[Kenya]], [[Najeriya]] da [[Sudan ta Kudu]]. Ta yi aiki a kan batutuwa da yawa ciki har da Manufofin Media na Kenya da Civic Tech Landscape .  Ita ce edita ta Innovative Africa . Har ila yau, a wasu lokuta tana rubuta wani shafi ga jaridar Daily Nation a Kenya da kuma manema labarai na duniya. A cikin 2018, [[António Guterres]], Sakatare Janar na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ya gayyace ta don shiga Babban Kwamitin kan Haɗin Kai na Dijital. == Kyaututtuka da Kyaututtaka == * 2019 - An ambaci sunanta a cikin jerin mata 100 na BBC . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2019 |title=BBC 100 Women 2019: Who is on the list this year? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-50042279 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-16 |title=Greta Thunberg and Dina Asher-Smith among BBC list of 100 most inspiring women |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/women/bbc-women-100-most-inspiring-world-2019-greta-thunberg-dina-asher-smith-aoc-a9157806.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/women/bbc-women-100-most-inspiring-world-2019-greta-thunberg-dina-asher-smith-aoc-a9157806.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |access-date=2019-10-27 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> * 2016 - An lasafta ta daya daga cikin 'yan Afirka 100 mafi tasiri na New African Magazine == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] mcy0uz9chz1ygv3y9zw9xs9ztg76d96 0 148191 822121 2026-04-18T10:15:23Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341497490|Mary Muthoni Nyanjiru]]" 822121 wikitext text/x-wiki   Mary Mūthoni Nyanjiru (? – 16 Maris 1922) mace ce ta Kikuyu [1] kuma ‘yar gwagwarmayar siyasar Kenya da aka tuna da jagorancin zanga-zangar bayan kama Harry Thuku, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwarta. An haifi Mūthoni Nyanjiru a Weithaga, Murang'a, Kenya, kodayake ba a rubuta kwanan wata ko shekarar haihuwarta ba. A lokacin da aka harbe ta kuma aka kashe ta a shekara ta 1922, tana zaune a Nairobi tare da diyarta Elizabeth Waruiru.[2] == Tarihi == Nyanjirū abokin tarayya ne kuma mai goyon bayan Harry Thuku . Thuku, sakatare da Ƙungiyar Matasan Kikuyu (daga baya aka sani da Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka) <ref name="Wipper">{{Cite journal |last=Wipper |first=Audrey |date=1989 |title=Kikuyu Women and the Harry Thuku Disturbances: Some Uniformities of Female Militancy |journal=Africa |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=300–337 |doi=10.2307/1160230 |jstor=1160230 |s2cid=143304797}}</ref> an san shi a ko'ina cikin Kikuyuland a matsayin "shugaban mata" galibi saboda goyon bayansa na mata musamman game da batutuwan cin zarafin jiki da jima'i, da kuma tilasta aiki. == Harkokin rashin amincewar Harry Thuku == An kama Thuku a ranar 14 ga Maris 1922, saboda damuwa game da karuwar yaƙi da kuma karuwar yawan magoya bayansa.<ref name="Wipper">{{Cite journal |last=Wipper |first=Audrey |date=1989 |title=Kikuyu Women and the Harry Thuku Disturbances: Some Uniformities of Female Militancy |journal=Africa |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=300–337 |doi=10.2307/1160230 |jstor=1160230 |s2cid=143304797}}</ref> Kashegari bayan kama Thuku, EAA ta kira yajin aiki kuma dubban mutane sun yi tafiya cikin lumana zuwa ofishin 'yan sanda na Nairobi, inda ake tsare Thuku. Masu yajin aikin sun zo ne don nunawa da kuma tabbatar da sakin sa. Bayan sun yi addu'a don tsaron Thuku taron suka watse.<ref name="Wipper" /> A wannan maraice, mata masu goyon baya sun shiga cikin wani aiki da ake kira rantsuwa, al'ada ce ta maza kawai. Yin rantsuwa da mata ya saba wa al'adar Kikuyu saboda an dauki mata a matsayin marasa inganci kuma ba za su iya jimrewa da wahalar yin rantsuwa ba.<ref name="Turner & Brownhill 2002">{{Cite journal |last=Turner |first=Terisa E |last2=Brownhill |first2=Leigh S |year=2002 |title=Subsistence trade versus world trade: gendered class struggle in Kenya, 1992-2002 |url=https://cws.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/cws/article/download/6569/5757 |journal=Canadian Woman Studies |pages=169–177}}</ref> Elizabeth Waruiru, a cikin labarinta game da abubuwan da suka faru a yammacin 15 ga Maris, mai suna James Njoroge, memba na Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka (EAA) a matsayin mai ba da rantsuwa.<ref name="Wipper" /> An yi rantsuwa ga mata sama da 200 a cikin taron, a zahiri, ɗaure su don aiwatar da takamaiman shirin aiki.<ref name="Turner & Brownhill 2002">{{Cite journal |last=Turner |first=Terisa E |last2=Brownhill |first2=Leigh S |year=2002 |title=Subsistence trade versus world trade: gendered class struggle in Kenya, 1992-2002 |url=https://cws.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/cws/article/download/6569/5757 |journal=Canadian Woman Studies |pages=169–177}}</ref><ref name="Wipper">{{Cite journal |last=Wipper |first=Audrey |date=1989 |title=Kikuyu Women and the Harry Thuku Disturbances: Some Uniformities of Female Militancy |journal=Africa |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=300–337 |doi=10.2307/1160230 |jstor=1160230 |s2cid=143304797}}</ref> A tarihi, cibiyoyin gwamnati ba su yi amfani da rantsuwar kabilanci ba, EAA ita ce ta farko da ta yi hakan. Ko rantsuwa ta kara wayar da kan jama'a game da siyasa ko kuma horo, mata sun yi aiki cikin hadin kai washegari lokacin da ya bayyana cewa ba za a 'yantar da Thuku ba.<ref name="Wipper" /> A safiyar ranar 16 ga watan Maris, an zabi tawagar mutane shida daga cikin taron don saduwa da Sir Charles Bowring, Sakataren mulkin mallaka, wanda ya tabbatar musu cewa Thuku ba shi da haɗari kuma ana tsare shi ne kawai yayin jiran gwamnati ta ba shi cikakken sauraro. Gidan sauraron gwamnati zai yanke shawarar makomar Thuku. An ƙarfafa tawagar su koma taron don neman su warwatse cikin lumana. Bayan dawowarsu, sun sanar da cewa za a gwada Thuku maimakon a sake shi, sannan suka bukaci masu yajin aiki su koma gida. Kamar yadda mutane da yawa a cikin taron suka yi fushi, wannan bai yi amfani ba.<ref name="Wipper">{{Cite journal |last=Wipper |first=Audrey |date=1989 |title=Kikuyu Women and the Harry Thuku Disturbances: Some Uniformities of Female Militancy |journal=Africa |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=300–337 |doi=10.2307/1160230 |jstor=1160230 |s2cid=143304797}}</ref> A lokacin ne babban rukuni na mata masu tayar da hankali suka fara turawa da karfi zuwa ƙofar, wasu suna ihu ga maza cewa su matsoraci ne kuma suna zargin cin hanci ga tawagar. Da jin wannan, mutanen da suka fara warwatse sun canza tunaninsu kuma sun dawo.<ref name="Wipper" /><ref name="Mamas_Tibbets">{{Cite journal |last=Tibbetts |first=Alexandra |date=1994 |title=Mamas Fighting for Freedom in Kenya |journal=Africa Today |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=27–48 |jstor=4187015}}</ref> Mary Mūthoni Nyanjirū ta yi tsalle zuwa ƙafafunta, ta gudu zuwa gaban taron, ta ɗaga rigarta a kan kanta, ta yi ihu: "Ka ɗauki rigata ka ba ni wando. Ku maza ne matsoraci. Menene shugabansu a can. " <ref name="Wipper">{{Cite journal |last=Wipper |first=Audrey |date=1989 |title=Kikuyu Women and the Harry Thuku Disturbances: Some Uniformities of Female Militancy |journal=Africa |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=300–337 |doi=10.2307/1160230 |jstor=1160230 |s2cid=143304797}}</ref> Hanyar, da ake kira ''guturamira ng'ania'', babbar zagi ce tsakanin Kyu, waɗanda ke kallon ta a matsayin la'ana don ganin mace shekarun mahaifiyar mace ba a amfani da ita ba, ba a san cewa halin da maza ba ne, ba a matsayin alamar ƙyamar maza ba.<ref name="owaahh">{{Cite web |date=22 March 2016 |title=The Ageless Defiance of Muthoni Nyanjiru - Owaahh |url=https://owaahh.com/ageless-defiance-muthoni-nyanjiru/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126134940/https://owaahh.com/ageless-defiance-muthoni-nyanjiru/ |archive-date=26 November 2018 |access-date=22 November 2018 |website=Owaahh}}</ref> Yayin da ayyukan Nyanjirū suka bayyana, yawancin matan da suka halarci taron sun nuna amincewarsu a matsayin martani, kuma taron sun ci gaba har sai 'yan sanda ko askaris sun bude wuta. Nyanjirū na daga cikin mutanen farko da aka kashe.<ref name="Wipper" /> == Sakamakon haka == An ba da jimlar adadin matattu a cikin tushe daban-daban tsakanin ashirin da takwas zuwa sama da ɗari. Babu wata shaida da ta nuna cewa jami'an da ke kula da askaris sun umarce su da su harbe su, kodayake akwai asusun da ke nuna cewa askaris suna aiki na sa'o'i goma sha takwas a cikin zafi yayin da taron ke fuskantar tsangwama.<ref name="Wipper">{{Cite journal |last=Wipper |first=Audrey |date=1989 |title=Kikuyu Women and the Harry Thuku Disturbances: Some Uniformities of Female Militancy |journal=Africa |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=300–337 |doi=10.2307/1160230 |jstor=1160230 |s2cid=143304797}}</ref> An ba da adadin wadanda suka mutu a matsayin 'yan Afirka ashirin da daya da aka kashe, hudu daga cikinsu mata ne kuma wasu ashirin da takwas sun ji rauni. Labarin Thuku na ranar, bayan ya ga abubuwan da suka faru daga tantanin kurkukunsa, ya ba da labarin cewa yayin da 'yan sanda suka harbe daga gaba, wasu mazauna Turai da suka taru a Otal din Norfolk sun fara harbi cikin taron daga baya.<ref name="Wipper" /> Sauran asusun sun tabbatar da da'awar Thuku; mazauna suna shan giya a kan veranda na otal ɗin kusa da wurin kuma sun shiga cikin harbi kuma suna da alhakin yawancin mutuwar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ekechi |first=Felix K. |date=1996 |title=Perceiving Women as Catalysts |journal=Africa Today |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=235–249 |jstor=4187107}}</ref> Ba a san komai game da sauran matan da ke da hannu, har ma da kashewa, a cikin rikice-rikicen Harry Thuku, kuma Nyanjirū ita ce kawai mace wacce ke da wani bayani na baya. Ita ce kadai mace da aka ambaci sunanta a cikin zanga-zangar. Maza da ke da alaƙa da zanga-zangar suna da sunayensu da aka rubuta game da wannan lamarin, yayin da mata galibi ba a san su ba.<ref name="Wipper">{{Cite journal |last=Wipper |first=Audrey |date=1989 |title=Kikuyu Women and the Harry Thuku Disturbances: Some Uniformities of Female Militancy |journal=Africa |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=300–337 |doi=10.2307/1160230 |jstor=1160230 |s2cid=143304797}}</ref> == Kyauta == Mary Mūthoni Nyanjirū ta ɗan canji nan take ga mulkin mallaka, har yanzu, ana tunawa da ita a matsayin jarumi a cikin al'adun gargajiya, waƙa da shayari. Waƙar ''Kanyegenuri'', tana tunawa da ayyukan da jaruntaka na Nyanjirū kuma an rera ta a lokacin juriyar [[Tawayen Mau Mau|Mau Mau]] a matsayin taken adawa.<ref name="Wipper">{{Cite journal |last=Wipper |first=Audrey |date=1989 |title=Kikuyu Women and the Harry Thuku Disturbances: Some Uniformities of Female Militancy |journal=Africa |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=300–337 |doi=10.2307/1160230 |jstor=1160230 |s2cid=143304797}}</ref> An haramta wannan da sauran waƙoƙin jaruman mata na Afirka saboda an dauke su barazanar siyasa. An sake tunawa da Nyanjirū a cikin waka "Mother Afrika's Matriots", inda aya ta shafi Nyanjirū ta karanta: "Mary Mūthoni Nyanjirū wacce ta sake kunna dutsen wuta na ma'aikata".<ref name="poem">{{Cite journal |last=Mugo |first=Micere G. |author-link=Micere Githae Mugo |date=1996 |title=Poem: Mother Afrika's Matriots |journal=African Journal of Political Science |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=99–102 |jstor=23489747}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an nuna labarin Nyanjirū a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gwaji game da jarumai da jarumai na Kenya mai taken Too Early for Birds .''Da wuri-wuri ga tsuntsaye.'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Wikiquote-inline}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mj4fbba284vszv1uliq74vqm87uxuu3 0 148192 822122 2026-04-18T10:18:44Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349076147|Fatuma Ali Saman]]" 822122 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">Fatuma Ali Saman</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An haife shi | class="infobox-data" |1968 (shekaru 57-58) <div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Mandera|Birnin Mandera]], [[Kenya]]</div>&nbsp;<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasancewa ɗan ƙasa | class="infobox-data category" |Dan Kenya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ilimi | class="infobox-data" |Makarantar St Brigid, Nairobi; Makarantar Sakandare ta Wajir; Kwalejin Malamai ta Asumbi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ayyuka | class="infobox-data role" |Mai ilimin ilimi, mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ma'aikaci | class="infobox-data org" |Hukumar Kula da 'yan sanda mai zaman kanta (IPOA) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ƙungiya (s) | class="infobox-data org" |Kwalejin Musulmi ta Nairobi; Waqf (Nairobi Islamic charity) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An san shi da&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |[[Women's rights activism|Yunkurin kare hakkin mata]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ayyuka masu ban sha'awa</span> | class="infobox-data" |Gudanar da shigar da mata a cikin jagoranci; gudummawa ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kenya (Bill of Rights and Devolution) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Taken | class="infobox-data title" |memba na kwamitin, Hukumar Kula da 'yan sanda mai zaman kanta |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |memba na kwamitin&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Hukumar Kula da 'yan sanda mai zaman kanta (IPOA) |} {{Reflist}} '''Fatuma Ali Saman''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1968) masanin ilimin Kenya ce kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata kuma memba ne na kwamitin Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Sanda Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kenya (KIPOA). <ref>{{Cite web |title=IPOA Board Members |url=http://www.ipoa.go.ke/about-us/ipoa-board-members.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126173848/http://ipoa.go.ke/about-us/ipoa-board-members.html |archive-date=26 November 2016 |access-date=8 December 2016 |website=IPOA}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Fatuma Ali Saman a garin Mandera da ke Arewacin Kenya a shekarar 1968. Ta yi rashin mahaifinta tun tana karama. