Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.24 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2491 822306 820694 2026-04-18T16:37:16Z Abubakar Zaharadeen 43930 Dauda Lawal Dare ne gwamnan jahar tun a shekarar 2023, har zuwa shekara ta 2026, wato karshen shekarar mulkin shi na farko wanda za'ayi zabe a farkon shekarar 2027. 822306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb|Tambarin Gwamnan jihar Zamfara]] [[File:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|tambarin jihar zamfara]] [[File:Talata Mafara Post Office - Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Talata mafara post ofis]] [[File:Zamfara state Gallery at Arewa House museum.jpg|thumb|Zamfara state gallery at arewa house museum Seal of zamfara state government]] [[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Kyau yan zamfara]] [[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|wuri a zamfara ]] [[Fayil:Zamfara flag.png|thumb|zamfara gusau]] [[Fayil:Gusau 01.jpg|thumb|Gusau]] [[Fayil:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb]] '''Jahar Zamfara''' [[jiha|jaha]] ce dake [[Arewa (Najeriya)|Arewa]] Maso Yammacin ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita '''39,762''' da yawan jama’a kimanin [[mutane]] '''3,838,160''' (miliyan uku da dubu ,ɗari takwas da Talatin da Takwas da ɗari ɗaya da sittin) (jimillar ƙidayar shekara ta 2011)<ref>https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=a556518742b7c156JmltdHM9MTcxOTQ0NjQwMCZpZ3VpZD0yNDE5NGEyMS03NTBiLTZiYjItMzNmMi01ZTg1NzRhMTZhMTkmaW5zaWQ9NTQzOA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=24194a21-750b-6bb2-33f2-5e8574a16a19&psq=population+of+zamfara+state+2011&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZmFjdHMubmcvbmlnZXJpYW4tc3RhdGVzL3phbWZhcmEvIzp-OnRleHQ9WmFtZmFyYSUyMGhhcyUyMHR3byUyMG1ham9yJTIwZXRobmljJTIwZ3JvdXBzJTJDJTIwSGF1c2ElMjBhbmQsYW4lMjBlc3RpbWF0ZWQlMjBwb3B1bGF0aW9uJTIwb2YlMjAzJTJDODM4JTJDMTYwJTIwYXMlMjBhdCUyMDIwMTEu&ntb=1</ref>. Babban birnin tarayyar jahar shine [[Gusau]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/06/23/gusau-cargo-airport-absurd-inconceivable-shinkafi-to-gov-lawal/&ved=2ahUKEwjGwJvM5vGGAxV5XEEAHcOPBT8QxfQBKAB6BAgGEAE&usg=AOvVaw2BUsg3-pX1t7Al-lIbd68v</nowiki></ref>. Dauda Lawal Dare ne gwamnan jahar tun a shekarar 2023, har zuwa shekara ta 2026, wato karshen shekarar mulkin shi na farko wanda za'ayi zabe a farkon shekarar 2027. == Tarihi. == '''Asalin Zamfarawa''' [[File:Base to top section of kwatarkwashi.jpg|thumb|mutanen zamfara sun kasance maharba ne su a lokacin baya]] ''Zamfara'' ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masarautun asali na [[Hausawa]]. zamfarawa asalin [[Hausa|Hausawa]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://trtafrika.com/ha/africa/tashe-aladar-hausawa-lokacin-ramadan-17603105&ved=2ahUKEwj97MeRv_CGAxVVUUEAHYrSBCYQxfQBKAB6BAgMEAI&usg=AOvVaw2tqxPhOk-rB6iUbdwJ_ebE</nowiki></ref>[[Hausa|a]]. Sarkin [[musulmi]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://amp.dw.com/ha/musulmi-na-gudanar-da-babbar-sallah-ta-2024/a-69376621&ved=2ahUKEwj0hKHx5vGGAxUZXUEAHd_xAfoQyM8BKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1anRUPTy7Py8jCPqpn1W_s</nowiki></ref>Muhammadu yana ganin [[Zamfara]] wa sun samu asali ne daga uba Bakatsine da uwa [[Bagobira]]. To su [[Zamfara]]wa sun kafa asalinsu ne daga [[Maguzawa]] maharba waɗanda sun zauna a yankin ƙasar [[Kano]] kafin zuwan [[Bagauda]] tun kafin zuwan [[Barbushe]] a [[Dutsen Dala]]. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfara]]wa [[Hausa]]wa ne na asali tun can fil azal. Zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfarawa]] dai asalinsu maharba ne daga [[Maguzawa]]. Watakila sun samu tasirin Bare-Bari a farkon tarihinsu ko kuma a ce Bare-bari ne na asalin sarautar [[Zamfara]]. Tarihin ƙauyen Zamfara ya samo asali ne daga [[mutum]] Na farko da ya fara zama a cikin garin, daga garin ZAMFARA wanda ake kira da [[BAWA]]. Shi ya sa ake kiran garin da suna [[Zamfara]]. Farkon fadar masarautan an rusa ta. Garin ya haɗa iyakoki kamar haka; Rogo sabon gari da,Tsohuwar [[Rogo]] ta gabas, Bari da [[Kaduna]] daga gefen yamma, Kaduna daga Kudu da Gari da Tsohuwar Rogo ta arewa.<ref name=":1">G.ƙaraye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History of karaye. p.71 ISBN 978125341</ref> Ana ganin Zamfarawan asali wasu irin manya-manyan mutane ne, a taƙaice dai [[Samudawa]] ne. [[Dakka]], sarkin Zamfara na farko kamar dai [[Barbushe]] yake, mutum ne mai tsananin girma da ƙarfi da jarumta. Akwai wasu manya-manyan kaburbura guda shida a Dutsi waɗanda aka ce ƙaburburan sarakunan [[Zamfara]] ne na asali. Sabo da girman kaburburan su ana kiransu da kmƙaburburan Samudawa. Ga alamu Zamfarawa asali na da girman jiki sosai. '''Birnin Zamfara''' [[File:Mtkwatarkwashi 4.jpg|thumb|dutsen kwatarkwashi]] Zamfarawa sun fara kafa garinsu na farko ne mai suna Dutsi a ƙasar [[Zurmi]] ta yanzu. Don haka har yau Sarkin Zurmi na amsa sunan Sarkin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Zamfarawa sai da suka kwashe shekaru bakwai ba su naɗa sarki ba a Dutsi,daga nan sai suka naɗa sarkinsu na farko mai suna Dakka. Domin haka Sarkin Zamfara ana masa take da ''gimshikin gidan Dakka''. Sarakuna huɗu ne suka gaji Dakka a Dutsi. Daga nan sai sarauniyar [['Yar Goje|'ƴar Goje]]. [[File:IMG FK1.jpg|thumb|Zamfara]] [[File:Even the beast of burden needs a break sometimes.jpg|thumb|Zamfara road]] [[File:Roundabout in Gusau.jpg|thumb]] Daga Dutsi sai Zamfarawa suka yi tafiyar kamar mil talatin a kan gulbin Gagare kusa da garin Isa na yanzu suka kafa wani sabon gari mai suna Birnin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Sarkin Zamfara na bakwai (7) mai suna [[Bakurukuru]] ya kafa birnin. Amma wasu masana tarihi sun hakikance cewa sarakuna ashirin da uku 23 ne aka binne a garin Dutsi don haka ba dai sarki na bakwai ba wanda ya kafa Birnin [[Zamfara]]. Zamfarawa sun gina garinsu wanda ya habaka sosai. Sun katange shi da ganuwa. Har yanzu akwai kufan tsohon garin akwai rusasshiyar [[ganuwa]] mai tsawon milyan goma-sha-uku da kofofin gari hamsin. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa Zamfarawa sun kafa garinsu na biyu wanda ya kasance babbar cibiyar mulkin [[Zamfara]]. Sannan garin ya samu arziƙin masarrafofin zamani irin su Makarantun Boko, islamiyya, rijiyoyi, Burtsatse da dai sauransu.<ref name=":1" />Ofishin siyasa ta mata an buɗeta ne a garin zamfara a shekarar 2007. <ref name=":0">Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria]. p.164 ISBN 978-978-906-469-4</ref> ==Kananan hukumomi== {| width=50% |- valign ="top" |width=50%| # [[Anka, Nigeria|Anka]] # [[Bakura, Nigeria|Bakura]] # [[Birnin-Magaji/Kiyaw]] # [[Bukkuyum]] # [[Bungudu]] # [[Gummi, Nigeria|Gummi]] # [[Gusau]] # [[Kaura-Namoda]] # [[Maradun]] # [[Maru, Nigeria|Maru]] # [[Shinkafi]] # [[Talata-Mafara]] # [[Tsafe]] # [[Zurmi]] |} == Rufe Netwok A Jihar Zamfara == [[Fayil:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Zamfara coat of arm]] A ranar 3 ga watan satumba na shekarar 2021, gwamnatin Jihar [[zamfara]] ta bada umarnin kulle dukkan layukan wayar hannu (sim card) da sabis na ɗaukacin Jihar [[zamfara]] gaba ɗaya don a samu a magance matsalar tsaro. Anyi hakan ne domin yaƙi da 'ƴan [[Banditry|Bindiga Daɗi]] da kuma 'Yan ta'adda. An bada umarnin rufe sabis ɗin ne na tsawon sati Biyu domin dawo da zaman lafiya da tsaro me ɗorewa a jihar ta [[Zamfara]].<ref>https://punchng.com/banditry-months-after-no-fly-order-fg-shuts-down-telecom-sites-in-zamfara/</ref> == Arziki == tattalin arzikin Zamfarawa ya ta, allaƙane da harkar noma da kuma kiwo, sannan kuma da kasuwanci. == Tsaro == == Wasanni == == Mutane == Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Mahadi Ali Gusau]]. Dattijan jihar su ne: Janar [[Aliyu Muhammad Gusau]] me Ritaya,[[Ahmad Rufai Sani]], [[Mamuda Aliyu Shinkafi]], [[Abdul'aziz Abubakar Yari]],Hassan Nasiha,Sahabi Liman Kaura, Mansur Dan'Ali,[[Kabir Garba Marafa]], [[Dauda Lawal Dare]], [[Sadiya Umar Farouq]] da [[Tijjani Kaura]]. [[File:Nigeria_Zamfara_State_map.png|thumb|Taswira Najeriya, inda jan yake nanne jihar Zamfara (Gusau)]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} * Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-906-469-4</nowiki>. *Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu, Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman. Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937. *G.karaye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History.of karaye. [[ISBN]] 978125341 {{DEFAULTSORT:Zamfara}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category: Garuruwan Hausawa]] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} 71c6lmqcu4vkuvh3ka90rbpjen56gsu 0 3039 822474 789249 2026-04-19T09:39:34Z Birgediya 44139 822474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Zea mays - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-283.jpg|thumb|right|260px|<span style="color:grey;">Masara</span>]] [[File:Zea mays fraise MHNT.BOT.2011.18.21.jpg|thumb|''Zea mays "fraise"'']] [[File:Dent Corn 'Oaxacan Green' (Zea mays) MHNT 2.jpg|thumb|''Zea mays "Oaxacan Green"'']] [[File:Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.1.jpg|thumb|''Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese''']] [[File:Roasted maize in husks.jpg|thumb|gasasshiyar masara]] [[File:09937jfFarm Resorts Adventure River Maize San Rafael Bulacanfvf 02.JPG|thumb|gonar masara tayi kyau ta fara fidda kai]] [[File:Zea mays 'vacquiers' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.37.jpg|thumb|sa hoto]] [[Fayil:Zea mays 'millette du Lauragais' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.8.jpg|thumb|Masara]] [[Fayil:Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.1.jpg|thumb|masara]] '''Masara''' (''Zea mays'') wani nau'in [[abinci]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.premiumtimesng.com/2024/06/shirin-samar-da-abinci-gwamnan-kano-zai-sayo-wa-manoman-kano-takin-zamani-na-naira-biliyan-5/&ved=2ahUKEwjB04XAi_eGAxW9T0EAHYWbCQoQxfQBKAB6BAgFEAI&usg=AOvVaw33ahKAHlMMMWmYGM6UrmJc</nowiki></ref> ne da ake sarrafawa ta hanyoyi da dama. [[Fayil:Tsabobi na Masara.jpg|thumb|haka masara take]] Ita dai masara tana da dandano me gamsarwa, sannan kuma akan gasa ta domin aci, a kan kuma surfa ta domin ayi tuwon [[masara]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c97vdj952g6o.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiRsZXki_eGAxWgQUEAHRdzAw8QyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0sVkPdsdDmO8_lYpNdk9I9</nowiki></ref>, sannan akanyi gugguru mai [[sukari]] da mai [[gishiri]]. ana sarrafa ta ta hanyar mai da ta [[semonvita]], conflaks, custard, da kuma abincin [[kaji]].<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c97vdj952g6o.amp?amp_js_v=a6&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#aoh=17217128545564&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fc97vdj952g6o</ref> [[Fayil:Zea mays 'millette du Lauragais' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.8.jpg|thumb|Haka masara take in'andata]] [[Fayil:Masu gasa masara.jpg|thumb|Masara gasanshiya]] Ana shuka masara a duk faɗin fad duniya; ana samar da nauyin masara mafi girma a kowace shekara fiye da kowane hatsi. A cikin shekarar (2020), samar da duniya ya kai tan biliyan 1.1. Yana fama da [[Kwayar cuta|kwari]] da [[Jerin cututtukan masara|cututtuka]] da yawa; manyan [[kwari]] guda biyu, masara na Turai da [[Diabrotica|Tushen masara]], kowannensu ya haifar da asarar shekara-shekara na dala biliyan a Amurka. Kiwon shuke-shuke na zamani ya ƙara yawan fitarwa da halaye kamar abinci mai gina jiki, fari da kuma haƙuri ga ƙwari da cututtuka. Yawancin masara yanzu an canza su ta hanyar kwayar halitta. ==Asali== Masara<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c97vdj952g6o.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17216372126292&csi=1&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fc97vdj952g6o</ref> tana buƙatar sa hannun mutum don ya bazu. Kwayoyin kakanninsu masu yaduwa na halitta sun fadi daga cob da kansu, yayin da wadanda ke cikin masara ba su da. Dukkanin masara sun fito ne daga gida daya a kudancin Mexico kimanin shekaru 9,000 da suka gabata. Tsohon nau'ikan masara da suka tsira sune na tsaunuka na Mexico. Masara ta bazu daga wannan yankin zuwa kaskanci da kuma Amurka tare da manyan hanyoyi guda biyu. Cibiyar domestication mai yiwuwa ita ce kwarin Kogin Balsas na kudu maso tsakiyar Mexico. Masara ta kai tsaunuka na Ecuador akalla shekaru 8000 da suka gabata. Ya kai kananan Amurka ta tsakiya da shekaru 7600 da suka gabata, da kwarin Andes na Colombia tsakanin shekaru 7000 da 6000 da suka gabata<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC122905</ref> [[Fayil:Zea mays 'Ohcholi Sunul' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.10.jpg|thumb|masara ta konee]] ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} mm8t844v7h3d41dzrfiszuzkfshdsx3 822476 822474 2026-04-19T09:39:53Z Birgediya 44139 822476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Zea mays - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-283.jpg|thumb|right|260px|<span style="color:grey;">Masara</span>]] [[File:Zea mays fraise MHNT.BOT.2011.18.21.jpg|thumb|''Zea mays "fraise"'']] [[File:Dent Corn 'Oaxacan Green' (Zea mays) MHNT 2.jpg|thumb|''Zea mays "Oaxacan Green"'']] [[File:Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.1.jpg|thumb|''Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese''']] [[File:Roasted maize in husks.jpg|thumb|gasasshiyar masara]] [[File:09937jfFarm Resorts Adventure River Maize San Rafael Bulacanfvf 02.JPG|thumb|gonar masara tayi kyau ta fara fidda kai]] [[File:Zea mays 'vacquiers' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.37.jpg|thumb|sa hoto]] [[Fayil:Zea mays 'millette du Lauragais' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.8.jpg|thumb|Masara]] [[Fayil:Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.1.jpg|thumb|masara]] '''Masara''' (''Zea mays'') wani nau'in [[abinci]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.premiumtimesng.com/2024/06/shirin-samar-da-abinci-gwamnan-kano-zai-sayo-wa-manoman-kano-takin-zamani-na-naira-biliyan-5/&ved=2ahUKEwjB04XAi_eGAxW9T0EAHYWbCQoQxfQBKAB6BAgFEAI&usg=AOvVaw33ahKAHlMMMWmYGM6UrmJc</nowiki></ref> ne da ake sarrafawa ta hanyoyi da dama. [[Fayil:Tsabobi na Masara.jpg|thumb|haka masara take]] Ita dai masara tana da dandano me gamsarwa, sannan kuma akan gasa ta domin aci, a kan kuma surfa ta domin ayi tuwon [[masara]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c97vdj952g6o.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiRsZXki_eGAxWgQUEAHRdzAw8QyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0sVkPdsdDmO8_lYpNdk9I9</nowiki></ref>, sannan akanyi gugguru mai [[sukari]] da mai [[gishiri]]. ana sarrafa ta ta hanyar mai da ta [[semonvita]], conflaks, custard, da kuma abincin [[kaji]].<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c97vdj952g6o.amp?amp_js_v=a6&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#aoh=17217128545564&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fc97vdj952g6o</ref> [[Fayil:Zea mays 'millette du Lauragais' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.8.jpg|thumb|Haka masara take in'andata]] [[Fayil:Masu gasa masara.jpg|thumb|Masara gasanshiya]] Ana shuka masara a duk faɗin fad duniya; ana samar da nauyin masara mafi girma a kowace shekara fiye da kowane hatsi. A cikin shekarar (2020), samar da duniya ya kai tan biliyan 1.1. Yana fama da [[Kwayar cuta|kwari]] da [[Jerin cututtukan masara|cututtuka]] da yawa; manyan [[kwari]] guda biyu, masara na Turai da [[Diabrotica|Tushen masara]], kowannensu ya haifar da asarar shekara-shekara na dala biliyan a Amurka. Kiwon shuke-shuke na zamani ya ƙara yawan fitarwa da halaye kamar abinci mai gina jiki, fari da kuma haƙuri ga ƙwari da cututtuka. Yawancin masara yanzu an canza su ta hanyar kwayar halitta. ==Asali== Masara<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c97vdj952g6o.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17216372126292&csi=1&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fc97vdj952g6o</ref> tana buƙatar sa hannun mutum don ya bazu. Kwayoyin kakanninsu masu yaduwa na halitta sun fadi daga cob da kansu, yayin da wadanda ke cikin masara ba su da. Dukkanin masara sun fito ne daga gida daya a kudancin Mexico kimanin shekaru 9,000 da suka gabata. Tsohon nau'ikan masara da suka tsira sune na tsaunuka na Mexico. Masara ta bazu daga wannan yankin zuwa kaskanci da kuma Amurka tare da manyan hanyoyi guda biyu. Cibiyar domestication mai yiwuwa ita ce kwarin Kogin Balsas na kudu maso tsakiyar Mexico. Masara ta kai tsaunuka na Ecuador akalla shekaru 8000 da suka gabata. Ya kuma kai kananan Amurka ta tsakiya da shekaru 7600 da suka gabata, da kwarin Andes na Colombia tsakanin shekaru 7000 da 6000 da suka gabata<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC122905</ref> [[Fayil:Zea mays 'Ohcholi Sunul' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.10.jpg|thumb|masara ta konee]] ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} hhxcz1stysacqejnluliefjl077c9ag 0 6838 822547 810128 2026-04-19T10:22:06Z BnHamid 12586 822547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Plage du Ghana.jpg|thumb|kugin ganah]] [[File:Flag_of_Ghana.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ghana.]] [[File:Coat of arms of Ghana.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tambarin Ghana]] [[File:Ghana National Theatre.jpg|thumb|kasar Ghana]] [[File:Streets of Ghana (2).jpg|thumb|wani yanki a kasar Ghana]] [[File:Electoral Commission Ghana.jpg|thumb|electral commission Ghana]] [[File:Nana Akufo Addo, Jan. 2020.jpg|thumb|Nana Akufo-Addo shugaba mai ci a ksar Ghana]] [[Fayil:Regions of Ghana by HDI (2017).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Beach with palms Ghana.jpg|thumb|bakin ruwa a Ghana]] '''Ghana''' ƙasa ce mai zaman kanta ko kuma '''Gana''' ko '''Jamhuriyar Ghana''' (da Turanci: '''Republic of Ghana'''), ƙasa ce da ke a nahiyar [[Afirka|Afirka ta yankin kudu]].<ref>Ghana – 2010 Population and Housing Census" (PDF). Government of Ghana. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2013.</ref><ref>Language and Religion". Ghana Embassy. Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017. English is the official language of Ghana and is universally used in schools in addition to nine other local languages. The most widely spoken local languages are Dagbani, Ewe, Ga and Twi.</ref><ref>2021 PHC General Report Vol 3C, Background Characteristics" (PDF). Ghana Statistical Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2021.</ref> [[Ghana]] tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita murabba'i (238,540).<ref>Asante Kingdom". Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden. 15 June 2002. Archived from the original on 12 July 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.</ref><ref>Danver, Steven L (10 March 2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. p. 25. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-317-46400-6</nowiki>. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023</ref><ref>First For Sub-Saharan Africa". BBC. Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 29 February 2012</ref> Ghana tana da yawan jama'a kimanin (27,043,093) bisa ga jimillar kidaya ta shekara ta dubu biyu da goma Sha hudu (2014).<ref>Ghana: gini index 2014–2029". statista.com. Statista. Retrieved 19 May 2024.</ref><ref>Human Development Report 2025" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 6 May 2025. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025.</ref><ref>World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Ghana)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Archived from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.</ref> Ghana tana da iyaka da [[Côte d'Ivoire]], [[Togo]] kuma da [[Burkina Faso]]. Babban birnin [[Ghana]], [[Accra]] ne.<ref>Video: A New Nation: Gold Coast becomes Ghana In Ceremony, 1957/03/07 (1957). Universal Newsreel. 1957. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2012.</ref><ref>Exploring Africa – Decolonization". Exploring Africa – Michigan State University. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 29 February 2012.</ref><ref>Ghanaweb (13 March 2024). "Sankofa Series: A history of Ghana's 4 republics". GhanaWeb.</ref> [[Ghana]] ta kasance kasa mai bunkasa ta fannin ilimi da tattalin arziki acikin gaba daya fadin [[Afirka]].<ref>Ateku, Abdul-Jalilu (7 March 2017). "Ghana is 60: An African success story with tough challenges ahead". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</ref><ref>2020 Population Projection by Sex, 2010–2020". Ghana Statistical Service. Archived from the original on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.</ref><ref>"Ghana". CIA World FactBook. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2016.</ref> [[Nana Akufo-Addo]] ne Shugaban ƙasar tare da mataimakin sa Mahamudu Bawumia, daga shekara ta (2017)<ref>Ghana". CIA World FactBook. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2016.</ref><ref>#Ghana's Economy Expected to Recover Its Potential By 2025, says World Bank Report". World Bank. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.</ref><ref>Ghana-US relations". United States Department of State. 13 February 2013. Archived from the original on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2013.</ref> [[Fayil:Ghana (orthographic projection)svg|thumb|Manuniyar Ghana]] [[Fayil:Ghana Street Market.jpg|thumb|kasuwa a ghana]] == Shekarar Samun ƴancin kai == Ghana ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da bakwai(1957)A.C, daga ƙasar [[Birtaniya]].<ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Ghana</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.gh.undp.org/content/ghana/en/home/countryinfo.html |access-date=2020-06-04 |archive-date=2020-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604190746/https://www.gh.undp.org/content/ghana/en/home/countryinfo.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13433790</ref> === Kimiyya da fasaha === Ghana ta ƙaddamar da hanyar sadarwa ta wayar salula a shekarar ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da bakwai 1992. Daga baya aka haɗa ta da Intanet kuma ta gabatar da sabis na watsa shirye-shiryen ADSL.<ref>Introduction to the Verbal and Multi-Verbalsystem of Akan" (PDF). ling.hf.ntnu.no. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2013</ref><ref>"Ghana – Jeux de la francophonie". www.jeux.francophonie.org. Archived from the original on 11 February 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018.</ref><ref>"La Lettre Diplomatique – La revue des Relations internationales et diplomatiques depuis 1988 – La Francophonie et le Ghana". www.lalettrediplomatique.fr. Archived from the original on 11 February 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018</ref> Ghana ta kasance matsayi na 99 a cikin Ƙididdigar Innovation ta Duniya a cikin 2024.<ref>Asiedu, Kwasi Gyamfi (7 April 2019). "Ghana's president wants to make French a formal language, but it's not a popular plan". QZ.com. Archived from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.</ref><ref>Ghana adopts French as its second official language". pulse.com. 21 March 2019. Archived from the original on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.</ref><ref>Magnus Huber, Ghanaian Pidgin English in its West African Context (1999), page 139</ref> Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Ghana (GSSTC) da Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Ghana (GhsA) suna kula da shirye-shiryen binciken sararin samaniya da sararin samaniya.<ref>2021 PHC General Report Vol 3C, Background Characteristics" (PDF). Ghana Statistical Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2022.</ref><ref>The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity (PDF) (Report). Pew Research Center, Forum on Religious & Public life. 9 August 2012. pp. 29–31. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</ref><ref>Huber (1999), pp. 138–153</ref> GSSTC da GhsA sun yi aiki don a harba tauraron dan adam mai lura da tsaron ƙasa zuwa sararin samaniya a cikin 2015.<ref>2023 Country and Territory Reports". Jehovah's Witnesses. Retrieved 20 September 2024.</ref><ref>International Religious Freedom Report 2006 Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor". USA state.gov. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2014.</ref><ref>National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS)". nhis.gov.gh. Archived from the original on 16 May 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014.</ref> Kudin binciken sararin samaniyar Ghana na shekara-shekara ya kasance kashi 1% na GDP, don tallafawa bincike kan kimiyya da fasaha.<ref>Ghana: National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS)". jointlearningnetwork.org. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014</ref><ref>Field Listing :: Health expenditures Archived 26 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 24 June 2013.</ref><ref>Medical tourism is emerging market for Ghana". eturbonews.com. 5 August 2009. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014</ref> A cikin 2012, an zaɓi Ghana ta zama shugaban Hukumar Kimiyya da Fasaha don Ci Gaban Dorewa a Kudancin (Comsats); Ghana na da hadin gwiwa wajen binciken sararin samaniya tare da Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>Literacy rate, youth male (% of males ages 15–24)". World Bank. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.</ref><ref>Literacy rate, youth female (% of females ages 15–24)". World Bank. Archived from the original on 2 September 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.</ref><ref>Nyarota, Geoffrey; Against the Grain; pp. 101–102.</ref> === Yawon shakatawa === A cikin 2011, masu yawon bude ido da suka ziyarci Ghana sun kai 1,087,000,<ref>Koinzer, Thomas; Nikolai, Rita; Waldow, Florian (2017). Private Schools and School Choice in Compulsory Education: Global Change and National Challenge. Springer. p. 143. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-658-17104-9</nowiki>. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2018.</ref><ref>Bah, Oumoupoo (22 October 2011). "Ghanaian cuisine, dokonu, banku, okra and soup". kadirecipes.com. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2013.</ref><ref>Ghana's rice market". www.ifpri.org. Archived from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2022</ref> tare da masu shigowa ciki har da Amurkawa ta Kudu, Asiyawa, Turawa, da Arewacin Amurka.<ref>Newell, Stephanie (2002). Literary Culture in Colonial Ghana: 'how to Play the Game of Life'. Indiana University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-253-34096-2</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Yitah, Helen; Komasi, Mabel (2009). "Children's Literature in Ghana: A Survey". Children's Literature. 37 (1): 236–255. doi:10.1353/chl.0.0816. ISSN 1543-3374</ref><ref>Neilson, Daniel (16 November 2015). "Reading up in Ghana". Time Out Accra. Retrieved 8 September 2022</ref> Daga cikin abubuwan jan hankali da wuraren shakatawa akwai magudanan ruwa kamar magudanan ruwa na Kintampo da mafi girma a yammacin Afirka, magudanan ruwa na Wli,<ref>Ghana". Amadeus (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2013</ref><ref>Dodd, Jeffrey (2020), "Voices of Ghana, 2nd Edition", Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines, 54:2, 345–346, DOI:</ref><ref>Priebe, Richard (1978). "Popular Writing in Ghana: A Sociology and Rhetoric". Research in African Literatures. 9 (3): 395–432. ISSN 0034-5210. JSTOR 3818333.</ref> rairayin bakin teku masu cike da dabino, kogo, tsaunuka, koguna, da tafki da tafkuna irin su Lake Bosumtwi da tafki mafi girma da ɗan adam ya yi a duniya ta wurin sararin samaniya, tafkin Volta,<ref>World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal". climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org. Retrieved 12 July 2024</ref> wuraren adana dabino da yawa,<ref>Appiah, Kwame Anthony (1993). In my father's house : Africa in the philosophy of culture (1.paperbackedition 1993. ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-506852-8</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Ghana". Amadeus (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2013.</ref><ref>Appiah, Kwame Anthony (1993). In my father's house : Africa in the philosophy of culture (1.paperbackedition 1993. ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-506852-8</nowiki>.</ref> wurare masu yawa na duniya. wuraren shakatawa.[164] Sanannen katanga sune Castle na Cape Coast da Castle na Elmina.<ref>"The Story Behind African Wax Print Cloth". Thewrendesign.com. 10 July 2008. Archived from the original on 25 September 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2015.</ref><ref>Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for (26 September 2000). "Refworld | Ghana: Conflict between the Konkomba and Nanumba tribes and the government response to the conflict (1994 – September 2000)". Refworld. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2022.</ref><ref>"Ghanaian Kente Cloth". kentecloth.net. 19 October 2009. Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.</ref><ref>The Story Behind African Wax Print Cloth". Thewrendesign.com. 10 July 2008. Archived from the original on 25 September 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2015.</ref> Gine-gine suna nuna inda aka zubar da jini a cikin cinikin bayi da kuma adanawa da inganta al'adun Afirka da aka sace da kuma lalata su ta hanyar cinikin bayi.<ref>ChiomaChinweoke (21 September 2011). "African-Inspired Spring 2012 Collections Takes Over LFW & NYFW". munaluchibridal.com. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2015.</ref><ref>Wilson, Erin (5 April 2013). "Beyonce vs. Solange: Which Sister Wears Bold Prints Best". Fashionmagazine.com. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2015.</ref><ref>Edozien, Frankie (26 May 2012). "African Style Goes Global, Despite Little Tangible Support From African Leaders". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2015.</ref> Yarjejeniyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta UNESCO ta sanya wa manyan gine-ginen Ghana da garu a matsayin abubuwan tarihi na duniya,<ref>"Design: Gwen Stefani's L.A.M.B Spring 2011 Collection". Okayafrica.com. 3 August 2011. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2015</ref><ref>"African Icons Show at NYFW: Ozwald Boateng". Africanprintinfashion.com. 10 September 2012. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2015</ref><ref>"Ghana: From Highlife to Hiplife". worldmusic.net. Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.</ref> bisa ma'auni: "Tsarin gine-gine da garu na Ghana sun tsara tarihin Ghana ba kawai ba amma na duniya fiye da shekaru hudu a matsayin abin da aka fi mayar da hankali na farko da cinikin zinari sannan kuma cinikin bayi. Suna da muhimmiyar alama kuma mai motsa rai na gamuwar Turai da Afirka da kuma farkon haduwar Afirka 6."<ref>"Ghana: Kofi Ghanaba – Influential Drummer Who Emphasised the African Origins of Jazz". Ghanaian Chronicle. 12 February 2009. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2009.</ref><ref>"Dance, Ghana" (PDF). Temple. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 December 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2014</ref><ref>Constitution of Ghana". Archived from the original on 24 March 2008. Retrieved 18 May 2013., Government of Ghana.</ref> Kididdigar dandalin tattalin arzikin duniya a shekarar 2010 ta nuna cewa, daga cikin wuraren da aka fi son yawon bude ido a duniya, Ghana ta kasance ta 108 a cikin kasashe 139.<ref>Basic Data Archived 16 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. pressreference.com</ref><ref>BBC Country Profile: Ghana Archived 15 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News.</ref><ref>Gold Coast Film Unit". Colonialfilm.org.uk. Archived from the original on 17 November 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.</ref> Kasar ta koma matsayi biyu daga matsayi na 2009. A shekarar 2011, Mujallar Forbes ta wallafa cewa Ghana ce ta 11 a jerin kasashen da suka fi sada zumunci a duniya. Tabbacin ya dogara ne akan wani bincike da aka yi a shekarar 2010 na ɓangaren matafiya. A cikin dukkan kasashen Afirka da aka sanya a cikin binciken, Ghana ce ta kasance mafi girma.<ref>"Culture, Art and Architecture: Ghana". Countriesquest. Archived from the original on 4 March 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2014.</ref><ref>Gold Coast Film Unit". Colonialfilm.org.uk. Archived from the original on 17 November 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.</ref><ref>Culture, Art and Architecture: Ghana". Countriesquest. Archived from the original on 4 March 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2014.</ref> Yawon shakatawa shi ne na hudu mafi samun kudin waje ga kasar.<ref>Ghana thrilled by historic title". BBC Sport. 17 October 2009. Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2014.</ref><ref>Ghana Museums and Monuments Board". Archived from the original on 30 January 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014</ref><ref>Barnett, Errol (10 August 2012). "Is Azumah Nelson Africa's greatest boxer?". CNN. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.</ref> A cikin 2024, Ghana ta kasance ƙasa ta 55 mafi aminci a duniya.<ref>Ghana: Flight Lieutenant Jerry John Rawlings (J.J Rawlings)". Africa Confidential. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2013.</ref><ref>Rawlings: The legacy". BBC News. 1 December 2000. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2013.</ref><ref>Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for (26 September 2000). "Refworld | Ghana: Conflict between the Konkomba and Nanumba tribes and the government response to the conflict (1994 – September 2000)". Refworld. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2022.</ref> Sama da ƙasa bakin tekun, ƴan gida da na ƙasashen waje an gano wuraren hawan igiyar ruwa da kuma noma su. Masu hawan igiyar ruwa sun yi tafiye-tafiye zuwa kasar don yin samfurin igiyar ruwa.<ref>Kokutse, Francis (3 January 2009). "Opposition leader wins presidency in Ghana". USA Today. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2014.</ref><ref>Nossiter, Adam (25 July 2012). "John Atta Mills, President of Ghana, Dies at 68". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2014.</ref><ref>Gyimah-Boadi, Emmanuel, "The 2008 Freedom House Survey: Another Step Forward for Ghana." Journal of Democracy 20.2 (2009): 138–152 excerpt. Archived 18 August 2022 at the Wayback Machine.</ref> Masu hawan igiyar ruwa suna ɗaukar allunansu a cikin jiragen ruwan kamun kifi na gargajiya.<ref>Ghanaian President John Dramani Mahama sworn in". Sina Corp. 7 January 2013. 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Archived from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022</ref> — wani dandali ne na bincike da aka yi amfani da shi don ganin dokokin LGBTQ+ na duniya, haƙƙoƙi da ra'ayin jama'a - Makin girman kai na Ghana shine 22 (cikin 100).<ref>Ghana: Geography Physical". photius.com. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013., "Ghana: Location and Size". photius.com. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013.</ref><ref>Ghana: Geography Physical". photius.com. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013., "Ghana: Location and Size". photius.com. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013.</ref> == Operation Cold Chop da kuma bayansa == Daga bisani kuma an hambarar da gwamnatin Nkrumah a wani juyin mulki da sojojin Ghana suka yi wa lakabi da "Operation Cold Chop".<ref>Ghana bolsters medicines regulatory system, guarantees product quality". World Health Organization. 13 May 2020. Archived from the original on 20 May 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.</ref><ref>Diao, Xinshen. Economic Importance of Agriculture for Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction: Findings from a Case Study of Ghana (PDF). Global Forum on Agriculture 29–30 November 2010 – Policies for Agricultural Development, Poverty Reduction and Food Security. Paris. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2018</ref><ref>Ghana – Gross Domestic Product" (PDF). statsghana.gov.gh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012.</ref> Wannan ya faru ne a lokacin da Nkrumah ke kasar waje tare da Zhou Enlai a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin,<ref>New fuel for faster development". worldfolio.co.uk. Archived from the original on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2013</ref><ref>A new era of transformation in Ghana" (PDF). ifpri.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012.: 12</ref><ref>"Ghana Market Update" (PDF). Intercontinental Bank. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2012.: 13 </ref> a wani aiki da ya kai birnin Hanoi na kasar Vietnam, don taimakawa kawo karshen yakin Vietnam. An yi juyin mulkin ne a ranar 24 ga Fabrairun 1966,<ref>Top-Performing African Stock Markets in 2013". africastrictlybusiness.com. 2013. Archived from the original on 21 March 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.</ref><ref>"Is Ghana Entering A Sweet, Golden Era?". African Business. September 2011. Archived from the original on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014.</ref><ref>Cocoa facts and figures – Kakaoplattform". www.kakaoplattform.ch. Archived from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022</ref> karkashin jagorancin Kanar Emmanuel Kwasi Kotoka da Birgediya Akwasi Afrifa. An kafa Majalisar 'Yanci ta Kasa, karkashin jagorancin Laftanar Janar Joseph A. Ankrah.<ref>Forrest, Paul (September 2011). Ghana Market Update (PDF). Intercontinental Bank. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2012</ref><ref>The Top 5 Countries for ICT4D in Africa". ICT Works. ictworks.org. 26 March 2012. Archived from the original on 14 June 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2013.</ref><ref>"The Top 5 Countries for ICT4D in Africa". ICT Works. ictworks.org. 26 March 2012. Archived from the original on 14 June 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2013.</ref> Jerin gwamnatocin soji da na farar hula, wadanda sau da yawa matsalolin tattalin arziki ke shafar su,<ref>Dzawu, Moses Mozart (25 May 2021). "Ghana to Sell Sustainable Bonds for up to $1 Billion by July". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021.</ref><ref>Kofi Adu Domfeh (13 April 2013). "Ghana's model vehicle unveiled by Suame Magazine artisans". Modernghana.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. 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Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2010.</ref><ref>Ghana leader: Oil reserves at 3B barrels". Yahoo News. 22 December 2007. Archived from the original on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2010.</ref><ref>Clark, Nancy L. "Petroleum Exploration". A Country Study: Ghana. Archived 13 July 2012 at archive.today (La Verle Berry, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (November 1994). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Lcweb2.loc.gov Archived 10 July 2012 at archive.today</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba tattalin arziƙin ya ragu, don haka Rawlings ya yi shawarwari kan tsarin daidaitawa, canza tsoffin manufofin tattalin arziki, da haɓakar da aka samu a tsakiyar shekarun 1980.<ref>Aklorbortu, Moses Dotsey (13 May 2013). "Atuabo gas project to propel more growth". Daily Graphic. Archived from the original on 3 May 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2013.</ref><ref>Aklorbortu, Moses Dotsey (13 May 2013). "Atuabo gas project to propel more growth". Daily Graphic. Archived from the original on 3 May 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2013.</ref><ref>Ghana: Why Privatise Ghana Oil?". allafrica.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2013.</ref> An fitar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki mai mayar da siyasar tsarin jam’iyyu da yawa a zaben shugaban kasa na 1992, inda aka zabi Rawlings, da kuma a babban zaben 1996.<ref>"Our world in data report Gold production, 1681 to 2015"</ref><ref>Ghana Gold Production". CEIC Data. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.</ref><ref>Ghana". Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.</ref> A yakin kabilanci da aka yi a Arewacin Ghana a shekarar 1994, tsakanin Konkomba da wasu kabilu da suka hada da Nanumba, Dagomba da Gonja, an kashe mutane 1,000 zuwa 2,000 tare da raba mutane 150,000.<ref>Whitehouse, David (8 October 2019). "Ghana now Africa's largest gold producer, but reforms await". The Africa Report. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.</ref><ref>Ghana Mineral and Mining Sector Investment and Business Guide. International Business Publications, USA. 7 February 2007. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4330-1775-9</nowiki>. Retrieved 16 May 2014. [permanent dead link]</ref><ref>Ghana Mineral and Mining Sector Investment and Business Guide. International Business Publications. 2007. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4330-1775-9</nowiki>. Retrieved 24 June 2013. <nowiki>{{cite book}}</nowiki>: |work= ignored (help) [permanent dead link]</ref> Bayan zaben gama gari na shekara ta 2000, John Kufuor na New Patriotic Party ya zama shugaban kasar Ghana a ranar 7 ga Janairun 2001 kuma aka sake zabe shi a shekara ta 2004,<ref>"Ghana Minerals and Mining Act". ghanalegal.com. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2014</ref><ref>I've been named 'Mr Dumsor' in Ghana – Prez Mahama tells Ghanaians in Germany – See more at". Graphic Online. Graphic Communications Group Ltd (GCGL). 21 January 2015. Archived from the original on 24 April 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2015.</ref><ref>Agbenyega, E. (10 April 2014). "Ghana's power crisis: What about renewable energy?". graphic.com.gh. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.</ref> ta haka ne kuma ya yi wa'adi biyu (kayyade wa'adin) a matsayin shugaban kasar Ghana da kuma alama a karo na farko a karkashin jamhuriya ta hudu cewa an mika mulki daga wani zababben shugaban kasa da shugaban gwamnati zuwa wancan.<ref>Sarkodie, Samuel Asumadu (5 August 2019). "Lessons to be learnt from Ghana's excess electricity shambles". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 8 January 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2019.</ref><ref>OUR WORK IN Ghana". Transparency.org. Transparency International. Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2020.</ref><ref>Science & Technology". Ghanaweb. 24 June 2015. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2016.</ref> Nana Akufo-Addo,<ref>Ghana low plains". photius.com. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013</ref><ref>"Profile of Major Rivers in Ghana" (PDF). Ghana Maritime Authority. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2021.</ref> dan takarar jam’iyya mai mulki, ya sha kaye a zaben gama-gari na 2008 da John Atta Mills na National Democratic Congress ya yi.<ref>World Intellectual Property Organization (2024). Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship. World Intellectual Property Organization. p. 18. doi:10.34667/tind.50062. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-805-3681-2</nowiki>. Retrieved 6 October 2024. <nowiki>{{cite book}}</nowiki>: |website= ignored (help)</ref><ref>Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno; Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha; León, Lorena Rivera; World Intellectual Property Organization (2 November 2023). Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition. World Intellectual Property Organization. doi:10.34667/tind.46596. <nowiki>ISBN 9789280534320</nowiki>. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.</ref><ref>Global Innovation Index". INSEAD Knowledge. 28 October 2013. Archived from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.</ref> Mills ya mutu ne saboda dalilai na halitta kuma mataimakin shugaban kasa John Mahama ya gaje shi a ranar 24 ga Yuli 2012.<ref>Africa's journey to space begins on the ground". BBC News. 2012. Archived from the original on 13 June 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013.</ref><ref>Ghana's Home-Grown Space Program Takes Off". United States: Voice of America. 2013. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013.</ref><ref>Ghana's Home-Grown Space Program Takes Off". United States: Voice of America. 2013. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013.</ref> Bayan babban zaɓe na 2012, Mahama ya zama shugaban ƙasa bisa ga damansa,<ref>"Visit Ghana | Forts and Castles in Ghana". Visit Ghana. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.</ref><ref>Trade Expo International Ghana". uniquetrustex.com. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013.</ref><ref>Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Forts and Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western Regions". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 27 October 2005. Retrieved 12 September 2020.</ref> kuma an kwatanta Ghana a matsayin "tabbatacciyar dimokuradiyya".<ref>"Forbes: Ghana is eleventh friendliest nation". vibeghana.com. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.</ref><ref>Saxena, Kanika (21 December 2018). "Wish To Experience The Thrill Of Surfing in Ghana? Here's Where You Should Go!". Archived from the original on 21 May 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021.</ref><ref>"2024 Global Peace Index"</ref> Sakamakon babban zaben shekarar 2016,[60] Nana Akufo-Addo ya zama shugaban kasa a ranar 7 ga Janairu 2017.<ref>I'm sharing Ghana's Destination Pride Flag. What does your country score?". Destination Pride. Archived from the original on 16 March 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019.</ref><ref>Thompson, Ryan E. (16 February 2018). "Tools to help the LGBTQ community travel more safely". CBC Life. Archived from the original on 18 July 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2019.</ref><ref>Ghana Population (2024) - Worldometer". www.worldometers.info. Retrieved 28 September 2024</ref> An sake zabe shi ne bayan da aka gudanar da zaben fidda gwani a shekarar 2020.<ref>Health Nutrition and Population Statistics – DataBank". databank.worldbank.org. Archived from the original on 25 February 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2018.</ref><ref>2010 Population & Housing Census: National Analytical Report" (PDF). Ghana Statistical Service. May 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2014.</ref><ref>"Ghana Owes no Apology to Anybody for Aliens Compliance Order". vibeghana.com. 14 April 2013. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2013</ref> Don magance sare dazuzzuka, a ranar 11 ga watan Yunin 2021 Ghana ta kaddamar da ranar Green Ghana,<ref>Median age of population". United Nations Data Portal Population Division. Retrieved 28 September 2024</ref><ref>The History of Ghana's 1969 Aliens Compliance Order". davidson.edu. 29 March 2012. Archived from the original on 17 September 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2013.</ref><ref>Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (30 July 2022). "Ghana Must Go: Nativism and the Politics of Expulsion in West Africa, 1969–1985". 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Bibcode:2023Heliy...915491A. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15491. ISSN 2405-8440. PMC 10149250. <nowiki>PMID 37131451</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Climate Watch. "Ghana". www.climatewatchdata.org. Retrieved 10 March 2025.</ref><ref>Government and Politics". A Country Study: Ghana Archived 13 July 2012 at archive.today (La Verle Berry, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (November 1994). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Lcweb2.loc.gov Archived 10 July 2012 at archive.today</ref> Kwallon kafa na ƙungiyar babban wasan kwaikwayo ne na Spector a Ghana.<ref>Ghana". Climatelinks. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2020.</ref><ref>Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; Hahn, Nathan; Palminteri, Suzanne; Hedao, Prashant; Noss, Reed; Hansen, Matt; Locke, Harvey; Ellis, Erle C; Jones, Benjamin; Barber, Charles Victor; Hayes, Randy; Kormos, Cyril; Martin, Vance; Crist, Eileen; Sechrest, Wes; Price, Lori; Baillie, Jonathan E. M.; Weeden, Don; Suckling, Kierán; Davis, Crystal; Sizer, Nigel; Moore, Rebecca; Thau, David; Birch, Tanya; Potapov, Peter; Turubanova, Svetlana; Tyukavina, Alexandra; de Souza, Nadia; Pintea, Lilian; Brito, José C.; Llewellyn, Othman A.; Miller, Anthony G.; Patzelt, Annette; Ghazanfar, Shahina A.; Timberlake, Jonathan; Klöser, Heinz; Shennan-Farpón, Yara; Kindt, Roeland; Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow; van Breugel, Paulo; Graudal, Lars; Voge, Maianna; Al-Shammari, Khalaf F.; Saleem, Muhammad (2017). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. <nowiki>PMID 28608869</nowiki>.</ref> Ghana ta lashe Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta hudu, Gasar Cinta U-20 sau daya, kuma ta halarci gasar cin kofin duniya na FI-17 sau biyu.<ref>Top 10 biggest dams". Water Technology. 29 September 2013. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2021.</ref><ref>Ghana high plains". photius.com. Retrieved 24 June 2013</ref> Hukumar kula da kasa da kasa da kasa ta Tarihi da kididdiga suna zage Kotoko SC a matsayin kulob na Afirka na karni na 20.<ref>History of Akosombo dam". www.ghanaweb.com. Archived from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>Tuebner, Robert (7 June 2023). "Ghana Climate Change Report" (PDF). USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. Retrieved 25 May 2024.</ref> Ghana tana shirin a wasannin Commonwealth, a cikin kowane bugu tun 1954 (banda wasanni 1984). Kasar Ghana ta lashe lambobin yabo 57 a wasannin Commonwealth, da 15 zinare, tare da dukkan lambobin su suna shigowa a wasannin motsa jiki da dambe. Kasar ta kuma samar da dambe da yawa, ciki har da Azumah Nelson wani dan kwallon duniya uku,<ref>Hinson, Tamara (28 August 2014). "11 of the world's most unusual surf spots". CNN. CNN. Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.</ref> Kuma Joshuwa Clotty.<ref>"UNDP Climate Change Country Profile: Ghana". ncsp.undp.org. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013.</ref>[[File:Black Star Gate.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Kofar Black Star, Ghana]] == Yankunan Gwamnati == Waɗannan sune yankunan Gwamnatin ƙasar Ghana da biranen su:<ref>Bernd Kortmann Walter de Gruyter (2004). A handbook of varieties of English. 1. Phonology, Volume 2. Oxford University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5</nowiki>. Retrieved 11 November 2013.</ref><ref>The Bureau of Ghana Languages-BGL". National Commission on Culture. 2006. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2013.</ref><ref>Study of Ghanaian Languages". africa.upenn.edu. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2013.</ref> <div style="overflow:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" |- ![[Yankunan Ghana]] !Area (km²) !Babban Birnin Yanki ! |- |border="1"|[[Yankin Ashanti]] |style="text-align:center;"|24,389 | style="text-align:center;"|[[Kumasi]] | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="10" |- |border="1"|[[Yankin Brong-Ahafo]] |style="text-align:center;"|39,557 | style="text-align:center;"|[[Sunyani]] |- |border="1"|[[Yankin Tsakiya (Ghana)|Yankin ta Tsakiya]] |style="text-align:center;"|9,826 | style="text-align:center;"|[[Cape Coast]] |- |border="1"|[[Yankin Gabashi (Ghana)|Yankin Gabashi]] |style="text-align:center;"|19,323 |style="text-align:center;"|[[Koforidua]] |- |border="1"|[[Yankin Greater Accra]] |style="text-align:center;"|3,245 | style="text-align:center;"|[[Accra]] |- |border="1"|[[Yankin Arewaci (Ghana)|Yankin Arewaci]] |style="text-align:center;"|70,384 | style="text-align:center;"|[[Tamale, Ghana|Tamale]] |- |border="1"|[[Yankin Upper East]] |style="text-align:center;"|8,842 | style="text-align:center;"|[[Bolgatanga]] |- |border="1"|[[Yankin Upper West]] |style="text-align:center;"|18,476 | style="text-align:center;"|[[Wa, Ghana|Wa]] |- |border="1"|[[Yankin Volta]] |style="text-align:center;"|20,570 | style="text-align:center;"|[[Ho, Ghana|Ho]] |- |border="1"|[[Yankin Yammaci, Ghana|Yankin Yammaci]] |style="text-align:center;"|23,941 | style="text-align:center;"|[[Sekondi-Takoradi]] |} [[Fayil:Regions of Ghana by HDI (2017).svg|thumb|yankin ghana]] == Al'adu == <gallery> File:A_drone_footage_of_Accra_central,_Ghana.jpg|birnin Accra Ghana File:An_evening_at_Labadi.jpg|Da yammaci a birnin Labadi, Ghana File:Fishermen_at_work.jpg|Masunta a bakin aiki, Ghana File:Ghana_road_transport.jpg|Ghana File:Accra_Central,_Accra,_Ghana.jpg|Birnin Accra File:Beach_with_palms_Ghana.jpg|Bakin Teku, Ghana File:Black_Star_Gate_located_in_Accra.jpg|Black Star Gate File:Borla_beach_Accra_Ghana.3.jpg|Kogin Borla Ghana File:Gold_Coast_Regiment_1-_Kumasi.jpg|Gold Coast Regiment File:Accra_Osu_18851914_300dpi.jpg|Accra Osu File:FB 20151104 19 47 22 Saved Picture(1).jpg|Yan rawar gargajiya a Ghana File:Traditional Adowa dance form and music performance.ogv|Yan rawar Adowa File:Kpetoee.jpg|Shigabannin gargajiya da shigar al'ada ta mutanen kasar Ghana File:Masquerades Dancing in Takoradi.jpg|Rawan Masquerades a garin Takoradi dake Ghana </gallery></div> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Afirka}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ghana}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Afirka]] q3jtsqa9cpqy851vcn601v59grop6p6 0 7422 822219 605769 2026-04-18T12:19:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 822219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bashir Usman Tofa''' ko kuma '''Bashir Othman Tofa''' ɗan [[siyasa]] ne a [[Najeriya]]. [[Musulmi]] kuma [[Kanuri]] wanda ya taso a birnin [[Kano]], Tofa shi ne ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar ''National Republican Convention (NRC)'' a zaɓen da gwamnatin soja ta [[Ibrahim Babangida]] ta shirya a shekara ta 1993. Ya rasu a ranar 3 ga Janairun, shekara ta 2022 bayan gajeriyar rashin lafiya. == Rayuwar sa == An haifi Bashir Usman tofa a Kano a ranar 20, ga watan [[Yuni]] na shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da bakwai ( 1947) miladiyya. Yayi makarantar firamare ta Shahuci Junior primary school [[Kano]], sai ya cigaba da karatu a makarantar City Senior Primary School a birnin na Kano. Tsakanin shekara ta 1962-1966 ne , ya halarci makarantar Provincial College Kano. Bayan kammala karatu a wannan makarantar ne ya fara aiki da kamfanin ''Royal Exchange Insurance'' tsakanin shekara ta 1967-1968. Daga shekara ta 1970 zuwa shekara ta 1973 ya je makarantar ''City London College'' Tofa ya shiga harkar [[siyasa]] ne a shekara ta 1977 lokacin da yayi Kamsila a mazabar [[Dawakin Tofa]]. Sai aka sake zabarsa mamba a majalisar jaha. A jamhuriya ta biyu ne Tofa ya zama sakataren jam'iyyar NPN a [[jihar Kano]] har na wasu lokuta. Sannan kuma ya zama sakataren kudi na jam'iyyar . A jamhuriya ta uku (3) kuma , Tofa ya hade da jam'iyyar NRC a shekara ta 1990. A 1993 lokacin Janar Badamasi Babangida yana shugaban soja a [[Najeriya]] ne ya shirya tare da gabatar da tsari '''OPTION A4''', aka zabi Tofa a matsayin dan takarar shugaban kasa mai wakiltar [[kano]] kuma ya kayar da Pere Ajunwa da Joe Nwodu da [[Dalhatu] Sarki Tafida] a zaben fidda gwani inda ya dauki tikitin yima jam'iyyar ta NRC takara. Tofa ya yi takara da Sylvesta Ugo a matsayin mataimakin sa. Tofa yayi rashin nasara a zaben hannun Moshood Kaahimawo Olawole Abiola, bayarbe daga yankin yammacin kasar. Amma daga bisani gwamnatin ta Babangida bata fidda cikakken sakamakon zaɓen ba. Tofa kuma ɗan kasuwa ne , ɗan kasuwar Mai ne da kuma masana'antu. Shine shugaban kamfanin INTERNATIONAL PETRO-ENERGY COMPANY (IPEC) da kuma ABBA OTHMAN AND SONS LTD. kuma ya zama mamba a kungiyar Century Merchant Bank and General Metal Products. Ya rasu a ranar 3 ga Janairu shekarar 2022 bayan gajeriyar rashin lafiya. {{Hujja}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Tofa, Bashir Usman}} [[Category:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] 0ckpbcb7375x48kwef8pirjp1cn40sx 3 8997 822317 742274 2026-04-18T16:54:04Z Pharouqenr 25549 /* Muhimmancin karasa mukala da manazarta */ sabon sashe 822317 wikitext text/x-wiki == Sannu da zuwa == Barka da taimako [[user:Musaddam Idriss|Musaddam]], dafatan zaka cigaba da taimakawa. Idan baka fahimci wasu abubuwa ba ko kana son neman bayani, zaka iya tambaya na anan --> [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 20:55, 12 Disamba 2018 (UTC) Madallah yallabai, nagode. Zan so kuma nayi tambaya akan yadda zan sanya hoto a makala idan na rubuta a wannan shafi na Wikipedia. Nagode. Zaka iya duba wadannan shafukan guda biyu → [[wikipedia:Taimako|Taimako]], da [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]. == Hausa Wikimedians UG == Sannu da aiki Musaddam! Ina maison sanar dakai cewar akwai shafinmu na masu taimako a harshen Hausa [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]], akwai bukatan ka ziyarta kuma ka sanya sunanka a amatsayin memba. Nagode Hello! [[User:Musaddam Idriss|Musaddam Idriss]] I would like to let you know that I have started our Hausa editors community user group [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] in order to have a connected and collaborative working environment, that would serve as a primary place for co-ordinating of activities that would support us all in our editing and other related endeavors to improve and make quality contents of the Wikimedia projects. Please don't hesitate to add yourself. Thanks [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 01:50, 15 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) Slm [[user:Musaddam Idriss|Musaddam Idriss]], Naga message dinka a shafi na na MetaWiki, da ma inason sanar da kai cewar, yanzu amatsayin mu na masu taimakon rubuta Hausa Wikipedia (editors) muna shirye-shirye dan ganin mun samu cigaban Project dinmu, da kuma fadada ayyukan mu, Kawai ka shiga nan → [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] sai kaje wurin members kasa sign din nan <nowiki> ~~~~ </nowiki> guda hudu, sai kayi save, zaka ga sunanka amatsayin member. Nagode, ko kuma ka rubuta username dinka da kanka. Nagode. Amma zanso insamu contact dinka, dan inason tattaunawa da Kai. Kuma idan ka gama rubuta bayani a shafin tattaunawa (kamar nan da muke magana) kawai ka rubuta (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>) guda hudu, banda bracket din, to zaka ga sunan ka, da kwanan wata ya fito da kanshi. Kamar yadda zaka ga nawa a kasa. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 04:53, 10 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) Barka da aiki [[user:Musaddam Idriss|Musaddam Idriss]], Dangane da kokarin da mukeyi na ganin munsami amincewar UserGroup dinmu na HausaWikimedians, daga cikin tattaunawar da mukeyi da WikimedianFoundation (WMF), sun umurce mu, da cewan mu goge sunayen da kuka rubuta a members section na group din, sai mu sanar-daku, Ku sake rubuta sunanku a karo na biyu. dafatan zakayi kokari wurin sake sanya sunanka → Hausa Wikimedians User Group. Nagode sosai. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 12:18, 24 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) == Admin == Barka da ƙoƙari [[user:Musaddam Idriss|Musaddam Idriss]], Inason sanar da kai cewa ina neman abani ikon gudanarwan administrator anan, zaka iya duba bukata na anan [[Wikipedia:Kofan_al%27umma#Admin_Request|Admin Request]], dafatan zaka goyi baya ta hanyar sanya <nowiki>*'''Support''' --~~~~</nowiki>. Nagode sosai.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 22:08, 17 Satumba 2019 (UTC) ==Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos na Hausa Community== <div style="padding:3em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue',sans-serif; font-size:110%; line-height:1.75;"> Muna gayyatan kudan shiga gasar '''WPWP Contest na Hausa Community'''! '''Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos na Hausa Community''' gasa ce ta duk shekara wanda editoci a Wikipedia daga [[m:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Community User Group]] ke sanya hotuna a mukalolin da basu da ko keda karancin hoto articles. Wannan dan a inganta da karfafa amfani ne da dubannin hotunan da ake samu ne daga gasa daban-daban na hotuna da ake gudanarwa duk shekara, wanda Wikimedia community ke shiryawa a Wikipedia. hoto na inganta fahimtar mai karatu, da bayyana bayani, da sanya mukaloli suyi kyau. Gasar Kuma zata ba sabbin editoci da tsoffi damar inganta kwarewa, dan shiga samun kwarewa tuntube mu anan [[Special:Emailuser/M-Mustapha|Emel]]. <br /> <span style="background:#ffbd4a;color:yellow;padding:5px;"><!--T:24-->[[Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos for Hausa Community|Danna nan dan shiga gasa da Karin bayani.]]</span>.<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp>Em</samp>[[User:M-Mustapha|-]]</span><span style="font-weight: normal; background-color: #804; color: #5b2;"><samp>mustapha</samp></span> ^{<samp>[[user talk:M-Mustapha|t@lk]]</samp>} 04:13, 26 ga Yuni, 2020 (UTC) == Gasar Hausa Wikipedia == '''Assalamu alaikum''' @[[User:Musaddam Idriss|Musaddam Idriss]]''',''' Ina mai sanar da kai cewa za'a sanar da sakamakon gasa gobe idan Allah ya kaimu, ka duba wannan shafin domin ganin sakamakon gasa, sannan kyaututtuka za'a bayar dasu ne lokaci kadan bayan sanarwan. [[WP:Gasar Hausa Wikipedia ta Shekara-shekara]].- [[User:Anasskoko|<b style="color:#00BFFF">An@ss_koko</b>]][[User talk:Anasskoko|<sup style="color:#7F007F">(Yi Magana)</sup>]] 11:02, 23 ga Yuni, 2021 (UTC) == Early Wiki Anniversary Wishes 🎉 == <div style="border: 3px solid #f75920; background: #f8f9fa; padding: 15px; margin: 10px 0; font-size: 95%; line-height: 1.6em;"> [[File:Rose and Carnation Flower Bouquet 02.png|150px|right|Happy Wiki Anniversary]] Dear [[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]], Your wiki anniversary is just around the corner, in '''3 days!''' What a wonderful milestone of '''7 years''' on Wiki (as per SUL). Your incredible contributions, with over '''26,421''' edits, have truly made a difference. Here's to another amazing year of collaboration and knowledge sharing! ''Use this [https://suyashdwivedi.github.io/Wiki_Tools/Wiki_Anniversary.html '''Tool'''] to send wiki anniversary wishes to other amazing Wikimedians.'' - [[User:Suyash.dwivedi|Suyash.dwivedi]] ([[User talk:Suyash.dwivedi|talk]]) 15:51, 5 Disamba 2025 (UTC) </div> :Thank you so much for the special anniversary wishes sir @[[User:Suyash.dwivedi|Suyash.dwivedi]]. [[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] ([[User talk:De-Invincible|talk]]) 03:50, 6 Disamba 2025 (UTC) == Muhimmancin karasa mukala da manazarta == barka da aiki @[[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] kana kokari wajan kirkirar mukala, kuma na yaba da ingancin mukalunka. Saidai wani hanzari ba gudu ba, a ka'idar wikipedia dole ne saka manazarta koda guda daya ne a jikin mukala, sannan ya kamata idan an fara mukala a dinga karasa ta kafin a tsallaka wata daban. wadannan sune jerin mukalun dake bukatar inantawa: [[Akurya]] [[Musa Lawan Majakura]] [[Jennifer Abbott ne]] bissalam. [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 16:54, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) qrgunpwmj58gtdg7mhwa777vhskspuh 0 14724 822282 783852 2026-04-18T16:31:30Z Mangal Rabiu 44091 822282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wale Adenuga''' (saurara ⓘ ) (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Satumban shekarar 1950) ya kasance tsohon ɗan wasan barkwanci /mawallafi ne ɗan [[Najeriya]], kuma a halin yanzu mai shirya shirye-shirye ne, wanda aka fi sani da shirye-shiryen ''Ikebe Super'', ''Binta da Friends'' da ''[[Super Story]]'', da kuma sigar talabijin ɗinsu ta kamfanin shirya fina-finai na WAP . == Rayuwa ta farko == Ɗan wani mai sayar da taba, Adenuga ya girma a [[Ibadan]] kuma ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta [[Ibadan]] inda ya sami takardar shaidar O-Level, kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin King's, Legas]] don samun takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare inda ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta pop wadda ta wargaje bayan kammala karatunsu na sakandare. <ref name="Intimate Secrets">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Bugawa == Adenuga ya kuma yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] a shekarar 1971, kuma ya yi aiki a sashen zane mai ban dariya na [[Mujalla|Mujallar]] Harabar Jami'ar inda ba da daɗewa ba aka naɗa shi Babban Mai Zane-zane. A shekarar 1975, bayan kammala karatunsa da [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|hidimar matasa]] a [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya|Bendel]], an ƙaddamar da wasan barkwancinsa ''Ikebe Super'', ya gabatar da fitattun jarumai da dama ciki har da mai son mata [[Papa Ajasco]], Pa Jimoh mara karatu, da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Alinco. Daga baya aka gabatar da wata fitacciyar jarumar mace, Miss Pepeiye, wacce ta yi zinare. Sauran mujallun Adenuga su ne ''Super Story'', waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan batutuwan barkwanci da ''Binta'', wani littafin yara. <ref name="Intimate Secrets">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html "The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga"]. ''Modern Ghana''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> == Fim/Talabijin == A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, koma bayan tattalin arziƙi ya shafi wallafe-wallafen Najeriya, wanda ya bar Adenuga da shawarar ƙaura daga bugawa zuwa kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki. Kafin ci gaban [[Nollywood|masana'antar fina-finai]], Adenuga ya fitar da fim ɗin celluloid ''Papa Ajasco'', wanda aka gina bisa ga babban jarumin a cikin ''Ikebe Super'', a cikin 1983. ''Papa Ajasco'' ya kafa tarihi a matsayin barkwancin Ingilishi na farko a cikin masana'antar da aka mamaye ta hanyar shirye-shiryen [[Yarbanci|Yarabawa]] . <ref>{{cite news |last=Kasali |first=Segun |date=2021-10-30 |title=Nigerians are natural actors — Wale Adenuga MFR |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/nigerians-are-natural-actors-wale-adenuga-mfr/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}</ref> An fitar da wani nau'in fim na ''Binta'' a cikin 1995, kuma shekaru biyu bayan haka an watsa shirin talabijin ''[[Papa Ajasco|na Papa Ajasco]]'' (wanda a da ake kira ''The Ajasco Family'' ) a [[Gidan Telebijin na AIT|AIT]] don yin bita mai ban sha'awa. Wannan ƙaramin sigar allo ya ga dawowar tsoffin haruffa tare da Pa James wanda aka ƙirƙira don guje wa ɓata wa Musulmai rai. ("Ba mu so [Musulmi] wanda ya yi abubuwan ban dariya a matsayin Pa Jimoh shi kaɗai ba.") == Cibiyoyi == A ranar 24 ga Satumban shekarar 1994, Adenuga da matarsa Ehiwenma suka kafa Makarantar Binta International School a Legas, wata gidauniya da ta sadaukar da kanta ga inganta ilimi a Najeriya. A shekara ta 2004, Adenuga ta buɗe Cibiyar Fina-finai da Talabijin ta Pencil (PEFTI). Darussan da take koyarwa sun haɗa da Shiryawa, Darakta, da kuma [[Cinematography|Fina-finai]] . A shekara ta 2009, an kuma nuna makarantar a cikin wani shirin gaskiya na ''De Film Industries van Nigeria'', wani shirin gaskiya na ƙasar Denmark kan masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya. == Kyaututtuka == * Kyauta 5 a Bikin Fina-finai na Najeriya a shekara ta 2002: Mafi kyawun Furodusa, Mafi kyawun Marubuci, Mafi kyawun Darakta, Mafi kyawun Wasan kwaikwayo na Talabijin da Mafi kyawun Shirye-shiryen Talabijin Masu Alaƙa da Jama'a. * [[Order of the Federal Republic|Memba na Dokar Jamhuriyar Tarayya]] (MFR), 2009 == Rayuwa ta sirri == Adenuga ya auri Ehiwenma tun daga shekarar 1975. <ref name="myhubby">{{Cite web |title=My hubby not a womaniser – Mrs. Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/5692/3/my-hubby-not-a-womaniser-mrs-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Wikiquote-inline}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] oq2xtq2z42fbjs0lc8nxvb9mdhdzjl9 0 15430 822313 450128 2026-04-18T16:44:50Z BnHamid 12586 Added external links 822313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cynthia Onyedikachi Aku''' (an haife ta ranar 31 ga watan Disamba, 1999) ƙwararriyar ’yar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Nijeriya, wacce ke buga wa ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Rivers Angels a gasar Firimiyar Mata ta Najeriya .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/cynthia-aku_prs384316/person.shtml|title=Cynthia Aku|website=EuroSport|access-date=2019-07-21}}</ref> Aku ta wakilci Najeriya a matakin matasa, kafin ta fara buga wasa a wata babbar kungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/155605-women-u-21-world-cup-coach-nkiyu-names-25-nigeria.html|title=Women U-21 World Cup: Coach Nkiyu names 25 for Nigeria|last=Ogala Emmanuel|date=2014-02-22|website=Premium Times|access-date=2019-07-21}}</ref> == Kariyan ta == A gasar cin kofin mata na WAFU Zone B na 2019, an zabe ta a matsayin yar wasan kwallon kafa a wasan da Najeriya ta doke Niger da ci 15-0.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/super-falcons-thrash-niger-15-0-to-reach-semifinals-of-2019-wafu-womens-cup/25m0ytj|title=Super Falcons thrash Niger 15-0 to reach semifinals of 2019 WAFU Women's Cup|date=May 12, 2019|website=Pulse|access-date=2019-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/tochukwu-oluehi-not-included-in-nigerias-wafu-womens-cup/4viww3vdu5ofzq5zlvbluhik|title=Tochukwu Oluehi not included in Nigeria's WAFU Women's Cup squad|date=May 6, 2019|website=Goal.com|access-date=2019-07-21}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway|333749}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aku, Cynthia}} [[Category:Haihuwan 1999]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Yan kwallan kafa]] [[Category:Mata yan kwallon kafa]] te4vsxgfx36512ib8mkp7b3kli3sqpr 0 21845 822268 785788 2026-04-18T16:26:23Z Mangal Rabiu 44091 822268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Filin Shakatawa na Pendjari''' (Faransanci: ''Parc National de la Pendjari''), Yana arewa maso yammacin Benin, kusa da [[Filin shakatawa na Arli|Filin Shakatawa na Arli]] a Ƙasar [[Burkina Faso]]. An kuma yi suna don [[Kogin Oti|Kogin Pendjari]], Wurin shakatawar na ƙasa an san shi da namun daji kuma gida ne ga wasu daga cikin yawan mutanen da suka yi babban wasa kamar giwar daji ta Afirka, zaki, dorinar ruwa, bauna na Afirka, da dabbobin daji daban-daban a Afirika ta Yamma. Gidan shakatawar kuma sananne ne saboda wadataccen tsuntsaye. Gandun dajin na Pendjari yanki ne da ya kai muraba'in kilomita 2,755 (hamsin 275,500) a can arewa maso-yammacin Benin. Wurin shakatawan na daga cikin WAP hadadden (W-Arli-Pendjari) wanda yake yanki ne mai kariya sosai a cikin kasashen Benin, [[Burkina Faso]] da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]]. Duwatsu da tsaunuka na zangon Atakora suna sanya arewa maso yamma ɗaya daga cikin yankuna mafi kyau na ƙasar Benin. Suna ba da kyakkyawan tarihi ga Pendjari National Park, wanda, a keɓance da shi, ya kasance ɗayan mafi ban sha'awa a Afirka ta Yamma. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2009 an zaɓi shi a matsayin wani yanki na shirin shirin UNESCO na Tarihin Duniya, kuma a watan Yulin shekarar 2017 an sanya shi a hukumance a matsayin (UNESCO) World Heritage Site a matsayin wani bangare na fadada kasa da kasa na W-Arly-Pendjari Complex. == Ilimin Lafiya == Duwatsun na yankin ba su da katako tare da ''Burkea africana, Detarium microcarpum, Lannea acida, Sterculia setigera'' da ''Combretum ghasalense''. Ana kuma iya samun nau'ika-nau'ikan tsirrai masu yawa tare da ''Isoberlinia doka'' da ''Afzelia africana''. Kogin Pendjari yana da gandun daji mai ban sha'awa. Wurin shakatawa ya hada da Sudan da arewacin Guinea savannas, tare da yankunan ciyawar da ''Acacia sieberiana'' da ''Mitragyna inermis'' ko ''Terminalia macroptera'' suka mamaye. Akwai babban ruwan sama na shekara shekara kusan milimita 1,100 (inci 43); Filin shakatawa a bude yake duk shekara, kodayake daga Yuni zuwa Nuwamba ruwan sama na iya zama mai nauyi kuma wasu sassan wurin shakatawa ba za a iya shiga ba.<gallery> File:Pendjari.JPG|Tsarin fili File:Pendjari fluss.JPG|Kogin Pendjari da ke cikin gandun dajin a lokacin rani: dama Burkina Faso, hagu Benin </gallery> == Furanni da Dabbobi == === Dabbobi masu shayarwa === {{multiple image|direction=vertical|image3=Pendjari kuhantilopen.JPG|caption3=Western hartebeest|image2=Pendjari büffel.JPG|caption2=African buffaloes|image1=Elephants Pendjari.jpg|caption1=Pendjari is an important refuge for the [[African elephant]] in West Africa|image5=West African male lion.jpg|caption5=Lion in Pendjari National Park|image4=Bubale roux au parc national Pendjari.jpg|caption4=[[Hartebeest]] (Alcelaphus buselaphus) in Pendjari}} Filin shakatawar na Pendjari yana da yawan giwaye, wanda ya daidaita a cikin shekarun da suka gabata kuma ya kirga mutane sama da 800 tsakanina shekarar 2005 da 2010.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Bouché, P.|journal=PLOS ONE|pmc=3120750|pmid=21731620|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0020619|pages=e20619|issue=6|volume=6|title=Will Elephants Soon Disappear from West African Savannahs?|author2=Douglas-Hamilton, I.|year=2011|name-list-style=amp|author7=Vermeulen, C.|author6=Lejeune, P.|author5=Doucet, J.L.|author4=Nianogo, A.J.|author3=Wittemyer, G.|citeseerx=10.1.1.290.2335}}</ref> Ciki har da [[Filin shakatawa na W]] mai makwabtaka da [[Filin shakatawa na Arly]] (WAP Complex), yawan jama'ar ya hada da giwaye sama da 3,800, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama babbar giwar giwa a duk yammacin Afirka.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Clerici, N.|author2=Bodini, A.|author3=Eva, H.|author4=Grégoire, J.M.|author5=Dulieu, D.|name-list-style=amp|author6=Paolini, C.|year=2007|title=Increased isolation of two Biosphere Reserves and surrounding protected areas (WAP ecological complex, West Africa)|journal=Journal for Nature Conservation|volume=15|issue=1|pages=26–40|doi=10.1016/j.jnc.2006.08.003}}</ref> Na biyu mafi girma ajin shakatawa shine damisa. Har ila yau, akwai manyan mutane da yawa na wasu manyan ciyayi masu yawa kamar baffalo na Afirka (''Syncerus caffer brachyceros''; c. Dabbobi 2,700 a 2000), yammacin hartebeests (''Alcelaphus buselaphus babba''; c. 1,500 a 2000), roan dabbar daji (c. 2,000 a 2000), Babban dabba (c. 2,600 a 2000), da gandun daji. Wasu ire-iren dabbobin daji irin su korrigum (''Damaliscus lunatus korrigum''), bushbuck, da reedbuck ba su da yawa. Ananan bovids sune duiker mai jan ja, oribi, da duiker gama gari. Firayun zaitun, biri patas, da biri na tantalus suna wakiltar Primates.<ref name="Sinsin et al. 2002">{{cite journal|authors=Sinsin, B., Tehou, A.C., Daouda, I. and Saidou, A.|year=2002|title=Abundance and species richness of larger mammals in Pendjari National Park in Benin|journal=Mammalia|volume=66|issue=3|pages=369–380|doi=10.1515/mamm.2002.66.3.369}}</ref> Dayan manyan masu farauta a yankin da aka kiyaye shine cheetah ta Arewa maso Yammacin Afirka (''Acinonyx jubatus hecki''). Ya zuwa shekarar 2007, mutane kusan 5-13 ne suka rage a gandun dajin da kuma [[Filin shakatawa na W]] mai makwabtaka.<ref>{{cite iucn|author=Belbachir, F.|title=''Acinonyx jubatus'' ssp. ''hecki''|date=2008|page=e.T221A13035738}}</ref> Zuwa shekarar 2009, zaki (Panthera leo leo) da ke cikin W-Arly-Pendjari Complex ya kunshi dabbobi kusan 100 kuma watakila shi ne mafi girma a Afirka ta Yamma a lokacin.<ref name="HenschelAzani">{{cite journal|author=Henschel, P.|journal=Cat News|archive-date=30 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730134841/http://www.panthera.org/sites/default/files/Henscheletal_2010_LionstatusupdatesfromfiverangecountriesinWestandCentralAfrica_CatNews.pdf|access-date=5 November 2018|url=http://www.panthera.org/sites/default/files/Henscheletal_2010_LionstatusupdatesfromfiverangecountriesinWestandCentralAfrica_CatNews.pdf|pages=34–39|volume=52|title=Lion status updates from five range countries in West and Central Africa|author2=Azani, D.|year=2010|author7=Hunter, L.|author6=Sam, M.|author5=Saidu, Y.|author4=Malanda, G.|author3=Burton, C.|url-status=dead}}</ref> An kuma rubuta karen daji na Yammacin Afirka da ke cikin hatsari (''Lycaon hoto manguensis'') a cikin Filin shakatawa na Pendjari a lokacin bincike a cikin Afrilu 2000, da damisar Afirka, hyena mai hangowa, duwawu mai gefe-gefe, da civet na Afirka.<ref name="Sinsin et al. 2002">{{cite journal|authors=Sinsin, B., Tehou, A.C., Daouda, I. and Saidou, A.|year=2002|title=Abundance and species richness of larger mammals in Pendjari National Park in Benin|journal=Mammalia|volume=66|issue=3|pages=369–380|doi=10.1515/mamm.2002.66.3.369}}</ref> Adadin ruwa (''Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa'') ya ragu daga kusan 3,000 a cikin 1970s zuwa 120 kawai a 2004.<ref>{{cite journal|authors=Kassa, B., Libois, R. and Sinsin, B.|year=2007|title=Diet and food preference of the waterbuck (''Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa'') in the Pendjari National Park, Benin|journal=African Journal of Ecology|volume=46|issue=3|pages=303–310|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120121665/abstract|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121021235339/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120121665/abstract|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-10-21|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00827.x|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Rayuwar tsuntsaye === {{multiple image|direction=vertical|image2=Martin-pêcheur pie autour de la reserve de biosphère de la Pendjari.jpg|caption2=Pied Kingfisher (Ceryle rudis) a cikin Pendjari|image3=Chamaeleo senegalensis around the Pendjari Biosphere Reserve.jpg|caption3=Chamaeleo senegalensis a cikin Pendjari Reserve|image4=Crapauds africains autour de la Reserve de Biosphère de la Pendjari.jpg|caption4='Yan Afirka a cikin Pendjari Reserve|image5=Le caméléon sur le delonia regix.jpg|caption5=Chameleon a kan Delonix regia|image6=Acraea caecilia autour du Parc National de la Pendjari.jpg|caption6=Acraea caecilia a cikin Pendjari|image7=Lucia widow autour du Parc National de la Pendjari.jpg|caption7=Palpopleura lucia a cikin Pendjari}} Ungulu mai kaho (''Necrosyrtes monachus'') mazaunin yanki ne mai kariya, amma a ƙananan lambobi.<ref>{{cite journal|authors=Thiollay, J.M.|year=2006|title=The decline of raptors in West Africa: long‐term assessment and the role of protected areas|journal=Ibis|volume=148|issue=2|pages=240–254|doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.2006.00531.x}}</ref> Filin shakatawr sananne ne saboda yalwar nau'in tsuntsaye.<ref name="Mongabay2018">{{cite news|author=Dasgupta, S.