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] == Ilimi == Saman ya halarci Makarantar St Brigid a Nairobi a lokacin bayan samun 'yancin kai lokacin da "tsarin 7-4-2-3" ya kasance. Ta tafi makarantar sakandiren ’yan mata ta Wajeer a shekarar 1983, inda ta tafi a shekarar 1986 da maki da ya ba ta damar shiga jami’a. Duk da haka, a cikin 1987, ta je horon malami a Kwalejin Asumbi da ke Kudancin Nyanza, kusa da yankin yammacin Kenya. Daga baya ta tafi jami'a, inda ta kammala digirin farko a fannin ilimi, addini da tarihi. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] == Ayyukan koyarwa == Saman ya kasance yana koyarwa na tsawon shekaru 25 a cibiyoyin masu zaman kansu da na jama'a. Matsayinta na farko na koyarwa ya kasance a cikin 1989 a garin maza na Mandera (wanda a halin yanzu ake kira Cibiyar Musulunci ta Mandera) wanda makarantar gwamnati ce. A shekara ta 1993, ta zama mataimakiyar malamar Khadija Ummul-Muminun, makarantar firamare ta mata mallakar gwamnati. A cikin 1995, Saman ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Musulunci ta Nairobi, makarantar biyan kuɗi mai zaman kanta wacce ke ba da ilimin reno, firamare da sakandare.[1] Manufar kafa makarantar Muslim Muslim Academy, makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata kawai a Nairobi Kenya, ita ce samar da yanayi na sada zumunci ga ilimin 'ya'ya mata saboda yawancin 'yan mata ya shafi auren wuri. [ana ruwa hujja] [citation need] [2] Ta kasance mai ba da shawara a makaranta.[3] A shekara ta 2010, an nada Saman don aiki a cikin rundunar aiki a kan gwamnati mai zaman kanta.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024 |title=Fatuma Ali Saman – CSCR Center |url=https://cscrcenter.org/team_mf/fatuma-ali-saman/ |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=cscrcenter.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Draft Interim Report on Devolved Government in Kenya |url=https://www.undp.org/content/dam/kenya/docs/Government%20Reports/Interim_Report_of_the_Task_Force_on_Devolved_Government.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308105325/https://www1.undp.org/content/dam/kenya/docs/Government%20Reports/Interim_Report_of_the_Task_Force_on_Devolved_Government.pdf |archive-date=2022-03-08 |access-date=2019-10-21 |website=}}</ref> Ta bar koyarwa a shekarar 2012, bayan an nada ta memba na kwamitin IPOA a lokacin gwamnatin hadin gwiwar Kenya . == Yaki don 'yancin mata == Saman ta kasance mai fafutuka don haƙƙoƙi da wakilcin mata a Kenya. Ta yi kira ga karɓar mata a cikin matsayi na shugabanci na jama'a da masu zaman kansu da kuma haɗa su a cikin kungiyoyi da allon yanke shawara daban-daban. Gudummawar da ta bayar ta kai har zuwa lokacin da aka shafi lissafin haƙƙoƙi da surori a cikin kundin tsarin mulki. Gabatar da sabon [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|kundin tsarin mulki]] Kenya (wanda aka fi sani da rubutun Bomas), wanda aka kaddamar a cikin 2010, ya haɗa da muhimman sassa biyu inda Saman ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin fasaha kan lissafin haƙƙoƙi. Saman ya ba da shawarar kirkirar mukaman mata 47 a majalisar dokokin Kenya. Ta jagoranci shiga 'yan mata a makarantu a Arewacin Kenya kuma ta yi yaƙi da yankan mata. Saman ya wakilci Kenya a cikin shirin jagorancin baƙi na duniya a Amurka a shekara ta 2005. == Ayyukan Jama'a == Saman ya yi aiki da kansa a kungiyoyi daban-daban na al'umma da na bangaskiya ta hanyar sabis na ba da shawara. Ta yi aiki a kwamitin zartarwa na Majalisar Addinai ta Kenya (IRCK) <ref>{{Cite web |title=IRCK {{!}} Board Members of IRCK |url=http://interreligiouscouncil.or.ke/board%20members.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310162418/http://interreligiouscouncil.or.ke/board%20members.html |archive-date=2016-03-10 |access-date=2016-12-08 |website=interreligiouscouncil.or.ke}}</ref> na tsawon shekaru 10. Ayyukanta na koyarwa ya haifar da karancin malamai wanda ke shafar inganci da ma'auni na ilimi. Ta koyar a makarantu daban-daban kuma ta taimaka wajen bunkasa shiga 'yan mata marayu ta hanyar tallafin karatu. Tun daga shekara ta 1995, kungiyar agaji ta Musulunci ta Nairobi Waqf, kungiyar agaji da ta kafa, tana ba da ikon matalauta, gwauraye da mata da suka sake aure daga cikin unguwanni na Nairobi ta hanyar horo da samar da damar aiki. == 'Yancin Dan Adam da gyare-gyare == Fatuma Ali Saman ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fafutukar tabbatar da 'yanci da daidaito a Kenya [ana maganar hujja]. Daya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da ta samu ya hada da kawo sauyi ga 'yan sandan Kenya da ake zargi da take hakkin dan Adam a baya.[1][2] A matsayinta na mamba a hukumar 'yan sanda da sa ido mai zaman kanta, inda take shugabantar kwamitin bincike, bincike da sa ido, ta samar da shawarwari don inganta hidimar [ana maganar hujja]. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t03dwnlx3er6tp874hma7q5b8irpkc0 0 148193 822123 2026-04-18T10:25:44Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349116079|Jepchumba]]" 822123 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">Jepchumba</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An haife shi | class="infobox-data" |<div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">Kenya</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasancewa ɗan ƙasa | class="infobox-data category" |[[Kenyan|Dan Kenya]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma Matar&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |[[London Metropolitan University|Jami'ar London Metropolitan]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ayyuka | class="infobox-data role" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * Mai zane-zane na dijital * Mai kula da shi * Jakadan al'adu * Mai fafutuka </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ƙungiyoyin | class="infobox-data org" |Fasahar dijital ta Afirka; Lab na gaba Afirka |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An san shi da&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Wanda ya kafa fasahar dijital ta Afirka; inganta fasahar dijital a Afirka |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ayyuka masu ban sha'awa</span> | class="infobox-data" |Fasahar dijital ta Afirka; Lab na gaba Afirka (podcast) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kyaututtuka | class="infobox-data" |Forbes "20 Mafi Ƙarfin Matasa Mata a Afirka" (2012); The Guardian "25 Mafi Ƙarfafa Mata a Afirka " (2013); The Guardian "10 Sunayen Farko a cikin Tech a Afirka" (2015) |} {{Reflist}} '''Jepchumba''' ɗan wasan dijital ne na Kenya, jakadan al'adu, mai kula da kuma mai fafutuka. Ita ce mahaliccin dandalin watsa ''Fasahar dijital ta Afirka'', kuma mujallar Amurka Forbes ta amince da ita a matsayin daya daga cikin "mata matasa 20 mafi iko a Afirka" kuma jaridar Burtaniya [[The Guardian]] ta kira ta a matsayin daya ካብ 'yan kasuwa mata 25 mafi dacewa a nahiyar Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Nsehe |first=Mfonobong |title=The 20 Youngest Power Women In Africa 2012 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2012/12/06/the-20-youngest-power-women-in-africa-2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304060050/https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2012/12/06/the-20-youngest-power-women-in-africa-2012/ |archive-date=4 March 2018 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ifeachor |first=Adaobi |date=8 March 2013 |title=Africa's top women achievers - nominated by you |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/mar/08/top-25-african-women-interactive |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Network |first=Guardian Africa |date=5 January 2015 |title=Introducing the Guardian Africa network's new partners |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/05/introducing-guardian-africa-network-new-partners |journal=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=Ellie |title=Jepchumba: The Pioneer Of African Digital Art |url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/kenya/articles/jepchumba-the-pioneer-of-african-digital-art/ |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=Culture Trip}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Iris |first=Shiny |title=My Title |url=https://afroculture.net/african-digital-art-jepchumba-an-african-digital-artist/ |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=Afroculture.net |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == Mahaifin Jepchumba jami'in diflomasiyya ne, don haka tun tana ƙarama ta zauna a ƙasashe da yawa, ciki har da [[Kenya]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da Ingila, wanda ya zama wahayi ga aikinta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=Ellie |title=Jepchumba: The Pioneer Of African Digital Art |url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/kenya/articles/jepchumba-the-pioneer-of-african-digital-art/ |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=Culture Trip}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite web |last=Barros |first=Iolanda |date=8 June 2015 |title=Jepchumba: a sonhadora digital |url=http://www.afreaka.com.br/notas/jepchumba-sonhadora-digital/ |access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref> Jepchumba ta kammala karatu tare da digiri a cikin Critical Social Thinking, kuma daga baya ta kammala Masters a Digital Media a Jami'ar Metropolitan ta London . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eternity |first=Max |date=4 August 2010 |title=African Digital Art |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/african-digital-art_b_670622 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite web |last=Barros |first=Iolanda |date=8 June 2015 |title=Jepchumba: a sonhadora digital |url=http://www.afreaka.com.br/notas/jepchumba-sonhadora-digital/ |access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref> Jepchumba ƙwararre ce a cikin sadarwa da fasahar dijital, inda take gwaji tare da motsi, sauti, tasirin dijital da sauran dabarun kuma ta sadaukar da aikinta don inganta ci gaban fasaha a Afirka inganta ƙwarewar nahiyar da kerawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akinwande Oluwole Soyinka {{!}} Casa África |url=http://www.casafrica.es/detalle-who-is-who.jsp?DS7.PROID=773512.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709195209/http://www.casafrica.es/detalle-who-is-who.jsp?DS7.PROID=773512.html |archive-date=9 July 2020 |access-date=9 July 2020 |website=www.casafrica.es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jepchumba |url=http://bcreativetracks.com/challenge/jepchumba/ |access-date=9 July 2020 |website=b.creative |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Iris |first=Shiny |title=My Title |url=https://afroculture.net/african-digital-art-jepchumba-an-african-digital-artist/ |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=Afroculture.net |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, ta kirkiro dandalin watsa fasahar dijital na African Digital Art , wanda ke nuna ayyukan dijital masu kirkira daga nahiyar Afirka, gami da zane-zane, raye-raye, shafukan yanar gizo, [[Fim|fina-finai]] da ayyukan ƙira.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Meet the Curators: Jepchumba on Digital Art at the Design Indaba Expo |url=https://10and5.com/2015/02/20/meet-the-curators-jepchumba-on-digital-art-at-the-design-indaba-expo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706221444/https://10and5.com/2015/02/20/meet-the-curators-jepchumba-on-digital-art-at-the-design-indaba-expo/ |archive-date=6 July 2020 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=Between 10and5 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Har ila yau, ita ce mahaliccin kwasfan fayiloli na Future Lab Africa , wanda ke neman inganta tunanin mai sauraro da kerawa ta hanyar yawon shakatawa na kimiyya da fasaha na nahiyar Afirka da ke waje da dakunan gwaje-gwaje da sarari na musamman ga kirkire-kirkire.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndung'u |first=Makena |date=29 July 2019 |title=29 Kenyan podcasts you should be listening to |url=https://hapakenya.com/2019/07/29/kenyan-podcasts-you-should-be-listening-to/ |access-date=9 July 2020 |website=HapaKenya |language=en-GB}}</ref> A cikin 2012, ta ba da jawabin TED a TEDxEuston . <ref>{{Cite web |title=TEDxEuston {{!}} TED |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/4948 |access-date=9 July 2020 |website=www.ted.com}}</ref> A cikin 2015, Jepchumba ya kasance mai kula da bangarorin dijital da Sadarwa a Design Indaba Expo, ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka faru a duniya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Meet the Curators: Jepchumba on Digital Art at the Design Indaba Expo |url=https://10and5.com/2015/02/20/meet-the-curators-jepchumba-on-digital-art-at-the-design-indaba-expo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706221444/https://10and5.com/2015/02/20/meet-the-curators-jepchumba-on-digital-art-at-the-design-indaba-expo/ |archive-date=6 July 2020 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=Between 10and5 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> A cikin 2019, ta gabatar da aikinta a N'GOLÁ Biennial of Art and Culture a [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|São Tomé da Príncipe]] . <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Jepchumba |url=https://www.ngola-biennial.org/Participants/Jepchumba |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=N'Golá Biennial |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2020, ita ce ke da alhakin haɓaka da kuma kula da sararin kan layi don bikin Nyege Nyege wanda ke nuna sabbin fasahar Afirka da yanayin kiɗa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rugoff |first=Lazlo |date=8 July 2020 |title=Nyege Nyege Festival hosting 2020 edition with both online and offline programming |url=https://thevinylfactory.com/news/nyege-nyege-festival-2020-online-and-offline-programming/ |access-date=9 July 2020 |website=The Vinyl Factory |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nyege Nyege Festival to host online African art and music showcase |url=https://www.residentadvisor.net/news/72961 |access-date=9 July 2020 |website=Resident Advisor}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Jepchumba ta sami tallafi daga ƙungiyar Creative Disturbance ta duniya, wanda ke inganta haɗin gwiwa tsakanin al'ummomin fasaha, kimiyya, da fasaha.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=25 July 2016 |title=Africa's tech pioneers: 'We have become an internet-consuming culture' |url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/jul/25/africas-tech-pioneers-we-have-become-an-internet-consuming-culture |access-date=9 July 2020 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> == Karramawa == A cikin 2012, an kira Jepchumba ɗaya daga cikin "Matasa Mata 20 Mafi Ƙarfi a Afirka" ta mujallar Forbes.<ref name=":0" /> a shekara mai zuwa, [[The Guardian]] ta gane ta a matsayin daya daga cikin "Mata 25 Mafi Kasuwanci a Afirka". <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":5" /><ref name=":03" /> Wannan jaridar ta haɗa da Jepchumba a cikin 2015 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "10 Pioneering Names in Tech in Africa". <ref name=":6" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Gidan yanar gizon Jepchumba. * [http://africandigitalart.com/author/jepchumba/ Tsarin fasahar dijital ta Afirka] wanda Jepchumba ya kirkira. * Podcast Future Lab Africa wanda Jepchumba ya kirkira. * [[YouTube]].com/watch?v=kVJ4yfIbOTc&feature=emb_logo" id="mwAUc" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Tattaunawar TED ta Jepchumba a TEDxEuston a YouTube. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] j44su804f542qp6bjz420zcg21ro01s 0 148194 822124 2026-04-18T10:27:36Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342157017|Fatuma Abdulkadir Adan]]" 822124 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Fatuma Abdulkadir Adan''' (an haife shi a shekara ta ) [[lauya]] ne kuma Jakadan zaman lafiya Dan Kenya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stiefel |first=Sussane |title=Kenya: Shoot to score, not to kill |url=http://www.peace-counts.org/kenya-shoot-to-score-not-to-kill/ |access-date=6 February 2016 |publisher=Peace Counts}}</ref> Ta kasance mai karɓar Kyautar Zaman Lafiya ta Stuttgart . <ref name="stut">{{Cite web |title=Friedenspreisträgerin 2011 |url=http://stuttgarter-friedenspreis.de/bisherige-preistraeger/friedenspreistraegerin-2011/ |access-date=6 February 2016 |publisher=Stuttgart FriedensPreis der AnStifter}}</ref> == Rayuwa == An haifi Adan ga iyayen da suka fito daga kabilun da ke yaƙi a Marsabit, Arewacin Kenya. Bayan horo a matsayin lauya, ta koma garinsu don inganta zaman lafiya tsakanin mutanen Borana Oromo, Gabra da Rendille.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Kristin |date=2 February 2015 |title=Kenyan women among those honoured for promoting peace and inclusivity |url=http://awcfs.org/kw/article/kenyan-women-among-those-honoured-for-promoting-peace-and-inclusivity/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206235350/http://awcfs.org/kw/article/kenyan-women-among-those-honoured-for-promoting-peace-and-inclusivity/ |archive-date=6 February 2016 |access-date=6 February 2016 |publisher=African Woman and Child Feature Service}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003, ta kafa kungiyar Horn of Africa Development Initiative, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da take amfani da ita don inganta zaman lafiya da kuma ba da shawara ga ilimi a Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nickerson |first=Colin |date=17 February 2015 |title=Four courageous women who are making a difference |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2015/02/16/four-brave-women-who-are-making-difference/obTxMWWVy0HVGBVmIOTRuK/story.html |access-date=6 February 2016 |website=Boston Globe}}</ref> Ta hanyar Horn of Africa Development Initiative, Adan ya ƙaddamar da shirin da ake kira "Shoot to score, not to Kill", wanda ke amfani da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] don shigar da matasa na Kenya cikin neman zaman lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Waweru |first=Kiundu |date=25 September 2011 |title=Replacing the bullet with football |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/m/article/2000043414/replacing-the-bullet-with-football |access-date=6 February 2016 |website=Standard Media}}</ref> A cikin 2012, an kira Jepchumba ɗaya daga cikin "Matasa Mata 20 Mafi Ƙarfi a Afirka" ta mujallar Forbes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Nsehe |first=Mfonobong |title=The 20 Youngest Power Women In Africa 2012 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2012/12/06/the-20-youngest-power-women-in-africa-2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304060050/https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2012/12/06/the-20-youngest-power-women-in-africa-2012/ |archive-date=4 March 2018 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> a shekara mai zuwa, [[The Guardian]] ta gane ta a matsayin daya daga cikin "Mata 25 Mafi Kasuwanci a Afirka". <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ifeachor |first=Adaobi |date=8 March 2013 |title=Africa's top women achievers - nominated by you |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/mar/08/top-25-african-women-interactive |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Jepchumba |url=https://www.ngola-biennial.org/Participants/Jepchumba |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=N'Golá Biennial |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite web |last=Barros |first=Iolanda |date=8 June 2015 |title=Jepchumba: a sonhadora digital |url=http://www.afreaka.com.br/notas/jepchumba-sonhadora-digital/ |access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref> Wannan jaridar ta haɗa da Jepchumba a cikin 2015 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "10 Pioneering Names in Tech in Africa". <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=25 July 2016 |title=Africa's tech pioneers: 'We have become an internet-consuming culture' |url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/jul/25/africas-tech-pioneers-we-have-become-an-internet-consuming-culture |access-date=9 July 2020 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Adan ta lashe lambar yabo ta Commonwealth Points of Light a shekarar 2018 saboda aikinta tare da HODI tare da kawo al'ummomi tare da kare hakkin mata da 'yan mata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] 9uxqu6aq3wo131kcuh2xp6l7256u9g9 0 148195 822125 2026-04-18T10:30:55Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342889679|Muthoni Likimani]]" 822125 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Mūthoni Gacanja Likimani''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1926) 'yar gwagwarmaya ce kuma marubuciya a Kenya, wacce ta wallafa ayyukan fiction da wadanda ba fiction ba, da kuma littattafan yara. A cikin aikinta ta kuma kasance mai watsa shirye-shirye, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, malama da kuma mai bugawa. Ita ce sarauniyar kyakkyawa ta farko a Kenya, Afirka ta farko da ta kafa kamfanin hulɗa da jama'a a Kenya kuma ɗaya daga cikin marubutan mata na farko a kasar. Ta kuma kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka samar da Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Kenya (KBC). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanake |first=Anne |date=10 September 2017 |title=Muthoni Gachanja Likimani- One of the first female producers of VOK current KBC |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/achieving-woman/article/2001254133/muthoni-gachanja-likimani-one-of-the-first-female-producers-of-vok-current-kbc |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=Evewoman Magazine |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == Mūthoni Likimani an haife ta kuma ta girma a Kahuhia Mission, Gundumar Mūrang'a, Kenya, 'yar Mariuma Wanjiūra da Rev. Levi Gacanja Mahaifinta yana ɗaya daga cikin ministocin Ikilisiyar Anglican na farko na Kenya. Ta koyar a Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta Kahuhia, kafin ta ci gaba da karatu a Burtaniya da Isra'ila, ta shiga cikin watsa shirye-shirye da alaƙar jama'a. Ta ci gaba da zama ɗaya daga cikin mata masu samarwa na farko a Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Kenya, tana aiki a shirye-shiryen mata da yara, kuma ta kasance mai watsa shirye-shirye mai zaman kanta ga [[BBC]]. Ta kafa Noni's Publicity, kamfanin hulɗa da jama'a wanda kuma ya fara bugawa, gami da samar da mata na lokaci-lokaci na Kenya . <ref name="Bekers" /> Littafinta na farko, They Shall Be Chastised, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Guest |first=Africa in Words |date=2020-08-18 |title=Where were the women? East African writing and the 1962 Makerere Conference. |url=https://africainwords.com/2020/08/18/where-were-the-women-east-african-writing-and-the-1962-makerere-conference/ |access-date=2026-03-09 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=National Library |first=of Australia |title=They shall be chastised / Muthoni G. Likimani |url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/catalog/2615640 |website=National Library of Australia}}</ref> an buga shi a shekara ta 1974, sannan kuma What Does a Man Want? <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adima |first=Anna |date=18 August 2020 |title=Where were the women? East African writing and the 1962 Makerere Conference. |url=https://africainwords.com/2020/08/18/where-were-the-women-east-african-writing-and-the-1962-makerere-conference/ |website=Africa in Words}}</ref> a cikin wannan shekarar. A shekara ta 1985 littafinta na uku kuma mafi mahimmanci ya bayyana, Passbook Number F. 47927: Women and Mau a Kenya, taken sa yana nufin lambar asalin ta a lokacin [[Tawayen Mau Mau|Gwagwarmayar Mau Mau]] . Ayyuka ne na almara wanda ke nuna rawar da mata ke takawa da dabarun da suka dauka a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun yayin gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci. A cikin shekarun 1980s, Likimani ta zama wakilin birnin [[Nairobi]], matsayin da ta rike har sai Gwamnatin Kenya ta maye gurbin majalisar da kwamishinan birni. An buga tarihin rayuwarta, Fighting Without Ceasing, a shekara ta 2005. A shekara ta 2007, ta sami lambar yabo ta Majalisar YWCA ta Duniya don nuna godiya ga jagorancin sadaukarwa don shiga cikinta a matsayin mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata. A shekara ta 2014, an nada ta Jakadan Zaman Lafiya a Kenya na Taron Kasa da Kasa don Littattafai da Al'adun Zaman Lafiya (IFLAC). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hansen |first=Solveig |date=18 February 2014 |title=A strong voice from Kenya: Muthoni Likimani appointed IFLAC Peace Ambassador |url=https://iflac.wordpress.com/2014/02/18/muthoni-likimani/ |website=IFLAC News}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == A Kikuyu, ta auri [[Mutanen Maasai|Masai]] Dr Jason Clement Likimani, wanda ta sadu da shi lokacin da yake Jami'in Kiwon Lafiya a Fort Hall (yanzu Murang'a) Babban Asibitin Gundumar. Ta ce: "Ya kasance tare da ɗan'uwana, Ngumba, a [[Jami'ar Makerere|Kwalejin Jami'ar Makerere]] kuma ya saba dawowa gida. Shi ne kawai likitan Afirka da aka ba ni damar shiga sansanonin tsare-tsare don kula da fursunoni. Kuma a lokacin ziyararmu ba a yarda ni shiga cikin sansanonin ba. Zan tattauna a fadin waya mai tsayi kuma zai shiga da wasiƙu ga dangi. Wannan shine yadda na zama mai ɗaukar wasiƙu ba tare da izini ba duk da mijina bai sani ba. Mijinta ya mutu a shekara ta 1989. == Ayyukan da aka zaɓa == * ''They Shall Be Chastised''. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau, 1974. Kenya Literature Bureau, 1991, {{ISBN|978-9966440945}}. * ''What Does a Man Want?'' Nairobi: Kenya Literature Bureau, 1974. Noni's Publicity, 2001, {{ISBN|978-9966441201}} * ''Passbook Number F. 47927: Women and Mau Mau in Kenya''. Basingstoke and London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1985, {{ISBN|978-0333379455}}. Noni's Publicity, 2001, {{ISBN|978-9966967206}}. * ''Women of Kenya: In the Decade of Development''. Nairobi: Noni's Publicity, 1985. * ''Fighting Without Ceasing'', Nairobi: Noni's Publicity, 2005, {{ISBN|978-9966967268}}. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1926]] fell3wi4yaic3k74mxx116ryeuos59b 0 148196 822126 2026-04-18T10:32:58Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342483724|Ann Njogu]]" 822126 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Ann_Njogu_of_Kenya.png|thumb|Ann Njogu a cikin 2010]]   '''Ann Njogu''' ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta mata ta Mugoiri sannan daga baya jima'i-'ar Nairobi inda ta kammala karatu da digiri a fannin shari'a a shekarar 1989. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2008 |title=Ann Njogu: Born to fight – Helping the needy in society |url=https://africanpress.wordpress.com/2008/05/03/ann-njogu-born-to-fight-helping-the-needy-in-society/}}</ref> Ita 'yar gwagwarmaya ce [[Kenya|Dan Kenya]] . <ref name="state.gov">{{Cite web |title=Ann Njogu, Kenya |url=https://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/bio/137494.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113191542/http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/bio/137494.htm |archive-date=2012-01-13 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, ta kasance darakta na Cibiyar Ilimi da Sanarwa ta 'Yancin Kai, wanda a tsakanin sauran abubuwa ya rubuta tashin hankali na jima'i da jinsi bayan Babban zaben Kenya a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2010 |title=Courage, and Heart, on Behalf of Kenya's Women |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/janet-walsh/courage-and-heart-on-beha_b_493648.html |website=The Huffington Post}}</ref> Ta kuma kasance mai tsarawa da kuma mai fafutuka ga Dokar Laifukan Jima'i ta Kenya, wanda ya zama doka a shekara ta 2006. <ref name="state.gov" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/legislation_40.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517092925/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/legislation_40.pdf |archive-date=2018-05-17 |access-date=2014-09-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2016 |title=Kenyan Sexual offence act |url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/legislation_40.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517092925/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/legislation_40.pdf |archive-date=17 May 2018 |access-date=2016-07-12}}</ref> == Tarihi == Baya ga aikinta kan cin zarafin jima'i da jima'i, Njogu ta kasance Co-Chairman Kwamitin Multi-Sectoral kan Canjin Tsarin Mulki, Co-C Chairman na Taron Tattaunawa na hadin gwiwa kan Canjin Kundin Tsarin Mulki, kuma wakili ga Taron Kasa na Bomas kan Canjin Mulki. <ref name="state.gov">{{Cite web |title=Ann Njogu, Kenya |url=https://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/bio/137494.