|title=$23.5 million funding pledge aims to protect critical West African national park|publisher=[[Mongabay]]|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2018/02/23-5-million-funding-pledge-aims-to-protect-critical-west-african-national-park/|date=2018-02-01|access-date=2018-02-01}}</ref> Akwai wasu nau'ikan daban daban har 300. Ana kuma yin rikodin jigilar ruwa (''Circus macrourus'') da ƙaramar kestrel (''Falco naumanni'') lokaci-lokaci kuma akwai ''record'' na rubuce-rubucen da aka keɓe don ɓarnar fushin ungulu (''Torgos tracheliotus''). Fox kestrel (''Falco alopex'') ba sabon abu bane, yayin da kitsen da ya haɗiye ɗan Afirka (''Chelictinia riocourii'') baƙo ne na baƙon rani. Hakanan an yi rikodin gaggafa (''Hieraaetus pennatus'') a nan. BirdLife ta lura da cewa "Pendjari sananne ne ga manyan nau'ikan fitattun abubuwa kamarsu stork na Afirka (''Anastomus lamelligerus''), na Abdim's stork (''Ciconia abdimii''), stork-billed stork (''Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis''), kuma a wasu lokutan, garken tumaki na turai har 60 (''Ciconia ciconia''). Hakanan ana iya samun gaggafar kifin Afirka (''Haliaeetus vocifer'') da kuma mujiya mai kama da kamun kifi na Pel (''Scotopelia peli'')." Daga cikin shahararrun jinsunan da aka rubuta akwai hadiya mai fuka-fukai (''Hirundo leucosoma''), farin-kambin robin-chat (''Cossypha albicapillus''), wheotar Botta (''Oenanthe bottae''), sananniyar hira (''Cercomela familiaris''), fararen fata na gaba-fari (''Myrmecocichla albifrons''), yin izgili da hira (''Thamnolaea cinnamomeiventris''), dutsen da aka saba da shi (''Monticola saxitilis''), Senegal eremomela (''Eremomela pusilla''), blackcap babbler (''Turdoides reinwardtii''), pytilia mai fuka-fuka-fuka-fuka (''Pytilia phoenicoptera''), waxbill mai baƙar fata (''Estrilda troglodytes'') , daji petronia (''Petronia dentata'') da Togo firdausi-whydah (''Vidua togoensis''). Gray tit-flycatcher (''Myioparus plumbeus'') an yi rikodin shi da wasu nau'ikan da dama na garƙashin. An sanya farar-kumburin greenbul (''Phyllastrephus albigularis'') a Tanguiéta da francolin mai yawan kumburi (''Francolinus albogularis''), wani baƙon mazaunin, an gan shi a yankin gonar kudu da Natitingou. Kudancin wurin shakatawar akwai wani babban yanki mai kariya wanda aka sani da Faransanci a matsayin ''La zone cygnetique de la Pendjari'' inda aka hango wasu nau'ikan halittun daban. Gandun dajin da gidan tsuntsayen suna da kariya daga gwamnati a [[Benin]]. Sauran nau'in tsuntsayen sun hada da: * Fox kestrel (''Falco alopex'') mazaunin 1998 - A3 * Red-thighed sparrowhawk (''Accipiter erythropus'') mazaunin1998 * Senegal parrot (''Poicephalus senegalus'') mazaunin 1998 - A3 * Violet turaco (''Musophaga violacea'') mazaunin 1998 - A3 * Blue-bellied roller (''Coracias cyanogaster'') mazaunin 1998 - A3 * Red-throated bee-eater (''Merops bulocki'') mazaunin 1998 - A3 * Bearded barbet (''Lybius dubius'') mazaunin 1998 - A3 * Yellow-billed shrike (''Corvinella corvina'') mazaunin 1998 - A3 * Piapiac (''Ptilostomus afer'') mazaunin 1998 - A3 * Yellow penduline-tit (''Anthoscopus parvulus'') mazaunin 1998 - A3 * Fanti saw-wing (''Psalidoprocne obscura'') mazaunin 1998 * Pied-winged swallow (''Hirundo leucosoma'') mazaunin 1998 - A3 * Senegal eremomela (''Eremomela pusilla'') mazaunin 1998 - A3 * Blackcap babbler (''Turdoides reinwardii'') mazaunin 1998 - A3 * Purple glossy-starling (''Lamprotornis purpureus'') mazaunin 1998 - A3 * White-crowned robin-chat (''Cossypha albicapilla'') mazaunin 1998 - A3 * Bush petronia (''Petronia dentata'') mazaunin 1998 - A3 * Red-winged pytilia (''Pytilia phoenicoptera'') mazaunin 1998 - A3 * Red-faced pytilia (''Pytilia hypogrammica'') mazaunin 1998 - A3 * Lavender waxbill (''Estrilda caerulescens'') mazaunin 1998 - A3 * Black-rumped waxbill (''Estrilda troglodytes'') mazaunin 1998 - A3 * Togo paradise-whydah (''Vidua togoensis'') mazaunin 1998 - A3 == Manazarta == <references /> == Kara karantawa == * Assédé, E.P.S., Adomou, A.C. & B. Sinsin (2012) Magnoliophyta, Biosphere reserve of Pendjari, Atacora Province, Benin. Check List 8 (4): 642–661. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171104055552/http://www.checklist.org.br/getpdf?SL114-11] * Hogan, C.M. 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101209234758/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=35993 ''Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus'', GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg] * Legba, F. (2005) Contribution de la vegetation des collines de la zone cynegetique et du Parc National de la Pendjari du Benin comme milieu cadre et milieu {{Not a typo|ressource}} de la faune sauvage. Thèse Ing. Agr., Université d´Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou. 121 S. * Nago, S.G.A. (2005) Diversité des amphibiens dans les terroirs riverrains à la Zone Cynogénétique de la Pendjari. Mémoire de diplôme d´étude approfondies (DEA), Université d´Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou. * UNDP/ GEF (2005): Enhancing the effectiveness and catalyzing the sustainability of the W-Arly-Pendjari (WAP) protected area system. UNEP Project document PIMS 1617. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090805032750/http://www.gefweb.org/Documents/Work_Programs/IWP%20July05/2%20-%20BD%20-%20Regional-Enhancing%20Effectiveness-W-Arly-Pendjari-%20Projdoc.pdf] * Woodroffe, R., Ginsberg, J.R. and D.W. Macdonald. 1997. ''The African wild dog: status survey and conservation action plan'', IUCN/SSC Candid Specialist Group, Published by IUCN, == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170714032607/http://www.pendjari.net/en/ Official Page] * {{cite web|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6039|author=BirdLife International|title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Pendjari National Park}} * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/8834404@N02/sets/72157600375875363/ Photos of Pendjari National Park] * [https://news.mongabay.com/2018/02/23-5-million-funding-pledge-aims-to-protect-critical-west-african-national-park/ $23.5 million funding pledge aims to protect critical West African national park] 0pchx5kynedq5x3ajp6yhyhz1b02env 0 21872 822285 710360 2026-04-18T16:32:00Z Mangal Rabiu 44091 822285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Filin shakatawa na Oti-Kéran''' yana arewacin [[Togo]], a cikin yankin Kara. Hanya guda daya ce ta ratsa wannan yankin. Ba 'yan yawon bude ido da yawa da ke ziyartar Togo saboda manyan wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa sun fi sauƙi a [[Ghana]]. == Tasirin zamantakewa == Filin shakatawa na Oti-Kéran na mallakar cibiyar sadarwar yanki ne a arewacin Togo wanda asalinsa ya fadada tun daga shekarun 1960s. An aiwatar da waɗannan ayyukan ba tare da izini da sa hannun jama'ar yankin ba. Maimakon samun kuɗin shiga daga yawon buɗe ido da sauran damar kasuwanci da ke iya alaƙa da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa, an kuma cire mutane daga ƙasarsu kuma an yi watsi da cigaban noma, wanda ya haifar da ƙaruwar talauci har ma da yunwa. Bugu da kari, namun daji - musamman giwaye - daga wuraren da aka kiyaye amma ba masu katanga ba sun lalata gonaki da amfanin gona a cikin al'ummomin da ke kewaye da su.<ref name="tchamie1994">{{cite web|author=Tchamie, T.T.K.|title=Learning from local hostility to protected areas in Togo|year=1994|publisher=[[FAO]] Corporate Document Repository|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v2900e/v2900e06.htm}}</ref> Wannan ya haifar da ƙiyayya ga jama'ar gari game da yankunan da aka kiyaye da dabbobin daji. A lokacin rikice-rikicen siyasa a shekarar 1990 wannan kiyayya ta rabu da manyan hare-hare kan yankunan da aka kiyaye da kuma kisan dabbobi da yawa, wanda hakan ya haifar da babbar illa ga muhalli.<ref name="tchamie1994" /> == Sake shiryawa tun 1999 == Sakamakon barna mai yawa da mamayewar mutane zuwa yankunan da aka kiyaye, hukumomin Togo sun sake fasalin kan iyakokin wuraren shakatawa tun daga 1999. Yankunan gefe da ake ganin sun lalace sosai da ba za a sake sanya su ba an kebe su daga gandun dajin kuma an rarraba su a hukumance don cigaban dan Adam. Wannan ya rage girman filin shakatawa na ƙasar, wanda yanzu ake kira Oti-Kéran National Park, daga hekta 179550 zuwa kadada 69000.<ref name="UICN2008">{{cite book|last1=UICN/PACO|title=Evaluation de l'efficacité de la gestion des aires protégées: aires protégées du Togo|url=http://www.papaco.org/Togo%20RAPPAM.pdf|format=PDF|access-date=31 August 2014|year=2008|publisher=UICN-PACO|location=Ouagadougou|language=fr|pages=41|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904134125/http://www.papaco.org/Togo%20RAPPAM.pdf|archive-date=4 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Abin da ya rage an tsara shi don zama wani ɓangare na ajiyar ajiyar halittu na gaba, wanda ya haɗa ta da Oti-Mandouri National Park da tsarin yanki na kariya na WAP (W, Arli, Pendjari) a [[Burkina Faso]], Benin, da Niger. Duk da haka, har yanzu ana barazanar ta daga ƙauyuka, noman [[auduga]], samar da gawayi, da sauran ayyukan ɗan adam a cikin iyakokin wurin shakatawa.<ref name="UNDP2010">{{cite book|last1=UNDP|title=Strengthening the conservation role of Togo’s national System of Protected Areas (PA)|url=http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/documents/projects/TGO/PRODOC_4220%20Togo%20Protected%20Areas_FINAL_APPROVED.pdf|format=PDF|access-date=31 August 2014|year=2010|publisher=[[UNDP]]|pages=157|archive-date=3 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903135425/http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/documents/projects/TGO/PRODOC_4220%20Togo%20Protected%20Areas_FINAL_APPROVED.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Lissafin jiki == Lissafin jiki ya kasance yana da kyau sosai a cikin Oti-Kéran National Park kafin 1990. Wani kamfani na Afirka ta Kudu ya saka hannun jari a cikin abubuwan yawon buɗe ido (otal, otal, dandamalin lura da dai sauransu) da kuma ''ecotourism'' suna ƙirƙirar kuɗaɗen shiga kowane wata don kula da yankin kariya a cikin tsari na 50-60 miliyan CFA (U $ 100000-120000) a cikin Oti-Kéran shi kaɗai. A lokacin ana ɗaukarsa samfurin yanki ne na kariya ga cigaban ƙasa da hotuna har yanzu akwai garken giwaye da sauran manyan wuraren jan hankalin masu yawon buda ido a wurin shakatawar. A yau dukkan abubuwan more rayuwa sun lalace kuma bangaren ecotourism bai sake farawa ba a yankin Oti-Kéran bayan dogon lokacin da ake fama da matsalolin zamantakewar siyasa. 'Yan yawon bude ido yankuna kalilan ne suke zuwa daga kasashe makwabta (WAP hadaddun Niger, Burkina Faso, Benin), amma babu wadatattun kayan aiki ko masauki a Togo dan karfafa musu gwiwa su daɗe. Ma’aikatar yawon bude ido ta kasa tana mai da hankali kan ayyukanta a Yankin Filato kuma tana ganin ya zama dole don kula da wuraren da aka kiyaye a cikin rukunin Oti-Keran / Oti-Mandouri da za a sake inganta su sannan kuma a sake kafa wuraren zama da dabbobi kafin shirin ecotourism ya zama ɓullo.<ref name="UNDP2010" /> == Dabbobi == [[File:Parc_national_de_la_k%C3%A9ran.jpg |left|thumb|Wata [[Gada]] na walayawa acikin ciyayin wurin shakatawar ]] Rushewar shekarun 1990 ta haifar da ragin yawan alfarmar wuraren shakatawa na kasar Togo idan aka kwatanta da na makwabta Burkina Faso da Benin. Bincike a cikin shekarar 2008 ya jera nau'ikan masu zuwa duk da cewa yana bayyana cewa matsayinsu bai tabbata ba:<ref name="UICN2008" /> '''Dabbobi masu shayarwa''' * Giwar Afirka (''Loxodonta africana'') - Ganin kowa da jan hankali a lokacin shekarun 1980, watakila giwayen sun kusan karewa a shekarun 1990. Wani bincike da aka gudanar ta sama a shekara ta 2003 ya kasa gano giwaye a wurin shakatawar.<ref name="Boucheetal2004">{{cite book|last1=Bouché|format=PDF|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029223923/http://www.cites.org/common/prog/mike/survey/WAPOK_survey03.pdf|pages=108|publisher=PAUCOF/MIKE/GAFD/EU|year=2004|access-date=31 August 2014|url=http://www.cites.org/common/prog/mike/survey/WAPOK_survey03.pdf|first1=P.|title=Aerial Total Count of the "W"-Arli-Pendjari-Oti-Mandouri-Keran (WAPOK)Ecosystem in West Africa, April-May 2003.Definite Report February 2004|first4=P|last4=Omondi|first3=B|last3=Hien|first2=C.G.|last2=Lungren|url-status=dead}}</ref> A yau, ana ba da rahoton aukuwar rikice-rikice na mutane da kungiyoyi masu ƙaura. Wani shiri na UNDP daga 2010 na da nufin sake kafa yawan dabbobi kusan 20 a wurin shakatawar.<ref name="UNDP2010" /> * Kudin zaitun (''[[Papio anubis]]'') * Tantalus biri (''Chlorocebus tantalus'') - Sau da yawa ana lasafta shi azaman ''[[Cercopithecus aethiops]]''. * Patas biri (''Erythrocebus patas'') - Kasancewar wannan nau'in an tabbatar dashi ta hanyar binciken jirgi a 2003.<ref name="Boucheetal2004" /> * Kob (''Kobus kob kob'') - An tabbatar da kasancewar wannan nau'in ta hanyar binciken jirgi a 2003.<ref name="Boucheetal2004" /> * Waterbuck (''Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa'') - An tabbatar da kasancewar wannan nau'in ta hanyar binciken jirgi a 2003.<ref name="Boucheetal2004" /> * Red-flanked duiker (''Cephalophus rufilatus'') * Babban duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia coronata) - Kasancewar wannan nau'in ya tabbatar ta hanyar binciken jirgi a 2003.<ref name="Boucheetal2004" /> * Buffalo na Afirka (''Synceros caffer brachyceros'') * Hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'') * Warthog (''Phacochoerus africanus africanus'') - An tabbatar da kasancewar wannan nau'in ta hanyar binciken jirgi a 2003.<ref name="Boucheetal2004" /> * Zakin [[Afirka ta Yamma]] (''Panthera leo senegalensis'') - Mutanen da ke ba da rahoton an ba da rahoton su lokaci-lokaci, a karo na ƙarshe a cikin 2005. Babu mazaunan zaki na dindindin a Togo.<ref name="lionalert2014">{{cite web|author=Lion ALERT|title=Lions (Panthera leo) in Togo|year=2014|publisher=Lion ALERT|url=http://www.lionalert.org/alert/lions_in/Togo|access-date=2021-06-29|archive-date=2019-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114000800/http://lionalert.org/alert/lions_in/Togo|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Crested porcupine (''Hystrix cristata'') * Riunƙwasa ƙasa (''Xerus (Euxerus) erythropus erythropus'') Hagu huda huɗu (''Atelerix albiventris'') '''Tsuntsaye''' Kimanin nau'in tsuntsaye 214 aka rubuta, gami da: * Black crowned crane (''Balearica pavonina'') * Goliath heron (''Ardea goliath'') * Grey heron (''Ardea cinerea'') * Pink-backed pelican (''Pelecanus rufescens'') * Violet turaco (''Musophaga violacea'') * Red-throated bee-eater (''Merops bullocki'') * Bearded barbet (''Lybius dubius'') * Pied-winged swallow (''Hirundo leucosoma'') * Rufous cisticola (''Cisticola rufus'') * Oriole warbler (''Hypergerus atriceps'') * Blackcap babbler (''Turdoides reinwardtii'') * Purple starling (''Lamprotornis purpureus'') * Bronze-tailed starling (''Lamprotornis chalcurus'') * White-crowned robin-chat (''Cossypha albicapilla'') * White-fronted black chat (''Myrmecocichla albifrons'') * Splendid sunbird (''Cinnyris coccinigastrus'') * Heuglin's masked weaver (''Ploceus heuglini'') * Red-winged pytilia (''Pytilia phoenicoptera'') * Bar-breasted firefinch (''Lagonosticta rufopicta'') * Black-faced firefinch (''Lagonosticta larvata'') * Lavender waxbill (''Estrilda caerulescens'') * Exclamatory paradise whydah (''Vidua interjecta'') * Togo paradise whydah (''Vidua togoensis'') * Brown-rumped bunting (''Emberiza affinis'') '''Dabbobi masu rarrafe''' * Kada Yammacin Afirka ta Yamma (''Crocodylus suchus'') - A da an lasafta shi da kada duka (''C. niloticus'')<ref name="UNDP2010" /> == Manazarta == t0vto2bvjhs1vwvyvdin08t95l96zc6 4 21908 822413 822054 2026-04-18T21:28:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 822413 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Numba !Edita !Gudummuwa !Lokacin rajista |- |1 |[[User:Bjorkselbow|Bjorkselbow]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bjorkselbow|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |2 |[[User:Lover of the maths|Lover of the maths]] |[[Special:Contributions/Lover of the maths|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |3 |[[User:Black fuy|Black fuy]] |[[Special:Contributions/Black fuy|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |4 |[[User:Hassan Galadima Kaura|Hassan Galadima Kaura]] |[[Special:Contributions/Hassan Galadima Kaura|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |5 |[[User:Shamsu Jafaru|Shamsu Jafaru]] |[[Special:Contributions/Shamsu Jafaru|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |6 |[[User:Ibrahim Garba Nabara|Ibrahim Garba Nabara]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ibrahim Garba Nabara|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |7 |[[User:Shehu Alhasan|Shehu Alhasan]] |[[Special:Contributions/Shehu Alhasan|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |8 |[[User:Kusa MS|Kusa MS]] |[[Special:Contributions/Kusa MS|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |9 |[[User:Garbu Audu|Garbu Audu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Garbu Audu|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |10 |[[User:Tytylol|Tytylol]] |[[Special:Contributions/Tytylol|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |11 |[[User:Leonczasz|Leonczasz]] |[[Special:Contributions/Leonczasz|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |12 |[[User:Nura Data Daura|Nura Data Daura]] |[[Special:Contributions/Nura Data Daura|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |13 |[[User:Jawa D Jawa|Jawa D Jawa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jawa D Jawa|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |14 |[[User:Mangal Rabiu|Mangal Rabiu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mangal Rabiu|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |15 |[[User:Elder55|Elder55]] |[[Special:Contributions/Elder55|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |16 |[[User:K Bogi|K Bogi]] |[[Special:Contributions/K Bogi|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |17 |[[User:Лесь Сидорчук|Лесь Сидорчук]] |[[Special:Contributions/Лесь Сидорчук|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |18 |[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] |[[Special:Contributions/CountryANDWestern|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |19 |[[User:Haruna Yahaya Musa|Haruna Yahaya Musa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Haruna Yahaya Musa|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |20 |[[User:Hassan Adamu Hadejia|Hassan Adamu Hadejia]] |[[Special:Contributions/Hassan Adamu Hadejia|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |21 |[[User:Idris Hashim|Idris Hashim]] |[[Special:Contributions/Idris Hashim|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |22 |[[User:Muhammad Hadejia|Muhammad Hadejia]] |[[Special:Contributions/Muhammad Hadejia|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |23 |[[User:Aliyu kalma mmr|Aliyu kalma mmr]] |[[Special:Contributions/Aliyu kalma mmr|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |24 |[[User:Ibn Gangaram|Ibn Gangaram]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ibn Gangaram|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |25 |[[User:HarunaInspires|HarunaInspires]] |[[Special:Contributions/HarunaInspires|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |26 |[[User:Fatimaellemite|Fatimaellemite]] |[[Special:Contributions/Fatimaellemite|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |27 |[[User:Abdulhamid Usman Hadejia|Abdulhamid Usman Hadejia]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abdulhamid Usman Hadejia|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |28 |[[User:Zainab sabi'u|Zainab sabi'u]] |[[Special:Contributions/Zainab sabi'u|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |29 |[[User:Cmdm689908|Cmdm689908]] |[[Special:Contributions/Cmdm689908|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |30 |[[User:EdwardUK|EdwardUK]] |[[Special:Contributions/EdwardUK|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |31 |[[User:Jordano53|Jordano53]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jordano53|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |32 |[[User:DeemDeem52|DeemDeem52]] |[[Special:Contributions/DeemDeem52|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |33 |[[User:A.FLOCK|A.FLOCK]] |[[Special:Contributions/A.FLOCK|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |34 |[[User:Jonastav89|Jonastav89]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jonastav89|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |} rekcueg9hk7t2atrjacj8cc240mzieh 822414 822413 2026-04-18T22:04:19Z SAIDU YAKUBU MAGINA 44042 Gyara rubutu 822414 wikitext text/x-wiki SAIDU YAKUBU MAGINA. Marubucin littafai ne na Hausa, an haife shi a garin kontagora Niger state a 03/05/1999. |[[User:Bjorkselbow|Bjorkselbow]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bjorkselbow|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 17 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |2 |[[User:Lover of the maths|Lover of the maths]] |[[Special:Contributions/Lover of the maths|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |3 |[[User:Black fuy|Black fuy]] |[[Special:Contributions/Black fuy|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |4 |[[User:Hassan Galadima Kaura|Hassan Galadima Kaura]] |[[Special:Contributions/Hassan Galadima Kaura|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |5 |[[User:Shamsu Jafaru|Shamsu Jafaru]] |[[Special:Contributions/Shamsu Jafaru|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |6 |[[User:Ibrahim Garba Nabara|Ibrahim Garba Nabara]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ibrahim Garba Nabara|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |7 |[[User:Shehu Alhasan|Shehu Alhasan]] |[[Special:Contributions/Shehu Alhasan|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |8 |[[User:Kusa MS|Kusa MS]] |[[Special:Contributions/Kusa MS|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |9 |[[User:Garbu Audu|Garbu Audu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Garbu Audu|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |10 |[[User:Tytylol|Tytylol]] |[[Special:Contributions/Tytylol|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |11 |[[User:Leonczasz|Leonczasz]] |[[Special:Contributions/Leonczasz|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |12 |[[User:Nura Data Daura|Nura Data Daura]] |[[Special:Contributions/Nura Data Daura|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |13 |[[User:Jawa D Jawa|Jawa D Jawa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jawa D Jawa|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |14 |[[User:Mangal Rabiu|Mangal Rabiu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mangal Rabiu|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |15 |[[User:Elder55|Elder55]] |[[Special:Contributions/Elder55|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |16 |[[User:K Bogi|K Bogi]] |[[Special:Contributions/K Bogi|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |17 |[[User:Лесь Сидорчук|Лесь Сидорчук]] |[[Special:Contributions/Лесь Сидорчук|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |18 |[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] |[[Special:Contributions/CountryANDWestern|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |19 |[[User:Haruna Yahaya Musa|Haruna Yahaya Musa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Haruna Yahaya Musa|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |20 |[[User:Hassan Adamu Hadejia|Hassan Adamu Hadejia]] |[[Special:Contributions/Hassan Adamu Hadejia|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |21 |[[User:Idris Hashim|Idris Hashim]] |[[Special:Contributions/Idris Hashim|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |22 |[[User:Muhammad Hadejia|Muhammad Hadejia]] |[[Special:Contributions/Muhammad Hadejia|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |23 |[[User:Aliyu kalma mmr|Aliyu kalma mmr]] |[[Special:Contributions/Aliyu kalma mmr|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |24 |[[User:Ibn Gangaram|Ibn Gangaram]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ibn Gangaram|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |25 |[[User:HarunaInspires|HarunaInspires]] |[[Special:Contributions/HarunaInspires|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |26 |[[User:Fatimaellemite|Fatimaellemite]] |[[Special:Contributions/Fatimaellemite|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |27 |[[User:Abdulhamid Usman Hadejia|Abdulhamid Usman Hadejia]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abdulhamid Usman Hadejia|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |28 |[[User:Zainab sabi'u|Zainab sabi'u]] |[[Special:Contributions/Zainab sabi'u|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |29 |[[User:Cmdm689908|Cmdm689908]] |[[Special:Contributions/Cmdm689908|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |30 |[[User:EdwardUK|EdwardUK]] |[[Special:Contributions/EdwardUK|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |31 |[[User:Jordano53|Jordano53]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jordano53|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |32 |[[User:DeemDeem52|DeemDeem52]] |[[Special:Contributions/DeemDeem52|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |33 |[[User:A.FLOCK|A.FLOCK]] |[[Special:Contributions/A.FLOCK|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |34 |[[User:Jonastav89|Jonastav89]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jonastav89|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 18 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |} mq4bneu3gx9gicvexcd4whi48n5ugl4 0 23142 822341 820321 2026-04-18T17:53:29Z Nura Bello 24854 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347140214|Yul Edochie]]" 822341 wikitext text/x-wiki   An haifi Edochie a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun 1982. Ya fito ne daga [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] kuma ɗan ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne [[Pete Edochie]], ƙarami cikin yara shida. Ya girma ne a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] da [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]] . An sanya masa suna ne bayan ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Rasha Yul Brynner . Ya halarci [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]], inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin zane-zane.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yul Edochie, Biography |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Yul-Edochie-4189 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129095044/https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Yul-Edochie-4189 |archive-date=29 January 2023 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref> Edochie ya fara bugawa [[Nollywood]] a shekara ta 2005 tare da fim din The Exquires, tare da [[Justus Esiri]] da [[Enebeli Elebuwa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Online |last2=Webby |date=2020-02-29 |title=My experience when I joined Nollywood in 2005 – Yul Edochie |url=https://onlinenigeria.com/stories/69143-my-experience-when-i-joined-nollywood-in-2005-yul-edochie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125164926/https://onlinenigeria.com/stories/69143-my-experience-when-i-joined-nollywood-in-2005-yul-edochie.html |archive-date=25 November 2022 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=OnlineNigeria.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Nasarar da ya samu ta zo ne a shekara ta 2007 bayan ya fito tare da [[Genevieve Nnaji]] da [[Desmond Elliot]] a fim din Wind Of Glory . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yul Edochie |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1748293/ |access-date=14 September 2015 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2026, Yul Edochie ya sami girmamawa daga Daraktoci Guild of Nigeria (DGN) tare da kyautar Mafi kyawun Actor na Shekara ta 2025, yana fahimtar gudummawar da ya bayar da kuma tasirinsa a masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya. A cikin 2017, Edochie ya tsaya takarar gwamna na Jihar Anambra kuma ya kasance dan takarar gwaminista na jam'iyyar siyasa ta Democratic Peoples Congress . [[Willie Obiano]], wanda ke neman sake zaben, ya lashe wa'adi na biyu. Edochie ya auri May Aligwe yana da shekaru 21; ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya maza uku da mace tare, amma sun rabu a 2022 bayan ya sanar da cewa ya dauki matarsa ta biyu. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2022, ya bayyana cewa ya auri ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Judy Austin, tare da wanda yake da 'ya'ya maza biyu kuma ya yi maraba da 'yar a watan Yunin 2025. Ɗansa na fari ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Maris 2023 bayan ya kamu da fashewa.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Fim din ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Matsayi ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Bayani |- |2007 |''Mata masu laushi'' | |[[Daniella Okeke]], [[Ini Edo]], [[Rita Dominic]] ne suka fito |- |2007 |''Iska mai ɗaukaka''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yul Edochie |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1748293/ |access-date=24 September 2015 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> |Emeka |Mai gabatar da [[Desmond Elliot]], [[Genevieve Nnaji]] |- |2008 |''Ka Ba da shi'' | |Mai gabatar da [[Mike Ezuruonye]], [[Ini Edo]] |- |2008 |''Kiss My Pain'' |Johnson |Mai gabatar da [[Mike Ezuruonye]], Mercy Johnson[[Mercy Johnson|Rahama Johnson]] |- |2009 |''Hawaye na Bege'' | |Masu fitowa [[Ngozi Ezeonu]], Olu Jacobs, Mercy Johnson[[Mercy Johnson|Rahama Johnson]] |- |2009 |''Zuciyata Mai Ƙauna'' | |[[Stella Damasus|Stella Damasus-Aboderin]] ce ta fito |- |2010 |''Ba za a iya dakatar da shi ba'' |Chris | |- |2011 |''Sarafina'' |Owen |[[Rita Dominic]], [[Halima Abubakar]] ce mai ba da labari |- |2011 |''Jinƙai da Laifi'' |Johnson | |- |2012 |''Yankin 9'' | |[[Nkem Owoh]], [[Annie Macaulay-Idibia]] ce ta fito |- |2012 |''Ginin Yarjejeniya'' | |Mai ba da labari [[Patience Ozokwor]], [[Chika Ike]], [[Chacha Eke]] |- |2012 |''[[The End Is Near (fim)|Ƙarshen Ya Kusan]]'' | |Mai ba da labari [[Patience Ozokwor]], [[Chika Ike]], [[Chacha Eke]] |- |2012 |''A kan Dokar'' |Anthony |Mai gabatar da Olu Jacobs, [[Van Vicker]] |- |2013 |''Ido na Eagle'' | | |- |2013 |''Takardar shaidar Mutuwa'' | |[[Stephanie Okereke Linus|Stephanie Okereke]] ce mai ba da labari |- |2013 |''Jezebels'' | |Tonto Dikeh ne ya fito da shi[[Tonto Dikeh|Rashin hankali Dikeh]] |- |2013 |''Zaɓin Makafi'' | |Mai ba da labari [[Oge Okoye]] |- |2013 |''Mulkin Kudi'' | |[[Clem Ohameze]] [[Pete Edochie]] ne ya fito |- |2013 |''Waɗarin Gimbiya'' | |Mai gabatar da [[Chioma Chukwuka]] |- |2013 |''Rashin Halitta'' | |Wanda ya fito da shi [[Chika Ike]] |- |2014 |''Mirror'' | |[[Darakta|Daraktan]] Fim [[Teco Benson]] Mai ba da labari [[Kate Henshaw]] |- |2014 |''Chioma Sarauniya Mai Kuka'' |Yarima Chukwuemeka | |- |2014 |''Manzanni na Lucifer'' | |Mai ba da labari [[Ini Edo]] |- |2014 |''Sarauniyar Python'' |Yarima Oma |Mai ba da labari [[Patience Ozokwor]], [[Nuella Njubigbo]] |- |2015 |''Dooshima'' |Daraktan |Mai ba da labari [[Mike Ezuruonye]] |- |2015 |''Ojuju Calabar'' | |[[Belinda Effah]], [[Ebube Nwagbo]] ne suka fito |- |2015 |''Yarinyar Sarauta'' |Yarima Izozo |Mai ba da labari [[Eucharia Anunobi]] |- |2015 |''Wawaye Masu Ƙungiya'' | |Fitowa [[Funke Akindele]] |- |2015 |''Mutumin da ya ba da kyauta'' |Uche |[[Monalisa Chinda]], Iyabo Ojo ne suka fito[[Iyabo Ojo|Iyabo Idon]] |- |2016 |''Poka Almasihu'' |Hades |Ernest Obi ne ya shirya shi |- |2017 |''Matar da ke da ƙauna'' | |[[Queen Nwokoye|Sarauniya Nwokoye]] ce mai ba da labari |- |2017 |''Sha'awar Yarima'' | |Mai ba da labari Chiwetalu Agu[[Chiwetalu Agu|Chiwet Agualu]] |- |2017 |''Iyali Mai Ban mamaki'' | | |- |2017 |''Injin ATM'' |Nikodimu |Masu fitowa da wannan suna: [[Nkechi Nweje]], Destiny Etiko, [[Jerry Williams (actor)|Jerry Williams]] |- |???? |''Zaɓin Sarauta'' | |Joyce Kalu ce mai ba da labari |- |2018 |''Biliyoyin'' |Eze Kwe Eche |[[Osita Iheme]] ne ya fito |- |2018 |''[[Moms at War|Iyaye a Yaƙi]]'' |Chidi Ubosi |Shirin [[Omoni Oboli]], [[Funke Akindele]] |- |2018 |''Yarinya 'yar asalin ƙasar'' |Uchenna |Judy Austin, Ifeanyi Azodo, Chigozie Atuanya |- |2018 |''Alkawari mara laifi'' |Dubem |Hayez Achu, Sese Ayanwu |- |2019 |''Bayyanawa''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clairvoyance {{!}} ROK Studios |url=https://rokstudios.ng/content/clairvoyance/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |language=en-GB}}</ref> | |Tare da wannan albarka, wanda aka yi amfani da shi, Sapphire Ekeng |- |2019 |''Talakawa Biliyanari'' |Chima |Cynthia Ashimba, Babban Emmanuel Chika ne suka fito |- |2021 |''Game da Lokaci'' |Larry |Mai ba da labari mai suna Patience Attang, Khing Bassey |- |2022 |''Ikemba'' | |Mai suna Chiwetalu Agu, Pete Edochie, |- |2022 |''Ƙididdigar Ƙarshe'' |Afamefuna | |- |} * ''Fadar''<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2015 |title=Liz Benson stars alongside Chinwetalu AGU, Yul Edochie in new series &#91;Photos&#93; |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/the-palace-liz-benson-stars-alongside-chinwetalu-agu-yul-edochie-in-new-series-photos-id3919815.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085129/http://pulse.ng/movies/the-palace-liz-benson-stars-alongside-chinwetalu-agu-yul-edochie-in-new-series-photos-id3919815.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref> * ''Gidan sarauta'' * ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Sakamakon !Bayani !Ref |- |2009 |[[Kyautar fim ta Mutanen birni|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Jama'a]] |Mafi kyawun Sabon Actor na Shekara (Turanci) | {{Won}} | | |- |2012 |[[2012 Nollywood Movies Awards]] |Mafi kyawun Actor A Matsayin Tallafawa| {{Nom}} | | |- |2013 |[[Kyautar fim ta Mutanen birni|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Jama'a]] |Mafi kyawun Actor na Shekara (Turanci) | {{Won}} | | |- |2013 |Kyautar Pamsaa |Mafi kyawun Actor| {{Won}} | | |- |2014 |Kyautar Fim din Nollywood ta 2014 |Mafi Kyawun Maza| {{Nom}} | | |- |2015 |Kyautar Afrifimo |Mafi kyawun Actor| {{Nom}} |An ba da lambar yabo ta musamman ta Afrifimo ta 2015 | |- |2021 |[[Net Honours|Darajar Intanet]] |Mafi yawan Actor da ake nema|{{Nom}} | | |- |} {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 7zg3ihmqkyj7zxs1fvihsiws98rj85m 0 23198 822193 451684 2026-04-18T12:01:19Z Pharouqenr 25549 822193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pablo Cesar Aimar Giordano''' Ya kasance ɗan wasa ne ɗaya mai taka leda a shekarar alib (1979). Dan kasar [[Argentina]]. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Hujja}}{{Reflist}} isgfpamjm9wa9ej76gcicfyeez5ua37 0 23592 822258 736800 2026-04-18T16:23:46Z Mangal Rabiu 44091 822258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Stella Saaka''' 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin mata ta Ghana ce da ke gundumar Talensi na yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya ta Ghana. An sani cewa mata a yankin na Gabas ta Tsakiya na fuskantar matsaloli wajen samun filaye. Duk da haka an san ta a matsayin mace daya tilo da ta yi nasarar gamsar da masarautun gargajiya da na kananan hukumomi don rabuwa da kadada 29 na mata manoma 30 a gundumar Talensi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaianews.com/2019/03/26/u-s-ambassador-honours-stella-saaka-with-ghana-woman-of-courage-award/|title=U.S Ambassador honours Stella Saaka with 'Ghana Women of Courage' Award|date=2019-03-26|website=Ghanaian News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-13}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2019, Stephanie Sullivan, jakadiyar Amurka ta karrama ta da lambar yabo ta Matar Jaruntaka ta Ghana. A yanzu ita ce sakatariyar shirya yankin na Mata a Dandalin Aikin Noma (WAP), aikin gwamnati wanda Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Amurka (USAID) ta ɗauki nauyinsa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghananews-women-s-right-activist-ghana-s-2019-woman-of-courage.html|title=Women’s right activist Ghana’s 2019 ‘Woman of Courage’|date=2019-03-28|website=Graphic Online|url-status=live|access-date=2019-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gh.usembassy.gov/ambassador-sullivan-honors-stella-saaka-with-ghana-woman-of-courage-award/|title=Ambassador Sullivan Honors Stella Saaka with "Ghana Woman of Courage" Award|date=2019-03-26|website=U.S. Embassy in Ghana|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanews.com/2019/03/26/ambassador-sullivan-honors-stella-saaka-with-ghana-woman-of-courage-award/|title=Ambassador Sullivan Honors Stella Saaka with "Ghana Woman of Courage" Award|last=AfricaNews|date=2019-03-26|website=Africanews|language=en|url-status=dead|access-date=2019-09-13|archive-date=2020-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001232947/https://www.africanews.com/2019/03/26/ambassador-sullivan-honors-stella-saaka-with-ghana-woman-of-courage-award/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/stella-saaka-receives-us-woman-of-courage-award/|title=Stella Saaka Receives US Woman of Courage Award|date=2019-03-26|website=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphicbusinessonline.com/agric/women-in-agric-urged-to-form-alliances|title=Women in agric urged to form alliances|last=Baafi|first=Ama Amankwah|website=Graphic Business Online|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-09-13}}{{Dead link|date=November 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Bayan fage== Ita da matan 30 sun yi amfani da kadada 29 na gona don yin noma kuma wannan ya taimaka wa matan samun ƙarin kuɗin shiga don tallafa wa iyalansu. Ƙoƙarin da ta yi ya haifar da raguwar ƙauracewar mata a lokacin noman rani saboda yanzu mata da yawa na neman hanyoyin ba da gudummawa ga tattalin arziƙi a gundumar Talensi. Bugu da ƙari, Saaka ta hanyar siyasa ta yi nasarar shawo kan jagorancin gargajiya na Talensi don haɗa mata cikin tsarin ci gaban gundumar da yanke shawara. Har zuwa yau, ita da takwarorinta na WAP wakilan gundumar su ne a lokacin Shirye -shiryen Shirya Matsakaici na Majalisar.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/apo/ambassador-sullivan-honors-stella-saaka-with-ghana-woman-of-courage-award/zck5xcq|title=Ambassador Sullivan Honors Stella Saaka with "Ghana Woman of Courage" Award|date=2019-03-26|website=Pulse Ghana|url-status=dead|access-date=2019-09-13|archive-date=2024-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207172451/https://www.pulse.com.gh/apo/ambassador-sullivan-honors-stella-saaka-with-ghana-woman-of-courage-award/zck5xcq}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ghananewsagency.org/social/u-s-mission-in-accra-awards-ghanaian-woman-of-courage-nominee-147461|title=U.S Mission in Accra awards Ghanaian Woman of Courage nominee|website=ghananewsagency.org|access-date=2019-09-13|archive-date=2019-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327151937/http://www.ghananewsagency.org/social/u-s-mission-in-accra-awards-ghanaian-woman-of-courage-nominee-147461|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/U-S-Mission-in-Accra-awards-Ghanaian-Woman-of-Courage-nominee-733501|title=U.S Mission in Accra awards Ghanaian Woman of Courage nominee|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-13}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Mutanen Ghana]] 91xoiiuk81iiv620icb3a3elif56yuy 0 29900 822189 822188 2026-04-18T11:59:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 822189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Tulsa Skyline.jpg|thumb|Ambaliya da haɓaka kogin Tulsa]] Haɗuwa da yanayin a kogi Maisa ambaliya cikin Tulsa, yankin [[Oklahoma]] sun haifar da ambaliyar ruwa akai-akai, ''musamman'' a kusa da koguna waɗanda galibi ke zubar da yankin. An kafa birnin a saman wani bluff akan kogin [[Arkansas (jiha)|Arkansas]]. Don haka, tsayin ya kare yawancin mazaunan da dukiyoyinsu daga lalacewa lokacin da kogin ya yi ambaliya. Koyaya, ya zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20 haɓakar yawan jama'a ya matsa kusa da kogin, kuma filayen da ke yammacin Arkansas sun fara haɓaka suma. Ambaliyar ta saba haifar da asarar dukiya da kuma asarar rayuka<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cnllkgx248eo.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17539922003352&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fcnllkgx248eo</ref>. A cikin shekarata 1920s, ambaliyar ruwa na Arkansas na yanayi ya fara haifar da mummunar lalacewa da asarar rayuka. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, shugabannin birni sun amsa irin waɗannan abubuwan ta hanyar sake ginawa da maye gurbin dukiyoyin da aka lalata ''a wurin'' . Sai a shekarar 1970 gwamnatin birnin ta fara bullo da dabarun dakile ambaliyar ruwa ko kuma rage asarar dukiyoyi da kuma hana asarar rayuka. Wannan labarin ya bayyana wasu fitattun ambaliyar ruwa a Tulsa, sannan hanyoyin ragewa da dabarun sarrafawa waɗanda suka samo asali daga gare su. Ambaliyar ruwa ta ci gaba da yin barazana ga rayuka da dukiyoyi, yayin da birnin ya mamaye filayen noma da ke kewaye. Hukumomin birni sun yanke shawarar cewa ƙa'idodin Tarayya na lokacin ba su isa ba don sarrafa yanayin gida kuma sun fara haɓaka ƙarin buƙatu. Shirin Tulsa ya samo asali kuma a yanzu ya shafi dukkanin magudanar ruwa, gami da sauran al'ummomi a cikin babban birnin Tulsa . Ko da yake ba za a iya hana aukuwar ambaliya kwata-kwata ba, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Tarayya (FEMA) da wasu kungiyoyi da dama sun amince da shirin shawo kan ambaliyar Tulsa a matsayin nasara. Za a ci gaba da kokarin shawo kan lamarin muddin mutane suna zaune a wurare masu rauni ko rashin ƙarfi. == Manyan ambaliyar ruwa == Bayanan ambaliya ba su da yawa kafin shekarata 1900. A cikin 1908, shekara guda kacal bayan zama jiha, ambaliyar kogin Arkansas a Tulsa ya haifar da asarar $250,000 ($ 6.45 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). Garin ya kasance a saman kogin kogin, don haka ya kare ambaliya. Sai dai gadar layin dogo ta tsallake rijiya da baya, lamarin da ya kawo cikas ga zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa zuwa yamma har sai an sauya gadar. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1923 ambaliya === A shekara ta 1920, yawan man fetur ya haifar da ci gaba mai sauri wanda aka gina gidaje a kan ƙananan ƙasa kusa da kogin Arkansas, A ranar 13 ga Yuni, shekarata 1923, kogin ya mamaye wadannan ƙananan wurare, ya haifar da $ 500,000 a cikin diyya ($ 9.83 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). ), da kuma barin gida 4,000. Ambaliyar ta hada da aikin ruwa na Tulsa, wanda ke a yanzu a Newblock Park, An gina sabbin ayyukan ruwa a kan tudu mai tsayi a arewa maso gabashin Tulsa, kusa da Bird Creek . Wannan {{Convert|2800|acre|m2}} yanki ya zama Mohawk Park, ɗayan manyan wuraren shakatawa na birni na ƙasar. Har ila yau, birnin ya fitar da shirinsa na shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa na farko, inda ya yi kokarin sanya gidaje a kan tudu da kuma tanadin guraben wuraren shakatawa. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1943 ambaliya === Wani ambaliya a kan kogin Arkansas ya yi barazana ga matatun mai a yammacin Tulsa a shekarata 1943. Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Injiniya (USACE) nan da nan ta gina matsuguni a kusa da matatun, waɗanda aka ɗauka suna da mahimmanci ga sojojin Amurka a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] . Wani tanadi a cikin Dokar Kula da Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Mississippi ta 1928 ta ba da izini ga USACE don gina madatsun ruwa da lefi kamar yadda ake buƙata don sarrafa ambaliya. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Duk da haka, ambaliyar ta kashe mutane 21, tare da raunata 26, ta kuma bar kusan 4,000 da gidajensu. Ko da yake ba a samu barnar kudi ba, gidaje 413 sun lalace sannan 3,800 sun lalace. <ref>Flanagan, p. III-1. Retrieved June 15, 2014.</ref> === 1970 ambaliya === Kamar yadda Tulsa ta faɗaɗa cikin karkarar da ke kewaye bayan WWII, ambaliya na yankunan birane akai-akai, yawanci kowacce shekara biyu zuwa huɗu. A cikin 1966, Tulsa ta mamaye magudanar ruwan Mingo Creek. Ambaliyar Ranar Mata ta a shekarar 1970 a Tulsa ta haifar da asarar dala 163,000 ($ 1.07 miliyan a cikin dala miliyan 2019) zuwa yankunan da ke ci gaba da sauri tare da kogin Mingo da Joe a gabashin birnin. Har yanzu, farfadowa ya ƙunshi gyara ko maye gurbin gine-ginen da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye a wurarensu na asali. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1974 ambaliya === Ambaliyar ruwa uku ta faru a watan Afrilu da Mayu shekarata 1974. An kiyasta lalacewar dala $744,000 ($3.86 miliyan a cikin dala miliyan 2019) tare da Bird Creek. A watan Yuni, ambaliyar ruwa ta afku tare da Fry, Haikey, Joe da Mingo Creek. Wannan lokacin an kiyasta asarar sama da dala miliyan 18 ($93.30 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). Mingo Creek ta sake yin ambaliya a ranar 19 ga Satumba, shekarata 1974.<ref name="Tulsa-floods">[https://www.cityoftulsa.org/city-services/flood-control/flooding-history.aspx "Flood Control and Drainage."] City of Tulsa. Retrieved May 25, 2014.</ref> === 1976 ambaliya === Ambaliyar Ranar Tunawa da Mutuwar Shekara ta 1976 ta nuna wani ci gaba a cikin binciken Tulsa na neman mafita. Ruwan ruwa mai tsawon sa'o'i uku, mai inci 10 ya afku a kan magudanar ruwan Mingo, Joe da Haikey. Sakamakon ambaliya ya kashe mutane uku tare da haddasa asarar dala miliyan 40 ($179.65 a dala miliyan 2019) ga gine-gine sama da 3,000. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1984 ambaliya === Gaban sanyi wanda ya tsaya kan yankin Tulsa a ranar 26-27 ga Mayu, shekarata 1984 ya faɗi tsakanin inci 6 zuwa 15 (15 da 38).&nbsp;cm) ruwan sama ya mamaye sassa da dama na birnin. Ambaliyar ta kashe mutane 14 tare da yin asarar dala miliyan 180 (dalar Amurka miliyan 442.72 a shekarar 2019). Yankunan da ke kusa da Mingo Creek a gabashin Tulsa da Cherry Creek a yammacin Tulsa sun kasance da wahala musamman. <ref name="Throwback">Jackson, Debbie and Hilary Pittman.[http://www.tulsaworld.com/blogs/news/throwbacktulsa/throwback-tulsa-memorial-weekend-deluge-was-years-ago/article_5249d055-09cb-5528-8763-626ebcc08d59.html "Throwback Tulsa: Memorial weekend deluge was 30 years ago."] ''Tulsa World''. May 22, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.</ref> === 1986 ambaliya ===  A cikin Satumba shekarata 1986, ragowar guguwa a kudu maso yammacin Mexico sun isa yankin Tulsa kuma sun haifar da ruwan sama na inci 24 (61).&nbsp;cm) arewa maso yamma na Keystone Lake . <ref name="TulsaPartners">[http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/25th-anniversary-of-the-1986-arkansas-river-flood/ "25th Anniversary of the 1986 Arkansas River Flood."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004194847/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/25th-anniversary-of-the-1986-arkansas-river-flood/ |date=2016-10-04 }} Tulsa Partners. October 23, 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2014.</ref> An yi ruwan sama mai yawa cikin kankanin lokaci, ta yadda za a iya cewa matakin tafkin zai kai kololuwar dam. Rundunar Sojojin Amurka (USACE) na buƙatar buɗe ƙofofin ambaliya tare da sakin kusan cfs 300,000 na ruwa a cikin Kogin Arkansas. Wannan adadin zai haifar da rikodin ambaliya tare da kogin daga Keystone zuwa Muskogee. Shiyasa Mutane da yawa da ke zaune kusa da kogin a Tulsa sun yi gudun hijira bisa radin kansu. An ba da umarnin ficewa na tilas a Jenks da Bixby.<ref name="Palmer">Parts of Southern Broken Arrow; known as Indian Springs flooded. Including the Indian Springs Athletic Club, Golf Course, And Elementary School. [http://newsok.com/tulsa-area-residents-move-out-as-corps-releases-record-flood/article/2161843 Palmer, Griff and Bobby Trammell. "Tulsa Area Residents Move Out As Corps Releases Record Flood."] NewsOK. October 5, 1986. Retrieved May 29, 2014.</ref> Wani lefe mai zaman kansa a Yammacin Tulsa ya gaza, wanda ya haifar da kiyasin dala miliyan 1.3 (dala miliyan 3.03 a cikin dala 2019). Gine-gine 64 ne suka lalace, ciki har da goma sha uku da za a rushe. Sauran yankunan da ke kusa sun ba da rahoton barna kamar: $32.5 miliyan ($75.78 a dala miliyan 2019) a cikin Sand Springs da dala miliyan 13.4 (dala miliyan 31.24 a cikin dala 2019). Gundumar Tulsa ta ba da rahoton asarar dala miliyan 63.5 ($148.06 miliyan a cikin dala 2019).<ref name="TulsaPartners" /> === 2019 ambaliya === A cikin watan Mayun shekarata 2019, jerin tsawa mai tsanani sun yi ruwan sama a arewacin Oklahoma. Ruwan ya gangara daga koramai zuwa tafkin Keystone . Dangane da martani, Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Injiniya sun fara sakin ruwa daga Dam ɗin Keystone zuwa Kogin Arkansas . A shirye-shiryen sake zagayowar guguwa, Rundunar Sojojin Amurka ta rage yawan ruwan da ake sakowa a cikin kogin, tare da fatan ba da damar ruwanta ya ja da baya don samun karin ruwan sama. Guguwar tsawa ta biyu ta yi ta jefar da yawan ruwan sama da ya haifar da guguwa da yawa. Wannan karin ruwan sama kuma ya mamaye tafkin Keystone, da dai sauransu, kuma an tilastawa Rundunar Sojoji suka bude kofofin kara. Kashegari, yayin da ruwa ya ci gaba da cika tafkin, Rundunar Sojan ta yi ƙoƙari don daidaita ruwan shiga da barin tafkin. Duk da haka, ba su da wani zaɓi illa ci gaba da ɗaga ƙofofin sama ko ƙasa da matakin ruwa ya wuce madatsar ruwa. Sakamakon kwararar ruwa ya fara a barazana ga unguwanni da birane. Yankunan Sapulpa, Kudancin Broken Arrow (wanda aka fi sani da Indian Springs), da Bixby, Oklahoma sun nutse. A ranar 22 ga Watan Mayu, an ɗaga ƙofofin daɗaɗa girma cikin yini. An kori Webbers Falls yayin da garin ya fara nutsewa cikin ruwa. Ruwan da ke gefen kogin Tulsa ya fara tashi sosai, wanda hakan ya sa makarantun gwamnati na Sand Springs da Jenks soke azuzuwa a sauran shekarar karatu saboda matsalar ambaliyar ruwa. An fara bullowa a cikin da kewayen yankin Tulsa, inda aka samu rahotannin motoci da ke shiga cikinsu. Tsarin gine-ginen da aka gina tare da bakin kogi, kamar Kogin Ruhun Casino da Riverwalk, an rufe su da gangan kuma an fara tattara su a cikin kogin da sauran sanannun wuraren ambaliya kamar Tulsa Zoo . Gwamna Kevin Stitt da Magajin Garin Tulsa GT Bynum sun yi shawagi a kan metro na Tulsa don duba ambaliyar tare da ayyana dokar ta baci ga [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda 66. Yayin da rana ta koma dare, wani guguwa mai tsananin gaske ya fara tashi a kusa da birnin Oklahoma, ya nufi Tulsa. Barges sun balle a kan kogin da ke kan hanyar zuwa Makullin Falls na Webbers da Dam, suna barazanar yin karo a cikin ginin. Jiragen ruwan sun bace ne da dare kuma ba a gano su ba sai da safe. A safiyar ranar 23 ga Mayu, an ci gaba da ɗaga kofofin ambaliya na Keystone yayin da Ruwan ya kai 100%, yana ƙara yawan kwarara zuwa cfs 221,000 tare da shirye-shiryen haɓaka wannan zuwa 250,000 cfs da tsakar rana. Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Kasa a Tulsa ta haɓaka matakin hasashen kogin Arkansas daga ƙafa 21 zuwa ƙafa 23, wanda hakan ya sanya kogin cikin babban matakin ambaliya kuma ƙafar 2 kawai na jin kunyar matakan da aka kai a cikin Oktoban shekarar 1986. A halin da ake ciki dai, jiragen ruwan sun sake ballewa jim kadan kafin karfe 11 na safe, inda suka sake yin barazana ga dam din. Jim kadan kafin azahar ne jiragen ruwan suka yi karo da dam din suka nutse. Bayan duba dam din, an bayyana cewa ya samu barnar kadan. A ranar 24 ga Mayu, Gwamna Stitt ya faɗaɗa dokar ta-baci don haɗa dukkan larduna guda 77 na Oklahoma. [[Donald Trump|Shugaba Trump ya]] amince da ayyana bala'in a washegari, yana ba da umarnin taimakon tarayya don ƙara martanin Jiha, kabilanci, da na cikin gida. <ref>[https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-approves-oklahoma-emergency-declaration/ www.whitehouse.gov]</ref> Rundunar Sojin ta yi niyyar ci gaba da sakin a kan cfs 250,000 har zuwa ranar Lahadi, 26 ga Mayu. Bayan karin tsawa da aka yi a daren ranar 24-25 ga Mayu, rundunar ta sauya shirinsu na ci gaba da tafiya a haka har zuwa ranar Laraba, 29 ga Mayu kuma ta ba da shawarar karin hazo na iya haifar da wani tsawaitawa. Magajin garin Bynum ya kuma bukaci 'yan kasar da ke samun kariya daga lefes da su fara yin tsare-tsare na son rai na ficewa. Ya bayyana cewa, duk da cewa a halin yanzu leve din suna gudanar da aikinsu, amma ba a taba gwada su ba. Ƙarin guguwa a cikin dare na Mayu 25-26 ya sa Corps su tsawaita jadawalin sakin su wata rana zuwa 30 ga Mayu. Sun kuma ƙara adadin sakin a cikin Arkansas da farko zuwa 265,000 cfs sannan kuma sun haɓaka shi zuwa 275,000 da safe. A cikin farkon sa'o'i na Ranar Tunawa da Tunawa da Mutuwar, duk da haka wani zagaye na mummunar guguwa ya sake yin hazo tare da babban kogin Arkansas a arewa maso yamma da arewa ta tsakiya Oklahoma da kuma kudancin tsakiyar Kansas. A ranar 28 ga Watan Mayu, tafkin a ƙarshe ya shawo kan wata babbar matsala kuma ya fara komawa baya. Guguwar da aka yi hasashe ta tafi kudancin dam ɗin, wanda ya ba da damar ruwan tafkin ya daidaita. Kashegari, ko da wani zagaye na guguwa ke tafe a Tulsa, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta sanar da cewa za ta fara yanke sakewa a madatsar ruwa. Da karfe 4 na yamma, an rage kwararar zuwa cfs 265,000 sannan a rage 10,000 cfs kowane awa 6. Manufar su shine a rage adadin zuwa cfs 150,000 a ranar Asabar da 100,000 cfs farkon mako mai zuwa. A halin yanzu, guguwar da aka yi a Tulsa ta kara tsayin kogin da inci kusan 6, amma kuma bai yi tasiri sosai a tafkin Keystone ba. Duk da haka, cikin sauri kogin ya koma kasa da tsayin da ya gabata. == Ragewa da kariya == Gwamnatin Tulsa ta mayar da martani ga ambaliya ta shekarar 1970 ta hanyar shiga cikin "tsarin gaggawa" na Shirin Inshorar Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Kasa (NFIP) da kuma yin alƙawarin ɗaukar ka'idojin ambaliyar ruwa na tarayya. A watan Agustan shekarata 1971, NFIP ta fitar da taswirar ƙimar toshe. Bayan wata guda, a Ranar Ma'aikata, Flat Rock, Bird da Haikey koguna sun yi ambaliya, wanda ya shafi al'ummomin karkara da yawa. A cikin Disamba, Bird Creek ta sake yin ambaliya. Daga nan Tulsa ta shiga cikin shirin “na yau da kullun” na NFIP, ta ɗauki sabon ƙayyadaddun ambaliya na shekaru 100, kuma ta yi alƙawarin daidaita yadda ake amfani da filayen ambaliya.<ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Bayan ambaliyar ruwa guda uku da aka yi a shekarar 1974, wadanda abin ya shafa sun bukaci da a dauki matakin da ya dace daga birnin, wanda a cewarsu ba ya aiwatar da ka’idojin NFIP. Sun yi kokarin dakatar da ci gaba, don guje wa barnar ambaliyar ruwa har sai an magance matsalolin da ake da su. Masu haɓakawa sun yi kakkausar suka, inda suka fara muhawara game da gudanar da ambaliyar ruwa, wanda ake kira "Babban Yaƙin Magudanar ruwa" daga kafofin watsa labaru na cikin gida, wanda ya ɗauki shekaru da yawa. Birnin ya zo don ganawa da manajoji tare da shirin fadada wani yanki na Mingo Creek. Wani bangare na shirin ya hada da cire kayan da suka lalace. An kwashe gidaje 33 a hannun dama kafin ambaliyar ruwa ta biyo baya. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Ambaliyara a shekarata 1984 ta nuna cewa masu kula da gaggawa ba za su iya samun cikakkun bayanai da sauri ba game da ci gaban ambaliya. Wannan gaskiya ne a ko'ina cikin jihar, da kuma a Tulsa. Bayanai daga radar filin jirgin sama, sabunta sa'o'i, bai isa ba don biyan bukatun manajoji. Jami'ar Oklahoma da Jami'ar Jihar Oklahoma sun haɗa kai tare da Binciken Yanayin yanayi da sauran hukumomin jama'a da masu zaman kansu don ƙirƙirar Oklahoma Mesonet . Wannan tsarin yana tattara bayanan yanayi (misali, saurin iska, ruwan sama, zazzabi) kowane minti a ƙalla 5 daga tashoshin Mesonet 120 a duk faɗin Oklahoma. Masu tsara shirin gaggawa yanzu za su iya sa ido kan bayanan yanayi na zamani kafin isowar guguwar da ke gabatowa. Labarin ya ambato wani jami'in Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Tulsa yana cewa ma'aikatansa suna amfani da Oklahoma Mesonet a kowace rana. <ref name="mesonet">Peterson, Althea. [http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/weather/oklahoma-mesonet-had-roots-in-the-memorial-weekend-flooding/article_fda77cdd-e7d3-5938-82e1-3e8c72c6f7b0.html "Oklahoma Mesonet had roots in the 1984 Memorial weekend flooding."] ''Tulsa World''. May 27, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.</ref> a cikin shekarata 1985, Tulsa ta daidaita alhakin duk ambaliya na birni, magudanar ruwa, da shirye-shiryen ruwan guguwa a cikin Sashen Kula da Ruwan Ruwa. An kafa kuɗin amfani da ruwan sama ta hanyar doka a cikin shekarar 1986 don gudanar da shirin. Ana buƙatar masu duk kadarorin da ke cikin birni su biya kuɗin, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar doka akan $ 2.58 kowace wata. Ana harajin kadarorin kasuwanci a $2.58 kowace wata ga kowane {{Convert|2,650|ft2|m2}} na m surface. Dokar ta ware gabaɗayan kuɗin na musamman don ayyukan kula da ambaliyar ruwa da ruwan guguwa, tare da tabbatar da samar da tsayayyen kudade don kulawa da gudanarwa. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Shirin kare ambaliyar ruwa na Tulsa yana da manufofi guda uku: hana sababbin matsaloli; gyara matsalolin da ke akwai; inganta aminci, muhalli da ingancin rayuwa. Jami'an birnin sun yi imanin cewa ƙa'idodin da NFIP ta gindaya ba su isa ba, dangane da gogewar Tulsa a baya. Tulsa yana buƙatar fayyace filayen ambaliya bisa ga ci gaban da ake tsammani a gaba, maimakon yanayin ci gaba a lokacin. NFIP kuma yana buƙatar mafi ƙanƙanta matakin gine-gine a cikin filayen ambaliya ya kasance ko sama da tsayin ambaliya na shekaru a ƙalla 100. Tulsa yana buƙatar kuma yana tilasta ƙarin ƙafa ɗaya (30.5&nbsp;cm) na allon kyauta sama da hawan ambaliya. Kafin a canza kadarorin da ke cikin filayen ambaliyar ruwa, dole ne mai shi ya sami izinin ci gaban magudanar ruwa. == Gane ci gaba == A farkon shekarata 1990s, FEMA ta sanya Tulsa ta farko a cikin al'umma don shirin kula da ambaliyar ruwa. barin Tulsans su ji daɗin ƙimar inshorar ambaliyar ruwa mafi ƙasƙanci. An kuma karrama shirin da lambar yabo ta FEMA ta shekarar 1992 da ta yi fice a ma'aikatan gwamnati; da Ƙungiyar Manajojin Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Jiha ta ba Tulsa lambar yabo ta gida sau biyu don Ƙarfafawa. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> FEMA ta ƙara ƙimar al'ummar Tulsa daga Aji na 5 zuwa Aji na 3, wanda hakan ya sa Tulsans suka cancanci rangwame kashi 35 akan ƙimar inshorar ambaliyar ruwa. Ƙimar aji na 5 da ya gabata ya ba da rangwamen kashi 25 cikin ɗari. Ana daidaita ma'auni na lokaci-lokaci don nuna raguwar haɗarin al'umma ta hanyar ƙoƙarinta na inganta "...bayanin jama'a, taswira da ka'idoji, shirye-shiryen ambaliya da rage lalacewar ambaliya. Rangwamen yana cikin haɓaka kashi biyar daga Class 9 (kashi biyar) zuwa Class 1 (kashi 45)." Tun daga shekarata 2000, Tulsa ita ce kawai al'ummar Amurka da aka ƙima a matsayin Class 3. <ref name="FEMA release">[http://www.fema.gov/news-release/2000/09/13/fema-honors-tulsa-oklahoma-nations-leading-floodplain-management-community FEMA news release. "FEMA Honors Tulsa, Oklahoma As Nation's Leading Floodplain Management Community."] September 13, 2000. Release Number: HQ-00-046a. Retrieved June 15, 2014.</ref> Takamaiman ayyuka da FEMA ta ambata sune:"...Samun kusan kaddarorin da ke fama da ambaliyar ruwa da kuma adana fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na ambaliyarsa a matsayin fili; ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin gini, gami da buƙatun yanayin aminci na ƙafa biyu ( freeboard) a cikin gine-ginen ambaliya; da kuma wayar da kan jama'a don ba da shawara ga mazauna haɗarin ambaliya da ba da mafita na ragewa da taimakon fasaha." <ref name="FEMA release"/> == Bayanan kula == {{Notelist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == [http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf Hukumar Ba da Shawarar Ruwa ta Tulsa Stormwater da Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021402/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf |date=2017-04-09 }} [http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf "Daga Rufin zuwa Kogi: Hanyar Tulsa zuwa Filin Ambaliyar Ruwa da Gudanar da Ruwa."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021402/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf |date=2017-04-09 }} [http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf Mayu, 1994.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021402/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf |date=2017-04-09 }} An shiga Afrilu 7, 2017. [http://www.stormtrack.org/library/damage/mingo1.htm Marshall, Timothy P. "Tasirin Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafa Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Mingo Creek Watershed."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004173741/http://www.stormtrack.org/library/damage/mingo1.htm |date=2013-10-04 }} (1984) An dawo da shi Mayu 25, 2014 [http://www.rdflanagan.com/Mooser/Mooser.pdf "Mooser Creek Greenway: Maidowa da Kiyaye Rafi na Tarihi."] Flanagan, John D. An Shirya Don Birnin Tulsa, Oklahoma. Afrilu 2004. An dawo da Yuni 15, 2014. [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha707 Bergman, Deroy L. da kuma Robert L. Tortorelli.] [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha707 "Ambaliya daga Mayu 26-27, 1984 a Tulsa, Oklahoma."] [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha707 USGS Hydrologic Atlas 707. 1988.] An shiga Afrilu 7, 2017. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Ruwa]] [[Category:Kogi]] [[Category:Ambaliya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9hhm50htqqbdhd5z6ut98t7ze134a4t 822190 822189 2026-04-18T11:59:28Z Pharouqenr 25549 822190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Tulsa Skyline.jpg|thumb|Ambaliya da haɓaka kogin Tulsa]] Haɗuwa da yanayin a kogi Maisa ambaliya cikin Tulsa, yankin [[Oklahoma]] sun haifar da ambaliyar ruwa akai-akai, ''musamman'' a kusa da koguna waɗanda galibi ke zubar da yankin. An kafa birnin a saman wani bluff akan kogin [[Arkansas (jiha)|Arkansas]]. Don haka, tsayin ya kare yawancin mazaunan da dukiyoyinsu daga lalacewa lokacin da kogin ya yi ambaliya. Koyaya, ya zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20 haɓakar yawan jama'a ya matsa kusa da kogin, kuma filayen da ke yammacin Arkansas sun fara haɓaka suma. Ambaliyar ta saba haifar da asarar dukiya da kuma asarar rayuka<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cnllkgx248eo.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17539922003352&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fcnllkgx248eo</ref>. A cikin shekarata 1920s, ambaliyar ruwa na Arkansas na yanayi ya fara haifar da mummunar lalacewa da asarar rayuka. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, shugabannin birni sun amsa irin waɗannan abubuwan ta hanyar sake ginawa da maye gurbin dukiyoyin da aka lalata ''a wurin'' . Sai a shekarar 1970 gwamnatin birnin ta fara bullo da dabarun dakile ambaliyar ruwa ko kuma rage asarar dukiyoyi da kuma hana asarar rayuka. Wannan labarin ya bayyana wasu fitattun ambaliyar ruwa a Tulsa, sannan hanyoyin ragewa da dabarun sarrafawa waɗanda suka samo asali daga gare su. Ambaliyar ruwa ta ci gaba da yin barazana ga rayuka da dukiyoyi, yayin da birnin ya mamaye filayen noma da ke kewaye. Hukumomin birni sun yanke shawarar cewa ƙa'idodin Tarayya na lokacin ba su isa ba don sarrafa yanayin gida kuma sun fara haɓaka ƙarin buƙatu. Shirin Tulsa ya samo asali kuma a yanzu ya shafi dukkanin magudanar ruwa, gami da sauran al'ummomi a cikin babban birnin Tulsa . Ko da yake ba za a iya hana aukuwar ambaliya kwata-kwata ba, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Tarayya (FEMA) da wasu kungiyoyi da dama sun amince da shirin shawo kan ambaliyar Tulsa a matsayin nasara. Za a ci gaba da kokarin shawo kan lamarin muddin mutane suna zaune a wurare masu rauni ko rashin ƙarfi. == Manyan ambaliyar ruwa == Bayanan ambaliya ba su da yawa kafin shekarata 1900. A cikin 1908, shekara guda kacal bayan zama jiha, ambaliyar kogin Arkansas a Tulsa ya haifar da asarar $250,000 ($ 6.45 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). Garin ya kasance a saman kogin kogin, don haka ya kare ambaliya. Sai dai gadar layin dogo ta tsallake rijiya da baya, lamarin da ya kawo cikas ga zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa zuwa yamma har sai an sauya gadar. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1923 ambaliya === A shekara ta 1920, yawan man fetur ya haifar da ci gaba mai sauri wanda aka gina gidaje a kan ƙananan ƙasa kusa da kogin Arkansas, A ranar 13 ga Yuni, shekarata 1923, kogin ya mamaye wadannan ƙananan wurare, ya haifar da $ 500,000 a cikin diyya ($ 9.83 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). ), da kuma barin gida 4,000. Ambaliyar ta hada da aikin ruwa na Tulsa, wanda ke a yanzu a Newblock Park, An gina sabbin ayyukan ruwa a kan tudu mai tsayi a arewa maso gabashin Tulsa, kusa da Bird Creek . Wannan {{Convert|2800|acre|m2}} yanki ya zama Mohawk Park, ɗayan manyan wuraren shakatawa na birni na ƙasar. Har ila yau, birnin ya fitar da shirinsa na shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa na farko, inda ya yi kokarin sanya gidaje a kan tudu da kuma tanadin guraben wuraren shakatawa. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1943 ambaliya === Wani ambaliya a kan kogin Arkansas ya yi barazana ga matatun mai a yammacin Tulsa a shekarata 1943. Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Injiniya (USACE) nan da nan ta gina matsuguni a kusa da matatun, waɗanda aka ɗauka suna da mahimmanci ga sojojin Amurka a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] . Wani tanadi a cikin Dokar Kula da Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Mississippi ta 1928 ta ba da izini ga USACE don gina madatsun ruwa da lefi kamar yadda ake buƙata don sarrafa ambaliya. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Duk da haka, ambaliyar ta kashe mutane 21, tare da raunata 26, ta kuma bar kusan 4,000 da gidajensu. Ko da yake ba a samu barnar kudi ba, gidaje 413 sun lalace sannan 3,800 sun lalace. <ref>Flanagan, p. III-1. Retrieved June 15, 2014.</ref> === 1970 ambaliya === Kamar yadda Tulsa ta faɗaɗa cikin karkarar da ke kewaye bayan WWII, ambaliya na yankunan birane akai-akai, yawanci kowacce shekara biyu zuwa huɗu. A cikin 1966, Tulsa ta mamaye magudanar ruwan Mingo Creek. Ambaliyar Ranar Mata ta a shekarar 1970 a Tulsa ta haifar da asarar dala 163,000 ($ 1.07 miliyan a cikin dala miliyan 2019) zuwa yankunan da ke ci gaba da sauri tare da kogin Mingo da Joe a gabashin birnin. Har yanzu, farfadowa ya ƙunshi gyara ko maye gurbin gine-ginen da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye a wurarensu na asali. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1974 ambaliya === Ambaliyar ruwa uku ta faru a watan Afrilu da Mayu shekarata 1974. An kiyasta lalacewar dala $744,000 ($3.86 miliyan a cikin dala miliyan 2019) tare da Bird Creek. A watan Yuni, ambaliyar ruwa ta afku tare da Fry, Haikey, Joe da Mingo Creek. Wannan lokacin an kiyasta asarar sama da dala miliyan 18 ($93.30 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). Mingo Creek ta sake yin ambaliya a ranar 19 ga Satumba, shekarata 1974.<ref name="Tulsa-floods">[https://www.cityoftulsa.org/city-services/flood-control/flooding-history.aspx "Flood Control and Drainage."] City of Tulsa. Retrieved May 25, 2014.</ref> === 1976 ambaliya === Ambaliyar Ranar Tunawa da Mutuwar Shekara ta 1976 ta nuna wani ci gaba a cikin binciken Tulsa na neman mafita. Ruwan ruwa mai tsawon sa'o'i uku, mai inci 10 ya afku a kan magudanar ruwan Mingo, Joe da Haikey. Sakamakon ambaliya ya kashe mutane uku tare da haddasa asarar dala miliyan 40 ($179.65 a dala miliyan 2019) ga gine-gine sama da 3,000. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1984 ambaliya === Gaban sanyi wanda ya tsaya kan yankin Tulsa a ranar 26-27 ga Mayu, shekarata 1984 ya faɗi tsakanin inci 6 zuwa 15 (15 da 38).&nbsp;cm) ruwan sama ya mamaye sassa da dama na birnin. Ambaliyar ta kashe mutane 14 tare da yin asarar dala miliyan 180 (dalar Amurka miliyan 442.72 a shekarar 2019). Yankunan da ke kusa da Mingo Creek a gabashin Tulsa da Cherry Creek a yammacin Tulsa sun kasance da wahala musamman.<ref name="Throwback">Jackson, Debbie and Hilary Pittman.[http://www.tulsaworld.com/blogs/news/throwbacktulsa/throwback-tulsa-memorial-weekend-deluge-was-years-ago/article_5249d055-09cb-5528-8763-626ebcc08d59.html "Throwback Tulsa: Memorial weekend deluge was 30 years ago."] ''Tulsa World''. May 22, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.</ref> === 1986 ambaliya ===  A cikin Satumba shekarata 1986, ragowar guguwa a kudu maso yammacin Mexico sun isa yankin Tulsa kuma sun haifar da ruwan sama na inci 24 (61).&nbsp;cm) arewa maso yamma na Keystone Lake.<ref name="TulsaPartners">[http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/25th-anniversary-of-the-1986-arkansas-river-flood/ "25th Anniversary of the 1986 Arkansas River Flood."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004194847/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/25th-anniversary-of-the-1986-arkansas-river-flood/ |date=2016-10-04 }} Tulsa Partners. October 23, 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2014.</ref> An yi ruwan sama mai yawa cikin kankanin lokaci, ta yadda za a iya cewa matakin tafkin zai kai kololuwar dam. Rundunar Sojojin Amurka (USACE) na buƙatar buɗe ƙofofin ambaliya tare da sakin kusan cfs 300,000 na ruwa a cikin Kogin Arkansas. Wannan adadin zai haifar da rikodin ambaliya tare da kogin daga Keystone zuwa Muskogee. Shiyasa Mutane da yawa da ke zaune kusa da kogin a Tulsa sun yi gudun hijira bisa radin kansu. An ba da umarnin ficewa na tilas a Jenks da Bixby.<ref name="Palmer">Parts of Southern Broken Arrow; known as Indian Springs flooded. Including the Indian Springs Athletic Club, Golf Course, And Elementary School. [http://newsok.com/tulsa-area-residents-move-out-as-corps-releases-record-flood/article/2161843 Palmer, Griff and Bobby Trammell. "Tulsa Area Residents Move Out As Corps Releases Record Flood."] NewsOK. October 5, 1986. Retrieved May 29, 2014.</ref> Wani lefe mai zaman kansa a Yammacin Tulsa ya gaza, wanda ya haifar da kiyasin dala miliyan 1.3 (dala miliyan 3.03 a cikin dala 2019). Gine-gine 64 ne suka lalace, ciki har da goma sha uku da za a rushe. Sauran yankunan da ke kusa sun ba da rahoton barna kamar: $32.5 miliyan ($75.78 a dala miliyan 2019) a cikin Sand Springs da dala miliyan 13.4 (dala miliyan 31.24 a cikin dala 2019). Gundumar Tulsa ta ba da rahoton asarar dala miliyan 63.5 ($148.06 miliyan a cikin dala 2019).<ref name="TulsaPartners" /> === 2019 ambaliya === A cikin watan Mayun shekarata 2019, jerin tsawa mai tsanani sun yi ruwan sama a arewacin Oklahoma. Ruwan ya gangara daga koramai zuwa tafkin Keystone . Dangane da martani, Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Injiniya sun fara sakin ruwa daga Dam ɗin Keystone zuwa Kogin Arkansas . A shirye-shiryen sake zagayowar guguwa, Rundunar Sojojin Amurka ta rage yawan ruwan da ake sakowa a cikin kogin, tare da fatan ba da damar ruwanta ya ja da baya don samun karin ruwan sama. Guguwar tsawa ta biyu ta yi ta jefar da yawan ruwan sama da ya haifar da guguwa da yawa. Wannan karin ruwan sama kuma ya mamaye tafkin Keystone, da dai sauransu, kuma an tilastawa Rundunar Sojoji suka bude kofofin kara. Kashegari, yayin da ruwa ya ci gaba da cika tafkin, Rundunar Sojan ta yi ƙoƙari don daidaita ruwan shiga da barin tafkin. Duk da haka, ba su da wani zaɓi illa ci gaba da ɗaga ƙofofin sama ko ƙasa da matakin ruwa ya wuce madatsar ruwa. Sakamakon kwararar ruwa ya fara a barazana ga unguwanni da birane. Yankunan Sapulpa, Kudancin Broken Arrow (wanda aka fi sani da Indian Springs), da Bixby, Oklahoma sun nutse. A ranar 22 ga Watan Mayu, an ɗaga ƙofofin daɗaɗa girma cikin yini. An kori Webbers Falls yayin da garin ya fara nutsewa cikin ruwa. Ruwan da ke gefen kogin Tulsa ya fara tashi sosai, wanda hakan ya sa makarantun gwamnati na Sand Springs da Jenks soke azuzuwa a sauran shekarar karatu saboda matsalar ambaliyar ruwa. An fara bullowa a cikin da kewayen yankin Tulsa, inda aka samu rahotannin motoci da ke shiga cikinsu. Tsarin gine-ginen da aka gina tare da bakin kogi, kamar Kogin Ruhun Casino da Riverwalk, an rufe su da gangan kuma an fara tattara su a cikin kogin da sauran sanannun wuraren ambaliya kamar Tulsa Zoo . Gwamna Kevin Stitt da Magajin Garin Tulsa GT Bynum sun yi shawagi a kan metro na Tulsa don duba ambaliyar tare da ayyana dokar ta baci ga [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda 66. Yayin da rana ta koma dare, wani guguwa mai tsananin gaske ya fara tashi a kusa da birnin Oklahoma, ya nufi Tulsa. Barges sun balle a kan kogin da ke kan hanyar zuwa Makullin Falls na Webbers da Dam, suna barazanar yin karo a cikin ginin. Jiragen ruwan sun bace ne da dare kuma ba a gano su ba sai da safe. A safiyar ranar 23 ga Mayu, an ci gaba da ɗaga kofofin ambaliya na Keystone yayin da Ruwan ya kai 100%, yana ƙara yawan kwarara zuwa cfs 221,000 tare da shirye-shiryen haɓaka wannan zuwa 250,000 cfs da tsakar rana. Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Kasa a Tulsa ta haɓaka matakin hasashen kogin Arkansas daga ƙafa 21 zuwa ƙafa 23, wanda hakan ya sanya kogin cikin babban matakin ambaliya kuma ƙafar 2 kawai na jin kunyar matakan da aka kai a cikin Oktoban shekarar 1986. A halin da ake ciki dai, jiragen ruwan sun sake ballewa jim kadan kafin karfe 11 na safe, inda suka sake yin barazana ga dam din. Jim kadan kafin azahar ne jiragen ruwan suka yi karo da dam din suka nutse. Bayan duba dam din, an bayyana cewa ya samu barnar kadan. A ranar 24 ga Mayu, Gwamna Stitt ya faɗaɗa dokar ta-baci don haɗa dukkan larduna guda 77 na Oklahoma. [[Donald Trump|Shugaba Trump ya]] amince da ayyana bala'in a washegari, yana ba da umarnin taimakon tarayya don ƙara martanin Jiha, kabilanci, da na cikin gida. <ref>[https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-approves-oklahoma-emergency-declaration/ www.whitehouse.gov]</ref> Rundunar Sojin ta yi niyyar ci gaba da sakin a kan cfs 250,000 har zuwa ranar Lahadi, 26 ga Mayu. Bayan karin tsawa da aka yi a daren ranar 24-25 ga Mayu, rundunar ta sauya shirinsu na ci gaba da tafiya a haka har zuwa ranar Laraba, 29 ga Mayu kuma ta ba da shawarar karin hazo na iya haifar da wani tsawaitawa. Magajin garin Bynum ya kuma bukaci 'yan kasar da ke samun kariya daga lefes da su fara yin tsare-tsare na son rai na ficewa. Ya bayyana cewa, duk da cewa a halin yanzu leve din suna gudanar da aikinsu, amma ba a taba gwada su ba. Ƙarin guguwa a cikin dare na Mayu 25-26 ya sa Corps su tsawaita jadawalin sakin su wata rana zuwa 30 ga Mayu. Sun kuma ƙara adadin sakin a cikin Arkansas da farko zuwa 265,000 cfs sannan kuma sun haɓaka shi zuwa 275,000 da safe. A cikin farkon sa'o'i na Ranar Tunawa da Tunawa da Mutuwar, duk da haka wani zagaye na mummunar guguwa ya sake yin hazo tare da babban kogin Arkansas a arewa maso yamma da arewa ta tsakiya Oklahoma da kuma kudancin tsakiyar Kansas. A ranar 28 ga Watan Mayu, tafkin a ƙarshe ya shawo kan wata babbar matsala kuma ya fara komawa baya. Guguwar da aka yi hasashe ta tafi kudancin dam ɗin, wanda ya ba da damar ruwan tafkin ya daidaita. Kashegari, ko da wani zagaye na guguwa ke tafe a Tulsa, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta sanar da cewa za ta fara yanke sakewa a madatsar ruwa. Da karfe 4 na yamma, an rage kwararar zuwa cfs 265,000 sannan a rage 10,000 cfs kowane awa 6. Manufar su shine a rage adadin zuwa cfs 150,000 a ranar Asabar da 100,000 cfs farkon mako mai zuwa. A halin yanzu, guguwar da aka yi a Tulsa ta kara tsayin kogin da inci kusan 6, amma kuma bai yi tasiri sosai a tafkin Keystone ba. Duk da haka, cikin sauri kogin ya koma kasa da tsayin da ya gabata. == Ragewa da kariya == Gwamnatin Tulsa ta mayar da martani ga ambaliya ta shekarar 1970 ta hanyar shiga cikin "tsarin gaggawa" na Shirin Inshorar Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Kasa (NFIP) da kuma yin alƙawarin ɗaukar ka'idojin ambaliyar ruwa na tarayya. A watan Agustan shekarata 1971, NFIP ta fitar da taswirar ƙimar toshe. Bayan wata guda, a Ranar Ma'aikata, Flat Rock, Bird da Haikey koguna sun yi ambaliya, wanda ya shafi al'ummomin karkara da yawa. A cikin Disamba, Bird Creek ta sake yin ambaliya. Daga nan Tulsa ta shiga cikin shirin “na yau da kullun” na NFIP, ta ɗauki sabon ƙayyadaddun ambaliya na shekaru 100, kuma ta yi alƙawarin daidaita yadda ake amfani da filayen ambaliya.<ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Bayan ambaliyar ruwa guda uku da aka yi a shekarar 1974, wadanda abin ya shafa sun bukaci da a dauki matakin da ya dace daga birnin, wanda a cewarsu ba ya aiwatar da ka’idojin NFIP. Sun yi kokarin dakatar da ci gaba, don guje wa barnar ambaliyar ruwa har sai an magance matsalolin da ake da su. Masu haɓakawa sun yi kakkausar suka, inda suka fara muhawara game da gudanar da ambaliyar ruwa, wanda ake kira "Babban Yaƙin Magudanar ruwa" daga kafofin watsa labaru na cikin gida, wanda ya ɗauki shekaru da yawa. Birnin ya zo don ganawa da manajoji tare da shirin fadada wani yanki na Mingo Creek. Wani bangare na shirin ya hada da cire kayan da suka lalace. An kwashe gidaje 33 a hannun dama kafin ambaliyar ruwa ta biyo baya. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Ambaliyara a shekarata 1984 ta nuna cewa masu kula da gaggawa ba za su iya samun cikakkun bayanai da sauri ba game da ci gaban ambaliya. Wannan gaskiya ne a ko'ina cikin jihar, da kuma a Tulsa. Bayanai daga radar filin jirgin sama, sabunta sa'o'i, bai isa ba don biyan bukatun manajoji. Jami'ar Oklahoma da Jami'ar Jihar Oklahoma sun haɗa kai tare da Binciken Yanayin yanayi da sauran hukumomin jama'a da masu zaman kansu don ƙirƙirar Oklahoma Mesonet . Wannan tsarin yana tattara bayanan yanayi (misali, saurin iska, ruwan sama, zazzabi) kowane minti a ƙalla 5 daga tashoshin Mesonet 120 a duk faɗin Oklahoma. Masu tsara shirin gaggawa yanzu za su iya sa ido kan bayanan yanayi na zamani kafin isowar guguwar da ke gabatowa. Labarin ya ambato wani jami'in Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Tulsa yana cewa ma'aikatansa suna amfani da Oklahoma Mesonet a kowace rana. <ref name="mesonet">Peterson, Althea. [http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/weather/oklahoma-mesonet-had-roots-in-the-memorial-weekend-flooding/article_fda77cdd-e7d3-5938-82e1-3e8c72c6f7b0.html "Oklahoma Mesonet had roots in the 1984 Memorial weekend flooding."] ''Tulsa World''. May 27, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.</ref> a cikin shekarata 1985, Tulsa ta daidaita alhakin duk ambaliya na birni, magudanar ruwa, da shirye-shiryen ruwan guguwa a cikin Sashen Kula da Ruwan Ruwa. An kafa kuɗin amfani da ruwan sama ta hanyar doka a cikin shekarar 1986 don gudanar da shirin. Ana buƙatar masu duk kadarorin da ke cikin birni su biya kuɗin, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar doka akan $ 2.58 kowace wata. Ana harajin kadarorin kasuwanci a $2.58 kowace wata ga kowane {{Convert|2,650|ft2|m2}} na m surface. Dokar ta ware gabaɗayan kuɗin na musamman don ayyukan kula da ambaliyar ruwa da ruwan guguwa, tare da tabbatar da samar da tsayayyen kudade don kulawa da gudanarwa. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Shirin kare ambaliyar ruwa na Tulsa yana da manufofi guda uku: hana sababbin matsaloli; gyara matsalolin da ke akwai; inganta aminci, muhalli da ingancin rayuwa. Jami'an birnin sun yi imanin cewa ƙa'idodin da NFIP ta gindaya ba su isa ba, dangane da gogewar Tulsa a baya. Tulsa yana buƙatar fayyace filayen ambaliya bisa ga ci gaban da ake tsammani a gaba, maimakon yanayin ci gaba a lokacin. NFIP kuma yana buƙatar mafi ƙanƙanta matakin gine-gine a cikin filayen ambaliya ya kasance ko sama da tsayin ambaliya na shekaru a ƙalla 100. Tulsa yana buƙatar kuma yana tilasta ƙarin ƙafa ɗaya (30.5&nbsp;cm) na allon kyauta sama da hawan ambaliya. Kafin a canza kadarorin da ke cikin filayen ambaliyar ruwa, dole ne mai shi ya sami izinin ci gaban magudanar ruwa. == Gane ci gaba == A farkon shekarata 1990s, FEMA ta sanya Tulsa ta farko a cikin al'umma don shirin kula da ambaliyar ruwa. barin Tulsans su ji daɗin ƙimar inshorar ambaliyar ruwa mafi ƙasƙanci. An kuma karrama shirin da lambar yabo ta FEMA ta shekarar 1992 da ta yi fice a ma'aikatan gwamnati; da Ƙungiyar Manajojin Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Jiha ta ba Tulsa lambar yabo ta gida sau biyu don Ƙarfafawa. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> FEMA ta ƙara ƙimar al'ummar Tulsa daga Aji na 5 zuwa Aji na 3, wanda hakan ya sa Tulsans suka cancanci rangwame kashi 35 akan ƙimar inshorar ambaliyar ruwa. Ƙimar aji na 5 da ya gabata ya ba da rangwamen kashi 25 cikin ɗari. Ana daidaita ma'auni na lokaci-lokaci don nuna raguwar haɗarin al'umma ta hanyar ƙoƙarinta na inganta "...bayanin jama'a, taswira da ka'idoji, shirye-shiryen ambaliya da rage lalacewar ambaliya. Rangwamen yana cikin haɓaka kashi biyar daga Class 9 (kashi biyar) zuwa Class 1 (kashi 45)." Tun daga shekarata 2000, Tulsa ita ce kawai al'ummar Amurka da aka ƙima a matsayin Class 3. <ref name="FEMA release">[http://www.fema.gov/news-release/2000/09/13/fema-honors-tulsa-oklahoma-nations-leading-floodplain-management-community FEMA news release. "FEMA Honors Tulsa, Oklahoma As Nation's Leading Floodplain Management Community."] September 13, 2000. Release Number: HQ-00-046a. Retrieved June 15, 2014.</ref> Takamaiman ayyuka da FEMA ta ambata sune:"...Samun kusan kaddarorin da ke fama da ambaliyar ruwa da kuma adana fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na ambaliyarsa a matsayin fili; ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin gini, gami da buƙatun yanayin aminci na ƙafa biyu ( freeboard) a cikin gine-ginen ambaliya; da kuma wayar da kan jama'a don ba da shawara ga mazauna haɗarin ambaliya da ba da mafita na ragewa da taimakon fasaha." <ref name="FEMA release"/> == Bayanan kula == {{Notelist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == [http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf Hukumar Ba da Shawarar Ruwa ta Tulsa Stormwater da Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021402/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf |date=2017-04-09 }} [http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf "Daga Rufin zuwa Kogi: Hanyar Tulsa zuwa Filin Ambaliyar Ruwa da Gudanar da Ruwa."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021402/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf |date=2017-04-09 }} [http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf Mayu, 1994.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021402/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf |date=2017-04-09 }} An shiga Afrilu 7, 2017. [http://www.stormtrack.org/library/damage/mingo1.htm Marshall, Timothy P. "Tasirin Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafa Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Mingo Creek Watershed."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004173741/http://www.stormtrack.org/library/damage/mingo1.htm |date=2013-10-04 }} (1984) An dawo da shi Mayu 25, 2014 [http://www.rdflanagan.com/Mooser/Mooser.pdf "Mooser Creek Greenway: Maidowa da Kiyaye Rafi na Tarihi."] Flanagan, John D. An Shirya Don Birnin Tulsa, Oklahoma. Afrilu 2004. An dawo da Yuni 15, 2014. [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha707 Bergman, Deroy L. da kuma Robert L. Tortorelli.] [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha707 "Ambaliya daga Mayu 26-27, 1984 a Tulsa, Oklahoma."] [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha707 USGS Hydrologic Atlas 707. 1988.] An shiga Afrilu 7, 2017. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Ruwa]] [[Category:Kogi]] [[Category:Ambaliya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hg8prm204hc5g3t63e9vx80kch3rdy5 822191 822190 2026-04-18T11:59:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 822191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Tulsa Skyline.jpg|thumb|Ambaliya da haɓaka kogin Tulsa]] Haɗuwa da yanayin a kogi Maisa ambaliya cikin Tulsa, yankin [[Oklahoma]] sun haifar da ambaliyar ruwa akai-akai, ''musamman'' a kusa da koguna waɗanda galibi ke zubar da yankin. An kafa birnin a saman wani bluff akan kogin [[Arkansas (jiha)|Arkansas]]. Don haka, tsayin ya kare yawancin mazaunan da dukiyoyinsu daga lalacewa lokacin da kogin ya yi ambaliya. Koyaya, ya zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20 haɓakar yawan jama'a ya matsa kusa da kogin, kuma filayen da ke yammacin Arkansas sun fara haɓaka suma. Ambaliyar ta saba haifar da asarar dukiya da kuma asarar rayuka<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cnllkgx248eo.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17539922003352&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fcnllkgx248eo</ref>. A cikin shekarata 1920s, ambaliyar ruwa na Arkansas na yanayi ya fara haifar da mummunar lalacewa da asarar rayuka. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, shugabannin birni sun amsa irin waɗannan abubuwan ta hanyar sake ginawa da maye gurbin dukiyoyin da aka lalata ''a wurin'' . Sai a shekarar 1970 gwamnatin birnin ta fara bullo da dabarun dakile ambaliyar ruwa ko kuma rage asarar dukiyoyi da kuma hana asarar rayuka. Wannan labarin ya bayyana wasu fitattun ambaliyar ruwa a Tulsa, sannan hanyoyin ragewa da dabarun sarrafawa waɗanda suka samo asali daga gare su. Ambaliyar ruwa ta ci gaba da yin barazana ga rayuka da dukiyoyi, yayin da birnin ya mamaye filayen noma da ke kewaye. Hukumomin birni sun yanke shawarar cewa ƙa'idodin Tarayya na lokacin ba su isa ba don sarrafa yanayin gida kuma sun fara haɓaka ƙarin buƙatu. Shirin Tulsa ya samo asali kuma a yanzu ya shafi dukkanin magudanar ruwa, gami da sauran al'ummomi a cikin babban birnin Tulsa . Ko da yake ba za a iya hana aukuwar ambaliya kwata-kwata ba, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Tarayya (FEMA) da wasu kungiyoyi da dama sun amince da shirin shawo kan ambaliyar Tulsa a matsayin nasara. Za a ci gaba da kokarin shawo kan lamarin muddin mutane suna zaune a wurare masu rauni ko rashin ƙarfi. == Manyan ambaliyar ruwa == Bayanan ambaliya ba su da yawa kafin shekarata 1900. A cikin 1908, shekara guda kacal bayan zama jiha, ambaliyar kogin Arkansas a Tulsa ya haifar da asarar $250,000 ($ 6.45 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). Garin ya kasance a saman kogin kogin, don haka ya kare ambaliya. Sai dai gadar layin dogo ta tsallake rijiya da baya, lamarin da ya kawo cikas ga zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa zuwa yamma har sai an sauya gadar.<ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1923 ambaliya === A shekara ta 1920, yawan man fetur ya haifar da ci gaba mai sauri wanda aka gina gidaje a kan ƙananan ƙasa kusa da kogin Arkansas, A ranar 13 ga Yuni, shekarata 1923, kogin ya mamaye wadannan ƙananan wurare, ya haifar da $ 500,000 a cikin diyya ($ 9.83 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). ), da kuma barin gida 4,000. Ambaliyar ta hada da aikin ruwa na Tulsa, wanda ke a yanzu a Newblock Park, An gina sabbin ayyukan ruwa a kan tudu mai tsayi a arewa maso gabashin Tulsa, kusa da Bird Creek . Wannan {{Convert|2800|acre|m2}} yanki ya zama Mohawk Park, ɗayan manyan wuraren shakatawa na birni na ƙasar. Har ila yau, birnin ya fitar da shirinsa na shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa na farko, inda ya yi kokarin sanya gidaje a kan tudu da kuma tanadin guraben wuraren shakatawa.<ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1943 ambaliya === Wani ambaliya a kan kogin Arkansas ya yi barazana ga matatun mai a yammacin Tulsa a shekarata 1943. Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Injiniya (USACE) nan da nan ta gina matsuguni a kusa da matatun, waɗanda aka ɗauka suna da mahimmanci ga sojojin Amurka a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] . Wani tanadi a cikin Dokar Kula da Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Mississippi ta 1928 ta ba da izini ga USACE don gina madatsun ruwa da lefi kamar yadda ake buƙata don sarrafa ambaliya. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Duk da haka, ambaliyar ta kashe mutane 21, tare da raunata 26, ta kuma bar kusan 4,000 da gidajensu. Ko da yake ba a samu barnar kudi ba, gidaje 413 sun lalace sannan 3,800 sun lalace. <ref>Flanagan, p. III-1. Retrieved June 15, 2014.</ref> === 1970 ambaliya === Kamar yadda Tulsa ta faɗaɗa cikin karkarar da ke kewaye bayan WWII, ambaliya na yankunan birane akai-akai, yawanci kowacce shekara biyu zuwa huɗu. A cikin 1966, Tulsa ta mamaye magudanar ruwan Mingo Creek. Ambaliyar Ranar Mata ta a shekarar 1970 a Tulsa ta haifar da asarar dala 163,000 ($ 1.07 miliyan a cikin dala miliyan 2019) zuwa yankunan da ke ci gaba da sauri tare da kogin Mingo da Joe a gabashin birnin. Har yanzu, farfadowa ya ƙunshi gyara ko maye gurbin gine-ginen da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye a wurarensu na asali. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1974 ambaliya === Ambaliyar ruwa uku ta faru a watan Afrilu da Mayu shekarata 1974. An kiyasta lalacewar dala $744,000 ($3.86 miliyan a cikin dala miliyan 2019) tare da Bird Creek. A watan Yuni, ambaliyar ruwa ta afku tare da Fry, Haikey, Joe da Mingo Creek. Wannan lokacin an kiyasta asarar sama da dala miliyan 18 ($93.30 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). Mingo Creek ta sake yin ambaliya a ranar 19 ga Satumba, shekarata 1974.<ref name="Tulsa-floods">[https://www.cityoftulsa.org/city-services/flood-control/flooding-history.aspx "Flood Control and Drainage."] City of Tulsa. Retrieved May 25, 2014.</ref> === 1976 ambaliya === Ambaliyar Ranar Tunawa da Mutuwar Shekara ta 1976 ta nuna wani ci gaba a cikin binciken Tulsa na neman mafita. Ruwan ruwa mai tsawon sa'o'i uku, mai inci 10 ya afku a kan magudanar ruwan Mingo, Joe da Haikey. Sakamakon ambaliya ya kashe mutane uku tare da haddasa asarar dala miliyan 40 ($179.65 a dala miliyan 2019) ga gine-gine sama da 3,000. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1984 ambaliya === Gaban sanyi wanda ya tsaya kan yankin Tulsa a ranar 26-27 ga Mayu, shekarata 1984 ya faɗi tsakanin inci 6 zuwa 15 (15 da 38).&nbsp;cm) ruwan sama ya mamaye sassa da dama na birnin. Ambaliyar ta kashe mutane 14 tare da yin asarar dala miliyan 180 (dalar Amurka miliyan 442.72 a shekarar 2019). Yankunan da ke kusa da Mingo Creek a gabashin Tulsa da Cherry Creek a yammacin Tulsa sun kasance da wahala musamman.<ref name="Throwback">Jackson, Debbie and Hilary Pittman.[http://www.tulsaworld.com/blogs/news/throwbacktulsa/throwback-tulsa-memorial-weekend-deluge-was-years-ago/article_5249d055-09cb-5528-8763-626ebcc08d59.html "Throwback Tulsa: Memorial weekend deluge was 30 years ago."] ''Tulsa World''. May 22, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.</ref> === 1986 ambaliya ===  A cikin Satumba shekarata 1986, ragowar guguwa a kudu maso yammacin Mexico sun isa yankin Tulsa kuma sun haifar da ruwan sama na inci 24 (61).&nbsp;cm) arewa maso yamma na Keystone Lake.<ref name="TulsaPartners">[http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/25th-anniversary-of-the-1986-arkansas-river-flood/ "25th Anniversary of the 1986 Arkansas River Flood."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004194847/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/25th-anniversary-of-the-1986-arkansas-river-flood/ |date=2016-10-04 }} Tulsa Partners. October 23, 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2014.</ref> An yi ruwan sama mai yawa cikin kankanin lokaci, ta yadda za a iya cewa matakin tafkin zai kai kololuwar dam. Rundunar Sojojin Amurka (USACE) na buƙatar buɗe ƙofofin ambaliya tare da sakin kusan cfs 300,000 na ruwa a cikin Kogin Arkansas. Wannan adadin zai haifar da rikodin ambaliya tare da kogin daga Keystone zuwa Muskogee. Shiyasa Mutane da yawa da ke zaune kusa da kogin a Tulsa sun yi gudun hijira bisa radin kansu. An ba da umarnin ficewa na tilas a Jenks da Bixby.<ref name="Palmer">Parts of Southern Broken Arrow; known as Indian Springs flooded. Including the Indian Springs Athletic Club, Golf Course, And Elementary School. [http://newsok.com/tulsa-area-residents-move-out-as-corps-releases-record-flood/article/2161843 Palmer, Griff and Bobby Trammell. "Tulsa Area Residents Move Out As Corps Releases Record Flood."] NewsOK. October 5, 1986. Retrieved May 29, 2014.</ref> Wani lefe mai zaman kansa a Yammacin Tulsa ya gaza, wanda ya haifar da kiyasin dala miliyan 1.3 (dala miliyan 3.03 a cikin dala 2019). Gine-gine 64 ne suka lalace, ciki har da goma sha uku da za a rushe. Sauran yankunan da ke kusa sun ba da rahoton barna kamar: $32.5 miliyan ($75.78 a dala miliyan 2019) a cikin Sand Springs da dala miliyan 13.4 (dala miliyan 31.24 a cikin dala 2019). Gundumar Tulsa ta ba da rahoton asarar dala miliyan 63.5 ($148.06 miliyan a cikin dala 2019).<ref name="TulsaPartners" /> === 2019 ambaliya === A cikin watan Mayun shekarata 2019, jerin tsawa mai tsanani sun yi ruwan sama a arewacin Oklahoma. Ruwan ya gangara daga koramai zuwa tafkin Keystone . Dangane da martani, Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Injiniya sun fara sakin ruwa daga Dam ɗin Keystone zuwa Kogin Arkansas . A shirye-shiryen sake zagayowar guguwa, Rundunar Sojojin Amurka ta rage yawan ruwan da ake sakowa a cikin kogin, tare da fatan ba da damar ruwanta ya ja da baya don samun karin ruwan sama. Guguwar tsawa ta biyu ta yi ta jefar da yawan ruwan sama da ya haifar da guguwa da yawa. Wannan karin ruwan sama kuma ya mamaye tafkin Keystone, da dai sauransu, kuma an tilastawa Rundunar Sojoji suka bude kofofin kara. Kashegari, yayin da ruwa ya ci gaba da cika tafkin, Rundunar Sojan ta yi ƙoƙari don daidaita ruwan shiga da barin tafkin. Duk da haka, ba su da wani zaɓi illa ci gaba da ɗaga ƙofofin sama ko ƙasa da matakin ruwa ya wuce madatsar ruwa. Sakamakon kwararar ruwa ya fara a barazana ga unguwanni da birane. Yankunan Sapulpa, Kudancin Broken Arrow (wanda aka fi sani da Indian Springs), da Bixby, Oklahoma sun nutse. A ranar 22 ga Watan Mayu, an ɗaga ƙofofin daɗaɗa girma cikin yini. An kori Webbers Falls yayin da garin ya fara nutsewa cikin ruwa. Ruwan da ke gefen kogin Tulsa ya fara tashi sosai, wanda hakan ya sa makarantun gwamnati na Sand Springs da Jenks soke azuzuwa a sauran shekarar karatu saboda matsalar ambaliyar ruwa. An fara bullowa a cikin da kewayen yankin Tulsa, inda aka samu rahotannin motoci da ke shiga cikinsu. Tsarin gine-ginen da aka gina tare da bakin kogi, kamar Kogin Ruhun Casino da Riverwalk, an rufe su da gangan kuma an fara tattara su a cikin kogin da sauran sanannun wuraren ambaliya kamar Tulsa Zoo . Gwamna Kevin Stitt da Magajin Garin Tulsa GT Bynum sun yi shawagi a kan metro na Tulsa don duba ambaliyar tare da ayyana dokar ta baci ga [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda 66. Yayin da rana ta koma dare, wani guguwa mai tsananin gaske ya fara tashi a kusa da birnin Oklahoma, ya nufi Tulsa. Barges sun balle a kan kogin da ke kan hanyar zuwa Makullin Falls na Webbers da Dam, suna barazanar yin karo a cikin ginin. Jiragen ruwan sun bace ne da dare kuma ba a gano su ba sai da safe. A safiyar ranar 23 ga Mayu, an ci gaba da ɗaga kofofin ambaliya na Keystone yayin da Ruwan ya kai 100%, yana ƙara yawan kwarara zuwa cfs 221,000 tare da shirye-shiryen haɓaka wannan zuwa 250,000 cfs da tsakar rana. Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Kasa a Tulsa ta haɓaka matakin hasashen kogin Arkansas daga ƙafa 21 zuwa ƙafa 23, wanda hakan ya sanya kogin cikin babban matakin ambaliya kuma ƙafar 2 kawai na jin kunyar matakan da aka kai a cikin Oktoban shekarar 1986. A halin da ake ciki dai, jiragen ruwan sun sake ballewa jim kadan kafin karfe 11 na safe, inda suka sake yin barazana ga dam din. Jim kadan kafin azahar ne jiragen ruwan suka yi karo da dam din suka nutse. Bayan duba dam din, an bayyana cewa ya samu barnar kadan. A ranar 24 ga Mayu, Gwamna Stitt ya faɗaɗa dokar ta-baci don haɗa dukkan larduna guda 77 na Oklahoma. [[Donald Trump|Shugaba Trump ya]] amince da ayyana bala'in a washegari, yana ba da umarnin taimakon tarayya don ƙara martanin Jiha, kabilanci, da na cikin gida. <ref>[https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-approves-oklahoma-emergency-declaration/ www.whitehouse.gov]</ref> Rundunar Sojin ta yi niyyar ci gaba da sakin a kan cfs 250,000 har zuwa ranar Lahadi, 26 ga Mayu. Bayan karin tsawa da aka yi a daren ranar 24-25 ga Mayu, rundunar ta sauya shirinsu na ci gaba da tafiya a haka har zuwa ranar Laraba, 29 ga Mayu kuma ta ba da shawarar karin hazo na iya haifar da wani tsawaitawa. Magajin garin Bynum ya kuma bukaci 'yan kasar da ke samun kariya daga lefes da su fara yin tsare-tsare na son rai na ficewa. Ya bayyana cewa, duk da cewa a halin yanzu leve din suna gudanar da aikinsu, amma ba a taba gwada su ba. Ƙarin guguwa a cikin dare na Mayu 25-26 ya sa Corps su tsawaita jadawalin sakin su wata rana zuwa 30 ga Mayu. Sun kuma ƙara adadin sakin a cikin Arkansas da farko zuwa 265,000 cfs sannan kuma sun haɓaka shi zuwa 275,000 da safe. A cikin farkon sa'o'i na Ranar Tunawa da Tunawa da Mutuwar, duk da haka wani zagaye na mummunar guguwa ya sake yin hazo tare da babban kogin Arkansas a arewa maso yamma da arewa ta tsakiya Oklahoma da kuma kudancin tsakiyar Kansas. A ranar 28 ga Watan Mayu, tafkin a ƙarshe ya shawo kan wata babbar matsala kuma ya fara komawa baya. Guguwar da aka yi hasashe ta tafi kudancin dam ɗin, wanda ya ba da damar ruwan tafkin ya daidaita. Kashegari, ko da wani zagaye na guguwa ke tafe a Tulsa, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta sanar da cewa za ta fara yanke sakewa a madatsar ruwa. Da karfe 4 na yamma, an rage kwararar zuwa cfs 265,000 sannan a rage 10,000 cfs kowane awa 6. Manufar su shine a rage adadin zuwa cfs 150,000 a ranar Asabar da 100,000 cfs farkon mako mai zuwa. A halin yanzu, guguwar da aka yi a Tulsa ta kara tsayin kogin da inci kusan 6, amma kuma bai yi tasiri sosai a tafkin Keystone ba. Duk da haka, cikin sauri kogin ya koma kasa da tsayin da ya gabata. == Ragewa da kariya == Gwamnatin Tulsa ta mayar da martani ga ambaliya ta shekarar 1970 ta hanyar shiga cikin "tsarin gaggawa" na Shirin Inshorar Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Kasa (NFIP) da kuma yin alƙawarin ɗaukar ka'idojin ambaliyar ruwa na tarayya. A watan Agustan shekarata 1971, NFIP ta fitar da taswirar ƙimar toshe. Bayan wata guda, a Ranar Ma'aikata, Flat Rock, Bird da Haikey koguna sun yi ambaliya, wanda ya shafi al'ummomin karkara da yawa. A cikin Disamba, Bird Creek ta sake yin ambaliya. Daga nan Tulsa ta shiga cikin shirin “na yau da kullun” na NFIP, ta ɗauki sabon ƙayyadaddun ambaliya na shekaru 100, kuma ta yi alƙawarin daidaita yadda ake amfani da filayen ambaliya.<ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Bayan ambaliyar ruwa guda uku da aka yi a shekarar 1974, wadanda abin ya shafa sun bukaci da a dauki matakin da ya dace daga birnin, wanda a cewarsu ba ya aiwatar da ka’idojin NFIP. Sun yi kokarin dakatar da ci gaba, don guje wa barnar ambaliyar ruwa har sai an magance matsalolin da ake da su. Masu haɓakawa sun yi kakkausar suka, inda suka fara muhawara game da gudanar da ambaliyar ruwa, wanda ake kira "Babban Yaƙin Magudanar ruwa" daga kafofin watsa labaru na cikin gida, wanda ya ɗauki shekaru da yawa. Birnin ya zo don ganawa da manajoji tare da shirin fadada wani yanki na Mingo Creek. Wani bangare na shirin ya hada da cire kayan da suka lalace. An kwashe gidaje 33 a hannun dama kafin ambaliyar ruwa ta biyo baya. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Ambaliyara a shekarata 1984 ta nuna cewa masu kula da gaggawa ba za su iya samun cikakkun bayanai da sauri ba game da ci gaban ambaliya. Wannan gaskiya ne a ko'ina cikin jihar, da kuma a Tulsa. Bayanai daga radar filin jirgin sama, sabunta sa'o'i, bai isa ba don biyan bukatun manajoji. Jami'ar Oklahoma da Jami'ar Jihar Oklahoma sun haɗa kai tare da Binciken Yanayin yanayi da sauran hukumomin jama'a da masu zaman kansu don ƙirƙirar Oklahoma Mesonet . Wannan tsarin yana tattara bayanan yanayi (misali, saurin iska, ruwan sama, zazzabi) kowane minti a ƙalla 5 daga tashoshin Mesonet 120 a duk faɗin Oklahoma. Masu tsara shirin gaggawa yanzu za su iya sa ido kan bayanan yanayi na zamani kafin isowar guguwar da ke gabatowa. Labarin ya ambato wani jami'in Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Tulsa yana cewa ma'aikatansa suna amfani da Oklahoma Mesonet a kowace rana. <ref name="mesonet">Peterson, Althea. [http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/weather/oklahoma-mesonet-had-roots-in-the-memorial-weekend-flooding/article_fda77cdd-e7d3-5938-82e1-3e8c72c6f7b0.html "Oklahoma Mesonet had roots in the 1984 Memorial weekend flooding."] ''Tulsa World''. May 27, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.</ref> a cikin shekarata 1985, Tulsa ta daidaita alhakin duk ambaliya na birni, magudanar ruwa, da shirye-shiryen ruwan guguwa a cikin Sashen Kula da Ruwan Ruwa. An kafa kuɗin amfani da ruwan sama ta hanyar doka a cikin shekarar 1986 don gudanar da shirin. Ana buƙatar masu duk kadarorin da ke cikin birni su biya kuɗin, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar doka akan $ 2.58 kowace wata. Ana harajin kadarorin kasuwanci a $2.58 kowace wata ga kowane {{Convert|2,650|ft2|m2}} na m surface. Dokar ta ware gabaɗayan kuɗin na musamman don ayyukan kula da ambaliyar ruwa da ruwan guguwa, tare da tabbatar da samar da tsayayyen kudade don kulawa da gudanarwa. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Shirin kare ambaliyar ruwa na Tulsa yana da manufofi guda uku: hana sababbin matsaloli; gyara matsalolin da ke akwai; inganta aminci, muhalli da ingancin rayuwa. Jami'an birnin sun yi imanin cewa ƙa'idodin da NFIP ta gindaya ba su isa ba, dangane da gogewar Tulsa a baya. Tulsa yana buƙatar fayyace filayen ambaliya bisa ga ci gaban da ake tsammani a gaba, maimakon yanayin ci gaba a lokacin. NFIP kuma yana buƙatar mafi ƙanƙanta matakin gine-gine a cikin filayen ambaliya ya kasance ko sama da tsayin ambaliya na shekaru a ƙalla 100. Tulsa yana buƙatar kuma yana tilasta ƙarin ƙafa ɗaya (30.5&nbsp;cm) na allon kyauta sama da hawan ambaliya. Kafin a canza kadarorin da ke cikin filayen ambaliyar ruwa, dole ne mai shi ya sami izinin ci gaban magudanar ruwa. == Gane ci gaba == A farkon shekarata 1990s, FEMA ta sanya Tulsa ta farko a cikin al'umma don shirin kula da ambaliyar ruwa. barin Tulsans su ji daɗin ƙimar inshorar ambaliyar ruwa mafi ƙasƙanci. An kuma karrama shirin da lambar yabo ta FEMA ta shekarar 1992 da ta yi fice a ma'aikatan gwamnati; da Ƙungiyar Manajojin Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Jiha ta ba Tulsa lambar yabo ta gida sau biyu don Ƙarfafawa. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> FEMA ta ƙara ƙimar al'ummar Tulsa daga Aji na 5 zuwa Aji na 3, wanda hakan ya sa Tulsans suka cancanci rangwame kashi 35 akan ƙimar inshorar ambaliyar ruwa. Ƙimar aji na 5 da ya gabata ya ba da rangwamen kashi 25 cikin ɗari. Ana daidaita ma'auni na lokaci-lokaci don nuna raguwar haɗarin al'umma ta hanyar ƙoƙarinta na inganta "...bayanin jama'a, taswira da ka'idoji, shirye-shiryen ambaliya da rage lalacewar ambaliya. Rangwamen yana cikin haɓaka kashi biyar daga Class 9 (kashi biyar) zuwa Class 1 (kashi 45)." Tun daga shekarata 2000, Tulsa ita ce kawai al'ummar Amurka da aka ƙima a matsayin Class 3. <ref name="FEMA release">[http://www.fema.gov/news-release/2000/09/13/fema-honors-tulsa-oklahoma-nations-leading-floodplain-management-community FEMA news release. "FEMA Honors Tulsa, Oklahoma As Nation's Leading Floodplain Management Community."] September 13, 2000. Release Number: HQ-00-046a. Retrieved June 15, 2014.</ref> Takamaiman ayyuka da FEMA ta ambata sune:"...Samun kusan kaddarorin da ke fama da ambaliyar ruwa da kuma adana fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na ambaliyarsa a matsayin fili; ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin gini, gami da buƙatun yanayin aminci na ƙafa biyu ( freeboard) a cikin gine-ginen ambaliya; da kuma wayar da kan jama'a don ba da shawara ga mazauna haɗarin ambaliya da ba da mafita na ragewa da taimakon fasaha." <ref name="FEMA release"/> == Bayanan kula == {{Notelist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == [http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf Hukumar Ba da Shawarar Ruwa ta Tulsa Stormwater da Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021402/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf |date=2017-04-09 }} [http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf "Daga Rufin zuwa Kogi: Hanyar Tulsa zuwa Filin Ambaliyar Ruwa da Gudanar da Ruwa."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021402/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf |date=2017-04-09 }} [http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf Mayu, 1994.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021402/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf |date=2017-04-09 }} An shiga Afrilu 7, 2017. [http://www.stormtrack.org/library/damage/mingo1.htm Marshall, Timothy P. "Tasirin Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafa Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Mingo Creek Watershed."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004173741/http://www.stormtrack.org/library/damage/mingo1.htm |date=2013-10-04 }} (1984) An dawo da shi Mayu 25, 2014 [http://www.rdflanagan.com/Mooser/Mooser.pdf "Mooser Creek Greenway: Maidowa da Kiyaye Rafi na Tarihi."] Flanagan, John D. An Shirya Don Birnin Tulsa, Oklahoma. Afrilu 2004. An dawo da Yuni 15, 2014. [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha707 Bergman, Deroy L. da kuma Robert L. Tortorelli.] [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha707 "Ambaliya daga Mayu 26-27, 1984 a Tulsa, Oklahoma."] [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha707 USGS Hydrologic Atlas 707. 1988.] An shiga Afrilu 7, 2017. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Ruwa]] [[Category:Kogi]] [[Category:Ambaliya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1xe267ye507925ipzw0v1e4c9cl5r5e 822192 822191 2026-04-18T12:00:01Z Pharouqenr 25549 822192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Tulsa Skyline.jpg|thumb|Ambaliya da haɓaka kogin Tulsa]] Haɗuwa da yanayin a kogi Maisa ambaliya cikin Tulsa, yankin [[Oklahoma]] sun haifar da ambaliyar ruwa akai-akai, ''musamman'' a kusa da koguna waɗanda galibi ke zubar da yankin. An kafa birnin a saman wani bluff akan kogin [[Arkansas (jiha)|Arkansas]]. Don haka, tsayin ya kare yawancin mazaunan da dukiyoyinsu daga lalacewa lokacin da kogin ya yi ambaliya. Koyaya, ya zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20 haɓakar yawan jama'a ya matsa kusa da kogin, kuma filayen da ke yammacin Arkansas sun fara haɓaka suma. Ambaliyar ta saba haifar da asarar dukiya da kuma asarar rayuka<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cnllkgx248eo.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17539922003352&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fcnllkgx248eo</ref>. A cikin shekarata 1920s, ambaliyar ruwa na Arkansas na yanayi ya fara haifar da mummunar lalacewa da asarar rayuka. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, shugabannin birni sun amsa irin waɗannan abubuwan ta hanyar sake ginawa da maye gurbin dukiyoyin da aka lalata ''a wurin'' . Sai a shekarar 1970 gwamnatin birnin ta fara bullo da dabarun dakile ambaliyar ruwa ko kuma rage asarar dukiyoyi da kuma hana asarar rayuka. Wannan labarin ya bayyana wasu fitattun ambaliyar ruwa a Tulsa, sannan hanyoyin ragewa da dabarun sarrafawa waɗanda suka samo asali daga gare su. Ambaliyar ruwa ta ci gaba da yin barazana ga rayuka da dukiyoyi, yayin da birnin ya mamaye filayen noma da ke kewaye. Hukumomin birni sun yanke shawarar cewa ƙa'idodin Tarayya na lokacin ba su isa ba don sarrafa yanayin gida kuma sun fara haɓaka ƙarin buƙatu. Shirin Tulsa ya samo asali kuma a yanzu ya shafi dukkanin magudanar ruwa, gami da sauran al'ummomi a cikin babban birnin Tulsa. Ko da yake ba za a iya hana aukuwar ambaliya kwata-kwata ba, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Tarayya (FEMA) da wasu kungiyoyi da dama sun amince da shirin shawo kan ambaliyar Tulsa a matsayin nasara. Za a ci gaba da kokarin shawo kan lamarin muddin mutane suna zaune a wurare masu rauni ko rashin ƙarfi. == Manyan ambaliyar ruwa == Bayanan ambaliya ba su da yawa kafin shekarata 1900. A cikin 1908, shekara guda kacal bayan zama jiha, ambaliyar kogin Arkansas a Tulsa ya haifar da asarar $250,000 ($ 6.45 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). Garin ya kasance a saman kogin kogin, don haka ya kare ambaliya. Sai dai gadar layin dogo ta tsallake rijiya da baya, lamarin da ya kawo cikas ga zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa zuwa yamma har sai an sauya gadar.<ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1923 ambaliya === A shekara ta 1920, yawan man fetur ya haifar da ci gaba mai sauri wanda aka gina gidaje a kan ƙananan ƙasa kusa da kogin Arkansas, A ranar 13 ga Yuni, shekarata 1923, kogin ya mamaye wadannan ƙananan wurare, ya haifar da $ 500,000 a cikin diyya ($ 9.83 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). ), da kuma barin gida 4,000. Ambaliyar ta hada da aikin ruwa na Tulsa, wanda ke a yanzu a Newblock Park, An gina sabbin ayyukan ruwa a kan tudu mai tsayi a arewa maso gabashin Tulsa, kusa da Bird Creek . Wannan {{Convert|2800|acre|m2}} yanki ya zama Mohawk Park, ɗayan manyan wuraren shakatawa na birni na ƙasar. Har ila yau, birnin ya fitar da shirinsa na shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa na farko, inda ya yi kokarin sanya gidaje a kan tudu da kuma tanadin guraben wuraren shakatawa.<ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1943 ambaliya === Wani ambaliya a kan kogin Arkansas ya yi barazana ga matatun mai a yammacin Tulsa a shekarata 1943. Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Injiniya (USACE) nan da nan ta gina matsuguni a kusa da matatun, waɗanda aka ɗauka suna da mahimmanci ga sojojin Amurka a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] . Wani tanadi a cikin Dokar Kula da Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Mississippi ta 1928 ta ba da izini ga USACE don gina madatsun ruwa da lefi kamar yadda ake buƙata don sarrafa ambaliya. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Duk da haka, ambaliyar ta kashe mutane 21, tare da raunata 26, ta kuma bar kusan 4,000 da gidajensu. Ko da yake ba a samu barnar kudi ba, gidaje 413 sun lalace sannan 3,800 sun lalace. <ref>Flanagan, p. III-1. Retrieved June 15, 2014.</ref> === 1970 ambaliya === Kamar yadda Tulsa ta faɗaɗa cikin karkarar da ke kewaye bayan WWII, ambaliya na yankunan birane akai-akai, yawanci kowacce shekara biyu zuwa huɗu. A cikin 1966, Tulsa ta mamaye magudanar ruwan Mingo Creek. Ambaliyar Ranar Mata ta a shekarar 1970 a Tulsa ta haifar da asarar dala 163,000 ($ 1.07 miliyan a cikin dala miliyan 2019) zuwa yankunan da ke ci gaba da sauri tare da kogin Mingo da Joe a gabashin birnin. Har yanzu, farfadowa ya ƙunshi gyara ko maye gurbin gine-ginen da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye a wurarensu na asali. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1974 ambaliya === Ambaliyar ruwa uku ta faru a watan Afrilu da Mayu shekarata 1974. An kiyasta lalacewar dala $744,000 ($3.86 miliyan a cikin dala miliyan 2019) tare da Bird Creek. A watan Yuni, ambaliyar ruwa ta afku tare da Fry, Haikey, Joe da Mingo Creek. Wannan lokacin an kiyasta asarar sama da dala miliyan 18 ($93.30 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). Mingo Creek ta sake yin ambaliya a ranar 19 ga Satumba, shekarata 1974.<ref name="Tulsa-floods">[https://www.cityoftulsa.org/city-services/flood-control/flooding-history.aspx "Flood Control and Drainage."] City of Tulsa. Retrieved May 25, 2014.</ref> === 1976 ambaliya === Ambaliyar Ranar Tunawa da Mutuwar Shekara ta 1976 ta nuna wani ci gaba a cikin binciken Tulsa na neman mafita. Ruwan ruwa mai tsawon sa'o'i uku, mai inci 10 ya afku a kan magudanar ruwan Mingo, Joe da Haikey. Sakamakon ambaliya ya kashe mutane uku tare da haddasa asarar dala miliyan 40 ($179.65 a dala miliyan 2019) ga gine-gine sama da 3,000. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> === 1984 ambaliya === Gaban sanyi wanda ya tsaya kan yankin Tulsa a ranar 26-27 ga Mayu, shekarata 1984 ya faɗi tsakanin inci 6 zuwa 15 (15 da 38).&nbsp;cm) ruwan sama ya mamaye sassa da dama na birnin. Ambaliyar ta kashe mutane 14 tare da yin asarar dala miliyan 180 (dalar Amurka miliyan 442.72 a shekarar 2019). Yankunan da ke kusa da Mingo Creek a gabashin Tulsa da Cherry Creek a yammacin Tulsa sun kasance da wahala musamman.<ref name="Throwback">Jackson, Debbie and Hilary Pittman.[http://www.tulsaworld.com/blogs/news/throwbacktulsa/throwback-tulsa-memorial-weekend-deluge-was-years-ago/article_5249d055-09cb-5528-8763-626ebcc08d59.html "Throwback Tulsa: Memorial weekend deluge was 30 years ago."] ''Tulsa World''. May 22, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.</ref> === 1986 ambaliya ===  A cikin Satumba shekarata 1986, ragowar guguwa a kudu maso yammacin Mexico sun isa yankin Tulsa kuma sun haifar da ruwan sama na inci 24 (61).&nbsp;cm) arewa maso yamma na Keystone Lake.<ref name="TulsaPartners">[http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/25th-anniversary-of-the-1986-arkansas-river-flood/ "25th Anniversary of the 1986 Arkansas River Flood."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004194847/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/25th-anniversary-of-the-1986-arkansas-river-flood/ |date=2016-10-04 }} Tulsa Partners. October 23, 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2014.</ref> An yi ruwan sama mai yawa cikin kankanin lokaci, ta yadda za a iya cewa matakin tafkin zai kai kololuwar dam. Rundunar Sojojin Amurka (USACE) na buƙatar buɗe ƙofofin ambaliya tare da sakin kusan cfs 300,000 na ruwa a cikin Kogin Arkansas. Wannan adadin zai haifar da rikodin ambaliya tare da kogin daga Keystone zuwa Muskogee. Shiyasa Mutane da yawa da ke zaune kusa da kogin a Tulsa sun yi gudun hijira bisa radin kansu. An ba da umarnin ficewa na tilas a Jenks da Bixby.<ref name="Palmer">Parts of Southern Broken Arrow; known as Indian Springs flooded. Including the Indian Springs Athletic Club, Golf Course, And Elementary School. [http://newsok.com/tulsa-area-residents-move-out-as-corps-releases-record-flood/article/2161843 Palmer, Griff and Bobby Trammell. "Tulsa Area Residents Move Out As Corps Releases Record Flood."] NewsOK. October 5, 1986. Retrieved May 29, 2014.</ref> Wani lefe mai zaman kansa a Yammacin Tulsa ya gaza, wanda ya haifar da kiyasin dala miliyan 1.3 (dala miliyan 3.03 a cikin dala 2019). Gine-gine 64 ne suka lalace, ciki har da goma sha uku da za a rushe. Sauran yankunan da ke kusa sun ba da rahoton barna kamar: $32.5 miliyan ($75.78 a dala miliyan 2019) a cikin Sand Springs da dala miliyan 13.4 (dala miliyan 31.24 a cikin dala 2019). Gundumar Tulsa ta ba da rahoton asarar dala miliyan 63.5 ($148.06 miliyan a cikin dala 2019).<ref name="TulsaPartners" /> === 2019 ambaliya === A cikin watan Mayun shekarata 2019, jerin tsawa mai tsanani sun yi ruwan sama a arewacin Oklahoma. Ruwan ya gangara daga koramai zuwa tafkin Keystone . Dangane da martani, Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Injiniya sun fara sakin ruwa daga Dam ɗin Keystone zuwa Kogin Arkansas . A shirye-shiryen sake zagayowar guguwa, Rundunar Sojojin Amurka ta rage yawan ruwan da ake sakowa a cikin kogin, tare da fatan ba da damar ruwanta ya ja da baya don samun karin ruwan sama. Guguwar tsawa ta biyu ta yi ta jefar da yawan ruwan sama da ya haifar da guguwa da yawa. Wannan karin ruwan sama kuma ya mamaye tafkin Keystone, da dai sauransu, kuma an tilastawa Rundunar Sojoji suka bude kofofin kara. Kashegari, yayin da ruwa ya ci gaba da cika tafkin, Rundunar Sojan ta yi ƙoƙari don daidaita ruwan shiga da barin tafkin. Duk da haka, ba su da wani zaɓi illa ci gaba da ɗaga ƙofofin sama ko ƙasa da matakin ruwa ya wuce madatsar ruwa. Sakamakon kwararar ruwa ya fara a barazana ga unguwanni da birane. Yankunan Sapulpa, Kudancin Broken Arrow (wanda aka fi sani da Indian Springs), da Bixby, Oklahoma sun nutse. A ranar 22 ga Watan Mayu, an ɗaga ƙofofin daɗaɗa girma cikin yini. An kori Webbers Falls yayin da garin ya fara nutsewa cikin ruwa. Ruwan da ke gefen kogin Tulsa ya fara tashi sosai, wanda hakan ya sa makarantun gwamnati na Sand Springs da Jenks soke azuzuwa a sauran shekarar karatu saboda matsalar ambaliyar ruwa. An fara bullowa a cikin da kewayen yankin Tulsa, inda aka samu rahotannin motoci da ke shiga cikinsu. Tsarin gine-ginen da aka gina tare da bakin kogi, kamar Kogin Ruhun Casino da Riverwalk, an rufe su da gangan kuma an fara tattara su a cikin kogin da sauran sanannun wuraren ambaliya kamar Tulsa Zoo . Gwamna Kevin Stitt da Magajin Garin Tulsa GT Bynum sun yi shawagi a kan metro na Tulsa don duba ambaliyar tare da ayyana dokar ta baci ga [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda 66. Yayin da rana ta koma dare, wani guguwa mai tsananin gaske ya fara tashi a kusa da birnin Oklahoma, ya nufi Tulsa. Barges sun balle a kan kogin da ke kan hanyar zuwa Makullin Falls na Webbers da Dam, suna barazanar yin karo a cikin ginin. Jiragen ruwan sun bace ne da dare kuma ba a gano su ba sai da safe. A safiyar ranar 23 ga Mayu, an ci gaba da ɗaga kofofin ambaliya na Keystone yayin da Ruwan ya kai 100%, yana ƙara yawan kwarara zuwa cfs 221,000 tare da shirye-shiryen haɓaka wannan zuwa 250,000 cfs da tsakar rana. Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Kasa a Tulsa ta haɓaka matakin hasashen kogin Arkansas daga ƙafa 21 zuwa ƙafa 23, wanda hakan ya sanya kogin cikin babban matakin ambaliya kuma ƙafar 2 kawai na jin kunyar matakan da aka kai a cikin Oktoban shekarar 1986. A halin da ake ciki dai, jiragen ruwan sun sake ballewa jim kadan kafin karfe 11 na safe, inda suka sake yin barazana ga dam din. Jim kadan kafin azahar ne jiragen ruwan suka yi karo da dam din suka nutse. Bayan duba dam din, an bayyana cewa ya samu barnar kadan. A ranar 24 ga Mayu, Gwamna Stitt ya faɗaɗa dokar ta-baci don haɗa dukkan larduna guda 77 na Oklahoma. [[Donald Trump|Shugaba Trump ya]] amince da ayyana bala'in a washegari, yana ba da umarnin taimakon tarayya don ƙara martanin Jiha, kabilanci, da na cikin gida. <ref>[https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-approves-oklahoma-emergency-declaration/ www.whitehouse.gov]</ref> Rundunar Sojin ta yi niyyar ci gaba da sakin a kan cfs 250,000 har zuwa ranar Lahadi, 26 ga Mayu. Bayan karin tsawa da aka yi a daren ranar 24-25 ga Mayu, rundunar ta sauya shirinsu na ci gaba da tafiya a haka har zuwa ranar Laraba, 29 ga Mayu kuma ta ba da shawarar karin hazo na iya haifar da wani tsawaitawa. Magajin garin Bynum ya kuma bukaci 'yan kasar da ke samun kariya daga lefes da su fara yin tsare-tsare na son rai na ficewa. Ya bayyana cewa, duk da cewa a halin yanzu leve din suna gudanar da aikinsu, amma ba a taba gwada su ba. Ƙarin guguwa a cikin dare na Mayu 25-26 ya sa Corps su tsawaita jadawalin sakin su wata rana zuwa 30 ga Mayu. Sun kuma ƙara adadin sakin a cikin Arkansas da farko zuwa 265,000 cfs sannan kuma sun haɓaka shi zuwa 275,000 da safe. A cikin farkon sa'o'i na Ranar Tunawa da Tunawa da Mutuwar, duk da haka wani zagaye na mummunar guguwa ya sake yin hazo tare da babban kogin Arkansas a arewa maso yamma da arewa ta tsakiya Oklahoma da kuma kudancin tsakiyar Kansas. A ranar 28 ga Watan Mayu, tafkin a ƙarshe ya shawo kan wata babbar matsala kuma ya fara komawa baya. Guguwar da aka yi hasashe ta tafi kudancin dam ɗin, wanda ya ba da damar ruwan tafkin ya daidaita. Kashegari, ko da wani zagaye na guguwa ke tafe a Tulsa, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta sanar da cewa za ta fara yanke sakewa a madatsar ruwa. Da karfe 4 na yamma, an rage kwararar zuwa cfs 265,000 sannan a rage 10,000 cfs kowane awa 6. Manufar su shine a rage adadin zuwa cfs 150,000 a ranar Asabar da 100,000 cfs farkon mako mai zuwa. A halin yanzu, guguwar da aka yi a Tulsa ta kara tsayin kogin da inci kusan 6, amma kuma bai yi tasiri sosai a tafkin Keystone ba. Duk da haka, cikin sauri kogin ya koma kasa da tsayin da ya gabata. == Ragewa da kariya == Gwamnatin Tulsa ta mayar da martani ga ambaliya ta shekarar 1970 ta hanyar shiga cikin "tsarin gaggawa" na Shirin Inshorar Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Kasa (NFIP) da kuma yin alƙawarin ɗaukar ka'idojin ambaliyar ruwa na tarayya. A watan Agustan shekarata 1971, NFIP ta fitar da taswirar ƙimar toshe. Bayan wata guda, a Ranar Ma'aikata, Flat Rock, Bird da Haikey koguna sun yi ambaliya, wanda ya shafi al'ummomin karkara da yawa. A cikin Disamba, Bird Creek ta sake yin ambaliya. Daga nan Tulsa ta shiga cikin shirin “na yau da kullun” na NFIP, ta ɗauki sabon ƙayyadaddun ambaliya na shekaru 100, kuma ta yi alƙawarin daidaita yadda ake amfani da filayen ambaliya.<ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Bayan ambaliyar ruwa guda uku da aka yi a shekarar 1974, wadanda abin ya shafa sun bukaci da a dauki matakin da ya dace daga birnin, wanda a cewarsu ba ya aiwatar da ka’idojin NFIP. Sun yi kokarin dakatar da ci gaba, don guje wa barnar ambaliyar ruwa har sai an magance matsalolin da ake da su. Masu haɓakawa sun yi kakkausar suka, inda suka fara muhawara game da gudanar da ambaliyar ruwa, wanda ake kira "Babban Yaƙin Magudanar ruwa" daga kafofin watsa labaru na cikin gida, wanda ya ɗauki shekaru da yawa. Birnin ya zo don ganawa da manajoji tare da shirin fadada wani yanki na Mingo Creek. Wani bangare na shirin ya hada da cire kayan da suka lalace. An kwashe gidaje 33 a hannun dama kafin ambaliyar ruwa ta biyo baya. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Ambaliyara a shekarata 1984 ta nuna cewa masu kula da gaggawa ba za su iya samun cikakkun bayanai da sauri ba game da ci gaban ambaliya. Wannan gaskiya ne a ko'ina cikin jihar, da kuma a Tulsa. Bayanai daga radar filin jirgin sama, sabunta sa'o'i, bai isa ba don biyan bukatun manajoji. Jami'ar Oklahoma da Jami'ar Jihar Oklahoma sun haɗa kai tare da Binciken Yanayin yanayi da sauran hukumomin jama'a da masu zaman kansu don ƙirƙirar Oklahoma Mesonet . Wannan tsarin yana tattara bayanan yanayi (misali, saurin iska, ruwan sama, zazzabi) kowane minti a ƙalla 5 daga tashoshin Mesonet 120 a duk faɗin Oklahoma. Masu tsara shirin gaggawa yanzu za su iya sa ido kan bayanan yanayi na zamani kafin isowar guguwar da ke gabatowa. Labarin ya ambato wani jami'in Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Tulsa yana cewa ma'aikatansa suna amfani da Oklahoma Mesonet a kowace rana. <ref name="mesonet">Peterson, Althea. [http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/weather/oklahoma-mesonet-had-roots-in-the-memorial-weekend-flooding/article_fda77cdd-e7d3-5938-82e1-3e8c72c6f7b0.html "Oklahoma Mesonet had roots in the 1984 Memorial weekend flooding."] ''Tulsa World''. May 27, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.</ref> a cikin shekarata 1985, Tulsa ta daidaita alhakin duk ambaliya na birni, magudanar ruwa, da shirye-shiryen ruwan guguwa a cikin Sashen Kula da Ruwan Ruwa. An kafa kuɗin amfani da ruwan sama ta hanyar doka a cikin shekarar 1986 don gudanar da shirin. Ana buƙatar masu duk kadarorin da ke cikin birni su biya kuɗin, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar doka akan $ 2.58 kowace wata. Ana harajin kadarorin kasuwanci a $2.58 kowace wata ga kowane {{Convert|2,650|ft2|m2}} na m surface. Dokar ta ware gabaɗayan kuɗin na musamman don ayyukan kula da ambaliyar ruwa da ruwan guguwa, tare da tabbatar da samar da tsayayyen kudade don kulawa da gudanarwa. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> Shirin kare ambaliyar ruwa na Tulsa yana da manufofi guda uku: hana sababbin matsaloli; gyara matsalolin da ke akwai; inganta aminci, muhalli da ingancin rayuwa. Jami'an birnin sun yi imanin cewa ƙa'idodin da NFIP ta gindaya ba su isa ba, dangane da gogewar Tulsa a baya. Tulsa yana buƙatar fayyace filayen ambaliya bisa ga ci gaban da ake tsammani a gaba, maimakon yanayin ci gaba a lokacin. NFIP kuma yana buƙatar mafi ƙanƙanta matakin gine-gine a cikin filayen ambaliya ya kasance ko sama da tsayin ambaliya na shekaru a ƙalla 100. Tulsa yana buƙatar kuma yana tilasta ƙarin ƙafa ɗaya (30.5&nbsp;cm) na allon kyauta sama da hawan ambaliya. Kafin a canza kadarorin da ke cikin filayen ambaliyar ruwa, dole ne mai shi ya sami izinin ci gaban magudanar ruwa. == Gane ci gaba == A farkon shekarata 1990s, FEMA ta sanya Tulsa ta farko a cikin al'umma don shirin kula da ambaliyar ruwa. barin Tulsans su ji daɗin ƙimar inshorar ambaliyar ruwa mafi ƙasƙanci. An kuma karrama shirin da lambar yabo ta FEMA ta shekarar 1992 da ta yi fice a ma'aikatan gwamnati; da Ƙungiyar Manajojin Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Jiha ta ba Tulsa lambar yabo ta gida sau biyu don Ƙarfafawa. <ref name="Tulsa-floods"/> FEMA ta ƙara ƙimar al'ummar Tulsa daga Aji na 5 zuwa Aji na 3, wanda hakan ya sa Tulsans suka cancanci rangwame kashi 35 akan ƙimar inshorar ambaliyar ruwa. Ƙimar aji na 5 da ya gabata ya ba da rangwamen kashi 25 cikin ɗari. Ana daidaita ma'auni na lokaci-lokaci don nuna raguwar haɗarin al'umma ta hanyar ƙoƙarinta na inganta "...bayanin jama'a, taswira da ka'idoji, shirye-shiryen ambaliya da rage lalacewar ambaliya. Rangwamen yana cikin haɓaka kashi biyar daga Class 9 (kashi biyar) zuwa Class 1 (kashi 45)." Tun daga shekarata 2000, Tulsa ita ce kawai al'ummar Amurka da aka ƙima a matsayin Class 3. <ref name="FEMA release">[http://www.fema.gov/news-release/2000/09/13/fema-honors-tulsa-oklahoma-nations-leading-floodplain-management-community FEMA news release. "FEMA Honors Tulsa, Oklahoma As Nation's Leading Floodplain Management Community."] September 13, 2000. Release Number: HQ-00-046a. Retrieved June 15, 2014.</ref> Takamaiman ayyuka da FEMA ta ambata sune:"...Samun kusan kaddarorin da ke fama da ambaliyar ruwa da kuma adana fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na ambaliyarsa a matsayin fili; ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin gini, gami da buƙatun yanayin aminci na ƙafa biyu ( freeboard) a cikin gine-ginen ambaliya; da kuma wayar da kan jama'a don ba da shawara ga mazauna haɗarin ambaliya da ba da mafita na ragewa da taimakon fasaha." <ref name="FEMA release"/> == Bayanan kula == {{Notelist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == [http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf Hukumar Ba da Shawarar Ruwa ta Tulsa Stormwater da Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021402/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf |date=2017-04-09 }} [http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf "Daga Rufin zuwa Kogi: Hanyar Tulsa zuwa Filin Ambaliyar Ruwa da Gudanar da Ruwa."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021402/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf |date=2017-04-09 }} [http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf Mayu, 1994.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021402/http://tulsapartners.org/tpi/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/From-Rooftop-to-River.pdf |date=2017-04-09 }} An shiga Afrilu 7, 2017. [http://www.stormtrack.org/library/damage/mingo1.htm Marshall, Timothy P. "Tasirin Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafa Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Mingo Creek Watershed."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004173741/http://www.stormtrack.org/library/damage/mingo1.htm |date=2013-10-04 }} (1984) An dawo da shi Mayu 25, 2014 [http://www.rdflanagan.com/Mooser/Mooser.pdf "Mooser Creek Greenway: Maidowa da Kiyaye Rafi na Tarihi."] Flanagan, John D. An Shirya Don Birnin Tulsa, Oklahoma. Afrilu 2004. An dawo da Yuni 15, 2014. [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha707 Bergman, Deroy L. da kuma Robert L. Tortorelli.] [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha707 "Ambaliya daga Mayu 26-27, 1984 a Tulsa, Oklahoma."] [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha707 USGS Hydrologic Atlas 707. 1988.] An shiga Afrilu 7, 2017. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Ruwa]] [[Category:Kogi]] [[Category:Ambaliya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p87eegq29cqewajh7rehggpktotlopl 0 30529 822331 656383 2026-04-18T17:14:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 822331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hukumar binciken take hakkin bil'adama ta Najeriya''' da aka fi sani da suna '''Oputa Panel''', kwamitin ne da aka kafa shi biyo bayan rugujewar mulkin kama-karya na soja da ya mamaye Najeriya har zuwa shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da takwas 1998 . Tsohon zababben shugaban [[Najeriya]] [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ne ya kirkiro ta a shekarar alif 1999. Wa'adinsa shi ne binciken 'yancin ɗan adam a lokacin mulkin soja daga 1984 zuwa 1999. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Hayner|first=Priscilla B.|date=2010-09-13|title=Unspeakable Truths|doi=10.4324/9780203867822|isbn=9780203867822}}</ref> Dangane da batun sulhu, hukumar ta kuma yi kokarin hada kan al'ummomin da ke fama da rikici a baya. Hukumar ta mika rahotonta na karshe ga Shugaba Obasanjo a shekarar dubu biyu da biyu 2002, amma [[gwamnati]] ba ta dauki wani mataki ba har yau. Ba a fitar da rahoton ga jama’a ba sai a shekara ta dubu biyu da biyar 2005, lokacin da kungiyoyin fafutuka biyu, wato Nigerian Democratic Movement da Civil Society Forum suka buga shi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usip.org/publications/1999/06/truth-commission-nigeria|title=Truth Commission: Nigeria|website=United States Institute of Peace|language=en|access-date=2018-10-29|archive-date=2018-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029150000/http://www.usip.org/publications/1999/06/truth-commission-nigeria|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Fage == Najeriya na karkashin mulkin [[Birtaniya]] har zuwa 1960. Bayan samun ‘yancin kai, an samu [[Rikicin gama gari a Najeriya|rikice-rikice na]] cikin gida da dama a cikin kasar wadanda suka takaita karfin [[Najeriya]] wajen dunkulewa. <ref name=":1" /> An raba kasar ta hanyar addini da kabilanci wanda ya haifar da kashe-kashen jama'a kuma daga karshe aka yi yakin basasa wanda zai ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1970. <ref name=":1" /> Yayin da Najeriya ke karkashin mulkin kama-karya na soji bayan juyin mulkin da Najeriya ta yi a shekarar 1966, an ci gaba da samun wasu juyin mulki. <ref name=":1" /> Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] shugaban mulkin soja tun daga shekarar 1985, an tilasta masa sauka daga mulki a shekarar 1993, sakamakon tarzoma da ta barke a fadin kasar, biyo bayan matakin da ya dauka na soke zaben . <ref name=":1" /> A karkashin Ministan Tsaro [[Sani Abacha]], wanda ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin shugaban kasa, an ci gaba da tashin hankali. Ana zargin Abacha da take hakkin dan Adam da dama. <ref name=":1" /> Bayan rasuwarsa a shekarar 1998, an gudanar da zabe inda [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ya karɓi mulki. <ref name=":1" /> Obasanjo ya fara gyare-gyare da suka hada da kafa hukumar binciken take hakkin dan Adam. <ref name=":1" /> == Umarni == A lokacin da aka fara aiwatar da aikin, hukumar binciken take hakkin bil’adama ta mayar da hankali wajen tauye hakkin bil’adama da kuma laifukan cin zarafi a zamanin mulkin sojan [[Najeriya]] tsakanin shekara ta 1984 zuwa shekara ta 1999. An kuma ba wa hukumar damar yin aiki don sasanta al’ummomi da kungiyoyin jama’a da ke zaune a [[Najeriya]] da ke rikici da juna a lokacin mulkin soja. Za a gudanar da bincikensa kuma a kammala shi tsawon watanni uku. <ref name=":2" /> Sai dai cikin wani lokaci da hukumar ta karkata akalarta ta mayar da hankali ga "gaggarumin take hakkin bil'adama" ta kuma bukaci karin lokaci don gudanar da bincikenta tare da tsawaita wa'adin binciken da ya hada da abubuwan da suka faru daga 1966 zuwa 1990. <ref name=":2" /> == Tsari == Bayan kafa wannan hukumar, an fara ne da tsarin yin la’akari da abubuwan da suka faru a zamanin mulkin soja. An yi ta baje kolin labarai daga ‘yan [[Najeriya]] wadanda suka bayyana iri ko cin zarafi da cin zarafi da suka fuskanta. <ref name=":2" /> Hukumar ta sami tunowa har 10,000 wadanda aka kashe tare da bayar da rahoton rashin adalci a fannin tattalin arziki - musamman, rashin adalci a wurin aiki. <ref name=":2" /> An shafe fiye da shekara guda ana gudanar da taron jin ra'ayoyin jama'a, inda ake gabatar da labaran wadanda aka kashe da kuma wadanda suka aikata wannan aika-aika ga jama'a yayin da ake ta yada wadannan kararraki a gidajen talabijin a kowane lokaci. <ref name=":2" /> Kashi 150 ne kawai cikin 10,000 na tunawa da cin zarafi da aka samu daga waɗanda abin ya shafa. Takaitattun kudade na nufin binciken take hakin dan adam ya takaita ne kawai ga taron jama'a. <ref name=":2" /> Binciken hukumar ya kunshi * samun bayanai game da take haƙƙin ɗan adam ta hanyar tunawa da waɗanda abin ya shafa suka bayar * fito da bayanan wadanda suke da hannu wajen aikata wadannan laifuka, da kuma * samun kyakkyawar fahimtar dalilin da yasa aka aikata wadannan laifuka tun da farko. Haka kuma hukumar ta taka rawa wajen kulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin al'ummomin [[Najeriya]] daban-daban. == Bincike da shawarwari == Hukumar ta fitar da wani rahoto da ta kammala da cewa yadda sojoji ke riƙe da siyasar Najeriya na ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da suka sa ake take Haƙƙin ɗan Adam da kuma ci gaba da tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a [[Najeriya]]. Hukumar ta kuma kammala da cewa waɗanda ke riƙe da madafun iko, da waɗanda ke cikin sojoji, da kuma manyan ‘yan [[Najeriya]] sun yi aiki tare domin aiwatar da juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi. Bugu da ƙari, hukumar ta kammala da cewa ma'aikatar shari'a ta taka rawa wajen kare wadanda ke da hannu wajen take hakkin bil'adama. <ref name=":1" /> Hukumar ta ba da shawarar a ba wa waɗanda abin ya shafa diyya. <ref name=":1" /> A ƙarshe ta ba da shawarar cewa [[Najeriya]] ta mayar da hankali wajen kawar da cin hanci da rashawa, musamman cin hanci da rashawa a cikin gwamnati. <ref name=":1" /> == Bibiya == Hukumar binciken take Haƙƙin bil’adama ta Najeriya ta mika rahotonta na karshe ga shugaban kasar a shekara ta 2002, amma bai kawo rahoton ga jama’a ba. An bayyana cewa an yanke hukuncin ne saboda karar da wasu tsaffin shugabannin sojoji biyu suka shigar gaban kotun koli a shekara ta 2003 kan hukumar da ke da ikon ba da shaida. [[Kotun Koli Ta Najeriya|Kotun kolin Najeriya ta yanke]] hukuncin cewa ikon gudanar da taron jama'a yana hannun gwamnatocin jihohin [[Najeriya]] ne ba gwamnatin tarayya ba, kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1999 ya tanada. Bayan wannan shari’ar, sai a shekara ta 2005 ne wasu ƙungiyoyin fafutuka guda biyu wato Nigerian Democratic Movement da Civil Society Forum da ke [[Najeriya]] suka fitar da rahoton hukumar ta yanar gizo. <ref name=":4" /> Rahoton ya riga ya kasance a cikin jama'a, amma gwamnati ta iyakance samuwa da kuma damar yin amfani da shi. <ref name=":2" /> Daga nan sai gwamnatocin jihohi a [[Najeriya]] suka fara kafa nasu kwamitocin gaskiya da sulhu. <ref name=":4" /> Gwamnatin tarayya ba ta aiwatar da shawarwarin hukumar ba. Bayan gudanar da sulhu, hukumar ta samu nasarar sasanta al’ummun kauyen [[Moroko|Maroko]] da ke [[Ogun|jihar Ogun]] da kuma kungiyoyi daban-daban a tsibirin Ogoni.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=The Justice versus Reconciliation Dichotomy in the Struggle Against Gross Human Rights Violations: The Nigerian Experience|last=Benson|first=Hassan, Idayat Olugbuo|date=2015-10-28|publisher=CODESRIA|oclc=934006288}}</ref>.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> == Manazarta == [[Category:Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]] [[Category:Haƙƙoƙi]] [[Category:Haƙƙoƙin Mata]] [[Category:Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki]] [[Category:Ƴancin Mata a Najeriya]] [[Category:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] [[Category:Ƴancin muhalli]] 7k80oiokb73b41dnfogn08qzecuw4vi 822332 822331 2026-04-18T17:14:59Z Pharouqenr 25549 822332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hukumar binciken take hakkin bil'adama ta Najeriya''' da aka fi sani da suna '''Oputa Panel''', kwamitin ne da aka kafa shi biyo bayan rugujewar mulkin kama-karya na soja da ya mamaye Najeriya har zuwa shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da takwas 1998 . Tsohon zababben shugaban [[Najeriya]] [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ne ya kirkiro ta a shekarar alif 1999. Wa'adinsa shi ne binciken 'yancin ɗan adam a lokacin mulkin soja daga 1984 zuwa 1999. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Hayner|first=Priscilla B.|date=2010-09-13|title=Unspeakable Truths|doi=10.4324/9780203867822|isbn=9780203867822}}</ref> Dangane da batun sulhu, hukumar ta kuma yi kokarin hada kan al'ummomin da ke fama da rikici a baya. Hukumar ta mika rahotonta na karshe ga Shugaba Obasanjo a shekarar dubu biyu da biyu 2002, amma [[gwamnati]] ba ta dauki wani mataki ba har yau. Ba a fitar da rahoton ga jama’a ba sai a shekara ta dubu biyu da biyar 2005, lokacin da kungiyoyin fafutuka biyu, wato Nigerian Democratic Movement da Civil Society Forum suka buga shi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usip.org/publications/1999/06/truth-commission-nigeria|title=Truth Commission: Nigeria|website=United States Institute of Peace|language=en|access-date=2018-10-29|archive-date=2018-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029150000/http://www.usip.org/publications/1999/06/truth-commission-nigeria|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Fage == Najeriya na karkashin mulkin [[Birtaniya]] har zuwa 1960. Bayan samun ‘yancin kai, an samu [[Rikicin gama gari a Najeriya|rikice-rikice na]] cikin gida da dama a cikin kasar wadanda suka takaita karfin [[Najeriya]] wajen dunkulewa. <ref name=":1" /> An raba kasar ta hanyar addini da kabilanci wanda ya haifar da kashe-kashen jama'a kuma daga karshe aka yi yakin basasa wanda zai ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1970. <ref name=":1" /> Yayin da Najeriya ke karkashin mulkin kama-karya na soji bayan juyin mulkin da Najeriya ta yi a shekarar 1966, an ci gaba da samun wasu juyin mulki. <ref name=":1" /> Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] shugaban mulkin soja tun daga shekarar 1985, an tilasta masa sauka daga mulki a shekarar 1993, sakamakon tarzoma da ta barke a fadin kasar, biyo bayan matakin da ya dauka na soke zaben . <ref name=":1" /> A karkashin Ministan Tsaro [[Sani Abacha]], wanda ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin shugaban kasa, an ci gaba da tashin hankali. Ana zargin Abacha da take hakkin dan Adam da dama.<ref name=":1" /> Bayan rasuwarsa a shekarar 1998, an gudanar da zabe inda [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ya karɓi mulki. <ref name=":1" /> Obasanjo ya fara gyare-gyare da suka hada da kafa hukumar binciken take hakkin dan Adam. <ref name=":1" /> == Umarni == A lokacin da aka fara aiwatar da aikin, hukumar binciken take hakkin bil’adama ta mayar da hankali wajen tauye hakkin bil’adama da kuma laifukan cin zarafi a zamanin mulkin sojan [[Najeriya]] tsakanin shekara ta 1984 zuwa shekara ta 1999. An kuma ba wa hukumar damar yin aiki don sasanta al’ummomi da kungiyoyin jama’a da ke zaune a [[Najeriya]] da ke rikici da juna a lokacin mulkin soja. Za a gudanar da bincikensa kuma a kammala shi tsawon watanni uku. <ref name=":2" /> Sai dai cikin wani lokaci da hukumar ta karkata akalarta ta mayar da hankali ga "gaggarumin take hakkin bil'adama" ta kuma bukaci karin lokaci don gudanar da bincikenta tare da tsawaita wa'adin binciken da ya hada da abubuwan da suka faru daga 1966 zuwa 1990. <ref name=":2" /> == Tsari == Bayan kafa wannan hukumar, an fara ne da tsarin yin la’akari da abubuwan da suka faru a zamanin mulkin soja. An yi ta baje kolin labarai daga ‘yan [[Najeriya]] wadanda suka bayyana iri ko cin zarafi da cin zarafi da suka fuskanta. <ref name=":2" /> Hukumar ta sami tunowa har 10,000 wadanda aka kashe tare da bayar da rahoton rashin adalci a fannin tattalin arziki - musamman, rashin adalci a wurin aiki. <ref name=":2" /> An shafe fiye da shekara guda ana gudanar da taron jin ra'ayoyin jama'a, inda ake gabatar da labaran wadanda aka kashe da kuma wadanda suka aikata wannan aika-aika ga jama'a yayin da ake ta yada wadannan kararraki a gidajen talabijin a kowane lokaci. <ref name=":2" /> Kashi 150 ne kawai cikin 10,000 na tunawa da cin zarafi da aka samu daga waɗanda abin ya shafa. Takaitattun kudade na nufin binciken take hakin dan adam ya takaita ne kawai ga taron jama'a. <ref name=":2" /> Binciken hukumar ya kunshi * samun bayanai game da take haƙƙin ɗan adam ta hanyar tunawa da waɗanda abin ya shafa suka bayar * fito da bayanan wadanda suke da hannu wajen aikata wadannan laifuka, da kuma * samun kyakkyawar fahimtar dalilin da yasa aka aikata wadannan laifuka tun da farko. Haka kuma hukumar ta taka rawa wajen kulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin al'ummomin [[Najeriya]] daban-daban. == Bincike da shawarwari == Hukumar ta fitar da wani rahoto da ta kammala da cewa yadda sojoji ke riƙe da siyasar Najeriya na ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da suka sa ake take Haƙƙin ɗan Adam da kuma ci gaba da tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a [[Najeriya]]. Hukumar ta kuma kammala da cewa waɗanda ke riƙe da madafun iko, da waɗanda ke cikin sojoji, da kuma manyan ‘yan [[Najeriya]] sun yi aiki tare domin aiwatar da juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi. Bugu da ƙari, hukumar ta kammala da cewa ma'aikatar shari'a ta taka rawa wajen kare wadanda ke da hannu wajen take hakkin bil'adama. <ref name=":1" /> Hukumar ta ba da shawarar a ba wa waɗanda abin ya shafa diyya. <ref name=":1" /> A ƙarshe ta ba da shawarar cewa [[Najeriya]] ta mayar da hankali wajen kawar da cin hanci da rashawa, musamman cin hanci da rashawa a cikin gwamnati. <ref name=":1" /> == Bibiya == Hukumar binciken take Haƙƙin bil’adama ta Najeriya ta mika rahotonta na karshe ga shugaban kasar a shekara ta 2002, amma bai kawo rahoton ga jama’a ba. An bayyana cewa an yanke hukuncin ne saboda karar da wasu tsaffin shugabannin sojoji biyu suka shigar gaban kotun koli a shekara ta 2003 kan hukumar da ke da ikon ba da shaida. [[Kotun Koli Ta Najeriya|Kotun kolin Najeriya ta yanke]] hukuncin cewa ikon gudanar da taron jama'a yana hannun gwamnatocin jihohin [[Najeriya]] ne ba gwamnatin tarayya ba, kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1999 ya tanada. Bayan wannan shari’ar, sai a shekara ta 2005 ne wasu ƙungiyoyin fafutuka guda biyu wato Nigerian Democratic Movement da Civil Society Forum da ke [[Najeriya]] suka fitar da rahoton hukumar ta yanar gizo. <ref name=":4" /> Rahoton ya riga ya kasance a cikin jama'a, amma gwamnati ta iyakance samuwa da kuma damar yin amfani da shi. <ref name=":2" /> Daga nan sai gwamnatocin jihohi a [[Najeriya]] suka fara kafa nasu kwamitocin gaskiya da sulhu. <ref name=":4" /> Gwamnatin tarayya ba ta aiwatar da shawarwarin hukumar ba. Bayan gudanar da sulhu, hukumar ta samu nasarar sasanta al’ummun kauyen [[Moroko|Maroko]] da ke [[Ogun|jihar Ogun]] da kuma kungiyoyi daban-daban a tsibirin Ogoni.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=The Justice versus Reconciliation Dichotomy in the Struggle Against Gross Human Rights Violations: The Nigerian Experience|last=Benson|first=Hassan, Idayat Olugbuo|date=2015-10-28|publisher=CODESRIA|oclc=934006288}}</ref>.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> == Manazarta == [[Category:Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]] [[Category:Haƙƙoƙi]] [[Category:Haƙƙoƙin Mata]] [[Category:Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki]] [[Category:Ƴancin Mata a Najeriya]] [[Category:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] [[Category:Ƴancin muhalli]] 4cnt04ni3vbehkde9an12flq3f9wu3t 822333 822332 2026-04-18T17:15:17Z Pharouqenr 25549 822333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hukumar binciken take hakkin bil'adama ta Najeriya''' da aka fi sani da suna '''Oputa Panel''', kwamitin ne da aka kafa shi biyo bayan rugujewar mulkin kama-karya na soja da ya mamaye Najeriya har zuwa shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da takwas 1998 . Tsohon zababben shugaban [[Najeriya]] [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ne ya kirkiro ta a shekarar alif 1999. Wa'adinsa shi ne binciken 'yancin ɗan adam a lokacin mulkin soja daga 1984 zuwa 1999. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Hayner|first=Priscilla B.|date=2010-09-13|title=Unspeakable Truths|doi=10.4324/9780203867822|isbn=9780203867822}}</ref> Dangane da batun sulhu, hukumar ta kuma yi kokarin hada kan al'ummomin da ke fama da rikici a baya. Hukumar ta mika rahotonta na karshe ga Shugaba Obasanjo a shekarar dubu biyu da biyu 2002, amma [[gwamnati]] ba ta dauki wani mataki ba har yau. Ba a fitar da rahoton ga jama’a ba sai a shekara ta dubu biyu da biyar 2005, lokacin da kungiyoyin fafutuka biyu, wato Nigerian Democratic Movement da Civil Society Forum suka buga shi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usip.org/publications/1999/06/truth-commission-nigeria|title=Truth Commission: Nigeria|website=United States Institute of Peace|language=en|access-date=2018-10-29|archive-date=2018-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029150000/http://www.usip.org/publications/1999/06/truth-commission-nigeria|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Fage == Najeriya na karkashin mulkin [[Birtaniya]] har zuwa 1960. Bayan samun ‘yancin kai, an samu [[Rikicin gama gari a Najeriya|rikice-rikice na]] cikin gida da dama a cikin kasar wadanda suka takaita karfin [[Najeriya]] wajen dunkulewa. <ref name=":1" /> An raba kasar ta hanyar addini da kabilanci wanda ya haifar da kashe-kashen jama'a kuma daga karshe aka yi yakin basasa wanda zai ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1970. <ref name=":1" /> Yayin da Najeriya ke karkashin mulkin kama-karya na soji bayan juyin mulkin da Najeriya ta yi a shekarar 1966, an ci gaba da samun wasu juyin mulki. <ref name=":1" /> Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] shugaban mulkin soja tun daga shekarar 1985, an tilasta masa sauka daga mulki a shekarar 1993, sakamakon tarzoma da ta barke a fadin kasar, biyo bayan matakin da ya dauka na soke zaben . <ref name=":1" /> A karkashin Ministan Tsaro [[Sani Abacha]], wanda ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin shugaban kasa, an ci gaba da tashin hankali. Ana zargin Abacha da take hakkin dan Adam da dama.<ref name=":1" /> Bayan rasuwarsa a shekarar 1998, an gudanar da zabe inda [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ya karɓi mulki. <ref name=":1" /> Obasanjo ya fara gyare-gyare da suka hada da kafa hukumar binciken take hakkin dan Adam. <ref name=":1" /> == Umarni == A lokacin da aka fara aiwatar da aikin, hukumar binciken take hakkin bil’adama ta mayar da hankali wajen tauye hakkin bil’adama da kuma laifukan cin zarafi a zamanin mulkin sojan [[Najeriya]] tsakanin shekara ta 1984 zuwa shekara ta 1999. An kuma ba wa hukumar damar yin aiki don sasanta al’ummomi da kungiyoyin jama’a da ke zaune a [[Najeriya]] da ke rikici da juna a lokacin mulkin soja. Za a gudanar da bincikensa kuma a kammala shi tsawon watanni uku.<ref name=":2" /> Sai dai cikin wani lokaci da hukumar ta karkata akalarta ta mayar da hankali ga "gaggarumin take hakkin bil'adama" ta kuma bukaci karin lokaci don gudanar da bincikenta tare da tsawaita wa'adin binciken da ya hada da abubuwan da suka faru daga 1966 zuwa 1990. <ref name=":2" /> == Tsari == Bayan kafa wannan hukumar, an fara ne da tsarin yin la’akari da abubuwan da suka faru a zamanin mulkin soja. An yi ta baje kolin labarai daga ‘yan [[Najeriya]] wadanda suka bayyana iri ko cin zarafi da cin zarafi da suka fuskanta. <ref name=":2" /> Hukumar ta sami tunowa har 10,000 wadanda aka kashe tare da bayar da rahoton rashin adalci a fannin tattalin arziki - musamman, rashin adalci a wurin aiki. <ref name=":2" /> An shafe fiye da shekara guda ana gudanar da taron jin ra'ayoyin jama'a, inda ake gabatar da labaran wadanda aka kashe da kuma wadanda suka aikata wannan aika-aika ga jama'a yayin da ake ta yada wadannan kararraki a gidajen talabijin a kowane lokaci. <ref name=":2" /> Kashi 150 ne kawai cikin 10,000 na tunawa da cin zarafi da aka samu daga waɗanda abin ya shafa. Takaitattun kudade na nufin binciken take hakin dan adam ya takaita ne kawai ga taron jama'a. <ref name=":2" /> Binciken hukumar ya kunshi * samun bayanai game da take haƙƙin ɗan adam ta hanyar tunawa da waɗanda abin ya shafa suka bayar * fito da bayanan wadanda suke da hannu wajen aikata wadannan laifuka, da kuma * samun kyakkyawar fahimtar dalilin da yasa aka aikata wadannan laifuka tun da farko. Haka kuma hukumar ta taka rawa wajen kulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin al'ummomin [[Najeriya]] daban-daban. == Bincike da shawarwari == Hukumar ta fitar da wani rahoto da ta kammala da cewa yadda sojoji ke riƙe da siyasar Najeriya na ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da suka sa ake take Haƙƙin ɗan Adam da kuma ci gaba da tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a [[Najeriya]]. Hukumar ta kuma kammala da cewa waɗanda ke riƙe da madafun iko, da waɗanda ke cikin sojoji, da kuma manyan ‘yan [[Najeriya]] sun yi aiki tare domin aiwatar da juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi. Bugu da ƙari, hukumar ta kammala da cewa ma'aikatar shari'a ta taka rawa wajen kare wadanda ke da hannu wajen take hakkin bil'adama. <ref name=":1" /> Hukumar ta ba da shawarar a ba wa waɗanda abin ya shafa diyya. <ref name=":1" /> A ƙarshe ta ba da shawarar cewa [[Najeriya]] ta mayar da hankali wajen kawar da cin hanci da rashawa, musamman cin hanci da rashawa a cikin gwamnati. <ref name=":1" /> == Bibiya == Hukumar binciken take Haƙƙin bil’adama ta Najeriya ta mika rahotonta na karshe ga shugaban kasar a shekara ta 2002, amma bai kawo rahoton ga jama’a ba. An bayyana cewa an yanke hukuncin ne saboda karar da wasu tsaffin shugabannin sojoji biyu suka shigar gaban kotun koli a shekara ta 2003 kan hukumar da ke da ikon ba da shaida. [[Kotun Koli Ta Najeriya|Kotun kolin Najeriya ta yanke]] hukuncin cewa ikon gudanar da taron jama'a yana hannun gwamnatocin jihohin [[Najeriya]] ne ba gwamnatin tarayya ba, kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1999 ya tanada. Bayan wannan shari’ar, sai a shekara ta 2005 ne wasu ƙungiyoyin fafutuka guda biyu wato Nigerian Democratic Movement da Civil Society Forum da ke [[Najeriya]] suka fitar da rahoton hukumar ta yanar gizo. <ref name=":4" /> Rahoton ya riga ya kasance a cikin jama'a, amma gwamnati ta iyakance samuwa da kuma damar yin amfani da shi. <ref name=":2" /> Daga nan sai gwamnatocin jihohi a [[Najeriya]] suka fara kafa nasu kwamitocin gaskiya da sulhu. <ref name=":4" /> Gwamnatin tarayya ba ta aiwatar da shawarwarin hukumar ba. Bayan gudanar da sulhu, hukumar ta samu nasarar sasanta al’ummun kauyen [[Moroko|Maroko]] da ke [[Ogun|jihar Ogun]] da kuma kungiyoyi daban-daban a tsibirin Ogoni.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=The Justice versus Reconciliation Dichotomy in the Struggle Against Gross Human Rights Violations: The Nigerian Experience|last=Benson|first=Hassan, Idayat Olugbuo|date=2015-10-28|publisher=CODESRIA|oclc=934006288}}</ref>.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> == Manazarta == [[Category:Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]] [[Category:Haƙƙoƙi]] [[Category:Haƙƙoƙin Mata]] [[Category:Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki]] [[Category:Ƴancin Mata a Najeriya]] [[Category:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] [[Category:Ƴancin muhalli]] autgtkjxy6u57kk76hs3ghslqukr0qr 822334 822333 2026-04-18T17:15:30Z Pharouqenr 25549 822334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hukumar binciken take hakkin bil'adama ta Najeriya''' da aka fi sani da suna '''Oputa Panel''', kwamitin ne da aka kafa shi biyo bayan rugujewar mulkin kama-karya na soja da ya mamaye Najeriya har zuwa shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da takwas 1998 . Tsohon zababben shugaban [[Najeriya]] [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ne ya kirkiro ta a shekarar alif 1999. Wa'adinsa shi ne binciken 'yancin ɗan adam a lokacin mulkin soja daga 1984 zuwa 1999. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Hayner|first=Priscilla B.|date=2010-09-13|title=Unspeakable Truths|doi=10.4324/9780203867822|isbn=9780203867822}}</ref> Dangane da batun sulhu, hukumar ta kuma yi kokarin hada kan al'ummomin da ke fama da rikici a baya. Hukumar ta mika rahotonta na karshe ga Shugaba Obasanjo a shekarar dubu biyu da biyu 2002, amma [[gwamnati]] ba ta dauki wani mataki ba har yau. Ba a fitar da rahoton ga jama’a ba sai a shekara ta dubu biyu da biyar 2005, lokacin da kungiyoyin fafutuka biyu, wato Nigerian Democratic Movement da Civil Society Forum suka buga shi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usip.org/publications/1999/06/truth-commission-nigeria|title=Truth Commission: Nigeria|website=United States Institute of Peace|language=en|access-date=2018-10-29|archive-date=2018-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029150000/http://www.usip.org/publications/1999/06/truth-commission-nigeria|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Fage == Najeriya na karkashin mulkin [[Birtaniya]] har zuwa 1960. Bayan samun ‘yancin kai, an samu [[Rikicin gama gari a Najeriya|rikice-rikice na]] cikin gida da dama a cikin kasar wadanda suka takaita karfin [[Najeriya]] wajen dunkulewa. <ref name=":1" /> An raba kasar ta hanyar addini da kabilanci wanda ya haifar da kashe-kashen jama'a kuma daga karshe aka yi yakin basasa wanda zai ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1970. <ref name=":1" /> Yayin da Najeriya ke karkashin mulkin kama-karya na soji bayan juyin mulkin da Najeriya ta yi a shekarar 1966, an ci gaba da samun wasu juyin mulki. <ref name=":1" /> Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] shugaban mulkin soja tun daga shekarar 1985, an tilasta masa sauka daga mulki a shekarar 1993, sakamakon tarzoma da ta barke a fadin kasar, biyo bayan matakin da ya dauka na soke zaben . <ref name=":1" /> A karkashin Ministan Tsaro [[Sani Abacha]], wanda ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin shugaban kasa, an ci gaba da tashin hankali. Ana zargin Abacha da take hakkin dan Adam da dama.<ref name=":1" /> Bayan rasuwarsa a shekarar 1998, an gudanar da zabe inda [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ya karɓi mulki. <ref name=":1" /> Obasanjo ya fara gyare-gyare da suka hada da kafa hukumar binciken take hakkin dan Adam. <ref name=":1" /> == Umarni == A lokacin da aka fara aiwatar da aikin, hukumar binciken take hakkin bil’adama ta mayar da hankali wajen tauye hakkin bil’adama da kuma laifukan cin zarafi a zamanin mulkin sojan [[Najeriya]] tsakanin shekara ta 1984 zuwa shekara ta 1999. An kuma ba wa hukumar damar yin aiki don sasanta al’ummomi da kungiyoyin jama’a da ke zaune a [[Najeriya]] da ke rikici da juna a lokacin mulkin soja. Za a gudanar da bincikensa kuma a kammala shi tsawon watanni uku.<ref name=":2" /> Sai dai cikin wani lokaci da hukumar ta karkata akalarta ta mayar da hankali ga "gaggarumin take hakkin bil'adama" ta kuma bukaci karin lokaci don gudanar da bincikenta tare da tsawaita wa'adin binciken da ya hada da abubuwan da suka faru daga 1966 zuwa 1990. <ref name=":2" /> == Tsari == Bayan kafa wannan hukumar, an fara ne da tsarin yin la’akari da abubuwan da suka faru a zamanin mulkin soja. An yi ta baje kolin labarai daga ‘yan [[Najeriya]] wadanda suka bayyana iri ko cin zarafi da cin zarafi da suka fuskanta. <ref name=":2" /> Hukumar ta sami tunowa har 10,000 wadanda aka kashe tare da bayar da rahoton rashin adalci a fannin tattalin arziki - musamman, rashin adalci a wurin aiki. <ref name=":2" /> An shafe fiye da shekara guda ana gudanar da taron jin ra'ayoyin jama'a, inda ake gabatar da labaran wadanda aka kashe da kuma wadanda suka aikata wannan aika-aika ga jama'a yayin da ake ta yada wadannan kararraki a gidajen talabijin a kowane lokaci.<ref name=":2" /> Kashi 150 ne kawai cikin 10,000 na tunawa da cin zarafi da aka samu daga waɗanda abin ya shafa. Takaitattun kudade na nufin binciken take hakin dan adam ya takaita ne kawai ga taron jama'a. <ref name=":2" /> Binciken hukumar ya kunshi * samun bayanai game da take haƙƙin ɗan adam ta hanyar tunawa da waɗanda abin ya shafa suka bayar * fito da bayanan wadanda suke da hannu wajen aikata wadannan laifuka, da kuma * samun kyakkyawar fahimtar dalilin da yasa aka aikata wadannan laifuka tun da farko. Haka kuma hukumar ta taka rawa wajen kulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin al'ummomin [[Najeriya]] daban-daban. == Bincike da shawarwari == Hukumar ta fitar da wani rahoto da ta kammala da cewa yadda sojoji ke riƙe da siyasar Najeriya na ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da suka sa ake take Haƙƙin ɗan Adam da kuma ci gaba da tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a [[Najeriya]]. Hukumar ta kuma kammala da cewa waɗanda ke riƙe da madafun iko, da waɗanda ke cikin sojoji, da kuma manyan ‘yan [[Najeriya]] sun yi aiki tare domin aiwatar da juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi. Bugu da ƙari, hukumar ta kammala da cewa ma'aikatar shari'a ta taka rawa wajen kare wadanda ke da hannu wajen take hakkin bil'adama. <ref name=":1" /> Hukumar ta ba da shawarar a ba wa waɗanda abin ya shafa diyya. <ref name=":1" /> A ƙarshe ta ba da shawarar cewa [[Najeriya]] ta mayar da hankali wajen kawar da cin hanci da rashawa, musamman cin hanci da rashawa a cikin gwamnati. <ref name=":1" /> == Bibiya == Hukumar binciken take Haƙƙin bil’adama ta Najeriya ta mika rahotonta na karshe ga shugaban kasar a shekara ta 2002, amma bai kawo rahoton ga jama’a ba. An bayyana cewa an yanke hukuncin ne saboda karar da wasu tsaffin shugabannin sojoji biyu suka shigar gaban kotun koli a shekara ta 2003 kan hukumar da ke da ikon ba da shaida. [[Kotun Koli Ta Najeriya|Kotun kolin Najeriya ta yanke]] hukuncin cewa ikon gudanar da taron jama'a yana hannun gwamnatocin jihohin [[Najeriya]] ne ba gwamnatin tarayya ba, kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1999 ya tanada. Bayan wannan shari’ar, sai a shekara ta 2005 ne wasu ƙungiyoyin fafutuka guda biyu wato Nigerian Democratic Movement da Civil Society Forum da ke [[Najeriya]] suka fitar da rahoton hukumar ta yanar gizo. <ref name=":4" /> Rahoton ya riga ya kasance a cikin jama'a, amma gwamnati ta iyakance samuwa da kuma damar yin amfani da shi. <ref name=":2" /> Daga nan sai gwamnatocin jihohi a [[Najeriya]] suka fara kafa nasu kwamitocin gaskiya da sulhu. <ref name=":4" /> Gwamnatin tarayya ba ta aiwatar da shawarwarin hukumar ba. Bayan gudanar da sulhu, hukumar ta samu nasarar sasanta al’ummun kauyen [[Moroko|Maroko]] da ke [[Ogun|jihar Ogun]] da kuma kungiyoyi daban-daban a tsibirin Ogoni.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=The Justice versus Reconciliation Dichotomy in the Struggle Against Gross Human Rights Violations: The Nigerian Experience|last=Benson|first=Hassan, Idayat Olugbuo|date=2015-10-28|publisher=CODESRIA|oclc=934006288}}</ref>.