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113191542/http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/bio/137494.htm |archive-date=2012-01-13 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, jami'an tsaro na jihar sun kai mata hari kuma sun kama ta saboda neman 'yan majalisa su sake duba albashinsu, wanda ya kasance babba sosai duk da [[talauci]] Kenya.<ref name="state.gov" /> Ita da sauran wadanda aka kama sun gabatar da takardar shaidar Tsarin Mulki da aka fi sani da "Ann Njogu da sauransu da Jiha," wanda ya yi nasara wajen iyakance lokacin da za a iya tsare dan kasar Kenya zuwa awanni 24.<ref name="state.gov" /> A shekara ta 2008, ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga Cibiyar Jama'a, wacce ta yi aiki don inganta siyasa bayan tashin hankali a yayin zaben Kenya na Disamba 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2010 |title=AMIP News |url=http://us-africarelationsupdates.blogspot.com/2010/03/kenyan-zimbabwean-amongst-international.html |website=us-africarelationsupdates.blogspot.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008 'yan sanda sun yi mata duka kuma sun yi mata lalata lokacin da suka kama ta da sauransu saboda bayar da shawarar cin hanci da rashawa na iya faruwa a sayar da Otal din Grand Regency . <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2010 |title=Kenya's Ann Njogu, is a "Woman of Courage" |url=http://mshale.com/2010/03/19/kenyas-ann-njogu-is-a-woman-of-courage/ |website=Mshale}}</ref><ref name="state.gov">{{Cite web |title=Ann Njogu, Kenya |url=https://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/bio/137494.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113191542/http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/bio/137494.htm |archive-date=2012-01-13 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> Njogu ta sami lambar yabo ta Mata na Ƙarfin Duniya ta 2010.<ref name="state.gov">{{Cite web |title=Ann Njogu, Kenya |url=https://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/bio/137494.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113191542/http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/bio/137494.htm |archive-date=2012-01-13 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[Fayil:Secretary_Clinton_Shakes_Hands_With_Honoree_Ann_Njogue_(4425830000).jpg|thumb|Ann Njogu (tsakiya) tana mika hannu tare da Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka Hillary Clinton, 2010]] A shekara ta 2012 an tuhumi ta da ɗanta da cin zarafin mahaifinta amma a shekara ta 2013 an wanke su. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Ann Njogu ta ci gaba da shiga cikin aikin adalci na zamantakewa, gami da bayar da shawarwari na kiwon lafiya. A lokacin annobar COVID-19, ta shiga cikin kamfen ɗin da aka yi game da rashin daidaito na allurar rigakafi, gami da ƙoƙarin #EndVaccineInjusticeInAfrica da kungiyoyi kamar Amref Health Africa suka goyi bayan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-24 |title=Amref Health Africa Hero: Ann Njogu – an interview |url=https://amrefcanada.org/our-stories/amref-health-africa-hero-ann-njogu/ |publisher=Amref Canada}}</ref> A cikin 2022, ta bayyana a cikin wata hira cewa tana ɗaukar kanta "mai fafutuka don rayuwa," tana kwatanta aikinta na ci gaba a rubuce, jagorancin al'umma, da kuma bayar da shawarwari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mbori |first=Queenter |date=2022-01-11 |title=Ann Njogu: Meeting Oprah Winfrey was life-changing |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/news/article/2001433708/ann-njogu-im-an-activist-for-life |access-date=2025-02-17 |publisher=The Standard}}</ref> Njogu ya kuma rubuta waka, gami da tarin da ake kira The Vernette's Heart, wanda ke nuna jigogi na juriya, ainihi, da adalci na zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mbori |first=Queenter |date=2022-01-11 |title=Ann Njogu: Meeting Oprah Winfrey was life-changing |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/news/article/2001433708/ann-njogu-im-an-activist-for-life |access-date=2025-02-17 |publisher=The Standard}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{International Women of Courage Awards}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] c80sojjdwlw5ob6py7eyrclstuzara6 0 148197 822127 2026-04-18T10:35:49Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343844391|Fadzayi Mahere]]" 822127 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Fadzayi Mahere''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1985) lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasa na [[Zimbabwe]] wanda ya bar matsayin memba na majalisar dokoki na mazabar Mount Pleasant a [[Harare]] . Ta kasance Kakakin Kasa na Citizens Coalition for Change, jam'iyyar siyasa a Zimbabwe tsakanin 2022 da 2023. Bayan aiki a fannin bayar da shawarwari, ta fito ne a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016 da farko a matsayin dan takarar majalisa mai zaman kanta, kuma ta shiga cikin zaben 2018. Koyaya, a cikin 2019 ta shiga MDC Alliance kuma daga baya ta lashe Mount Pleasant a cikin zaɓen da aka daidaita na 2023 kafin ta bar a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndlovu |first=Mandipa |date=2019-06-20 |title=Zimbabwe: Fadzayi Mahere's move to the MDC Alliance could rejuvenate the party |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-06-21-zimbabwe-fadzayi-maheres-move-to-the-mdc-alliance-could-rejuvenate-the-party/ |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin zanga-zangar Zimbabwe ta 2016-2017, an kama ta sau da yawa. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Fadzayi Mahere ya girma a Mount Pleasant, [[Harare]], kuma ya halarci [[Makarantar Arundel]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zvorufura |first=Faith |date=1 December 2017 |title=#16DaysofActivism: Profiling Fadzai Mahere |url=http://www.263chat.com/16daysofactivism-profiling-fadzayi-mahere |website=263 Chat}}</ref> Ta shiga a shekara ta 2004 a Jami'ar Zimbabwe, inda ta sami digiri na farko na Shari'a (LLB Hons) a shekara ta 2008. A shekara ta 2010 ta shiga Jami'ar Cambridge don digiri na Master of Laws a cikin Shari'ar Laifuka ta Duniya & Shari'ar Kasuwanci ta Duniya, ta kammala a shekara ta 2011. == Ayyuka == A watan Yunin 2016, Lauyan Mahere ya shiga cikin binciken jama'a na Bankin Tsaro na Zimbabwe kan bugawa da gabatar da ƙarin bayanan jingina na 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2018 |title=Citizens grill RBZ boss on bond notes |url=https://www.newzimbabwe.com/citizens-grill-rbz-governor-over-bond-notesthisflag-campaign-founder-pastor-evan-mawarire-with-rbz-boss-john-mangudya/ |access-date=8 January 2020 |website=www.newzimbabwe.com}}</ref> A taron, Mahere ya nuna cewa bayanan jingina ba su dace da kundin tsarin mulki ba, bisa ga Babi na 17 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, kan kudaden jama'a. Har ila yau, a cikin 2016, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar masu fafutuka #thisflagmovement, ta fara motsawa da tattara mutane, ta amfani da manyan tashoshin kafofin watsa labarai kamar Facebook Live da Twitter don tayar da gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gukurume |first=Simbarashe |date=6 November 2017 |title=Young female political activists and the struggle for democracy in Zimbabwe |url=http://www.democracyinafrica.org/young-female-political-activists-and-the-struggle-for-democracy-in-zimbabwe/ |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=Democracy in Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2017 ta sanar da yunkurin da ta yi na wakiltar yankin Harare na Mount Pleasant a zaben 2018 a matsayin dan takara mai zaman kansa. An kama ta a shekarar 2017 bayan ta shirya gasar kwallon kafa a mazabarta kuma an tuhume ta a karkashin Dokar Tsaro da Tsaro ta Jama'a (POSA). A watan Yunin 2019 ta shiga jam'iyyar Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) a matsayin Sakatariyar Ilimi. A watan Mayu 2020 an sanar da ita a matsayin Kakakin Kasa na hadin gwiwar MDC Alliance . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vinga |first=Alois |date=28 May 2020 |title=Chamisa appoints Mahere spokesperson in MDC mini reshuffle |url=https://www.newzimbabwe.com/chamisa-appoints-mahere-spokesperson-in-mdc-mini-reshuffle/ |access-date=2 July 2020 |website=NewZimbabwe.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Abubuwan da aka samu == Mahere ya kasance daga cikin tawagar Lead Counsel ([[Zimbabwe]]) wacce ta lashe gasar All Africa International Humanitarian Law Moot Court a Arusha, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], a 2007 kuma an ba ta kyautar Mafi kyawun Magana a cikin Ƙarshe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2010 |title=UZ wins 2010 Law Moot Court competition – NewsDay Zimbabwe |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2010/11/2010-11-01-uz-wins-2010-law-moot-court-competition/ |access-date=10 March 2018 |website=www.newsday.co.zw |language=en-US}}</ref> == Haɗin waje == {{Reflist|30em}} * [https://twitter.com/advocatemahere Fadzayi Mahere] a Twitter == Manazarta == {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] 3oixdv3xfo8tu5j48c990mgq5rawqlz 0 148198 822128 2026-04-18T11:13:36Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348829806|Varaidzo Kativhu]]" 822128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}} [[Fayil:Head_and_shoulder_shot_of_Vee_Kativhu.jpg|alt=Smiling woman|right|thumb|Kathivhu a cikin 2021]] Varaidzo (Vee) Kativhu 'yar shekara 28 ce mai digiri na biyu na Burtaniya da Zimbabwe, mai fafutukar ilimin mata, mai magana da yawun kasa da kasa, marubuci kuma mai watsa labarai. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Diana kuma an jera ta a cikin jerin Mata 100 na [[BBC]] a cikin 2023 a matsayin "mai kirkirar abun ciki da kuma YouTuber". == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Varaidzo Kativhu a Zimbabwe kuma ya girma yana magana da [[Yaren Shona|Harshen Shona]]. Mahaifinta ya mutu lokacin da take 'yar shekara 2. Mahaifiyarta ta koma Ingila inda ita da 'yar'uwarta suka haɗu da mahaifiyarsu shekaru 5 bayan haka. Ta fara zama a Ingila, sannan a Pontypridd na Wales sannan ta koma West Midlands na Ingila. Yayinda take matashiya, ta yi aiki a McDonald's a Birmingham. yayin da take karatu don taimakawa mahaifiyarta. A shekara ta 16, malaminta ya gaya mata kada ta damu da neman wuri kamar [[Jami'ar Oxford]]. Ta yi kuma ita ce mutum na farko daga makarantar ta zuwa Oxford. Ta halarci Kwalejin Dudley <ref name="Sylvester" /> Ita ce mutum na farko daga makarantar ta zuwa Jami'ar Oxford, inda ta yi karatun ilimin kimiyyar gargajiya da tarihin d ̄ a a a Lady Margaret Hall . <ref name="Sylvester" /> <ref name="Assembly">{{Cite web |date=1 September 2021 |title=A conversation with YouTuber and girls' education activist Vee Kativhu |url=https://assembly.malala.org/stories/a-conversation-with-vee-kativhu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927003005/https://assembly.malala.org/stories/a-conversation-with-vee-kativhu |archive-date=27 September 2022 |access-date=28 November 2023 |website=Assembly}}</ref> A cikin 2021 Kativhu ta kammala karatu tare da Masters a cikin manufofin ilimi na kasa da kasa daga [[Jami'ar Harvard]], tana karatu a kan layi saboda ƙuntatawa na [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]. <ref name="LMH">{{Cite web |title=LMH alumna Vee Kativhu receives the Diana Award |url=https://www.lmh.ox.ac.uk/news/lmh-alumna-vee-kativhu-receives-diana-award |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703021143/https://www.lmh.ox.ac.uk/news/lmh-alumna-vee-kativhu-receives-diana-award |archive-date=3 July 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=Lady Margaret Hall |language=en}}</ref> Ta kare bincikenta na PhD game da jagorancin ilimi a Jami'ar Claremont Graduate, Amurka a 2026. Tana magana ne game da asalin ta don ƙarfafa matasa a duk shafukan sada zumunta.<ref name="EbV2025">{{Cite web |title=Empowered by Vee - Home |url=https://www.empoweredbyvee.com/ |access-date=5 October 2025 |website=Empowered by Vee}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Yayin da yake Oxford, ta kafa tashar YouTube a cikin 2017 a ƙarƙashin sunan @veekativhu98 kuma ta yi sharhi game da abubuwan da ta samu a jami'a.[1][2][3] Abokinta kuma dalibarta Malala Yousafzai ta bayyana a wasu bidiyoyinta.[4] Bayan haka Kativhu ya kafa kungiyar agaji ta Vee, don taimakawa wajen samar da ilimi mai zurfi ga dalibai maza da mata daga marasa galihu da rashin kudi.[1][5][6] A cikin 2021, an buga littafinta na taimakon kai da Ƙarfafawa: Rayuwar Rayuwar ku tare da Sha'awa da Manufar.[7] Ta ci gaba da zama Nazarin Tuber kuma har zuwa Fabrairu 2026, tasharta tana da masu biyan kuɗi 281,000[8] [9] tare da jimlar bidiyo 692. == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == A cikin 2021, an amince da nasarorin Kativhu tare da lambar yabo ta Diana <ref name="DianaAward2021">{{Cite web |title=THE 2021 DIANA AWARD ROLL OF HONOUR |url=https://diana-award.org.uk/our-programmes-and-initiatives/award-and-development/roll-of-honour/roll-of-honour-2021 |access-date=5 October 2025 |website=The Diana Award}}</ref> kuma [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta zaba ta a matsayin matashiyar jagora don Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci Gaban mai dorewa. <ref name="LMH">{{Cite web |title=LMH alumna Vee Kativhu receives the Diana Award |url=https://www.lmh.ox.ac.uk/news/lmh-alumna-vee-kativhu-receives-diana-award |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703021143/https://www.lmh.ox.ac.uk/news/lmh-alumna-vee-kativhu-receives-diana-award |archive-date=3 July 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=Lady Margaret Hall |language=en}}</ref><ref name="UN">{{Cite web |date=21 September 2022 |title=Influential young changemakers recognized by UN |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/09/1127161 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610185554/https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/09/1127161 |archive-date=10 June 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=UN News |language=en}}</ref> British Vogue ya kira ta a matsayin Force For Change . An lissafa ta a cikin jerin Mata 100 na [[BBC]] a cikin 2023 a matsayin daya daga cikin mata masu ban sha'awa da tasiri a duniya. A cikin 2024, Kativhu ya sami digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Bradford ya zama ƙarami mafi ƙanƙanta da ya sami digiri mai daraja daga jami'ar.<ref name="UniBradford2024">{{Cite web |title=Hon-grad Vee’s on a mission to change the world through education |url=https://www.bradford.ac.uk/news/archive/2024/hon-grad-vees-on-a-mission-to-change-the-world-through-education-1.php |access-date=5 October 2025 |website=University of Bradford}}</ref> Dokta Kativhu an kira shi a matsayin Rare Rising Star ta Majalisar Dattijai ta Burtaniya. == Littattafai == *   * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 2021]. ''An ba da iko: Juya Lemons zuwa Lemonade''. Wani taken da aka yi amfani da shi don wannan littafin taimakon kai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vee Kativhu: Education, Books, Videos, Awards |url=https://www.pindula.co.zw/Vee_Kativhu |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=Pindula}}</ref> Littafin yana ba da shawara mai amfani ga matasa game da ilimi, gaskatawa da kai, da kuma shawo kan rashin amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Varaidzo (Vee) Kativhu |url=https://www.un.org/youthenvoy/2023/01/varaidzo-vee-kativhu/ |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=UN Youth Office}}</ref> Ta kuma rubuta ra'ayoyin ra'ayi game da ilimi da aikin yanayi, gami da The New Humanitarian . <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2017 |title=Don’t ignore the one group that can make climate action happen |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/opinion/2017/09/20/don-t-ignore-one-group-can-make-climate-action-happen |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=The New Humanitarian}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Authority control}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.veekativhu.com Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ikjot1woubyyxs1uhzhsktogtu9smbs 0 148199 822130 2026-04-18T11:18:08Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341964775|Moud Goba]]" 822130 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Moud Goba''' 'yar [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabue]] ce mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam. Ita '[[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]] ce a [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] inda ta isa a matsayin matashi mai neman mafaka da ke tserewa daga Zimbabwe bayan shekaru na tsanantawa saboda kasancewa lesbian. == Rayuwa ta farko == Goba ta girma ne a [[Harare|Harare, Zimbabwe]] . Ta tsere daga kasar a lokacin mulkin [[Robert Mugabe]], wanda ya ga cin zarafi da tsananta wa masu luwadi. <ref name="Attitude2017">{{Cite web |date=7 September 2017 |title=Attitude Pride Award Winner: LGBT asylum seeker activist Moud Goba |url=https://www.attitude.co.uk/pride-awards/attitude-pride-award-winner-lgbt-asylum-seeker-activist-moud-goba-285169/ |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=[[Attitude (magazine)|Attitude]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Muparamoto2021">{{Cite journal |last=Muparamoto |first=Nelson |date=11 November 2021 |title=LGBT individuals and the struggle against Robert Mugabe's extirpation in Zimbabwe |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/bafr/13/3/article-pS1_1.xml?language=en |journal=Africa Review |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=S1–S16 |doi=10.1080/09744053.2020.1812042 |s2cid=225237647 |url-access=subscription |access-date=22 July 2023}}</ref> Bayan ta nemi mafaka a Burtaniya, ta jira shekaru biyu don a ba da bukatar ta. Goba ya bayyana jira a matsayin "lokacin yin sa kai ga kungiyoyi da yawa kuma ya kafa nata - Gay Afrika - don taimaka mini in sami wasu kamar ni da ke zaune a Burtaniya" <ref name="Cairns2017">{{Cite web |last=Cairns |first=Kay |date=15 January 2017 |title=Zim gay activist in the UK: Moud Goba – "Part gay but all human" |url=https://nehandaradio.com/2017/01/15/letter-zimbabwe-moud-goba-part-gay-human/ |access-date=24 July 2023 |website=Nehanda Radio |language=en}}</ref> == Yunkurin fafutuka == Goba na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa kungiyar Black Pride ta Burtaniya, wani taron alfahari na baƙar fata a London wanda ya faru tun shekara ta 2005. <ref name="LGBTLeaders">{{Cite web |title=Moud Goba |url=https://lgbtleaders.co.uk/speaker/moud-goba/ |access-date=23 July 2023 |website=LGBTLeaders.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> A halin yanzu ita ce shugabar kwamitin daraktoci su. Goba yana aiki a matsayin manajan aikin Micro Rainbow International, ƙungiyar agaji da ke tallafawa mutanen LGBTIQ+ marasa gida da ke neman mafaka.<ref name="Diva2023">{{Cite web |date=22 April 2023 |title=Meet the visionaries blazing a trail for LGBTQIA women and non-binary people |url=https://diva-magazine.com/2023/04/22/the-diva-power-list-2023-is-here/ |access-date=23 July 2023 |website=[[Diva (magazine)|Diva]] |language=en}}</ref> Goba yana aiki don taimakawa 'yan gudun hijira a kan ƙwarewar aiki da kuma jagorantar aikin gidaje masu aminci na MRI, wanda ke da gidaje 25,000 marasa gida LGBTIQ + a kowace shekara. Goba yana mai da hankali kan 'yan gudun hijira da suka isa Burtaniya daga Afghanistan.<ref name="lesrencontreseconomiques">{{Cite web |title=Moud Goba |url=https://www.lesrencontreseconomiques.fr/en/speakers/moud-goba/ |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=[[Rencontres Economiques d'Aix-en-Provence]] |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2022, Goba ya kasance wani ɓangare na fareti don haƙƙin LGBTIQ+ a buɗe Wasannin Commonwealth a Filin wasa na Alexander a Birmingham, Ingila, tare da wasu masu fafutuka biyar da kuma mai nutsewa na Ingila [[Tom Daley]] . <ref name="NewZimbabwe2022">{{Cite web |date=31 July 2022 |title=Zimbabwean lesbian and refugee part of gay rights parade at Commonwealth Games opening |url=https://www.newzimbabwe.com/zimbabwean-lesbian-and-refugee-part-of-gay-rights-parade-at-commonwealth-games-opening/ |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=NewZimbabwe.com |language=en}}</ref> Don hadin gwiwar da ta yi da kungiyoyin Burtaniya wajen taimakawa 'yan gudun hijira na LGBTIQ+, an haɗa Goba a cikin jerin masu gwagwarmayar Global Citizen a cikin 2023, tana mai cewa "ta kasance tabbas karfi ne don mai da hankali ga 2023".<ref name="Okunola2022">{{Cite web |last=Okunola |first=Akindare |date=16 December 2022 |title=18 Activists You Should Absolutely Look Out for in 2023 |url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/activists-to-watch-in-2023/ |access-date=24 July 2023 |website=[[Global Citizen Festival|Global Citizen]] |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == A cikin 2015, The Independent ya kira Goba a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan mutane 100 na LGBTIQ+ a Burtaniya saboda kwarewarta ta aiki tare da 'yan gudun hijira na LGBITY+. A cikin 2017, mujallar LGBT Attitude ta amince da taimakon Goba ga sauran 'yan gudun hijira ta hanyar girmama ta da lambar yabo ta Attitude Pride . <ref name="Attitude2017">{{Cite web |date=7 September 2017 |title=Attitude Pride Award Winner: LGBT asylum seeker activist Moud Goba |url=https://www.attitude.co.uk/pride-awards/attitude-pride-award-winner-lgbt-asylum-seeker-activist-moud-goba-285169/ |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=[[Attitude (magazine)|Attitude]] |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2022, an lissafa Goba a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Mata 100 na BBC, suna godiya ga gudummawar da ta bayar ga masu neman mafaka da 'yan gudun hijira na LGBTIQ +. A cikin 2023, Goba ya sami lambar yabo ta BET International ta Global Good Award don "ci gaba da wuraren tsaro na LGBTQ+ da haɗin gwiwar 'yan gudun hijira a cikin al'umma".<ref name="Ramachandran2023">{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=20 June 2023 |title=LGBTQ+ Activist Moud Goba to be Honored With 2023 BET International Global Good Award (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/global/lgbtq-bet-international-global-good-award-moud-goba-1235649174 |access-date=21 July 2023 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] j6gcv3zh46dpv3tj4qiime2qn9ygzdx 0 148200 822131 2026-04-18T11:19:39Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349004157|Letty Chiwara]]" 822131 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">Letty Chiwara</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Letty_Chiwara_Forum_Session_-_High_Level_Panel_.jpg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An haife shi | class="infobox-data" |Fabrairu 1967 (shekara 59) <div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">Zimbabwe, Afirka</div>&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasancewa ɗan ƙasa | class="infobox-data category" |Zimbabwe |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ilimi | class="infobox-data" |Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal (BA); Jami'ar Cambridge (MPhil); Jami'an London |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ayyuka | class="infobox-data role" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * Jami'in Majalisar Dinkin Duniya * Mai ba da shawara </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ma'aikata | class="infobox-data org" |Mata na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya; Majalisar Dinkinobho |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ƙungiyoyin | class="infobox-data org" |Majalisar Dinkin Duniya; Mata na Majalisar Dinkinobho; Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka; Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkin duniya don Afirka |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An san shi da&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Jagora a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Mata da kuma bayar da shawarwari game da daidaito tsakanin jinsi a Afirka |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ofishin | class="infobox-data title" |Wakilin Mata na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Malawi |} <references /> '''Letty Chiwara''' (an haife ta a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1967) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Letty Chiwara |url=https://find-ad-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/qO3mGNrHZDOZLB8YhhaaSsqUea0/appointments |access-date=30 March 2024 |website=Gov.uk}}</ref> jami'ar Zimbabue ce ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin]] Ƙungiya . Ita ce Wakilin Mata na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Malawi, [[Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka]], da Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkinobho don Afirka, matsayin da ta ɗauka a watan Mayu 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UN Women Representative in Malawi |url=https://africa.unwomen.org/en/where-we-are/eastern-and-southern-africa/malawi/malawi-representative |access-date=30 March 2024 |website=UN Women}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=3 Leadership Journeys ONE Story |url=http://letty.3leadershipjourneysonestory.com/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=letty.3leadershipjourneysonestory.com}}</ref> Ta taba aiki a matsayin Wakilin Mata na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . Ta kasance UNIFEM da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Shugabar Mata ta Afirka na tsawon shekaru 12, tana zaune a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], Amurka. Chiwara ta jagoranci hadin gwiwar dabarun mata na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tare da kungiyoyi da yawa, gami da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, Bankin Duniya, OECD DAG Gender Net, FEMNET, YWCA, Hukumar Tarayyen Afirka, UNECA, da Bankin Raya Afirka. <ref name="atlas">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-07 |title=ATLAS: Letty Chiwara |url=https://www.atlaswomen.org/profiles/2020/1/7/letty-chiwara |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=ATLAS |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Letty Chiwara ta girma ne a cikin al'ummar noma a Zimbabwe tare da 'yan uwa takwas, inda' yan mata galibi ke samun damar ilimi da kulawa ta fi dacewa. Koyaya, iyayenta sun saba wa waɗannan ƙa'idodi kuma sun tura ta [[Makarantar allo|makarantar kwana]].<ref name="atlas">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-07 |title=ATLAS: Letty Chiwara |url=https://www.atlaswomen.org/profiles/2020/1/7/letty-chiwara |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=ATLAS |language=en-US}}</ref> Chiwara tana ɗaya daga cikin yara takwas: 'yan mata biyar da maza uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ATLAS: Letty Chiwara |url=https://www.atlaswomen.org/profile/atlas-letty-chiwara/ |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=ATLAS}}</ref> Iyayenta manoma ne na karkara waɗanda suka ƙi al'adar yankin na ilimantar da yara maza kawai, kuma suka tura dukkan yaransu zuwa makaranta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ATLAS: Letty Chiwara |url=https://www.atlaswomen.org/profile/atlas-letty-chiwara/ |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=ATLAS}}</ref> Ta halarci makarantar kwana ta Katolika mai tsada wacce ta yaba da kafa tushe mai ƙarfi don aikinta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ATLAS: Letty Chiwara |url=https://www.atlaswomen.org/profile/atlas-letty-chiwara/ |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=ATLAS}}</ref> Dukkanin digiri na farko na Arts da Master of Philosophy sun kasance a cikin Social and Political Theory, daga Jami'ar Kwa-Zulu Natal da Jami'ar Cambridge bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fiona Lortan |url=https://www.atmis-au.org/fiona-lortan/ |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=African Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS)}}</ref> A Jami'ar London, ta dauki darasi na jinsi wanda masanin mata Caroline Moser ya koyar wanda "ya buɗe idanuna" kuma ya jagoranci ta shiga cikin motsi don canza al'adu da al'adun gargajiya waɗanda ke riƙe da mata da 'yan mata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ATLAS: Letty Chiwara |url=https://www.atlaswomen.org/profile/atlas-letty-chiwara/ |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=ATLAS}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Chiwara ta yi aiki a kasar Zimbabwe a matsayin jami'in tsara gari a Matabeleland ta Kudu a [[Harare]] na tsawon shekaru hudu. Yayinda take aiki a wannan rawar, ta sami tallafin karatu don neman digiri na biyu a cikin Shirye-shiryen Ci gaban Birane a Jami'ar London. Darasi na jinsi a lokacin karatunta ya yi mata wahayi don magance bambance-bambance.