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> == Manazarta == [[Category:Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]] [[Category:Haƙƙoƙi]] [[Category:Haƙƙoƙin Mata]] [[Category:Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki]] [[Category:Ƴancin Mata a Najeriya]] [[Category:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] [[Category:Ƴancin muhalli]] 7l67zs6j524b8q4jawz5xiqoosbs8d6 822335 822334 2026-04-18T17:15:53Z Pharouqenr 25549 822335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hukumar binciken take hakkin bil'adama ta Najeriya''' da aka fi sani da suna '''Oputa Panel''', kwamitin ne da aka kafa shi biyo bayan rugujewar mulkin kama-karya na soja da ya mamaye Najeriya har zuwa shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da takwas 1998 . Tsohon zababben shugaban [[Najeriya]] [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ne ya kirkiro ta a shekarar alif 1999. Wa'adinsa shi ne binciken 'yancin ɗan adam a lokacin mulkin soja daga 1984 zuwa 1999. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Hayner|first=Priscilla B.|date=2010-09-13|title=Unspeakable Truths|doi=10.4324/9780203867822|isbn=9780203867822}}</ref> Dangane da batun sulhu, hukumar ta kuma yi kokarin hada kan al'ummomin da ke fama da rikici a baya. Hukumar ta mika rahotonta na karshe ga Shugaba Obasanjo a shekarar dubu biyu da biyu 2002, amma [[gwamnati]] ba ta dauki wani mataki ba har yau. Ba a fitar da rahoton ga jama’a ba sai a shekara ta dubu biyu da biyar 2005, lokacin da kungiyoyin fafutuka biyu, wato Nigerian Democratic Movement da Civil Society Forum suka buga shi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usip.org/publications/1999/06/truth-commission-nigeria|title=Truth Commission: Nigeria|website=United States Institute of Peace|language=en|access-date=2018-10-29|archive-date=2018-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029150000/http://www.usip.org/publications/1999/06/truth-commission-nigeria|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Fage == Najeriya na karkashin mulkin [[Birtaniya]] har zuwa 1960. Bayan samun ‘yancin kai, an samu [[Rikicin gama gari a Najeriya|rikice-rikice na]] cikin gida da dama a cikin kasar wadanda suka takaita karfin [[Najeriya]] wajen dunkulewa.<ref name=":1" /> An raba kasar ta hanyar addini da kabilanci wanda ya haifar da kashe-kashen jama'a kuma daga karshe aka yi yakin basasa wanda zai ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1970. <ref name=":1" /> Yayin da Najeriya ke karkashin mulkin kama-karya na soji bayan juyin mulkin da Najeriya ta yi a shekarar 1966, an ci gaba da samun wasu juyin mulki.<ref name=":1" /> Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] shugaban mulkin soja tun daga shekarar 1985, an tilasta masa sauka daga mulki a shekarar 1993, sakamakon tarzoma da ta barke a fadin kasar, biyo bayan matakin da ya dauka na soke zaben . <ref name=":1" /> A karkashin Ministan Tsaro [[Sani Abacha]], wanda ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin shugaban kasa, an ci gaba da tashin hankali. Ana zargin Abacha da take hakkin dan Adam da dama.<ref name=":1" /> Bayan rasuwarsa a shekarar 1998, an gudanar da zabe inda [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ya karɓi mulki. <ref name=":1" /> Obasanjo ya fara gyare-gyare da suka hada da kafa hukumar binciken take hakkin dan Adam. <ref name=":1" /> == Umarni == A lokacin da aka fara aiwatar da aikin, hukumar binciken take hakkin bil’adama ta mayar da hankali wajen tauye hakkin bil’adama da kuma laifukan cin zarafi a zamanin mulkin sojan [[Najeriya]] tsakanin shekara ta 1984 zuwa shekara ta 1999. An kuma ba wa hukumar damar yin aiki don sasanta al’ummomi da kungiyoyin jama’a da ke zaune a [[Najeriya]] da ke rikici da juna a lokacin mulkin soja. Za a gudanar da bincikensa kuma a kammala shi tsawon watanni uku.<ref name=":2" /> Sai dai cikin wani lokaci da hukumar ta karkata akalarta ta mayar da hankali ga "gaggarumin take hakkin bil'adama" ta kuma bukaci karin lokaci don gudanar da bincikenta tare da tsawaita wa'adin binciken da ya hada da abubuwan da suka faru daga 1966 zuwa 1990. <ref name=":2" /> == Tsari == Bayan kafa wannan hukumar, an fara ne da tsarin yin la’akari da abubuwan da suka faru a zamanin mulkin soja. An yi ta baje kolin labarai daga ‘yan [[Najeriya]] wadanda suka bayyana iri ko cin zarafi da cin zarafi da suka fuskanta. <ref name=":2" /> Hukumar ta sami tunowa har 10,000 wadanda aka kashe tare da bayar da rahoton rashin adalci a fannin tattalin arziki - musamman, rashin adalci a wurin aiki. <ref name=":2" /> An shafe fiye da shekara guda ana gudanar da taron jin ra'ayoyin jama'a, inda ake gabatar da labaran wadanda aka kashe da kuma wadanda suka aikata wannan aika-aika ga jama'a yayin da ake ta yada wadannan kararraki a gidajen talabijin a kowane lokaci.<ref name=":2" /> Kashi 150 ne kawai cikin 10,000 na tunawa da cin zarafi da aka samu daga waɗanda abin ya shafa. Takaitattun kudade na nufin binciken take hakin dan adam ya takaita ne kawai ga taron jama'a. <ref name=":2" /> Binciken hukumar ya kunshi * samun bayanai game da take haƙƙin ɗan adam ta hanyar tunawa da waɗanda abin ya shafa suka bayar * fito da bayanan wadanda suke da hannu wajen aikata wadannan laifuka, da kuma * samun kyakkyawar fahimtar dalilin da yasa aka aikata wadannan laifuka tun da farko. Haka kuma hukumar ta taka rawa wajen kulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin al'ummomin [[Najeriya]] daban-daban. == Bincike da shawarwari == Hukumar ta fitar da wani rahoto da ta kammala da cewa yadda sojoji ke riƙe da siyasar Najeriya na ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da suka sa ake take Haƙƙin ɗan Adam da kuma ci gaba da tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a [[Najeriya]]. Hukumar ta kuma kammala da cewa waɗanda ke riƙe da madafun iko, da waɗanda ke cikin sojoji, da kuma manyan ‘yan [[Najeriya]] sun yi aiki tare domin aiwatar da juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi. Bugu da ƙari, hukumar ta kammala da cewa ma'aikatar shari'a ta taka rawa wajen kare wadanda ke da hannu wajen take hakkin bil'adama. <ref name=":1" /> Hukumar ta ba da shawarar a ba wa waɗanda abin ya shafa diyya. <ref name=":1" /> A ƙarshe ta ba da shawarar cewa [[Najeriya]] ta mayar da hankali wajen kawar da cin hanci da rashawa, musamman cin hanci da rashawa a cikin gwamnati. <ref name=":1" /> == Bibiya == Hukumar binciken take Haƙƙin bil’adama ta Najeriya ta mika rahotonta na karshe ga shugaban kasar a shekara ta 2002, amma bai kawo rahoton ga jama’a ba. An bayyana cewa an yanke hukuncin ne saboda karar da wasu tsaffin shugabannin sojoji biyu suka shigar gaban kotun koli a shekara ta 2003 kan hukumar da ke da ikon ba da shaida. [[Kotun Koli Ta Najeriya|Kotun kolin Najeriya ta yanke]] hukuncin cewa ikon gudanar da taron jama'a yana hannun gwamnatocin jihohin [[Najeriya]] ne ba gwamnatin tarayya ba, kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1999 ya tanada. Bayan wannan shari’ar, sai a shekara ta 2005 ne wasu ƙungiyoyin fafutuka guda biyu wato Nigerian Democratic Movement da Civil Society Forum da ke [[Najeriya]] suka fitar da rahoton hukumar ta yanar gizo. <ref name=":4" /> Rahoton ya riga ya kasance a cikin jama'a, amma gwamnati ta iyakance samuwa da kuma damar yin amfani da shi. <ref name=":2" /> Daga nan sai gwamnatocin jihohi a [[Najeriya]] suka fara kafa nasu kwamitocin gaskiya da sulhu. <ref name=":4" /> Gwamnatin tarayya ba ta aiwatar da shawarwarin hukumar ba. Bayan gudanar da sulhu, hukumar ta samu nasarar sasanta al’ummun kauyen [[Moroko|Maroko]] da ke [[Ogun|jihar Ogun]] da kuma kungiyoyi daban-daban a tsibirin Ogoni.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=The Justice versus Reconciliation Dichotomy in the Struggle Against Gross Human Rights Violations: The Nigerian Experience|last=Benson|first=Hassan, Idayat Olugbuo|date=2015-10-28|publisher=CODESRIA|oclc=934006288}}</ref>.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> == Manazarta == [[Category:Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]] [[Category:Haƙƙoƙi]] [[Category:Haƙƙoƙin Mata]] [[Category:Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki]] [[Category:Ƴancin Mata a Najeriya]] [[Category:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] [[Category:Ƴancin muhalli]] 8c4fibl7sfutb8ifcyy90r65nm8ep1v 822336 822335 2026-04-18T17:16:12Z Pharouqenr 25549 822336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hukumar binciken take hakkin bil'adama ta Najeriya''' da aka fi sani da suna '''Oputa Panel''', kwamitin ne da aka kafa shi biyo bayan rugujewar mulkin kama-karya na soja da ya mamaye Najeriya har zuwa shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da takwas 1998 . Tsohon zababben shugaban [[Najeriya]] [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ne ya kirkiro ta a shekarar alif 1999. Wa'adinsa shi ne binciken 'yancin ɗan adam a lokacin mulkin soja daga 1984 zuwa 1999. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Hayner|first=Priscilla B.|date=2010-09-13|title=Unspeakable Truths|doi=10.4324/9780203867822|isbn=9780203867822}}</ref> Dangane da batun sulhu, hukumar ta kuma yi kokarin hada kan al'ummomin da ke fama da rikici a baya. Hukumar ta mika rahotonta na karshe ga Shugaba Obasanjo a shekarar dubu biyu da biyu 2002, amma [[gwamnati]] ba ta dauki wani mataki ba har yau. Ba a fitar da rahoton ga jama’a ba sai a shekara ta dubu biyu da biyar 2005, lokacin da kungiyoyin fafutuka biyu, wato Nigerian Democratic Movement da Civil Society Forum suka buga shi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usip.org/publications/1999/06/truth-commission-nigeria|title=Truth Commission: Nigeria|website=United States Institute of Peace|language=en|access-date=2018-10-29|archive-date=2018-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029150000/http://www.usip.org/publications/1999/06/truth-commission-nigeria|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Fage == Najeriya na karkashin mulkin [[Birtaniya]] har zuwa 1960. Bayan samun ‘yancin kai, an samu [[Rikicin gama gari a Najeriya|rikice-rikice na]] cikin gida da dama a cikin kasar wadanda suka takaita karfin [[Najeriya]] wajen dunkulewa.<ref name=":1" /> An raba kasar ta hanyar addini da kabilanci wanda ya haifar da kashe-kashen jama'a kuma daga karshe aka yi yakin basasa wanda zai ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1970. <ref name=":1" /> Yayin da Najeriya ke karkashin mulkin kama-karya na soji bayan juyin mulkin da Najeriya ta yi a shekarar 1966, an ci gaba da samun wasu juyin mulki.<ref name=":1" /> Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] shugaban mulkin soja tun daga shekarar 1985, an tilasta masa sauka daga mulki a shekarar 1993, sakamakon tarzoma da ta barke a fadin kasar, biyo bayan matakin da ya dauka na soke zaben . <ref name=":1" /> A karkashin Ministan Tsaro [[Sani Abacha]], wanda ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin shugaban kasa, an ci gaba da tashin hankali. Ana zargin Abacha da take hakkin dan Adam da dama.<ref name=":1" /> Bayan rasuwarsa a shekarar 1998, an gudanar da zabe inda [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ya karɓi mulki. <ref name=":1" /> Obasanjo ya fara gyare-gyare da suka hada da kafa hukumar binciken take hakkin dan Adam. <ref name=":1" /> == Umarni == A lokacin da aka fara aiwatar da aikin, hukumar binciken take hakkin bil’adama ta mayar da hankali wajen tauye hakkin bil’adama da kuma laifukan cin zarafi a zamanin mulkin sojan [[Najeriya]] tsakanin shekara ta 1984 zuwa shekara ta 1999. An kuma ba wa hukumar damar yin aiki don sasanta al’ummomi da kungiyoyin jama’a da ke zaune a [[Najeriya]] da ke rikici da juna a lokacin mulkin soja. Za a gudanar da bincikensa kuma a kammala shi tsawon watanni uku.<ref name=":2" /> Sai dai cikin wani lokaci da hukumar ta karkata akalarta ta mayar da hankali ga "gaggarumin take hakkin bil'adama" ta kuma bukaci karin lokaci don gudanar da bincikenta tare da tsawaita wa'adin binciken da ya hada da abubuwan da suka faru daga 1966 zuwa 1990. <ref name=":2" /> == Tsari == Bayan kafa wannan hukumar, an fara ne da tsarin yin la’akari da abubuwan da suka faru a zamanin mulkin soja. An yi ta baje kolin labarai daga ‘yan [[Najeriya]] wadanda suka bayyana iri ko cin zarafi da cin zarafi da suka fuskanta. <ref name=":2" /> Hukumar ta sami tunowa har 10,000 wadanda aka kashe tare da bayar da rahoton rashin adalci a fannin tattalin arziki - musamman, rashin adalci a wurin aiki. <ref name=":2" /> An shafe fiye da shekara guda ana gudanar da taron jin ra'ayoyin jama'a, inda ake gabatar da labaran wadanda aka kashe da kuma wadanda suka aikata wannan aika-aika ga jama'a yayin da ake ta yada wadannan kararraki a gidajen talabijin a kowane lokaci.<ref name=":2" /> Kashi 150 ne kawai cikin 10,000 na tunawa da cin zarafi da aka samu daga waɗanda abin ya shafa. Takaitattun kudade na nufin binciken take hakin dan adam ya takaita ne kawai ga taron jama'a. <ref name=":2" /> Binciken hukumar ya kunshi * samun bayanai game da take haƙƙin ɗan adam ta hanyar tunawa da waɗanda abin ya shafa suka bayar * fito da bayanan wadanda suke da hannu wajen aikata wadannan laifuka, da kuma * samun kyakkyawar fahimtar dalilin da yasa aka aikata wadannan laifuka tun da farko. Haka kuma hukumar ta taka rawa wajen kulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin al'ummomin [[Najeriya]] daban-daban. == Bincike da shawarwari == Hukumar ta fitar da wani rahoto da ta kammala da cewa yadda sojoji ke riƙe da siyasar Najeriya na ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da suka sa ake take Haƙƙin ɗan Adam da kuma ci gaba da tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a [[Najeriya]]. Hukumar ta kuma kammala da cewa waɗanda ke riƙe da madafun iko, da waɗanda ke cikin sojoji, da kuma manyan ‘yan [[Najeriya]] sun yi aiki tare domin aiwatar da juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi. Bugu da ƙari, hukumar ta kammala da cewa ma'aikatar shari'a ta taka rawa wajen kare wadanda ke da hannu wajen take hakkin bil'adama. <ref name=":1" /> Hukumar ta ba da shawarar a ba wa waɗanda abin ya shafa diyya. <ref name=":1" /> A ƙarshe ta ba da shawarar cewa [[Najeriya]] ta mayar da hankali wajen kawar da cin hanci da rashawa, musamman cin hanci da rashawa a cikin gwamnati. <ref name=":1" /> == Bibiya == Hukumar binciken take Haƙƙin bil’adama ta Najeriya ta mika rahotonta na karshe ga shugaban kasar a shekara ta 2002, amma bai kawo rahoton ga jama’a ba. An bayyana cewa an yanke hukuncin ne saboda karar da wasu tsaffin shugabannin sojoji biyu suka shigar gaban kotun koli a shekara ta 2003 kan hukumar da ke da ikon ba da shaida. [[Kotun Koli Ta Najeriya|Kotun kolin Najeriya ta yanke]] hukuncin cewa ikon gudanar da taron jama'a yana hannun gwamnatocin jihohin [[Najeriya]] ne ba gwamnatin tarayya ba, kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1999 ya tanada. Bayan wannan shari’ar, sai a shekara ta 2005 ne wasu ƙungiyoyin fafutuka guda biyu wato Nigerian Democratic Movement da Civil Society Forum da ke [[Najeriya]] suka fitar da rahoton hukumar ta yanar gizo. <ref name=":4" /> Rahoton ya riga ya kasance a cikin jama'a, amma gwamnati ta iyakance samuwa da kuma damar yin amfani da shi. <ref name=":2" /> Daga nan sai gwamnatocin jihohi a [[Najeriya]] suka fara kafa nasu kwamitocin gaskiya da sulhu. <ref name=":4" /> Gwamnatin tarayya ba ta aiwatar da shawarwarin hukumar ba. Bayan gudanar da sulhu, hukumar ta samu nasarar sasanta al’ummun kauyen [[Moroko|Maroko]] da ke [[Ogun|jihar Ogun]] da kuma kungiyoyi daban-daban a tsibirin Ogoni<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=The Justice versus Reconciliation Dichotomy in the Struggle Against Gross Human Rights Violations: The Nigerian Experience|last=Benson|first=Hassan, Idayat Olugbuo|date=2015-10-28|publisher=CODESRIA|oclc=934006288}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> == Manazarta == [[Category:Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]] [[Category:Haƙƙoƙi]] [[Category:Haƙƙoƙin Mata]] [[Category:Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki]] [[Category:Ƴancin Mata a Najeriya]] [[Category:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] [[Category:Ƴancin muhalli]] ob1jhs77f5gkxi515qrpfjxztq6lemb 0 32582 822321 785553 2026-04-18T17:02:45Z Santa MMD 23886 822321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ƙabilar Dakarkari''' da aka fi sani da '''Lena''' ko '''Dakkarawa''' suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙabilun [[Najeriya]] da ke da kimanin mutane 136,000.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=T|first=Randall|date=2020-01-15|title=Linguistic and Religious Continuity and Change among the Lelna of Northwestern Nigeria|url=https://scholars.direct/Articles/anthropology/iap-4-025.php?jid=anthropology|journal=Insights of Anthropology|language=En|volume=4|issue=1}}</ref>Ana samun su ne a ƙananan hukumomin [[Zuru]], [[Donko-Wasagu]], da Sakaba a jihar Kebbi (a matsayin wani yanki na jihar Sakkwato) da wasu ƙananan hukumomin jihar Neja kamar, [[Rijau]] da [[Mariga]]. An raba su zuwa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda su ne Bangawa kafawa, Kelawa, Lilawa. A yau, za su iya zama  Kebu, Roma, Dogo, Isgogo, Dabai, Rikoto, Peni, Zuru, Manga, Senchi, Ushe, Tadurga, Diri, Ribah, Conoko da Rade.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Project|first=Joshua|title=Lela, Dakakari in Nigeria|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/13022/NI|access-date=2022-06-03|website=joshuaproject.net|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=AFRICA {{!}} 101 Last Tribes - Dakakari people|url=https://www.101lasttribes.com/tribes/dakakari.html|access-date=2022-06-03|website=www.101lasttribes.com}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Aluwong|first=Jeremiah|date=2020-01-31|title=Ethnic Groups in Nigeria- The Dakarkari Tribe • Connect Nigeria|url=https://articles.connectnigeria.com/ethnic-groups-in-nigeria-the-dakarkari-tribe/|access-date=2022-06-03|website=Connect Nigeria|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Aluwong|first=Jeremiah|date=2020-01-31|title=Ethnic Groups in Nigeria- The Dakarkari Tribe • Connect Nigeria|url=https://articles.connectnigeria.com/ethnic-groups-in-nigeria-the-dakarkari-tribe/|access-date=2022-06-03|website=Connect Nigeria|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Dakarkari Tribe Of Kebbi State: An Embodiment Of Bravery.|url=https://cdn.scoopernews.com/static/half/detail/2536/12678844.html|access-date=2022-06-03|website=cdn.scoopernews.com|archive-date=2023-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331091934/https://cdn.scoopernews.com/static/half/detail/2536/12678844.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dettweiler,|first=Steve|title=Introductory Survey of the Lela People and Language. Sociolinguistic Survey (for non-technical audience)|last2=Sonia,|first2=Dettweiler|publisher=United Missionary Church of Africa,|year=1993|location=Ilorin}}</ref> == Asali == Mutanen Dakarkari sun samo asali ne daga masarautar [[Kebbi]] har zuwa karni na sha takwas. Dakarkari su ne sojojin kafa na masarautar da aka samo sunan su.daakaaree wanda ke nufin sojan kasa a harshen Hausa. Sai dai kuma bayan faduwar Masarautar Kebbi sun zarce zuwa kudu inda za su yi noma ba tare da damuwa ba.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=P. G.|first=Harris|date=1938|title=Notes on the Dakarkari Peoples of Sokoto Province, Nigeria|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2843984|journal=[[The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]]|publisher=[[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]]|volume=68|pages=113-152|jstor=2843984}}</ref> == Al'adar aure == Al’adar auren mutanen Dakarkari al’ada ce ta musamman a yankin Arewacin kasar nan. Babu wata kabila da ke da irin wannan al'adar aure. A al'adar, dole ne a shigar da mutum a Golmo a bikin U'hola kafin ya yi aure. Duk wanda ba a qaddamar da shi ba a yi la’akari da shi a matsayin wanda ke da alhaki kuma ba za a iya ba shi mata ba.<ref name=":4" /> Har ila yau, ana sa ran surukin nan gaba ya yi aiki a gonar surukinsa zai yi aiki na tsawon shekaru bakwai a kan abin da Musa ya yi a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2017-02-05|title=Zuru: Where every male must farm for 7 years before marriage|url=https://dailytrust.com/zuru-where-every-male-must-farm-for-7-years-before-marriage|access-date=2022-06-03|website=Daily Trust|language=en|archive-date=2022-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603203151/https://dailytrust.com/zuru-where-every-male-must-farm-for-7-years-before-marriage|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Sana'a == Mutanen Dakarkari dai manoma ne da mafarauta. Domin neman fili mai albarka, yawancinsu sun yi hijira ne zuwa [[jihar Neja]], kuma galibi suna komawa gida ne domin bukukuwa da jana’iza.<ref name=":3" /> == Sanin soja == An fi samun mutanen Dakarkari a cikin rundunar sojojin Najeriya. Wannan yana da alaƙa da jajircewarsu da jarumtaka waɗanda aka koya a lokacin ƙaddamar da al'adun golmo.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> == Biki == Bikin U’hola wani biki ne na shekara-shekara da ake amfani da shi don tunawa da ni’imar Ubangijinsu a kan girbinsu. Haka kuma ana yin bikin yaye masu neman aure (Yadato) da suka yi wa surukansu hidima a (Golmo). == Manazarta == [[Category:Nijeriya]] 9jk7e66955cmx9u8aa5lgpr2ysy315h 0 33068 822497 303098 2026-04-19T09:49:00Z Birgediya 44139 822497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gurunsi''', ko '''Grunshi''', ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu ne masu alaƙa da ke zaune a arewacin Ghana da kudanci da tsakiyar Burkina Faso. == Tarihin mulkin mallaka da asali == [[File:Gourounga,_Gurunsi_sacred_building,_late_19th_century.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gourounga,_Gurunsi_sacred_building,_late_19th_century.jpg|thumb|Gourounga, Gurunsi gini mai tsarki, ƙarshen karni na 19]] Al'adun baka na Gurunsi sun yi ittifaqin cewa sun samo asali ne daga yammacin Sudan da ke ratsa yankin Sahel. Duk da yake ba a san lokacin da hijirar ta faru ba, an yi imanin cewa Gurunsi sun kasance a wurin da kuma suke a yanzu kafin 1100 AD. Bayan karni na 15, lokacin da aka kafa jihohin Mossi a arewa, mahaya dawakan Mossi sukan kai hari yankunan Gurunsi domin bayi, amma al'ummar Gurunsi ba su taba samun galaba a kansu ba, sun kasance masu cin gashin kansu. A cewar likita Salif Titamba Lankoande, a cikin ''Noms de famille (Patronymes) au Burkina Faso'', sunan Gurunsi ya fito ne daga yaren Djerma na Nijar kalmomin "Guru-si", wanda ke nufin "ƙarfe ba ya shiga". An ce a lokacin da Djerma ta mamaye yankunan Gurunsi a karshen ƙarni na 19, wani jagoran jihadi na Djerma mai suna Baba Ato Zato (wanda aka fi sani da cin hanci da rashawa da sunan sa na Hausa: Babatu) ya dauki bataliyar ’yan asalin kasar aikin soja. , sannan kuma wadanda bayan sun sha magungunan gargajiya, an ce ba sa iya kamuwa da iron. Sun kafa Masarautar Zabarima a cikin Gurunsiland, wadda ta kunshi arewacin Ghana da kudancin Burkina Faso. == Rarraba == Mutanen da ke magana da harsunan Gur da yaruka masu alaƙa da Mossi a ƙarƙashin laima na Gurunsi sun kafa ƙauyen ƙauye waɗanda akasari aka tsara a matsayin mafakar tsaro daga mazaunin Koudougou yamma da arewa maso yammacin Ouagadougou a lokacin mulkin mallaka zuwa arewa maso gabashin Ghana a halin yanzu. . A tarihi, waɗannan ƙabilun sun kasance talakawan masarautun Mossi. Wannan yanki ya zama a karshen shekarun 1890 na wani bangare uku na gasar da aka yi tsakanin sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, Birtaniya, da Jamusawa, inda suke kokarin fatattakar shugabannin yaki na Djerma da kuma yakar al'ummar yankin masu fama da yaki wadanda suka yi tsayin daka don tabbatar da 'yancin cin gashin kansu, yayin da suke kokarin ganin sun yi nasara. yunƙurin mamaye yankuna da yawa gwargwadon iko tare da kashe abokan hamayyar 'yan mulkin mallaka. Kowanne daga cikin ukun ya yi ikirarin wani yanki na yankin da kauyukan Gurunsi suka mamaye, amma ba a kawo karshen gasar da ake yi tsakanin ‘yan mulkin mallaka ba sai a shekarar karshe ta karni na 19. Bayan kafa kariyar Yatenga (1895) da Ouagadougou (1896), Faransa ta mamaye ƙasar Gurunsi a cikin 1897. Daga ƙarshe Jamusawa sun janye zuwa Togoland (Gana na zamani da Togo), kuma yarjejeniyar 1898 Anglo-Faransa ta kafa iyaka da Zinariya a hukumance. Coast (yanzu Ghana). Wannan bangare ya raba al'ummar Gurunsi tsakanin tsarin gudanarwa na Faransa da Biritaniya, tare da sauƙaƙe bambancin siyasa da al'adu na ƙananan ƙungiyoyi a kowane gefen iyaka. == Ƙungiyoyin Gurunsi == Ana amfani da kalmar Gurunsi azaman kalmar meta don komawa ga ƙungiyar mutane masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Ƙungiyoyin da aka ware a matsayin Gurunsi ba su da harshe ɗaya kuma suna da al'adu daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin manyan kabilun Gurunsi sun hada da Frafra, Nabt da Talensi a Ghana da kuma Ko, Lyele, Nuni da Sisaala a Burkina Faso. Ƙungiyoyin Kassena da Nankani suna zaune a Ghana da Burkina Faso. == Fasaha da gine-gine == An san mutanen Kassena da gidajen yumbu waɗanda maza suka gina kuma mata suka yi musu ado a waje tare da tsarin geometric.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/hg/index.ssf/2013/02/from_the_home_front_flintstone.html|title=From the Home Front: 'Flintstones' architecture; decorated cob homes; architectural jewelry; Roof House|last=Jeffiries|first=Pat|date=7 February 2013|work=Oregon Live|access-date=8 October 2016}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Littafi Mai Tsarki == * Bayili, Blaise. ''Religion, droit et pouvoir au Burkina Faso. Les Lyele du Burkina Faso''. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1998. * Duperray, Anne M. ''Les Gourounsi de Haute Volta.'' ''Conquête et colonisation, 1896-1933''. Stuttgart: Steiner, 1984. * Jacob, Jean-Pierre. ''Le sens des limites: maladie, sorcellerie, religion et pouvoir chez les Winye, Gourounsi du Burkina Faso''. Neuchâtel: Faculté des lettres [Thèse de doctorat], 1988. * Levtzion, Nehemia. ''Muslims and Chiefs in West Africa''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968. * Tauxier, Louis. ''Le noir du Soudan, pays mossi et gourounsi''. Paris: Emile Larose, 1912. * Tauxier, Louis. ''Nouvelles notes sur le Mossi et le Gourounsi''. Paris: Emile Larose, 1924. [[category:Kabilu a Ghana]] [[category:Kabilu a Burkina faso]] tp04bkp457h7z2hn6vfcupbegxoiy46 822499 822497 2026-04-19T09:49:18Z Birgediya 44139 822499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gurunsi''', ko '''Grunshi''', ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu ne masu alaƙa da ke zaune a arewacin Ghana da kudanci da tsakiyar Burkina Faso. == Tarihin mulkin mallaka da asali == [[File:Gourounga,_Gurunsi_sacred_building,_late_19th_century.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gourounga,_Gurunsi_sacred_building,_late_19th_century.jpg|thumb|Gourounga, Gurunsi gini mai tsarki, ƙarshen karni na 19]] Al'adun baka na Gurunsi sun yi ittifaqin cewa sun samo asali ne daga yammacin Sudan da ke ratsa yankin Sahel. Duk da yake ba a san lokacin da hijirar ta faru ba, an yi imanin cewa Gurunsi sun kasance a wurin da kuma suke a yanzu kafin 1100 AD. Bayan karni na 15, lokacin da aka kafa jihohin Mossi a arewa, mahaya dawakan Mossi sukan kai hari yankunan Gurunsi domin bayi, amma al'ummar Gurunsi ba su taba samun galaba a kansu ba, sun kasance masu cin gashin kansu. A cewar likita Salif Titamba Lankoande, a cikin ''Noms de famille (Patronymes) au Burkina Faso'', sunan Gurunsi ya fito ne daga yaren Djerma na Nijar kalmomin "Guru-si", wanda ke nufin "ƙarfe ba ya shiga". An ce a lokacin da Djerma ta mamaye yankunan Gurunsi a karshen ƙarni na 19, wani jagoran jihadi na Djerma mai suna Baba Ato Zato (wanda aka fi sani da cin hanci da rashawa da sunan sa na Hausa: Babatu) ya dauki bataliyar ’yan asalin kasar aikin soja. , sannan kuma wadanda bayan sun sha magungunan gargajiya, an ce ba sa iya kamuwa da iron. Sun kafa Masarautar Zabarima a cikin Gurunsiland, wadda ta kunshi arewacin Ghana da kudancin Burkina Faso. == Rarraba == Mutanen da ke magana da harsunan Gur da yaruka masu alaƙa da Mossi a ƙarƙashin laima na Gurunsi sun kafa ƙauyen ƙauye waɗanda akasari aka tsara a matsayin mafakar tsaro daga mazaunin Koudougou yamma da arewa maso yammacin Ouagadougou a lokacin mulkin mallaka zuwa arewa maso gabashin Ghana a halin yanzu. . A tarihi, waɗannan ƙabilun sun kasance talakawan masarautun Mossi. Wannan yanki ya zama a karshen shekarun 1890 na wani bangare uku na gasar da aka yi tsakanin sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, Birtaniya, da Jamusawa, inda suke kokarin fatattakar shugabannin yaki na Djerma da kuma yakar al'ummar yankin masu fama da yaki wadanda suka yi tsayin daka don tabbatar da 'yancin cin gashin kansu, yayin da suke kokarin ganin sun yi nasara. yunƙurin mamaye yankuna da yawa gwargwadon iko tare da kashe abokan hamayyar 'yan mulkin mallaka. Kowanne daga cikin ukun ya yi ikirarin wani yanki na yankin da kauyukan Gurunsi suka mamaye, amma ba a kawo karshen gasar da ake yi tsakanin ‘yan mulkin mallaka ba sai a shekarar karshe ta karni na 19. Bayan kafa kariyar Yatenga (1895) da Ouagadougou (1896), Faransa ta mamaye ƙasar Gurunsi a cikin 1897. Daga ƙarshe Jamusawa sun janye zuwa Togoland (Gana na zamani da Togo), kuma yarjejeniyar 1898 Anglo-Faransa ta kafa iyaka da Zinariya a hukumance. Coast (yanzu Ghana). Wannan bangare ya raba al'ummar Gurunsi tsakanin tsarin gudanarwa na Faransa da Biritaniya, tare da sauƙaƙe bambancin siyasa da al'adu na ƙananan ƙungiyoyi a kowane gefen iyaka. == Ƙungiyoyin Gurunsi == Ana amfani da kalmar Gurunsi azaman kalmar meta don komawa ga ƙungiyar mutane masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Ƙungiyoyin da aka ware a matsayin Gurunsi ba su da harshe ɗaya kuma suna da al'adu daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin manyan kabilun Gurunsi sun hada da Frafra, Nabt da Talensi a Ghana da kuma Ko, Lyele, Nuni da Sisaala a Burkina Faso. Ƙungiyoyin Kassena da Nankani suna zaune a Ghana da Burkina Faso. == Fasaha da gine-gine == An kuma san mutanen Kassena da gidajen yumbu waɗanda maza suka gina kuma mata suka yi musu ado a waje tare da tsarin geometric.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/hg/index.ssf/2013/02/from_the_home_front_flintstone.html|title=From the Home Front: 'Flintstones' architecture; decorated cob homes; architectural jewelry; Roof House|last=Jeffiries|first=Pat|date=7 February 2013|work=Oregon Live|access-date=8 October 2016}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Littafi Mai Tsarki == * Bayili, Blaise. ''Religion, droit et pouvoir au Burkina Faso. Les Lyele du Burkina Faso''. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1998. * Duperray, Anne M. ''Les Gourounsi de Haute Volta.'' ''Conquête et colonisation, 1896-1933''. Stuttgart: Steiner, 1984. * Jacob, Jean-Pierre. ''Le sens des limites: maladie, sorcellerie, religion et pouvoir chez les Winye, Gourounsi du Burkina Faso''. Neuchâtel: Faculté des lettres [Thèse de doctorat], 1988. * Levtzion, Nehemia. ''Muslims and Chiefs in West Africa''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968. * Tauxier, Louis. ''Le noir du Soudan, pays mossi et gourounsi''. Paris: Emile Larose, 1912. * Tauxier, Louis. ''Nouvelles notes sur le Mossi et le Gourounsi''. Paris: Emile Larose, 1924. [[category:Kabilu a Ghana]] [[category:Kabilu a Burkina faso]] phx8w0mudgc81xfcgw3cmzm0dicu9b3 0 35229 822246 815558 2026-04-18T16:20:00Z Mangal Rabiu 44091 822246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:General_Myers_greets_Canadian_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_Axworthy.JPEG|200px|right|thumbnail|Janar Myers yana gaisawa da Ministan Harkokin Wajen Kanada Axworthy.]] [[Fayil:Lloyd Axworthy (1999).JPEG|thumb]] [[Fayil:General Myers greets Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Axworthy.JPEG|thumb|hotpn Lloyd a hilin jirgi]] '''Lloyd Norman Axworthy''' PC CC OM (an Haife shi ranar 21 ga watan Disamba,1939). ɗan siyasan [[Kanada]] ne, [[wiktionary:elder statesman|dattijon ƙasa]] kuma malami. Ya taba zama Ministan Harkokin Waje a Majalisar Ministocin da Firayim Minista [[Jean Chrétien|Jean Chrétien ya]] jagoranta. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga majalisa, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa da mataimakin shugaban jami'ar Winnipeg daga 2004 zuwa 2014 kuma a matsayin shugabar Kwalejin Jami'ar St. Paul (wata cibiya ce ta Jami'ar Waterloo ). A halin yanzu shi ne Shugaban Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Duniya. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Axworthy a Arewacin Battleford, Saskatchewan ga iyaye Norman da Gwen Axworthy kuma a cikin dangi da ke da tushen Ikilisiyar United Church, kuma ya sami BA daga United College, makarantar Littafi Mai Tsarki na tushen Winnipeg, a cikin shekarar 1961. Shi ne babban ɗan'uwan Tom Axworthy, Robert Axworthy (tsohon dan takarar shugabancin Jam'iyyar Liberal Manitoba). Ya samu Ph.D. a fannin siyasa daga jami'ar Princeton a shekarar 1972 bayan kammala karatun digiri na uku mai taken "The task force on home and urban development: a study of democracy decisionmaker in Canada."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Axworthy|first=Lloyd|url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/1423271|title=The task force on housing and urban development : a study of democratic decision making in Canada|date=1972|language=en}}</ref> Ya koma Kanada don koyarwa a Jami'ar Manitoba da Jami'ar Winnipeg. Daga baya kuma ya zama darakta na Cibiyar Harkokin Birane. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uwinnipeg.ca/foundation/|title=The University of Winnipeg Foundation; The University of Winnipeg|website=www.uwinnipeg.ca}}</ref> == Farkon sana'ar siyasa == Axworthy ya shiga cikin siyasa a cikin shekarun 1950, ya zama memba na Jam'iyyar Liberal bayan halartar jawabin Lester B. Pearson. A taƙaice ya haɗa kansa da New Democratic Party (NDP) a cikin 1960s lokacin da Pearson, a matsayin ɗan adawa na tarayya, ya yi kira ga kasar Amurka ta ba da izinin makaman nukiliya na Bomarc a ƙasar Kanada. Ba da daɗewa ba ya koma ga Liberal fold, duk da haka, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mataimaki ga John Turner ;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2007}} yunkurin Turner na zama shugaban jam'iyya a babban taron jagoranci na 1968 . [[File:General Myers greets Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Axworthy.JPEG|thumb|Lloyd Axworthy]] Axworthy ya tsaya takarar jam'iyyar a Winnipeg North Center a zaben 1968, inda ya zo na biyu da tsohon dan majalisar wakilai na jam'iyyar NDP (MP) Stanley Knowles . Ya fara tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dokoki ta Manitoba a zaɓen 1966, inda ya zama na biyu zuwa Progressive Conservative Douglas Stanes a St. James . A zaɓen 1973, an zabe shi a matsayin Manitoba Liberal a Fort Rouge, An sake zabe shi a zaben 1977, kuma shine kadai mai sassaucin ra'ayi a majalisar dokoki daga 1977 zuwa 1979. == Gwamnatin tarayya == Ya yi murabus daga majalisar dokokin Manitoba a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1979, don tsayawa takarar majalisar tarayya, kuma a zaɓen 1979 da kyar ya doke tsohon shugaban PC na lardin Sidney Spivak a Winnipeg-Fort Garry . An sake zabe shi a zaben 1980, ya zama dan majalisa mai sassaucin ra'ayi daya tilo a yammacin Ontario . An ƙara masa girma zuwa majalisar ministoci karkashin Firayim Minista Pierre Trudeau, wanda ya zama Ministan Ayyuka da Shige da Fice, sannan ya zama Ministan Sufuri . A cikin kayen Liberal a zaben 1984, Axworthy ya kasance daya daga cikin masu sassaucin ra'ayi guda biyu a yammacin Ontario da aka zaba (dayan kuma shine shugaban Liberal John Turner ). Axworthy ya taka rawa a cikin 'yan adawa, yana goyan bayan tsauraran manufofin laifuka, amma kuma yana tallafawa ra'ayin mazan jiya ta hanyar sukar manufofin haraji na kasafin kudi na Brian Mulroney . Ya kasance mai sukar kuɗaɗe na musamman na Yarjejeniyar Ciniki Kyauta ta Kanada-Amurka . Lokacin da masu sassaucin ra'ayi suka koma mulki a 1993 ƙarƙashin [[Jean Chrétien]], Axworthy ya zama ministan majalisar ministoci. Bayan zaben, an ba shi alhaki na Human Resources Development Canada (HRDC), kuma ya kaddamar da canje-canje a inshorar aiki . Ko da yake babban abin sha'awar shi shine sabunta birane, a cikin 1996 na majalisar ministocin, ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje . A cikin Fabrairu 1999 da Afrilu 2000, Axworthy ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tare da Jakadan Kanada a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya Robert Fowler . A cikin watan Afrilun 2000, Axworthy ya goyi bayan kokarin da ake yi na rage yawan takunkumin da aka kakabawa Iraki, karkashin gwamnatin Saddam Hussein, yana mai nuni da wani bayani na jin kai "don kauce wa sanya 'yan kasa su biya kudaden da shugabanninsu suka yi". Axworthy sun yi arangama da gwamnatin Amurka kan wannan batu, musamman kan rashin wasu zaɓin da za su hana gwamnatin daga karin wuce gona da iri. A shekara ta 2000, ya ƙaddamar da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya akan Sa baki da Mulkin Jiha wanda ya haifar da manufar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na alhakin Karewa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dgp.toronto.edu/~trendall/j18/starticle.html|title=MPs urge lifting sanctions to halt Iraq 'tragedy': Toronto Star|website=www.dgp.toronto.edu|access-date=2016-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Responsibility to Protect|url=https://www.idrc.ca/sites/default/files/openebooks/960-7/index.html|website=www.idrc.ca|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref> [[Fayil:General Myers greets Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Axworthy.JPEG|thumb|Lloyd Axworthy tare da mutane ]] Ya yi ritaya daga siyasa a shekara ta 2000.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Geddes |first=John |title=Maclean's Lifetime Achievement Award - Lloyd Axworthy: A politician who thinks globally, and acts locally |magazine=Maclean's |url=https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/lloyd-axworthy-a-politician-who-thinks-globally-and-acts-locally/ |date=2016-02-23 |accessdate=2021-03-04}}</ref> == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == A cikin 1997, Sanata Patrick Leahy na Amurka ya zabi Axworthy don samun lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel saboda aikinsa na hana nakiyoyi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dpa.org.sg/publication/dpipub/spring97/dpi24.htm |title=Global Ban on Anti-Personnel Mines: efforts deserve Nobel Peace Prize |publisher=Disability International |access-date=2005-07-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050321220421/http://www.dpa.org.sg/publication/dpipub/spring97/dpi24.htm |archive-date=March 21, 2005}}.</ref> Bai yi nasara ba, amma ya gode wa wadanda suka karba, Yakin Duniya na Haramta nakiyoyi, saboda sun taimaka wajen kokarinsu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nobel.no/eng_lect_97b.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050908130227/http://www.nobel.no/eng_lect_97b.html|url-status=dead |title=The Norwegian Nobel Institute<!-- Bot generated title -->|archivedate=September 8, 2005}}</ref> Duk da haka, masu suka suna kallon yaƙin neman zaɓe na Axworthy da shigar da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na siyasa a matsayin abin da bai dace ba, tun da yawancin manyan ƙasashe, ciki har da Amurka, Rasha da China ba su shiga ba.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Davenport|first=David|date=December 1, 2002|title=The New Diplomacy|url=http://www.hoover.org/research/new-diplomacy|journal=Policy Review}}</ref> A cikin 1998 ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka lashe lambar yabo ta Arewa – Kudu .<ref>{{cite web |title=The North South Prize of Lisbon |work=North-South Centre |publisher=Council of Europe |url=http://www.coe.int/t/e/north%2Dsouth_centre/programmes/7_north%2Dsouth_prize/winners_PNS.asp |access-date=January 21, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215230739/http://www.coe.int/t/e/north-south_centre/programmes/7_north-south_prize/winners_PNS.asp |archive-date=February 15, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2003, an naɗa shi Jami'in [[Oder of Canada]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Order of Canada Lloyd Axworthy |url=http://archive.gg.ca/honours/search-recherche/honours-desc.asp?lang=e&TypeID=orc&id=7763 |publisher=Office of the Governor General of Canada |access-date=April 5, 2011}}</ref> kuma ya zaɓaɓɓen Memba mai Girmamawa na Waje na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka.<ref name="AAAS">{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=April 28, 2011}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2012, Dattijo, Dokta Tobasonakwut Kinew da, Dr. Phil Fontaine, sun karrama Axworthy&nbsp;– Waapshki Pinaysee Inini, Mutumin Range Frog Kyauta, a wurin bukin bututu mai tsarki. An gane Axworthy don jajircewarsa na ƙirƙirar ƙwarewar koyo wanda ke nuna al'adu da al'adun ƴan asali a UWinnipeg. Dattijon Anishinaabe Fred Kelly da mawaki kuma mai watsa labarai [[Wab Kinew]] ne ya jagoranci bikin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Axworthy Honoured At Sacred Pipe Ceremony |url=https://news.uwinnipeg.ca/691/ |date=2012-10-15 |accessdate=2021-03-04 |publisher=University of Winnipeg}}</ref> An gabatar da Axworthy tare da digiri na girmamawa daga Faculty of Environment na Jami'ar Waterloo a watan Oktoba 2014. A cikin Disamba 30, 2015, Axworthy an ciyar da shi zuwa Abokin odar Kanada, mafi girman daraja.<ref>{{cite web|title=Order of Canada Appointments|url=http://www.gg.ca/document.aspx?id=16283&lan=eng|website=The Governor General of Canada His Excellency the Right Honourable David Johnston|publisher=[[Governor General of Canada]]|access-date=31 December 2015|archive-date=5 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905141011/https://www.gg.ca/document.aspx?id=16283&lan=eng|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Bayan siyasa == A cikin Satumba 2000, Axworthy ya koma makarantar kimiyya, yana shiga Cibiyar Liu don Al'amuran Duniya a Jami'ar British Columbia . Ya buga ''Navigating A New World'', littafi kan amfani da " mai laushi ". A watan Mayu 2004, an nada shi a matsayin shugaban kasa da mataimakin shugaban jami'ar Winnipeg. Ya yi ritaya a watan Yunin 2014.<ref name=UW>{{cite web|title=Lloyd Axworthy to be installed as first chancellor of St. Paul's today|url=https://uwaterloo.ca/stpauls/news/lloyd-axworthy-be-installed-first-chancellor-st-pauls-today|publisher=St. Paul's University College|access-date=24 October 2014|date=24 October 2014}}</ref> Axworthy shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Sashen Amurka na [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]], matsayi mai cike da cece-kuce sakamakon rikodi na wannan kungiya na nuna son kai a siyasance, tara kuɗaɗe a Saudiyya, da rashin gaskiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/20/opinion/20bernstein.html|title=Opinion: Rights Watchdog, Lost in the Mideast|first=Robert L.|last=Bernstein|date=October 20, 2009|newspaper=New York Times}}</ref> Har ila yau, yana aiki a majalisar shawara na Cibiyar USC akan Diplomasiyyar Jama'a da na Kuri'a na Gaskiya Kanada, kuma shi ne mai goyon bayan Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Ƙasashen Duniya, Ontario . A cikin 2006, An zaɓi Axworthy zuwa Hukumar Gudanarwar Hudbay Minerals, Inc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hudbayminerals.com/news-media/default.aspx|title=Hudbay Minerals Inc. - News/Media|website=hudbayminerals.com}}</ref> A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya - Cibiyar Harkokin Siyasa ta Duniya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wfm-igp.org/content/president |title=President {{!}} WFM-IGP |website=www.wfm-igp.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629012311/http://www.wfm-igp.org/content/president |archive-date=2014-06-29}}</ref> An shigar da Axworthy a matsayin Chancellor na Kwalejin Jami'ar St. Paul, cibiyar da ke cikin Jami'ar Waterloo, a cikin Oktoba 2014. Ya yi ritaya daga wannan mukamin a shekarar 2017. Axworthy shine shugaban farko na Majalisar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Duniya, wanda Cibiyar Innovation ta Mulki ta Duniya ta kafa a cikin 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wrmcouncil.org/about|title=About the World Refugee & Migration Council|website=World Refugee & Migration Council|language=en|access-date=2021-04-08}}</ref> == Labarai == * ''Kewaya Sabuwar Duniya'', Knopf Canada Publishing, 2004 * ''Masu sassaucin ra'ayi a Border'', Jami'ar Toronto Press, 2004 * ''The Axworthy Legacy'', Edited by O. Hampson, N. Hillmer, M. Appel Molot, Oxford University Press, 2001 * ''Boulevard of Broken Dreams: Tafiya ta Shekara 40 ta hanyar Portage Avenue - Matsala, Ragewa, da Yadda Osmosis Zai Iya Magance Blight Community', Rattray Canada Publishing, 2014 (A cikin Latsa)'' == Tarihin zabe ==   ''Note: Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997 election.''     == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{S-start}} {{Canadian federal ministry navigational box header|ministry=26}} {{ministry box cabinet posts|post4=[[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|post4years=1996–2000|post4note=|post4preceded=[[André Ouellet]]|post4followed=[[John Manley]]|post3=[[Minister of Western Economic Diversification (Canada)|Minister of Western Economic Diversification]]|post3years=1993–1996|post3note=|post3preceded=[[Larry Schneider (politician)|Larry Schneider]]|post3followed=[[John Manley]]|post2=[[Minister of Employment and Immigration (Canada)|Minister of Employment and Immigration]]|post2note=styled as<br />[[Minister of Human Resources Development (Canada)|Minister of Human Resources Development]]|post2years=1993–1996|post2preceded=[[Bernard Valcourt]]|post2followed=[[Doug Young (politician)|Doug Young]]|post1=[[Minister of Labour (Canada)|Minister of Labour]]|post1note=styled as<br />[[Minister of Human Resources Development (Canada)|Minister of Human Resources Development]]|post1years=1993–1995|post1preceded=[[Bernard Valcourt]]|post1followed=[[Lucienne Robillard]]}} {{Canadian federal ministry navigational box header|ministry=23}} {{ministry box cabinet posts|post1=[[Minister of Transport (Canada)|Minister of Transport]]|post1years=1984|post1note=|post1preceded=''cont'd from 22nd Min.''|post1followed=[[Don Mazankowski]]}} {{Canadian federal ministry navigational box header|ministry=22}} {{ministry box cabinet posts|post2=[[Minister of Transport (Canada)|Minister of Transport]]|post2years=1983–1984|post2note=|post2preceded=[[Jean-Luc Pépin]]|post2followed=''cont'd into 23rd Min.''|post1=[[Minister of Employment and Immigration (Canada)|Minister of Employment and Immigration]]|post1years=1980–1983|post1note=|post1preceded=[[Ron Atkey]]|post1followed=[[John Roberts (Canadian politician)|John Roberts]]}} {{ministry box special cabinet|post1preceded=[[David MacDonald (Canadian politician)|David MacDonald]]|post1=[[Minister responsible for the Status of Women (Canada)|Minister responsible for the Status of Women]]|post1years=1980–1981|post1note=|post1followed=[[Judy Erola]]}} {{S-par|ca-mb}} {{Succession box|title=[[Legislative Assembly of Manitoba|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] for [[Fort Rouge (electoral district)|Fort Rouge]]}} {{S-par|ca}} {{Succession box|title=[[House of Commons of Canada|Member of Parliament]] for [[Winnipeg—Fort Garry]]}} {{Succession box|title=[[House of Commons of Canada|Member of Parliament]] for [[Winnipeg South Centre]]}} {{S-end}}{{S-start}} {{S-aca}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl|title=[[University president|President]] of the [[University of Winnipeg]]}} {{S-aft}} {{S-new|office}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of [[St. Paul's University College]]}} {{S-inc}} {{S-end}}{{Chrétien Ministry}}{{Turner Ministry}}{{Second Trudeau Ministry}}{{CA-Ministers of Foreign Affairs}}{{CA-Ministers of Transport}}{{CA-Ministers of Western Economic Diversification}}{{CA-Ministers of Labour}}{{CA-Ministers of Employment and Immigration}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 2ddzc46mamrp42ew7ed7i252vo5no7z 822247 822246 2026-04-18T16:20:20Z Mangal Rabiu 44091 822247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:General_Myers_greets_Canadian_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_Axworthy.JPEG|200px|right|thumbnail|Janar Myers yana gaisawa da Ministan Harkokin Wajen Kanada Axworthy.]] [[Fayil:Lloyd Axworthy (1999).JPEG|thumb]] [[Fayil:General Myers greets Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Axworthy.JPEG|thumb|hotpn Lloyd a hilin jirgi]] '''Lloyd Norman Axworthy''' PC CC OM (an Haife shi ranar 21 ga watan Disamba,1939). ɗan siyasan [[Kanada]] ne, [[wiktionary:elder statesman|dattijon ƙasa]] kuma malami. Ya taba zama Ministan Harkokin Waje a Majalisar Ministocin da Firayim Minista [[Jean Chrétien|Jean Chrétien ya]] jagoranta. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga majalisa, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa da mataimakin shugaban jami'ar Winnipeg daga 2004 zuwa 2014 kuma a matsayin shugabar Kwalejin Jami'ar St. Paul (wata cibiya ce ta Jami'ar Waterloo ). A halin yanzu shi ne Shugaban Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Duniya. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Axworthy a Arewacin Battleford, Saskatchewan ga iyaye Norman da Gwen Axworthy kuma a cikin dangi da ke da tushen Ikilisiyar United Church, kuma ya sami BA daga United College, makarantar Littafi Mai Tsarki na tushen Winnipeg, a cikin shekarar 1961. Shi ne babban ɗan'uwan Tom Axworthy, Robert Axworthy (tsohon dan takarar shugabancin Jam'iyyar Liberal Manitoba). Ya samu Ph.D. a fannin siyasa daga jami'ar Princeton a shekarar 1972 bayan kammala karatun digiri na uku mai taken "The task force on home and urban development: a study of democracy decisionmaker in Canada."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Axworthy|first=Lloyd|url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/1423271|title=The task force on housing and urban development : a study of democratic decision making in Canada|date=1972|language=en}}</ref> Ya koma Kanada don koyarwa a Jami'ar Manitoba da Jami'ar Winnipeg. Daga baya kuma ya zama darakta na Cibiyar Harkokin Birane. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uwinnipeg.ca/foundation/|title=The University of Winnipeg Foundation; The University of Winnipeg|website=www.uwinnipeg.ca}}</ref> == Farkon sana'ar siyasa == Axworthy ya shiga cikin siyasa a cikin shekarun 1950, ya zama memba na Jam'iyyar Liberal bayan halartar jawabin Lester B. Pearson. A taƙaice ya haɗa kansa da New Democratic Party (NDP) a cikin 1960s lokacin da Pearson, a matsayin ɗan adawa na tarayya, ya yi kira ga kasar Amurka ta ba da izinin makaman nukiliya na Bomarc a ƙasar Kanada. Ba da daɗewa ba ya koma ga Liberal fold, duk da haka, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mataimaki ga John Turner ;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2007}} yunkurin Turner na zama shugaban jam'iyya a babban taron jagoranci na 1968 . [[File:General Myers greets Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Axworthy.JPEG|thumb|Lloyd Axworthy]] Axworthy ya tsaya takarar jam'iyyar a Winnipeg North Center a zaben 1968, inda ya zo na biyu da tsohon dan majalisar wakilai na jam'iyyar NDP (MP) Stanley Knowles . Ya fara tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dokoki ta Manitoba a zaɓen 1966, inda ya zama na biyu zuwa Progressive Conservative Douglas Stanes a St. James . A zaɓen 1973, an zabe shi a matsayin Manitoba Liberal a Fort Rouge, An sake zabe shi a zaben 1977, kuma shine kadai mai sassaucin ra'ayi a majalisar dokoki daga 1977 zuwa 1979. == Gwamnatin tarayya == Ya yi murabus daga majalisar dokokin Manitoba a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1979, don tsayawa takarar majalisar tarayya, kuma a zaɓen 1979 da kyar ya doke tsohon shugaban PC na lardin Sidney Spivak a Winnipeg-Fort Garry . An sake zabe shi a zaben 1980, ya zama dan majalisa mai sassaucin ra'ayi daya tilo a yammacin Ontario . An ƙara masa girma zuwa majalisar ministoci karkashin Firayim Minista Pierre Trudeau, wanda ya zama Ministan Ayyuka da Shige da Fice, sannan ya zama Ministan Sufuri . A cikin kayen Liberal a zaben shekara ta 1984, Axworthy ya kasance daya daga cikin masu sassaucin ra'ayi guda biyu a yammacin Ontario da aka zaba (dayan kuma shine shugaban Liberal John Turner ). Axworthy ya taka rawa a cikin 'yan adawa, yana goyan bayan tsauraran manufofin laifuka, amma kuma yana tallafawa ra'ayin mazan jiya ta hanyar sukar manufofin haraji na kasafin kudi na Brian Mulroney . Ya kasance mai sukar kuɗaɗe na musamman na Yarjejeniyar Ciniki Kyauta ta Kanada-Amurka . Lokacin da masu sassaucin ra'ayi suka koma mulki a 1993 ƙarƙashin [[Jean Chrétien]], Axworthy ya zama ministan majalisar ministoci. Bayan zaben, an ba shi alhaki na Human Resources Development Canada (HRDC), kuma ya kaddamar da canje-canje a inshorar aiki . Ko da yake babban abin sha'awar shi shine sabunta birane, a cikin 1996 na majalisar ministocin, ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje . A cikin Fabrairu 1999 da Afrilu 2000, Axworthy ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tare da Jakadan Kanada a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya Robert Fowler . A cikin watan Afrilun 2000, Axworthy ya goyi bayan kokarin da ake yi na rage yawan takunkumin da aka kakabawa Iraki, karkashin gwamnatin Saddam Hussein, yana mai nuni da wani bayani na jin kai "don kauce wa sanya 'yan kasa su biya kudaden da shugabanninsu suka yi". Axworthy sun yi arangama da gwamnatin Amurka kan wannan batu, musamman kan rashin wasu zaɓin da za su hana gwamnatin daga karin wuce gona da iri. A shekara ta 2000, ya ƙaddamar da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya akan Sa baki da Mulkin Jiha wanda ya haifar da manufar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na alhakin Karewa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dgp.toronto.edu/~trendall/j18/starticle.html|title=MPs urge lifting sanctions to halt Iraq 'tragedy': Toronto Star|website=www.dgp.toronto.edu|access-date=2016-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Responsibility to Protect|url=https://www.idrc.ca/sites/default/files/openebooks/960-7/index.html|website=www.idrc.ca|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref> [[Fayil:General Myers greets Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Axworthy.JPEG|thumb|Lloyd Axworthy tare da mutane ]] Ya yi ritaya daga siyasa a shekara ta 2000.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Geddes |first=John |title=Maclean's Lifetime Achievement Award - Lloyd Axworthy: A politician who thinks globally, and acts locally |magazine=Maclean's |url=https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/lloyd-axworthy-a-politician-who-thinks-globally-and-acts-locally/ |date=2016-02-23 |accessdate=2021-03-04}}</ref> == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == A cikin 1997, Sanata Patrick Leahy na Amurka ya zabi Axworthy don samun lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel saboda aikinsa na hana nakiyoyi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dpa.org.sg/publication/dpipub/spring97/dpi24.htm |title=Global Ban on Anti-Personnel Mines: efforts deserve Nobel Peace Prize |publisher=Disability International |access-date=2005-07-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050321220421/http://www.dpa.org.sg/publication/dpipub/spring97/dpi24.htm |archive-date=March 21, 2005}}.</ref> Bai yi nasara ba, amma ya gode wa wadanda suka karba, Yakin Duniya na Haramta nakiyoyi, saboda sun taimaka wajen kokarinsu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nobel.no/eng_lect_97b.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050908130227/http://www.nobel.no/eng_lect_97b.html|url-status=dead |title=The Norwegian Nobel Institute<!-- Bot generated title -->|archivedate=September 8, 2005}}</ref> Duk da haka, masu suka suna kallon yaƙin neman zaɓe na Axworthy da shigar da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na siyasa a matsayin abin da bai dace ba, tun da yawancin manyan ƙasashe, ciki har da Amurka, Rasha da China ba su shiga ba.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Davenport|first=David|date=December 1, 2002|title=The New Diplomacy|url=http://www.hoover.org/research/new-diplomacy|journal=Policy Review}}</ref> A cikin 1998 ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka lashe lambar yabo ta Arewa – Kudu .<ref>{{cite web |title=The North South Prize of Lisbon |work=North-South Centre |publisher=Council of Europe |url=http://www.coe.int/t/e/north%2Dsouth_centre/programmes/7_north%2Dsouth_prize/winners_PNS.asp |access-date=January 21, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215230739/http://www.coe.int/t/e/north-south_centre/programmes/7_north-south_prize/winners_PNS.asp |archive-date=February 15, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2003, an naɗa shi Jami'in [[Oder of Canada]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Order of Canada Lloyd Axworthy |url=http://archive.gg.ca/honours/search-recherche/honours-desc.asp?lang=e&TypeID=orc&id=7763 |publisher=Office of the Governor General of Canada |access-date=April 5, 2011}}</ref> kuma ya zaɓaɓɓen Memba mai Girmamawa na Waje na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka.<ref name="AAAS">{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=April 28, 2011}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2012, Dattijo, Dokta Tobasonakwut Kinew da, Dr. Phil Fontaine, sun karrama Axworthy&nbsp;– Waapshki Pinaysee Inini, Mutumin Range Frog Kyauta, a wurin bukin bututu mai tsarki. An gane Axworthy don jajircewarsa na ƙirƙirar ƙwarewar koyo wanda ke nuna al'adu da al'adun ƴan asali a UWinnipeg. Dattijon Anishinaabe Fred Kelly da mawaki kuma mai watsa labarai [[Wab Kinew]] ne ya jagoranci bikin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Axworthy Honoured At Sacred Pipe Ceremony |url=https://news.uwinnipeg.ca/691/ |date=2012-10-15 |accessdate=2021-03-04 |publisher=University of Winnipeg}}</ref> An gabatar da Axworthy tare da digiri na girmamawa daga Faculty of Environment na Jami'ar Waterloo a watan Oktoba 2014. A cikin Disamba 30, 2015, Axworthy an ciyar da shi zuwa Abokin odar Kanada, mafi girman daraja.<ref>{{cite web|title=Order of Canada Appointments|url=http://www.gg.ca/document.aspx?id=16283&lan=eng|website=The Governor General of Canada His Excellency the Right Honourable David Johnston|publisher=[[Governor General of Canada]]|access-date=31 December 2015|archive-date=5 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905141011/https://www.gg.ca/document.aspx?id=16283&lan=eng|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Bayan siyasa == A cikin Satumba 2000, Axworthy ya koma makarantar kimiyya, yana shiga Cibiyar Liu don Al'amuran Duniya a Jami'ar British Columbia . Ya buga ''Navigating A New World'', littafi kan amfani da " mai laushi ". A watan Mayu 2004, an nada shi a matsayin shugaban kasa da mataimakin shugaban jami'ar Winnipeg. Ya yi ritaya a watan Yunin 2014.<ref name=UW>{{cite web|title=Lloyd Axworthy to be installed as first chancellor of St. Paul's today|url=https://uwaterloo.ca/stpauls/news/lloyd-axworthy-be-installed-first-chancellor-st-pauls-today|publisher=St. Paul's University College|access-date=24 October 2014|date=24 October 2014}}</ref> Axworthy shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Sashen Amurka na [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]], matsayi mai cike da cece-kuce sakamakon rikodi na wannan kungiya na nuna son kai a siyasance, tara kuɗaɗe a Saudiyya, da rashin gaskiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/20/opinion/20bernstein.html|title=Opinion: Rights Watchdog, Lost in the Mideast|first=Robert L.|last=Bernstein|date=October 20, 2009|newspaper=New York Times}}</ref> Har ila yau, yana aiki a majalisar shawara na Cibiyar USC akan Diplomasiyyar Jama'a da na Kuri'a na Gaskiya Kanada, kuma shi ne mai goyon bayan Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Ƙasashen Duniya, Ontario . A cikin 2006, An zaɓi Axworthy zuwa Hukumar Gudanarwar Hudbay Minerals, Inc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hudbayminerals.com/news-media/default.aspx|title=Hudbay Minerals Inc. - News/Media|website=hudbayminerals.com}}</ref> A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya - Cibiyar Harkokin Siyasa ta Duniya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wfm-igp.org/content/president |title=President {{!}} WFM-IGP |website=www.wfm-igp.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629012311/http://www.wfm-igp.org/content/president |archive-date=2014-06-29}}</ref> An shigar da Axworthy a matsayin Chancellor na Kwalejin Jami'ar St. Paul, cibiyar da ke cikin Jami'ar Waterloo, a cikin Oktoba 2014. Ya yi ritaya daga wannan mukamin a shekarar 2017. Axworthy shine shugaban farko na Majalisar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Duniya, wanda Cibiyar Innovation ta Mulki ta Duniya ta kafa a cikin 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wrmcouncil.org/about|title=About the World Refugee & Migration Council|website=World Refugee & Migration Council|language=en|access-date=2021-04-08}}</ref> == Labarai == * ''Kewaya Sabuwar Duniya'', Knopf Canada Publishing, 2004 * ''Masu sassaucin ra'ayi a Border'', Jami'ar Toronto Press, 2004 * ''The Axworthy Legacy'', Edited by O. Hampson, N. Hillmer, M. Appel Molot, Oxford University Press, 2001 * ''Boulevard of Broken Dreams: Tafiya ta Shekara 40 ta hanyar Portage Avenue - Matsala, Ragewa, da Yadda Osmosis Zai Iya Magance Blight Community', Rattray Canada Publishing, 2014 (A cikin Latsa)'' == Tarihin zabe ==   ''Note: Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997 election.''     == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{S-start}} {{Canadian federal ministry navigational box header|ministry=26}} {{ministry box cabinet posts|post4=[[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|post4years=1996–2000|post4note=|post4preceded=[[André Ouellet]]|post4followed=[[John Manley]]|post3=[[Minister of Western Economic Diversification (Canada)|Minister of Western Economic Diversification]]|post3years=1993–1996|post3note=|post3preceded=[[Larry Schneider (politician)|Larry Schneider]]|post3followed=[[John Manley]]|post2=[[Minister of Employment and Immigration (Canada)|Minister of Employment and Immigration]]|post2note=styled as<br />[[Minister of Human Resources Development (Canada)|Minister of Human Resources Development]]|post2years=1993–1996|post2preceded=[[Bernard Valcourt]]|post2followed=[[Doug Young (politician)|Doug Young]]|post1=[[Minister of Labour (Canada)|Minister of Labour]]|post1note=styled as<br />[[Minister of Human Resources Development (Canada)|Minister of Human Resources Development]]|post1years=1993–1995|post1preceded=[[Bernard Valcourt]]|post1followed=[[Lucienne Robillard]]}} {{Canadian federal ministry navigational box header|ministry=23}} {{ministry box cabinet posts|post1=[[Minister of Transport (Canada)|Minister of Transport]]|post1years=1984|post1note=|post1preceded=''cont'd from 22nd Min.''|post1followed=[[Don Mazankowski]]}} {{Canadian federal ministry navigational box header|ministry=22}} {{ministry box cabinet posts|post2=[[Minister of Transport (Canada)|Minister of Transport]]|post2years=1983–1984|post2note=|post2preceded=[[Jean-Luc Pépin]]|post2followed=''cont'd into 23rd Min.''|post1=[[Minister of Employment and Immigration (Canada)|Minister of Employment and Immigration]]|post1years=1980–1983|post1note=|post1preceded=[[Ron Atkey]]|post1followed=[[John Roberts (Canadian politician)|John Roberts]]}} {{ministry box special cabinet|post1preceded=[[David MacDonald (Canadian politician)|David MacDonald]]|post1=[[Minister responsible for the Status of Women (Canada)|Minister responsible for the Status of Women]]|post1years=1980–1981|post1note=|post1followed=[[Judy Erola]]}} {{S-par|ca-mb}} {{Succession box|title=[[Legislative Assembly of Manitoba|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] for [[Fort Rouge (electoral district)|Fort Rouge]]}} {{S-par|ca}} {{Succession box|title=[[House of Commons of Canada|Member of Parliament]] for [[Winnipeg—Fort Garry]]}} {{Succession box|title=[[House of Commons of Canada|Member of Parliament]] for [[Winnipeg South Centre]]}} {{S-end}}{{S-start}} {{S-aca}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl|title=[[University president|President]] of the [[University of Winnipeg]]}} {{S-aft}} {{S-new|office}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of [[St. Paul's University College]]}} {{S-inc}} {{S-end}}{{Chrétien Ministry}}{{Turner Ministry}}{{Second Trudeau Ministry}}{{CA-Ministers of Foreign Affairs}}{{CA-Ministers of Transport}}{{CA-Ministers of Western Economic Diversification}}{{CA-Ministers of Labour}}{{CA-Ministers of Employment and Immigration}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 4b23ruaffvgiu4lpbuv9zg2ofvi9k7o 0 35712 822288 793297 2026-04-18T16:32:55Z Mangal Rabiu 44091 822288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Jamila Nagudu.ogg|thumb|'''Jamila Umar Nagudu''' ]] [[Fayil:Jamila Umar Nagudu.jpg|thumb|jamila Umar Nagudu ]] '''Jamila Umar Nagudu'''<ref>https://kannywoodsceneblog.wordpress.com/tag/jamila-nagudu/</ref> (an haifeta a ranar 10 ga watan Agusta, a shekarata alif ɗari tara da tamanin da biyar 1985). wacce aka fi sani da '''Jamila nagudu''', ƴar wasan [[Kannywood]] ce ta [[Najeriya|Najeriya.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarihin Jaruma Jamila Umar Nagudu (Jamila Nagudu) |url=https://www.haskenews.com.ng/2021/09/jaruma-jamila-umar-nagudu-jamila-nagudu.html |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Haskenews-All About Arewa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeleye |first=Kunle |date=2021-12-25 |title=Meet The Queen Of Kannywood, Jamila Umar Nagudu: Full Biography |url=https://glamsquadmagazine.com/meet-the-queen-of-kannywood-jamila-umar-nagudu-full-biography/ |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Glamsquad Magazine |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611020103/https://glamsquadmagazine.com/meet-the-queen-of-kannywood-jamila-umar-nagudu-full-biography/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Jamila Nagudu a ranar 10 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1985 a cikin garin Magana Gumau, ƙaramar hukumar [[Toro]] a [[Bauchi (jiha)|jihar Bauchi]], [[Najeriya]] .&nbsp;Jamila ta yi makarantun firamare da sakandare a jihar [[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi.]]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2022}} == Sana'a == Jamila Umar wacce aka fi sani da Jamila Umar Nagudu ta fara fitowa a masana’antar [[Kannywood]] a shekara ta 2002. Tun lokacin da ta rabu, ta yanke shawarar fara fim. Ta bar [[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]] ta koma [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]] ta gane cewa ta cimma burinta na zama jarumar fina-finai a masana'antar [[Kannywood]]. Ta kasance a harkar fim a matsayin mai rawa tun a shekarar 2002. Sannan kuma daga baya ta shiga harkar fim kadan kadan. Ƙoƙarin da ta yi a harkar nishadantarwa da wasan kwaikwayo ya jawo hankalin daraktoci har suka fara nuna ta a cikin fina-finansu. Jamila Nagudu na iya fitowa a kowace rawa. Ta fito a fina-finan soyayya amma wani lokacin ma tana fitowa a fina-finan barkwanci. Jamila Nagudu ta yi fice sosai a Kannywood ta yadda ake yi mata lakabi da "Sarauniyar [[Kannywood]]". Darakta [[Aminu Saira]] shi ne ya fara jefa ta a fim din "Jamila da Jamilu" a matsayin jaruma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-04 |title='Ibada da fim ne suka fi muhimmanci a wurina' |url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-43635726 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=BBC News Hausa |language=ha}}</ref> An zaɓe ta a matsayin mafi kyawun [[Nollywood]] a [[Abeokuta]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2017-09-16 |title=BON Awards: Jamila Nagudu, Omotola, others get nominations |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/bon-awards-jamila-nagudu-omotola-others-get-nominations/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Jamila Nagudu ta rabu da mijinta kuma tana da ɗa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ba ni da saurayi a Kannywood — Jamila Nagudu |language=ha |work=BBC News Hausa |url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/37534366 |access-date=2022-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Opera News Detail |url=http://lucky-wap-ams.op-mobile.opera.com/detail/s7fce462f200623en_ng?uid=6dfb882a1eabd516565f529d5162f4b6&country=ng&language=ha&time=10+days+ago&category=entertainment&page=4 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=lucky-wap-ams.op-mobile.opera.com}}</ref> yaron ta a yanzu haka ya zama matashin saurayi, tayi aure da dama amma a yanzu haka bata da aure. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1985]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar Bauchi]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo]] dekwgx2mvwfwwu6mkq1f3zb1ogawz8x 0 41918 822521 528561 2026-04-19T09:56:53Z Birgediya 44139 822521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Souk Al Milh, Sana, Yemen (4324865585).jpg|thumb|sanaa Babar Abune a rayuwan Dan Adam]] '''Sanaa''' ( {{Lang-ar|صَنْعَاء}} , ''{{Transl|ar|Ṣanʿāʾ}}'' [sˤɑnʕaːʔ], <small>Yaman Larabci :</small> [ˈsˤɑnʕɑ] ; Tsohon Larabawa ta Kudu : 𐩮𐩬𐩲𐩥 ''Ṣnʿw'' ), wanda kuma ake rubutawa da '''Sana'a''' ko '''Sana''', babban birni ne kuma birni mafi girma a ƙasar [[Yemen|Yaman]] kuma tsakiyar lardin Sanaa. Garin ba ya cikin mulki, amma ya kafa gunduma na musamman na "ʾAmanat al-ʿĀṣima" ( {{Lang|ar|أمانة العاصمة}} ). A karkashin kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Yemen, Sanaa ita ce babban birnin kasar,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dpa-international.com/news/international/yemens-embattled-president-declares-southern-base-temporary-capital-a-44650685-img-2.html|agency=DPA International|title=Yemen's embattled president declares southern base temporary capital|date=21 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711155806/http://www.dpa-international.com/news/international/yemens-embattled-president-declares-southern-base-temporary-capital-a-44650685-img-2.html|archive-date=11 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> ko da yake kujerar gwamnatin Yemen ta koma Aden, tsohon babban birnin Yaman ta Kudu bayan mamayar Houthi. Shugaba [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi]] ya ayyana [[Aden]] a matsayin babban birnin wucin gadi a watan Maris shekarar 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dw.de/yemens-president-hadi-declares-new-temporary-capital/a-18332197|agency=Deutsche Welle|title=Yemen's President Hadi declares new 'temporary capital'|date=21 March 2015|access-date=21 March 2015|archive-date=5 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605210805/http://www.dw.de/yemens-president-hadi-declares-new-temporary-capital/a-18332197|url-status=live}}</ref> A tsayin {{Convert|2300|m|ft}},<ref name="Laughlin2008">{{cite book |last=McLaughlin |first=Daniel |title=Yemen |publisher=[[Bradt Travel Guides]] |chapter=3: Sanaʽa |page=67 |isbn=978-1-8416-2212-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQvhZaEVzjcC&q=jabal+nuqum |year=2008 |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214213150/https://books.google.com/books?id=eQvhZaEVzjcC&q=jabal+nuqum |url-status=live }}</ref> Sana'a na ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen duniya kuma birnin dake kusa da tsaunin Sarawat na Jabal An-Nabi Shu'ayb da Jabal Tiyal, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin tsaunuka mafi tsayi a ƙasar kuma daya daga cikin mafi girma a cikin ƙasar. [[Gabas ta Tsakiya|Yankin]] Sana'a tana da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 3,937,500 (2012), hakan ya birnin zama mafi girma a Yemen. Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, mafi girman yankin birnin Sanaa ya kai kusan kashi 10% na yawan al'ummar Yemen.<ref name="UN-Habitat">{{cite book |last1=United Nations Human Settlements Programme in Yemen |title=Sana'a City Profile |date=2020 |url=https://yemenportal.unhabitat.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/01-Sanaa-City-Profile.pdf |access-date=27 February 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414041009/https://yemenportal.unhabitat.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/01-Sanaa-City-Profile.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Tsohon birnin Sanaa, Gidan Tarihi na Duniya [[UNESCO|na UNESCO]], yana da gine-gine na musamman, wanda aka fi sani da shi a cikin gine-ginen masu yawa da aka yi wa ado da siffofi na geometric. A rikicin da ya barke a shekarar 2015, bama-bamai sun afkawa wuraren UNESCO a tsohon birnin.<ref>{{cite web|last=Young|first=T. Luke|title=Conservation of the Old Walled City of Sanaʽa Republic of Yemen|url=http://web.mit.edu/akpia/www/AKPsite/4.239/sanaa/yemen.html|publisher=MIT|access-date=7 April 2011|archive-date=3 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803125725/http://web.mit.edu/akpia/www/AKPsite/4.239/sanaa/yemen.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HestlerSpilling2010">{{cite book|author1=Anna Hestler|author2=Jo-Ann Spilling|title=Yemen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JNJiTaTaEocC&pg=PA16|year=2010|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-4850-1|page=16|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=14 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214213152/https://books.google.com/books?id=JNJiTaTaEocC&pg=PA16|url-status=live}}</ref> Masallacin Al Saleh, mafi girma a Sana'a, yana cikin tsohon birni. Sana'a na fuskantar matsalar ruwa mai tsanani, inda ake dibar ruwa daga magudanar ruwan da gaugawa. An yi hasashen cewa birnin zai kare gaba daya daga cikin ruwa nan da shekara ta 2030, wanda zai zama babban birnin kasa na farko a duniya. Samun ruwan sha yana da wahala a Sanaa, kuma ana samun matsalolin ingancin ruwa.<ref name="Al-Hamdi">{{cite book |last1=Al-Hamdi |first1=Mohamed I |title=Competition for Scarce Groundwater in the Sana'a Plain, Yemen. A Study of the Incentive Systems for Urban and Agricultural Water Use. |date=2000 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=90-5410-426-0 |pages=1–8 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Competition_for_Scarce_Groundwater_in_th/eOCcu2VAfDQC |access-date=15 February 2021}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Zamanin da === Bisa ga sanannun [[Addinan Ibrahimiyya|addinan Ibrahim]], an kafa Sana'a a gindin tsaunin Jabal Nuqum ta Shem, ɗan [[Nuhu]], <ref>Al-Hamdāni, al-Ḥasan ibn Aḥmad, ''The Antiquities of South Arabia - The Eighth Book of Al-Iklīl'', Oxford University Press 1938, pp. 8-9</ref> <ref>Minaret Building and Apprenticeship in Yemen, by Trevor Marchand, Routledge (27 April 2001), p.1.</ref> <ref name="Aithe30">Aithe, p.30.</ref> bayan mutuwar karshe. Wataƙila sunan ''Sanaa'' ya samo asali ne daga tushen Sabaic ''ṣnʿ'', ma'ana "ƙarfi mai kyau". <ref name="Smith 1997">{{Cite book|edition=E.|url-access=Lecomte}}</ref><ref>Albert Jamme, inscriptions from Mahram Bilqis p.440</ref> An tabbatar da sunan a cikin tsofaffin rubutun Sabae, galibi daga ƙarni na 3 AZ, kamar yadda '''''ṣnʿw''''' . <ref name="Smith 1997" /> A halin yanzu, sanannen ilimin ilimin al'umma ya ce sunan ''Sana'a'' yana nufin "kyakkyawan sana'o'insa da sana'o'insa (watakila sifar mata ta larabci ''aṣnaʿ'' )". <ref name="Smith 1997" /> Masanin tarihin [[Larabawa]] na ƙarni na 10 al-Hamdani ya rubuta cewa tsohon sunan Sanaa '''''Azāl''''' ne, wanda ba a rubuta shi a cikin wasu rubuce-rubucen Sabae na zamani ba. <ref name="Smith 1997">{{Cite book|edition=E.|url-access=Lecomte}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSmith1997">Smith, G.R. (1997). "ṢANʿĀʾ". In Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Lecomte, G. (eds.). [https://ia600603.us.archive.org/14/items/EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13/09.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.BosDonHeinLec.etc.UndPatIUA.v9.San-Sze.Leid.EJBrill.1997..pdf ''The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. IX (SAN-SZE)''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Leiden: Brill. pp.&nbsp;1–3. [[ISBN (mai ganowa)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Musamman: Madogaran Littattafai/90-04-10422-4|<bdi>90-04-10422-4</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Sunan "Azal" yana da alaƙa da Uzal, ɗan Qahtan, babban jikan Shem, a cikin labaran Littafi [[Baibûl|Mai]] Tsarki na Littafin Farawa . Al-Hamdani ya rubuta cewa Sana'a ta kasance katangar da Saba'awa suka yi a karkashin sarkinsu Sha'r Awtar, wanda kuma za a iya cewa ya gina fadar Ghumdan a birnin. Saboda wurin da yake, Sana'a ta kasance cibiyar birni ga kabilun yankin da ke kewaye da ita kuma a matsayin cibiyar kasuwancin yanki a kudancin Larabawa . An sanya shi a mararrabar manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci guda biyu da suka haɗa Ma'rib a gabas zuwa Bahar Maliya a yamma. <ref name="Aithe30">Aithe, p.30.</ref> === Zamanin Musulunci === [[File:SanaaQuoranDoubleVersions.jpg|thumb| Rubutun Sana'a, wanda aka samo a Sana'a a cikin shekarar 1972, yana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubucen [[Alqur'ani mai girma|kur'ani]] da aka samu.]] Tun daga zamanin Muhammadu (wato kimanin shekara ta 622 AZ) har zuwa kafuwar kananan hukumomi masu zaman kansu a sassa da dama na [[Khalifofi|Khalifancin]] Musulunci na Yaman, Sana'a ta dage da samun matsayin kujerar mulki. Mataimakin [[Khalifofi|Halifa]] ya kula da al'amuran daya daga cikin Makhalif din Yemen guda uku: Mikhlaf Sana'a, Mikhlaf al-Janad, da Mikhlaf Hadhramaut . Birnin Sanaa na ci gaba da samun wani muhimmin matsayi a kai a kai, kuma dukkan kasashen Yaman sun fafata da su wajen sarrafa shi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2019}} Imam [[Imam Al-Shafi'i|Al-Shafi'i]] masanin fikihu na Musulunci a karni na 8 kuma wanda ya assasa mazhabar [[Shafi`iyya|Shafi'iyya]] ya ziyarci birnin Sanaa sau da yawa. Ya yaba wa birnin, ya kuma rubuta ''La budda min Shanʻāʼ'', ko kuma "Dole ne a ga Sanaa." A cikin karni na 9-10, masanin tarihin kasar Yemen, al-Hamdani, ya lura da tsaftar birnin, yana mai cewa “Mazauni mafi kankanta a can yana da rijiya daya ko biyu, lambu da dogayen ramukan rabe da juna, babu kamshi ko sharri. yana jin ƙamshi, saboda ƙaƙƙarfan kankare ( adobe da cob, mai yiwuwa) da filin kiwo mai kyau da tsaftataccen wuraren tafiya." Daga baya a cikin karni na 10, ɗan ƙasar Farisa Ibn Rustah ya rubuta game da Sanaa: "Garin Yemen ne - ba za a iya samun ... wani birni mafi girma, mafi yawan jama'a ko mafi wadata, na asali ko abinci mai dadi fiye da shi. ." ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} 0osagfbdajm1l89p9kd3mqp5gzp5ah0 0 43381 822326 720537 2026-04-18T17:09:08Z Pharouqenr 25549 822326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:FC Red Bull Salzburg gegen CF Barcelona (Testspiel 4. August 2021) 34.jpg|thumb|De Jong]] [[Fayil:De jong Frenkie.jpg|thumb|Frenkie de Jong]] [[Fayil:Frenkie de Jong (2019).jpg|thumb|Frenkie de Jong]] '''Frenkie de Jong'''<ref>https://catalunyadiari.com/en/news/leaves-arsenal-for-barca-to-be-a-starter-frenkie-de-jong-is-set-for-the-bench</ref> (An haife shine a ranar 12 ga watan Mayu a shekarata 1997) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Holland wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Holland . Dan wasan tsakiya ne mai jujjuyawa, an san shine ta hanyar hangen nesa, wucewa, yankewa, fasaha, tare da ƙarfin kariya mai ƙarfi da ƙarfin kai hari. De Jong ya kasance yana daya daga cikin mafi kyawun ƴan wasan tsakiya a kwallon kafa ta duniya gaba ɗaya. == Aikin ƙungiya == === Willem II === === Ajax === A farkon kakar wasa, ranar 22 ga watan Agusta na shekarar 2015, kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Ajax ta sayi De Jong. Ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu, akan ƙimar €1 na alama wanda ya haɗa da kari na 10% akan ko nawa aka sayarda shi a gaba. A ranar 23 ga Agusta na shekarar 2015, an mayar da shi aro ga Willem II har zuwa 31 ga Disamba na 2015. A wannan lokacin ya sanya ɗaya musanya bayyanar a cikin Eredivisie wasa da PEC Zwolle . ==== 2016-2019: Haɓakawa da ƙungiyar farko na yau da kullun ==== [[File:Frenkie_de_Jong_(2019).jpg|thumb|299x299px| De Jong yana bugawa Ajax wasa a 2019]] === Barcelona === A ranar 23 ga watan Janairu, na she Kara 2019, kulob ɗin La Liga [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] ya sanar da rattaba hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar, a 1 Yuli 2019, kan farashin farko na Yuro miliyan 75. De Jong ya tattauna batun canja wuri da [[Paris Saint-Germain]] da [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] da Manchester United kafin daga bisani ya zabi Barcelona. Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasa a ranar 16 ga Agusta na shekarar 2019, a cikin 0–1 ranar bude gasar da Athletic Bilbao . [[Fayil:FC Red Bull Salzburg gegen CF Barcelona (Testspiel 4. August 2021) 66.jpg|thumb|Frenkie de Jong]] ya taka gagarumar rawar gani a wasan ƙarshe na gasar kofin copa del rey na shekarar 2021 inda kungiyar tasa ta Barcelona ta Athletic Bilbao da ci 4 da nema sannan yaci a minti na 63 sannan ya bada gudunmawar kwallo biyu. == Ayyukan ƙasa da ƙasa == == Salon wasa == === Ƙungiya === {{Updated|match played 5 March 2023}}<ref name="Soccerway">{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/frenkie-de-jong/404591/ |title=F. De Jong: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="3" |Willem II |2014–15 |Eredivisie |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |- |2015–16 |Eredivisie |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !2 !0 !1 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !3 !0 |- | rowspan="3" |Jong Ajax |2015–16 |Eerste Divisie |15 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |15 |2 |- |2016–17 |Eerste Divisie |31 |6 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |31 |6 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !46 !8 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !46 !8 |- | rowspan="4" |Ajax |2016–17 |Eredivisie |4 |1 |3 |0 |4{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |11 |1 |- |2017–18 |Eredivisie |22 |0 |2 |1 |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |26 |1 |- |2018–19 |Eredivisie |31 |3 |4 |0 |17{{Efn}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |52 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !57 !4 !9 !1 !23 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !89 !5 |- | rowspan="5" |[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] |2019–20 |La Liga |29 |2 |3 |0 |9{{Efn}} |0 |1{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[Supercopa de España]]}} |0 |42 |2 |- |2020–21 |La Liga |37 |3 |5 |3 |7{{Efn}} |0 |2{{Efn}} |1 |51 |7 |- |2021–22 |La Liga |32 |3 |2 |0 |12{{Efn|Six appearances in UEFA Champions League, six appearances and one goal in UEFA Europa League}} |1 |1{{Efn}} |0 |47 |4 |- |2022–23 |La Liga |22 |2 |2 |0 |6{{Efn|Four appearances in UEFA Champions League, two appearances in UEFA Europa League}} |0 |2{{Efn}} |0 |32 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !120 !10 !12 !3 !34 !1 !6 !1 !172 !15 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !225 !22 !22 !4 !57 !1 !6 !1 !310 !28 |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by national team and year !National team !Year !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="5" |Netherlands |2018 |5 |0 |- |2019 |10 |1 |- |2020 |7 |0 |- |2021 |16 |0 |- |2022 |12 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !50 !2 |} {| class="wikitable" |+List of international goals scored by Frenkie de Jong ! scope="col" |No. ! scope="col" |Date ! scope="col" |Venue ! scope="col" |Cap ! scope="col" |Opponent ! scope="col" |Score ! scope="col" |Result ! scope="col" |Competition ! scope="col" |Ref. |- | align="center" |1 |6 September 2019 |Volksparkstadion, [[Hamburg]], Germany |10 |{{fb|GER}} | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |4–2 |UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying | align="center" | |- | align="center" |2 |29 November 2022 |Al Bayt Stadium, Al Khor, Qatar |48 |{{fb|QAT}} | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |2–0 |2022 FIFA World Cup | align="center" | |} == Nasarori == '''Ajax''' * Eredivisie: 2018–19 * KNVB Cup: 2018–19 * UEFA Europa League runner-up: 2016–17 '''Barcelona''' * Copa del Rey: 2020–21 * Supercopa de España: 2022–23 '''Netherlands''' * UEFA Nations League runner-up: 2018–19 '''Individual''' == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1997]] buwojpmysav0geduf0fqdbhhd1nl916 0 45183 822451 492371 2026-04-19T08:42:16Z Nura Bello 24854 822451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Military star ranking:''' Matsayi ne a aikin soja wanda ake badawa ko saka alamar tauraro ga jami'in sojoji. Tsari ne na nuna girman matsayin soja, ana amfani da tsarin bada alamar tauraron ne daga tauraro kwara ɗaya har zuwa tauraro na 6, a galibin ƙasashen turawa, don bayyana matsayin [[janar]] da jami'an [[flag officer]]. A ɓangaren sojojin NATO, wannan matsayi na alamar taurarin, na dai-dai da matsayin [[Ranks and insignia of NATO|OF-6–10]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=NATO |author1-link=NATO |title=STANAG 2116 |date=October 1975 |publisher=NATO Standardization Agency |location=Brussels, Belgium |edition=3rd |url=http://www.marinehist.dk/orlogsbib/n/NATO-Grad.pdf |access-date=14 October 2022 |page=2}}</ref> == Matsayin tauraro == === Tauraro ɗaya === [[Fayil:WW2 Military decorations medals British Norwegian French Patriotic pins Flags Haakon 7 Krigskorset etc Lofoten krigsminnemuseum Norway DSC00140 Cropped Adjusted perspective.jpg|thumb|Military star ranking]] Matsayi mai tauraro biyar yawanci shine mafi girman matsayi na [[janar]] ko jami'in [[flag officer]]<ref>{{cite web |title=One-star |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/one-star |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224210652/https://www.lexico.com/definition/one-star |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 24, 2021 |website=lexico.com |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref> Wannan matsayi yawanci babban hafsan soja ne, janar na sojoji, Admiral na rundunar jiragen ruwa ko kuma marshal na sojojin sama.<ref name="UK_Army" /> === Tauraro biyu === Matsayi mai tauraro uku yawanci shine, matsayi na uku mafi girma na [[janar]] ko jami'in [[flag officer]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Two-star |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/two-star |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324164150/https://www.lexico.com/definition/two-star |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 24, 2022 |website=lexico.com |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref> === Tauraro uku === Matsayin taurari ukku yawanci shine matsayi na biyu mafi girma na [[janar]] ko jami'in [[flag officer]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Three-star |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/three-star |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301132329/https://www.lexico.com/definition/three-star |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 1, 2021 |website=lexico.com |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref> === Tauraro huɗu === Matsayin taurari huɗu yawanci shine matsayi na biyu mafi girma na [[janar]] ko jami'in [[flag officer]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Four-star |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/four-star |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923223507/https://www.lexico.com/definition/four-star |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 23, 2020 |website=lexico.com |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref> === Tauraro biyar === <sub>Domin sanin cikakken ikon jam'i mai matsayin tauraro kwara biyar duba nan:</sub> >> [[Five-star rank]] <<, <sub> inda a wasu galibin kasashe wannan matsayi ne iya ƙololuwar girman soja.</sub> Matsayi mai tauraro biyar yawanci shine mafi girman matsayi na janar ko jami'in [[flag officer]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Five-star |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/five-star |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324164151/https://www.lexico.com/definition/five-star |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 24, 2022 |website=lexico.com |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref>. Wannan matsayi yawanci babban hafsan soja ne, janar na sojoji, Admiral na rundunar jiragen ruwa ko kuma marshal na sojojin sama. === Tauraro shida da aka gabatar === <sup>Domin sanin cikakken ikon jam'i mai matsayin tauraro kwara 6 duba nan</sup> >>> [[Six-star rank]] A cikin Rundunar Sojan Amurka, '''matsayi mai tauraro shida''' shine wanda aka tsara nan da nan ya zarce matsayi na tauraro biyar, mai yiyuwa ne Janar na Sojoji ko Admiral na Sojan Ruwa ya sanya shi ; duk da haka, sojoji ko Majalisa ba su taɓa sanin wannan alaƙar a hukumance ba. == Jerin ƙasashe== {| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;" |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC; text-align:center;" ! Star rank || Tauraro 5 || Tauraro 4 || Tauraro 3 || Tauraro 2 || Tauraro 1 || {{abbr|Ref.|References}}{{efn|name=Star|Nassoshi na sama sune martabar Tauraro. Ƙananan nassoshi sune alamomi.}} |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2| '''{{army|Australia}}''' | rowspan=2| | [[File:Australian Army OF-9.svg|50px]] | [[File:Australian Army OF-8.svg|50px]] | [[File:Australian Army OF-7.svg|50px]] | [[File:Australian Army OF-6.svg|50px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="Australia1">{{cite web |title=Commissioned Officer Ranks |url=https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/ranks/commissioned-officer-ranks |website=army.gov.au |publisher=[[Australian Army]] |access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref><br /><ref name="Australia2">{{cite web |title=Badges of rank |url=https://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/ADF_badges_of_rank.pdf |website=navy.gov.au |publisher=[[Royal Australian Navy]] |access-date=28 July 2022}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | [[General (Australia)|General]] | [[Lieutenant general (Australia)|Lieutenant general]] | [[Major general (Australia)|Major general]] | [[Brigadier]] |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2| '''{{naval|Australia}}''' | rowspan=2| | [[File:Australia-Navy-OF-9-collected.svg|100px]] | [[File:Australia-Navy-OF-8-collected.svg|100px]] | [[File:Australia-Navy-OF-7-collected.svg|100px]] | [[File:Australia-Navy-OF-6-collected.svg|100px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="Australia1" /><br /><ref name="Australia2" /> |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Admiral (Australia)|Admiral]] | [[Vice admiral (Australia)|Vice admiral]] | [[Rear admiral (Australia)|Rear admiral]] | [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2| '''{{air force|Australia}}''' | rowspan=2| | [[File:Australia RAAF OF-9.svg|50px]] | [[File:Australia RAAF OF-8.svg|50px]] | [[File:Australia RAAF OF-7.svg|50px]] | [[File:Australia RAAF OF-6.svg|50px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="Australia1" /><br /><ref name="Australia2" /> |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Air Chief Marshal (Australia)|Air chief marshal]] | [[Air Marshal (Australia)|Air marshal]] | [[Air vice-marshal]] | [[Air commodore]] |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC; text-align:center;" ! Matsayin Tauraro || Tauraro 5 || Tauraro 4 || Tauraro 3 || Tauraro 2 || Tauraro 1 || {{abbr|Ref.|References}}{{efn|name=Star}} |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2| '''{{army|Bangladesh}}''' | rowspan=2| | [[File:Bangladesh-army-OF-9.svg|50px]] | [[File:Bangladesh-army-OF-8.svg|50px]] | [[File:Bangladesh-army-OF-7.svg|50px]] | [[File:Bangladesh-army-OF-6.svg|50px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="Bangladesh_Army">{{cite web |title=Ranks & insignia |url=https://joinbangladesharmy.army.mil.bd/home/page/ranks-insignia |website=joinbangladesharmy.army.mil.bd |access-date=11 October 2020}}</ref><br />– |- style="text-align:center;" | [[General (Bangladesh)|General]]<br />{{lang|bn|জেনারেল}} | [[Lieutenant general (Bangladesh)|Lieutenant general]]<br />{{lang|bn|লেফটেন্যান্ট জেনারেল}} | [[Major general#Bangladesh|Major general]]<br />{{lang|bn|মেজর জেনারেল}} | [[Brigadier general]]<br />{{lang|bn|ব্রিগেডিয়ার জেনারেল}} |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2| '''{{navy|Bangladesh}}''' | rowspan=2| | [[File:14.BNF-ADMF.svg|50px]] | [[File:13.BNF-ADM.svg|50px]] | [[File:12.BNF-VADM.svg|50px]] | [[File:10.BNF-CDRE.svg|50px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="Bangladesh_Army" /><br /><ref>{{cite web |title=Rank of Navy & Equivalent Rank |url=http://navy.mil.bd/rank.php |website=navy.mil.bd |publisher=[[Bangladesh Navy]] |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627145930/http://navy.mil.bd/rank.php |archive-date=27 June 2017}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Admiral (Bangladesh)|Admiral]] | [[Vice admiral]] | [[Rear admiral]] | [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2| '''{{air force|Bangladesh}}''' | rowspan=2| <!--None--> | [[File:British RAF OF-9.svg|50px]] | [[File:British RAF OF-8.svg|50px]] | [[File:British RAF OF-7.svg|50px]] | [[File:British RAF OF-6.svg|50px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="Bangladesh_Army" /><br /><ref>{{cite web |title=OFFICER'S RANKS |url=http://www.joinbangladeshairforce.mil.bd/index.php/main_controll/ranks_structure_baf?1=1&pagemenu=ranks_structure_baf&submenu=1&leafsub=0 |website=joinbangladeshairforce.mil.bd |access-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219212643/http://www.joinbangladeshairforce.mil.bd/index.php/main_controll/ranks_structure_baf?1=1&pagemenu=ranks_structure_baf&submenu=1&leafsub=0 |archive-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Air chief marshal]] | [[Air marshal]] | [[Air vice-marshal]] | [[Air commodore]] |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC; text-align:center;" ! Star rank || Tauraro 5 || Tauraro 4 || Tauraro 3 || Tauraro 2 || Tauraro 1 || {{abbr|Ref.|References}}{{efn|name=Star}} |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2| '''{{army|Pakistan}}''' | [[File:OF-10 Pakistan Army.svg|50px]] | [[File:OF-9 Pakistan Army.svg|50px]] | [[File:OF-8 PakistanArmy.svg|50px]] | [[File:OF-7 Pakistan Army.svg|50px]] | [[File:OF-6 Pakistan Army.svg|50px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="Pakistan">{{cite web |title=Inter Service Ranks |url=https://paf.gov.pk/#/ranks |website=paf.gov.pk |publisher=[[Pakistan Air Force]] Official Website |access-date=18 August 2022 |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826081717/https://paf.gov.pk/#/ranks |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />– |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Field marshal (Pakistan)|Field marshal]]<br />{{lang|ur|فیلڈ مارشل}} | [[General (Pakistan)|General]]<br />{{lang|ur|جنرل}} | [[Lieutenant general (Pakistan)|Lieutenant general]]<br />{{lang|ur|لیفٹیننٹ جنرل}} | [[Major general]]<br />{{lang|ur|میجر جنرل}} | [[Brigadier]]<br />{{lang|ur|بریگیڈیئر}} |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2| '''{{navy|Pakistan}}''' | rowspan=2| | [[File:Pakistan-Navy-OF-9-collected.svg|100px]] | [[File:Pakistan-Navy-OF-8-collected.svg|100px]] | [[File:Pakistan-Navy-OF-7-collected.svg|100px]] | [[File:Pakistan-Navy-OF-6-collected.svg|100px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="Pakistan"/><br />– |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Admiral (Pakistan)|Admiral]]<br />{{lang|ur|ایڈمرل}} | [[Vice admiral (Pakistan)|Vice admiral]]<br />{{lang|ur|وائس ایڈمرل}} | [[Rear admiral (Pakistan)|Rear admiral]]<br />{{lang|ur|بحریہ کا امیر}} | [[Commodore (Pakistan)|Commodore]]<br />{{lang|ur|کموڈور}} |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2| '''{{air force|Pakistan}}''' | rowspan=2| | [[File:Pak-air-force-OF-9.svg|50px]] | [[File:Pak-air-force-OF-8.svg|50px]] | [[File:Pak-air-force-OF-7.svg|50px]] | [[File:Pak-air-force-OF-6.svg|50px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="Pakistan"/><br />– |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Air chief marshal (Pakistan)|Air chief marshal]] | [[Air marshal (Pakistan)|Air marshal]] | [[Air vice marshal]] | [[Air commodore]] |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC; text-align:center;" ! Star rank || Tauraro 5 || Tauraro 4 || Tauraro 3 || Tauraro 2 || Tauraro 1 || {{abbr|Ref.|References}}{{efn|name=Star}} |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2| '''{{army|Sri Lanka}}''' | [[File:Sri Lanka-army-OF-10.svg|50px]] | [[File:Sri Lanka-army-OF-9.svg|50px]] | [[File:Sri Lanka-army-OF-8.svg|50px]] | [[File:Sri Lanka-army-OF-7.svg|50px]] | [[File:Sri Lanka-army-OF-6.svg|50px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="SriLanka_Army">{{cite web |title=Dress Regulation PDF - Part I |url=https://www.army.lk/sites/all/themes/bootstrap/common/images/images2/downloads/Dress-regulation-2019-PART-I.pdf |website=army.lk |publisher=[[Sri Lanka Army]] |page=11-1 |date=January 2019 |access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref><br /><ref name="SriLanka_Navy" /> |- style="text-align:center;" |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Field marshal (Sri Lanka)|Field marshal]] | [[General (Sri Lanka)|General]] | [[Lieutenant-general (Sri Lanka)|Lieutenant general]] | [[Major-general (Sri Lanka)|Major general]] | [[Brigadier (Sri Lanka)|Brigadier]] |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2| '''{{naval|Sri Lanka}}''' | rowspan=2| | {{nobreak| [[File:15-Sri Lanka Navy-ADM.svg|50px]][[File:British Royal Navy (sleeves) OF-9.svg|50px]]}} | {{nobreak| [[File:14-Sri Lanka Navy-VADM.svg|50px]][[File:British Royal Navy (sleeves) OF-8.svg|50px]]}} | {{nobreak| [[File:13-Sri Lanka Navy-RADM.svg|50px]][[File:British Royal Navy (sleeves) OF-7.svg|50px]]}} | [[File:British Royal Navy (sleeves) OF-6.svg|50px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="SriLanka_Army" /><br /><ref name="SriLanka_Navy">{{cite web |title=Branches/ Ranks |url=https://www.navy.lk/branches-ranks.html |website=navy.lk |publisher=[[Sri Lanka Navy]] |access-date=24 September 2021 |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619063013/https://www.navy.lk/branches-ranks.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Admiral]] | [[Vice admiral]] | [[Rear admiral]] | [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2| '''{{air force|Sri Lanka}}''' | rowspan=2| | [[File:UK-Air-OF9.svg|50px]] | [[File:UK-Air-OF8.svg|50px]] | [[File:UK-Air-OF7.svg|50px]] | [[File:UK-Air-OF6.svg|50px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="SriLanka_Army" /><br /><ref name="SriLanka_Navy" /> |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Air Chief Marshal]] | [[Air Marshal]] | [[Air Vice-Marshal]] | [[Air Commodore]] |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC; text-align:center;" ! Star rank || Tauraro 5 || Tauraro 4 || Tauraro 3 || Tauraro 2 || Tauraro 1 || {{abbr|Ref.|References}}{{efn|name=Star}} |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2| '''{{army|United Kingdom}}''' | [[File:British Army OF-10.svg|50px|Field marshal]] | [[File:British Army OF-9.svg|50px|General]] | [[File:British Army OF-8.svg|50px|Lieutenant-general]] | [[File:British Army OF-7.svg|50px|Major-general]] | [[File:British Army OF-6.svg|50px|Brigadier]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="UK_Army">{{cite web |title=Rank structure |url=https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/our-people/ranks/ |website=army.mod.uk |publisher=[[British Army]] |access-date=27 May 2021}}</ref><br />– |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Field Marshal (UK)|Field marshal]] | [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] | [[Lieutenant-General (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-general]] | [[Major-General (United Kingdom)|Major-general]] | [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]] |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2| '''{{navy|United Kingdom}}''' | [[File:British Royal Navy OF-10-collected.svg|100px]] | [[File:British Royal Navy OF-9-collected.svg|100px]] | [[File:British Royal Navy OF-8-collected.svg|100px]] | [[File:British Royal Navy OF-7-collected.svg|100px]] | [[File:British Royal Navy OF-6-collected.svg|100px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="UK_Army" /><br /><ref name="UK_Navy">{{cite web |title=Shaping your career |url=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/careers/navy-life/shaping-your-career |website=royalnavy.mod.uk |publisher=[[Royal Navy]] |access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)|Admiral of the Fleet]] | [[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]] | [[Vice Admiral (Royal Navy)|Vice admiral]] | [[Rear admiral (Royal Navy)|Rear admiral]] | [[Commodore (Royal Navy)|Commodore]] |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2 | '''{{air force|United Kingdom}}''' | [[File:United Kingdom-Air force-OF-10-collected.svg|100px]] | [[File:United Kingdom-Air force-OF-9-collected.svg|100px]] | [[File:United Kingdom-Air force-OF-8-collected.svg|100px]] | [[File:United Kingdom-Air force-OF-7-collected.svg|100px]] | [[File:United Kingdom-Air force-OF-6-collected.svg|100px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="UK_Army" /><br /><ref name="UK_AirForce">{{cite web |title=RAF Ranks |url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/our-organisation/raf-ranks/ |website=raf.mod.uk/ |publisher=[[Royal Air Force]] |access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Marshal of the Royal Air Force|Marshal of the RAF]] | [[Air chief marshal]] | [[Air marshal]] | [[Air vice-marshal]] | [[Air commodore]] |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC; text-align:center;" ! Star rank || Tauraro 5 || Tauraro 4 || Tauraro 3 || Tauraro 2 || Tauraro 1 || {{abbr|Ref.|References}}{{efn|name=Star}} |- style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan=2| {{army|United States}} | [[File:US Army O11 (Army greens).svg|50px]] | [[File:US Army O10 (Army greens).svg|50px]] | [[File:US Army O9 (Army greens).svg|50px]] | [[File:US Army O8 (Army greens).svg|50px]] | [[File:US Army O7 (Army greens).svg|50px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="UnitedStates">{{cite web |title=Navy Officer Ranks |url=https://www.military.com/navy/officer-ranks.html#:~:text=A%20one-star%20rank%2C%20it%20is%20the%20first%20of,may%20be%20assigned%20as%20deputies%20to%20larger%20commands. |website=military.com |access-date=28 July 2022}}</ref><br /><ref name="Dod_Ranks">{{cite web |title=U.S. Military Rank Insignia |url=https://www.defense.gov/Resources/Insignia/ |url-status= |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=defense.gov |publisher=[[Department of Defense]]}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | [[General of the Army (United States)|General of the Army]] | [[General (United States)|General]] | [[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant general]] | [[Major general (United States)|Major general]] | [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier general]] |- style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan=2| '''{{navy|United States}}''' | [[File:US Navy O11 insignia.svg|100px]] | [[File:US Navy O10 insignia.svg|100px]] | [[File:US Navy O9 insignia.svg|100px]] | [[File:US Navy O8 insignia.svg|100px]] | [[File:US Navy O7 insignia.svg|100px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="UnitedStates" /><br /><ref name="Dod_Ranks" /> |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Fleet admiral (United States)|Fleet admiral]] | [[Admiral (United States)|Admiral]] | [[Vice admiral (United States)|Vice admiral]] | [[Rear admiral (United States)#Rear admiral|Rear admiral]] | [[Rear admiral (United States)#Rear admiral (lower half)|Rear admiral<br />(lower half)]] |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2| '''{{air force|United States}}''' | [[File:US Air Force O11 shoulderboard.svg|50px]] | [[File:US Air Force O10 shoulderboard.svg|50px]] | [[File:US Air Force O9 shoulderboard.svg|50px]] | [[File:US Air Force O8 shoulderboard.svg|50px]] | [[File:US Air Force O7 shoulderboard.svg|50px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="UnitedStates" /><br /><ref name="Dod_Ranks" /> |- style="text-align:center;" | [[General of the Air Force]] | [[General (United States)|General]] | [[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant general]] | [[Major general (United States)|Major general]] | [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier general]] |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC; text-align:center;" |} ==Bayanan kula== {{notelist}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 2c477gnli89vgvl9yvpqbsmn8s5m2d9 822456 822451 2026-04-19T08:50:08Z CommonsDelinker 75 Replacing British_Army_OF-7.svg with [[File:British_Army_(1920–1953)_OF-7_(rounded).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:Duplicate|Duplicate]]: Exact or scaled-down duplicate: [[:c::File:British Army (1920–1953) OF-7 (ro 822456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Military star ranking:''' Matsayi ne a aikin soja wanda ake badawa ko saka alamar tauraro ga jami'in sojoji. Tsari ne na nuna girman matsayin soja, ana amfani da tsarin bada alamar tauraron ne daga tauraro kwara ɗaya har zuwa tauraro na 6, a galibin ƙasashen turawa, don bayyana matsayin [[janar]] da jami'an [[flag officer]]. A ɓangaren sojojin NATO, wannan matsayi na alamar taurarin, na dai-dai da matsayin [[Ranks and insignia of NATO|OF-6–10]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=NATO |author1-link=NATO |title=STANAG 2116 |date=October 1975 |publisher=NATO Standardization Agency |location=Brussels, Belgium |edition=3rd |url=http://www.marinehist.dk/orlogsbib/n/NATO-Grad.pdf |access-date=14 October 2022 |page=2}}</ref> == Matsayin tauraro == === Tauraro ɗaya === [[Fayil:WW2 Military decorations medals British Norwegian French Patriotic pins Flags Haakon 7 Krigskorset etc Lofoten krigsminnemuseum Norway DSC00140 Cropped Adjusted perspective.jpg|thumb|Military star ranking]] Matsayi mai tauraro biyar yawanci shine mafi girman matsayi na [[janar]] ko jami'in [[flag officer]]<ref>{{cite web |title=One-star |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/one-star |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224210652/https://www.lexico.com/definition/one-star |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 24, 2021 |website=lexico.com |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref> Wannan matsayi yawanci babban hafsan soja ne, janar na sojoji, Admiral na rundunar jiragen ruwa ko kuma marshal na sojojin sama.<ref name="UK_Army" /> === Tauraro biyu === Matsayi mai tauraro uku yawanci shine, matsayi na uku mafi girma na [[janar]] ko jami'in [[flag officer]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Two-star |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/two-star |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324164150/https://www.lexico.com/definition/two-star |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 24, 2022 |website=lexico.com |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref> === Tauraro uku === Matsayin taurari ukku yawanci shine matsayi na biyu mafi girma na [[janar]] ko jami'in [[flag officer]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Three-star |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/three-star |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301132329/https://www.lexico.com/definition/three-star |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 1, 2021 |website=lexico.com |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref> === Tauraro huɗu === Matsayin taurari huɗu yawanci shine matsayi na biyu mafi girma na [[janar]] ko jami'in [[flag officer]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Four-star |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/four-star |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923223507/https://www.lexico.com/definition/four-star |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 23, 2020 |website=lexico.com |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref> === Tauraro biyar === <sub>Domin sanin cikakken ikon jam'i mai matsayin tauraro kwara biyar duba nan:</sub> >> [[Five-star rank]] <<, <sub> inda a wasu galibin kasashe wannan matsayi ne iya ƙololuwar girman soja.</sub> Matsayi mai tauraro biyar yawanci shine mafi girman matsayi na janar ko jami'in [[flag officer]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Five-star |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/five-star |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324164151/https://www.lexico.com/definition/five-star |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 24, 2022 |website=lexico.com |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref>. Wannan matsayi yawanci babban hafsan soja ne, janar na sojoji, Admiral na rundunar jiragen ruwa ko kuma marshal na sojojin sama. === Tauraro shida da aka gabatar === <sup>Domin sanin cikakken ikon jam'i mai matsayin tauraro kwara 6 duba nan</sup> >>> [[Six-star rank]] A cikin Rundunar Sojan Amurka, '''matsayi mai tauraro shida''' shine wanda aka tsara nan da nan ya zarce matsayi na tauraro biyar, mai yiyuwa ne Janar na Sojoji ko Admiral na Sojan Ruwa ya sanya shi ; duk da haka, sojoji ko Majalisa ba su taɓa sanin wannan alaƙar a hukumance ba. == Jerin ƙasashe== {| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;" |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC; text-align:center;" ! Star rank || Tauraro 5 || Tauraro 4 || Tauraro 3 || Tauraro 2 || Tauraro 1 || {{abbr|Ref.|References}}{{efn|name=Star|Nassoshi na sama sune martabar Tauraro. Ƙananan nassoshi sune alamomi.}} |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2| '''{{army|Australia}}''' | rowspan=2| | [[File:Australian Army OF-9.svg|50px]] | [[File:Australian Army OF-8.svg|50px]] | [[File:Australian Army OF-7.svg|50px]] | [[File:Australian Army OF-6.svg|50px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="Australia1">{{cite web |title=Commissioned Officer Ranks |url=https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/ranks/commissioned-officer-ranks |website=army.gov.au |publisher=[[Australian Army]] |access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref><br /><ref name="Australia2">{{cite web |title=Badges of rank |url=https://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/ADF_badges_of_rank.pdf |website=navy.gov.au |publisher=[[Royal Australian Navy]] |access-date=28 July 2022}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | [[General (Australia)|General]] | [[Lieutenant general (Australia)|Lieutenant general]] | [[Major general (Australia)|Major general]] | [[Brigadier]] |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2| '''{{naval|Australia}}''' | rowspan=2| | [[File:Australia-Navy-OF-9-collected.svg|100px]] | [[File:Australia-Navy-OF-8-collected.svg|100px]] | [[File:Australia-Navy-OF-7-collected.svg|100px]] | [[File:Australia-Navy-OF-6-collected.svg|100px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="Australia1" /><br /><ref name="Australia2" /> |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Admiral (Australia)|Admiral]] | [[Vice admiral (Australia)|Vice admiral]] | [[Rear admiral (Australia)|Rear admiral]] | [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2| '''{{air force|Australia}}''' | rowspan=2| | [[File:Australia RAAF OF-9.svg|50px]] | [[File:Australia RAAF OF-8.svg|50px]] | [[File:Australia RAAF OF-7.svg|50px]] | [[File:Australia RAAF OF-6.svg|50px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="Australia1" /><br /><ref name="Australia2" /> |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Air Chief Marshal (Australia)|Air chief marshal]] | [[Air Marshal (Australia)|Air marshal]] | [[Air vice-marshal]] | [[Air commodore]] |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC; text-align:center;" ! Matsayin Tauraro || Tauraro 5 || Tauraro 4 || Tauraro 3 || Tauraro 2 || Tauraro 1 || {{abbr|Ref.|References}}{{efn|name=Star}} |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2| '''{{army|Bangladesh}}''' | rowspan=2| | [[File:Bangladesh-army-OF-9.svg|50px]] | [[File:Bangladesh-army-OF-8.svg|50px]] | [[File:Bangladesh-army-OF-7.svg|50px]] | [[File:Bangladesh-army-OF-6.svg|50px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="Bangladesh_Army">{{cite web |title=Ranks & insignia |url=https://joinbangladesharmy.army.mil.bd/home/page/ranks-insignia |website=joinbangladesharmy.army.mil.bd |access-date=11 October 2020}}</ref><br />– |- style="text-align:center;" | [[General (Bangladesh)|General]]<br />{{lang|bn|জেনারেল}} | [[Lieutenant general (Bangladesh)|Lieutenant general]]<br />{{lang|bn|লেফটেন্যান্ট জেনারেল}} | [[Major general#Bangladesh|Major general]]<br />{{lang|bn|মেজর জেনারেল}} | [[Brigadier general]]<br />{{lang|bn|ব্রিগেডিয়ার জেনারেল}} |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2| '''{{navy|Bangladesh}}''' | rowspan=2| | [[File:14.BNF-ADMF.svg|50px]] | [[File:13.BNF-ADM.svg|50px]] | [[File:12.BNF-VADM.svg|50px]] | [[File:10.BNF-CDRE.svg|50px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="Bangladesh_Army" /><br /><ref>{{cite web |title=Rank of Navy & Equivalent Rank |url=http://navy.mil.bd/rank.php |website=navy.mil.bd |publisher=[[Bangladesh Navy]] |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627145930/http://navy.mil.bd/rank.php |archive-date=27 June 2017}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Admiral (Bangladesh)|Admiral]] | [[Vice admiral]] | [[Rear admiral]] | [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2| '''{{air force|Bangladesh}}''' | rowspan=2| <!--None--> | [[File:British RAF OF-9.svg|50px]] | [[File:British RAF OF-8.svg|50px]] | [[File:British RAF OF-7.svg|50px]] | [[File:British RAF OF-6.svg|50px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="Bangladesh_Army" /><br /><ref>{{cite web |title=OFFICER'S RANKS |url=http://www.joinbangladeshairforce.mil.bd/index.php/main_controll/ranks_structure_baf?1=1&pagemenu=ranks_structure_baf&submenu=1&leafsub=0 |website=joinbangladeshairforce.mil.bd |access-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219212643/http://www.joinbangladeshairforce.mil.bd/index.php/main_controll/ranks_structure_baf?1=1&pagemenu=ranks_structure_baf&submenu=1&leafsub=0 |archive-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Air chief marshal]] | [[Air marshal]] | [[Air vice-marshal]] | [[Air commodore]] |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC; text-align:center;" ! Star rank || Tauraro 5 || Tauraro 4 || Tauraro 3 || Tauraro 2 || Tauraro 1 || {{abbr|Ref.|References}}{{efn|name=Star}} |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2| '''{{army|Pakistan}}''' | [[File:OF-10 Pakistan Army.svg|50px]] | [[File:OF-9 Pakistan Army.svg|50px]] | [[File:OF-8 PakistanArmy.svg|50px]] | [[File:OF-7 Pakistan Army.svg|50px]] | [[File:OF-6 Pakistan Army.svg|50px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="Pakistan">{{cite web |title=Inter Service Ranks |url=https://paf.gov.pk/#/ranks |website=paf.gov.pk |publisher=[[Pakistan Air Force]] Official Website |access-date=18 August 2022 |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826081717/https://paf.gov.pk/#/ranks |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />– |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Field marshal (Pakistan)|Field marshal]]<br />{{lang|ur|فیلڈ مارشل}} | [[General (Pakistan)|General]]<br />{{lang|ur|جنرل}} | [[Lieutenant general (Pakistan)|Lieutenant general]]<br />{{lang|ur|لیفٹیننٹ جنرل}} | [[Major general]]<br />{{lang|ur|میجر جنرل}} | [[Brigadier]]<br />{{lang|ur|بریگیڈیئر}} |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2| '''{{navy|Pakistan}}''' | rowspan=2| | [[File:Pakistan-Navy-OF-9-collected.svg|100px]] | [[File:Pakistan-Navy-OF-8-collected.svg|100px]] | [[File:Pakistan-Navy-OF-7-collected.svg|100px]] | [[File:Pakistan-Navy-OF-6-collected.svg|100px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="Pakistan"/><br />– |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Admiral (Pakistan)|Admiral]]<br />{{lang|ur|ایڈمرل}} | [[Vice admiral (Pakistan)|Vice admiral]]<br />{{lang|ur|وائس ایڈمرل}} | [[Rear admiral (Pakistan)|Rear admiral]]<br />{{lang|ur|بحریہ کا امیر}} | [[Commodore (Pakistan)|Commodore]]<br />{{lang|ur|کموڈور}} |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2| '''{{air force|Pakistan}}''' | rowspan=2| | [[File:Pak-air-force-OF-9.svg|50px]] | [[File:Pak-air-force-OF-8.svg|50px]] | [[File:Pak-air-force-OF-7.svg|50px]] | [[File:Pak-air-force-OF-6.svg|50px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="Pakistan"/><br />– |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Air chief marshal (Pakistan)|Air chief marshal]] | [[Air marshal (Pakistan)|Air marshal]] | [[Air vice marshal]] | [[Air commodore]] |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC; text-align:center;" ! Star rank || Tauraro 5 || Tauraro 4 || Tauraro 3 || Tauraro 2 || Tauraro 1 || {{abbr|Ref.|References}}{{efn|name=Star}} |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2| '''{{army|Sri Lanka}}''' | [[File:Sri Lanka-army-OF-10.svg|50px]] | [[File:Sri Lanka-army-OF-9.svg|50px]] | [[File:Sri Lanka-army-OF-8.svg|50px]] | [[File:Sri Lanka-army-OF-7.svg|50px]] | [[File:Sri Lanka-army-OF-6.svg|50px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="SriLanka_Army">{{cite web |title=Dress Regulation PDF - Part I |url=https://www.army.lk/sites/all/themes/bootstrap/common/images/images2/downloads/Dress-regulation-2019-PART-I.pdf |website=army.lk |publisher=[[Sri Lanka Army]] |page=11-1 |date=January 2019 |access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref><br /><ref name="SriLanka_Navy" /> |- style="text-align:center;" |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Field marshal (Sri Lanka)|Field marshal]] | [[General (Sri Lanka)|General]] | [[Lieutenant-general (Sri Lanka)|Lieutenant general]] | [[Major-general (Sri Lanka)|Major general]] | [[Brigadier (Sri Lanka)|Brigadier]] |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2| '''{{naval|Sri Lanka}}''' | rowspan=2| | {{nobreak| [[File:15-Sri Lanka Navy-ADM.svg|50px]][[File:British Royal Navy (sleeves) OF-9.svg|50px]]}} | {{nobreak| [[File:14-Sri Lanka Navy-VADM.svg|50px]][[File:British Royal Navy (sleeves) OF-8.svg|50px]]}} | {{nobreak| [[File:13-Sri Lanka Navy-RADM.svg|50px]][[File:British Royal Navy (sleeves) OF-7.svg|50px]]}} | [[File:British Royal Navy (sleeves) OF-6.svg|50px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="SriLanka_Army" /><br /><ref name="SriLanka_Navy">{{cite web |title=Branches/ Ranks |url=https://www.navy.lk/branches-ranks.html |website=navy.lk |publisher=[[Sri Lanka Navy]] |access-date=24 September 2021 |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619063013/https://www.navy.lk/branches-ranks.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Admiral]] | [[Vice admiral]] | [[Rear admiral]] | [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2| '''{{air force|Sri Lanka}}''' | rowspan=2| | [[File:UK-Air-OF9.svg|50px]] | [[File:UK-Air-OF8.svg|50px]] | [[File:UK-Air-OF7.svg|50px]] | [[File:UK-Air-OF6.svg|50px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="SriLanka_Army" /><br /><ref name="SriLanka_Navy" /> |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Air Chief Marshal]] | [[Air Marshal]] | [[Air Vice-Marshal]] | [[Air Commodore]] |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC; text-align:center;" ! Star rank || Tauraro 5 || Tauraro 4 || Tauraro 3 || Tauraro 2 || Tauraro 1 || {{abbr|Ref.|References}}{{efn|name=Star}} |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2| '''{{army|United Kingdom}}''' | [[File:British Army OF-10.svg|50px|Field marshal]] | [[File:British Army OF-9.svg|50px|General]] | [[File:British Army OF-8.svg|50px|Lieutenant-general]] | [[File:British Army (1920–1953) OF-7 (rounded).svg|50px|Major-general]] | [[File:British Army OF-6.svg|50px|Brigadier]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="UK_Army">{{cite web |title=Rank structure |url=https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/our-people/ranks/ |website=army.mod.uk |publisher=[[British Army]] |access-date=27 May 2021}}</ref><br />– |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Field Marshal (UK)|Field marshal]] | [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] | [[Lieutenant-General (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-general]] | [[Major-General (United Kingdom)|Major-general]] | [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]] |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2| '''{{navy|United Kingdom}}''' | [[File:British Royal Navy OF-10-collected.svg|100px]] | [[File:British Royal Navy OF-9-collected.svg|100px]] | [[File:British Royal Navy OF-8-collected.svg|100px]] | [[File:British Royal Navy OF-7-collected.svg|100px]] | [[File:British Royal Navy OF-6-collected.svg|100px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="UK_Army" /><br /><ref name="UK_Navy">{{cite web |title=Shaping your career |url=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/careers/navy-life/shaping-your-career |website=royalnavy.mod.uk |publisher=[[Royal Navy]] |access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)|Admiral of the Fleet]] | [[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]] | [[Vice Admiral (Royal Navy)|Vice admiral]] | [[Rear admiral (Royal Navy)|Rear admiral]] | [[Commodore (Royal Navy)|Commodore]] |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2 | '''{{air force|United Kingdom}}''' | [[File:United Kingdom-Air force-OF-10-collected.svg|100px]] | [[File:United Kingdom-Air force-OF-9-collected.svg|100px]] | [[File:United Kingdom-Air force-OF-8-collected.svg|100px]] | [[File:United Kingdom-Air force-OF-7-collected.svg|100px]] | [[File:United Kingdom-Air force-OF-6-collected.svg|100px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="UK_Army" /><br /><ref name="UK_AirForce">{{cite web |title=RAF Ranks |url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/our-organisation/raf-ranks/ |website=raf.mod.uk/ |publisher=[[Royal Air Force]] |access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Marshal of the Royal Air Force|Marshal of the RAF]] | [[Air chief marshal]] | [[Air marshal]] | [[Air vice-marshal]] | [[Air commodore]] |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC; text-align:center;" ! Star rank || Tauraro 5 || Tauraro 4 || Tauraro 3 || Tauraro 2 || Tauraro 1 || {{abbr|Ref.|References}}{{efn|name=Star}} |- style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan=2| {{army|United States}} | [[File:US Army O11 (Army greens).svg|50px]] | [[File:US Army O10 (Army greens).svg|50px]] | [[File:US Army O9 (Army greens).svg|50px]] | [[File:US Army O8 (Army greens).svg|50px]] | [[File:US Army O7 (Army greens).svg|50px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="UnitedStates">{{cite web |title=Navy Officer Ranks |url=https://www.military.com/navy/officer-ranks.html#:~:text=A%20one-star%20rank%2C%20it%20is%20the%20first%20of,may%20be%20assigned%20as%20deputies%20to%20larger%20commands. |website=military.com |access-date=28 July 2022}}</ref><br /><ref name="Dod_Ranks">{{cite web |title=U.S. Military Rank Insignia |url=https://www.defense.gov/Resources/Insignia/ |url-status= |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=defense.gov |publisher=[[Department of Defense]]}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | [[General of the Army (United States)|General of the Army]] | [[General (United States)|General]] | [[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant general]] | [[Major general (United States)|Major general]] | [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier general]] |- style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan=2| '''{{navy|United States}}''' | [[File:US Navy O11 insignia.svg|100px]] | [[File:US Navy O10 insignia.svg|100px]] | [[File:US Navy O9 insignia.svg|100px]] | [[File:US Navy O8 insignia.svg|100px]] | [[File:US Navy O7 insignia.svg|100px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="UnitedStates" /><br /><ref name="Dod_Ranks" /> |- style="text-align:center;" | [[Fleet admiral (United States)|Fleet admiral]] | [[Admiral (United States)|Admiral]] | [[Vice admiral (United States)|Vice admiral]] | [[Rear admiral (United States)#Rear admiral|Rear admiral]] | [[Rear admiral (United States)#Rear admiral (lower half)|Rear admiral<br />(lower half)]] |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan=2| '''{{air force|United States}}''' | [[File:US Air Force O11 shoulderboard.svg|50px]] | [[File:US Air Force O10 shoulderboard.svg|50px]] | [[File:US Air Force O9 shoulderboard.svg|50px]] | [[File:US Air Force O8 shoulderboard.svg|50px]] | [[File:US Air Force O7 shoulderboard.svg|50px]] | rowspan=2| <ref name="UnitedStates" /><br /><ref name="Dod_Ranks" /> |- style="text-align:center;" | [[General of the Air Force]] | [[General (United States)|General]] | [[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant general]] | [[Major general (United States)|Major general]] | [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier general]] |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC; text-align:center;" |} ==Bayanan kula== {{notelist}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} tjevnmuckxahzm2wsappzwa4cf5keh8 0 49305 822510 339153 2026-04-19T09:53:20Z Birgediya 44139 822510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rand na Afirka ta Kudu''', ko kuma kawai '''Rand''', ( alamar : '''R''' ; code : '''ZAR''' ("South African rand"); the ''ZA'' is a historical relic from [[Dutch language|Dutch]], used because "SA" is allocated to Saudi Arabia.}} ) ita ce kudin hukuma na [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|yankin hada-hadar kuɗaɗe]] [[Kudancin Afirka|na Afirka ta Kudu]] : [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Namibiya]] (tare da [[Dalar Namibia|dalar Namibiya]] ), [[Lesotho]] ( tare da [[Lesotho loti]] ) da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]] (tare da Swazi lilangeni ). An kuma raba shi zuwa cents 100 (alama: "c"). Kudin Rand na Afirka ta Kudu ya kasance na doka a cikin ƙasashe [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|membobin]] [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Lesotho]] da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]], tare da waɗannan ƙasashe uku kuma suna da nasu kuɗin ƙasa ( [[Dalar Namibia|dala]], [[Lesotho loti|loti]] da lilangeni bi da bi) tare da Rand a daidaito kuma har yanzu. yarda da ko'ina a matsayin madadin. Har ila yau, Rand ya kasance mai ba da izini na doka a [[Botswana]] har zuwa 1976, lokacin da [[Botswana pula|pula]] ya maye gurbin rand a daidai. == Bayani == Rand ya ɗauki sunansa daga Witwatersrand ("farin ruwa" a cikin Ingilishi, ''rand'' shine kalmar Dutch da [[Afrikaans]] don 'ridge'), dutsen da aka gina [[Johannesburg]] kuma inda aka sami yawancin ajiyar zinare na Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin Turanci da Afrikaans nau'in nau'i ɗaya da jam'i na naúrar ("rand") iri ɗaya ne: rand ɗaya, rand goma, rand miliyan biyu. == Tarihi == An gabatar da Rand a cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1961, watanni uku kafin kasar ta ayyana kanta a matsayin jamhuriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/archives/witness/from-van-riebeeck-to-madiba-20150430|title=From Van Riebeeck to Madiba|publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|date=2012-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180714080651/http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |url=http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |title=The Reserve Bank and the Rand: Some historic reflections |publisher=Resbank.co.za |date=29 November 2001 |archive-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Although pronounced in the Afrikaans style as {{IPAc-en|r|ʌ|n|t|}} in the jingles when introduced, An kafa Hukumar Samar da Kuɗin Decimal a cikin 1956 don yin la'akari da ƙaura daga ƙungiyoyin fam, shillings, da pence; ta gabatar da shawarwarinta a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1958. Ya maye gurbin [[fam na Afirka ta Kudu]] a matsayin ɗan takara na doka, a farashin Rand 2 zuwa fam 1, ko shillings 10 zuwa Rand. Gwamnati ta gabatar da mascot, Decimal Dan, "mutumin da ba shi da kuɗi" (wanda aka sani a [[Afrikaans]] da Daan Desimaal).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0jJWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7142%2C3054777 |title='Decimal Dan' Sings: Catchy Tune Teaches New Currency |publisher=The Spokesman-Review |date=10 January 1961 |access-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Wannan yana tare da jingle na rediyo, don sanar da jama'a game da sabon kudin.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22 ''A General's Story: from an Era of War and Peace''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126101241/https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&dq=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM0pyM9_bKAhXFWxQKHVz8B2EQ6AEILTAB |date=26 November 2022 }}, Jannie Geldenhuys, Jonathan Ball, 1995, page 32</ref> Ko da yake an furta shi a cikin salon Afrikaans kamar /r ʌ n t / a cikin jingles lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, <ref name="decimalDanJingle">{{YouTube|GQ41bGOQajA}}</ref> furcin zamani a cikin Turanci na Afirka ta Kudu shine /r æ n d /.<ref name="Jenkins2007">{{cite book|author=Elwyn Jenkins|title=Falling Into Place: The Story of Modern South African Place Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZnXHoMQ_hkC&pg=PA23|year=2007|publisher=New Africa Books|isbn=978-0-86486-689-9|pages=23–}}</ref> === Takaitaccen tarihin canjin musaya === ==== 1961-2000 ==== [[File:ZAR-USD_exchange_rate_1974-2014.png|thumb|450x450px| Darajar Rand na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa dalar Amurka daga 1975 zuwa 2015 ta ginshiƙan shuɗi: Adadin canjin shekara-shekara yana nunawa ta layin baki. ]] Rand daya ya kai dalar Amurka 1.40 (R0.72 kowace dala) tun daga lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 1961 har zuwa karshen 1971, kuma dalar Amurka ta yi karfi fiye da kudin Afirka ta Kudu a karon farko a ranar 15 ga Maris 1982. Ƙimar sa daga baya ta canza kamar yadda musayar kuɗi daban-daban Hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu ne suka aiwatar da . A farkon shekarun 1980, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da matsin lamba na siyasa gami da takunkumin da aka kakaba wa kasar sakamakon adawar da kasashen duniya ke yi wa tsarin wariyar launin fata ya fara zubar da kimarsa. Kudin ya karye sama da daidaito da dala a karon farko a watan Maris na 1982, kuma ya ci gaba da yin ciniki tsakanin R1 da R1.30 zuwa dala har zuwa watan Yunin 1984, lokacin da faduwar darajar kudin ta kara karfi. A watan Fabrairun 1985, ana cinikin sama da R2 akan kowace dala, kuma a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, an dakatar da duk kasuwancin musayar waje na tsawon kwanaki uku don ƙoƙarin dakatar da faduwar darajar. A lokacin da shugaban jihar PW Botha ya yi jawabinsa na Rubicon a ranar 15 ga Agusta 1985, ya ragu zuwa R2.40 kowace dala. Kuɗin ya dawo da ɗan tsakanin 1986 zuwa 1988, yana kasuwanci a kusa da matakin R2 mafi yawan lokaci har ma yana karya ƙarƙashinsa kai tsaye. Farfadowar ba ta daɗe ba, amma a ƙarshen 1989, Rand yana cinikin fiye da R2.50 kowace dala. Kamar yadda ya bayyana a farkon shekarun 1990 cewa kasar na nufin mulkin mallaka mafi rinjaye na bakar fata da kuma sake fasalin daya bayan daya, rashin tabbas game da makomar kasar ya gaggauta faduwar darajar har zuwa matakin R.&nbsp;3 zuwa dala an keta shi a watan Nuwamba 1992. Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin gida da na waje sun rinjayi kudin bayan haka, musamman babban zaben 1994, wanda ya raunana zuwa sama da R3.60 zuwa dala, zaben Tito Mboweni a matsayin gwamnan babban bankin Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma rantsar da shugaba Thabo Mbeki a shekarar 1999, wanda yayi saurin zamewa sama da R6 zuwa dala. Shirin sake fasalin kasa mai cike da cece-kuce da aka fara a [[Zimbabwe]], wanda [[September 11 attacks|harin na ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001]] ya biyo baya, ya kai shi mafi raunin tarihin R13.84 zuwa dala a watan Disambar 2001. ==== 2001-2011 ==== [[File:South_Africa-Money-Old01.jpg|thumb|240x240px| Ƙarni biyu na tsofaffin bayanai da tsabar kudi: Bayanan kula na ƙarshen waɗannan tsararraki biyu (kamar yadda bayanin R5 ke nunawa a cikin wannan hoton) an maye gurbinsu da bayanin kula na "Big Five" kuma waɗannan kwanan nan an sabunta su don nuna fuskar Nelson Mandela. .]] Wannan faduwar darajar kwatsam a cikin 2001 ya haifar da bincike na yau da kullun, wanda hakan ya haifar da farfadowa mai ban mamaki. A karshen shekarar 2002, an sake cinikin kudin a karkashin R9 zuwa dala, kuma a karshen shekarar 2004 ana cinikin kasa da R5.70 zuwa dala. Kudin ya ɗan yi laushi a cikin 2005, kuma yana cinikin kusan R6.35 zuwa dala a ƙarshen shekara. A farkon shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, kuɗin ya ci gaba da yin gangami, kuma tun daga ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2006, an sake yin ciniki a ƙarƙashin R6 zuwa dala. Koyaya, a cikin kashi na biyu da na uku na 2006 (watau Afrilu zuwa Satumba), Rand ya raunana sosai. A cikin sharuddan sittin, ya faɗi daga kusan kashi 9.5% zuwa sama da kashi 7 cikin ɗari, ya yi asarar kusan kashi 25% na ƙimar kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin watanni shida kacal. A ƙarshen 2007, Rand ya haɗu cikin ladabi zuwa sama da 8% kawai, kawai don fuskantar faifai mai zurfi a cikin kwata na farko na 2008. Za a iya danganta wannan zamewar ƙasa da abubuwa da yawa: tabarbarewar gibin asusu na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya ƙaru zuwa shekaru 36 da ya kai kashi 7.3 cikin ɗari na jimlar yawan amfanin gida (GDP) a 2007; hauhawar farashin kaya a cikin shekaru biyar mafi girma na kusan 9%; haɓaka kyamar haɗari a duniya yayin da damuwar masu zuba jari game da yaduwar tasirin rikicin na ƙasa ya karu; da kuma jirgin gaba ɗaya zuwa "masu tsaro", nesa da haɗarin da ake gani na kasuwanni masu tasowa. Matsalar wutar lantarki ta Eskom ta kara ta'azzara faduwar darajar Rand, wanda ya taso saboda rashin iya biyan bukatun makamashin kasar cikin hanzari. ==== 2012 - yanzu ==== A stalled ma'adinai masana'antu a cikin marigayi 2012 ya haifar da sabon lows a farkon 2013.<ref name="BIZTECH3">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/51095/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2013/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2013 | date =2 January 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen Janairu 2014, Rand ya zame zuwa R11.25 zuwa dala, tare da manazarta suna danganta canjin zuwa "kalmar daga Tarayyar Tarayyar Amurka cewa za ta rage kashe kashe kuɗi mai ƙarfafawa, wanda ya haifar da kasuwa mai yawa a cikin tattalin arziki masu tasowa." A cikin 2014, Afirka ta Kudu ta fuskanci mafi munin shekararta akan dalar Amurka tun daga 2009, kuma a cikin Maris 2015, Rand ya yi ciniki a mafi muni tun 2002. A lokacin, Trading Economics ya fitar da bayanai cewa Rand "ya kai R4.97 zuwa dala tsakanin 1972-2015, wanda ya kai R12.45 a kowane lokaci a watan Disamba 2001 da kuma raguwa na R0.67 a watan Yuni na 1973." Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2014, kudin Rand ya ragu zuwa R15.05 a kowace dala, wani bangare saboda gibin asusun kasuwancin Afirka ta Kudu da sauran kasashen duniya.<ref name="BIZTECH2">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/76022/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2014/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2014 | date =17 December 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> Daga ranar 9 zuwa 13 ga watan Disambar 2015, cikin kwanaki hudu, kudin Rand ya ragu da kashi 10 bisa dari, sakamakon abin da wasu ke zargin cewa shugaba Zuma [[Jacob Zuma|ya bayyana mamakinsa]] na cewa zai maye gurbin ministan kudi Nhlanhla Nene da David van Rooyen wanda ba a san shi ba. Faduwar darajar da aka yi cikin sauri ta samo asali ne lokacin da Zuma ya ja baya tare da bayyana cewa a maimakon haka za a nada fitaccen ministan kudi Pravin Gordhan a kan mukamin. Korar da Zuma ya yi na ba-zata da Nene ya yi illa ga amincewar kasashen duniya a kan kudin kasar Rand, kuma farashin musayar ya yi kasala a tsawon watan Janairun 2016, kuma ya kai matsayin da ba a taba gani ba na R17.9169 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 2016 kafin ya koma R16.57 daga baya. rana guda. Faduwar darajar watan Janairu kuma wani bangare ne ya haifar da masu zuba jari na kasar Japan sun yanke asarar da suke yi a cikin kudin don neman zuba jari mai yawa a wasu wurare kuma saboda damuwa kan tasirin koma bayan tattalin arziki a kasar Sin, babbar kasuwar fitar da kayayyaki a Afirka ta Kudu. A tsakiyar watan Janairu, masana tattalin arziki sun yi hasashe cewa Rand na iya sa ran ganin ƙarin canji ga sauran 2016. Ya zuwa ranar 29 ga Afrilu, ya kai mafi girman aikinsa a cikin watanni biyar da suka gabata, inda aka yi musanya akan farashin R14.16 zuwa dalar Amurka. Bayan da Burtaniya ta kada kuri'ar ficewa daga Tarayyar Turai, kudin Rand ya ragu da sama da kashi 8 cikin dari idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2016, raguwar kudin mafi girma a rana guda tun bayan faduwar tattalin arzikin shekarar 2008. Wannan ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda koma bayan tattalin arzikin duniya gaba daya daga kudaden da ake ganin suna da hadari ga dalar Amurka kuma wani bangare na damuwa kan yadda ficewar Burtaniya daga kungiyar EU zai yi tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da huldar kasuwanci. A watan Afrilun 2017, wata kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta Reuters ta yi kiyasin cewa, Rand zai ci gaba da kasancewa da kwanciyar hankali har zuwa karshen shekara, yayin da kuri'u biyu suka gano cewa manazarta sun riga sun yi la'akari da yiwuwar raguwa zuwa matsayi na "junk". A lokacin, Moody's ya kima Afirka ta Kudu daraja biyu sama da matsayin takarce. A lokacin da shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya samu da kyar a yunkurin kin amincewa da kasar Afirka ta Kudu a watan Agustan 2017, kudin Rand ya ci gaba da zamewa, inda ya ragu da kashi 1.7 cikin dari a wannan rana. A cikin watan Satumban shekarar 2017, Goldman Sachs ya ce basussuka da cin hanci da rashawa na kamfanin Eskom Holdings shi ne babban hatsari ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da kuma canjin kudin Rand. A lokacin, ba ta da wani babban jami'in gudanarwa na dindindin, kuma Colin Coleman na Goldman Sachs a Afirka ya ce kamfanin yana "tattaunawa kan mafita" kan samun ingantaccen gudanarwa. A watan Oktoban 2017, Rand ya tsaya tsayin daka akan dalar Amurka yayin da ya murmure daga karanci na watanni shida. Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya bayyana cewa, "Afrika ta kudu na da matukar saukin kai ga ra'ayin masu zuba jari a duniya yayin da kasar ta dogara da kudaden kasashen waje wajen cike manyan kasafin kudinta da kuma gibin kudaden da take samu." A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamban 2017, kudin Rand ya fadi da sama da kashi 1% a lokacin da shugaban kasafin kudi Michael Sachs ya sauka daga mukaminsa a gwamnatin Zuma. A cikin Oktoba 2022, Rand ya nutse zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin shekaru biyu, ya kai R18.46 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2022. == Tsabar kudi == [[File:5-za-rand.JPG|thumb| 5-rand tsabar kudin bimetallic da aka bayar a 2004]] An gabatar da tsabar kudi a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin , 1, , 5, 10, 20, da 50 cents. A 1965, 2 cent tsabar kudi maye gurbin  cent tsabar kudi. The An buga tsabar ƙarshe don yaduwa a cikin 1973. An ƙaddamar da tsabar kudin Rand 1 don rarrabawa a cikin 1967, sannan tsabar kudi 2-rand a 1989 da tsabar rand 5 a 1994. An dakatar da samar da cent 1 da 2 a shekara ta 2002, sai kuma cent 5 a 2012, da farko saboda hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ya rage musu daraja, amma sun ci gaba da zama a doka. Shaguna yawanci suna zagaye jimillar farashin siyan kaya zuwa kusan centi 10 (don mabukaci). A kokarin da ake na dakile jabun, an fitar da sabon tsabar kudin Rand 5 a watan Agustan 2004. Abubuwan tsaro da aka gabatar akan tsabar kudin sun haɗa da ƙirar bimetal (mai kama da tsabar kuɗi €1 da €2, tsabar kuɗin Thai ฿10, tsabar kuɗin Philippine ₱10 kafin 2018, tsabar £2 na Burtaniya, da tsabar kuɗin Kanada $2 ), a keɓaɓɓen tsagi na tsaro na musamman tare da baki da ƙananan haruffa. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a fitar da sabon jerin tsabar kudi. Waɗannan za su kasance da ɗarika ɗaya da jerin da suka gabata. 10c zai ƙunshi hoton Cape Honey Bee, 20c da Bitter Aloe, da 50c da Knysna Turaco, da R1 da Springbok, da R2 da King Protea, da kuma R5 da kudancin dama Whale. == Takardun kuɗi == An gabatar da jeri na farko na takardun kuɗin Rand a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1, 2, 10, da 20 rand, tare da ƙira da launuka iri ɗaya zuwa bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata don sauƙaƙa sauyawa. Sun ɗauki hoton abin da aka yi imani da shi a lokacin Jan van Riebeeck, shugaban VOC na farko na [[Cape Town]] . Daga baya an gano cewa hoton ba gaskiya ba ne Van Riebeeck kwata-kwata, hoton Bartholomeus Vermuyden ya yi kuskure da Van Riebeeck. Kamar bayanin kula [[Fam na Afirka ta Kudu|na fam]] na ƙarshe, an buga su cikin bambance-bambancen guda biyu, ɗaya da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] aka fara rubuta ɗayan ɗayan kuma an fara rubuta [[Afrikaans|Afirkaans]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} A cikin 1966, an fitar da jeri na biyu tare da ƙira waɗanda suka ƙaura daga bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata. Bayanan kula tare da raka'o'i na 1, 5 da 10 rand an samar da su tare da galibin launi ɗaya a kowane bayanin kula. An gabatar da ƙaramin bayanin rand 1 tare da ƙira iri ɗaya a cikin 1973 kuma an gabatar da bayanin rand 2 a cikin 1974. An yi watsi da darajar rand 20 daga jerin farko. Duk bayanan kula sun ɗauki hoton Jan van Riebeeck. An ci gaba da yin amfani da sigar Ingilishi da Afrikaans na kowane bayanin kula a cikin wannan jerin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} Jerin 1978 ya fara da ƙungiyoyin 2, 5, 10 da 20 rand, tare da ƙaddamar da rand 50 a cikin 1984. Wannan silsilar tana da bambance-bambancen harshe guda ɗaya kawai ga kowane rukunin bayanin kula. Afrikaans shine yaren farko akan Rand 2, 10, da 50, yayin da Ingilishi shine yaren farko akan Rand 5 da 20. An maye gurbin bayanin kula da Rand 1 da tsabar kudi. [[File:Atm_drawing_money_(2).png|thumb| Afirka ta Kudu ATM yana nuna R&nbsp;50 da R&nbsp;100 banknotes.]] A cikin 1990s, an sake tsara bayanin kula tare da hotunan Big Five nau'in namun daji. 10, 20 da 50 rand an gabatar da su a cikin 1992 & 1993, suna riƙe da tsarin launi na fitowar da ta gabata. An gabatar da tsabar kudi don 2 da 5 rand, tare da maye gurbin bayanin kula na jerin da suka gabata, musamman saboda tsananin lalacewa da tsagewar da aka samu tare da ƙananan bayanan ƙididdiga a wurare dabam dabam. A cikin 1994, an gabatar da bayanan rand 100 da 200. [ana buƙatar hujja] Jerin 2005 yana da babban ƙira iri ɗaya, amma tare da ƙarin fasalulluka na tsaro kamar tawada mai canza launi akan rand 50 da sama da kuma ƙungiyar taurarin EURion . An buga sassan duka ƙungiyoyin a cikin Turanci, yayin da aka buga wasu harsuna biyu na hukuma a baya, don haka ana amfani da duk harsunan hukuma 11 na Afirka ta Kudu . A cikin 2010, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu da bankunan kasuwanci sun janye duk jerin takardun banki na rand 200 na 1994 saboda ingantattun kuɗaɗen jabun da ke yawo. A cikin 2011, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da takardun banki na rand 100 waɗanda ba su da lahani saboda ba su da bugu mai kyalli da ake iya gani a ƙarƙashin hasken UV . A cikin watan Yuni, an ƙaura da buga wannan ɗarika daga Kamfanin Bayanan kula da Bankin Afirka ta Kudu zuwa sashin Crane Currency na Sweden ( Tumba Bruk ), wanda aka bayar da rahoton ya samar da tsabar kuɗi miliyan 80 100 rand. Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya soke takardun banki miliyan 3.6-rand 100 da Crane Currency ya buga saboda suna da lambobi iri ɗaya da rukunin da Kamfanin Bayanan Bankin Afirka ta Kudu ya buga. Bugu da ƙari, bayanin kula da aka buga a Sweden ba su kasance daidai launi ba, kuma sun kasance 1&nbsp;mm gajere. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2012, Shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya sanar da cewa kasar za ta fitar da sabbin takardun kudi masu dauke da hoton [[Nelson Mandela]] . An shigar da su a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2012. Waɗannan sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi iri ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. A cikin 2013, an sabunta jerin 2012 tare da ƙari na ƙungiyar taurarin EURion zuwa duka ƙungiyoyin guda biyar. A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2018, an fitar da jerin takardun kudi na musamman don tunawa da cika shekaru 100 na haihuwar Nelson Mandela. Wannan jeri ya ƙunshi bayanin kula na duk ƙungiyoyin, 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. Waɗannan bayanan kula za su yi yawo tare da bayanan da ke akwai. Bayanan bayanan sun nuna madaidaicin fuskar Nelson Mandela a zahiri, amma a maimakon dabbobin Big Five a baya, suna nuna ƙaramin Mandela tare da fage daban-daban da suka shafi gadonsa. Wadannan al'amuran sun hada da: tsaunin Gabashin Cape, wanda ke nuna wurin haifuwar Mandela na Mvezo (rand 10); Gidan Mandela a Soweto, inda ya bayyana rayuwarsa ta siyasa tare da sauran gumakan gwagwarmaya (rand 20); wurin da aka kama Mandela a kusa da Howick, bayan watanni 17 a boye, inda aka gina masa wani abin tunawa ( rand 50); wurin daurin shekaru 27 da Mandela ya yi a gidan yari a tsibirin Robben, yana nuna tarin dutsen farar ƙasa (rand 100); mutum-mutumin Mandela a ginin Tarayyar don tunawa da lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a can a shekarar 1994 (rand 200).  A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sami sabon jerin takardun banki waɗanda za su riƙe hoton Nelson Mandela a zahiri, yayin da yake nuna Big 5 a cikin hoton dangi a baya. Wannan silsilar ta ƙunshi ɗarika ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. === Zubi na farko === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta farko ta 1961) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | rowspan="4" | Jan Van Riebeck | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 136×78 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 149×84 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck ta jirgin ruwa | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 170×96 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Zinariya tawa | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 176×103 |} === Zubi na biyu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyu ta 1966) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 128×64 |- | | | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 120×57 |- | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Gariep Dam, pylon da masara cob | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Voortrekker Monument da Babban Trek | Ma'adinai | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Gine-ginen Ƙungiyar da kuma springbok | Jan van Riebeeck ta jiragen ruwa uku | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 140×76 |} === Zubi na uku === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na Uku 1978) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da pylon | Sasol kwal zuwa matatar mai | Blue | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 120×57 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da lu'u-lu'u | Mining da tsakiyar birnin [[Johannesburg]] | Purple | Turanci da Afrikaans | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma | Kore | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 133×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Jirgin ruwan Jan van Riebeeck guda uku da Coat of Arms na Afirka ta Kudu | Brown | Turanci da Afrikaans | 140×77 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da zaki | Fauna da flora | Ja | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 147×83 |} === Zubi na hudu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Banknotes of the South African rand (1992 Fourth Issue "Big Five") |- !Image !Value !Obverse !Reverse !Colour !Language !Size (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | |10 rand |Rhinoceros |Agriculture |Green |Afrikaans and English |128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |20 rand |[[Giwan daji na Afirka|Elephants]] |Mining |Brown |English and Afrikaans |134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |50 rand |Lions |Manufacturing |Red |Afrikaans and English |140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |100 rand |[[Ɓauna|Cape buffaloes]] |Tourism |Blue |English and Afrikaans |146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |200 rand |Leopards |Transport and communication |Orange |Afrikaans and English |152×70 |} === Silsilar ta biyar === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyar "Turanci da sauran Harsuna na hukuma") <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Rhinoceros | Noma | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwaye]] | Ma'adinai | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zakuna | Manufacturing | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Yawon shakatawa | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Sufuri da sadarwa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siridi na shida === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta shida "Nelson Mandela" 2012) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na bakwai === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na bakwai "Mandela Centenary") na 2018 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Matashi Mandela da mahaifarsa Mvezo | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Matashin Mandela da gidansa a Soweto | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Matashin Mandela da wurin da aka kama shi kusa da Howick | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | Matashin Mandela da kuma wurin da aka daure shi a tsibirin Robben | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Matashin Mandela da mutum-mutuminsa a ginin Tarayyar | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na takwas === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta takwas "Babban Iyalai 5") 2023 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Tswana, Ndebele | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Purple | Turanci, Xhosa, Venda | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Pedi, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Zulu, Sotho | 152×70 |} == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Category:Kudi]] [[Category:Kudade]] [[Category:Kuɗi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 77pwosru4gcr7ykavkvjr40nk9ohikk 822512 822510 2026-04-19T09:53:40Z Birgediya 44139 822512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rand na Afirka ta Kudu''', ko kuma kawai '''Rand''', ( alamar : '''R''' ; code : '''ZAR''' ("South African rand"); the ''ZA'' is a historical relic from [[Dutch language|Dutch]], used because "SA" is allocated to Saudi Arabia.}} ) ita ce kudin hukuma na [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|yankin hada-hadar kuɗaɗe]] [[Kudancin Afirka|na Afirka ta Kudu]] : [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Namibiya]] (tare da [[Dalar Namibia|dalar Namibiya]] ), [[Lesotho]] ( tare da [[Lesotho loti]] ) da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]] (tare da Swazi lilangeni ). An kuma raba shi zuwa cents 100 (alama: "c"). Kudin Rand na Afirka ta Kudu ya kasance na doka a cikin ƙasashe [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|membobin]] [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Lesotho]] da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]], tare da waɗannan ƙasashe uku kuma suna da nasu kuɗin ƙasa ( [[Dalar Namibia|dala]], [[Lesotho loti|loti]] da lilangeni bi da bi) tare da Rand a daidaito kuma har yanzu. yarda da ko'ina a matsayin madadin. Har ila yau, Rand ya kasance mai ba da izini na doka a [[Botswana]] har zuwa 1976, lokacin da [[Botswana pula|pula]] ya maye gurbin rand a daidai. == Bayani == Rand ya ɗauki sunansa daga Witwatersrand ("farin ruwa" a cikin Ingilishi, ''rand'' shine kalmar Dutch da [[Afrikaans]] don 'ridge'), dutsen da aka gina [[Johannesburg]] kuma inda aka sami yawancin ajiyar zinare na Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin Turanci da Afrikaans nau'in nau'i ɗaya da jam'i na naúrar ("rand") iri ɗaya ne: rand ɗaya, rand goma, rand miliyan biyu. == Tarihi == An gabatar da Rand a cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1961, watanni uku kafin kasar ta ayyana kanta a matsayin jamhuriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/archives/witness/from-van-riebeeck-to-madiba-20150430|title=From Van Riebeeck to Madiba|publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|date=2012-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180714080651/http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |url=http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |title=The Reserve Bank and the Rand: Some historic reflections |publisher=Resbank.co.za |date=29 November 2001 |archive-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Although pronounced in the Afrikaans style as {{IPAc-en|r|ʌ|n|t|}} in the jingles when introduced, An kuma kafa Hukumar Samar da Kuɗin Decimal a cikin 1956 don yin la'akari da ƙaura daga ƙungiyoyin fam, shillings, da pence; ta gabatar da shawarwarinta a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1958. Ya maye gurbin [[fam na Afirka ta Kudu]] a matsayin ɗan takara na doka, a farashin Rand 2 zuwa fam 1, ko shillings 10 zuwa Rand. Gwamnati ta gabatar da mascot, Decimal Dan, "mutumin da ba shi da kuɗi" (wanda aka sani a [[Afrikaans]] da Daan Desimaal).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0jJWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7142%2C3054777 |title='Decimal Dan' Sings: Catchy Tune Teaches New Currency |publisher=The Spokesman-Review |date=10 January 1961 |access-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Wannan yana tare da jingle na rediyo, don sanar da jama'a game da sabon kudin.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22 ''A General's Story: from an Era of War and Peace''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126101241/https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&dq=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM0pyM9_bKAhXFWxQKHVz8B2EQ6AEILTAB |date=26 November 2022 }}, Jannie Geldenhuys, Jonathan Ball, 1995, page 32</ref> Ko da yake an furta shi a cikin salon Afrikaans kamar /r ʌ n t / a cikin jingles lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, <ref name="decimalDanJingle">{{YouTube|GQ41bGOQajA}}</ref> furcin zamani a cikin Turanci na Afirka ta Kudu shine /r æ n d /.<ref name="Jenkins2007">{{cite book|author=Elwyn Jenkins|title=Falling Into Place: The Story of Modern South African Place Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZnXHoMQ_hkC&pg=PA23|year=2007|publisher=New Africa Books|isbn=978-0-86486-689-9|pages=23–}}</ref> === Takaitaccen tarihin canjin musaya === ==== 1961-2000 ==== [[File:ZAR-USD_exchange_rate_1974-2014.png|thumb|450x450px| Darajar Rand na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa dalar Amurka daga 1975 zuwa 2015 ta ginshiƙan shuɗi: Adadin canjin shekara-shekara yana nunawa ta layin baki. ]] Rand daya ya kai dalar Amurka 1.40 (R0.72 kowace dala) tun daga lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 1961 har zuwa karshen 1971, kuma dalar Amurka ta yi karfi fiye da kudin Afirka ta Kudu a karon farko a ranar 15 ga Maris 1982. Ƙimar sa daga baya ta canza kamar yadda musayar kuɗi daban-daban Hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu ne suka aiwatar da . A farkon shekarun 1980, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da matsin lamba na siyasa gami da takunkumin da aka kakaba wa kasar sakamakon adawar da kasashen duniya ke yi wa tsarin wariyar launin fata ya fara zubar da kimarsa. Kudin ya karye sama da daidaito da dala a karon farko a watan Maris na 1982, kuma ya ci gaba da yin ciniki tsakanin R1 da R1.30 zuwa dala har zuwa watan Yunin 1984, lokacin da faduwar darajar kudin ta kara karfi. A watan Fabrairun 1985, ana cinikin sama da R2 akan kowace dala, kuma a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, an dakatar da duk kasuwancin musayar waje na tsawon kwanaki uku don ƙoƙarin dakatar da faduwar darajar. A lokacin da shugaban jihar PW Botha ya yi jawabinsa na Rubicon a ranar 15 ga Agusta 1985, ya ragu zuwa R2.40 kowace dala. Kuɗin ya dawo da ɗan tsakanin 1986 zuwa 1988, yana kasuwanci a kusa da matakin R2 mafi yawan lokaci har ma yana karya ƙarƙashinsa kai tsaye. Farfadowar ba ta daɗe ba, amma a ƙarshen 1989, Rand yana cinikin fiye da R2.50 kowace dala. Kamar yadda ya bayyana a farkon shekarun 1990 cewa kasar na nufin mulkin mallaka mafi rinjaye na bakar fata da kuma sake fasalin daya bayan daya, rashin tabbas game da makomar kasar ya gaggauta faduwar darajar har zuwa matakin R.&nbsp;3 zuwa dala an keta shi a watan Nuwamba 1992. Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin gida da na waje sun rinjayi kudin bayan haka, musamman babban zaben 1994, wanda ya raunana zuwa sama da R3.60 zuwa dala, zaben Tito Mboweni a matsayin gwamnan babban bankin Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma rantsar da shugaba Thabo Mbeki a shekarar 1999, wanda yayi saurin zamewa sama da R6 zuwa dala. Shirin sake fasalin kasa mai cike da cece-kuce da aka fara a [[Zimbabwe]], wanda [[September 11 attacks|harin na ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001]] ya biyo baya, ya kai shi mafi raunin tarihin R13.84 zuwa dala a watan Disambar 2001. ==== 2001-2011 ==== [[File:South_Africa-Money-Old01.jpg|thumb|240x240px| Ƙarni biyu na tsofaffin bayanai da tsabar kudi: Bayanan kula na ƙarshen waɗannan tsararraki biyu (kamar yadda bayanin R5 ke nunawa a cikin wannan hoton) an maye gurbinsu da bayanin kula na "Big Five" kuma waɗannan kwanan nan an sabunta su don nuna fuskar Nelson Mandela. .]] Wannan faduwar darajar kwatsam a cikin 2001 ya haifar da bincike na yau da kullun, wanda hakan ya haifar da farfadowa mai ban mamaki. A karshen shekarar 2002, an sake cinikin kudin a karkashin R9 zuwa dala, kuma a karshen shekarar 2004 ana cinikin kasa da R5.70 zuwa dala. Kudin ya ɗan yi laushi a cikin 2005, kuma yana cinikin kusan R6.35 zuwa dala a ƙarshen shekara. A farkon shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, kuɗin ya ci gaba da yin gangami, kuma tun daga ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2006, an sake yin ciniki a ƙarƙashin R6 zuwa dala. Koyaya, a cikin kashi na biyu da na uku na 2006 (watau Afrilu zuwa Satumba), Rand ya raunana sosai. A cikin sharuddan sittin, ya faɗi daga kusan kashi 9.5% zuwa sama da kashi 7 cikin ɗari, ya yi asarar kusan kashi 25% na ƙimar kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin watanni shida kacal. A ƙarshen 2007, Rand ya haɗu cikin ladabi zuwa sama da 8% kawai, kawai don fuskantar faifai mai zurfi a cikin kwata na farko na 2008. Za a iya danganta wannan zamewar ƙasa da abubuwa da yawa: tabarbarewar gibin asusu na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya ƙaru zuwa shekaru 36 da ya kai kashi 7.3 cikin ɗari na jimlar yawan amfanin gida (GDP) a 2007; hauhawar farashin kaya a cikin shekaru biyar mafi girma na kusan 9%; haɓaka kyamar haɗari a duniya yayin da damuwar masu zuba jari game da yaduwar tasirin rikicin na ƙasa ya karu; da kuma jirgin gaba ɗaya zuwa "masu tsaro", nesa da haɗarin da ake gani na kasuwanni masu tasowa. Matsalar wutar lantarki ta Eskom ta kara ta'azzara faduwar darajar Rand, wanda ya taso saboda rashin iya biyan bukatun makamashin kasar cikin hanzari. ==== 2012 - yanzu ==== A stalled ma'adinai masana'antu a cikin marigayi 2012 ya haifar da sabon lows a farkon 2013.