<ref name="atlas" /> Bayan dawowa gida don cika bukatun aikinta na tallafin karatu, Chiwara ta yi murabus daga aikinta na gwamnati. Bayan watanni takwas, an hayar ta a matsayin mai ba da shawara tare da UNIFEM a [[Harare]]. Wannan aikin farko ya haɗa da kawo mata daga Kudancin Afirka zuwa baje kolin kasuwanci. Yanzu tana da matsayi na jagoranci tare da Mata na Majalisar Dinkin Ƙungiya a Habasha, inda take aiki tare da Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka da Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkinobho ta Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Team in Malawi |url=https://malawi.un.org/en/about/our-team |website=malawi.un.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Women, Peace and Security in Africa |url=https://www.policycenter.ma/sites/default/files/BIOGRAPHIES-APSACO-2021-final.pdf |website=policycenter.ma}}</ref> Ta jagoranci Yakin hada kan Afirka kan tashin hankali a kan mata da 'yan mata kuma a halin yanzu tana jagorantar kokarin bunkasa wani shiri da aka mayar da hankali kan kawo karshen ayyukan cutarwa da auren yara a Afirka.<ref name="atlas">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-07 |title=ATLAS: Letty Chiwara |url=https://www.atlaswomen.org/profiles/2020/1/7/letty-chiwara |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=ATLAS |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] ljvxvedbhdw8wcbz9jef2iyspzsivai 0 148201 822132 2026-04-18T11:21:50Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1332574596|Florence Mudzingwa]]" 822132 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Florence Mudzingwa''' 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin nakasassu ce ta Zimbabwe, wacce ta kafa kamfanonin zamantakewa kuma marubuciya. Ta kafa kamfanin zamantakewa na Hope Resurrect Trust a cikin 2013. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Mudzingwa tana da nauyin 1.4 kg, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sox |first=Fungayi Antony |date=2021-10-17 |title=Building Narratives: Florence Mudzingwa in historic book launch |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/thestandard/obituaries/article/12037/building-narratives-florence-mudzingwa-in-historic-book-launch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120050710/https://www.newsday.co.zw/thestandard/obituaries/article/12037/building-narratives-florence-mudzingwa-in-historic-book-launch |archive-date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=[[The Standard (Zimbabwe)|The Standard]] |language=en}}</ref> an gano ta da Osteogenesis imperfecta (wanda ke sa ƙasusuwa su zama masu rauni kuma suna iya samun rauni), <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Nyampenza |first=Nyadzombe |date=2 November 2021 |title=Mudzingwa pens motivational book |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2021/11/mudzingwa-pens-motivational-book |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221123121/https://www.newsday.co.zw/2021/11/mudzingwa-pens-motivational-book |archive-date=2025-02-21 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=NewsDay |language=en}}</ref> kuma likitan su ya gaya wa iyayenta cewa za ta rayu har zuwa watanni biyar kawai.<ref name=":0" /> Ta yi karatu a George VI Memorial a [[Bulawayo]], kafin ta yi karatu zuwa BSc a cikin ba da shawara tare da Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Vinga |first=Alois |date=2023-08-12 |title=FEATURE: Meet Florence Mudzingwa the disability champion transforming lives |url=https://www.newzimbabwe.com/https-www-newzimbabwe-com-feature-meet-florence-mudzingwa-the-disability-champion-transforming-lives/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814220808/https://www.newzimbabwe.com/https-www-newzimbabwe-com-feature-meet-florence-mudzingwa-the-disability-champion-transforming-lives/ |archive-date=2023-08-14 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=NewZimbabwe.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta koyi game da ZOU bayan sun nuna a wani Nuni na nakasassu.<ref name=":1" /> Mudzingwa kuma ƙwararren mai ba da izini ne na Ilimin Motsin rai da Ci gaban Mutum tare da Gidauniyar Koyarwa da Jagora ta Duniya (ICMF), <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Florence Mudzingwa |url=https://www.vitalvoices.org/fellow/florence-mudzingwa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220060920/https://www.vitalvoices.org/fellow/florence-mudzingwa/ |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Vital Voices |language=en-US}}</ref> wanda aka sani da "Coach Flow". <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sox |first=Fungayi Antony |date=2021-10-17 |title=Building Narratives: Florence Mudzingwa in historic book launch |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/thestandard/obituaries/article/12037/building-narratives-florence-mudzingwa-in-historic-book-launch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120050710/https://www.newsday.co.zw/thestandard/obituaries/article/12037/building-narratives-florence-mudzingwa-in-historic-book-launch |archive-date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=[[The Standard (Zimbabwe)|The Standard]] |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2013, Mudzingwa ya kafa kamfanin zamantakewa na Hope Resurrect Trust, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-08 |title=Zimbabwe's women grapple with gender discrimination amid COVID-19 pandemic |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/coronavirus/2021/03/08/Coronavirus-Zimbabwe-s-women-grapple-with-gender-discrimination-amid-COVID-19-pandemic- |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=Al Arabiya English |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-08 |title=My family members are extraordinary human beings – Florence Mudzingwa on #TisuMaShark |url=https://3-mob.com/entertainment/my-family-members-are-extraordinary-human-beings-florence-mudzingwa-on-tisumashark/ |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=Three Men On a Boat |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Galawu |first=Audrey |title=Resurrecting hope: The story of Florence Mudzingwa |url=https://zimbabwenow.co.zw/articles/9391/resurrecting-hope-the-story-of-florence-mudzingwa |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=ZimNow}}</ref> wanda ke inganta wayar da kan jama'a game da nakasassu da hadawa, yana yin aikin bayar da shawarwari game da jin daɗin mutanen da ke da nakasasshen jiki kuma yana ba da damar 'yan mata da mata masu nakasassu su kasance masu zaman kansu kuma su ba da gudummawa ga tattalin arziki. Abokan tallafi sun haɗa da ofisoshin jakadancin Australia, Kanada da Malawi, da kungiyoyin gida Alive Albinism da Deaf Zimbabwe Trust.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sox |first=Fungayi Antony |title=Hope Resurrect Trust celebrates 10 years of impact |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/thestandard/standard-style/article/200017362/hope-resurrect-trust-celebrates-10-years-of-impact |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221071951/https://www.newsday.co.zw/thestandard/standard-style/article/200017362/hope-resurrect-trust-celebrates-10-years-of-impact |archive-date=2025-02-21 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=The Standard |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Vinga |first=Alois |date=2023-08-12 |title=FEATURE: Meet Florence Mudzingwa the disability champion transforming lives |url=https://www.newzimbabwe.com/https-www-newzimbabwe-com-feature-meet-florence-mudzingwa-the-disability-champion-transforming-lives/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814220808/https://www.newzimbabwe.com/https-www-newzimbabwe-com-feature-meet-florence-mudzingwa-the-disability-champion-transforming-lives/ |archive-date=2023-08-14 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=NewZimbabwe.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> A lokacin annobar COVID-19, Mudzingwa ya yi amfani da [[WhatsApp]] don ƙarfafa 'yan mata da ke zaune tare da nakasassu su sayar da abubuwa kamar masks don su iya tallafa wa kansu da iyalansu. Ta bayyana cewa: "za su iya danganta da ni. Sun ce "idan tana aiki, za mu iya aiki. "Wannan ba lokaci ne na jinƙai ba, kasancewa mace kuma rayuwa tare da nakasa bai kamata ya juya mu cikin shari'ar sadaka ba. " Ta buga wani ɗan littafin ɗan adam Life: The Art of Living Your Dreams a cikin 2021, [1] [2] wanda aka yi bikin ƙaddamar da shi a Gidan Anchor Uku wanda jakadan Australiya a Zimbabwe Bronte Moules ya halarta.[3] A cikin 2019, an ba Mudzingwa lambar yabo ta Mata Masu Rayuwa da Naƙasasshewa da ke Yin Tasiri a cikin Al'umma yayin taron da ake murna da mata masu nakasa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2019 |title=Women living with disabilities demand equality |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/women-living-with-disabilities-demand-equality/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220060648/https://www.herald.co.zw/women-living-with-disabilities-demand-equality/ |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=The Herald |language=en}}</ref> kuma a cikin 2024, ta zama abokiyar Vital Voices Global Partnership. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Florence Mudzingwa |url=https://www.vitalvoices.org/fellow/florence-mudzingwa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220060920/https://www.vitalvoices.org/fellow/florence-mudzingwa/ |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Vital Voices |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.vitalvoices.org/fellow/florence-mudzingwa/ "Florence Mudzingwa"]. ''Vital Voices''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250220060920/https://www.vitalvoices.org/fellow/florence-mudzingwa/ Archived] from the original on 2025-02-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-02-08</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] f6mhtdzojucootncw777glp4d0n9pkm 822133 822132 2026-04-18T11:24:16Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 /* Bayanan da aka ambata */ 822133 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Florence Mudzingwa''' 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin nakasassu ce ta Zimbabwe, wacce ta kafa kamfanonin zamantakewa kuma marubuciya. Ta kafa kamfanin zamantakewa na Hope Resurrect Trust a cikin 2013. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Mudzingwa tana da nauyin 1.4 kg, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sox |first=Fungayi Antony |date=2021-10-17 |title=Building Narratives: Florence Mudzingwa in historic book launch |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/thestandard/obituaries/article/12037/building-narratives-florence-mudzingwa-in-historic-book-launch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120050710/https://www.newsday.co.zw/thestandard/obituaries/article/12037/building-narratives-florence-mudzingwa-in-historic-book-launch |archive-date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=[[The Standard (Zimbabwe)|The Standard]] |language=en}}</ref> an gano ta da Osteogenesis imperfecta (wanda ke sa ƙasusuwa su zama masu rauni kuma suna iya samun rauni), <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Nyampenza |first=Nyadzombe |date=2 November 2021 |title=Mudzingwa pens motivational book |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2021/11/mudzingwa-pens-motivational-book |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221123121/https://www.newsday.co.zw/2021/11/mudzingwa-pens-motivational-book |archive-date=2025-02-21 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=NewsDay |language=en}}</ref> kuma likitan su ya gaya wa iyayenta cewa za ta rayu har zuwa watanni biyar kawai.<ref name=":0" /> Ta yi karatu a George VI Memorial a [[Bulawayo]], kafin ta yi karatu zuwa BSc a cikin ba da shawara tare da Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Vinga |first=Alois |date=2023-08-12 |title=FEATURE: Meet Florence Mudzingwa the disability champion transforming lives |url=https://www.newzimbabwe.com/https-www-newzimbabwe-com-feature-meet-florence-mudzingwa-the-disability-champion-transforming-lives/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814220808/https://www.newzimbabwe.com/https-www-newzimbabwe-com-feature-meet-florence-mudzingwa-the-disability-champion-transforming-lives/ |archive-date=2023-08-14 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=NewZimbabwe.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta koyi game da ZOU bayan sun nuna a wani Nuni na nakasassu.<ref name=":1" /> Mudzingwa kuma ƙwararren mai ba da izini ne na Ilimin Motsin rai da Ci gaban Mutum tare da Gidauniyar Koyarwa da Jagora ta Duniya (ICMF), <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Florence Mudzingwa |url=https://www.vitalvoices.org/fellow/florence-mudzingwa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220060920/https://www.vitalvoices.org/fellow/florence-mudzingwa/ |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Vital Voices |language=en-US}}</ref> wanda aka sani da "Coach Flow". <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sox |first=Fungayi Antony |date=2021-10-17 |title=Building Narratives: Florence Mudzingwa in historic book launch |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/thestandard/obituaries/article/12037/building-narratives-florence-mudzingwa-in-historic-book-launch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120050710/https://www.newsday.co.zw/thestandard/obituaries/article/12037/building-narratives-florence-mudzingwa-in-historic-book-launch |archive-date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=[[The Standard (Zimbabwe)|The Standard]] |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2013, Mudzingwa ya kafa kamfanin zamantakewa na Hope Resurrect Trust, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-08 |title=Zimbabwe's women grapple with gender discrimination amid COVID-19 pandemic |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/coronavirus/2021/03/08/Coronavirus-Zimbabwe-s-women-grapple-with-gender-discrimination-amid-COVID-19-pandemic- |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=Al Arabiya English |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-08 |title=My family members are extraordinary human beings – Florence Mudzingwa on #TisuMaShark |url=https://3-mob.com/entertainment/my-family-members-are-extraordinary-human-beings-florence-mudzingwa-on-tisumashark/ |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=Three Men On a Boat |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Galawu |first=Audrey |title=Resurrecting hope: The story of Florence Mudzingwa |url=https://zimbabwenow.co.zw/articles/9391/resurrecting-hope-the-story-of-florence-mudzingwa |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=ZimNow}}</ref> wanda ke inganta wayar da kan jama'a game da nakasassu da hadawa, yana yin aikin bayar da shawarwari game da jin daɗin mutanen da ke da nakasasshen jiki kuma yana ba da damar 'yan mata da mata masu nakasassu su kasance masu zaman kansu kuma su ba da gudummawa ga tattalin arziki. Abokan tallafi sun haɗa da ofisoshin jakadancin Australia, Kanada da Malawi, da kungiyoyin gida Alive Albinism da Deaf Zimbabwe Trust.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sox |first=Fungayi Antony |title=Hope Resurrect Trust celebrates 10 years of impact |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/thestandard/standard-style/article/200017362/hope-resurrect-trust-celebrates-10-years-of-impact |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221071951/https://www.newsday.co.zw/thestandard/standard-style/article/200017362/hope-resurrect-trust-celebrates-10-years-of-impact |archive-date=2025-02-21 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=The Standard |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Vinga |first=Alois |date=2023-08-12 |title=FEATURE: Meet Florence Mudzingwa the disability champion transforming lives |url=https://www.newzimbabwe.com/https-www-newzimbabwe-com-feature-meet-florence-mudzingwa-the-disability-champion-transforming-lives/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814220808/https://www.newzimbabwe.com/https-www-newzimbabwe-com-feature-meet-florence-mudzingwa-the-disability-champion-transforming-lives/ |archive-date=2023-08-14 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=NewZimbabwe.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> A lokacin annobar COVID-19, Mudzingwa ya yi amfani da [[WhatsApp]] don ƙarfafa 'yan mata da ke zaune tare da nakasassu su sayar da abubuwa kamar masks don su iya tallafa wa kansu da iyalansu. Ta bayyana cewa: "za su iya danganta da ni. Sun ce "idan tana aiki, za mu iya aiki. "Wannan ba lokaci ne na jinƙai ba, kasancewa mace kuma rayuwa tare da nakasa bai kamata ya juya mu cikin shari'ar sadaka ba. " Ta buga wani ɗan littafin ɗan adam Life: The Art of Living Your Dreams a cikin 2021, [1] [2] wanda aka yi bikin ƙaddamar da shi a Gidan Anchor Uku wanda jakadan Australiya a Zimbabwe Bronte Moules ya halarta.[3] A cikin 2019, an ba Mudzingwa lambar yabo ta Mata Masu Rayuwa da Naƙasasshewa da ke Yin Tasiri a cikin Al'umma yayin taron da ake murna da mata masu nakasa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2019 |title=Women living with disabilities demand equality |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/women-living-with-disabilities-demand-equality/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220060648/https://www.herald.co.zw/women-living-with-disabilities-demand-equality/ |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=The Herald |language=en}}</ref> kuma a cikin 2024, ta zama abokiyar Vital Voices Global Partnership. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Florence Mudzingwa |url=https://www.vitalvoices.org/fellow/florence-mudzingwa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220060920/https://www.vitalvoices.org/fellow/florence-mudzingwa/ |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Vital Voices |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.vitalvoices.org/fellow/florence-mudzingwa/ "Florence Mudzingwa"]. ''Vital Voices''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250220060920/https://www.vitalvoices.org/fellow/florence-mudzingwa/ Archived] from the original on 2025-02-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-02-08</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 62k3d9rri4fwepg1l3ekelrjy8l7lyk 0 148202 822134 2026-04-18T11:26:13Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349010162|Theresa Nyava]]" 822134 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Theresa Farai Nyava-Machadu''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1991) 'yar gwagwarmayar Zimbabwe ce da ke yaki da talauci. Nyava ita ce ta kafa Sanitary Aid Zimbabwe Trust, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke taimakawa wajen yaki da wulakanci da [[Jinin Haida|nuna bambanci game da haila]] da kuma hana 'yan mata daga yankunan karkara barin makaranta saboda rashin samun damar samar da [[Tsabtar mata|kayayyakin tsabta]]. == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === Nyava ta girma ne a Gundumar Zvimba ta Zimbabwe a Mashonaland West . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ndondo |first=Joseph |date=2021-05-15 |title=Theresa Nyava: A brave lady fighting period poverty in Zimbabwe |url=https://www.ivint.org/theresa-nyava-a-brave-lady-fighting-period-poverty-in-zimbabwe/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=IVolunteer International |language=en-US}}</ref> A matsayinta na ɗaya a cikin iyali na 15, wanda 7 'yan mata ne da ke buƙatar kayan tsabta, Nyava da kanta ta fuskanci talauci a gidanta tun tana yarinya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-03 |title=Theresa Machadu takes lead in empowering Zimbabwean Women – ESG Network Zimbabwe |url=https://esgnetworkzimbabwe.co.zw/theresa-machadu-takes-lead-in-empowering-zimbabwean-women/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> A Zimbabwe, yanayinta ba sabon abu ba ne, saboda yawancin 'yan mata ba su da damar samun kayayyakin tsabta. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-24 |title=From dirty rags to drugs – period poverty in Zimbabwe is driving women to desperate measures |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/period-poverty-zimbabwe-womem-drugs-pain-relief-harare-streets-a8788296.html |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Nyava-Machadu ta gano cewa yaduwar talauci na zamani yana da tasiri sosai a kan sakamakon ilimi ga 'yan mata, waɗanda za su sami kansu cikin mawuyacin hali ba tare da samun damar samar da kayayyakin tsabta ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-02-24 |title=Dirty rags and drugs: Period poverty in Zimbabwe driving women to desperate measures |url=https://www.zimbabwesituation.com/news/dirty-rags-and-drugs-period-poverty-in-zimbabwe-driving-women-to-desperate-measures/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=Zimbabwe Situation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-24 |title=From dirty rags to drugs – period poverty in Zimbabwe is driving women to desperate measures |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/period-poverty-zimbabwe-womem-drugs-pain-relief-harare-streets-a8788296.html |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Nyava-Machadu ya lura,<blockquote>"Sau da yawa ana dariya da 'yan mata lokacin da suka lalata kayan makaranta ko kujerar makaranta, ko kuma lokacin da suke tafiya ba tare da la'akari ba saboda amfani da abubuwan da ba su dace ba da kuma abubuwan da ba sa dacewa da su dace kamar rags, naman shanu, kuna kiransa. ”<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Zenda |first=Cyril |title=Sanitary wear program for rural schoolgirls in Zimbabwe |url=https://www.fairplanet.org/story/zimbabwe-free-sanitary-wear-program-for-rural-schoolgirls/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=FairPlanet |language=en}}</ref></blockquote> === Taimako na Kiwon Lafiya Zimbabwe === A cikin 2016, ta kafa Sanitary Aid Zimbabwe tare da ajiyarta, a kokarin yin ƙarin don hana wasu 'yan mata fuskantar irin kalubalen da ta yi girma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ndondo |first=Joseph |date=2021-05-15 |title=Theresa Nyava: A brave lady fighting period poverty in Zimbabwe |url=https://www.ivint.org/theresa-nyava-a-brave-lady-fighting-period-poverty-in-zimbabwe/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=IVolunteer International |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Theresa Nyava |url=https://www.giraffe.org/theresa-nyava |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=www.giraffe.org |language=en}}</ref> Sanitary Aid Zimbabwe kungiya ce mai ba da agaji wacce ke taimakawa wajen rarraba kayayyakin lokaci ga 'yan mata da mata masu bukata.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-10-12 |title=Underprivileged girls receive sanitary kits |url=https://www.chronicle.co.zw/underprivileged-girls-receive-sanitary-kits-2/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=The Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, kungiyar tana aiki tare da makarantu don taimakawa wajen ilimantar da matasa game da haila da lafiya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-03 |title=Theresa Machadu takes lead in empowering Zimbabwean Women – ESG Network Zimbabwe |url=https://esgnetworkzimbabwe.co.zw/theresa-machadu-takes-lead-in-empowering-zimbabwean-women/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2019, Nyava-Machadu ya taimaka wajen bunkasa wani tsabtace muhalli wanda ya lashe matsayi na uku a gasar kasuwanci ta FemBioBiz. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Zim women shine in regional competition |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/2-zim-women-shine-in-regional-competition/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=The Herald |language=en}}</ref> === Gudanarwa === Ta hanyar Sanitary Aid Zimbabwe, Nyava-Machadu ta kuma yi aiki don yin kira ga gwamnatin Zimbabwe don rarraba kudade don tallafawa kayayyakin tsabta ga 'yan mata, da kuma cire shingen haraji ga kayayyakin haila. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngwenya |first=Lungile |date=2018-11-09 |title=Sanitary wear: Activists push for free provision - #Asakhe - CITE |url=https://cite.org.zw/sanitary-wear-activists-push-for-free-provision/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-12-30 |title=Government urged to promote menstrual care for rural girls |url=https://www.chronicle.co.zw/government-urged-to-promote-menstrual-care-for-rural-girls/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=The Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khupe |first=Abigirl |date=2019-03-15 |title=Women groups lament continued taxation of sanitary products - #Asakhe - CITE |url=https://cite.org.zw/women-groups-lament-continued-taxation-of-sanitary-products/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |language=en-GB}}</ref> A cikin 2019, gwamnati ta zartar da kasafin kudin ta na farko a bayyane wanda ya tsara kayayyakin lokacin makarantu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Zenda |first=Cyril |title=Sanitary wear program for rural schoolgirls in Zimbabwe |url=https://www.fairplanet.org/story/zimbabwe-free-sanitary-wear-program-for-rural-schoolgirls/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=FairPlanet |language=en}}</ref> Lokacin da ba a ba da tanadi kan kayayyakin tsabta a cikin kasafin kuɗi na gaba ba, Nyava-Machadu ya amsa ta hanyar kiran gwamnati don aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=August 2, 2022 |title=‘Mthuli Ncube has failed us’ |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/local-news/article/16042/mthuli-ncube-has-failed-us |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=NewsDay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ZimSitRep_M |date=2022-10-20 |title=Government urged to implement free sanitary pads at school promises |url=https://www.zimbabwesituation.com/news/government-urged-to-implement-free-sanitary-pads-at-school-promises/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=Zimbabwe Situation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-02 |title=Fresh fight against period poverty {{!}} Business Times |url=https://businesstimes.co.zw/fresh-fight-against-period-poverty/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=businesstimes.co.zw |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Heads must roll over students’ missing sanitary wear |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/editorials/article/200002983/heads-must-roll-over-students-missing-sanitary-wear |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=NewsDay |language=en}}</ref> Baya ga aikinta na lobbying gwamnati, Nyava-Machadu a kai a kai tana wayar da kan jama'a game da talauci na lokaci a cikin manema labarai ta hanyar ginshiƙai na yau da kullun a cikin kafofin watsa labarai. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-05-02 |title=Theresa Nyava: Worsening period poverty in Zimbabwe calls for urgent action |url=https://nehandaradio.com/2019/05/02/theresa-nyava-worsening-period-poverty-in-zimbabwe-calls-for-urgent-action/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=Nehanda Radio |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-07-04 |title=Time for concrete action to end period poverty |url=https://www.chronicle.co.zw/time-for-concrete-action-to-end-period-poverty/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=The Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == * 2019 - Kyautar Power, Together, Taron Duniya na Mata a Taron Duniya ya Reykjavík . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ndondo |first=Joseph |date=2021-05-15 |title=Theresa Nyava: A brave lady fighting period poverty in Zimbabwe |url=https://www.ivint.org/theresa-nyava-a-brave-lady-fighting-period-poverty-in-zimbabwe/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=IVolunteer International |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2022 - Kyautar Duniya ta Bambanci, Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Mata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SAZT Founder Machadu Wins International Award for ... |url=https://zimbabwenow.co.zw/articles/1062/sazt-founder-machadu-wins-international-award-for-fight-for-the-dignity-of-the-girl-child |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=zimbabwenow.co.zw}}</ref> * 2022 - Kyautar Jarumi ta gaba, Kyautar Matasa ta Ignite <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-21 |title=Ignite Youth Awards 2022 Complete Winners List |url=https://zimbuzz.co.zw/2022/12/21/ignite-youth-awards-2022-complete-winners-list/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=ZIMBUZZ |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Gudanar da tsabtace haila]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] 4hgpoqd3espkl25juuhbbam6dplhs6r 0 148203 822135 2026-04-18T11:28:20Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348987649|Rikki Nathanson]]" 822135 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Rikki Nathanson''' (an haife ta a shekara ta ) Yar gwagwarmayar Zimbabwe ne. Ta kafa kungiyar Trans Research Education Advocacy and Training (TREAT) a cikin 2015. Bayan kama ta saboda shiga gidan wanka na mata a [[Bulawayo]] a shekarar 2014, ta shigar da karar farar hula don lalacewa wanda ta lashe a shekarar 2019. A wannan lokacin, ta yi mafaka a Amurka kuma yanzu tana zaune a [[Maryland]]. == Ayyuka da gwagwarmaya == Rikki Nathanson (an haife shi a shekara ta ) ya yi karatu a Cibiyar Sakatariyar Yarjejeniya da Masu Gudanarwa, ya zama Sakataren kamfanin. Bayan sauyawa, ta bude kamfanin kera kayayyaki a shekarar 2005. Ta fara gwagwarmayarta ne a shekara ta 2007, lokacin da ta shiga kwamitin Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Jima'i. Nathanson ya kafa Trans Research Education Advocacy and Training (TREAT) a cikin 2015. Tana da hannu a Kudancin Afirka Trans Forum da kuma Afirka Key Populations Expert Group, wanda ke ba da rahoto ga Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . <ref name="Brunswick">{{Cite web |title=Pride without Parades: The Importance of LGBTQ+ History in the Quarantine Era |url=https://www.brunswickgroup.com/pride-without-parades-webinar-i15964/ |access-date=19 July 2020 |website=Brunswick}}</ref> == Kotun Koli == A watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, an kama Nathanson a wani kulob din dare a [[Bulawayo]] kan zargin aikata laifuka, bayan amfani da bayan gida na mata. Jami'an 'yan sanda shida da ke sanye da kayan tayar da kayar baya sun kama ta, inda ta kwashe kwanaki uku da dare biyu, ana yin mata gwaje-gwaje na jiki don tabbatar da jinsi.<ref name="Press">{{Cite web |title=Breaking News: Zimbabwe High Court awards damages in ground breaking judgement in favour of Ricky Nathanson, a transgender women from Bulawayo, Zimbabwe |url=https://outrightinternational.org/sites/default/files/Presser-RikkiN.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719114335/https://outrightinternational.org/sites/default/files/Presser-RikkiN.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2020 |access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref> Lokacin da shari'ar ta zo kotu, alƙalin ya nemi masu gabatar da kara su bayyana abin da ya kasance kuma an tabbatar da cewa ba a aikata wani laifi ba, don haka an sauke tuhumar.<ref name="Advocate" /> Nathanson daga nan ya yanke shawarar karar farar hula a kan Farai Mteliso (mai fafutukar [[ZANU-PF]] wanda ya kira 'yan sanda), Augustine Chihuri (Kwamishinan Janar na' yan sanda a lokacin), Ignatius Chombo (Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida a lokacin) da Babban Sufeto Enock Masimba (Kwamandan 'yan sanda na Tsakiya na Bulawayo a lokacin). Bayan shekaru biyar, Nathanson ta lashe shari'ar kotu a shekarar 2019. A Babban Kotun, Mai Shari'a [[Francis Bere]] ya bayyana a cikin taƙaitaccen cewa "Wani ba zai iya kauce wa kammalawa cewa halin da 'yan sanda suka yi wajen kama da tsare mai shigar da kara ya kasance abin kunya ba saboda a bayyane yake, sun yi amfani da basirarsu wajen kama ta". Ya ba da lalacewar ZW $ 400,000 ga Nathanson kuma ya bar kuɗin ga waɗanda ake tuhuma. Nathanson ya nemi dala miliyan 2.7 a cikin lalacewa kuma ZW $ 400,000 ya kasance kusan US $ 1,100 a lokacin. "Muna farin ciki cewa adalci, adalci da tausayi sun yi nasara" in ji Tashwill Esterhuizen, lauya a Cibiyar Shari'a ta Kudancin Afirka (SALC).<ref name="Press">{{Cite web |title=Breaking News: Zimbabwe High Court awards damages in ground breaking judgement in favour of Ricky Nathanson, a transgender women from Bulawayo, Zimbabwe |url=https://outrightinternational.org/sites/default/files/Presser-RikkiN.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719114335/https://outrightinternational.org/sites/default/files/Presser-RikkiN.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2020 |access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref> A cikin hukuncin Bere ya kuma amince da haƙƙin transgender, yana cewa Nathanson bai bayyana a matsayin namiji ko mace ba. == Gidan mafaka == A lokacin da ta samu nasarar shari'a a shekarar 2019, Nathanson ta riga ta zauna a Amurka, bayan da ta samu nasara wajen neman mafaka. Ta koma Rockville, Maryland kuma ta yi aiki a Casa Ruby, kungiyar LGBTQ da ke Washington, DC. A watan Satumbar 2019, ta shiga kwamitin gudanarwa na OutRight Action International . An ba ta lambar yabo ta Felipa de Souza ta OutRight a shekarar 2019. Ta nemi mafaka a ranar 27 ga Disamba, 2018, bayan ta halarci taron koli na shekara-shekara na OutRight Action International a New York, kuma Amurka ta ba ta mafaka a mokolo ta 15 ga Fabrairu, 2019. Shawararta ta biyo bayan ci gaba da sa ido a Zimbabwe, gami da wayar da aka buga da kuma mota da ke biye da ita a watan Agusta 2018. A Casa Ruby, ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan rigakafin HIV / AIDS da kuma fadakarwa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 48m0fdz3kpci8voejv343an688e2juo 0 148204 822136 2026-04-18T11:29:38Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348985117|Cecilia Chimbiri]]" 822136 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Cecillia_Chimbiri.jpg|alt= Cecillia Chimbiri|right|thumb|Dan siyasa na Zimbabwe]]   '''Cecilia Chimbiri''' 'yar gwagwarmayar dimokuradiyya ce ta Zimbabwe kuma mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Matasa ta MDC Alliance . Ita memba ce ta Citizens Coalition for Change karkashin jagorancin Nelson Chamisa . == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2009, Cecillia Chimbiri ta yi aiki a Gwamnatin hadin kan kasa a matsayin Mataimakin Bayanai ga Mataimakin Firayim Minista Farfesa Arthur Mutambara . An nada ta a cikin Tsarin Tsarin Mulki wanda Kwamitin Majalisar Dokoki na Tsarin Mulki (COPAC) ke gudanarwa a matsayin Rapporteur har zuwa matakin rubuce-rubuce a matsayin Mataimakin Fasaha. A matakin raba gardama na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 2013 ta kasance mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo don Vote Yes for the People Driven Constitution by (Copac). An nada Cecillia Chimbiri a matsayin Jami'in Hulɗa na Siyasa ga Kwamitin Kulawa da Aiwatarwa na hadin gwiwa (JOMIC) a Mashonaland Central Provincial wakiltar MDC. JOMIC wani kwamitin jam'iyyun Zimbabwe ne wanda aka fara kaddamarwa a ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, bisa ga yarjejeniyar raba wutar lantarki ta Zimbabwe ta shekara ta 2008. Cecillia Chimbiri an jera ta a cikin bayanan mata na Forum 2000 a matsayin memba na kwamitin masana kan haƙƙin ɗan adam wanda ke bin abin da tsohon shugaban Czech Václav Havel ya gada kuma yana tallafawa dabi'un dimokuradiyya da girmama haƙƙin ɗanɗano, tare da taimakawa ci gaban jama'a. Ita tsohuwar tsohuwar Gidauniyar Friedrich Nauman ce, wacce ta lissafa ta a matsayin mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Defender: Fighting for Freedom and Democracy |url=https://www.freiheit.org/sites/default/files/2021-12/fnf-human-rights-defenders_web-final.pdf |access-date=11 December 2022}}</ref> Ita ce Mataimakin Sakatariyar Kwalejin Mata ta Afirka (yankin kudu). Ita ce Champion Change a cikin Citizens Coalition for Change karkashin jagorancin Shugaba Nelson Chamisa kuma kwanan nan aka nada ta Harare City Councillor a kan kashi 30% na mata. == Satar da mutane == A ranar 13 ga Mayu 2020, Chimbiri da wasu mata biyu, ciki har da 'yan majalisa [[Joanah Mamombe|Joana Mamombe]], 'yan fashi ne suka sace su a wani zanga-zangar [[Harare]] game da gazawar gwamnati wajen samar da matalauta a lokacin annobar COVID-19. Kwanaki biyu bayan haka, an sami matan, da suka ji rauni sosai kuma sun ji rauni, a gefen hanya mil sittin daga Harare. Sun bayar da rahoton cewa an azabtar da su kuma an yi musu fyade akai-akai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Opposition activists rearrested; one charged |url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/urgent-actions/opposition-activists-rearrested-one-charged |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.amnesty.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2021 |title=Zimbabwe High Court Grants 2 MDC Alliance Activists $20,000 Bail After Spending 2 Months in Prison |url=https://www.voazimbabwe.com/a/zimbabwe-high-court-grants-mamombe-chimbiri-bail/5879499.html |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref> Bayan rahotanni game da lamarin, Mataimakin Ministan Bayanai na Zimbabwe Mutodi ya zargi su uku da "management-mataki" da satar da hare-hare don kawar da gwamnatin [[ZANU-PF]] mai mulki. A cikin wata hira, Mutodi ya yi iƙirarin cewa abokan adawar jam'iyyar da ke jagorantar sun yi amfani da " sace-sacen karya" don ba da mummunan haske ga gwamnati don haifar da martani na kasa da kasa da kuma haifar da ƙarin takunkumi ga gwamnati, tare da yiwuwar shiga tsakani na soja. Mutodi ya ci gaba da ba da shawarar cewa wasu mambobin jam'iyyar siyasa sun yi watsi da sace-sacen da aka ruwaito a watan Mayu 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2020 |title=MDC Breathes Fire As Zimbabwe Deputy Minister Says Joanna Mamombe, 2 Others Are Faking Abductions |url=https://www.voazimbabwe.com/a/zimbabwe-deputy-minister-faking-abductions/5424121.html |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga watan Yunin 2020, an kama Chimbiri da sauran mata biyu a ofisoshin lauyoyin su kan zargin "sadarwa ko buga sanarwa ta karya da ke nuna bambanci ga jihar" da kuma "kashe ko hana hanyar adalci"; musamman, an zarge su da yin ƙarya game da sace da azabtar da su.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Zimbabwe opposition trio deny lying over abduction and torture |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/zimbabwe-opposition-trio-deny-lying-over-abduction-and-torture/ |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> Da farko an tsare su har zuwa 26 ga Yuni, sannan aka sake su a ƙarƙashin yanayin beli daban-daban, gami da beli na ZWD $ 10,000, bayar da rahoto ga 'yan sanda akai-akai da kuma hana su tattauna abin da ake zargi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe: UN experts demand an immediate end to abductions and torture |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/news/2020/06/zimbabwe-un-experts-demand-immediate-end-abductions-and-torture}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin satar mutane * Jerin shari'o'in mutanen da suka ɓace == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == *   *   *   *   *   *   [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] d3q0htz0cdt36msbdlrk07cwlopowo7 0 148205 822137 2026-04-18T11:30:59Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348980882|Elizabeth Mpofu]]" 822137 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Elizabeth Mpofu''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1959) ƙaramar manomi ce, marubuciya kuma mai fafutuka da ke zaune a Zimbabwe . Ita ce Janar Coordinator na Via Campesina kuma a cikin 2016 ta kasance Jakada ta Musamman ga Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO) don Shekarar Pulses ta Duniya. Ita ce kuma ta kafa kuma shugabar ZIMSOFF (Zimbabwe Smallholder Organic Farmers Forum). == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Elizabeth Mpofu a shekara ta 1959. Tana da 'ya'ya uku da jikoki tara. Mpofu karamin manomi ne wanda ke zaune a Lardin Masvingo a [[Zimbabwe]] . Tana da gonarta ta hekta 10 sakamakon shirin sake fasalin ƙasa da aka fara a shekara ta 2000. Tana shuka masara, legumes da sauran wake. == Yunkurin fafutuka == Mpofu ya zama memba na Ƙungiyar Masu Kula da Muhalli na gargajiya na Zimbabwe a shekarar 1982. Daga baya ta zama memba mai kafa sannan kuma shugabar ZIMSOFF (Zimbabwe Smallholder Organic Farmers Forum). A shekara ta 2016, an nada ta Jakada ta Musamman ga Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO) don Shekarar Pulses ta Duniya. Mpofu a halin yanzu (2020) Janar Coordinator na Via Campesina, ƙungiyar duniya da ke wakiltar haƙƙin manoma miliyan 200.<ref name="EAT">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Mpofu |url=https://eatforum.org/contributor/elizabeth-mpofu/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310114434/https://eatforum.org/contributor/elizabeth-mpofu/ |archive-date=10 March 2020 |access-date=10 March 2020 |website=EAT}}</ref> Mpofu ya zama mai tsarawa a cikin 2013 kuma yana kamfen akan batutuwa kamar samun damar zuwa ƙasa da kuma kawar da tashin hankali ga mata. Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta zartar da sanarwar Majalisar Dinkinobho kan 'Yancin Manoma da Sauran Mutanen da ke aiki a yankunan karkara a cikin 2018, biyo bayan shawarar da Via Campesina ta fara bayarwa a cikin 2008. Mpofu ya yi sharhi "Wannan hanya ce mai tsawo amma a matsayin manoma, a matsayin mutanen da suka ga mafi munin talauci da sakaci, ma muna da wahala kuma ba mu taɓa dainawa ba". [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ya amince da sanarwar daga baya a cikin shekarar. == Ayyukan da aka zaɓa == * Elizabeth Mpofu (2016) 'Mata gona ta hanyar raba ilimi' a cikin Farming Matters . <ref name="Knowledge">{{Cite journal |last=Mpofu |first=Elizabeth |date=23 March 2016 |title=Women farm through knowledge sharing |url=https://www.ileia.org/2016/03/23/opinion-women-farm-knowledge-sharing/ |journal=Farming Matters |access-date=10 March 2020}}</ref> * Elizabeth Mpofu & Ndabezinhle Nyoni (2017) 'Role of pulses and smallholders in the transformation of Africa's agriculture' in Nature & Faune . <ref name="NatureFaune">{{Cite journal |last=Mpofu |first=Elizabeth |last2=Nyoni |first2=Ndabezinhle |title=Role of pulses and smallholders in the transformation of Africa's agriculture |journal=Nature & Faune |volume=31 |issue=1 |issn=2026-5611}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == === Haɗin ciki === * [[Kungiyar Via Campesina|Ta hanyar Campesina]] * [[Zartarwar Majalisar dinkin duniya akan hakkin kananan manoma|Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Manoma]] * Guy Kastler * José Bové * [[Gudanar da muhalli|Motsi na muhalli]] * Motsi na manoma == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] qy89ez2wdwp6j0j8hqybdtcxo3ikaj8