<ref name="BIZTECH3">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/51095/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2013/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2013 | date =2 January 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen Janairu 2014, Rand ya zame zuwa R11.25 zuwa dala, tare da manazarta suna danganta canjin zuwa "kalmar daga Tarayyar Tarayyar Amurka cewa za ta rage kashe kashe kuɗi mai ƙarfafawa, wanda ya haifar da kasuwa mai yawa a cikin tattalin arziki masu tasowa." A cikin 2014, Afirka ta Kudu ta fuskanci mafi munin shekararta akan dalar Amurka tun daga 2009, kuma a cikin Maris 2015, Rand ya yi ciniki a mafi muni tun 2002. A lokacin, Trading Economics ya fitar da bayanai cewa Rand "ya kai R4.97 zuwa dala tsakanin 1972-2015, wanda ya kai R12.45 a kowane lokaci a watan Disamba 2001 da kuma raguwa na R0.67 a watan Yuni na 1973." Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2014, kudin Rand ya ragu zuwa R15.05 a kowace dala, wani bangare saboda gibin asusun kasuwancin Afirka ta Kudu da sauran kasashen duniya.<ref name="BIZTECH2">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/76022/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2014/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2014 | date =17 December 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> Daga ranar 9 zuwa 13 ga watan Disambar 2015, cikin kwanaki hudu, kudin Rand ya ragu da kashi 10 bisa dari, sakamakon abin da wasu ke zargin cewa shugaba Zuma [[Jacob Zuma|ya bayyana mamakinsa]] na cewa zai maye gurbin ministan kudi Nhlanhla Nene da David van Rooyen wanda ba a san shi ba. Faduwar darajar da aka yi cikin sauri ta samo asali ne lokacin da Zuma ya ja baya tare da bayyana cewa a maimakon haka za a nada fitaccen ministan kudi Pravin Gordhan a kan mukamin. Korar da Zuma ya yi na ba-zata da Nene ya yi illa ga amincewar kasashen duniya a kan kudin kasar Rand, kuma farashin musayar ya yi kasala a tsawon watan Janairun 2016, kuma ya kai matsayin da ba a taba gani ba na R17.9169 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 2016 kafin ya koma R16.57 daga baya. rana guda. Faduwar darajar watan Janairu kuma wani bangare ne ya haifar da masu zuba jari na kasar Japan sun yanke asarar da suke yi a cikin kudin don neman zuba jari mai yawa a wasu wurare kuma saboda damuwa kan tasirin koma bayan tattalin arziki a kasar Sin, babbar kasuwar fitar da kayayyaki a Afirka ta Kudu. A tsakiyar watan Janairu, masana tattalin arziki sun yi hasashe cewa Rand na iya sa ran ganin ƙarin canji ga sauran 2016. Ya zuwa ranar 29 ga Afrilu, ya kai mafi girman aikinsa a cikin watanni biyar da suka gabata, inda aka yi musanya akan farashin R14.16 zuwa dalar Amurka. Bayan da Burtaniya ta kada kuri'ar ficewa daga Tarayyar Turai, kudin Rand ya ragu da sama da kashi 8 cikin dari idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2016, raguwar kudin mafi girma a rana guda tun bayan faduwar tattalin arzikin shekarar 2008. Wannan ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda koma bayan tattalin arzikin duniya gaba daya daga kudaden da ake ganin suna da hadari ga dalar Amurka kuma wani bangare na damuwa kan yadda ficewar Burtaniya daga kungiyar EU zai yi tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da huldar kasuwanci. A watan Afrilun 2017, wata kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta Reuters ta yi kiyasin cewa, Rand zai ci gaba da kasancewa da kwanciyar hankali har zuwa karshen shekara, yayin da kuri'u biyu suka gano cewa manazarta sun riga sun yi la'akari da yiwuwar raguwa zuwa matsayi na "junk". A lokacin, Moody's ya kima Afirka ta Kudu daraja biyu sama da matsayin takarce. A lokacin da shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya samu da kyar a yunkurin kin amincewa da kasar Afirka ta Kudu a watan Agustan 2017, kudin Rand ya ci gaba da zamewa, inda ya ragu da kashi 1.7 cikin dari a wannan rana. A cikin watan Satumban shekarar 2017, Goldman Sachs ya ce basussuka da cin hanci da rashawa na kamfanin Eskom Holdings shi ne babban hatsari ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da kuma canjin kudin Rand. A lokacin, ba ta da wani babban jami'in gudanarwa na dindindin, kuma Colin Coleman na Goldman Sachs a Afirka ya ce kamfanin yana "tattaunawa kan mafita" kan samun ingantaccen gudanarwa. A watan Oktoban 2017, Rand ya tsaya tsayin daka akan dalar Amurka yayin da ya murmure daga karanci na watanni shida. Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya bayyana cewa, "Afrika ta kudu na da matukar saukin kai ga ra'ayin masu zuba jari a duniya yayin da kasar ta dogara da kudaden kasashen waje wajen cike manyan kasafin kudinta da kuma gibin kudaden da take samu." A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamban 2017, kudin Rand ya fadi da sama da kashi 1% a lokacin da shugaban kasafin kudi Michael Sachs ya sauka daga mukaminsa a gwamnatin Zuma. A cikin Oktoba 2022, Rand ya nutse zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin shekaru biyu, ya kai R18.46 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2022. == Tsabar kudi == [[File:5-za-rand.JPG|thumb| 5-rand tsabar kudin bimetallic da aka bayar a 2004]] An gabatar da tsabar kudi a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin , 1, , 5, 10, 20, da 50 cents. A 1965, 2 cent tsabar kudi maye gurbin  cent tsabar kudi. The An buga tsabar ƙarshe don yaduwa a cikin 1973. An ƙaddamar da tsabar kudin Rand 1 don rarrabawa a cikin 1967, sannan tsabar kudi 2-rand a 1989 da tsabar rand 5 a 1994. An dakatar da samar da cent 1 da 2 a shekara ta 2002, sai kuma cent 5 a 2012, da farko saboda hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ya rage musu daraja, amma sun ci gaba da zama a doka. Shaguna yawanci suna zagaye jimillar farashin siyan kaya zuwa kusan centi 10 (don mabukaci). A kokarin da ake na dakile jabun, an fitar da sabon tsabar kudin Rand 5 a watan Agustan 2004. Abubuwan tsaro da aka gabatar akan tsabar kudin sun haɗa da ƙirar bimetal (mai kama da tsabar kuɗi €1 da €2, tsabar kuɗin Thai ฿10, tsabar kuɗin Philippine ₱10 kafin 2018, tsabar £2 na Burtaniya, da tsabar kuɗin Kanada $2 ), a keɓaɓɓen tsagi na tsaro na musamman tare da baki da ƙananan haruffa. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a fitar da sabon jerin tsabar kudi. Waɗannan za su kasance da ɗarika ɗaya da jerin da suka gabata. 10c zai ƙunshi hoton Cape Honey Bee, 20c da Bitter Aloe, da 50c da Knysna Turaco, da R1 da Springbok, da R2 da King Protea, da kuma R5 da kudancin dama Whale. == Takardun kuɗi == An gabatar da jeri na farko na takardun kuɗin Rand a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1, 2, 10, da 20 rand, tare da ƙira da launuka iri ɗaya zuwa bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata don sauƙaƙa sauyawa. Sun ɗauki hoton abin da aka yi imani da shi a lokacin Jan van Riebeeck, shugaban VOC na farko na [[Cape Town]] . Daga baya an gano cewa hoton ba gaskiya ba ne Van Riebeeck kwata-kwata, hoton Bartholomeus Vermuyden ya yi kuskure da Van Riebeeck. Kamar bayanin kula [[Fam na Afirka ta Kudu|na fam]] na ƙarshe, an buga su cikin bambance-bambancen guda biyu, ɗaya da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] aka fara rubuta ɗayan ɗayan kuma an fara rubuta [[Afrikaans|Afirkaans]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} A cikin 1966, an fitar da jeri na biyu tare da ƙira waɗanda suka ƙaura daga bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata. Bayanan kula tare da raka'o'i na 1, 5 da 10 rand an samar da su tare da galibin launi ɗaya a kowane bayanin kula. An gabatar da ƙaramin bayanin rand 1 tare da ƙira iri ɗaya a cikin 1973 kuma an gabatar da bayanin rand 2 a cikin 1974. An yi watsi da darajar rand 20 daga jerin farko. Duk bayanan kula sun ɗauki hoton Jan van Riebeeck. An ci gaba da yin amfani da sigar Ingilishi da Afrikaans na kowane bayanin kula a cikin wannan jerin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} Jerin 1978 ya fara da ƙungiyoyin 2, 5, 10 da 20 rand, tare da ƙaddamar da rand 50 a cikin 1984. Wannan silsilar tana da bambance-bambancen harshe guda ɗaya kawai ga kowane rukunin bayanin kula. Afrikaans shine yaren farko akan Rand 2, 10, da 50, yayin da Ingilishi shine yaren farko akan Rand 5 da 20. An maye gurbin bayanin kula da Rand 1 da tsabar kudi. [[File:Atm_drawing_money_(2).png|thumb| Afirka ta Kudu ATM yana nuna R&nbsp;50 da R&nbsp;100 banknotes.]] A cikin 1990s, an sake tsara bayanin kula tare da hotunan Big Five nau'in namun daji. 10, 20 da 50 rand an gabatar da su a cikin 1992 & 1993, suna riƙe da tsarin launi na fitowar da ta gabata. An gabatar da tsabar kudi don 2 da 5 rand, tare da maye gurbin bayanin kula na jerin da suka gabata, musamman saboda tsananin lalacewa da tsagewar da aka samu tare da ƙananan bayanan ƙididdiga a wurare dabam dabam. A cikin 1994, an gabatar da bayanan rand 100 da 200. [ana buƙatar hujja] Jerin 2005 yana da babban ƙira iri ɗaya, amma tare da ƙarin fasalulluka na tsaro kamar tawada mai canza launi akan rand 50 da sama da kuma ƙungiyar taurarin EURion . An buga sassan duka ƙungiyoyin a cikin Turanci, yayin da aka buga wasu harsuna biyu na hukuma a baya, don haka ana amfani da duk harsunan hukuma 11 na Afirka ta Kudu . A cikin 2010, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu da bankunan kasuwanci sun janye duk jerin takardun banki na rand 200 na 1994 saboda ingantattun kuɗaɗen jabun da ke yawo. A cikin 2011, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da takardun banki na rand 100 waɗanda ba su da lahani saboda ba su da bugu mai kyalli da ake iya gani a ƙarƙashin hasken UV . A cikin watan Yuni, an ƙaura da buga wannan ɗarika daga Kamfanin Bayanan kula da Bankin Afirka ta Kudu zuwa sashin Crane Currency na Sweden ( Tumba Bruk ), wanda aka bayar da rahoton ya samar da tsabar kuɗi miliyan 80 100 rand. Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya soke takardun banki miliyan 3.6-rand 100 da Crane Currency ya buga saboda suna da lambobi iri ɗaya da rukunin da Kamfanin Bayanan Bankin Afirka ta Kudu ya buga. Bugu da ƙari, bayanin kula da aka buga a Sweden ba su kasance daidai launi ba, kuma sun kasance 1&nbsp;mm gajere. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2012, Shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya sanar da cewa kasar za ta fitar da sabbin takardun kudi masu dauke da hoton [[Nelson Mandela]] . An shigar da su a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2012. Waɗannan sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi iri ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. A cikin 2013, an sabunta jerin 2012 tare da ƙari na ƙungiyar taurarin EURion zuwa duka ƙungiyoyin guda biyar. A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2018, an fitar da jerin takardun kudi na musamman don tunawa da cika shekaru 100 na haihuwar Nelson Mandela. Wannan jeri ya ƙunshi bayanin kula na duk ƙungiyoyin, 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. Waɗannan bayanan kula za su yi yawo tare da bayanan da ke akwai. Bayanan bayanan sun nuna madaidaicin fuskar Nelson Mandela a zahiri, amma a maimakon dabbobin Big Five a baya, suna nuna ƙaramin Mandela tare da fage daban-daban da suka shafi gadonsa. Wadannan al'amuran sun hada da: tsaunin Gabashin Cape, wanda ke nuna wurin haifuwar Mandela na Mvezo (rand 10); Gidan Mandela a Soweto, inda ya bayyana rayuwarsa ta siyasa tare da sauran gumakan gwagwarmaya (rand 20); wurin da aka kama Mandela a kusa da Howick, bayan watanni 17 a boye, inda aka gina masa wani abin tunawa ( rand 50); wurin daurin shekaru 27 da Mandela ya yi a gidan yari a tsibirin Robben, yana nuna tarin dutsen farar ƙasa (rand 100); mutum-mutumin Mandela a ginin Tarayyar don tunawa da lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a can a shekarar 1994 (rand 200).  A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sami sabon jerin takardun banki waɗanda za su riƙe hoton Nelson Mandela a zahiri, yayin da yake nuna Big 5 a cikin hoton dangi a baya. Wannan silsilar ta ƙunshi ɗarika ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. === Zubi na farko === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta farko ta 1961) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | rowspan="4" | Jan Van Riebeck | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 136×78 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 149×84 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck ta jirgin ruwa | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 170×96 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Zinariya tawa | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 176×103 |} === Zubi na biyu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyu ta 1966) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 128×64 |- | | | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 120×57 |- | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Gariep Dam, pylon da masara cob | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Voortrekker Monument da Babban Trek | Ma'adinai | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Gine-ginen Ƙungiyar da kuma springbok | Jan van Riebeeck ta jiragen ruwa uku | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 140×76 |} === Zubi na uku === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na Uku 1978) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da pylon | Sasol kwal zuwa matatar mai | Blue | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 120×57 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da lu'u-lu'u | Mining da tsakiyar birnin [[Johannesburg]] | Purple | Turanci da Afrikaans | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma | Kore | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 133×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Jirgin ruwan Jan van Riebeeck guda uku da Coat of Arms na Afirka ta Kudu | Brown | Turanci da Afrikaans | 140×77 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da zaki | Fauna da flora | Ja | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 147×83 |} === Zubi na hudu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Banknotes of the South African rand (1992 Fourth Issue "Big Five") |- !Image !Value !Obverse !Reverse !Colour !Language !Size (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | |10 rand |Rhinoceros |Agriculture |Green |Afrikaans and English |128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |20 rand |[[Giwan daji na Afirka|Elephants]] |Mining |Brown |English and Afrikaans |134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |50 rand |Lions |Manufacturing |Red |Afrikaans and English |140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |100 rand |[[Ɓauna|Cape buffaloes]] |Tourism |Blue |English and Afrikaans |146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |200 rand |Leopards |Transport and communication |Orange |Afrikaans and English |152×70 |} === Silsilar ta biyar === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyar "Turanci da sauran Harsuna na hukuma") <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Rhinoceros | Noma | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwaye]] | Ma'adinai | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zakuna | Manufacturing | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Yawon shakatawa | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Sufuri da sadarwa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siridi na shida === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta shida "Nelson Mandela" 2012) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na bakwai === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na bakwai "Mandela Centenary") na 2018 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Matashi Mandela da mahaifarsa Mvezo | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Matashin Mandela da gidansa a Soweto | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Matashin Mandela da wurin da aka kama shi kusa da Howick | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | Matashin Mandela da kuma wurin da aka daure shi a tsibirin Robben | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Matashin Mandela da mutum-mutuminsa a ginin Tarayyar | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na takwas === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta takwas "Babban Iyalai 5") 2023 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Tswana, Ndebele | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Purple | Turanci, Xhosa, Venda | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Pedi, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Zulu, Sotho | 152×70 |} == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Category:Kudi]] [[Category:Kudade]] [[Category:Kuɗi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d1hokgogezre464y04b4hffom225uht 0 52626 822479 498967 2026-04-19T09:41:06Z Birgediya 44139 822479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Cam0492 Habitation de Pouss.jpg|thumb|bukkokin musgum ]] [[Fayil:Maison obus.jpg|thumb|bukkokin musgum]] '''Gidajen laka na Musgum''' ko '''gidajen Musgum''' sune gine-ginen gida na gargajiya da aka gina da laka ta mutanen Musgum a cikin yankin Maga, yankin Mayo-Danay, Lardin Arewacin Arewa a [[Kamaru]]. (Musgum kuma ana rubuta shi a matsayin Moosgoum.<ref name="Noble2007">{{cite book|first=Allen G. |last=Noble|title=Traditional Buildings: A Global Survey of Structural Forms and Cultural Functions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pMjHpEyDqJMC&pg=PA85|accessdate=7 February 2013|date=15 September 2007|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-305-6|pages=85–}}</ref>) An kira shi a cikin Munjuk a matsayin Tolek, an gina gidaje a cikin siffofi daban-daban, kamar tsaunuka masu tsawo ko gidaje masu tsawo, wasu tare da siffar baya-V, wasu kuma tare da ƙirar lissafi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nelson|first=Steven|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_063hRmJaAC&q=mousgoum|title=From Cameroon to Paris: Mousgoum Architecture In and Out of Africa|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-226-57183-6|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> Toleks misali ne na tsarin ƙasa. Daga zane mai sauƙi, mazauna yankin suna gina su da laka, ciyawar, da ruwa ta amfani da kayan aiki kaɗan. Da yake kama da siffar ƙudan zuma ko harsashi, an kuma san su da "cases obus" (gidajen grenade). Su ne tsarin adobe, bambancin cob, kuma suna cikin nau'in catenary, wanda zai iya ɗaukar matsakaicin nauyi tare da mafi ƙarancin amfani da kayan gini. Har ila yau, an kuma bayyana gidajen a matsayin "nau'in ƙudan zuma" saboda siffar dome. Ana ɗaukar su a matsayin muhimmin salon gine-gine na Kamaru, kodayake ba a cikin salon a yau ba.<ref name="DeLanceyMbuh2010">{{cite book|first1=Mark Dike |last1=DeLancey|first2=Rebecca |last2=Mbuh|first3=Mark W. |last3=Delancey|title=Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4l9lSZ9d46cC&pg=PA41|accessdate=7 February 2013|date=3 May 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7399-5|pages=41–}}</ref> == Tarihi == An gina gidaje da ƙasa, suna bin al'adar gargajiya kafin zuwan [[siminti]]. Wadannan tsarin ba su da mashahuri, duk da haka, saboda an dauke su tsofaffi. Ƙananan Musgums ne suka gina su yanzu, kodayake sake farfadowa cikin godiya ga rawar da suka taka a tarihin Musgum ya haifar da gine-gine na baya-bayan nan.<ref name=Archi/><ref name="Gardi1974">{{cite book|first=René |last=Gardi|title=Indigenous African Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKvfAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=7 February 2013|year=1974|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-442-22574-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Steven |title=Writing architecture: the mousgoum tolek and cultural self-fashioning at the new fin de siecle |journal=African Arts |date=Autumn 2001 |volume=34 |issue=3 |page=38+ |doi=10.2307/3337877 |jstor=3337877 |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA81564749&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=00019933&p=LitRC&sw=w&userGroupName=22506 |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref> == Gine-gine == [[File:Cases_traditionnelles_du_Peuple_Mousgoum_1.jpg|thumb|Gidajen gargajiya na mutanen Musgum]] [[File:Cases_Mousgoum_2.jpg|thumb|Gidajen Musgum, lokacin ruwan sama]] [[File:Case_Mousgoum.jpg|thumb|Gidajen Musgum]] [[File:Cases_traditionnelles_du_Peuple_Mousgoum.jpg|thumb|Gidan gargajiya]] Mutanen Musgum a Kamaru sun gina gidajen laka da laka da aka bushe da rana. Ana shimfiɗa laka a kan ciyawar da aka yi wa laka. Ana kwatanta su da tsarin adobe ko bambance-bambance na tsarin cob, waɗanda aka yi da yashi, yumɓu, ruwa, da wasu nau'ikan kayan fiber ko kwayoyin halitta kamar sanduna, kara, da / ko tururi. Kodayake suna da tsari mai sauƙi, an tsara su da kyau daga ra'ayi mai amfani. An gina gidaje tare da zane-zane. An gina su a cikin siffar harsashi a cikin juyawa-"V" ko siffar conical. Ronald Rael, masanin ''gine-gine'' kuma marubucin littafin da ake kira Earth Architecture, ya lura cewa gidajen Musgum suna da "kayan catenary - kyakkyawan tsarin lissafi," wanda zai iya tsayayya da nauyin ginin tare da mafi ƙarancin amfani da kayan. Saboda nau'in juyawa na sarkar sarkar, dome suna da ƙanƙanta kuma suna aiki a kan ka'idar matsawa da ke ba da ƙarfi ga tsarin ba tare da wani karkatarwa ko lankwasawa ba. Alamu na lissafi a gefen waje na dome suna ba da tushe ga ma'aikatan da ke tsaye a kansu yayin gini da kuma lokacin kulawa.<ref name="Archi" /> Tsarin waje da babban tsawo na tsarin (kusan {{Convert|9|m}} m (30 )) yana kiyaye gidaje suna da sanyi a ciki a kwanakin bazara masu zafi.<ref name=Archi/><ref name="Gardi1974">{{cite book|first=René |last=Gardi|title=Indigenous African Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKvfAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=7 February 2013|year=1974|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-442-22574-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Steven |title=Writing architecture: the mousgoum tolek and cultural self-fashioning at the new fin de siecle |journal=African Arts |date=Autumn 2001 |volume=34 |issue=3 |page=38+ |doi=10.2307/3337877 |jstor=3337877 |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA81564749&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=00019933&p=LitRC&sw=w&userGroupName=22506 |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref> Ƙananan buɗewar zagaye a saman ɗakunan kuma yana taimakawa tare da yaduwar iska kuma ana amfani dashi azaman ƙofar tserewa idan an yi masa ambaliyar ruwa. Wannan budewar zagaye, 'yan inci a diamita, wanda aka fi sani da rami na hayaki, an rufe shi da slab ko tukunya yayin ruwan sama don hana ruwa shiga gidan. Ana ba da shigarwa ta ƙofa ɗaya, wanda yake da ƙanƙanta har zuwa matakin gwiwa, amma yana faɗaɗa a matakin kafada, kuma an ce yana kama da maɓallin maɓalli. Toleks sun kasance wani ɓangare na ɗakunan gidaje, ɗakunan ajiya, da kuma tsakiya na tsakiya wanda aka kewaye a cikin bango mai laushi. An haɗa ganuwar don samar da damar shiga. Yankunan waje suna da rami don ruwan sama ya iya narkewa cikin sauƙi. Hakanan ana kare hadaddun tare da shinge. Ana ba da sarari don fadada rukunin zama ga kowane sabon matar ko surukar ko, don ƙarin ga iyali. Hanyar da aka karɓa yayin gini ana kiranta fasahar tukwane ta laka. A cikin wannan hanyar, ana sanya yadudduka na laka a cikin juzu'i tare da kowane ɗagawa na kimanin 0.5 m. Kowane ɗagawa an ba da izinin bushewa kafin a kara na gaba. Ganuwar ta fi kauri a tushe, sannu a hankali tana raguwa zuwa saman, don haka tana ba da gudummawa ga kwanciyar hankali na tsarin. Ana ƙirƙirar layin taimako yayin da ginin ke ci gaba sama a cikin siffar "V" ko tare da madaidaiciyar layi don sauƙaƙe saurin ruwa yayin da ruwan sama ya yi. == Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su == [[Category:Al'ada]] [[Category:Afrika]] 5n3urs8oeug8nve6v1hp4sup0ixwsfs 822480 822479 2026-04-19T09:41:28Z Birgediya 44139 822480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Cam0492 Habitation de Pouss.jpg|thumb|bukkokin musgum ]] [[Fayil:Maison obus.jpg|thumb|bukkokin musgum]] '''Gidajen laka na Musgum''' ko '''gidajen Musgum''' sune gine-ginen gida na gargajiya da aka gina da laka ta mutanen Musgum a cikin yankin Maga, yankin Mayo-Danay, Lardin Arewacin Arewa a [[Kamaru]]. (Musgum kuma ana rubuta shi a matsayin Moosgoum.<ref name="Noble2007">{{cite book|first=Allen G. |last=Noble|title=Traditional Buildings: A Global Survey of Structural Forms and Cultural Functions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pMjHpEyDqJMC&pg=PA85|accessdate=7 February 2013|date=15 September 2007|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-305-6|pages=85–}}</ref>) An kira shi a cikin Munjuk a matsayin Tolek, an gina gidaje a cikin siffofi daban-daban, kamar tsaunuka masu tsawo ko gidaje masu tsawo, wasu tare da siffar baya-V, wasu kuma tare da ƙirar lissafi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nelson|first=Steven|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_063hRmJaAC&q=mousgoum|title=From Cameroon to Paris: Mousgoum Architecture In and Out of Africa|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-226-57183-6|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> Toleks misali ne na tsarin ƙasa. Daga zane mai sauƙi, mazauna yankin suna gina su da laka, ciyawar, da ruwa ta amfani da kayan aiki kaɗan. Da yake kama da siffar ƙudan zuma ko harsashi, an kuma san su da "cases obus" (gidajen grenade). Su ne tsarin adobe, bambancin cob, kuma suna cikin nau'in catenary, wanda zai iya ɗaukar matsakaicin nauyi tare da mafi ƙarancin amfani da kayan gini. Har ila yau, an kuma bayyana gidajen a matsayin "nau'in ƙudan zuma" saboda siffar dome. Ana ɗaukar su a matsayin muhimmin salon gine-gine na Kamaru, kodayake ba a cikin salon a yau ba.<ref name="DeLanceyMbuh2010">{{cite book|first1=Mark Dike |last1=DeLancey|first2=Rebecca |last2=Mbuh|first3=Mark W. |last3=Delancey|title=Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4l9lSZ9d46cC&pg=PA41|accessdate=7 February 2013|date=3 May 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7399-5|pages=41–}}</ref> == Tarihi == An gina gidaje da ƙasa, suna bin al'adar gargajiya kafin zuwan [[siminti]]. Wadannan tsarin ba su da mashahuri, duk da haka, saboda an dauke su tsofaffi. Ƙananan Musgums ne suka gina su yanzu, kodayake sake farfadowa cikin godiya ga rawar da suka taka a tarihin Musgum ya haifar da gine-gine na baya-bayan nan.<ref name=Archi/><ref name="Gardi1974">{{cite book|first=René |last=Gardi|title=Indigenous African Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKvfAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=7 February 2013|year=1974|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-442-22574-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Steven |title=Writing architecture: the mousgoum tolek and cultural self-fashioning at the new fin de siecle |journal=African Arts |date=Autumn 2001 |volume=34 |issue=3 |page=38+ |doi=10.2307/3337877 |jstor=3337877 |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA81564749&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=00019933&p=LitRC&sw=w&userGroupName=22506 |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref> == Gine-gine == [[File:Cases_traditionnelles_du_Peuple_Mousgoum_1.jpg|thumb|Gidajen gargajiya na mutanen Musgum]] [[File:Cases_Mousgoum_2.jpg|thumb|Gidajen Musgum, lokacin ruwan sama]] [[File:Case_Mousgoum.jpg|thumb|Gidajen Musgum]] [[File:Cases_traditionnelles_du_Peuple_Mousgoum.jpg|thumb|Gidan gargajiya]] Mutanen Musgum a Kamaru sun gina gidajen laka da laka da aka bushe da rana. Ana shimfiɗa laka a kan ciyawar da aka yi wa laka. Ana kwatanta su da tsarin adobe ko bambance-bambance na tsarin cob, waɗanda aka yi da yashi, yumɓu, ruwa, da wasu nau'ikan kayan fiber ko kwayoyin halitta kamar sanduna, kara, da / ko tururi. Kodayake suna da tsari mai sauƙi, an tsara su da kyau daga ra'ayi mai amfani. An gina gidaje tare da zane-zane. An gina su a cikin siffar harsashi a cikin juyawa-"V" ko siffar conical. Ronald Rael, masanin ''gine-gine'' kuma marubucin littafin da ake kira Earth Architecture, ya lura cewa gidajen Musgum suna da "kayan catenary - kyakkyawan tsarin lissafi," wanda zai iya tsayayya da nauyin ginin tare da mafi ƙarancin amfani da kayan. Saboda nau'in juyawa na sarkar sarkar, dome suna da ƙanƙanta kuma suna aiki a kan ka'idar matsawa da ke ba da ƙarfi ga tsarin ba tare da wani karkatarwa ko lankwasawa ba. Alamu na lissafi a gefen waje na dome suna ba da tushe ga ma'aikatan da ke tsaye a kansu yayin gini da kuma lokacin kulawa.<ref name="Archi" /> Tsarin waje da babban tsawo na tsarin (kusan {{Convert|9|m}} m (30 )) yana kiyaye gidaje suna da sanyi a ciki a kwanakin bazara masu zafi.<ref name=Archi/><ref name="Gardi1974">{{cite book|first=René |last=Gardi|title=Indigenous African Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKvfAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=7 February 2013|year=1974|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-442-22574-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Steven |title=Writing architecture: the mousgoum tolek and cultural self-fashioning at the new fin de siecle |journal=African Arts |date=Autumn 2001 |volume=34 |issue=3 |page=38+ |doi=10.2307/3337877 |jstor=3337877 |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA81564749&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=00019933&p=LitRC&sw=w&userGroupName=22506 |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref> Ƙananan buɗewar zagaye a saman ɗakunan kuma yana taimakawa tare da yaduwar iska kuma ana amfani dashi azaman ƙofar tserewa idan an yi masa ambaliyar ruwa. Wannan budewar zagaye, 'yan inci a diamita, wanda aka fi sani da rami na hayaki, an rufe shi da slab ko tukunya yayin ruwan sama don hana ruwa shiga gidan. Ana kuma ba da shigarwa ta ƙofa ɗaya, wanda yake da ƙanƙanta har zuwa matakin gwiwa, amma yana faɗaɗa a matakin kafada, kuma an ce yana kama da maɓallin maɓalli. Toleks sun kasance wani ɓangare na ɗakunan gidaje, ɗakunan ajiya, da kuma tsakiya na tsakiya wanda aka kewaye a cikin bango mai laushi. An haɗa ganuwar don samar da damar shiga. Yankunan waje suna da rami don ruwan sama ya iya narkewa cikin sauƙi. Hakanan ana kare hadaddun tare da shinge. Ana ba da sarari don fadada rukunin zama ga kowane sabon matar ko surukar ko, don ƙarin ga iyali. Hanyar da aka karɓa yayin gini ana kiranta fasahar tukwane ta laka. A cikin wannan hanyar, ana sanya yadudduka na laka a cikin juzu'i tare da kowane ɗagawa na kimanin 0.5 m. Kowane ɗagawa an ba da izinin bushewa kafin a kara na gaba. Ganuwar ta fi kauri a tushe, sannu a hankali tana raguwa zuwa saman, don haka tana ba da gudummawa ga kwanciyar hankali na tsarin. Ana ƙirƙirar layin taimako yayin da ginin ke ci gaba sama a cikin siffar "V" ko tare da madaidaiciyar layi don sauƙaƙe saurin ruwa yayin da ruwan sama ya yi. == Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su == [[Category:Al'ada]] [[Category:Afrika]] itqo4ib1w3gqm0e5q0hcie4lrov7r53 0 53187 822264 725487 2026-04-18T16:25:26Z Mangal Rabiu 44091 822264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abida Muhammad''' <ref>http://lucky-wap-ams.op-mobile.opera.com/detail/s470f95b3200719en_ng?uid=9ded5e32508fa63021554e1c4431a5fd&country=ng&language=en&time=5+hours+ago&category=entertainment&page=4</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/bd143a9912636ec3461bdcfdab3b96cd |access-date=2023-07-18 |archive-date=2023-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718092305/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/bd143a9912636ec3461bdcfdab3b96cd |url-status=dead }}</ref>tsohuwar jaruma ce a masana'antar fim ta [[Hausa]] tayi fim da jarumi Ali nuhu Mai suna sangadale, tayi tashe a zamanin ta a masana'antar fim ta [[Hausa]]. == Aure == Abida tayi aure bayan tayi shekaru a masana'antar fina finai, tayi aure inda ta auri Hamza rijiyar zaki bayan Allah ya masa rasuwa se tayi Wani auren inda ta auri Mustapha a ranar daya ga watan Janairu a shekarar 2018, inda kuma ta Haifa masa yaro namiji aka sa masa suna Mustapha. == Finafinai Ɗin Abida == * Sangadale * Al'ajabi * Marainiya * garwashi * Tawakkali * Mujadala * Sartse * kuduri * Abadan da Imani * gasa * Zoben alkawari * sangaya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://fimmagazine.com/hausa/index.php/ranar-murna/545-abida-muhammad-ta-haifa-wa-soja-al-mustapha-mai-sunan-sa |access-date=2023-07-18 |archive-date=2023-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718092306/https://fimmagazine.com/hausa/index.php/ranar-murna/545-abida-muhammad-ta-haifa-wa-soja-al-mustapha-mai-sunan-sa |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://hausa.legit.ng/1148082-dandalin-kannywood-abida-muhammad-za-ta-yi-aure-a-ranar-jumaa-mai-zuwa.html</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 9terjiultz2mgkru3kdv28cer9scl0j 0 54913 822257 546513 2026-04-18T16:23:22Z Mangal Rabiu 44091 822257 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:PDIKM 711 Majalah Berita Koerai No. 4 Tahun 1940.pdf|thumb|malam auwal]] '''Malam Auwal Dare''' ya kasance jarumi ne a masana antar fim ta Hausa wato masana'antar [[Kannywood]] ya kuma daɗe a masana'antar ana damawa da shi, ya yi fina finai da dama a masana'antar, Yana taka rawa a matsayin uba Kuma malamin ƴan fitowa a wasan barkwanci sannan haɗe da faɗakarwa<ref>http://lucky-wap-ams.op-mobile.opera.com/detail/s7a1fe787210904en_ng?uid=22c955f1fefca184caea5fe21d125298&country=ng&language=ha&time=2+days+ago&category=entertainment&page=4</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan kwaikwayo]] cmhuncxi525tqf6naguut4s25xahak6 0 59998 822542 520547 2026-04-19T10:16:47Z BnHamid 12586 822542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ocean beach at low tide against the sun.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Lyttelton Harbour (Whakaraupō) from Mt Ada, Canterbury, New Zealand.jpg|thumb|hton asalin kogi]] '''Kogin Opouteke,''' (a cikin samansa da ake kira '''Opouteke Stream''' ), kogi ne dake [[Arewa 24|Arewa]] na Tsibirin [[Arewa 24|Arewa]] wanda yake yankin [[New Zealand]] . Yana gudana gabaɗaya gabas, ya isa [[Kogin Mangakāhia|kogin Mangakahia]] arewa da Pakotai da kilomita 30 daga arewa da Dargaville. == Duba kuma == * Jerin koguna na New Zealand == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5f4z78lmpj01emp8situ8gexbz97671 0 60646 822289 321936 2026-04-18T16:33:33Z Mangal Rabiu 44091 822289 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ETSWAP;'''(Emissions Trading Scheme Workflow Automation Automation Project) shine tsarin tushen gidan yanar gizo wanda Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Burtaniya ke gudanarwa don masu fitar da hayaƙi don sarrafawa, tantancewa da bayar da rahoton fitar da iskar Carbon Dioxide (kuma a nan gaba, sauran Gases na Greenhouse), kamar yadda EU ta buƙata. ETS (Tsarin Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Tarayyar Turai).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Environmental Protection Agency |url=https://ets.epa.ie/Common/Help.aspx#gen20 |access-date=2023-09-23 |archive-date=2020-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205023602/https://ets.epa.ie/Common/Help.aspx#gen20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zayyana tsari da tsarin tsarin ETSWAP acikin takardar fahimtar juna da gwamnatocin Birtaniya, Jamus, Ireland da Netherlands suka samar, wanda kuma ya sanya wa tsarin suna "Aikin Automation"(WAP).<ref>UK Use of IT Tools in the EU ETS Compliance Process, p4 </ref> An tsara aikace-aikacen don saduwa da sababbin buƙatun EU ETS wanda aka samo daga [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32008L0101:en:NOT Umarnin 2008/101/CE]. An tsara tsarin don sauƙaƙe kammalawa da ƙaddamar da ingantattun hayaki da rahotannin ƙididdiga, duba abubuwan da aka amince da su/tsare-tsaren ƙididdiga don masu aiki da ke da su da kuma ƙaddamar da tsare-tsaren fitarwa don sababbin masu aiki. Kamar yadda a watan Yulin shekarar 2011, an saita ETSWAP don bayar da rahoto game da hayaƙin carbon ta bangaren jiragen sama kuma masu gudanar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama 600 ne sukayi amfani da su a Burtaniya da 200 a Jamhuriyar Ireland.<ref>Edie Ireland News Article: Irish and British aviation emissions cutting work underway </ref> Ana faɗaɗa tsarin don rufe hayaƙi ta hanyar ƙafafen shigarwa nan da 2012. == Manazarta == <references /> < https://ets.epa.ie/Common/Help.aspx#gen20 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205023602/https://ets.epa.ie/Common/Help.aspx#gen20 |date=2020-12-05 }} /> < http://ec.europa.eu/clima/events/0008/s2_o_joel_uk_ea.pdf /> < [https://web.archive.org/web/20111007100206/http://www.ebace.aero/2011/archives/presentations/20110518-wiese-eu-ets-operators-responsibility-liabilities.pdf https://web.archive .org/web/20111007100206/http://www.ebace.aero/2011/archives/presentations/20110518-wiese-eu-ets-operators-responsibility-liabilities.pdf] /> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111108072552/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/business/topics/pollution/127314.aspx Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Burtaniya] * [http://www.eefni.org.uk/news/ETSWAP-first-stage-completed.php Dandalin Ilimi Don Dorewar Ci Gaba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330193441/http://www.eefni.org.uk/news/ETSWAP-first-stage-completed.php |date=2012-03-30 }} * [http://ec.europa.eu/clima/events/0008/s2_o_joel_uk_ea.pdf pdf: Amfani da UK na kayan aikin IT a cikin Tsarin Biyayya na EU ETS] * [http://www.cdcclimat.com/IMG/pdf/emissaire_brochure_02-11.pdf CDC Climat Brochure]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.edie.net/ireland/news/news_story.asp?id=20453&title=Irish+and+British+aviation+emissions+cutting+work+underway+ Labari na Edie Ireland: Ana ci gaba da aiwatar da aikin rage hayakin jiragen sama na Irish da Birtaniyya] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110820044009/http://www.bbga.aero/conference_2011/Ben%20Smith%20-%20EU%20ETS%20Developments%20and%20Deadlines.pdf pdf: Sashen Gabatar da Sufuri a Taron Shekara-shekara na BBGA, 8 ga Maris, 2011] * [http://www.argusmediagroup.com/News/Article?id=760026 Argus Media] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330194525/http://www.argusmediagroup.com/News/Article?id=760026 |date=2012-03-30 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120330194522/http://www.climate-connect.co.uk/Home/?q=node%2F948 Haɗin Yanayi: Sabon tsarin bin diddigin hayaƙi na EU ETS Aviation] * Wikipedia: Kula da Carbon * [http://www.technoworldinc.com/techno-news/sfw-ltd-and-cdc-climat-deliver-eu-emissions-trading-scheme-eu-ets-system-for-a-t126772.0.html;msg132471#msg132471 TechnoWorldInc- The Technical Encyclopedia] * [http://www.rinnovabili.it/etswap-conclusa-la-prima-fase-del-sistema-di-monitoraggio-delle-avio-emissioni802408 Rinnovabili.it (Italiya)]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} rc7hnp9qetx4ldeoxn172sx70azlc02 0 62401 822256 499223 2026-04-18T16:23:02Z Mangal Rabiu 44091 822256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Elephants bath park w Niger 2006.jpg|thumb|elephant bath]] [[File:MS1187.jpg |thumb|Nau'ikan duwatsun yankin]] '''W-Arly-Pendjari Complex''', wanda kuma aka fi sani da "WAP Complex", wani yanki ne mai wuce gona da iri [[UNESCO|na UNESCO]] a cikin [[Benin]], [[Burkina Faso]] da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] wanda ke rufe:<ref name="Henscheletal.2016">{{cite journal |last1=Henschel |first1=P. |last2=Petracca |first2=L. S. |last3=Hunter |first3=L. T. |last4=Kiki |first4=M. |last5=Sewadé |first5=C. |last6=Tehou |first6=A. |last7=Robinson |first7=H. S. |year=2016 |title=Determinants of distribution patterns and management needs in a critically endangered lion ''Panthera leo'' population |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=110 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2016.00110|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Ouédraogoetal.2011">{{cite journal |author1=Ouédraogo, O. |author2=Schmidt, M. |author3=Thiombiano, A. |author4=Hahn, K. |author5=Guinko, S. |author6=Zizka, G. |title=Magnoliophyta, Arly National Park, Tapoa, Burkina Faso |journal=Check List |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=85–100 |url=https://biotaxa.org/cl/article/view/7.1.85 |year=2011 |doi=10.15560/7.1.85 |doi-access=free }}</ref> * [[Filin shakatawa na Arli|Arli National Park]] a Burkina Faso * [[Filin shakatawa na Pendjari|Pendjari National Park]] a Benin * [[Filin shakatawa na W|W National Park]], wanda kasashen uku suka raba Tun daga shekara ta 2005, ana kuma ɗaukar yankin da aka karewa a matsayin Sashin Kula da Zaki da yuwuwar wurin da zaki ke da ƙarfi.<ref>{{cite book |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion West and Central Africa |publisher=IUCN |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |year=2006 |location=Yaounde, Cameroon}}</ref> == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/749 Jerin Al'adun Duniya na UNESCO: W-Arly-Pendjari Complex] * [https://www.inaturalist.org/projects/biota-of-the-wap-complex iNaturalist project Biota na rukunin WAP] [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Hamada]] 70owabpv839piik5h8u4os88x1pael7 0 63986 822207 469392 2026-04-18T12:07:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 822207 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ya%C3%ABl_Naz%C3%A9,_Espace_des_sciences,_16_octobre_2012.jpg |thumb| Yael Naze]] Yael Naze farfesa ce a Jami'ar Liège, Nazé ta koyar da ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na gabaɗaya da darussan astronomy,da kuma ci-gaban astrophysics kamar spectroscopy da astrobiology.Ta kuma koyar da darussa da yawa akan"juyin ra'ayi a cikin ilmin taurari,tunani mai mahimmanci,sadarwar kimiyya ." {{R|CV}} Ta ɗauki abu mafi mahimmanci game da koyarwa shine isar da iliminmu ga tsara na gaba.Tana da niyyar sanya azuzurinta su kasance masu daɗi da mu'amala. {{R|Belg Hist}} == Wayar da kan al'umma == Yaël Nazé tana ba da iliminta ba kawai a cikin tsarin ilimi ba,har ma"tana ba da laccoci na jama'a a lokacin da take fatan ganin taurari a idanun masu sauraronta." {{R|Belg Hist}}A cikin 2012,An ba Nazé Kyautar Kyautar Kyautar Sadarwar Jama'a tare da Kimiyyar Duniya ta Europlanet Society saboda"ayyukan wayar da kan jama'a... don jawo hankalin masu sauraro",wanda ya hada da "yara,masu fasaha da tsofaffi." {{R|Europlanet}}A cikin shekaru 15 da suka kai ga wannan karramawa,"[s]ya kasance mai himma musamman wajen nuna gudummawar da mata ke bayarwa ga ilmin taurari da kuma nuna damammaki ga 'yan matan da ke kallon sana'o'i a ilmin taurari."{{R|Europlanet}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Haihuwan 1976]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 9z37kndf4h0m3uvexum03wirk3mobl3 822208 822207 2026-04-18T12:08:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 822208 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ya%C3%ABl_Naz%C3%A9,_Espace_des_sciences,_16_octobre_2012.jpg |thumb| Yael Naze]] '''Yael Naze''' farfesa ce a Jami'ar Liège, Nazé ta koyar da ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na gabaɗaya da darussan astronomy,da kuma ci-gaban astrophysics kamar spectroscopy da astrobiology.Ta kuma koyar da darussa da yawa akan"juyin ra'ayi a cikin ilmin taurari,tunani mai mahimmanci,sadarwar kimiyya ." {{R|CV}} Ta ɗauki abu mafi mahimmanci game da koyarwa shine isar da iliminmu ga tsara na gaba.Tana da niyyar sanya azuzurinta su kasance masu daɗi da mu'amala. {{R|Belg Hist}} == Wayar da kan al'umma == Yaël Nazé tana ba da iliminta ba kawai a cikin tsarin ilimi ba,har ma"tana ba da laccoci na jama'a a lokacin da take fatan ganin taurari a idanun masu sauraronta." {{R|Belg Hist}}A cikin 2012,An ba Nazé Kyautar Kyautar Kyautar Sadarwar Jama'a tare da Kimiyyar Duniya ta Europlanet Society saboda"ayyukan wayar da kan jama'a... don jawo hankalin masu sauraro",wanda ya hada da "yara,masu fasaha da tsofaffi." {{R|Europlanet}}A cikin shekaru 15 da suka kai ga wannan karramawa,"[s]ya kasance mai himma musamman wajen nuna gudummawar da mata ke bayarwa ga ilmin taurari da kuma nuna damammaki ga 'yan matan da ke kallon sana'o'i a ilmin taurari."{{R|Europlanet}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Haihuwan 1976]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] o5cf8kktq243e5hluhs663kdxuqe6hi 822209 822208 2026-04-18T12:08:26Z Pharouqenr 25549 822209 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ya%C3%ABl_Naz%C3%A9,_Espace_des_sciences,_16_octobre_2012.jpg |thumb| Yael Naze]] '''Yael Naze''' farfesa ce a Jami'ar Liège, Nazé ta koyar da ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na gabaɗaya da darussan astronomy,da kuma ci-gaban astrophysics kamar spectroscopy da astrobiology.Ta kuma koyar da darussa da yawa akan"juyin ra'ayi a cikin ilmin taurari,tunani mai mahimmanci,sadarwar kimiyya ." {{R|CV}} Ta ɗauki abu mafi mahimmanci game da koyarwa shine isar da iliminmu ga tsara na gaba.Tana da niyyar sanya azuzurinta su kasance masu daɗi da mu'amala. {{R|Belg Hist}} == Wayar da kan al'umma == Yaël Nazé tana ba da iliminta ba kawai a cikin tsarin ilimi ba,har ma"tana ba da laccoci na jama'a a lokacin da take fatan ganin taurari a idanun masu sauraronta." {{R|Belg Hist}}A cikin 2012,An ba Nazé Kyautar Kyautar Kyautar Sadarwar Jama'a tare da Kimiyyar Duniya ta Europlanet Society saboda"ayyukan wayar da kan jama'a... don jawo hankalin masu sauraro",wanda ya hada da "yara,masu fasaha da tsofaffi." {{R|Europlanet}}A cikin shekaru 15 da suka kai ga wannan karramawa,"[s]ya kasance mai himma musamman wajen nuna gudummawar da mata ke bayarwa ga ilmin taurari da kuma nuna damammaki ga 'yan matan da ke kallon sana'o'i a ilmin taurari."{{R|Europlanet}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haihuwan 1976]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 48g9y75ksflqozl2x20j0fdjlglf7p1 822210 822209 2026-04-18T12:08:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 822210 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ya%C3%ABl_Naz%C3%A9,_Espace_des_sciences,_16_octobre_2012.jpg |thumb| Yael Naze]] '''Yael Naze''' farfesa ce a Jami'ar Liège, Nazé ta koyar da ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na gabaɗaya da darussan astronomy,da kuma ci-gaban astrophysics kamar spectroscopy da astrobiology.Ta kuma koyar da darussa da yawa akan"juyin ra'ayi a cikin ilmin taurari,tunani mai mahimmanci,sadarwar kimiyya ." {{R|CV}} Ta ɗauki abu mafi mahimmanci game da koyarwa shine isar da iliminmu ga tsara na gaba.Tana da niyyar sanya azuzurinta su kasance masu daɗi da mu'amala. {{R|Belg Hist}} == Wayar da kan al'umma == Yaël Nazé tana ba da iliminta ba kawai a cikin tsarin ilimi ba,har ma"tana ba da laccoci na jama'a a lokacin da take fatan ganin taurari a idanun masu sauraronta." {{R|Belg Hist}}A cikin 2012,An ba Nazé Kyautar Kyautar Kyautar Sadarwar Jama'a tare da Kimiyyar Duniya ta Europlanet Society saboda"ayyukan wayar da kan jama'a... don jawo hankalin masu sauraro",wanda ya hada da "yara,masu fasaha da tsofaffi." {{R|Europlanet}}A cikin shekaru 15 da suka kai ga wannan karramawa," ta kasance mai himma musamman wajen nuna gudummawar da mata ke bayarwa ga ilmin taurari da kuma nuna damammaki ga 'yan matan da ke kallon sana'o'i a ilmin taurari."{{R|Europlanet}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haihuwan 1976]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] gfufazlzq5lab6f532whw3xfks66kez 822211 822210 2026-04-18T12:09:29Z Pharouqenr 25549 822211 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ya%C3%ABl_Naz%C3%A9,_Espace_des_sciences,_16_octobre_2012.jpg |thumb| Yael Naze]] '''Yael Naze''' farfesa ce a Jami'ar Liège, Nazé ta koyar da ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na gabaɗaya da darussan astronomy,da kuma ci-gaban astrophysics kamar spectroscopy da astrobiology.Ta kuma koyar da darussa da yawa akan"juyin ra'ayi a cikin ilmin taurari,tunani mai mahimmanci,sadarwar kimiyya ."{{R|CV}} Ta ɗauki abu mafi mahimmanci game da koyarwa shine isar da iliminmu ga tsara na gaba.Tana da niyyar sanya azuzurinta su kasance masu daɗi da mu'amala. {{R|Belg Hist}} == Wayar da kan al'umma == Yaël Nazé tana ba da iliminta ba kawai a cikin tsarin ilimi ba,har ma"tana ba da laccoci na jama'a a lokacin da take fatan ganin taurari a idanun masu sauraronta." {{R|Belg Hist}}A cikin 2012,An ba Nazé Kyautar Kyautar Kyautar Sadarwar Jama'a tare da Kimiyyar Duniya ta Europlanet Society saboda"ayyukan wayar da kan jama'a... don jawo hankalin masu sauraro",wanda ya hada da "yara,masu fasaha da tsofaffi." {{R|Europlanet}}A cikin shekaru 15 da suka kai ga wannan karramawa," ta kasance mai himma musamman wajen nuna gudummawar da mata ke bayarwa ga ilmin taurari da kuma nuna damammaki ga 'yan matan da ke kallon sana'o'i a ilmin taurari."{{R|Europlanet}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haihuwan 1976]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] feg1xocb7pgt23wjcbm97j7dpy5sovi 822212 822211 2026-04-18T12:09:45Z Pharouqenr 25549 822212 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ya%C3%ABl_Naz%C3%A9,_Espace_des_sciences,_16_octobre_2012.jpg |thumb| Yael Naze]] '''Yael Naze''' farfesa ce a Jami'ar Liège, Nazé ta koyar da ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na gabaɗaya da darussan astronomy,da kuma ci-gaban astrophysics kamar spectroscopy da astrobiology.Ta kuma koyar da darussa da yawa akan"juyin ra'ayi a cikin ilmin taurari,tunani mai mahimmanci,sadarwar kimiyya ."{{R|CV}} Ta ɗauki abu mafi mahimmanci game da koyarwa shine isar da iliminmu ga tsara na gaba.Tana da niyyar sanya azuzurinta su kasance masu daɗi da mu'amala.{{R|Belg Hist}} == Wayar da kan al'umma == Yaël Nazé tana ba da iliminta ba kawai a cikin tsarin ilimi ba,har ma"tana ba da laccoci na jama'a a lokacin da take fatan ganin taurari a idanun masu sauraronta." {{R|Belg Hist}}A cikin 2012,An ba Nazé Kyautar Kyautar Kyautar Sadarwar Jama'a tare da Kimiyyar Duniya ta Europlanet Society saboda"ayyukan wayar da kan jama'a... don jawo hankalin masu sauraro",wanda ya hada da "yara,masu fasaha da tsofaffi." {{R|Europlanet}}A cikin shekaru 15 da suka kai ga wannan karramawa," ta kasance mai himma musamman wajen nuna gudummawar da mata ke bayarwa ga ilmin taurari da kuma nuna damammaki ga 'yan matan da ke kallon sana'o'i a ilmin taurari."{{R|Europlanet}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haihuwan 1976]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] m4u1nutvn8luzhiphi1xfg4pfe7xw5i 0 69467 822292 434663 2026-04-18T16:34:06Z Mangal Rabiu 44091 822292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Papa Ajasco da Kamfanin''''' (tsohon The Ajasco Family) wani gidan talabijin ne na [[Najeriya]] wanda [[Wale Adenuga]] ya kirkira a shekarar 1997. Nunin ya fito ne daga fim din mai suna Wale Adenuga wanda ya samar a shekarar 1984, wanda hakan ya dogara ne akan ''Ikebe Super'' mai ban dariya. [[Labarin]] ya ta'allaka ne game da dangin [[Ajasco]] da fassarorin su na ban [[Daraya Dejene|dariya]] ga manyan batutuwan al'umma. Manyan haruffa sun hada da shugaban mata Papa Ajasco, matarsa mai wahala na dogon lokaci Mama Ajasco , ɗansu mai banƙyama Bobo Ajasco. A farkonsa, ''Papa Ajasco'' an dauke shi a matsayin jerin wasan [[kwaikwayo]] na Najeriya da aka fi kallo, ana kallon shi mako-mako a kasashe goma sha biyu na Afirka. == Tarihi == Adenuga ta fitar da fim din ''Papa Ajasco'' a shekarar 1983, wanda yake daya daga cikin shirye-shiryen Golden Age [[Nollywood]]. Ya bayyana a cikin wata hira cewa halin taken ya samo asali ne daga rawar da ya taka a ''Ikebe Super'' . Adenuga ta fara samarwa da watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin a matsayin The Ajasco Family a kan AIT a cikin 1996 kafin a sake masa suna ''Papa Ajasco'' .<ref name="nollywood">{{Cite web |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/06/why-i-will-never-be-part-of-nollywood-wale-adenuga/ |title=Why I will never be part of Nollywood — Wale Adenuga |last=Balogun |first=Ishola |authorlink=Vanguard Nigeria |date=June 6, 2015}}</ref> == Bayanan ƴan wasa == * Papa Ajasco: Miji mai gemu, wanda sau da yawa yakan buge kansa lokacin da ya yi mamakin wani taron. Abiodun Ayoyinka ne ya buga shi, sannan daga baya Femi Ogunrombi. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1034/3/why-i-am-no-longer-playing-papa-ajasco.html |title=WHY I AM NO LONGER PLAYING PAPA AJASCO |last=admin |authorlink=Modernghana.com |date=May 6, 2007}}</ref> * Mama Ajasco: Matar Papa Ajasco mai wahala na dogon lokaci. Iyabo Momoh ne ya buga ta, kuma daga baya Moji Oyetayo . * Pa James: Tsohon mutum, wanda yawanci yakan bayyana kansa a hanyoyi marasa hankali. Ba kamar sauran haruffa ba, bai bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo ba; an halicce shi musamman don jerin don kauce wa ɓata Musulmi wanda ya ki amincewa da ayyukan Pa Jimoh. Kayode Sehinde ne ya buga Pa James. * Boy Alinco: Wani saurayi mai son kai, wanda ke da hanyar sa hannu na tafiya da magana. A cikin wasan kwaikwayo yana da gashi mai ban mamaki, amma yana da gemu a cikin jerin. Boy Alinco ya buga ta Bayo Bankole, kuma daga baya Victor Oyebode. * Miss Pepeiye: Wata budurwa mai son abin duniya wacce ke neman maza masu arziki don amfanin kuɗi. A cikin wasan kwaikwayo, Pepeiye tana sanye da gashin kanta a cikin Quiff, amma tana da nau'o'i daban-daban a cikin jerin. * Bobo Ajasco: Ɗan mahaukaci na Papa da Mama Ajasco. Sau da yawa ana ganinsa yana sanye da murfin baseball tare da dogon lokaci, kamar yadda yake da fasalinsa na ban dariya. Ya bayyana a cikin ''Binta'', My Daughter inda ya kasance abokin halin, kuma yana da nasa tsintsiya a cikin Bint. * Pa Jimoh (The Ajasco Family only): Abokin Ajascos, Pa Jimohi ba shi da ilimi wanda rashin ma'ana ya haifar da rikici tsakanin sauran haruffa da kansa. Ko da yake ya bayyana kansa a matsayin [[Musulmi]], duk da cewa ba na addini ba ne, shi ma mai shan giya ne. A cikin jerin an nuna shi da gashi, yayin da fasalin kansa mai ban dariya gaba ɗaya yana da gashi yayin da jikinsa kusan kwarangwal ne. Chris Erakpotobor ne ya buga Pa Jimoh; an kwantar da halin bayan mutuwar Erakpotobor a shekarar 2000. == Karɓuwa == A kallon jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na ''Papa Ajasco'' a ko'ina cikin iyalai a Najeriya. shekara ta 2010, an fara shi a [[Ghana]] ta hanyar gidan talabijin na Ghana kuma an san shi da kasancewa "mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo a talabijin" a kasar. ila yau, ta lashe lambar yabo ta [[Kwame Nkrumah]] a [[Accra]] . [1] Binciken Pulse Nigeria ya gudanar ya nuna cewa halin "Papa Ajasco" shine mafi ƙaunatacce tare da kashi 29.2% na kuri'un, wanda "Boy [[Alinco]]" da "Pa James suka biyo baya. Ana kallon ''Papa Ajasco'' kowane mako a fadin tashoshin ƙasa ashirin a Najeriya da kuma kasashe goma sha ɗaya na [[Afirka]] ciki har da [[Kenya]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Uganda]] da [[Gini|Guinea]]. cikin 2013, an ƙara ƙarin abubuwa da yawa ga simintin sabbin abubuwan da suka hada da Femi Brainard, Niyi Johnson da [[Henrietta Kosoko]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/08/papa-ajasco-company-returns-with-new-episodes/ |title=Papa Ajasco & Company returns with new episodes |last=admin |date=August 16, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/wap-unveils-fresh-episodes-of-papa-ajasco/ |title=WAP unveils fresh episodes of Papa Ajasco |last=reporter |authorlink=The Nation (Nigeria) |date=January 19, 2013}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Gidan Talabijin]] fic5innt2a3lkyw76vyxs0vbclss8as 0 71194 822262 418975 2026-04-18T16:24:59Z Mangal Rabiu 44091 822262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Super Story''''' shiri ne na wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin na tarihin tarihin tarihin Najeriya wanda [[Wale Adenuga]] ya kirkiro wanda ya kuma wallafa mujallar da aka gina shirin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.theheraldng.com/superstory-features-mbgn-2013-winner-new-season-look/ |access-date=2024-02-24 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090801/http://www.theheraldng.com/superstory-features-mbgn-2013-winner-new-season-look/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.indepthnigeria.com/entertainment/super-story-hits-a-decade-with-sister-sister/ |access-date=2024-02-24 |archive-date=2014-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722140921/http://www.indepthnigeria.com/entertainment/super-story-hits-a-decade-with-sister-sister/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>"Nigeria: Here comes Superstory"</ref> An fara gabatar da shirin ne a ranar Alhamis da karfe 8 na dare a [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya|tashar NTA]] ; A halin yanzu, ana nuna Super Story akan NTA da Wap TV kowace Alhamis da karfe 8 na yamma kuma ana watsa shi akan wasu hanyoyin sadarwa na duniya da na USB a wani lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2013/12/19/nigerians-share-top-10-tv-shows-in-2013/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-02-24 |archive-date=2014-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718151415/http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2013/12/19/nigerians-share-top-10-tv-shows-in-2013/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Jerin jerin == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 70%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" !Lambar kakar<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> ! Take ! Asalin kwanan ranar iska |- | 1 | '''Ya Uba!''' '''Haba 'ya!''' | {{Start date|2001||}} |- | 2 | '''Fuskar yaudara''' | {{Start date|2002||}} |- | 3 | '''Ido Ga Ido''' | rowspan="39" | |- | 4 | '''Babu Ciwo Babu Riba''' |- | 5 | '''Ma'aikata''' |- | 6 | '''Ya isa ya isa''' |- | 7 | '''Yarinyar Baba''' |- | 8 | '''Domin Soyayyar Ku''' |- | 9 | '''Allolin Ba Zasu Gane Ba''' |- | 10 | '''Mai Ciyawa''' |- | 11 | '''Daraja ta Karshe''' |- | 12 | '''Campus Babes''' |- | 13 | '''Kasuwancin Zafi''' |- | 14 | '''Daya Bad Apple''' |- | 15 | '''Zakin Mogun''' |- | 16 | '''Omoye''' |- | 17 | '''Kawuna Abokina''' |- | 18 | '''Sabuwar Waka''' |- | 19 | '''Bayan Murmushi''' |- | 20 | '''Duk abin da yake ɗauka''' |- | 21 | '''Domin Kun So Ni''' |- | 22 | '''Wani Batsa Daga Baya''' |- | 23 | '''Gayyata Zuwa Tsawa''' |- | 24 | '''Omajuwa''' |- | 25 | '''Nnenna''' |- | 26 | '''Fiye da Aboki''' |- | 27 | '''Mugun Genius''' |- | 28 | '''Alkawari''' |- | 29 | '''Dare Don Tunawa''' |- | 30 | '''Gubar Mutum Daya''' |- | 31 | '''Yar uwa''' |- | 32 | '''Itohan (Kira zuwa Aiki)''' |- | 33 | '''Wannan Soyayya ce?''' |- | 34 | '''Wani Dama''' |- | 35 | '''Zuciya mai kishi''' |- | 36 | '''Makãho Don Ganin''' |- | 37 | '''Barayin Kamfani''' |- | 38 | '''Dutsen da aka ƙi''' |- | 39 | '''Uwa Daga Jahannama''' |- | 40 | '''Nuna & Kashe''' |- | 41 | '''Wani Gefen''' |} == Kyauta == Ya lashe mafi kyawun jerin talabijin a [[:en:Nigerian_Broadcasters_Merit_Awards|Nigerian Broadcasters Merit Awards a 2016]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/03/wale-adenuga-productions-wins-best-tv-series-best-entertainment-channel-best-youth-programme-at-nbma/|title=Wale Adenuga Productions wins "Best TV Series", "Best Entertainment Channel" & "Best Youth Programme" at NBMA!|last=admin|date=2 March 2016}}</ref> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] i22lhaq2bo1bntm2zct2o14qkivo1dj 0 72306 822301 484213 2026-04-18T16:36:26Z Mangal Rabiu 44091 822301 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline-block">Felix Omokhodion</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Felix_Omokhodion.jpg|347x347px]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An haife shi | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline">Felix Ugo Omokhodion</div>27 Afrilu 1986 <span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1986-04-27</span>)&nbsp;</span> (shekara 37) <br />&nbsp;<br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Lagos|Legas]], Najeriya</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma Matar&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Jami'ar Jihar Legas Lees Cibiyar Fim ta Strasberg<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ayyuka | class="infobox-data role" |Dan wasan kwaikwayo, samfurin da mai shirya fina-finai |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Shekaru masu aiki&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |2006 zuwa yanzu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Iyaye | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * Felix Omokhodion (mahaifin) * Victoria Obiageli (uwarta) </div> |} [[Fayil:Felix Omokhodion.jpg|thumb|Felix Ugo Omokhodion]] '''Felix Ugo Omokhodion''' (an haife shi 27 Afrilu 1986) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], samfurin kuma Mai shirya fim-finai. fi saninsa da rawar da ya taka a cikin shekarar 2006 Tajudeen Adepetu ya samar da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin One Love, <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2015/07/fast-rising-nollywood-actor-felix.html | title=Fast rising Nollywood actor Felix Omokhodion blazing in the spotlight! | publisher=Linda Ikeji's Blog | date=17 July 2015 | accessdate=5 October 2021}}</ref>da kuma yadda ya nuna halin ''Tubosun'' a cikin fim din Celebrity Marriage, wanda kuma ya hada da Tonto Dikeh, [[Jackie Appiah]], [[Kanayo O. Kanayo|Kanayo ko Kanayo]], [[Odunlade Adekola]], [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]] da [[Roselyn Ngissah]], wanda aka zaba shi a matsayin ''Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako Maza'' a Zulu African Film Academy Awards 2018, wanda aka gudanar a Ingila.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/04/celebrity-marriage.html | title=Celebrity Marriage | work=Nollywood Reinvented | accessdate=7 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://xplorenollywood.com/celebrity-marriage-takes-on-domestic-violence-the-secrets-that-follow-celebrities/ | title=Celebrity Marriage Takes on Domestic Violence: The Secrets that Follow Celebrities | work=XploreNollywood | accessdate=7 July 2019}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Omokhodion a [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Najeriya a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 1986. An haife shi ne ga mahaifin Kyaftin Flight, Felix Omokhodion daga [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] da mahaifiyarsa Victoria Obiageli Nwughala daga [[Imo|Jihar Imo]]. Lokacin da yake da shekaru uku, iyayensa sun rabu kuma ya girma tare da mahaifiyarsa a gidan iyaye guda.<ref name = "nation">{{cite news | url=https://thenationonlineng.net/five-things-you-didnt-know-about-nollywoods-felix-ugo-omokhodion/ | title=Five things you didn’t know about Nollywood’s Felix Ugo Omokhodion | work=TheNationOnline | accessdate=7 July 2019}}</ref> Shi ɗan fari na mahaifinsa kuma shi kaɗai ne ɗan mahaifiyarsa. Omokhodion sami ilimin firamare a makarantar M & K Nursery da makarantar firamare, Ojodu [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], a lokacin da ya fara nuna sha'awar yin wasan kwaikwayo da nuna kasuwanci, kamar yadda sau da yawa zai yi aiki tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, yayin da yake makaranta. Omokhodion yi karatun kimiyyar kwamfuta a [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar]] [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]], Ojo Lagos kuma ya ci gaba da karatun Hanyar Ayyuka a Cibiyar Fim ta Lees Strasberg Los Angeles, CA .<ref name = "punchy">{{cite news | url=https://punchng.com/nigeria-needs-stronger-institutions-for-film-distribution-felix-ugo-omokhodion/ | title=Nigeria needs stronger institutions for film distribution – Felix Ugo Omokhodion | work=PunchOnline | accessdate=7 July 2019}}</ref> == Sana'a == Y yake a Jami'ar, Omokhodion ya fara aikinsa na samfurin kuma ya shiga cikin kamfen ɗin [[Coca-cola|Coca-Cola]], Haier Thermocool, MTN, da wasu sanannun alamun Najeriya. Ya sami rawar allo na farko a matsayin karin a cikin fim din Love In Totality, tare da [[Yomi Black]] da [[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde]] . shekara ta 2006, Omokhodion ya halarci sauraro don rawar da ya taka a sabon jerin shirye-shiryen [[Gidan Telebijin na AIT|Talabijin na AIT]] mai taken One Love wanda Tajudeen Adepetu ya samar kuma an jefa shi a cikin babban rawar sa na farko a matsayin "Biodun", rawar da ya ci gaba da takawa na shekaru bakwai [1] tare da Tony Umole, Vivian Anani da Joshua Richard . Omokhodion ya ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasu jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ciki har da The ''Maze'' wanda Acho Yusuf ya jagoranta, Bella's Place wanda Deborah Odutayo ya samar, ''Hotuna na Passion'' tare da [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]], ''Emerald'' wanda Dapo Ojo ya samar, ''Minti talatin'' da Dapo Ocho ya samar kuma Biodun Stephen ya rubuta, Super Story's Corporate Thieves wanda [[Wale Adenuga]] na WAP TV ya samar, EbonyLife's Short Series Madam Sarah's House wanda [[Mo Abudu]] ya samar, da ''NECTAR''. A cikin 2016, bayan shekaru goma na fitowa mafi yawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin, Omokhodion ya fara fitowa a cikin fina-finai masu tsawo, wanda ya fara da fim din 2016, The Engagement . Ya ci gaba da fitowa a wasu sanannun fina-finai ciki har da nasarar da aka samu a ofishin jakadancin, Celebrity Marriage . Hotonsa halin James a cikin fim din Things I Hate About You tare da Jackie Appiah, Calista Okorokwo ya sami zabarsa a cikin rukunin Mafi Kyawun Actor African Movie Collaboration a cikin 2018 edition na Ghana Movie Awards . A watan Fabrairun 2020, Omokhodion ya fitar da fim dinsa na farko a kan sabon kamfanin samar da fim din, FPF Productions mai taken Muddled a cikin fina-finai a fadin Najeriya. Fim din ya fito da sanannun 'yan wasan Najeriya da dama ciki har da [[Kunle Remi]] da [[Belinda Effah]] kuma Best Okoduwa ne ya ba da umarni == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Abin da ya faru !Kyautar !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon |- |2015 |Kyautar Kyautar Kyautattun Kyaututtuka ta Najeriya |Fast Rising Model / Actor of the Year |''Felix Ugo Omokhodion''|{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |2018 | rowspan="2" |Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Jama'a |Mai yin alkawari mafi kyau na shekara |''Felix Omokhodion''|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Sabon Actor na Shekara |''Felix Omokhodion''|{{Nom}} |- |Kyautar Fina-finai ta Ghana 2018 |Mafi kyawun Actor na Afirka Haɗin gwiwa |''Felix Omokhodion (Abubuwan da Na ƙi Game da Kai) ''|{{Nom}} |- |Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Zulu ta Afirka (United Kingdom 2018) |Mafi kyawun mai ba da tallafi - Maza |''Felix Omokhodion (Auren shahararren) ''|{{Nom}} |- |2019 |Kyautar Nollywood (BON) |'ya ta Shekara [1] |''Felix Ugo Omokhodion''|{{Won}} |- |2022 |Kyautar Masu Nasara ta Najeriya |Mafi kyawun Actor Shekara [1] |''Felix Ugo Omokhodion''|{{Won}} |- |2023 |Kyautar Bikin Fim na Coal City |<ref name="wind" /> Jagora mafi kyau [1] |''Felix Ugo Omokhodion''|{{Won}} |- |} == Hotunan fina-finai == [[File:Felix_Omokhodion_on_the_set_of_Try_Again.jpg|right|thumb|Felix Ugo Omokhodion (tsakiya) a kan saitin ''Gwada Har ila yau'']] === Shirye-shiryen talabijin === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Daraktan !Bayani |- |2008 - 2012 |Ɗaya daga cikin Ƙauna |Biodun (Lead) |Kingsley Omoefe |Matsayin jagora / jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da Tajudeen Adepetu ya samar |- |2008 |Maze |Bryan (Hanya) |Achor Yusuf |Shirye-shiryen talabijin |- |2012 - 2015 |Yankin Biyu na tsabar kudi |Eche |Daniel Ademinokan da Damijo Efe Young |Sub-Lead / TV Series |- |2014 - 2016 |Mai tsami |Bay |Tunde Olaoye |Sub-Lead / TV Series |- |2015 |Super Story - 'Yan fashi na kamfanoni |Bears |Bolaji Dawodu |Sub-Lead / Series |- |2015 |Girma | |Chris Eneaji |Shirye-shiryen talabijin |- |2013 - 2015 |Sakamakon | |Dickson Dzakpasu |Shirye-shiryen talabijin |- |2013 - 2015 |Wurin Bella |Johnson |Greg Odutayo |Shirye-shiryen talabijin |- |2015 |Gidan Madam Sarah | |Dickson Dzakpasu |Shirye-shiryen talabijin na EbonyLife |- |2016 |Gobe Yanzu | |Tunde Olaoye |Jerin wasan kwaikwayo |- |2016 |Matsayi na tafasa | |Victor Okpala |Matsayin jagora / Jerin Talabijin |- |2017 |Minti talatin | |Dapo Ojo |Matsayin jagora / Jerin Talabijin |- |2018 |Grail Mai Tsarki | |Chukwuma marar laifi |Shirye-shiryen talabijin |- |} === Hotuna masu ban sha'awa ===   == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8fbbhfaqd9y4mc40et0bet2tgar130o 0 73551 822316 390669 2026-04-18T16:49:12Z BnHamid 12586 822316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oluwaponmile Salako''', wanda aka fi sani da sunan mataki '''SLK''', ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa kuma abokin tarayya. Ya fara wasan kwaikwayo na sana'a a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2009 kuma an san shi da taka rawa a matsayin "Boda Wasiu". A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2023, ya fara wasan kwaikwayo mai taken "Teetotaler" a kan [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-06 |title=SLKomedy to debut comedy special 'Teetotaler' on Netflix |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/slkomedy-to-debut-comedy-special-teetotaler-on-netflix/c3g9s0y |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Teetotaler {{!}} Netflix |url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81689063 |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=www.netflix.com |language=en}}</ref> ==Fina-finai== * ''Onibukun'' (2001) * ''[[It's Her Day]] (2016)<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-09-29 |title=It’s Her Day |url=https://businessday.ng/offduty/article/its-her-day/ |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}</ref>'' * ''The Other News (2017)'' * ''A Case of Freewill (2017)''<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Case Of Free Will (2017), TV |url=https://tv24.co.uk/p/a-case-of-free-will-agn639 |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=tv24.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> * ''Another Father's Day (2019)'' * ''During Ever After (2020)''<ref>{{Cite web |last=TuriDee |date=2020-08-30 |title=Watch BellaRose Okojie & Olu ‘SLK’ Salako In The First Episode of Ama Psalmist’s New Mini-Series ‘During Ever After’ |url=https://xplorenollywood.com/watch-bellarose-okojie-olu-slk-salako-in-the-first-episode-of-ama-psalmists-new-mini-series-during-ever-after/ |access-date=2023-08-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> * ''[[Becoming Abi]] (2021)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Becoming Abi {{!}} Netflix |url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81591169 |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=www.netflix.com |language=en}}</ref>'' * ''Daluchi (2021)'' * ''Come With Me (2022)'' == Kyaututtuka da Ayyanawa== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Year !Award !Category !Result !Ref |- |2017 |[[The Future Awards Africa]] |Comedian of the year |{{nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Future Awards Africa 2017 Nominees |url=https://awards.thefutureafrica.com/future-awards-africa-2017-nominees/ |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=The Future Awards Africa |language=en-GB}}</ref> |- |2015 |Naija FM Comedy Awards |Upcoming comedian of the year |{{nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Showemimo |first=Adedayo |date=2015-11-23 |title=Naija FM comedy awards: FULL list of WINNERS |url=https://thenet.ng/naija-fm-comedy-awards-full-list-of-winners/ |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Nigerian Entertainment Today |language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Manazarta== {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Hadi na waje == * {{official website|slkomedy.com}} * {{IMDb name|13166652|Olu Salako}} {{DEFAULTSORT:SLK}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] lcwk0myhpd8qr4ol6ekeg6kpu0lxl1h 0 73636 822305 784369 2026-04-18T16:36:58Z Mangal Rabiu 44091 822305 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Victor ueze Chukwujama''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Oga Amos''' kuma wani lokacin '''Naija Blue Arrow''' ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya kuma mai kirkirar ƙananan bidiyo ciki wanda ke zaune a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]]. == Rayuwa ta farko == haifi Oga Amos a babban birnin [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]], [[Yola]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Abiodun |first=Alao |date=April 11, 2022 |title=Comedian Oga Amos wins 'Best Skit Maker' in Ghana |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/comedian-oga-amos-wins-best-skit-maker-in-ghana/ |access-date=January 18, 2024 |website=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> kuma ya koma [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] a shekara ta 2001 inda ya girma. Babba ne a cikin 'yan uwa 3, ya rasa mahaifiyarsa a shekarar 2016. Misalai rawar da yake takawa sune MrBeast da Grant Gustin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okanlawaon |first=Taiwo |date=25 February 2024 |title=From content creation to philanthropy: Inspiring journey of Oga Amos |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2024/02/25/from-content-creation-to-philanthropy-inspiring-journey-of-oga-amos/ |access-date=27 February 2024 |website=PM News}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Amos ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo a cikin shekara ta 2018 yana ƙirƙirar gajeren shirye-shiryen bidiyo a [[YouTube]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nda-Isaiah |first=Solomon |date=March 11, 2023 |title=Oga Amos: From Anambra Roots To Lagos Stardom |url=https://leadership.ng/oga-amos-from-anambra-roots-to-lagos-stardom/ |access-date=February 18, 2024 |website=[[Leadership (Nigeria)|Leadership]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Taiwo |first=Okanlawon |date=25 February 2024 |title=From content creation to philanthropy: Inspiring journey of Oga Amos |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2024/02/25/from-content-creation-to-philanthropy-inspiring-journey-of-oga-amos/ |access-date=27 February 2024 |website=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref> A cikin 2020 a lokacin kullewar COVID-19 ya sadu da ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya, Xploit Comedy . Kungiyar yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don fara buga bidiyonsa a kan kafofin sada zumunta galibi a kan [[Instagram]] da [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] inda ya fara gajeren fina-finai na sci-fi tare da VFX a cikin 2022 kuma ya sami ƙarfi tare da shi a kan dandalin. <ref name=":1" /> wannan shekarar ya fara aikinsa na taimakon jama'a, koyaushe yana buga bidiyon ayyukansa a kafofin sada zumunta. cikin 2021/2022 a Ghana, an ba Amos lambar yabo ta "Mafi kyawun Mai Sket na Shekara" a Iconic Social Media Lifestyle Awards . Amos sami mabiya da yawa a dandamali na kafofin sada zumunta kuma an fi saninsa da ayyukan agaji, a cikin 2023 ya kafa nasa tushe na agaji. yi aiki tare da shahararrun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, masu wasan kwaikwayo da masu kirkirar abun ciki ciki har da [[Mr. Ibu|Mista Ibu]], [[James Brown]], Mama Uka, Charles Okocha da Xploit Comedy da sauransu. <ref name=":1" /> cikin 2024, ya bayyana a WapTV Najeriya . [1] == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] oaruv454t3b8ot7ldygo9awg82roz7m 0 75406 822327 483379 2026-04-18T17:13:03Z Pharouqenr 25549 822327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:FIFA Women's World Cup Qualification Italy - Belgium, 2018-04-10 0560.jpg|thumb|Aurora Galli]] [[Fayil:FIFA Women's World Cup Qualification Italy - Belgium, 2018-04-10 0608.jpg|thumb|Aurora Galli acikin filin wasa]] [[Fayil:FIFA Women's World Cup Qualification Italy - Belgium, 2018-04-10 0619 - Aurora Galli (cropped).jpg|thumb|auroro a wasan Shiva gasar kogin duniya]] [[Fayil:FIFA Women's World Cup Qualification Italy - Belgium, 2018-04-10 0608 - Aurora Galli (cropped).jpg|thumb|Aurora a fili]] [[Fayil:FIFA Women's World Cup Qualification Italy - Belgium, 2018-04-10 0620.jpg|thumb|aurora na murna]] [[Fayil:FIFA Women's World Cup Qualification Italy - Belgium, 2018-04-10 0620.jpg|thumb|aurora a belgium]] [[Fayil:FIFA Women's World Cup Qualification Italy - Belgium, 2018-04-10 0620.jpg|thumb|Aurora lokacin jimami]] [[Fayil:FIFA Women's World Cup Qualification Italy - Belgium, 2018-04-10 0619.jpg|thumb|ajrera da ma aikaciya]] [[Fayil:FIFA Women's World Cup Qualification Italy - Belgium, 2018-04-10 0032-003.jpg|thumb|auroara]] '''Aurora Galli''' (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1996) ƴar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Italiya wacce ke taka leda a matsayin ƴar wasan tsakiya a ƙungiyar Everton ta Super League ta mata <ref>{{Cite web |title=Player Profiles {{!}} Everton Football Club |url=https://www.evertonfc.com/players/77083/aurora-galli |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=www.evertonfc.com |language=en}}</ref> da kuma tawagar ƙasar Italiya . == Ayyuka == <ref>{{Cite web |last=UEFA.com |title=Aurora Galli – Italy – WEURO |url=http://www.uefa.com/womenseuro/season=2017/teams/player=250041879/index.html |website=UEFA.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Italy – A. Galli – Profile with news, career statistics and history – Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/aurora-galli/212756/ |website=www.soccerway.com}}</ref> ta buga wa Italiya wasa a gasar cin kofin mata ta UEFA ta Shekara ta 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Aurora Galli firma per l'Everton: è la prima italiana in Premier |url=https://www.repubblica.it/sport/calcio/esteri/2021/07/28/news/premier_femminile_aurora_galli_firma_per_l_everton_e_diventa_professionista-312121958/ |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=[[la Repubblica]] |language=Italian}}</ref> ranar 28 ga watan Yulin Shekara ta 2021, Galli ta sanya hannu a Everton, ta hanyar yin hakan ta zama Ƴar wasan Italiya ta farko da ta sanya hannu ga kulob ɗin Super League na mata, da kuma ƴar wasan kwallon ƙafa ta Italiya ta fara buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru bayan sauyawa zuwa ƙwarewar Super League na Mata a cikin shekara ta 2018. A ranar 2 ga Maris Na shekara ta 2022, Galli ta zira kwallaye na farko a Super League na mata ga Everton a kan Aston Villa . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Waite |first=Ben |date=2022-03-02 |title=WSL: Everton back to winning ways with Aston Villa victory |url=https://herfootballhub.com/wsl-everton-back-to-winning-ways-with-aston-villa-victory/ |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=Her Football Hub |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Ƙasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played 31 October 2023}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara !Ƙungiyar ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="9" |Italiya |2015 |1 |0 |- |2016 |7 |0 |- |2017 |8 |0 |- |2018 |9 |0 |- |2019 |19 |5 |- |2020 |5 |1 |- |2021 |2 |0 |- |2022 |10 |0 |- |2023 |5 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !66 !6 |} : ''Scores da sakamakon sun lissafa burin Italiya na farko, shafi na ci yana nuna ci bayan kowane burin Galli.'' {| class="wikitable" |+Jerin burin kasa da kasa da Aurora Galli ta zira ! scope="col" |A'a. ! scope="col" |Ranar ! scope="col" |Wurin da ake ciki ! scope="col" |Abokin hamayya ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! scope="col" |Gasar ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | align="center" |1 |4 Maris 2019 |AEK Arena, [[Larnaca]], [[Cyprus]] |{{Fbw|THA}} | align="center" |3–0 | align="center" |4–1 |Kofin Mata na Cyprus na 2019 | |- | align="center" |2 |29 ga Mayu 2019 |Filin wasa na Paolo Mazza, Ferrara, [[Italiya]] |{{Fbw|SWI}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |3–1 |Abokantaka | |- | align="center" |3 | rowspan="2" |14 Yuni 2019 | rowspan="2" |Filin wasa na Auguste-Delaune, [[Reims]], [[Faransa]] | rowspan="2" |{{Fbw|JAM}} | align="center" |4–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |5–0 | rowspan="3" |Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA ta 2019 | rowspan="2" | |- | align="center" |4 | align="center" |5–0 |- | align="center" |5 |25 Yuni 2019 |Filin wasa na Mosson, [[Montpellier]], Faransa |{{Fbw|CHN}} | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |2–0 | |- | align="center" |6 |22 ga Satumba 2020 |Cibiyar Horar da FA ta [[Bosnia da Herzegovina]], Zenica, Bosnia da Hersegovina |{{Fbw|BIH}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |5–0 |Gasar cin kofin mata ta UEFA ta 2022 | |- |} == Daraja == '''Hasumiyoyi''' * Super Cup na Mata na Italiya: 2013 '''Juventus''' * Jerin A: 2017–18-18, 2018–19-19, 2019–20-20, 2020–21-21 * Kofin Italiya: [[2018–19 Coppa Italia (women)|2018–19]]-19 * Supercoppa Italiana: 2019, 2020–21-21 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * AIC Mafi Kyawun Mata XI: 2019 <ref name="Gran Gala del Calcio 2019">{{Cite web |date=2 December 2019 |title=Gran Gala del Calcio 2019 winners |url=https://www.football-italia.net/147169/gran-gala-del-calcio-2019-winners |access-date=2 December 2019 |publisher=Football Italia}}</ref> * Kyautar Everton Spirit of the blues: 2022 == Rayuwa ta sirri == Galli tana da dangantaka da ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Sweden Nathalie Björn . <ref>[https://www.l-mag.de/news-1010/das-sind-die-50-lesbischen-stars-der-fussball-em-2022.html L-Mag.de: Das sind die 59 lesbischen Stars der Fussball-EM 2022 (German)], July 2022</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * {{UEFA player|250041879}} * {{Soccerway|aurora-galli/212756}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1996]] o3f0cw94utcnd44wjeacbt9l3bu5tkm 822328 822327 2026-04-18T17:13:17Z Pharouqenr 25549 822328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:FIFA Women's World Cup Qualification Italy - Belgium, 2018-04-10 0560.jpg|thumb|Aurora Galli]] [[Fayil:FIFA Women's World Cup Qualification Italy - Belgium, 2018-04-10 0608.jpg|thumb|Aurora Galli acikin filin wasa]] [[Fayil:FIFA Women's World Cup Qualification Italy - Belgium, 2018-04-10 0619 - Aurora Galli (cropped).jpg|thumb|auroro a wasan Shiva gasar kogin duniya]] [[Fayil:FIFA Women's World Cup Qualification Italy - Belgium, 2018-04-10 0608 - Aurora Galli (cropped).jpg|thumb|Aurora a fili]] [[Fayil:FIFA Women's World Cup Qualification Italy - Belgium, 2018-04-10 0620.jpg|thumb|aurora na murna]] [[Fayil:FIFA Women's World Cup Qualification Italy - Belgium, 2018-04-10 0620.jpg|thumb|aurora a belgium]] [[Fayil:FIFA Women's World Cup Qualification Italy - Belgium, 2018-04-10 0620.jpg|thumb|Aurora lokacin jimami]] [[Fayil:FIFA Women's World Cup Qualification Italy - Belgium, 2018-04-10 0619.jpg|thumb|ajrera da ma aikaciya]] '''Aurora Galli''' (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1996) ƴar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Italiya wacce ke taka leda a matsayin ƴar wasan tsakiya a ƙungiyar Everton ta Super League ta mata <ref>{{Cite web |title=Player Profiles {{!}} Everton Football Club |url=https://www.evertonfc.com/players/77083/aurora-galli |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=www.evertonfc.com |language=en}}</ref> da kuma tawagar ƙasar Italiya . == Ayyuka == <ref>{{Cite web |last=UEFA.com |title=Aurora Galli – Italy – WEURO |url=http://www.uefa.com/womenseuro/season=2017/teams/player=250041879/index.html |website=UEFA.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Italy – A. Galli – Profile with news, career statistics and history – Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/aurora-galli/212756/ |website=www.soccerway.com}}</ref> ta buga wa Italiya wasa a gasar cin kofin mata ta UEFA ta Shekara ta 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Aurora Galli firma per l'Everton: è la prima italiana in Premier |url=https://www.repubblica.it/sport/calcio/esteri/2021/07/28/news/premier_femminile_aurora_galli_firma_per_l_everton_e_diventa_professionista-312121958/ |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=[[la Repubblica]] |language=Italian}}</ref> ranar 28 ga watan Yulin Shekara ta 2021, Galli ta sanya hannu a Everton, ta hanyar yin hakan ta zama Ƴar wasan Italiya ta farko da ta sanya hannu ga kulob ɗin Super League na mata, da kuma ƴar wasan kwallon ƙafa ta Italiya ta fara buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru bayan sauyawa zuwa ƙwarewar Super League na Mata a cikin shekara ta 2018. A ranar 2 ga Maris Na shekara ta 2022, Galli ta zira kwallaye na farko a Super League na mata ga Everton a kan Aston Villa . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Waite |first=Ben |date=2022-03-02 |title=WSL: Everton back to winning ways with Aston Villa victory |url=https://herfootballhub.com/wsl-everton-back-to-winning-ways-with-aston-villa-victory/ |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=Her Football Hub |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Ƙasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played 31 October 2023}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara !Ƙungiyar ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="9" |Italiya |2015 |1 |0 |- |2016 |7 |0 |- |2017 |8 |0 |- |2018 |9 |0 |- |2019 |19 |5 |- |2020 |5 |1 |- |2021 |2 |0 |- |2022 |10 |0 |- |2023 |5 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !66 !6 |} : ''Scores da sakamakon sun lissafa burin Italiya na farko, shafi na ci yana nuna ci bayan kowane burin Galli.'' {| class="wikitable" |+Jerin burin kasa da kasa da Aurora Galli ta zira ! scope="col" |A'a. ! scope="col" |Ranar ! scope="col" |Wurin da ake ciki ! scope="col" |Abokin hamayya ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! scope="col" |Gasar ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | align="center" |1 |4 Maris 2019 |AEK Arena, [[Larnaca]], [[Cyprus]] |{{Fbw|THA}} | align="center" |3–0 | align="center" |4–1 |Kofin Mata na Cyprus na 2019 | |- | align="center" |2 |29 ga Mayu 2019 |Filin wasa na Paolo Mazza, Ferrara, [[Italiya]] |{{Fbw|SWI}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |3–1 |Abokantaka | |- | align="center" |3 | rowspan="2" |14 Yuni 2019 | rowspan="2" |Filin wasa na Auguste-Delaune, [[Reims]], [[Faransa]] | rowspan="2" |{{Fbw|JAM}} | align="center" |4–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |5–0 | rowspan="3" |Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA ta 2019 | rowspan="2" | |- | align="center" |4 | align="center" |5–0 |- | align="center" |5 |25 Yuni 2019 |Filin wasa na Mosson, [[Montpellier]], Faransa |{{Fbw|CHN}} | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |2–0 | |- | align="center" |6 |22 ga Satumba 2020 |Cibiyar Horar da FA ta [[Bosnia da Herzegovina]], Zenica, Bosnia da Hersegovina |{{Fbw|BIH}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |5–0 |Gasar cin kofin mata ta UEFA ta 2022 | |- |} == Daraja == '''Hasumiyoyi''' * Super Cup na Mata na Italiya: 2013 '''Juventus''' * Jerin A: 2017–18-18, 2018–19-19, 2019–20-20, 2020–21-21 * Kofin Italiya: [[2018–19 Coppa Italia (women)|2018–19]]-19 * Supercoppa Italiana: 2019, 2020–21-21 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * AIC Mafi Kyawun Mata XI: 2019 <ref name="Gran Gala del Calcio 2019">{{Cite web |date=2 December 2019 |title=Gran Gala del Calcio 2019 winners |url=https://www.football-italia.net/147169/gran-gala-del-calcio-2019-winners |access-date=2 December 2019 |publisher=Football Italia}}</ref> * Kyautar Everton Spirit of the blues: 2022 == Rayuwa ta sirri == Galli tana da dangantaka da ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Sweden Nathalie Björn . <ref>[https://www.l-mag.de/news-1010/das-sind-die-50-lesbischen-stars-der-fussball-em-2022.html L-Mag.de: Das sind die 59 lesbischen Stars der Fussball-EM 2022 (German)], July 2022</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * {{UEFA player|250041879}} * {{Soccerway|aurora-galli/212756}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1996]] 3la158b073qxjoh0gfqskvwjdf0ocke 822329 822328 2026-04-18T17:13:32Z Pharouqenr 25549 822329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:FIFA Women's World Cup Qualification Italy - Belgium, 2018-04-10 0560.jpg|thumb|Aurora Galli]] [[Fayil:FIFA Women's World Cup Qualification Italy - Belgium, 2018-04-10 0608.jpg|thumb|Aurora Galli acikin filin wasa]] [[Fayil:FIFA Women's World Cup Qualification Italy - Belgium, 2018-04-10 0619 - Aurora Galli (cropped).jpg|thumb|auroro a wasan Shiva gasar kogin duniya]] [[Fayil:FIFA Women's World Cup Qualification Italy - Belgium, 2018-04-10 0608 - Aurora Galli (cropped).jpg|thumb|Aurora a fili]] [[Fayil:FIFA Women's World Cup Qualification Italy - Belgium, 2018-04-10 0620.jpg|thumb|aurora na murna]] [[Fayil:FIFA Women's World Cup Qualification Italy - Belgium, 2018-04-10 0620.jpg|thumb|aurora a belgium]] [[Fayil:FIFA Women's World Cup Qualification Italy - Belgium, 2018-04-10 0620.jpg|thumb|Aurora lokacin jimami]] '''Aurora Galli''' (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1996) ƴar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Italiya wacce ke taka leda a matsayin ƴar wasan tsakiya a ƙungiyar Everton ta Super League ta mata <ref>{{Cite web |title=Player Profiles {{!}} Everton Football Club |url=https://www.evertonfc.com/players/77083/aurora-galli |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=www.evertonfc.com |language=en}}</ref> da kuma tawagar ƙasar Italiya . == Ayyuka == <ref>{{Cite web |last=UEFA.com |title=Aurora Galli – Italy – WEURO |url=http://www.uefa.com/womenseuro/season=2017/teams/player=250041879/index.html |website=UEFA.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Italy – A. Galli – Profile with news, career statistics and history – Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/aurora-galli/212756/ |website=www.soccerway.com}}</ref> ta buga wa Italiya wasa a gasar cin kofin mata ta UEFA ta Shekara ta 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Aurora Galli firma per l'Everton: è la prima italiana in Premier |url=https://www.repubblica.it/sport/calcio/esteri/2021/07/28/news/premier_femminile_aurora_galli_firma_per_l_everton_e_diventa_professionista-312121958/ |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=[[la Repubblica]] |language=Italian}}</ref> ranar 28 ga watan Yulin Shekara ta 2021, Galli ta sanya hannu a Everton, ta hanyar yin hakan ta zama Ƴar wasan Italiya ta farko da ta sanya hannu ga kulob ɗin Super League na mata, da kuma ƴar wasan kwallon ƙafa ta Italiya ta fara buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru bayan sauyawa zuwa ƙwarewar Super League na Mata a cikin shekara ta 2018. A ranar 2 ga Maris Na shekara ta 2022, Galli ta zira kwallaye na farko a Super League na mata ga Everton a kan Aston Villa . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Waite |first=Ben |date=2022-03-02 |title=WSL: Everton back to winning ways with Aston Villa victory |url=https://herfootballhub.com/wsl-everton-back-to-winning-ways-with-aston-villa-victory/ |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=Her Football Hub |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Ƙasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played 31 October 2023}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara !Ƙungiyar ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="9" |Italiya |2015 |1 |0 |- |2016 |7 |0 |- |2017 |8 |0 |- |2018 |9 |0 |- |2019 |19 |5 |- |2020 |5 |1 |- |2021 |2 |0 |- |2022 |10 |0 |- |2023 |5 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !66 !6 |} : ''Scores da sakamakon sun lissafa burin Italiya na farko, shafi na ci yana nuna ci bayan kowane burin Galli.'' {| class="wikitable" |+Jerin burin kasa da kasa da Aurora Galli ta zira ! scope="col" |A'a. ! scope="col" |Ranar ! scope="col" |Wurin da ake ciki ! scope="col" |Abokin hamayya ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! scope="col" |Gasar ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | align="center" |1 |4 Maris 2019 |AEK Arena, [[Larnaca]], [[Cyprus]] |{{Fbw|THA}} | align="center" |3–0 | align="center" |4–1 |Kofin Mata na Cyprus na 2019 | |- | align="center" |2 |29 ga Mayu 2019 |Filin wasa na Paolo Mazza, Ferrara, [[Italiya]] |{{Fbw|SWI}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |3–1 |Abokantaka | |- | align="center" |3 | rowspan="2" |14 Yuni 2019 | rowspan="2" |Filin wasa na Auguste-Delaune, [[Reims]], [[Faransa]] | rowspan="2" |{{Fbw|JAM}} | align="center" |4–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |5–0 | rowspan="3" |Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA ta 2019 | rowspan="2" | |- | align="center" |4 | align="center" |5–0 |- | align="center" |5 |25 Yuni 2019 |Filin wasa na Mosson, [[Montpellier]], Faransa |{{Fbw|CHN}} | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |2–0 | |- | align="center" |6 |22 ga Satumba 2020 |Cibiyar Horar da FA ta [[Bosnia da Herzegovina]], Zenica, Bosnia da Hersegovina |{{Fbw|BIH}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |5–0 |Gasar cin kofin mata ta UEFA ta 2022 | |- |} == Daraja == '''Hasumiyoyi''' * Super Cup na Mata na Italiya: 2013 '''Juventus''' * Jerin A: 2017–18-18, 2018–19-19, 2019–20-20, 2020–21-21 * Kofin Italiya: [[2018–19 Coppa Italia (women)|2018–19]]-19 * Supercoppa Italiana: 2019, 2020–21-21 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * AIC Mafi Kyawun Mata XI: 2019 <ref name="Gran Gala del Calcio 2019">{{Cite web |date=2 December 2019 |title=Gran Gala del Calcio 2019 winners |url=https://www.football-italia.net/147169/gran-gala-del-calcio-2019-winners |access-date=2 December 2019 |publisher=Football Italia}}</ref> * Kyautar Everton Spirit of the blues: 2022 == Rayuwa ta sirri == Galli tana da dangantaka da ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Sweden Nathalie Björn . <ref>[https://www.l-mag.de/news-1010/das-sind-die-50-lesbischen-stars-der-fussball-em-2022.html L-Mag.de: Das sind die 59 lesbischen Stars der Fussball-EM 2022 (German)], July 2022</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * {{UEFA player|250041879}} * {{Soccerway|aurora-galli/212756}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1996]] bnzzmdhc23an4tst82sbpcbssqq0978 822330 822329 2026-04-18T17:14:01Z Pharouqenr 25549 822330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:FIFA Women's World Cup Qualification Italy - Belgium, 2018-04-10 0560.jpg|thumb|Aurora Galli]] '''Aurora Galli''' (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1996) ƴar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Italiya wacce ke taka leda a matsayin ƴar wasan tsakiya a ƙungiyar Everton ta Super League ta mata <ref>{{Cite web |title=Player Profiles {{!}} Everton Football Club |url=https://www.evertonfc.com/players/77083/aurora-galli |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=www.evertonfc.com |language=en}}</ref> da kuma tawagar ƙasar Italiya . == Ayyuka == <ref>{{Cite web |last=UEFA.com |title=Aurora Galli – Italy – WEURO |url=http://www.uefa.com/womenseuro/season=2017/teams/player=250041879/index.html |website=UEFA.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Italy – A. Galli – Profile with news, career statistics and history – Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/aurora-galli/212756/ |website=www.soccerway.com}}</ref> ta buga wa Italiya wasa a gasar cin kofin mata ta UEFA ta Shekara ta 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Aurora Galli firma per l'Everton: è la prima italiana in Premier |url=https://www.repubblica.it/sport/calcio/esteri/2021/07/28/news/premier_femminile_aurora_galli_firma_per_l_everton_e_diventa_professionista-312121958/ |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=[[la Repubblica]] |language=Italian}}</ref> ranar 28 ga watan Yulin Shekara ta 2021, Galli ta sanya hannu a Everton, ta hanyar yin hakan ta zama Ƴar wasan Italiya ta farko da ta sanya hannu ga kulob ɗin Super League na mata, da kuma ƴar wasan kwallon ƙafa ta Italiya ta fara buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru bayan sauyawa zuwa ƙwarewar Super League na Mata a cikin shekara ta 2018. A ranar 2 ga Maris Na shekara ta 2022, Galli ta zira kwallaye na farko a Super League na mata ga Everton a kan Aston Villa . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Waite |first=Ben |date=2022-03-02 |title=WSL: Everton back to winning ways with Aston Villa victory |url=https://herfootballhub.com/wsl-everton-back-to-winning-ways-with-aston-villa-victory/ |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=Her Football Hub |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Ƙasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played 31 October 2023}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara !Ƙungiyar ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="9" |Italiya |2015 |1 |0 |- |2016 |7 |0 |- |2017 |8 |0 |- |2018 |9 |0 |- |2019 |19 |5 |- |2020 |5 |1 |- |2021 |2 |0 |- |2022 |10 |0 |- |2023 |5 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !66 !6 |} : ''Scores da sakamakon sun lissafa burin Italiya na farko, shafi na ci yana nuna ci bayan kowane burin Galli.'' {| class="wikitable" |+Jerin burin kasa da kasa da Aurora Galli ta zira ! scope="col" |A'a. ! scope="col" |Ranar ! scope="col" |Wurin da ake ciki ! scope="col" |Abokin hamayya ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! scope="col" |Gasar ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | align="center" |1 |4 Maris 2019 |AEK Arena, [[Larnaca]], [[Cyprus]] |{{Fbw|THA}} | align="center" |3–0 | align="center" |4–1 |Kofin Mata na Cyprus na 2019 | |- | align="center" |2 |29 ga Mayu 2019 |Filin wasa na Paolo Mazza, Ferrara, [[Italiya]] |{{Fbw|SWI}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |3–1 |Abokantaka | |- | align="center" |3 | rowspan="2" |14 Yuni 2019 | rowspan="2" |Filin wasa na Auguste-Delaune, [[Reims]], [[Faransa]] | rowspan="2" |{{Fbw|JAM}} | align="center" |4–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |5–0 | rowspan="3" |Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA ta 2019 | rowspan="2" | |- | align="center" |4 | align="center" |5–0 |- | align="center" |5 |25 Yuni 2019 |Filin wasa na Mosson, [[Montpellier]], Faransa |{{Fbw|CHN}} | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |2–0 | |- | align="center" |6 |22 ga Satumba 2020 |Cibiyar Horar da FA ta [[Bosnia da Herzegovina]], Zenica, Bosnia da Hersegovina |{{Fbw|BIH}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |5–0 |Gasar cin kofin mata ta UEFA ta 2022 | |- |} == Daraja == '''Hasumiyoyi''' * Super Cup na Mata na Italiya: 2013 '''Juventus''' * Jerin A: 2017–18-18, 2018–19-19, 2019–20-20, 2020–21-21 * Kofin Italiya: [[2018–19 Coppa Italia (women)|2018–19]]-19 * Supercoppa Italiana: 2019, 2020–21-21 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * AIC Mafi Kyawun Mata XI: 2019 <ref name="Gran Gala del Calcio 2019">{{Cite web |date=2 December 2019 |title=Gran Gala del Calcio 2019 winners |url=https://www.football-italia.net/147169/gran-gala-del-calcio-2019-winners |access-date=2 December 2019 |publisher=Football Italia}}</ref> * Kyautar Everton Spirit of the blues: 2022 == Rayuwa ta sirri == Galli tana da dangantaka da ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Sweden Nathalie Björn . <ref>[https://www.l-mag.de/news-1010/das-sind-die-50-lesbischen-stars-der-fussball-em-2022.html L-Mag.de: Das sind die 59 lesbischen Stars der Fussball-EM 2022 (German)], July 2022</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * {{UEFA player|250041879}} * {{Soccerway|aurora-galli/212756}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1996]] i9v17451co43e6sepin0a72gwylvipr 0 76083 822249 408859 2026-04-18T16:20:49Z Mangal Rabiu 44091 822249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''2011–12 Super Division''' (bugu na 50), gasar manyan kungiyoyin kwallon kwando ta Algeria, ta gudana daga ranar 27 ga ga watan Oktoba, na shekara ta 2011 zuwa ranar 29 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BASKET-BALL : Championnat d’Algérie de Super Division |url=http://planetesport.dz/omnisports/basket-ball/7563-basket-ball--championnat-dalgerie-de-super-division |access-date=19 October 2017 |website=planetesport.dz |archive-date=19 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019220129/http://planetesport.dz/omnisports/basket-ball/7563-basket-ball--championnat-dalgerie-de-super-division |url-status=dead }}</ref> Inda aka nada shi sarautar GS Petroliers a karo na uku a jere da 15 a tarihinta. <ref name="renouvellent5">{{Cite web |date=30 May 2012 |title=Basket-ball : le GSP champion d’Algérie de la saison 2011-2012 |url=https://www.algeriepatriotique.com/2012/05/30/basket-ball-le-gsp-champion-dalgerie-de-la-saison-2011-2012/ |access-date=19 October 2017 |publisher=algeriepatriotique.com}}</ref> == Mahalarta ABC Super Division == {{infobox}} == Lokaci na yau da kullun (Oktoba 27, 2011 - Mayu 29, 2012) == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 89%; text-align: center" | | width="50" |'''CRD''' | width="50" |'''USB''' | width="50" |'''GSP''' | width="50" |'''IBA''' | width="50" |'''ASB''' | width="50" |'''CRT''' | width="50" |'''OMB''' | width="50" |'''AUA''' | width="50" |'''OBA''' | width="50" |'''NAH''' | width="50" |'''MSC''' | width="50" |'''ABS''' | width="50" |'''USS''' | width="50" |'''[[NB Staoueli|NBS]]''' | width="50" |'''CSC''' | width="50" |'''WAB''' | width="50" |'''Rec.''' |- | align="right" |'''CRB Dar Beida''' | style="background:#ccc;" | | style="background:#dfd;" |87–82 | style="background:#fdd;" |71–79 | style="background:#dfd;" |85–70 | style="background:#fdd;" |72–78 | style="background:#dfd;" |80–76 | style="background:#dfd;" |99–60 | style="background:#dfd;" |90–40 | style="background:#dfd;" |20–00 | style="background:#dfd;" |83–71 | style="background:#dfd;" |69–60 | style="background:#dfd;" |83–79 | style="background:#dfd;" |79–60 | style="background:#dfd;" |104–75 | style="background:#fdd;" |65–73 | style="background:#dfd;" |66–57 !12–3 |- | align="right" |'''USM Blida''' | style="background:#fdd;" |71–79 | style="background:#ccc;" | | style="background:#fdd;" |48–93 | style="background:#dfd;" |69–63 | style="background:#fdd;" |63–78 | style="background:#dfd;" |64–59 | style="background:#dfd;" |81–58 | style="background:#dfd;" |77–59 | style="background:#dfd;" |82–70 | style="background:#dfd;" |56–52 | style="background:#dfd;" |67–49 | style="background:#fdd;" |77–82 | style="background:#fdd;" |64–66 | style="background:#dfd;" |67–57 | style="background:#fdd;" |64–69 | style="background:#fdd;" |64–65 !8–7 |- | align="right" |'''GS Pétroliers''' | style="background:#dfd;" |97–80 | style="background:#dfd;" |94–60 | style="background:#ccc;" | | style="background:#dfd;" |93–57 | style="background:#dfd;" |91–61 | style="background:#dfd;" |84–52 | style="background:#dfd;" |87–41 | style="background:#dfd;" |111–39 | style="background:#dfd;" |115–61 | style="background:#dfd;" |95–67 | style="background:#dfd;" |82–51 | style="background:#dfd;" |87–59 | style="background:#dfd;" |107–75 | style="background:#dfd;" |104–43 | style="background:#fdd;" |86–93 | style="background:#dfd;" |74–58 !14–1 |- | align="right" |'''IRB Bordj Bou Arreridj''' | style="background:#fdd;" |56–67 | style="background:#dfd;" |79–71 | style="background:#fdd;" |70–110 | style="background:#ccc;" | | style="background:#fdd;" |63–79 | style="background:#dfd;" |82–67 | style="background:#dfd;" |79–63 | style="background:#dfd;" |77–61 | style="background:#dfd;" |61–60 | style="background:#dfd;" |71–70 | style="background:#fdd;" |57–58 | style="background:#dfd;" |77–62 | style="background:#dfd;" |73–69 | style="background:#dfd;" |87–77 | style="background:#fdd;" |61–67 | style="background:#fdd;" |63–76 !9–6 |- | align="right" |'''ASM Blida''' | style="background:#fdd;" |54–85 | style="background:#fdd;" |79–80 | style="background:#fdd;" |68–76 | style="background:#dfd;" |71–62 | style="background:#ccc;" | | style="background:#dfd;" |74–56 | style="background:#dfd;" |77–53 | style="background:#dfd;" |100–62 | style="background:#dfd;" |87–75 | style="background:#fdd;" |75–78 | style="background:#dfd;" |73–49 | style="background:#dfd;" |108–61 | style="background:#fdd;" |59–60 | style="background:#dfd;" |91–77 | style="background:#fdd;" |68–72 | style="background:#fdd;" |71–75 !8–7 |- | align="right" |'''CRB Temouchent''' | style="background:#fdd;" |75–88 | style="background:#fdd;" |77–78 | style="background:#fdd;" |61–95 | style="background:#dfd;" |89–74 | style="background:#fdd;" |69–75 | style="background:#ccc;" | | style="background:#dfd;" |83–71 | style="background:#dfd;" |85–72 | style="background:#dfd;" |87–79 | style="background:#dfd;" |73–65 | style="background:#dfd;" |78–66 | style="background:#dfd;" |87–69 | style="background:#dfd;" |86–75 | style="background:#dfd;" |93–63 | style="background:#fdd;" |65–67 | style="background:#fdd;" |64–82 !9–6 |- | align="right" |'''OMB Bel Abbés''' | style="background:#fdd;" |72–74 | style="background:#dfd;" |65–63 | style="background:#fdd;" |53–81 | style="background:#dfd;" |78–58 | style="background:#fdd;" |43–66 | style="background:#dfd;" |69–61 | style="background:#ccc;" | | style="background:#dfd;" |93–71 | style="background:#dfd;" |73–67 | style="background:#fdd;" |56–59 | style="background:#fdd;" |57–60 | style="background:#dfd;" |70–58 | style="background:#fdd;" |76–81 | style="background:#fdd;" |64–79 | style="background:#fdd;" |58–61 | style="background:#fdd;" |62–85 !6–9 |- | align="right" |'''AU Annaba''' | style="background:#fdd;" |66–89 | style="background:#fdd;" |69–75 | style="background:#fdd;" |33–99 | style="background:#dfd;" |61–83 | style="background:#fdd;" |77–94 | style="background:#fdd;" |51–55 | style="background:#dfd;" |90–73 | style="background:#ccc;" | | style="background:#fdd;" |71–88 | style="background:#fdd;" |63–77 | style="background:#dfd;" |65–54 | style="background:#fdd;" |84–95 | style="background:#fdd;" |72–88 | style="background:#fdd;" |68–76 | style="background:#fdd;" |57–77 | style="background:#fdd;" |64–92 !2–13 |- | align="right" |'''Olympique Batna''' | style="background:#fdd;" |56–63 | style="background:#dfd;" |75–69 | style="background:#fdd;" |58–101 | style="background:#dfd;" |87–73 | style="background:#fdd;" |58–65 | style="background:#dfd;" |73–64 | style="background:#dfd;" |20–00 | style="background:#dfd;" |71–56 | style="background:#ccc;" | | style="background:#dfd;" |86–53 | style="background:#dfd;" |63–51 | style="background:#dfd;" |81–56 | style="background:#dfd;" |76–69 | style="background:#dfd;" |80–74 | style="background:#dfd;" |91–89 | style="background:#fdd;" |66–86 !11–4 |- | align="right" |'''NA Hussein Dey''' | style="background:#dfd;" |74–66 | style="background:#fdd;" |72–74 | style="background:#fdd;" |54–103 | style="background:#fdd;" |73–85 | style="background:#dfd;" |84–69 | style="background:#dfd;" |88–84 | style="background:#dfd;" |69–68 | style="background:#dfd;" |74–46 | style="background:#dfd;" |80–76 | style="background:#ccc;" | | style="background:#dfd;" |70–65 | style="background:#dfd;" |78–69 | style="background:#dfd;" |70–60 | style="background:#fdd;" |66–88 | style="background:#fdd;" |56–98 | style="background:#fdd;" |55–57 !9–6 |- | align="right" |'''MS Cherchell''' | style="background:#fdd;" |71–72 | style="background:#dfd;" |58–56 | style="background:#fdd;" |46–83 | style="background:#fdd;" |75–83 | style="background:#fdd;" |63–76 | style="background:#dfd;" |50–49 | style="background:#dfd;" |63–56 | style="background:#dfd;" |80–53 | style="background:#dfd;" |67–66 | style="background:#dfd;" |52–49 | style="background:#ccc;" | | style="background:#dfd;" |62–59 | style="background:#dfd;" |81–74 | style="background:#dfd;" |65–62 | style="background:#fdd;" |53–64 | style="background:#fdd;" |37–53 !9–6 |- | align="right" |'''AB Skikda''' | style="background:#dfd;" |81–73 | style="background:#dfd;" |70–63 | style="background:#fdd;" |81–126 | style="background:#dfd;" |100–87 | style="background:#fdd;" |76–77 | style="background:#dfd;" |103–60 | style="background:#dfd;" |76–61 | style="background:#dfd;" |88–61 | style="background:#dfd;" |68–60 | style="background:#fdd;" |00–20 | style="background:#dfd;" |64–58 | style="background:#ccc;" | | style="background:#dfd;" |74–69 | style="background:#dfd;" |69–54 | style="background:#dfd;" |81–78 | style="background:#fdd;" |95–104 !11–4 |- | align="right" |'''US Sétif''' | style="background:#dfd;" |84–78 | style="background:#fdd;" |63–67 | style="background:#fdd;" |60–99 | style="background:#dfd;" |88–71 | style="background:#fdd;" |66–93 | style="background:#dfd;" |86–83 | style="background:#fdd;" |62–71 | style="background:#dfd;" |95–68 | style="background:#dfd;" |64–51 | style="background:#dfd;" |80–54 | style="background:#dfd;" |63–51 | style="background:#fdd;" |69–84 | style="background:#ccc;" | | style="background:#fdd;" |65–73 | style="background:#fdd;" |67–69 | style="background:#dfd;" |73–70 !8–7 |- | align="right" |'''[[NB Staoueli]]''' | style="background:#dfd;" |77–68 | style="background:#dfd;" |69–63 | style="background:#fdd;" |45–85 | style="background:#dfd;" |76–69 | style="background:#fdd;" |55–57 | style="background:#dfd;" |95–69 | style="background:#dfd;" |20–00 | style="background:#dfd;" |85–79 | style="background:#fdd;" |61–75 | style="background:#fdd;" |64–78 | style="background:#dfd;" |73–71 | style="background:#fdd;" |66–73 | style="background:#dfd;" |64–63 | style="background:#ccc;" | | style="background:#dfd;" |94–87 | style="background:#fdd;" |61–71 !9–6 |- | align="right" |'''CSM Constantine''' | style="background:#dfd;" |89–74 | style="background:#dfd;" |62–61 | style="background:#dfd;" |81–76 | style="background:#dfd;" |78–73 | style="background:#dfd;" |68–66 | style="background:#dfd;" |98–75 | style="background:#dfd;" |107–29 | style="background:#dfd;" |83–63 | style="background:#dfd;" |74–62 | style="background:#dfd;" |87–76 | style="background:#dfd;" |69–63 | style="background:#dfd;" |104–43 | style="background:#dfd;" |81–67 | style="background:#dfd;" |97–76 | style="background:#ccc;" | | style="background:#dfd;" |67–59 !15–0 |- | align="right" |'''WA Boufarik''' | style="background:#dfd;" |83–82 | style="background:#dfd;" |83–71 | style="background:#dfd;" |76–68 | style="background:#dfd;" |64–56 | style="background:#fdd;" |53–58 | style="background:#dfd;" |80–58 | style="background:#dfd;" |74–44 | style="background:#dfd;" |107–65 | style="background:#dfd;" |84–72 | style="background:#dfd;" |62–56 | style="background:#dfd;" |66–33 | style="background:#dfd;" |82–73 | style="background:#dfd;" |65–59 | style="background:#dfd;" |61–57 | style="background:#dfd;" |61–56 | style="background:#ccc;" | !14–1 |- | align="right" |'''Record''' !8–7 !5–10 !13–2 !3–12 !12–3 !1–14 !1–14 !0–15 !2–13 !5–10 !2–13 !4–11 !4–11 !4–11 !11–4 !11–4 | style="background:#ccc;" | |} * Lura: Ƙananan lamba da lamba a maƙallan suna nuna lambar zagaye da ƙafa, bi da bi<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> {{Color box|#ffff00}}Wasannin da aka tsara na gaba == Matsayin yanayi na yau da kullun == An sabunta shi daga Oktoba 19, 2017. <ref name="league">{{Cite web |title=Algerian Basketball League 2011/2012 |url=http://www.goalzz.com/main.aspx?c=7826 |access-date=19 October 2017 |website=goalzz.com}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%" ! width="25" |Pos !Team !M !W !L !PF !PA !D !Pts |- bgcolor="#ccffcc" |1 | align="left" |GS Pétroliers |30 |27 |3 |2786 |1792 |994 |57 |- |2 | align="left" |CSM Constantine |30 |26 |4 |2365 |1990 |375 |56 |- |3 | align="left" |WA Boufarik |30 |25 |5 |2181 |1895 |286 |55 |- |4 | align="left" |CRB Dar Beida |30 |20 |10 |2291 |2066 |225 |50 |- |5 | align="left" |ASM Blida |30 |20 |10 |2247 |2022 |225 |50 |- |6 | align="left" |NA Hussein Dey |30 |14 |16 |1988 |2111 | -123 |44 |- |7 | align="left" |AB Skikda |30 |15 |15 |2148 |2266 | -118 |44* |- |8 | align="left" |Olympique Batna |30 |13 |17 |2003 |2063 | -60 |43 |- |9 | align="left" |USM Blida |30 |13 |17 |2047 |2101 | -54 |43 |- |10 | align="left" |NB Staoueli |30 |13 |17 |2027 |2189 | -162 |43 |- |11 | align="left" |USM Sétif |30 |12 |18 |2120 |2209 | -89 |42 |- |12 | align="left" |IRB Bordj Bou Arreridj |30 |12 |18 |2120 |2244 | -124 |42 |- |13 | align="left" |MS Cherchell |30 |11 |19 |1762 |1971 | -209 |41 |- |14 | align="left" |CRB Temouchent |30 |10 |20 |2140 |2296 | -156 |40 |- |15 | align="left" |OMB Bel Abbés |30 |7 |23 |1737 |2102 | -365 |35** |- |16 | align="left" |AU Annaba |30 |2 |28 |1886 |2531 | -645 |32 |} * 1 hasara ta tsohuwa (babu ma'ana da aka bayar) ** 2 hasara ta tsohuwa (ba a bayar da maki ba) == Zakarun kungiya == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto" width="36%" |'''2011–12 Aljeriya ta lashe Gasar Kwallon Kwando''' '''Groupement sportif des pétroliers'''<nowiki></br></nowiki> '''Take na 15''' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Groupe Sportif Petroliers Alger 2011-12 |url=https://www.afrobasket.com/Algeria/basketball-League-D1_2011-2012.aspx |access-date=23 October 2017 |publisher=afrobasket.com}}</ref> '''Rubutun tawagar:''' Touhami Ghezzoul, Nabil [[Nabil Saidi|Saidi]], [[Abderrahmane Mostefai]], [[Djillali Canon]], Mustapha Adrar, [[Hocine Gaham]], [[Mohamed Harath]], Abdesslem Dekkiche, Mohamed Touati, [[Smail Amrani]], [[Mahdi Derris]], [[Hamza Kachkach]], [[Soufiane Boukalmouni]]<nowiki></br></nowiki> '''Babban koci''' : [[Bilal Faid]] |} == Manazarta == g2byffdl4oxpxp3hzxvqjfoqfak7lc6 0 78932 822458 494815 2026-04-19T08:57:19Z CommonsDelinker 75 Replacing The_C_Programming_Language_logo.svg with [[File:C1stEdition.svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:Duplicate|Duplicate]]: Exact or scaled-down duplicate: [[:c::File:C1stEdition.svg|]]). 822458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Hello World C++.png|thumb|yanda programming C++ yake]] [[Fayil:C1stEdition.svg|thumb|c programing]] C (mai suna kamar harafin c) yare ne na shirye-shirye na gaba ɗaya. Dennis Ritchie ne ya kirkireshi a cikin shekarun 1970s kuma ya kasance ana amfani dashi sosai kuma yana da tasiri. Ta hanyar zane, siffofin C suna nuna ikon CPUs da aka yi niyya. Ya sami amfani na dindindin a cikin tsarin aiki, direbobi na na'ura, da Tsarin yarjejeniya, amma amfani da shi a cikin software na aikace-aikace yana raguwa. Ana amfani da C a kan gine-ginen kwamfuta waɗanda ke fitowa daga manyan kwamfutoci zuwa mafi ƙanƙanta microcontrollers da Tsarin da aka saka.<ref> "The name is based on, and pronounced like the letter C in the English alphabet". the c programming language sound. English Chinese Dictionary. Archived from the original on November 17, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022.</ref><ref> "C Language Drops to Lowest Popularity Rating". Developer.com. August 9, 2016. Archived from the original on August 22, 2022. Retrieved August 1, 2022.</ref><ref> Ritchie (1993) </ref><ref> "Programming Language Popularity". 2009. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 16, 2009. </ref> <ref> "TIOBE Programming Community Index". 2009. Archived from the original on May 4, 2009. Retrieved May 6, 2009. </ref> C yare ne mai mahimmanci, yana tallafawa shirye-shiryen tsari, iyakar canji, da sake dawowa, tare da tsarin tsarin tsaye. An tsara shi don a tattara shi don samar da ƙananan damar yin amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da ƙirar harshe waɗanda ke taswirar yadda ya kamata ga umarnin inji, duk tare da ƙaramin tallafin lokaci. Duk da ƙwarewarsa ta ƙarancin matakin, an tsara harshe don ƙarfafa shirye-shiryen dandamali. Shirin C mai bin ka'idoji wanda aka rubuta tare da ɗaukar hoto a zuciya za a iya tattara shi don dandamali na kwamfuta iri-iri da tsarin aiki tare da canje-canje kaɗan ga lambar tushe. == References == {{Reflist}} 74c6um63nk816xpidv7roifw0o0nooj 0 79252 822590 436119 2026-04-19T11:57:26Z Pharouqenr 25549 822590 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Switch board.JPG|thumb|Makyalli]] '''Makyalli''' A fannin injiniyanci na wutar lantarki, makyalli kayan amfani ne na wuta da yake hadawa ko kuma ya cire karas da yake wucewa a cikin wayar lantarki. Kuma makyalli ya kasance yana samarma karas din hanya ya bi inda ake bukatar sa idan an kunna. Haka zalika yakan hana karas din ya wuce ko ina idan an kashe. Makyalli kala kala ne, amma mafi sananen makyalli shine maktallin electromechanical wanda suke da gungu daya ko sama da haka wadanda ake matsarwa wadanda ake hadasu da fai fai mai dauke da kayan lantarki. A jikin makyalli akwai wadansu karafa guda biyu ko sama da haka yadai ta'allaka da irin aikin da akeso makyalli yayi. Idan karafan nan suka hadu to karas zai samu hanyar wucewa ya bada abinda ake bukata. Idan kuma karafan basu hadu ba to karas baze samu hanyar wucewa ba balle ya bada wani abun. == '''Ire ire na musamman''' == Za'a iya kirkirar makyalli da siffofi da dama sannan za'a iya kirkirar makyalli ya wakilci duk wani kalar abu na mechanical. Misali, babirashon (makyallin trebler), makyalli mai juyawa (makullin makyalli) wanda ke sama da kasa ko mai juyawa (makyalli mai iyaka ko microswich) ko kuma bayyanar magnetic field (makyallin Reed). Wasu makyallan suna aiki ne da canjin yanayi a wasu wuraren da motsi ko injina. Ana amfani da makyalli mai iyaka misali a abun mashin domin ya seta abun rufewar na abun.a fannin kayan zafi ko na sanyi, ana amfani da makyallin sall domin ya daidaita abun kuma a samu biyan bukata inda yake tabbatar da cewa zafin ko iskan yajene yanda ake bukatarsa == Manazarta == "Switch". The Free Dictionary. Farlex. 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-27 Switch". The American Heritage Dictionary, College Edition. Houghton Mifflin. 1979. p. 1301 d2o8n2h1n1nm7xjkxyld9vpvqitxhmw 0 81358 822358 813622 2026-04-18T18:38:55Z Gwadabawa1 44111 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 822358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Insurance Law and Practice.jpg|thumb|littafan karatu inshora]] Inshorar lafiya ko inshorar likita (wanda kuma aka sani da taimakon likita a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]) wani nau'in inshora ne wanda ke rufe gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangare na haɗarin mutum ya jawo kuɗin magani. Kamar sauran nau'ikan inshora, ana raba haɗari tsakanin mutane da yawa. Ta hanyar ƙididdige haɗarin haɗarin lafiya gabaɗaya da kuɗin tsarin kiwon lafiya akan wuraren haɗari, mai insurer zai iya haɓaka tsarin kuɗi na yau da kullun, kamar ƙimar kuɗi na kowane wata ko harajin biyan kuɗi, don samar da kuɗin biyan fa'idodin kiwon lafiya da aka ƙayyade a cikin inshora. yarjejeniya. Ƙungiya ta tsakiya ce ke gudanar da wannan fa'idar, kamar hukumar gwamnati, kasuwanci mai zaman kansa, ko mahaɗan mara riba. A cewar Ƙungiyar Inshorar Lafiya ta [[Amurka]], an ayyana inshorar lafiya a matsayin "launi wanda ke ba da biyan kuɗin fa'idodin sakamakon rashin lafiya ko rauni. Ya haɗa da inshora don asarar hatsarori, kuɗin likita, nakasa, ko mutuwa mai haɗari da lalacewa".<ref>[http://kff.org/health-costs/report/how-private-insurance-works-a-primer/ How Private Insurance Works: A Primer] by Gary Caxton, Institution for Health Care Research and Policy, Georgetown University, on behalf of the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.</ref>{{Rp|225}} == Tarihi == Manufar inshorar lafiya ita ce: # Kwangila tsakanin mai ba da inshora (misali kamfanin inshora ko gwamnati) da mutum ko mai ɗaukar nauyinsa (wato ma'aikaci ko ƙungiyar al'umma). Kwangilar na iya zama sabuntawa (shekara-shekara, kowane wata) ko tsawon rai a cikin yanayin inshora na sirri. Hakanan yana iya zama wajibi ga duk 'yan ƙasa a cikin yanayin tsare-tsaren ƙasa. Nau'i da adadin kuɗin kula da lafiyar da mai ba da inshorar kiwon lafiya zai rufe an ƙayyade su a rubuce, a cikin kwangilar memba ko ɗan littafin "Shaidar Taimako" don inshora mai zaman kansa, ko a cikin [manufofin kiwon lafiya] na ƙasa don inshorar jama'a. # (Amurka ta musamman) A cikin Amurka, akwai nau'ikan inshorar lafiya iri biyu - masu biyan haraji da kuma masu zaman kansu. Misalin tsarin inshora mai zaman kansa ya haɗa da shirin ERISA mai ɗaukar nauyin mai aiki (Aikin Tsaron Samun Kuɗin Ma'aikata na 1974). Yawanci, waɗannan kamfanoni suna haɓaka kansu azaman suna da alaƙa da manyan masu ba da inshora. Duk da haka, a cikin mahallin shirin ERISA, waɗannan kamfanonin inshora ba sa shiga cikin ayyukan inshora; maimakon haka, suna gudanar da ayyukan gudanarwa. Saboda haka, tsare-tsaren ERISA ba a keɓance su daga dokokin jihohi kuma sun faɗi ƙarƙashin ikon tarayya, wanda Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka (USDOL) ke kulawa. Ana iya samun takamaiman bayanai game da fa'idodi ko ɗaukar hoto a cikin Takaitaccen Bayanin Shirin (SPD). Idan ana buƙatar roko, tsarin yawanci ya ƙunshi ƙaddamar da shi ta hanyar kamfanin inshora sannan kuma kai ga Fiduciary Plan na Ma'aikata. Idan har yanzu ba a cimma matsaya ba, za a iya ƙara matsayar zuwa USDOL don dubawa don tabbatar da bin ka'idodin ERISA, kuma, idan ya cancanta, ana iya ɗaukar matakin shari'a ta hanyar shigar da ƙara a kotun tarayya. wajibcin wanda ke da inshora na iya ɗaukar nau'i da yawa: * Premium: Adadin da mai riƙe manufofin ko mai ɗaukar nauyinsu (misali ma'aikaci) ke biya wa tsarin kiwon lafiya don siyan ɗaukar hoto. (Amurka ta musamman) Dangane da dokar kiwon lafiya, ana ƙididdige ƙima ta amfani da takamaiman dalilai guda 5 game da wanda ke da inshora. Waɗannan abubuwan sune shekaru, wuri, shan taba, ɗaiɗai da rajista na iyali, da kuma nau'in tsarin da inshora ya zaɓa. Ƙarƙashin Dokar Kulawa mai araha, gwamnati tana biyan kuɗin haraji don biyan wani ɓangare na ƙimar ga mutanen da suka sayi inshora na sirri ta wurin Kasuwar Inshora.: TS 4:03  * Deductible: Adadin da mai inshorar dole ne ya biya daga aljihu kafin mai inshorar lafiya ya biya kason sa. Misali, masu rike da manufofin za su iya biyan $7500 deductible a kowace shekara, kafin duk wani kiwon lafiyar su ya rufe shi ta hanyar inshorar lafiya. Yana iya ɗaukar ziyarar likita da yawa ko sake cika takardar sayan magani kafin mai insho ya kai ga abin da za a cire kuma kamfanin inshora ya fara biyan kuɗi. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin tsare-tsare ba sa amfani da kuɗin haɗin gwiwa don ziyarar likita ko takardun magani a kan abin da za a cire ku. * Biyan kuɗi: Adadin da mai inshorar dole ne ya biya daga aljihu kafin mai inshorar lafiya ya biya don wata ziyara ko sabis. Misali, mutumin da ke da inshora zai iya biyan $45 haɗin gwiwa don ziyarar likita, ko don samun takardar sayan magani. Dole ne a biya haɗin gwiwa a duk lokacin da aka sami takamaiman sabis. * Haɗin kai: Maimakon, ko ban da, biyan ƙayyadaddun adadin gaba (biyan haɗin gwiwa), inshorar haɗin gwiwa kashi ne na jimlar kuɗin da mai insho zai iya biya. Misali, memba na iya biyan kashi 20% na kudin tiyata sama da biyan hadin gwiwa, yayin da kamfanin inshora ya biya sauran kashi 80%. Idan akwai babban iyaka akan tsabar kuɗi, mai riƙe manufofin zai iya ƙare bashi kaɗan, ko yawa, ya danganta da ainihin farashin ayyukan da suke samu. * Keɓewa: Ba duk sabis ke rufe ba. Abubuwan da aka biya kamar amfani-da-jifa, haraji, da sauransu. Ana sa ran masu inshora gabaɗaya za su biya cikakken kuɗin ayyukan da ba a rufe su daga aljihunsu. * Ƙimar ɗaukar hoto: Wasu manufofin inshora na kiwon lafiya suna biyan kuɗin kula da lafiya har zuwa wani adadin dala. Ana iya tsammanin mutumin da ke da inshora ya biya duk wani cajin da ya wuce iyakar tsarin kiwon lafiya na takamaiman sabis. Bugu da ƙari, wasu tsare-tsaren kamfanonin inshora suna da maxima na shekara-shekara ko na rayuwa. A cikin waɗannan lokuta, tsarin kiwon lafiya zai dakatar da biyan kuɗi lokacin da suka kai iyakar fa'ida, kuma mai riƙe da manufofin dole ne ya biya duk sauran farashin * Matsakaicin aljihu: Mai kama da iyakokin ɗaukar hoto, sai dai a wannan yanayin, wajibcin biyan mai insho ya ƙare lokacin da suka kai matsakaicin mafi girman aljihu, kuma inshorar lafiya yana biyan duk ƙarin farashin da aka rufe. Matsakaicin mafi girman aljihu za a iya iyakance shi zuwa takamaiman nau'in fa'ida (kamar magungunan likitanci) ko kuma yana iya amfani da duk ɗaukar hoto da aka bayar yayin takamaiman shekara ta fa'ida. * Capitation: Adadin da mai insurer ya biya ga ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya, wanda mai ba da sabis ya yarda ya kula da duk membobin mai insurer. Mai Ba da Sadarwar Sadarwar * Sadarwa: (Lokacin Amurka) Ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya a cikin jerin masu samarwa wanda mai insurer ya zaɓa. Mai insurer zai ba da rangwamen kuɗi ko biyan kuɗi, ko ƙarin fa'idodi, ga memba na shirin don ganin mai ba da hanyar sadarwa. Gabaɗaya, masu samarwa a cikin hanyar sadarwa sune masu samarwa waɗanda ke da kwangila tare da mai inshorar don karɓar ƙimar ƙarin rangwame daga cajin "na al'ada da na al'ada" mai insurer yana biya ga masu samar da hanyar sadarwa. * Out-of-Network Provider: Ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya wanda bai kulla yarjejeniya da shirin ba. Idan ana amfani da mai ba da hanyar sadarwar da ba ta da hanyar sadarwa, mai yiwuwa majiyyaci ya biya cikakken farashin fa'idodi da sabis ɗin da aka karɓa daga mai badawa. Ko don sabis na gaggawa, masu ba da hanyar sadarwa na iya yin lissafin majiyyata don wasu ƙarin farashi masu alaƙa. * Izini na Farko: Takaddun shaida ko izini wanda mai inshorar ke bayarwa kafin aikin likita ya faru. Samun izini yana nufin cewa mai insurer ya wajaba ya biya sabis, yana ɗaukan ya yi daidai da abin da aka ba izini. [an gardama - tattauna] Yawancin ƙananan, ayyuka na yau da kullum ba sa buƙatar izini. * Formulary: jerin magungunan da tsarin inshora ya yarda ya rufe. Bayanin fa'idodi: Takaddun da mai insurer zai iya aikawa ga majiyyaci yana bayanin abin da aka rufe don sabis na likita, da yadda aka ƙayyade adadin biyan kuɗi da adadin alhakin haƙuri. Game da lissafin kuɗin dakin gaggawa, ana sanar da marasa lafiya a cikin kwanaki 30 bayan sabis. Ba kasafai ake sanar da marasa lafiya farashin sabis na dakin gaggawa a cikin mutum ba saboda yanayin marasa lafiya da sauran kayan aiki har sai an sami wannan wasiƙar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bill Text - AB-1611 Emergency hospital services: Costs |url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB1611}}</ref> Shirye-shiryen magani wani nau'i ne na inshora da ake bayarwa ta wasu tsare-tsaren inshorar lafiya. A cikin Amurka, majiyyaci yawanci yana biyan kuɗin kwas ɗin kuɗi da ɓangaren inshorar magani ko duk ma'auni na magungunan da aka rufe a cikin tsarin tsarin. Misali, a lardin Quebec, Kanada, ana buƙatar inshorar likitancin magani a duk duniya a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin inshorar lafiyar jama'a, amma ana iya siye da gudanar da shi ta hanyar tsare-tsare masu zaman kansu ko na ƙungiya, ko ta tsarin jama'a. Wasu, idan ba mafi yawa ba, ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a Amurka za su yarda su yi lissafin kamfanin inshora idan majiyyata suna son sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar cewa za su ɗauki nauyin kuɗin da kamfanin inshora bai biya ba. Kamfanin inshora yana biya daga masu samar da hanyar sadarwa bisa ga cajin "masu hankali da na al'ada", wanda zai iya zama ƙasa da kuɗin da mai bayarwa ya saba. Hakanan mai bayarwa na iya samun kwangila daban tare da mai insurer don karɓar abin da ya kai adadin rangwame ko ƙima zuwa daidaitattun cajin mai bayarwa. Gabaɗaya yana kashe majiyyaci kaɗan don amfani da mai ba da hanyar sadarwa. == Kwatance == [[Fayil:Health_Expenditure_per_capita_OECD_2013.png|thumb|Kudin kiwon lafiya ga kowane mutum (a cikin PPP-da aka daidaita US $) tsakanin kasashe membobin OECD da yawa. Tushen bayanai: OECD's iLibrary <ref name="CHHealthExp">{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=OECD.StatExtracts, Health, Health Expenditure and Financing, Main Indicators, Health Expenditure since 2000 |url=http://stats.oecd.org//Index.aspx?QueryId=52066 |access-date=23 April 2014 |website=Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development |publisher=OECD's iLibrary |format=Online Statistics}}</ref>]] Asusun Commonwealth, a cikin bincikensa na shekara-shekara, "Mirror, Mirror on the Wall", ya kwatanta aikin da tsarin kula da lafiya a Australia, New Zealand, [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]], Jamus, Canada da kuma Amurka bincikensa na 2007 ya gano cewa, ko da yake Tsarin Amurka shine mafi tsada, koyaushe yana kasa aiki idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashe. Bambanci ɗaya tsakanin Amurka da sauran ƙasashen da ke cikin binciken shine cewa Amurka ce kaɗai ƙasa da ba ta da inshorar lafiya na duniya. [abubuwan da ake bukata] [[Fayil:Life_Expectancy_in_OECD.svg|left|thumb|Rayuwa da tsammanin yawan jama'a a lokacin haihuwa tsakanin kasashe membobin OECD da yawa. Tushen bayanai: OECD's iLibrary <ref name="CHLifeExpectancy">{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=OECD.StatExtracts, Health, Health Status, Life expectancy, Total population at birth |url=http://stats.oecd.org//Index.aspx?QueryId=51904 |access-date=23 April 2014 |website=Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development |publisher=OECD's iLibrary |format=Online Statistics}}</ref>]] Asusun Commonwealth ya kammala binciken manufofin kiwon lafiya na shekara-shekara na goma sha uku a cikin 2010. Binciken binciken "ya sami bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin samun dama, nauyin farashi, da matsaloli tare da inshorar lafiya da ke da alaƙa da ƙirar inshora". Daga cikin kasashen da aka gudanar da binciken, sakamakon ya nuna cewa, mutane a Amurka sun fi kashe kudaden da ba a aljihu ba, suna da takaddama da kamfanonin inshora fiye da sauran kasashe, da kuma kin biyan kudin inshora; Har ila yau, aikin takarda ya kasance mafi girma duk da cewa Jamus tana da matakan rubutu iri ɗaya.<ref name="Schoenetal2010">Schoen C et al. (2010). How Health Insurance Design Affects Access To Care And Costs, By Income, In Eleven Countries. ''Health Affairs''. [http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/full/hlthaff.2010.0862v1 Free full-text].</ref> === Ostiraliya === Ana kiran tsarin kula da lafiyar jama'a na Australiya Medicare, wanda ke ba da damar samun damar jiyya na asibiti kyauta da tallafin jinya daga asibiti. Ana ba da kuɗaɗen harajin harajin kashi 2% akan duk masu biyan haraji, ƙarin harajin 1% akan masu samun kuɗi masu yawa, da kuma kudaden shiga na gabaɗaya. [abubuwan da ake bukata] Ƙungiyoyin inshorar lafiya masu zaman kansu suna samun kuɗin tsarin kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu. Mafi girma daga cikin waɗannan shine Medibank Private Limited, wanda ya kasance, har zuwa 2014, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati, lokacin da aka mayar da ita kuma aka jera ta a kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Australiya. [abubuwan da ake bukata] Kudaden lafiyar Australiya na iya zama ko dai 'don riba' gami da Bupa da nib; 'Mutual' gami da Hadin kan Australiya; ko 'marasa riba' gami da GMHBA, HCF da Inshorar Lafiya ta HBF. Wasu, kamar Kiwon Lafiyar ƴan sanda, suna da memba an iyakance ga ƙungiyoyi na musamman, amma galibi suna da buɗe memba. Kasancewa cikin mafi yawan kuɗin kiwon lafiya kuma ana samun su ta hanyar gidajen yanar gizon kwatanta. Waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon kwatancen suna aiki ne bisa hukuma ta hanyar yarjejeniya tare da kuɗin kiwon lafiya masu shiga. Ombudsman na Inshorar Lafiya mai zaman kansa kuma yana aiki da gidan yanar gizon kyauta wanda ke ba masu amfani damar bincika da kwatanta samfuran masu inshorar lafiya masu zaman kansu, wanda ya haɗa da bayanai kan farashi da matakin rufewa.<ref>[http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/ Australian Health Insurance Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518095950/https://www.privatehealth.gov.au/ |date=2021-05-18 }}. PrivateHealth.gov.au. Retrieved on 26 October 2011.</ref> Yawancin nau'ikan inshorar lafiya masu zaman kansu a Ostiraliya ana tsara su ta Dokar Inshorar Lafiya ta Masu zaman kansu ta 2007. Korafe-korafe da bayar da rahoto na masana'antar kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati mai zaman kanta, mai kula da inshorar lafiya mai zaman kanta. Jami'in kare hakkin jama'a yana wallafa rahoton shekara-shekara wanda ya bayyana adadi da yanayin korafe-korafe a kowane asusun kiwon lafiya idan aka kwatanta da kason kasuwarsu. Tsarin kiwon lafiya mai zaman kansa a Ostiraliya yana aiki ne bisa “ƙididdigar al’umma”, ta yadda ƙimar kuɗi ba ta bambanta kawai saboda tarihin likitancin mutum na baya, yanayin lafiyar da ake ciki a yanzu, ko (gaba ɗaya) shekarun su (amma duba Cover Life Life Cover a ƙasa) . Daidaita wannan lokutan jira ne, musamman don yanayin da aka rigaya (yawanci ana magana a cikin masana'antar a matsayin PEA, wanda ke tsaye ga "cutar da ta riga ta kasance"). Kudade suna da hakkin sanya wa'adin jira har zuwa watanni 12 akan fa'idodin kowane yanayi na likita alamun da alamun da suka wanzu a cikin watanni shidan da suka ƙare a ranar da mutumin ya fara ɗaukar inshora. Har ila yau, suna da damar sanya wa'adin watanni 12 don fa'idodin jiyya da suka shafi yanayin haihuwa, da kuma lokacin jira na watanni 2 don duk sauran fa'idodin lokacin da mutum ya fara ɗaukar inshora na sirri. Kudade suna da ikon rage ko cire irin waɗannan lokutan jira a lokuta ɗaya. Har ila yau, suna da 'yanci ba su tilasta su ba, don farawa, amma wannan zai sanya irin wannan asusu cikin haɗari na "zaɓi mara kyau", yana jawo adadin mambobi masu yawa daga wasu kudade, ko kuma daga ƙungiyar mambobi masu niyya waɗanda watakila sun shiga. sauran kudade. Hakanan zai jawo hankalin mutanen da ke da yanayin kiwon lafiya, waɗanda ƙila ba za su ɗauki inshora kwata-kwata ba saboda musun fa'idodin na tsawon watanni 12 saboda Dokar PEA. Ribar da aka biya na wadannan sharudda zai haifar da matsin lamba ga duk mambobin asusun, wanda hakan zai sa wasu su yi watsi da zama membobinsu, wanda hakan zai haifar da karin hauhawar kudaden da ake biya, kuma za a fuskanci muguwar dabi’a ta masu karbar kudaden shiga. [abubuwan da ake bukata] Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta bullo da wasu abubuwan karfafa gwiwa don karfafa manya su dauki inshorar asibiti masu zaman kansu. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: * Rufin Lafiya na Rayuwa: Idan mutum bai ɗauki murfin asibiti mai zaman kansa ba ta 1 ga Yuli bayan cikar su na 31st, sannan lokacin (kuma idan) sun yi hakan bayan wannan lokacin, ƙimar su dole ne su haɗa da ɗaukar nauyin 2% a kowace shekara na kowace shekara. sun kasance ba su da murfin asibiti. Don haka, mutumin da ya ɗauki murfin sirri a karon farko yana da shekaru 40 zai biya nauyin kashi 20 cikin ɗari. Ana cire lodin bayan shekaru 10 na ci gaba da rufewar asibiti. Load ɗin ya shafi ƙimar kuɗi ne kawai don murfin asibiti, ba ga murfin ƙara (kari) ba. * Medicare Levy Surcharge: Mutanen da kuɗin shiga na haraji ya fi ƙayyadaddun adadin (a cikin shekara ta 2011/12 $ 80,000 ga marasa aure da $ 168,000 ga ma'aurata) kuma waɗanda ba su da isasshen matakin murfin asibiti masu zaman kansu dole ne su biya ƙarin 1% akan sama. na daidaitattun 1.5% Medicare Levy. Ma'anar ita ce, idan aka tilasta wa mutanen da ke cikin wannan rukunin kuɗi don biyan ƙarin kuɗi ta wata hanya ko wata, yawancin za su zabi sayen inshora na asibiti tare da shi, tare da yiwuwar samun fa'ida idan suna buƙatar kulawar asibiti mai zaman kansa - maimakon biya shi a ciki. nau'in karin haraji da kuma samun biyan kuɗin asibiti masu zaman kansu. * Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta sanar a watan Mayun 2008 cewa ta ba da shawarar ƙara ƙofofin, zuwa $100,000 ga marasa aure da $150,000 ga iyalai. Waɗannan canje-canje na buƙatar amincewar majalisa. An gabatar da kudirin sauya dokar amma majalisar dattawa ba ta zartar da shi ba. An yi gyaran fuska a ranar 16 ga Oktoba, 2008. An yi ta sukar cewa sauye-sauyen za su sa mutane da yawa su yi watsi da inshorar kiwon lafiya na sirri, wanda zai haifar da wani nauyi a kan tsarin asibitocin gwamnati, da karuwar kudaden kuɗi ga wadanda ke zaune tare da masu zaman kansu. * Ragowar Inshorar Lafiya ta Masu zaman kansu: Gwamnati tana ba da tallafin kuɗi don duk murfin inshorar lafiya masu zaman kansu, gami da asibiti da ƙari (ƙari), da 10%, 20% ko 30%, ya danganta da shekaru. Gwamnatin Rudd ta sanar a watan Mayun 2009 cewa tun daga watan Yuli 2010, rangwamen zai zama abin gwadawa, kuma ana ba da shi akan sikelin zamiya. Yayin da wannan yunkuri (wanda zai bukaci a samar da doka) ya sha kaye a Majalisar Dattawa a lokacin, a farkon shekarar 2011 gwamnatin Gillard ta sanar da shirin sake bullo da dokar bayan 'yan adawa sun rasa ma'aunin iko a majalisar dattawa. ALP da Greens sun dade suna adawa da rangwame, suna mai nuni da shi a matsayin "jindadin aji na tsakiya". === Kanada === Kamar yadda yake a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kanada, kula da lafiya galibi alhakin gwamnatin lardi ne a Kanada (babban keɓantawa shine alhakin gwamnatin tarayya na ayyukan da aka bayar ga mutanen ƙabilar da aka yi yarjejeniya, da Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Sojoji, da Membobin Majalisa) . Saboda haka, kowane lardi yana gudanar da nasa tsarin inshorar lafiya. Gwamnatin tarayya tana rinjayar inshorar lafiya ta hanyar ikonta na kasafin kuɗi - tana tura tsabar kuɗi da wuraren haraji zuwa larduna don taimakawa wajen biyan kuɗin shirye-shiryen inshorar lafiya na duniya. A karkashin Dokar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kanada, gwamnatin tarayya ta ba da umarni da aiwatar da buƙatun cewa duk mutane suna da damar yin amfani da abin da ake kira "ayyukan da ake buƙata na likita," waɗanda aka ayyana da farko a matsayin kulawar da likitoci ke bayarwa ko a asibitoci, da kuma ɓangaren reno na mazaunin dogon lokaci. kula. Idan larduna sun ƙyale likitoci ko cibiyoyi su cajin majiyyata don ayyukan da suka dace na likitanci, gwamnatin tarayya ta rage yawan kuɗin da take yi wa larduna da adadin kuɗin da aka haramta. Gaba ɗaya, tsarin inshorar lafiyar jama'a na lardin Kanada ana kiransa da Medicare akai-akai. Wannan inshorar jama'a ana samun kuɗin haraji ne daga kuɗin shiga na gabaɗaya na gwamnati, kodayake British Columbia da Ontario suna ɗaukar ƙimar kuɗi na wajibi tare da ɗimbin ƙima ga daidaikun mutane da iyalai don samar da ƙarin kudaden shiga - a zahiri, surtax. Ana ba da izinin inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa, amma a cikin gwamnatocin larduna shida kawai don ayyukan da tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiyar jama'a ba su rufe (misali, ɗakuna masu zaman kansu ko masu zaman kansu a asibitoci da shirye-shiryen magani). Larduna huɗu suna ba da izinin inshora don ayyukan da Dokar Lafiya ta Kanada ta ba da izini, amma a aikace, babu kasuwa don sa. Duk 'yan Kanada suna da 'yanci don amfani da inshora na sirri don zaɓaɓɓun sabis na likita kamar aikin gyaran hangen nesa na laser, tiyatar kwaskwarima, da sauran hanyoyin kiwon lafiya marasa tushe. Wasu 65% na mutanen Kanada suna da wani nau'i na ƙarin inshorar lafiya masu zaman kansu; yawancinsu suna samun ta ta hannun masu aikinsu. Ayyukan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da gwamnati ba ta biya su kusan kashi 30 cikin 100 na jimillar kashe kuɗin kula da lafiya. A shekara ta 2005, Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta yanke hukunci, a Chaoulli v. Quebec, cewa haramcin da lardin ya yi game da inshora mai zaman kansa don kula da lafiya wanda tsarin lardin ya rigaya ya saba wa Yarjejeniya ta Quebec na 'Yanci da 'Yanci, kuma musamman, sassan da ke hulɗa da 'yancin rayuwa da tsaro, idan akwai lokuta masu tsawo da ba za a yarda da su ba don jinya, kamar yadda aka yi zargin a cikin wannan harka. Hukuncin bai canza tsarin inshorar lafiya gabaɗaya ba a duk faɗin Kanada, amma ya haifar da yunƙurin magance mahimman batutuwan wadata da buƙata da tasirin lokutan jira..<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hadorn, D. |date=2 August 2005 |title=The Chaoulli challenge: getting a grip on waiting lists |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=173 |issue=3 |pages=271–73 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.050812 |pmc=1180658 |pmid=16076823}}</ref> === China === === Cyprus === A cikin 2020 a [[Cyprus]] an gabatar da Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Gabaɗaya (GHS, wanda kuma aka sani da GESY) wanda asusun inshora ne mai zaman kansa wanda za a biya asibitoci, likitoci masu zaman kansu, likitocin magunguna, dakunan gwaje-gwaje, dakunan gwaje-gwaje na microbiological, da likitocin physiotherapists don ba da kulawar likita. mazaunan Cyprus na dindindin waɗanda za su ba da gudummawa ga wannan asusu. [abubuwan da ake bukata<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D;</sup> Baya ga GESY, fiye da kamfanonin inshora na gida da na waje 12 (misali Bupa, Aetna, Cigna, Metlife) suna ba da tsare-tsaren inshorar likita na mutum da na rukuni. An raba tsare-tsare zuwa manyan nau'ikan tsare-tsare guda biyu da ke ba da ɗaukar hoto daga kuɗin marasa lafiya (watau asibiti, ayyuka) da tsare-tsaren da suka shafi kuɗin marasa lafiya da marasa lafiya (kamar ziyarar likita, magunguna, hanyoyin kwantar da hankali). [ ambato === Faransa === An kafa tsarin inshorar lafiya na ƙasa a cikin 1945, jim kaɗan bayan ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu. An yi sulhu tsakanin Gaullist da wakilan kwaminisanci a majalisar dokokin Faransa. Gaullist masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun yi adawa da tsarin kula da kiwon lafiya na jihohi, yayin da 'yan gurguzu ke goyan bayan cikakkiyar ba da kulawar kiwon lafiya ta ƙasa tare da samfurin Beveridge na Biritaniya. [abubuwan da ake bukata] Sakamakon shirin ya dogara ne akan sana'a: ana buƙatar duk mutanen da ke aiki su biya wani kaso na abin da suke samu zuwa asusun inshora na kiwon lafiya mara riba, wanda ke daidaita haɗarin rashin lafiya, kuma wanda ke mayar da kuɗin likita a farashi daban-daban. Yara da ma'auratan masu inshora sun cancanci fa'ida, haka nan. Kowane asusu yana da ’yanci don gudanar da kasafin kuɗin kansa, kuma ana amfani da shi don biyan kuɗin aikin likita gwargwadon yadda ya ga ya dace, amma bayan gyare-gyare da yawa a cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, yawancin kuɗi suna ba da matakin biyan kuɗi da fa'idodi iri ɗaya. [ ambato Gwamnati tana da ayyuka biyu a cikin wannan tsarin. * Hakkin gwamnati na farko shine daidaita adadin da ya kamata a tattauna farashin kiwon lafiya, kuma yana yin hakan ta hanyoyi biyu: Ma'aikatar Lafiya kai tsaye tana tattauna farashin magani tare da masana'antun, bisa ga matsakaicin farashin sayarwa da aka lura a kasashe makwabta. Kwamitin likitoci da masana sun yanke shawara idan maganin yana ba da fa'idar kiwon lafiya mai mahimmanci don a biya shi (an biya mafi yawan magunguna, gami da homeopathy). A layi daya, gwamnati ta gyara kudin biyan kuɗi don ayyukan kiwon lafiya: wannan yana nufin cewa likita yana da 'yanci ya caji kuɗin da yake so don tuntuɓar ko gwaji, amma tsarin tsaro na jama'a zai biya shi ne kawai a farashin da aka riga aka saita. Ana saita waɗannan haraji a kowace shekara ta hanyar tattaunawa tare da kungiyoyin wakilan likitoci. * Hakki na biyu na gwamnati shine kula da asusun inshorar lafiya, don tabbatar da cewa suna gudanar da kudaden da suka karɓa daidai, da kuma tabbatar da kula da cibiyar asibitin jama'a. A yau, wannan tsarin yana da yawa ko kaɗan. Duk 'yan ƙasa da mazauna ƙasashen waje na doka na Faransa suna da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shirye-shirye na wajibi, waɗanda ke ci gaba da samun tallafi ta hanyar sa hannu na ma'aikata. Koyaya, tun 1945, an gabatar da manyan canje-canje masu yawa. Na farko, kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya daban-daban (akwai guda biyar: Gabaɗaya, Mai zaman kansa, Aikin Noma, ɗalibi, ma’aikatan gwamnati) yanzu duk suna biyan kuɗi iri ɗaya. Na biyu, tun daga shekara ta 2000, gwamnati a yanzu tana ba da kiwon lafiya ga waɗanda ba gwamnati ta tilastawa (waɗanda ba su taɓa yin aiki ba kuma waɗanda ba ɗalibai ba ne, ma'ana masu hannu da shuni ko talakawa). Wannan tsarin mulki, ba kamar na ma’aikata ba, ana samun kuɗaɗe ne ta hanyar haraji na gama-gari tare da ramawa a mafi girma fiye da tsarin tushen sana’a ga waɗanda ba za su iya yin bambanci ba. A ƙarshe, don magance hauhawar farashin kiwon lafiya, gwamnati ta tsara tsare-tsare guda biyu, (a cikin 2004 da 2006), waɗanda ke buƙatar mutanen da ke da inshora su ayyana likita mai ba da izini don a biya su gaba ɗaya don ziyarar ƙwararrun, kuma waɗanda suka sanya haɗin gwiwar dole. - biya € 1 don ziyarar likita, € 0.50 ga kowane akwati na magani da aka tsara, da kuma kuɗin € 16-18 kowace rana don zaman asibiti da kuma hanyoyin tsada. [citati Wani muhimmin abu na tsarin inshora na Faransa shine haɗin kai: yawan rashin lafiyar mutum ya zama ƙasa da biyan kuɗi. Wannan yana nufin cewa ga mutanen da ke fama da cututtuka masu tsanani ko na yau da kullum, tsarin inshora yana mayar musu da kashi 100 cikin 100 na kudaden kuɗi, kuma ya janye kudaden haɗin gwiwar su. [abubuwan da ake bukata] A ƙarshe, don kuɗaɗen da tsarin na tilas bai cika ba, akwai ɗimbin kewayon tsare-tsare na ƙarin inshora masu zaman kansu. Kasuwar waɗannan shirye-shiryen tana da fa'ida sosai, kuma sau da yawa ana ba da tallafi daga ma'aikata, wanda ke nufin cewa ƙimar kuɗi yawanci suna da matsakaici. Kashi 85% na mutanen Faransa suna amfana daga ƙarin inshorar lafiya masu zaman kansu. === Jamus === Jamus tana da tsarin inshorar lafiyar jama'a mafi tsufa a duniya, tare da tushen asalin Otto von Bismarck's Sickness Law na 1883. Da farko da 10% na ma'aikatan blue-collar a 1885, inshora na wajibi ya fadada; a cikin 2009, inshora da aka sanya wajabta a kan duk 'yan ƙasa, tare da masu zaman kansu inshora inshora ga kai aiki ko sama da wani samun kudin shiga kofa. Tun daga 2016, 85% na yawan jama'a yana rufe ta wajibi ne Inshorar Kiwon Lafiya ta Doka (SHI) (Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung ko GKV), tare da ragowar inshorar masu zaman kansu (Private Krankenversicherung ko PKV). Tsarin kiwon lafiya na Jamus ya kasance kashi 77% na gwamnati kuma kashi 23 cikin 100 an ba da kuɗaɗen sirri tun daga 2004. Yayin da gudummawar inshorar lafiyar jama'a ta dogara ne akan kuɗin shiga na mutum, gudummawar inshorar kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu sun dogara ne akan shekarun mutum da yanayin lafiyarsa. <ref name="allaboutberlin.com">{{Cite web |title=Private or public? An introduction health insurance in Germany |url=https://allaboutberlin.com/guides/german-health-insurance |access-date=2019-02-10 |website=allaboutberlin.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="GK">{{Cite web |last=GmbH |first=Finanztip Verbraucherinformation gemeinnützige |title=Finanztip : Finanztip – Das gemeinnützige Verbraucherportal |url=http://www.finanztip.de/web/abc-der-krankenkassen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601021121/http://www.finanztip.de/web/abc-der-krankenkassen/ |archive-date=1 June 2014 |website=finanztip.de}}</ref> Maidawa yana kan tsarin biyan kuɗi don sabis, amma adadin likitocin da aka yarda su karɓi Inshorar Lafiya ta Doka a cikin wani yanki da gwamnati da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru ke tsara su. [abubuwan da ake bukata] An gabatar da kuɗin haɗin gwiwa a cikin 1980s a ƙoƙarin hana amfani da yawa. Matsakaicin tsawon zaman asibiti a Jamus ya ragu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan daga kwanaki 14 zuwa kwanaki 9, har yanzu ya fi tsayi fiye da matsakaicin zama a Amurka (kwanaki 5 zuwa 6). Wani ɓangare na bambancin shine babban abin la'akari don biyan kuɗin asibiti shine adadin kwanakin asibiti sabanin tsari ko ganewar asali. Farashin magunguna ya karu sosai, yana tashi kusan kashi 60 cikin 100 daga 1991 zuwa 2005. Duk da yunƙurin ɗaukar farashi, yawan kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya ya karu zuwa 10.7% na GDP a 2005, kwatankwacin sauran ƙasashen yammacin Turai, amma ƙasa da wanda aka kashe a Amurka. (kusan 16% na GDP). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Borger C |last2=Smith S |last3=Truffer C |last4=Keehan |first4=S. |last5=Sisko |first5=A. |last6=Poisal |first6=J. |last7=Clemens |first7=M. K. |display-authors=3 |name-list-style=vanc |year=2006 |title=Health spending projections through 2015: changes on the horizon |journal=Health Aff (Millwood) |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=w61–73 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.25.w61 |pmid=16495287 |doi-access=}}</ref> Ana ba wa Jamusawa nau'ikan inshorar tsaro nau'i uku da suka shafi yanayin jikin mutum kuma waɗanda ma'aikata da ma'aikata ke ba da kuɗi tare: inshorar lafiya, inshorar haɗari, da inshorar kulawa na dogon lokaci. Inshorar kulawa na dogon lokaci (Gesetzliche Pflegeversicherung) ya fito a cikin 1994 kuma ya zama dole. Inshorar haɗari (gesetzliche Unfallversicherung) mai aiki ne ya rufe shi kuma yana ɗaukar dukkan haɗari don tafiya zuwa aiki da wurin aiki. === Girka === Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Ƙasa a Girka ya ƙunshi duka waje da jiyya a cikin marasa lafiya. Ana gudanar da maganin marasa lafiya ta hanyar tsarin gudanarwa na zamantakewa kamar haka: * EOPPY (Kungiyar Kasa don Bayar da Ayyukan Lafiya): masu ba da kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu da aka kwangila * Rukunin PEDY (National Primary Healthcare Network): kiwon lafiya na jama'a * Asibitocin jihohi, yankunan karkara da yankuna, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na ESY (National Health System) * Kwararrun masu kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu: Kwararrun likitoci da sabis ɗin da ba a kwangila da su ba tare da EOPYY. Yakasan ce Ana gudanar da maganin marasa lafiya ta hanyar: * Asibitocin Jiha na Tsarin Lafiya na Kasa (ESY). * Cibiyoyin asibitoci masu zaman kansu da aka kwangila tare da Kamfanin Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa (EOPYY) * Asibitoci masu zaman kansu da asibitoci waɗanda ba su da kwangila tare da Mai Kula da Lafiya na Kasa. A Girka kowa zai iya biyan kuɗin asibiti ta amfani da tsarin inshora mai zaman kansa, wanda kowane kamfani na inshora na gida ko na ƙasa da ƙasa da ke aiki a yankin zai iya siya (misali Metlife, Interamerican, Aetna, IMG).<ref>[https://www.infomax.gr/blog/posts/oi-suggeneis-pathiseis-stin-asfalisi-ugeias#:~:text=τοπικες%20ασφαλιστικες%20εταιριες%20ζωης%20%26%20υγειας List of Health Insurance companies operating in Greece]</ref> === Indiya === A Indiya, samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya ya bambanta a cikin hikimar jiha. Ayyukan kiwon lafiyar jama'a sun shahara a yawancin jihohin, amma saboda rashin isassun kayan aiki da gudanarwa, yawancin jama'a sun zaɓi ayyukan kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu. [abubuwan da ake bukata] Don inganta wayar da kan jama'a da ingantattun wuraren kula da lafiya, Hukumar Kula da Inshorar Inshorar da Ci Gaban Indiya da Babban Kamfanin Indiya na gudanar da yakin neman lafiya ga daukacin jama'a. A cikin 2018, ga 'yan ƙasa masu gata, Firayim Minista Narendra Modi ya sanar da ƙaddamar da sabon asusun inshorar lafiyar jama'a mai suna Ayushman Bharat Yojana kuma gwamnati ta yi iƙirarin cewa sabon tsarin zai yi ƙoƙarin isa ga mutane sama da miliyan 500. [abubuwan da ake bukata] A kasar ta Indiya, yakasan ce ana ba da inshorar lafiya galibi a cikin nau'o'i biyu ne kawai: * Tsarin Indemnity yana ɗaukar nauyin kuɗin asibiti kuma yana da nau'ikan nau'ikan kamar Inshorar Mutum, Inshorar Falo na Iyali, Inshorar Babban Jama'a, Inshorar Maternity, Inshorar Likitan Rukunin. * Kafaffen Tsarin Amfani yana biyan ƙayyadaddun adadin cututtukan da aka riga aka ƙaddara kamar rashin lafiya mai tsanani, ciwon daji, cututtukan zuciya, da sauransu. Hakanan yana da nau'ikansa kamar Inshorar rigakafi, Mummunan cuta da Hatsarin Mutum. A Dangane da nau'in inshora da kamfanin da ke da alhakin bada inshorar lafiya, ɗaukar hoto ya haɗa da cajin kafin zuwa asibiti da kuma bayan asibiti, cajin motar asibiti, cajin kulawar rana, Binciken Lafiya, da sauransu. Yana da mahimmanci a san game da keɓancewa waɗanda ba a rufe su a ƙarƙashin tsarin inshora: * Magani da ke da alaƙa da cututtukan hakora ko tiyata * Dukkanin cututtukan cututtukani da cutar kanjamau * Magani Ba na Allopathic Kadan daga cikin kamfanoni suna ba da inshora ga irin waɗannan cututtuka ko yanayi, amma hakan ya dogara da nau'in da adadin inshora. Wasu muhimman al'amura da za a yi la'akari da su kafin zabar inshorar lafiya a Indiya sune Ra'ayin Matsala, Iyakar Inshora da iyakoki, Rufewa da asibitocin cibiyar sadarwa. === Japan === Akwai manyan tsare-tsaren inshora guda uku da ake samu a [[Japan]]: Inshorar Lafiya ta Ma'aikata (健康保険 Kenkō-Hoken), Inshorar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa (国民健康保険 Kokumin-Kenkō-Hoken), da Tsarin Kiwon Lafiyar Dattijai na Late-stege Kouki-Kourei-Iryouseido). Ko da yake akwai inshorar lafiya masu zaman kansu, duk ƴan ƙasar Japan, mazaunan dindindin, da waɗanda ba Jafananci waɗanda ke da takardar izinin shiga shekara ɗaya ko fiye ana buƙatar su yi rajista a cikin Inshorar Lafiya ta ƙasa ko Inshorar Lafiya ta Ma'aikata. An tsara Inshorar Kiwon Lafiya ta ƙasa don waɗanda ba su cancanci kowane shirin inshorar lafiya na tushen aiki ba. An tsara Tsarin Kiwon Lafiyar Dattijai na Ƙarshe don mutanen da suka kai shekaru 75 da haihuwa. [mai sabani<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yamauchi |first=Toyoaki |date=March 1999 |title=Healthcare system in Japan |journal=Nursing & Health Sciences |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=45–48 |doi=10.1046/j.1442-2018.1999.00007.x |issn=1441-0745 |pmid=10894651}}</ref> An tsara Inshorar Kiwon Lafiya ta ƙasa bisa tsarin gida. Da zarar gida ya nema, an rufe dukan iyalin. Masu nema suna karɓar katin inshorar lafiya, wanda dole ne a yi amfani da shi lokacin karbar magani a asibiti. Akwai kuɗin da ake buƙata na wata-wata, amma an daidaita kuɗin haɗin gwiwa don haka ana sa ran masu biyan kuɗi za su biya kashi goma zuwa talatin kawai na kuɗin, gwargwadon shekaru. [Madogaran da ba na farko da ake buƙata ba] Idan farashin daga aljihu ya wuce iyakokin da aka riga aka ƙaddara, masu biyan kuɗi na iya neman ragi daga shirin Inshorar Lafiya ta Ƙasa Inshorar Lafiyar Ma'aikata tana ɗaukar cututtuka, raunuka, da mutuwa ba tare da la'akari da ko wani lamari ya faru a wurin aiki ba. Inshorar Kiwon Lafiyar Ma'aikata ta ƙunshi iyakar kwanaki 180 na kulawar likita a kowace shekara don cututtuka masu alaƙa da aiki ko raunin da ya faru da kwanaki 180 a kowace shekara don wasu cututtuka ko raunuka. Masu ɗaukan ma'aikata da ma'aikata dole ne su ba da gudummawa daidai da inshorar Lafiya ta Ma'aikata. Tsarin Kiwon Lafiyar Maɗaukaki na Ƙarshe ya fara ne a cikin 1983 bin Dokar Kula da Lafiya ta Tsofaffi na 1982. Ya ba da damar yawancin tsarin inshora na kiwon lafiya don ba da taimakon kuɗi ga tsofaffi. Akwai kuɗin ɗaukar hoto. Don cancanta, waɗanda inshorar dole ne su kasance ko dai: sun girmi 70, ko kuma sun girmi 65 tare da sanannen nakasa. [Saɓani] Tsarin Kiwon Lafiyar Maɗaukaki na Ƙarshe ya haɗa da rigakafi da daidaitaccen kulawar likita. [[Fayil:Healthcare_expenditures_in_Japan_by_Age.svg|thumb|299x299px|Kudin kiwon lafiya a Japan ta hanyar shekaru]] ==== Batutuwan tsarin kiwon lafiya ==== Saboda yawan tsufa na Japan, Tsarin Kiwon Lafiyar Maɗaukakin Ƙarshe yana wakiltar kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimlar kuɗin kula da lafiyar ƙasar. Lokacin da ma'aikatan da suka yi ritaya suka ƙaura daga Inshorar Kiwon Lafiyar Ma'aikata zuwa Tsarin Kiwon Lafiyar Ma'aikata na Ƙarshe, ana sa ran farashin inshorar lafiya na ƙasa zai ƙaru tunda farashin lafiyar mutum ɗaya yana ƙaruwa da shekaru. === Netherlands === A cikin 2006, sabon tsarin inshorar lafiya ya fara aiki a cikin [[Holand|Netherlands]]. Wannan sabon tsarin yana guje wa ramummuka biyu na zaɓi mara kyau da haɗari na ɗabi'a da ke da alaƙa da nau'ikan inshorar kiwon lafiya na gargajiya ta hanyar amfani da haɗe-haɗe na ƙa'ida da wurin daidaita inshora. Ana guje wa haɗarin ɗabi'a ta hanyar ba da umarni cewa kamfanonin inshora su samar da aƙalla tsari ɗaya wanda ya dace da mafi ƙarancin ma'auni na gwamnati, kuma duk mazaunan balagaggu doka ta wajaba su siyan wannan ɗaukar hoto daga kamfanin inshora da suka zaɓa. Duk kamfanonin inshora suna karɓar kuɗi daga wurin daidaitawa don taimakawa wajen biyan kuɗin wannan ɗaukar hoto na gwamnati. Ana gudanar da wannan tafki ne daga wani mai kula da shi wanda ke karbar gudummawar albashi daga masu daukar ma'aikata, wanda ke da kusan kashi 50% na duk kudaden kula da lafiya, da kuma kudade daga gwamnati don rufe mutanen da ba za su iya samun kulawar kiwon lafiya ba, wanda ya samar da karin kashi 5%. A Sauran kashi 45% na kudaden kula da lafiya sun fito ne daga kuɗaɗen inshora da jama'a ke biya, wanda kamfanoni ke yin takara akan farashi, kodayake bambancin tsakanin masu inshora daban-daban masu fafatawa kusan kashi 5 ne kawai. Koyaya, kamfanonin inshora suna da 'yanci don siyar da ƙarin manufofi don samar da ɗaukar hoto fiye da mafi ƙarancin ƙasa. Waɗannan manufofin ba sa karɓar kuɗi daga wurin daidaitawa amma suna rufe ƙarin jiyya, kamar hanyoyin haƙori da ilimin motsa jiki, waɗanda manufar tilas ba ta biya su ba. Ana rarraba kudade daga wurin daidaitawa ga kamfanonin inshora ga kowane mutumin da suka tabbatar a ƙarƙashin manufar da ake buƙata. Koyaya, mutane masu haɗari suna samun ƙari daga tafkin, kuma masu karamin karfi da yara a ƙarƙashin 18 an biya inshorar su gaba ɗaya. Saboda wannan, kamfanonin inshora ba su sake samun inshorar mutane masu haɗari a matsayin shawara mara kyau, guje wa yuwuwar matsalar zaɓi mara kyau. [abubuwan da ake bukata] A baya ga hakan, Ba a ƙyale kamfanonin inshora su sami haɗin kai, iyakoki, ko cirewa, ko hana ɗaukar hoto ga duk mutumin da ke neman wata manufa, ko cajin wani abu ban da ƙayyadaddun ƙima na ƙasa da aka buga. Don haka, duk mutumin da ke siyan inshora zai biya farashin daidai da kowa da kowa yana siyan manufofin iri ɗaya, kuma kowane mutum zai sami mafi ƙarancin ɗaukar hoto. Wannan ya shafi duk mutanen da ke zaune da aiki na dindindin a cikin Netherlands. Daliban ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda suka ƙaura zuwa Netherlands don dalilai na karatu dole ne su ɗauki inshorar lafiya na Dutch idan kuma sun yanke shawarar yin aiki (kwangilolin sa'o'i ba a haɗa su ba) ko yin horon da aka biya yayin zaman su. A wannan yanayin, za su buƙaci fitar da ainihin fakitin inshorar lafiya na Dutch. Ita inshorar ku Ƙarin inshora na da wani zaɓi ne, ya danganta da bukatun ɗalibin. === New Zealand === Tun daga 1974, New Zealand tana da tsarin inshorar lafiya mara laifi na duniya don raunin mutum ta hanyar Kamfanin Raya Hatsari (ACC). Tsarin ACC ya ƙunshi yawancin kuɗin da ke da alaƙa da jiyya na raunin da aka samu a New Zealand (ciki har da baƙi na ketare) ba tare da la'akari da yadda raunin ya faru ba, kuma yana rufe asarar samun kudin shiga (a kashi 80 cikin 100 na kudin shiga na ma'aikaci kafin rauni) da kuma farashi masu alaƙa. zuwa gyara na dogon lokaci, kamar gyaran gida da abin hawa ga waɗanda suka ji rauni sosai. Kudade daga tsarin ya fito ne daga haɗe-haɗe na haraji kan albashin ma’aikata (don raunin aiki), haraji kan kuɗin shiga na harajin ma’aikaci (don raunin da ba ya aiki ga masu karɓar albashi), haraji kan kuɗin lasisin abin hawa da man fetur (na haɗarin mota) , da kuma kuɗi daga wurin ajiyar haraji na gabaɗaya (don raunin da ba a yi ba ga yara, manyan ƴan ƙasa, marasa aikin yi, baƙi na ketare, da sauransu) === Rwanda === Kasar [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] na daya daga cikin kasashe masu karamin karfi da suka aiwatar da tsare-tsare na inshorar lafiya na al'umma domin rage matsalolin kudi da ke hana talakawa neman da kuma samun ayyukan kiwon lafiya da ake bukata. Wannan tsari ya taimaka wajen kaiwa kashi 90% na al'ummar kasar da tsarin kula da lafiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wisman |first=Rosann |last2=Heller |first2=John |last3=Clark |first3=Peggy |year=2011 |title=A blueprint for country-driven development |journal=The Lancet |volume=377 |issue=9781 |pages=1902–03 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60778-2 |pmid=21641465 |s2cid=13371951}}</ref><ref>Carrin G et al. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111030203053/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/11/07-049387/en/ "Universal coverage of health services: tailoring its implementation."] ''Bulletin of the World Health Organization'', 2008; 86(11): 817–908.</ref> === Singapore === Mutanen Singapore suna daya daga cikin mafi dadewa tsawon rai yayin haihuwa a duniya. A cikin wannan doguwar rayuwa, fuskantar yanayi maras tabbas da ke buƙatar asibiti ba makawa. Inshorar lafiya ko inshorar likitanci suna ɗaukar tsadar kiwon lafiya yayin asibiti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MOH {{!}} News Highlights |url=https://www.moh.gov.sg/news-highlights/details/managing-healthcare-cost-increases |access-date=2021-02-19 |website=www.moh.gov.sg}}</ref> '''Inshorar lafiya ga 'yan Singapore da mazauna dindindin''' MediShield Life, inshorar lafiya ce ta duniya wacce ke rufe duk Jama'ar Singapore da Mazaunan Dindindin. MediShield Life yana ɗaukar farashin asibiti don zama a cikin ward B2 ko C a asibitin Jama'a. Don asibiti a asibiti mai zaman kansa, ko a unguwar A ko B1 a asibitin Jama'a, MediShield Life ana danganta shi zuwa farashin B2 ko C kuma ana buƙatar inshora don biyan sauran adadin lissafin. Za a iya biyan wannan ragowar adadin lissafin ta amfani da MediSave amma ana amfani da iyaka akan amfanin MediSave. MediShield Life ba ya ɗaukar nauyin kuɗaɗen likita na ƙasashen waje da kuma kula da munanan cututtuka da suka rigaya sun kasance waɗanda mutum ke karɓar magani a cikin watanni 12 kafin fara ɗaukar hoto na MediShield Life. MediShield Life kuma ba ta ɗaukar maganin cututtukan da aka haifa (yanayin likitanci da ke faruwa a lokacin haihuwa), tiyatar kwaskwarima, zargin da ke da alaƙa da juna biyu da tabin hankali.[50]<ref>{{Cite web |title=MOH {{!}} MediShield Life FAQs |url=https://www.moh.gov.sg/cost-financing/healthcare-schemes-subsidies/medishield-life/medishield-life-faqs |access-date=2021-02-19 |website=www.moh.gov.sg |archive-date=2022-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320072216/https://www.moh.gov.sg/cost-financing/healthcare-schemes-subsidies/medishield-life/medishield-life-faqs |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kamar yadda fa'idodin Rayuwar MediShield aka keɓe don asibiti na B2 ko C a asibitocin jama'a, tsare-tsaren Haɗaɗɗen Garkuwa suna ba da ɗaukar hoto don asibiti a asibitoci masu zaman kansu, ko Sashen A ko B1 a asibitocin jama'a. Shirye-shiryen inshorar Garkuwan Haɗaɗɗen rufe manyan kuɗaɗen asibiti don asibitoci masu zaman kansu ko, ward A ko B1. Koyaya, har yanzu ana buƙatar mai inshora don biyan wani yanki na adadin lissafin. Wannan ya yi daidai da falsafar kiwon lafiya ta Singapore wacce ke haɓaka alhakin mutum tare da samun daidaikun mutane su raba kuɗin kiwon lafiya. Tare da wannan falsafar, ana amfani da deductible, inshorar haɗin gwiwa da haɓakawa akan yawancin tsare-tsaren Inshorar Lafiya a Singapore. Irin waɗannan tsare-tsaren inshora na kiwon lafiya suna ba da zaɓi don siyan mahayin inshorar lafiya don biyan waɗannan cajin.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Health Insurance Singapore {{!}} Kloodo Singapore |url=https://kloodo.com/sg/blog/health-insurance-singapore |access-date=2021-02-19 |website=kloodo.com |language=en |archive-date=2022-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328102830/https://kloodo.com/sg/blog/health-insurance-singapore |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''Inshorar lafiya ga Baƙi a Singapore''' Ba kamar Jama'ar Singapore da Mazaunan Dindindin ba, MediShield Life ba ta rufe baki ta atomatik. Baƙi na iya siyan tsare-tsaren inshorar lafiya daga masu inshorar rayuwa da yawa a Singapore.<ref name=":2"/> === Koriya ta Kudu === A Tsawon rayuwar [[Koriya ta Kudu]] a lokacin, haihuwa ta kai matakin 82.7 a cikin 2017, sama da matsakaicin OECD na 80.8. Tsawon rayuwar maza ya kai shekaru 79.7, sama da matsakaicin OECD na shekaru 78.1, kuma tsawon rayuwar mata ya kai shekaru 85.7, sama da matsakaicin shekaru 83.4. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The public health system in Korea |url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/6e005d47-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/6e005d47-en |website=OECD Library |access-date=2024-07-12 |archive-date=2024-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712092642/https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/6e005d47-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/6e005d47-en |url-status=dead }}</ref> Inshorar Lafiya ta Kasa (NHI) ce ke ba da kulawar lafiya a Koriya ta Kudu, wanda ya zama dole. Duk wanda ke zaune a Koriya ta Kudu, ba tare da la'akari da ɗan ƙasa ko sana'a ba, zai iya siyan wannan inshora.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Health Insurance in South Korea |url=https://www.internationalstudentinsurance.com/south-korea-student-insurance/health-insurance-in-south-korea.php |website=International Student Insurance}}</ref> === Switzerland === Kiwon lafiya a Switzerland na duniya ne kuma ana sarrafa shi ta Dokar Tarayya ta Switzerland akan Inshorar Lafiya. Inshorar lafiya wajibi ne ga duk mutanen da ke zaune a Switzerland (a cikin watanni uku na zama ko kuma an haife su a cikin ƙasa). Don haka daidai yake a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma yana guje wa ƙa'idodi biyu na kiwon lafiya. Ana buƙatar masu insurer su ba da wannan ainihin inshora ga kowa, ba tare da la'akari da shekaru ko yanayin likita ba. Ba a ba su damar samun riba daga wannan ainihin inshora ba, amma suna iya kan ƙarin tsare-tsare. Ƙididdiga na wajibi na duniya yana ba da magani a yanayin rashin lafiya ko haɗari da ciki. Inshorar lafiya tana ɗaukar farashin jiyya, magani da kwantar da marasa lafiya a asibiti. Koyaya, mai inshorar yana biyan wani ɓangare na farashi har zuwa matsakaicin, wanda zai iya bambanta dangane da tsarin da aka zaɓa ɗaya ɗaya, sannan ana daidaita ƙimar kuɗi daidai. Dukkan tsarin kiwon lafiya an tsara shi ne zuwa ga maƙasudai na haɓaka lafiyar jama'a da rage farashi yayin ƙarfafa alhakin mutum. [abubuwan da ake bukata] Tsarin kula da lafiya na Swiss haɗe ne na jama'a, tallafi masu zaman kansu da tsarin masu zaman kansu gaba ɗaya. Kudaden inshora sun bambanta daga kamfanin inshora zuwa kamfani, matakin wuce gona da iri da aka zaɓa (hanyar ikon mallakar kamfani), wurin zama na wanda ke da inshora da ƙimar ƙarin fa'ida da aka zaɓa (maganin ƙarin magani, kula da haƙora na yau da kullun, asibiti mai zaman kansa ko mai zaman kansa), da sauransu). [abubuwan da ake bukata]<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D;</sup> Mutumin da ke da inshorar yana da cikakken 'yancin zaɓi tsakanin kusan 60 da aka sani masu ba da kiwon lafiya waɗanda suka cancanci kula da yanayin su (a yankinsu) kan fahimtar cewa inshora yana rufe farashi har zuwa matakin jadawalin kuɗin fito na hukuma. Akwai 'yancin zaɓi lokacin zabar kamfanin inshora wanda mutum ke biyan kuɗi, yawanci kowane wata. Mutumin da ke da inshorar yana biyan kuɗin inshora don ainihin shirin har zuwa kashi 8 na kuɗin shiga na sirri. Idan kuɗin kuɗi ya fi wannan, gwamnati ta ba mai inshorar tallafin kuɗi don biyan kowane ƙarin kuɗi. Ana iya ƙara inshorar tilas ta hanyar manufofin inshora na "madaidaitan" masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke ba da izinin ɗaukar wasu nau'ikan jiyya waɗanda ba su da inshora na asali ko don haɓaka daidaitaccen ɗaki da sabis idan an kai asibiti. Wannan na iya haɗawa da ƙarin magani, kula da haƙori na yau da kullun da kwantar da marasa lafiya masu zaman kansu, waɗanda inshorar na dole ba ya rufe. Dangane da abin da ya shafi inshorar lafiya na wajibi, kamfanonin inshora ba za su iya saita kowane yanayi da ya shafi shekaru, jima'i ko yanayin kiwon lafiya don ɗaukar hoto ba. Ko da yake matakin ƙimar kuɗi na iya bambanta daga kamfani ɗaya zuwa wani, dole ne su kasance iri ɗaya a cikin kamfani ɗaya ga duk masu inshorar shekaru ɗaya da yanki, ba tare da la'akari da jima'i ko yanayin lafiya ba. Wannan baya shafi ƙarin inshora, inda ƙimar kuɗi ta dogara da haɗari. Switzerland tana da adadin mace-macen jarirai kusan 3.6 cikin 1,000. Tsawon rayuwa gabaɗaya a cikin 2012 ya kasance na maza 80.5 shekaru idan aka kwatanta da shekaru 84.7 na mata. Waɗannan su ne mafi kyawun adadi a duniya..<ref name="WEFHCR">{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=The Human Capital Report, Insight Report |url=http://www.weforum.org/reports/human-capital-report |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005141129/http://www.weforum.org/reports/human-capital-report |archive-date=5 October 2013 |access-date=21 November 2013 |publisher=World Economic Forum |pages=12, 14, 478–81 |format=PDF}}</ref> === Ƙasar Ingila === Sabis ɗin Kiwon Lafiya na Ƙasar Burtaniya (NHS) tsarin kiwon lafiya ne na jama'a wanda ke ba da ɗaukar hoto ga kowa da kowa mazaunin Burtaniya. Ba wai kawai tsarin inshora ba ne saboda (a) babu kuɗin da aka tattara, (b) ba a cajin farashi a matakin majiyyaci kuma (c) ba a riga an biya kuɗi daga tafkin. Koyaya, yana cimma babban manufar inshora wanda shine yada haɗarin kuɗi da ke tasowa daga rashin lafiya. Kudin tafiyar da NHS (est. £ 104 biliyan a 2007-8) ana biyan su kai tsaye daga haraji na gaba ɗaya. NHS tana ba da mafi yawan kulawar kiwon lafiya a cikin Burtaniya, gami da kulawa na farko, kula da marasa lafiya, kula da lafiya na dogon lokaci, ilimin ido, da likitan hakora. Kiwon lafiya mai zaman kansa ya ci gaba da daidaitawa da NHS, wanda aka biya mafi yawa ta inshorar masu zaman kansu, amma ƙasa da kashi 8% na yawan jama'a ke amfani da shi, kuma gabaɗaya azaman sama da sabis na NHS. Akwai jiyya da yawa waɗanda kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ba sa bayarwa. Misali, inshorar lafiya akan ciki gabaɗaya ba a rufe shi ko an rufe shi da taƙaitaccen bayani. Yawancin keɓancewa don tsarin Bupa (da sauran masu inshorar da yawa) sun haɗa da:<blockquote>tsufa, menopause da balaga; AIDS/HIV; rashin lafiyan halayen ko rashin lafiyan halayen; hana haihuwa, daukar ciki, matsalolin jima'i da canjin jima'i; yanayi na yau da kullun; rikitarwa daga keɓe ko ƙuntataccen yanayi / magani; kwantar da hankali, gyarawa da kula da jinya gabaɗaya; kwaskwarima, sake ginawa ko maganin asarar nauyi; kurma; maganin hakora/baki (kamar cikawa, cutar danko, raguwar jaw, da sauransu); dialysis; magunguna da riguna don majinyaci ko shan gida † ; magungunan gwaji da magani; gani; HRT da densitometry na kashi; matsalolin ilmantarwa, matsalolin halayya da ci gaba; jiyya a ƙasashen waje da komawa gida; kayan taimako na jiki da na'urori; abubuwan da suka rigaya ko na musamman; ciki da haihuwa; dubawa da rigakafin rigakafi; matsalolin barci da rashin lafiya; matsalar magana; wucin gadi taimako na bayyanar cututtuka. († = sai dai a cikin yanayi na musamman)</blockquote>Akwai wasu kamfanoni da yawa a cikin United Kingdom waɗanda suka haɗa da, da sauransu, Chubb Limited, AXA, Aviva, Bupa, Groupama Healthcare, WPA da VitalityHealth. Ana amfani da irin wannan keɓance, dangane da manufofin da aka saya. A cikin 2009, babban wakilin likitocin Burtaniya, kungiyar likitocin Burtaniya, sun amince da wata sanarwa da ke nuna damuwa game da ci gaba a kasuwar inshorar lafiya a Burtaniya. A cikin Taron Wakilinta na Shekara-shekara wanda Kungiyar Masu Ba da Shawarwari (watau Manyan Likitoci) suka amince a baya tare da bayyana cewa BMA "ta damu matuka cewa manufofin wasu kamfanonin inshorar kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu suna hana ko hana marasa lafiya yin zabi game da (i) masu ba da shawara. wadanda suke kula da su; (ii) asibitin da ake kula da su; Ya shiga don "kira BMA don tallata waɗannan damuwar domin a sanar da marasa lafiya dalla-dalla yayin yin zaɓi game da inshorar kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu." Ayyukan kamfanonin inshora suna yanke shawarar wane mashawarcin mai haƙuri zai iya gani sabanin GPs ko marasa lafiya ana kiransa Buɗaɗɗen Magana. NHS tana ba majiyyata zaɓi na asibitoci da masu ba da shawara kuma ba ta cajin ayyukanta. An yi amfani da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don ƙara ƙarfin NHS duk da yawancin jama'ar Biritaniya suna adawa da irin wannan sa hannun. A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, tallafin gwamnati ya rufe kashi 86% na kudaden kula da lafiya gaba daya a Burtaniya tun daga shekarar 2004, tare da kashe kudade masu zaman kansu wanda ya kunshi sauran kashi 14%..<ref name="WHOSIS">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070429053325/http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select.cfm World Health Organization Statistical Information System: Core Health Indicators]. Who.int. Retrieved on 26 October 2011.</ref> Kusan ɗaya cikin uku na marasa lafiya da ke karɓar kulawar asibitin NHS yana da inshorar sirri kuma yana iya samun kuɗin da mai insurer ya biya. Wasu tsare-tsare masu zaman kansu suna ba da kuɗin kuɗi ga majinyata waɗanda suka zaɓi maganin NHS, don hana amfani da wurare masu zaman kansu. Wani rahoto, na masu binciken lafiya masu zaman kansu Laing da Buisson, a cikin Nuwamba 2012, an kiyasta cewa fiye da ayyuka 250,000 an yi wa marasa lafiya da inshorar likita masu zaman kansu a kowace shekara a kan fam miliyan 359. Bugu da kari, an kashe fam miliyan 609 wajen yin magani na gaggawa ko tiyata. Inshorar likita mai zaman kanta ba ta yawanci ɗaukar magani na gaggawa ba amma ana iya biyan murmurewa na gaba idan an koma da majiyyaci zuwa rukunin majinyata masu zaman kansu. === Amurka === '''Inshorar Lafiya ta gajeren lokaci''' A ranar 1 ga Agusta, 2018 DHHS ta ba da doka ta ƙarshe wadda ta yi canje-canjen tarayya zuwa Gajerun Lokaci, Inshorar Kiwon Lafiya mai iyaka mai iyaka (STLDI) wanda ya tsawaita iyakar kwangilar zuwa kwanaki 364 da sabuntawa har zuwa watanni 36. Wannan sabuwar doka, a hade tare da ƙarewar hukunci ga Dokar Mutum ɗaya na Dokar Kulawa mai araha, ya kasance batun bincike mai zaman kansa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keith |first=Katie |year=2018 |title=The Short-Term, Limited-Duration Coverage Final Rule: The Background, The Content, And What Could Come Next {{!}} Health Affairs |url=https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20180801.169759/full/ |journal=Health Affairs Forefront |language=en |doi=10.1377/forefront.20180801.169759}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keith |first=Katie |year=2018 |title=Reports Find Risk Of Non-ACA-Compliant Plans To Be Higher Than Federal Estimates {{!}} Health Affairs |url=https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20180303.392660/full/ |journal=Health Affairs Forefront |language=en |doi=10.1377/forefront.20180303.392660}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keith |first=Katie |year=2018 |title=New Reports On Potential Negative Impacts Of Short-Term Plans {{!}} Health Affairs |url=https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20180420.803263/full/ |journal=Health Affairs Forefront |language=en |doi=10.1377/forefront.20180420.803263}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2018 |title=What Is the Impact on Enrollment and Premiums if the Duration of Short-Term Health Insurance Plans Is Increased? {{!}} Commonwealth Fund |url=https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/fund-reports/2018/jun/what-impact-enrollment-and-premiums-if-duration-short-term |access-date=4 March 2019 |website=commonwealthfund.org |language=en}}</ref> [5] [6] [7]<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2018 |title=ACA Open Enrollment: For Consumers Considering Short-Term Policies… |url=https://www.kff.org/health-reform/fact-sheet/aca-open-enrollment-for-consumers-considering-short-term-policies/ |access-date=4 March 2019 |website=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sweeney |first=Catherine |date=14 September 2018 |title=Doak pushes for short-term health insurance plans |url=http://journalrecord.com/2018/09/14/doak-pushes-for-short-term-health-insurance-plans/ |access-date=4 March 2019 |website=The Journal Record}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Friedman |first=Rebecca |date=11 October 2018 |title=Short-Term Limited Duration Insurance Can Now Be Less Short-Term |url=http://blog.petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/2018/10/11/short-term-limited-duration-insurance-can-now-be-less-short-term/ |access-date=4 March 2019 |website=Bill of Health |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417002924/https://blog.petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/2018/10/11/short-term-limited-duration-insurance-can-now-be-less-short-term/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tsarin kula da lafiya na Amurka ya dogara kacokan akan inshorar lafiya masu zaman kansu, wanda shine farkon tushen ɗaukar hoto ga yawancin Amurkawa. Tun daga 2018, 68.9% na manya na Amurka suna da inshorar lafiya masu zaman kansu, a cewar Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka. Hukumar Bincike da Ingancin Kiwon Lafiya (AHRQ) ta gano cewa a cikin 2011, an biya inshora na zaman kansa na asibitocin marasa lafiya miliyan 12.2 na Amurka kuma ya jawo kusan dala biliyan 112.5 a cikin jimlar farashin asibitocin marasa lafiya (29% na jimlar jimlar kuɗin ƙasa). Shirye-shiryen jama'a suna ba da tushen tushen ɗaukar hoto ga yawancin manyan ƴan ƙasa da yara da iyalai masu ƙarancin kuɗi waɗanda suka cika wasu buƙatun cancanta. Shirye-shiryen jama'a na farko sune Medicare, shirin inshora na zamantakewa na tarayya don tsofaffi da wasu nakasassu; da Medicaid, wanda gwamnatin tarayya da jihohi suka ba da kuɗaɗen haɗin gwiwa amma ana gudanar da su a matakin jiha, wanda ya shafi wasu ƙananan yara da danginsu. Tare, Medicare da Medicaid sun kai kusan kashi 63 na farashin asibitocin marasa lafiya na ƙasa a cikin 2011. SCHIP haɗin gwiwa ne na tarayya da jiha wanda ke hidima ga wasu yara da iyalai waɗanda ba su cancanci Medicaid ba amma waɗanda ba za su iya biyan kuɗi na sirri ba. Sauran shirye-shiryen jama'a sun haɗa da fa'idodin kiwon lafiyar soja da aka bayar ta hanyar TRICARE da Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Tsohon Sojoji da fa'idodin da aka bayar ta Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Indiya. Wasu jihohi suna da ƙarin shirye-shirye don masu karamin karfi. A ƙarshen 1990s da farkon 2000s, kamfanoni masu ba da shawara kan kiwon lafiya sun fara bayyana don taimakawa marasa lafiya su magance matsalolin tsarin kiwon lafiya. Rikicin tsarin kiwon lafiya ya haifar da matsaloli iri-iri ga jama'ar Amurka. Wani bincike ya gano cewa kashi 62 cikin 100 na mutanen da suka bayyana fatarar kudi a shekara ta 2007 suna da kuɗin da ba a biya ba na magani na dala 1000 ko fiye, kuma a cikin kashi 92 cikin 100 na waɗannan lamurra basussukan likitanci sun zarce dala 5000. Kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 da suka shigar da karar fatarar kudi suna da inshorar lafiya. An kiyasta shirye-shiryen Medicare da Medicaid nan ba da jimawa ba za su ɗauki kashi 50 cikin ɗari na duk abin da ake kashewa na lafiyar ƙasa. Wadannan abubuwan da wasu da yawa sun haifar da sha'awar sake fasalin tsarin kula da lafiya a Amurka. A cikin 2010 Shugaba Obama ya sanya hannu kan dokar Kariya da Kula da Marasa lafiya. Wannan Dokar ta ƙunshi 'waddar mutum' wanda kowane Ba'amurke dole ne ya sami inshorar likita (ko ya biya tara). Kwararru kan manufofin kiwon lafiya irin su David Cutler da Jonathan Gruber, da kuma ƙungiyar inshorar inshorar likitancin Amurka, Tsare-tsaren Inshorar Lafiya ta Amurka, sun yi iƙirarin cewa an buƙaci wannan tanadin don samar da "lalacewar garanti" da "ƙimar al'umma," wanda ke magance abubuwan da ba su da farin jini. Tsarin inshorar lafiya na Amurka kamar kima mai ƙima, keɓancewa don yanayin da aka rigaya, da kuma tantance masu neman inshora. A tsakanin 26-28 Maris, Kotun Koli ta saurari muhawara game da ingancin Dokar. An ƙaddara Dokar Kariya da Kula da Marasa lafiya don zama tsarin mulki a ranar 28 ga Yuni 2012. Kotun Koli ta ƙaddara cewa Majalisa tana da ikon yin amfani da umarnin mutum a cikin ikonta na haraji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SCOTUS ACA Ruling |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/11pdf/11-393c3a2.pdf |access-date=2024-07-12 |archive-date=2017-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628025918/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/11pdf/11-393c3a2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== Tarihi da juyin halitta ====   A ƙarshen karni na 19, "inshorar haɗari" ya fara samuwa, wanda ke aiki kamar inshora na nakasa na zamani. Wannan tsarin biyan kuɗi ya ci gaba har zuwa farkon karni na 20 a wasu yankuna (kamar California), inda duk dokokin da ke tsara inshorar lafiya a zahiri suna magana da inshorar nakasa.<ref>See California Insurance Code Section 106 (defining disability insurance). [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cacodes/ins/100-124.5.html Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com] In 2001, the [[California Legislature]] added subdivision (b), which defines "health insurance" as "an individual or group disability insurance policy that provides coverage for hospital, medical, or surgical benefits."</ref> Kamfanin Assurance Lafiya na Franklin na Massachusetts ya fara ba da inshorar haɗari a cikin Amurka. Wannan kamfani, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1850, ya ba da inshora game da raunin da ya faru daga hatsarin jirgin ƙasa da jirgin ruwa. Kungiyoyi sittin sun ba da inshorar haɗari a Amurka ta 1866, amma masana'antar ta haɓaka cikin sauri nan da nan. Duk da yake akwai gwaje-gwajen da aka yi a baya, asalin ɗaukar hoto a Amurka ya dace daga 1890. An fitar da manufar ƙungiyar ta nakasa ta farko da ta ɗauki nauyin aiki a 1911. Kafin haɓaka inshorar kuɗin likita, ana tsammanin majiyyata za su biya kuɗin kula da lafiya daga aljihunsu, a ƙarƙashin abin da aka sani da tsarin kasuwancin kuɗi-don-sabis. A tsakiyar tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20, inshora na nakasassu na gargajiya ya samo asali zuwa shirye-shiryen inshorar lafiya na zamani. Wani babban cikas ga wannan ci gaban shi ne cewa farkon nau'ikan injunan kiwon lafiya an umurce su da kotuna saboda karya dokar gargajiya ta hana ayyukan kamfanoni na kamfanoni masu riba. Dole ne 'yan majalisar dokoki na jihohi su shiga tsakani tare da halatta inshorar lafiya a fili a matsayin keɓanta ga wannan tsarin gargajiya. A yau, yawancin shirye-shiryen inshora na kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu suna rufe farashin yau da kullun, rigakafi, da hanyoyin kula da lafiya na gaggawa. Har ila yau, suna rufe ko a wani ɓangare na farashin wasu magunguna da magunguna. Kamfanonin inshora suna ƙayyade irin magungunan da aka rufe bisa farashi, samuwa, da makamantan warkewa. Lissafin magungunan da shirin inshora ya yarda ya rufe ana kiransa da kayan aiki. Bugu da ƙari, wasu magunguna na iya buƙatar izini kafin shirin inshora ya yarda ya biya kuɗin sa..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prior Authorization - HealthCare.gov Glossary |url=https://www.healthcare.gov/glossary/prior-authorization/ |access-date=2019-11-06 |website=HealthCare.gov |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:U.S._Uninsured_and_Uninsured_Rate_(1987_to_2008).JPG|right|thumb|300x300px|Adadin Amurkawa marasa inshorar lafiya da kuma adadin da ba a inshora ba daga 1987 zuwa 2008]] An gabatar da manufofin kashe kuɗin asibiti da na likita a farkon rabin ƙarni na 20. A cikin shekarun 1920s, asibitocin ɗaiɗaikun sun fara ba da sabis ga daidaikun mutane akan tsarin biyan kuɗi, daga ƙarshe ya haifar da haɓaka ƙungiyoyin Blue Cross. Magabatan Ƙungiyoyin Kula da Lafiya na yau (HMOs) sun samo asali ne tun daga 1929, zuwa 1930s kuma a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Dokar Tsaron Kuɗin Kuɗi na Ma'aikata na 1974 (ERISA) ta tsara aikin tsarin fa'idar kiwon lafiya idan ma'aikaci ya zaɓi ya kafa ɗaya, wanda ba a buƙata ba. Dokar Sasantawa ta Kasafin Kuɗi ta Omnibus ta 1985 (COBRA) tana ba tsohon ma'aikaci 'yancin ci gaba da ɗaukar hoto a ƙarƙashin tsarin fa'idar kiwon lafiya na ƙungiyar mai aiki. A cikin shekarun 1990s, tsare-tsaren inshorar kulawa da aka gudanar ciki har da ƙungiyoyin kula da lafiya (HMO), ƙungiyoyin da aka fi so, ko tsarin tsare-tsaren sabis sun karu daga kusan kashi 25% na ma'aikatan Amurka waɗanda ke da ɗaukar nauyin ɗaukar aiki zuwa mafi rinjaye. Tare da kulawa da kulawa, masu insurer suna amfani da dabaru daban-daban don magance farashi da haɓaka inganci, gami da shawarwarin farashin (masu samar da "a cikin hanyar sadarwa"), gudanarwar amfani, da buƙatu don tabbatar da inganci kamar waɗanda aka amince da su ta hanyar tsare-tsaren ba da izini kamar Hukumar Haɗin gwiwa da Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Amurka.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/misc/healthcare.pdf Health Care in America: Trends in Utilization]. National Center for Health Statistics (2003). CDC.gov</ref> Masu ɗaukan ma'aikata da ma'aikata na iya samun ɗan zaɓi a cikin cikakkun bayanai na tsare-tsare, gami da asusun ajiyar lafiya, deductible, da coinsurance. Tun daga shekara ta 2015, wani yanayi ya bayyana ga masu daukar ma'aikata don bayar da tsare-tsare masu yawa, wanda ake kira tsare-tsaren kula da lafiyar mabukaci wanda ke sanya ƙarin farashi ga ma'aikata, yayin da ma'aikata ke amfana ta hanyar biyan ƙananan kuɗi na wata-wata. Bugu da ƙari, samun babban tsari mai rangwame yana ba wa ma'aikata damar buɗe asusun ajiyar lafiya, wanda ke ba su damar ba da gudummawar ajiyar kuɗi kafin haraji don bukatun likita na gaba. Wasu ma'aikata za su ba da tsare-tsare da yawa ga ma'aikatan su..<ref>Straz, Matt. "[http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/245381 What Employers Need to Know About the Hottest Trends in Health Insurance]". ''Entrepreneur Magazine''. 27 April 2015. Web. 2 July 2015.</ref> === Rasha === Kasuwancin inshora na kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu, wanda aka sani a cikin Rashanci a matsayin "inshorar kiwon lafiya na son rai" (Rashanci: добровольное медицинское страхование, ДМС) don bambanta shi da Inshorar Likitan Dole ne na Jiha, ya sami ci gaba mai dorewa. An gabatar da shi a watan Oktoba 1992. === Taiwan === == Dubi kuma ==   == Bayanan da aka ambata == ly81r5uicuhjutmitsgbq2sv7eju1jg 0 82088 822589 494714 2026-04-19T11:54:55Z Pharouqenr 25549 Redirected page to [[Gidan shakatawa na Cross River]] 822589 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Gidan shakatawa na Cross River]] fxa1z8ch0aj0tz1rjhnaekmcqwzulx0 0 82094 822587 491304 2026-04-19T11:45:54Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1292493028|Kush]]" 822587 wikitext text/x-wiki == Littafi Mai Tsarki == * Cush (Bible) , mutane biyu da wuri ɗaya ko fiye a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Ibrananci == Wuraren da aka yi == * Masarautar Kush, tsohuwar masarauta a Nubia * Kush (dutse) , dutse kusa da Kalat, Pakistan Balochistan * Kush (Ras Al Khaimah) , mazaunin da ya gabata zuwa Julfar * Kush (satrapy) , satrapy na Daular Achaemenid * Hindu Kush, tsaunuka a Afghanistan * Cush (dutse) , dutse a cikin County Tipperary, Ireland == Mutane == === Sunan da aka ba shi === * Kush Arora, mai gabatar da kiɗa na dub da bhangra daga San Francisco * Cush Jumbo (an haife ta a shekara ta 1985), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Ingila * Kush Maini (an haife shi a shekara ta 2000), direban tseren Indiya * Kusha (Ramayana) , ɗaya daga cikin tagwaye na Ubangiji Rama da Sita === Sunan mahaifi === * Lennox Cush (an haife shi a shekara ta 1974), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Guyanese-Amurka * Wilbur Cush (1928-1981), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Arewacin Ireland * Emil Kush (1916-1969), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka * Eric Kush (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka * Frank Kush (1929-2017), kocin kwallon kafa na Amurka * Kundan Singh Kush (1881-1967), mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje na Arya Samaj * Rod Kush (an haife shi a shekara ta 1956), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka * Vladimir Kush (an haife shi a shekara ta 1965), mai zane na Rasha == Fasaha, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai == === Waƙoƙi === * Kush (ƙungiyar Amurka) , ƙungiyar rap ta Amurka * Kush (ƙungiyar Australiya) , ƙungiyar jazz ta Australiya daga shekarun 1970 * "Kush" (waƙar) , waƙar Dr. Dre ta 2010 * The ''Kush'', wani kundi na 2007 na rapper Havoc === Sauran zane-zane, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai === * Kush (Conan) , wata al'umma a cikin duniyar almara ta Conan the Barbarian * <nowiki><i id="mwTQ">Kush</i></nowiki> (fim) , fim mai ban tsoro mai zaman kansa na 2007 * "Kush" (Sanctuary), wani labari ne na jerin tatsuniyoyin kimiyya Sanctuary''Wuri Mai Tsarki'' * KUSH, tashar rediyo (1600 AM) mai lasisi don yin hidima a Cushing, Oklahoma, Amurka * Kush Games, wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ci gaban wasanni da ba a wanzu ba == Shuke-shuke == * Kush (cannabis) , dangin nau'ikan wiwi masu ƙarfi da ake kira Hindu Kush * Kusha ciyawa, ''Desmostachya bipinnata'', nau'in ciyawa mai ɗorewa == Sauran amfani == * [[Kush (maize)|Kush (mai)]] , wani shiri na masara mai kama da grits ko polenta * Kush Housing Association, mai mallakar gidaje a London, Ingila * [[Kush (drug)|Kush (magunguna)]] , cakuda miyagun ƙwayoyi na wucin gadi wani lokacin ana kiranta kush * [[Kush (red panda)|Kush (ja panda)]] , wani namiji ja panda da aka sani da tserewa Curraghs Wildlife Park == Dubi kuma == * [[Cushitic languages|Harsunan Cushitic]], reshe na dangin yaren Afroasiatic da ake magana a arewa maso gabashin Afirka * [[Hindukush (disambiguation)]] * [[Koosh ball]], kwallon wasa da aka yi da filaments na roba da aka haɗe da core na roba mai laushi * [[Kusha (disambiguation)|Kusha (rashin fahimta)]] * [[Kushan Empire|Daular Kushan]], daular a Kudancin Asiya a ƙarni na 1 AZ * [[Kushi (disambiguation)]] * [[Qush (disambiguation)]] * All pages with titles containing kush 0asknv9r51edjhufrr43rj6wo14mmpf 822588 822587 2026-04-19T11:47:30Z Pharouqenr 25549 822588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} == Littafi Mai Tsarki == * Cush (Bible) , mutane biyu da wuri ɗaya ko fiye a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Ibrananci == Wuraren da aka yi == * Masarautar Kush, tsohuwar masarauta a Nubia * Kush (dutse) , dutse kusa da Kalat, Pakistan Balochistan * Kush (Ras Al Khaimah) , mazaunin da ya gabata zuwa Julfar * Kush (satrapy) , satrapy na Daular Achaemenid * Hindu Kush, tsaunuka a Afghanistan * Cush (dutse) , dutse a cikin County Tipperary, Ireland == Mutane == === Sunan da aka ba shi === * Kush Arora, mai gabatar da kiɗa na dub da bhangra daga San Francisco * Cush Jumbo (an haife ta a shekara ta 1985), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Ingila * Kush Maini (an haife shi a shekara ta 2000), direban tseren Indiya * Kusha (Ramayana) , ɗaya daga cikin tagwaye na Ubangiji Rama da Sita === Sunan mahaifi === * Lennox Cush (an haife shi a shekara ta 1974), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Guyanese-Amurka * Wilbur Cush (1928-1981), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Arewacin Ireland * Emil Kush (1916-1969), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka * Eric Kush (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka * Frank Kush (1929-2017), kocin kwallon kafa na Amurka * Kundan Singh Kush (1881-1967), mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje na Arya Samaj * Rod Kush (an haife shi a shekara ta 1956), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka * Vladimir Kush (an haife shi a shekara ta 1965), mai zane na Rasha == Fasaha, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai == === Waƙoƙi === * Kush (ƙungiyar Amurka) , ƙungiyar rap ta Amurka * Kush (ƙungiyar Australiya) , ƙungiyar jazz ta Australiya daga shekarun 1970 * "Kush" (waƙar) , waƙar Dr. Dre ta 2010 * The ''Kush'', wani kundi na 2007 na rapper Havoc === Sauran zane-zane, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai === * Kush (Conan) , wata al'umma a cikin duniyar almara ta Conan the Barbarian * <nowiki><i id="mwTQ">Kush</i></nowiki> (fim) , fim mai ban tsoro mai zaman kansa na 2007 * "Kush" (Sanctuary), wani labari ne na jerin tatsuniyoyin kimiyya Sanctuary''Wuri Mai Tsarki'' * KUSH, tashar rediyo (1600 AM) mai lasisi don yin hidima a Cushing, Oklahoma, Amurka * Kush Games, wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ci gaban wasanni da ba a wanzu ba == Shuke-shuke == * Kush (cannabis) , dangin nau'ikan wiwi masu ƙarfi da ake kira Hindu Kush * Kusha ciyawa, ''Desmostachya bipinnata'', nau'in ciyawa mai ɗorewa == Sauran amfani == * [[Kush (maize)|Kush (mai)]] , wani shiri na masara mai kama da grits ko polenta * Kush Housing Association, mai mallakar gidaje a London, Ingila * [[Kush (drug)|Kush (magunguna)]] , cakuda miyagun ƙwayoyi na wucin gadi wani lokacin ana kiranta kush * [[Kush (red panda)|Kush (ja panda)]] , wani namiji ja panda da aka sani da tserewa Curraghs Wildlife Park == Dubi kuma == * [[Cushitic languages|Harsunan Cushitic]], reshe na dangin yaren Afroasiatic da ake magana a arewa maso gabashin Afirka * [[Hindukush (disambiguation)]] * [[Koosh ball]], kwallon wasa da aka yi da filaments na roba da aka haɗe da core na roba mai laushi * [[Kusha (disambiguation)|Kusha (rashin fahimta)]] * [[Kushan Empire|Daular Kushan]], daular a Kudancin Asiya a ƙarni na 1 AZ * [[Kushi (disambiguation)]] * [[Qush (disambiguation)]] * All pages with titles containing kush 4xujao7cjihqi6k0sf3imzp48jh3bkr 0 82106 822572 481525 2026-04-19T11:31:59Z Pharouqenr 25549 822572 wikitext text/x-wiki Julie Laraine Cliff AO (an haife ta a shekara ta 1944) likita ce kuma masaniyar cututtukan dabbobi ta ƙasar Ostiraliya wadda aka sani da aikinta na rigakafi da kuma shawo kan cututtuka masu yaɗuwa ta hanyar binciken cututtuka da manufofin lafiya, musamman a Mozambique, inda aikinta ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 40. A can, bincikenta ya nuna cewa sake bullowar cutar konzo mai gurguwar jini a cikin al'ummomin karkara marasa galihu ya faru ne sakamakon yawan cyanide a cikin rogo da ba a sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata ba, sakamakon canje-canje a ayyukan shirya abinci saboda tasirin tattalin arziki na yaƙi da fari. A shekara ta 1996, an naɗa Cliff a matsayin Jami'in Order of Australia, kuma an ba shi digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Laws daga Jami'ar Monash. A shekara ta 2013, ta gabatar da Lakca ta Pumpandle ta John Snow Society, mai taken "Daga London zuwa Mozambique, daga kwalara zuwa konzo".<ref>Harford, Tim (2020). "32. Cassava processing". The Next Fifty Things that Made the Modern Economy. London: Little, Brown Book Group. pp. 112–114. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4087-1264-1</nowiki>.</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi na farko == An haifi Julie Cliff a shekara ta 1944 a Essendon, Victoria.[1] A matsayinta na ɗalibar likitanci, ta yi karatun zaɓe a New Guinea, kuma a shekarar 1967 ta kammala karatun MBBS daga Jami'ar Melbourne.[2] Daga baya ta kammala karatun difloma a fannin likitancin wurare masu zafi a Makarantar Tsabtace Muhalli da Magungunan Wurare Masu Yawa ta London (LSHTM) da kuma karatun digiri na biyu a fannin likitanci a London.[2] == Farkon aikinta == A shekarar 1974 an naɗa Cliff ƙwararren likita mai daraja a Asibitin Muhimbili kuma malami a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam da ke Tanzania; ta shafe shekaru biyu a wannan ƙasar.[1][2] Daga 1976 zuwa 1979 ta kasance ƙwararriyar likita kuma darakta a Sashen Cututtuka Masu Yawa a Asibitin Maputo da ke Mozambique, inda ta shiga can jim kaɗan bayan ƙasar ta sami 'yancin kai.[1][2] Ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar ƙwararru da aka ɗauka don sake gina wani sabis na kiwon lafiya a Mozambique, cikakken bayani game da shi an bayar a cikin babinta mai suna "Cutar marayu a Mozambique" a cikin littafin Julie Pearlman mai suna The Practice of International Health (2009).[3][4][a] A shekarar 1976 an kuma naɗa ta farfesa mai taimakawa a Faculdade de Medicina a Jami'ar Eduardo Mondlane ta Maputo kuma ta ci gaba da haka har zuwa 1998.[1] Aikinta a can ya haɓaka haɗin gwiwa da Jami'ar Melbourne.[6] Daga 1980 zuwa 1984 Cliff ta kasance ƙwararren masanin cututtuka a Hukumar Kula da Magungunan Rigakafi ta Mozambique.[1] Ta koma LSHTM don kammala digiri na biyu a fannin lafiyar al'umma sannan ta koma Mozambique.[3] Daga baya, ta yi shekaru huɗu a matsayin shugabar Sashen Cututtuka na Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta Maputo, da kuma shekaru biyu a matsayin shugabar riƙo ta Sashen Lafiyar Al'umma a Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Eduardo Mondlane.[1] == Manazarta == aq7e1zm93fa766vebavgbed6lpnpqsv 822573 822572 2026-04-19T11:32:11Z Pharouqenr 25549 822573 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Julie Laraine Cliff AO''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1944) likita ce kuma masaniyar cututtukan dabbobi ta ƙasar Ostiraliya wadda aka sani da aikinta na rigakafi da kuma shawo kan cututtuka masu yaɗuwa ta hanyar binciken cututtuka da manufofin lafiya, musamman a Mozambique, inda aikinta ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 40. A can, bincikenta ya nuna cewa sake bullowar cutar konzo mai gurguwar jini a cikin al'ummomin karkara marasa galihu ya faru ne sakamakon yawan cyanide a cikin rogo da ba a sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata ba, sakamakon canje-canje a ayyukan shirya abinci saboda tasirin tattalin arziki na yaƙi da fari. A shekara ta 1996, an naɗa Cliff a matsayin Jami'in Order of Australia, kuma an ba shi digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Laws daga Jami'ar Monash. A shekara ta 2013, ta gabatar da Lakca ta Pumpandle ta John Snow Society, mai taken "Daga London zuwa Mozambique, daga kwalara zuwa konzo".<ref>Harford, Tim (2020). "32. Cassava processing". The Next Fifty Things that Made the Modern Economy. London: Little, Brown Book Group. pp. 112–114. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4087-1264-1</nowiki>.</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi na farko == An haifi Julie Cliff a shekara ta 1944 a Essendon, Victoria.[1] A matsayinta na ɗalibar likitanci, ta yi karatun zaɓe a New Guinea, kuma a shekarar 1967 ta kammala karatun MBBS daga Jami'ar Melbourne.[2] Daga baya ta kammala karatun difloma a fannin likitancin wurare masu zafi a Makarantar Tsabtace Muhalli da Magungunan Wurare Masu Yawa ta London (LSHTM) da kuma karatun digiri na biyu a fannin likitanci a London.[2] == Farkon aikinta == A shekarar 1974 an naɗa Cliff ƙwararren likita mai daraja a Asibitin Muhimbili kuma malami a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam da ke Tanzania; ta shafe shekaru biyu a wannan ƙasar.[1][2] Daga 1976 zuwa 1979 ta kasance ƙwararriyar likita kuma darakta a Sashen Cututtuka Masu Yawa a Asibitin Maputo da ke Mozambique, inda ta shiga can jim kaɗan bayan ƙasar ta sami 'yancin kai.[1][2] Ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar ƙwararru da aka ɗauka don sake gina wani sabis na kiwon lafiya a Mozambique, cikakken bayani game da shi an bayar a cikin babinta mai suna "Cutar marayu a Mozambique" a cikin littafin Julie Pearlman mai suna The Practice of International Health (2009).[3][4][a] A shekarar 1976 an kuma naɗa ta farfesa mai taimakawa a Faculdade de Medicina a Jami'ar Eduardo Mondlane ta Maputo kuma ta ci gaba da haka har zuwa 1998.[1] Aikinta a can ya haɓaka haɗin gwiwa da Jami'ar Melbourne.[6] Daga 1980 zuwa 1984 Cliff ta kasance ƙwararren masanin cututtuka a Hukumar Kula da Magungunan Rigakafi ta Mozambique.[1] Ta koma LSHTM don kammala digiri na biyu a fannin lafiyar al'umma sannan ta koma Mozambique.[3] Daga baya, ta yi shekaru huɗu a matsayin shugabar Sashen Cututtuka na Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta Maputo, da kuma shekaru biyu a matsayin shugabar riƙo ta Sashen Lafiyar Al'umma a Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Eduardo Mondlane.[1] == Manazarta == 1dz6p7ac0ubpp7xm5wgovxe242zcsqu 822574 822573 2026-04-19T11:32:24Z Pharouqenr 25549 822574 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Julie Laraine Cliff AO''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1944) likita ce kuma masaniyar cututtukan dabbobi ta ƙasar Ostiraliya wadda aka sani da aikinta na rigakafi da kuma shawo kan cututtuka masu yaɗuwa ta hanyar binciken cututtuka da manufofin lafiya, musamman a Mozambique, inda aikinta ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 40. A can, bincikenta ya nuna cewa sake bullowar cutar konzo mai gurguwar jini a cikin al'ummomin karkara marasa galihu ya faru ne sakamakon yawan cyanide a cikin rogo da ba a sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata ba, sakamakon canje-canje a ayyukan shirya abinci saboda tasirin tattalin arziki na yaƙi da fari. A shekara ta 1996, an naɗa Cliff a matsayin Jami'in Order of Australia, kuma an ba shi digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Laws daga Jami'ar Monash. A shekara ta 2013, ta gabatar da Lakca ta Pumpandle ta John Snow Society, mai taken "Daga London zuwa Mozambique, daga kwalara zuwa konzo".<ref>Harford, Tim (2020). "32. Cassava processing". The Next Fifty Things that Made the Modern Economy. London: Little, Brown Book Group. pp. 112–114. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4087-1264-1</nowiki>.</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi na farko == An haifi Julie Cliff a shekara ta 1944 a Essendon, Victoria. A matsayinta na ɗalibar likitanci, ta yi karatun zaɓe a New Guinea, kuma a shekarar 1967 ta kammala karatun MBBS daga Jami'ar Melbourne.[2] Daga baya ta kammala karatun difloma a fannin likitancin wurare masu zafi a Makarantar Tsabtace Muhalli da Magungunan Wurare Masu Yawa ta London (LSHTM) da kuma karatun digiri na biyu a fannin likitanci a London.[2] == Farkon aikinta == A shekarar 1974 an naɗa Cliff ƙwararren likita mai daraja a Asibitin Muhimbili kuma malami a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam da ke Tanzania; ta shafe shekaru biyu a wannan ƙasar.[1][2] Daga 1976 zuwa 1979 ta kasance ƙwararriyar likita kuma darakta a Sashen Cututtuka Masu Yawa a Asibitin Maputo da ke Mozambique, inda ta shiga can jim kaɗan bayan ƙasar ta sami 'yancin kai.[1][2] Ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar ƙwararru da aka ɗauka don sake gina wani sabis na kiwon lafiya a Mozambique, cikakken bayani game da shi an bayar a cikin babinta mai suna "Cutar marayu a Mozambique" a cikin littafin Julie Pearlman mai suna The Practice of International Health (2009).[3][4][a] A shekarar 1976 an kuma naɗa ta farfesa mai taimakawa a Faculdade de Medicina a Jami'ar Eduardo Mondlane ta Maputo kuma ta ci gaba da haka har zuwa 1998.[1] Aikinta a can ya haɓaka haɗin gwiwa da Jami'ar Melbourne.[6] Daga 1980 zuwa 1984 Cliff ta kasance ƙwararren masanin cututtuka a Hukumar Kula da Magungunan Rigakafi ta Mozambique.[1] Ta koma LSHTM don kammala digiri na biyu a fannin lafiyar al'umma sannan ta koma Mozambique.[3] Daga baya, ta yi shekaru huɗu a matsayin shugabar Sashen Cututtuka na Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta Maputo, da kuma shekaru biyu a matsayin shugabar riƙo ta Sashen Lafiyar Al'umma a Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Eduardo Mondlane.[1] == Manazarta == 5mhc3aq3sqm9qs7opo7cb923jokn1ku 822575 822574 2026-04-19T11:32:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 822575 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Julie Laraine Cliff AO''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1944) likita ce kuma masaniyar cututtukan dabbobi ta ƙasar Ostiraliya wadda aka sani da aikinta na rigakafi da kuma shawo kan cututtuka masu yaɗuwa ta hanyar binciken cututtuka da manufofin lafiya, musamman a Mozambique, inda aikinta ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 40. A can, bincikenta ya nuna cewa sake bullowar cutar konzo mai gurguwar jini a cikin al'ummomin karkara marasa galihu ya faru ne sakamakon yawan cyanide a cikin rogo da ba a sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata ba, sakamakon canje-canje a ayyukan shirya abinci saboda tasirin tattalin arziki na yaƙi da fari. A shekara ta 1996, an naɗa Cliff a matsayin Jami'in Order of Australia, kuma an ba shi digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Laws daga Jami'ar Monash. A shekara ta 2013, ta gabatar da Lakca ta Pumpandle ta John Snow Society, mai taken "Daga London zuwa Mozambique, daga kwalara zuwa konzo".<ref>Harford, Tim (2020). "32. Cassava processing". The Next Fifty Things that Made the Modern Economy. London: Little, Brown Book Group. pp. 112–114. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4087-1264-1</nowiki>.</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi na farko == An haifi Julie Cliff a shekara ta 1944 a Essendon, Victoria. A matsayinta na ɗalibar likitanci, ta yi karatun zaɓe a New Guinea, kuma a shekarar 1967 ta kammala karatun MBBS daga Jami'ar Melbourne.[2] Daga baya ta kammala karatun difloma a fannin likitancin wurare masu zafi a Makarantar Tsabtace Muhalli da Magungunan Wurare Masu Yawa ta London (LSHTM) da kuma karatun digiri na biyu a fannin likitanci a London. == Farkon aikinta == A shekarar 1974 an naɗa Cliff ƙwararren likita mai daraja a Asibitin Muhimbili kuma malami a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam da ke Tanzania; ta shafe shekaru biyu a wannan ƙasar.[1][2] Daga 1976 zuwa 1979 ta kasance ƙwararriyar likita kuma darakta a Sashen Cututtuka Masu Yawa a Asibitin Maputo da ke Mozambique, inda ta shiga can jim kaɗan bayan ƙasar ta sami 'yancin kai.[1][2] Ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar ƙwararru da aka ɗauka don sake gina wani sabis na kiwon lafiya a Mozambique, cikakken bayani game da shi an bayar a cikin babinta mai suna "Cutar marayu a Mozambique" a cikin littafin Julie Pearlman mai suna The Practice of International Health (2009).[3][4][a] A shekarar 1976 an kuma naɗa ta farfesa mai taimakawa a Faculdade de Medicina a Jami'ar Eduardo Mondlane ta Maputo kuma ta ci gaba da haka har zuwa 1998.[1] Aikinta a can ya haɓaka haɗin gwiwa da Jami'ar Melbourne.[6] Daga 1980 zuwa 1984 Cliff ta kasance ƙwararren masanin cututtuka a Hukumar Kula da Magungunan Rigakafi ta Mozambique.[1] Ta koma LSHTM don kammala digiri na biyu a fannin lafiyar al'umma sannan ta koma Mozambique.[3] Daga baya, ta yi shekaru huɗu a matsayin shugabar Sashen Cututtuka na Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta Maputo, da kuma shekaru biyu a matsayin shugabar riƙo ta Sashen Lafiyar Al'umma a Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Eduardo Mondlane.[1] == Manazarta == djpex9dfnw9e949fgwoh1pomdk7500m 822576 822575 2026-04-19T11:32:53Z Pharouqenr 25549 822576 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Julie Laraine Cliff AO''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1944) likita ce kuma masaniyar cututtukan dabbobi ta ƙasar Ostiraliya wadda aka sani da aikinta na rigakafi da kuma shawo kan cututtuka masu yaɗuwa ta hanyar binciken cututtuka da manufofin lafiya, musamman a Mozambique, inda aikinta ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 40. A can, bincikenta ya nuna cewa sake bullowar cutar konzo mai gurguwar jini a cikin al'ummomin karkara marasa galihu ya faru ne sakamakon yawan cyanide a cikin rogo da ba a sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata ba, sakamakon canje-canje a ayyukan shirya abinci saboda tasirin tattalin arziki na yaƙi da fari. A shekara ta 1996, an naɗa Cliff a matsayin Jami'in Order of Australia, kuma an ba shi digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Laws daga Jami'ar Monash. A shekara ta 2013, ta gabatar da Lakca ta Pumpandle ta John Snow Society, mai taken "Daga London zuwa Mozambique, daga kwalara zuwa konzo".<ref>Harford, Tim (2020). "32. Cassava processing". The Next Fifty Things that Made the Modern Economy. London: Little, Brown Book Group. pp. 112–114. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4087-1264-1</nowiki>.</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi na farko == An haifi Julie Cliff a shekara ta 1944 a Essendon, Victoria. A matsayinta na ɗalibar likitanci, ta yi karatun zaɓe a New Guinea, kuma a shekarar 1967 ta kammala karatun MBBS daga Jami'ar Melbourne. Daga baya ta kammala karatun difloma a fannin likitancin wurare masu zafi a Makarantar Tsabtace Muhalli da Magungunan Wurare Masu Yawa ta London (LSHTM) da kuma karatun digiri na biyu a fannin likitanci a London. == Farkon aikinta == A shekarar 1974 an naɗa Cliff ƙwararren likita mai daraja a Asibitin Muhimbili kuma malami a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam da ke Tanzania; ta shafe shekaru biyu a wannan ƙasar.[1][2] Daga 1976 zuwa 1979 ta kasance ƙwararriyar likita kuma darakta a Sashen Cututtuka Masu Yawa a Asibitin Maputo da ke Mozambique, inda ta shiga can jim kaɗan bayan ƙasar ta sami 'yancin kai.[1][2] Ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar ƙwararru da aka ɗauka don sake gina wani sabis na kiwon lafiya a Mozambique, cikakken bayani game da shi an bayar a cikin babinta mai suna "Cutar marayu a Mozambique" a cikin littafin Julie Pearlman mai suna The Practice of International Health (2009).[3][4][a] A shekarar 1976 an kuma naɗa ta farfesa mai taimakawa a Faculdade de Medicina a Jami'ar Eduardo Mondlane ta Maputo kuma ta ci gaba da haka har zuwa 1998.[1] Aikinta a can ya haɓaka haɗin gwiwa da Jami'ar Melbourne.[6] Daga 1980 zuwa 1984 Cliff ta kasance ƙwararren masanin cututtuka a Hukumar Kula da Magungunan Rigakafi ta Mozambique.[1] Ta koma LSHTM don kammala digiri na biyu a fannin lafiyar al'umma sannan ta koma Mozambique.[3] Daga baya, ta yi shekaru huɗu a matsayin shugabar Sashen Cututtuka na Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta Maputo, da kuma shekaru biyu a matsayin shugabar riƙo ta Sashen Lafiyar Al'umma a Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Eduardo Mondlane.[1] == Manazarta == gnvwyv9od22kp78nec827c8qxl96xgt 822577 822576 2026-04-19T11:33:04Z Pharouqenr 25549 822577 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Julie Laraine Cliff AO''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1944) likita ce kuma masaniyar cututtukan dabbobi ta ƙasar Ostiraliya wadda aka sani da aikinta na rigakafi da kuma shawo kan cututtuka masu yaɗuwa ta hanyar binciken cututtuka da manufofin lafiya, musamman a Mozambique, inda aikinta ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 40. A can, bincikenta ya nuna cewa sake bullowar cutar konzo mai gurguwar jini a cikin al'ummomin karkara marasa galihu ya faru ne sakamakon yawan cyanide a cikin rogo da ba a sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata ba, sakamakon canje-canje a ayyukan shirya abinci saboda tasirin tattalin arziki na yaƙi da fari. A shekara ta 1996, an naɗa Cliff a matsayin Jami'in Order of Australia, kuma an ba shi digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Laws daga Jami'ar Monash. A shekara ta 2013, ta gabatar da Lakca ta Pumpandle ta John Snow Society, mai taken "Daga London zuwa Mozambique, daga kwalara zuwa konzo".<ref>Harford, Tim (2020). "32. Cassava processing". The Next Fifty Things that Made the Modern Economy. London: Little, Brown Book Group. pp. 112–114. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4087-1264-1</nowiki>.</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi na farko == An haifi Julie Cliff a shekara ta 1944 a Essendon, Victoria. A matsayinta na ɗalibar likitanci, ta yi karatun zaɓe a New Guinea, kuma a shekarar 1967 ta kammala karatun MBBS daga Jami'ar Melbourne. Daga baya ta kammala karatun difloma a fannin likitancin wurare masu zafi a Makarantar Tsabtace Muhalli da Magungunan Wurare Masu Yawa ta London (LSHTM) da kuma karatun digiri na biyu a fannin likitanci a London. == Farkon aikinta == A shekarar 1974 an naɗa Cliff ƙwararren likita mai daraja a Asibitin Muhimbili kuma malami a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam da ke Tanzania; ta shafe shekaru biyu a wannan ƙasar. Daga 1976 zuwa 1979 ta kasance ƙwararriyar likita kuma darakta a Sashen Cututtuka Masu Yawa a Asibitin Maputo da ke Mozambique, inda ta shiga can jim kaɗan bayan ƙasar ta sami 'yancin kai.[1][2] Ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar ƙwararru da aka ɗauka don sake gina wani sabis na kiwon lafiya a Mozambique, cikakken bayani game da shi an bayar a cikin babinta mai suna "Cutar marayu a Mozambique" a cikin littafin Julie Pearlman mai suna The Practice of International Health (2009).[3][4][a] A shekarar 1976 an kuma naɗa ta farfesa mai taimakawa a Faculdade de Medicina a Jami'ar Eduardo Mondlane ta Maputo kuma ta ci gaba da haka har zuwa 1998.[1] Aikinta a can ya haɓaka haɗin gwiwa da Jami'ar Melbourne.[6] Daga 1980 zuwa 1984 Cliff ta kasance ƙwararren masanin cututtuka a Hukumar Kula da Magungunan Rigakafi ta Mozambique.[1] Ta koma LSHTM don kammala digiri na biyu a fannin lafiyar al'umma sannan ta koma Mozambique.[3] Daga baya, ta yi shekaru huɗu a matsayin shugabar Sashen Cututtuka na Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta Maputo, da kuma shekaru biyu a matsayin shugabar riƙo ta Sashen Lafiyar Al'umma a Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Eduardo Mondlane.[1] == Manazarta == hojx4mmonpn9icfl74tmrl3san82udd 822578 822577 2026-04-19T11:33:19Z Pharouqenr 25549 822578 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Julie Laraine Cliff AO''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1944) likita ce kuma masaniyar cututtukan dabbobi ta ƙasar Ostiraliya wadda aka sani da aikinta na rigakafi da kuma shawo kan cututtuka masu yaɗuwa ta hanyar binciken cututtuka da manufofin lafiya, musamman a Mozambique, inda aikinta ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 40. A can, bincikenta ya nuna cewa sake bullowar cutar konzo mai gurguwar jini a cikin al'ummomin karkara marasa galihu ya faru ne sakamakon yawan cyanide a cikin rogo da ba a sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata ba, sakamakon canje-canje a ayyukan shirya abinci saboda tasirin tattalin arziki na yaƙi da fari. A shekara ta 1996, an naɗa Cliff a matsayin Jami'in Order of Australia, kuma an ba shi digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Laws daga Jami'ar Monash. A shekara ta 2013, ta gabatar da Lakca ta Pumpandle ta John Snow Society, mai taken "Daga London zuwa Mozambique, daga kwalara zuwa konzo".<ref>Harford, Tim (2020). "32. Cassava processing". The Next Fifty Things that Made the Modern Economy. London: Little, Brown Book Group. pp. 112–114. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4087-1264-1</nowiki>.</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi na farko == An haifi Julie Cliff a shekara ta 1944 a Essendon, Victoria. A matsayinta na ɗalibar likitanci, ta yi karatun zaɓe a New Guinea, kuma a shekarar 1967 ta kammala karatun MBBS daga Jami'ar Melbourne. Daga baya ta kammala karatun difloma a fannin likitancin wurare masu zafi a Makarantar Tsabtace Muhalli da Magungunan Wurare Masu Yawa ta London (LSHTM) da kuma karatun digiri na biyu a fannin likitanci a London. == Farkon aikinta == A shekarar 1974 an naɗa Cliff ƙwararren likita mai daraja a Asibitin Muhimbili kuma malami a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam da ke Tanzania; ta shafe shekaru biyu a wannan ƙasar. Daga 1976 zuwa 1979 ta kasance ƙwararriyar likita kuma darakta a Sashen Cututtuka Masu Yawa a Asibitin Maputo da ke Mozambique, inda ta shiga can jim kaɗan bayan ƙasar ta sami 'yancin kai.[1][2] Ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar ƙwararru da aka ɗauka don sake gina wani sabis na kiwon lafiya a Mozambique, cikakken bayani game da shi an bayar a cikin babinta mai suna "Cutar marayu a Mozambique" a cikin littafin Julie Pearlman mai suna The Practice of International Health (2009). A shekarar 1976 an kuma naɗa ta farfesa mai taimakawa a Faculdade de Medicina a Jami'ar Eduardo Mondlane ta Maputo kuma ta ci gaba da haka har zuwa 1998.[1] Aikinta a can ya haɓaka haɗin gwiwa da Jami'ar Melbourne. Daga 1980 zuwa 1984 Cliff ta kasance ƙwararren masanin cututtuka a Hukumar Kula da Magungunan Rigakafi ta Mozambique.[1] Ta koma LSHTM don kammala digiri na biyu a fannin lafiyar al'umma sannan ta koma Mozambique.[3] Daga baya, ta yi shekaru huɗu a matsayin shugabar Sashen Cututtuka na Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta Maputo, da kuma shekaru biyu a matsayin shugabar riƙo ta Sashen Lafiyar Al'umma a Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Eduardo Mondlane.[1] == Manazarta == 5alou1h25cwfwt91luqzgmbbwhdnwbq 822579 822578 2026-04-19T11:33:30Z Pharouqenr 25549 822579 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Julie Laraine Cliff AO''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1944) likita ce kuma masaniyar cututtukan dabbobi ta ƙasar Ostiraliya wadda aka sani da aikinta na rigakafi da kuma shawo kan cututtuka masu yaɗuwa ta hanyar binciken cututtuka da manufofin lafiya, musamman a Mozambique, inda aikinta ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 40. A can, bincikenta ya nuna cewa sake bullowar cutar konzo mai gurguwar jini a cikin al'ummomin karkara marasa galihu ya faru ne sakamakon yawan cyanide a cikin rogo da ba a sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata ba, sakamakon canje-canje a ayyukan shirya abinci saboda tasirin tattalin arziki na yaƙi da fari. A shekara ta 1996, an naɗa Cliff a matsayin Jami'in Order of Australia, kuma an ba shi digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Laws daga Jami'ar Monash. A shekara ta 2013, ta gabatar da Lakca ta Pumpandle ta John Snow Society, mai taken "Daga London zuwa Mozambique, daga kwalara zuwa konzo".<ref>Harford, Tim (2020). "32. Cassava processing". The Next Fifty Things that Made the Modern Economy. London: Little, Brown Book Group. pp. 112–114. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4087-1264-1</nowiki>.</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi na farko == An haifi Julie Cliff a shekara ta 1944 a Essendon, Victoria. A matsayinta na ɗalibar likitanci, ta yi karatun zaɓe a New Guinea, kuma a shekarar 1967 ta kammala karatun MBBS daga Jami'ar Melbourne. Daga baya ta kammala karatun difloma a fannin likitancin wurare masu zafi a Makarantar Tsabtace Muhalli da Magungunan Wurare Masu Yawa ta London (LSHTM) da kuma karatun digiri na biyu a fannin likitanci a London. == Farkon aikinta == A shekarar 1974 an naɗa Cliff ƙwararren likita mai daraja a Asibitin Muhimbili kuma malami a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam da ke Tanzania; ta shafe shekaru biyu a wannan ƙasar. Daga 1976 zuwa 1979 ta kasance ƙwararriyar likita kuma darakta a Sashen Cututtuka Masu Yawa a Asibitin Maputo da ke Mozambique, inda ta shiga can jim kaɗan bayan ƙasar ta sami 'yancin kai. Ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar ƙwararru da aka ɗauka don sake gina wani sabis na kiwon lafiya a Mozambique, cikakken bayani game da shi an bayar a cikin babinta mai suna "Cutar marayu a Mozambique" a cikin littafin Julie Pearlman mai suna The Practice of International Health (2009). A shekarar 1976 an kuma naɗa ta farfesa mai taimakawa a Faculdade de Medicina a Jami'ar Eduardo Mondlane ta Maputo kuma ta ci gaba da haka har zuwa 1998.[1] Aikinta a can ya haɓaka haɗin gwiwa da Jami'ar Melbourne. Daga 1980 zuwa 1984 Cliff ta kasance ƙwararren masanin cututtuka a Hukumar Kula da Magungunan Rigakafi ta Mozambique.[1] Ta koma LSHTM don kammala digiri na biyu a fannin lafiyar al'umma sannan ta koma Mozambique.[3] Daga baya, ta yi shekaru huɗu a matsayin shugabar Sashen Cututtuka na Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta Maputo, da kuma shekaru biyu a matsayin shugabar riƙo ta Sashen Lafiyar Al'umma a Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Eduardo Mondlane.[1] == Manazarta == 042kzknpuliarfodrmh9sxr01ulldba 822580 822579 2026-04-19T11:33:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 822580 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Julie Laraine Cliff AO''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1944) likita ce kuma masaniyar cututtukan dabbobi ta ƙasar Ostiraliya wadda aka sani da aikinta na rigakafi da kuma shawo kan cututtuka masu yaɗuwa ta hanyar binciken cututtuka da manufofin lafiya, musamman a Mozambique, inda aikinta ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 40. A can, bincikenta ya nuna cewa sake bullowar cutar konzo mai gurguwar jini a cikin al'ummomin karkara marasa galihu ya faru ne sakamakon yawan cyanide a cikin rogo da ba a sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata ba, sakamakon canje-canje a ayyukan shirya abinci saboda tasirin tattalin arziki na yaƙi da fari. A shekara ta 1996, an naɗa Cliff a matsayin Jami'in Order of Australia, kuma an ba shi digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Laws daga Jami'ar Monash. A shekara ta 2013, ta gabatar da Lakca ta Pumpandle ta John Snow Society, mai taken "Daga London zuwa Mozambique, daga kwalara zuwa konzo".<ref>Harford, Tim (2020). "32. Cassava processing". The Next Fifty Things that Made the Modern Economy. London: Little, Brown Book Group. pp. 112–114. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4087-1264-1</nowiki>.</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi na farko == An haifi Julie Cliff a shekara ta 1944 a Essendon, Victoria. A matsayinta na ɗalibar likitanci, ta yi karatun zaɓe a New Guinea, kuma a shekarar 1967 ta kammala karatun MBBS daga Jami'ar Melbourne. Daga baya ta kammala karatun difloma a fannin likitancin wurare masu zafi a Makarantar Tsabtace Muhalli da Magungunan Wurare Masu Yawa ta London (LSHTM) da kuma karatun digiri na biyu a fannin likitanci a London. == Farkon aikinta == A shekarar 1974 an naɗa Cliff ƙwararren likita mai daraja a Asibitin Muhimbili kuma malami a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam da ke Tanzania; ta shafe shekaru biyu a wannan ƙasar. Daga 1976 zuwa 1979 ta kasance ƙwararriyar likita kuma darakta a Sashen Cututtuka Masu Yawa a Asibitin Maputo da ke Mozambique, inda ta shiga can jim kaɗan bayan ƙasar ta sami 'yancin kai. Ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar ƙwararru da aka ɗauka don sake gina wani sabis na kiwon lafiya a Mozambique, cikakken bayani game da shi an bayar a cikin babinta mai suna "Cutar marayu a Mozambique" a cikin littafin Julie Pearlman mai suna The Practice of International Health (2009). A shekarar 1976 an kuma naɗa ta farfesa mai taimakawa a Faculdade de Medicina a Jami'ar Eduardo Mondlane ta Maputo kuma ta ci gaba da haka har zuwa 1998.[1] Aikinta a can ya haɓaka haɗin gwiwa da Jami'ar Melbourne. Daga 1980 zuwa 1984 Cliff ta kasance ƙwararren masanin cututtuka a Hukumar Kula da Magungunan Rigakafi ta Mozambique. Ta koma LSHTM don kammala digiri na biyu a fannin lafiyar al'umma sannan ta koma Mozambique.[3] Daga baya, ta yi shekaru huɗu a matsayin shugabar Sashen Cututtuka na Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta Maputo, da kuma shekaru biyu a matsayin shugabar riƙo ta Sashen Lafiyar Al'umma a Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Eduardo Mondlane.[1] == Manazarta == l1j89okcqzt5bigec2r2va0s2108z8r 822581 822580 2026-04-19T11:34:03Z Pharouqenr 25549 822581 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Julie Laraine Cliff AO''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1944) likita ce kuma masaniyar cututtukan dabbobi ta ƙasar Ostiraliya wadda aka sani da aikinta na rigakafi da kuma shawo kan cututtuka masu yaɗuwa ta hanyar binciken cututtuka da manufofin lafiya, musamman a Mozambique, inda aikinta ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 40. A can, bincikenta ya nuna cewa sake bullowar cutar konzo mai gurguwar jini a cikin al'ummomin karkara marasa galihu ya faru ne sakamakon yawan cyanide a cikin rogo da ba a sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata ba, sakamakon canje-canje a ayyukan shirya abinci saboda tasirin tattalin arziki na yaƙi da fari. A shekara ta 1996, an naɗa Cliff a matsayin Jami'in Order of Australia, kuma an ba shi digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Laws daga Jami'ar Monash. A shekara ta 2013, ta gabatar da Lakca ta Pumpandle ta John Snow Society, mai taken "Daga London zuwa Mozambique, daga kwalara zuwa konzo".<ref>Harford, Tim (2020). "32. Cassava processing". The Next Fifty Things that Made the Modern Economy. London: Little, Brown Book Group. pp. 112–114. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4087-1264-1</nowiki>.</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi na farko == An haifi Julie Cliff a shekara ta 1944 a Essendon, Victoria. A matsayinta na ɗalibar likitanci, ta yi karatun zaɓe a New Guinea, kuma a shekarar 1967 ta kammala karatun MBBS daga Jami'ar Melbourne. Daga baya ta kammala karatun difloma a fannin likitancin wurare masu zafi a Makarantar Tsabtace Muhalli da Magungunan Wurare Masu Yawa ta London (LSHTM) da kuma karatun digiri na biyu a fannin likitanci a London. == Farkon aikinta == A shekarar 1974 an naɗa Cliff ƙwararren likita mai daraja a Asibitin Muhimbili kuma malami a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam da ke Tanzania; ta shafe shekaru biyu a wannan ƙasar. Daga 1976 zuwa 1979 ta kasance ƙwararriyar likita kuma darakta a Sashen Cututtuka Masu Yawa a Asibitin Maputo da ke Mozambique, inda ta shiga can jim kaɗan bayan ƙasar ta sami 'yancin kai. Ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar ƙwararru da aka ɗauka don sake gina wani sabis na kiwon lafiya a Mozambique, cikakken bayani game da shi an bayar a cikin babinta mai suna "Cutar marayu a Mozambique" a cikin littafin Julie Pearlman mai suna The Practice of International Health (2009). A shekarar 1976 an kuma naɗa ta farfesa mai taimakawa a Faculdade de Medicina a Jami'ar Eduardo Mondlane ta Maputo kuma ta ci gaba da haka har zuwa 1998.[1] Aikinta a can ya haɓaka haɗin gwiwa da Jami'ar Melbourne. Daga 1980 zuwa 1984 Cliff ta kasance ƙwararren masanin cututtuka a Hukumar Kula da Magungunan Rigakafi ta Mozambique. Ta koma LSHTM don kammala digiri na biyu a fannin lafiyar al'umma sannan ta koma Mozambique.[3] Daga baya, ta yi shekaru huɗu a matsayin shugabar Sashen Cututtuka na Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta Maputo, da kuma shekaru biyu a matsayin shugabar riƙo ta Sashen Lafiyar Al'umma a Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Eduardo Mondlane. == Manazarta == 8mvggbopthj493zv9hxoc2zgzoeb66i 822582 822581 2026-04-19T11:34:17Z Pharouqenr 25549 822582 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Julie Laraine Cliff AO''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1944) likita ce kuma masaniyar cututtukan dabbobi ta ƙasar Ostiraliya wadda aka sani da aikinta na rigakafi da kuma shawo kan cututtuka masu yaɗuwa ta hanyar binciken cututtuka da manufofin lafiya, musamman a Mozambique, inda aikinta ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 40. A can, bincikenta ya nuna cewa sake bullowar cutar konzo mai gurguwar jini a cikin al'ummomin karkara marasa galihu ya faru ne sakamakon yawan cyanide a cikin rogo da ba a sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata ba, sakamakon canje-canje a ayyukan shirya abinci saboda tasirin tattalin arziki na yaƙi da fari. A shekara ta 1996, an naɗa Cliff a matsayin Jami'in Order of Australia, kuma an ba shi digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Laws daga Jami'ar Monash. A shekara ta 2013, ta gabatar da Lakca ta Pumpandle ta John Snow Society, mai taken "Daga London zuwa Mozambique, daga kwalara zuwa konzo".<ref>Harford, Tim (2020). "32. Cassava processing". The Next Fifty Things that Made the Modern Economy. London: Little, Brown Book Group. pp. 112–114. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4087-1264-1</nowiki>.</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi na farko == An haifi Julie Cliff a shekara ta 1944 a Essendon, Victoria. A matsayinta na ɗalibar likitanci, ta yi karatun zaɓe a New Guinea, kuma a shekarar 1967 ta kammala karatun MBBS daga Jami'ar Melbourne. Daga baya ta kammala karatun difloma a fannin likitancin wurare masu zafi a Makarantar Tsabtace Muhalli da Magungunan Wurare Masu Yawa ta London (LSHTM) da kuma karatun digiri na biyu a fannin likitanci a London. == Farkon aikinta == A shekarar 1974 an naɗa Cliff ƙwararren likita mai daraja a Asibitin Muhimbili kuma malami a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam da ke Tanzania; ta shafe shekaru biyu a wannan ƙasar. Daga 1976 zuwa 1979 ta kasance ƙwararriyar likita kuma darakta a Sashen Cututtuka Masu Yawa a Asibitin Maputo da ke Mozambique, inda ta shiga can jim kaɗan bayan ƙasar ta sami 'yancin kai. Ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar ƙwararru da aka ɗauka don sake gina wani sabis na kiwon lafiya a Mozambique, cikakken bayani game da shi an bayar a cikin babinta mai suna "Cutar marayu a Mozambique" a cikin littafin Julie Pearlman mai suna The Practice of International Health (2009). A shekarar 1976 an kuma naɗa ta farfesa mai taimakawa a Faculdade de Medicina a Jami'ar Eduardo Mondlane ta Maputo kuma ta ci gaba da haka har zuwa 1998. Aikinta a can ya haɓaka haɗin gwiwa da Jami'ar Melbourne. Daga 1980 zuwa 1984 Cliff ta kasance ƙwararren masanin cututtuka a Hukumar Kula da Magungunan Rigakafi ta Mozambique. Ta koma LSHTM don kammala digiri na biyu a fannin lafiyar al'umma sannan ta koma Mozambique.[3] Daga baya, ta yi shekaru huɗu a matsayin shugabar Sashen Cututtuka na Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta Maputo, da kuma shekaru biyu a matsayin shugabar riƙo ta Sashen Lafiyar Al'umma a Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Eduardo Mondlane. == Manazarta == ev8tijpriid7il4gi2y0r6o6qqmxg7q 822583 822582 2026-04-19T11:34:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 822583 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Julie Laraine Cliff AO''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1944) likita ce kuma masaniyar cututtukan dabbobi ta ƙasar [[Ostiraliya (nahiya)|Ostiraliya]] wadda aka sani da aikinta na rigakafi da kuma shawo kan cututtuka masu yaɗuwa ta hanyar binciken cututtuka da manufofin lafiya, musamman a Mozambique, inda aikinta ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 40. A can, bincikenta ya nuna cewa sake bullowar cutar konzo mai gurguwar jini a cikin al'ummomin karkara marasa galihu ya faru ne sakamakon yawan cyanide a cikin rogo da ba a sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata ba, sakamakon canje-canje a ayyukan shirya abinci saboda tasirin tattalin arziki na yaƙi da fari. A shekara ta 1996, an naɗa Cliff a matsayin Jami'in Order of Australia, kuma an ba shi digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Laws daga Jami'ar Monash. A shekara ta 2013, ta gabatar da Lakca ta Pumpandle ta John Snow Society, mai taken "Daga London zuwa Mozambique, daga kwalara zuwa konzo".<ref>Harford, Tim (2020). "32. Cassava processing". The Next Fifty Things that Made the Modern Economy. London: Little, Brown Book Group. pp. 112–114. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4087-1264-1</nowiki>.</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi na farko == An haifi Julie Cliff a shekara ta 1944 a Essendon, Victoria. A matsayinta na ɗalibar likitanci, ta yi karatun zaɓe a New Guinea, kuma a shekarar 1967 ta kammala karatun MBBS daga Jami'ar Melbourne. Daga baya ta kammala karatun difloma a fannin likitancin wurare masu zafi a Makarantar Tsabtace Muhalli da Magungunan Wurare Masu Yawa ta London (LSHTM) da kuma karatun digiri na biyu a fannin likitanci a London. == Farkon aikinta == A shekarar 1974 an naɗa Cliff ƙwararren likita mai daraja a Asibitin Muhimbili kuma malami a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam da ke Tanzania; ta shafe shekaru biyu a wannan ƙasar. Daga 1976 zuwa 1979 ta kasance ƙwararriyar likita kuma darakta a Sashen Cututtuka Masu Yawa a Asibitin Maputo da ke Mozambique, inda ta shiga can jim kaɗan bayan ƙasar ta sami 'yancin kai. Ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar ƙwararru da aka ɗauka don sake gina wani sabis na kiwon lafiya a Mozambique, cikakken bayani game da shi an bayar a cikin babinta mai suna "Cutar marayu a Mozambique" a cikin littafin Julie Pearlman mai suna The Practice of International Health (2009). A shekarar 1976 an kuma naɗa ta farfesa mai taimakawa a Faculdade de Medicina a Jami'ar Eduardo Mondlane ta Maputo kuma ta ci gaba da haka har zuwa 1998. Aikinta a can ya haɓaka haɗin gwiwa da Jami'ar Melbourne. Daga 1980 zuwa 1984 Cliff ta kasance ƙwararren masanin cututtuka a Hukumar Kula da Magungunan Rigakafi ta Mozambique. Ta koma LSHTM don kammala digiri na biyu a fannin lafiyar al'umma sannan ta koma Mozambique.[3] Daga baya, ta yi shekaru huɗu a matsayin shugabar Sashen Cututtuka na Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta Maputo, da kuma shekaru biyu a matsayin shugabar riƙo ta Sashen Lafiyar Al'umma a Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Eduardo Mondlane. == Manazarta == 08ie3v9d78rlv1ne5qsjovuulh7wehb 822584 822583 2026-04-19T11:35:29Z Pharouqenr 25549 822584 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Julie Laraine Cliff AO''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1944) likita ce kuma masaniyar cututtukan dabbobi ta ƙasar [[Ostiraliya (nahiya)|Ostiraliya]] wadda aka sani da aikinta na rigakafi da kuma shawo kan cututtuka masu yaɗuwa ta hanyar binciken cututtuka da manufofin lafiya, musamman a Mozambique, inda aikinta ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 40. A can, bincikenta ya nuna cewa sake bullowar cutar konzo mai gurguwar jini a cikin al'ummomin karkara marasa galihu ya faru ne sakamakon yawan cyanide a cikin rogo da ba a sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata ba, sakamakon canje-canje a ayyukan shirya abinci saboda tasirin tattalin arziki na yaƙi da fari. A shekara ta 1996, an naɗa Cliff a matsayin Jami'in Order of Australia, kuma an ba shi digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Laws daga Jami'ar Monash. A shekara ta 2013, ta gabatar da Lakca ta Pumpandle ta John Snow Society, mai taken "Daga London zuwa Mozambique, daga kwalara zuwa konzo".<ref>Harford, Tim (2020). "32. Cassava processing". The Next Fifty Things that Made the Modern Economy. London: Little, Brown Book Group. pp. 112–114. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4087-1264-1</nowiki>.</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi na farko == An haifi Julie Cliff a shekara ta 1944 a Essendon, Victoria. A matsayinta na ɗalibar likitanci, ta yi karatun zaɓe a New Guinea, kuma a shekarar 1967 ta kammala karatun MBBS daga Jami'ar Melbourne. Daga baya ta kammala karatun difloma a fannin likitancin wurare masu zafi a Makarantar Tsabtace Muhalli da Magungunan Wurare Masu Yawa ta London (LSHTM) da kuma karatun digiri na biyu a fannin likitanci a London. == Farkon aikinta == A shekarar 1974 an naɗa Cliff ƙwararren likita mai daraja a Asibitin Muhimbili kuma malami a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam da ke Tanzania; ta shafe shekaru biyu a wannan ƙasar. Daga 1976 zuwa 1979 ta kasance ƙwararriyar likita kuma darakta a Sashen Cututtuka Masu Yawa a Asibitin Maputo da ke Mozambique, inda ta shiga can jim kaɗan bayan ƙasar ta sami 'yancin kai. Ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar ƙwararru da aka ɗauka don sake gina wani sabis na kiwon lafiya a Mozambique, cikakken bayani game da shi an bayar a cikin babinta mai suna "Cutar marayu a Mozambique" a cikin littafin Julie Pearlman mai suna The Practice of International Health (2009). A shekarar 1976 an kuma naɗa ta farfesa mai taimakawa a Faculdade de Medicina a Jami'ar Eduardo Mondlane ta Maputo kuma ta ci gaba da haka har zuwa 1998. Aikinta a can ya haɓaka haɗin gwiwa da Jami'ar Melbourne. Daga 1980 zuwa 1984 Cliff ta kasance ƙwararren masanin cututtuka a Hukumar Kula da Magungunan Rigakafi ta Mozambique. Ta koma LSHTM don kammala digiri na biyu a fannin lafiyar al'umma sannan ta koma Mozambique.[3] Daga baya, ta yi shekaru huɗu a matsayin shugabar Sashen Cututtuka na Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta Maputo, da kuma shekaru biyu a matsayin shugabar riƙo ta Sashen Lafiyar Al'umma a Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Eduardo Mondlane. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} bgv0tbi6pq8c772fg261nvd97vf1k44 822585 822584 2026-04-19T11:36:43Z Pharouqenr 25549 822585 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Julie Laraine Cliff AO''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1944) likita ce kuma masaniyar cututtukan dabbobi ta ƙasar [[Ostiraliya (nahiya)|Ostiraliya]] wadda aka sani da aikinta na rigakafi da kuma shawo kan cututtuka masu yaɗuwa ta hanyar binciken cututtuka da manufofin lafiya, musamman a Mozambique, inda aikinta ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 40. A can, bincikenta ya nuna cewa sake bullowar cutar konzo mai gurguwar jini a cikin al'ummomin karkara marasa galihu ya faru ne sakamakon yawan cyanide a cikin rogo da ba a sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata ba, sakamakon canje-canje a ayyukan shirya abinci saboda tasirin tattalin arziki na yaƙi da fari. A shekara ta 1996, an naɗa Cliff a matsayin Jami'in Order of Australia, kuma an ba shi digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Laws daga Jami'ar Monash. A shekara ta 2013, ta gabatar da Lakca ta Pumpandle ta John Snow Society, mai taken "Daga London zuwa Mozambique, daga kwalara zuwa konzo".<ref>Harford, Tim (2020). "32. Cassava processing". The Next Fifty Things that Made the Modern Economy. London: Little, Brown Book Group. pp. 112–114. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4087-1264-1</nowiki>.</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi na farko == An haifi Julie Cliff a shekara ta 1944 a Essendon, Victoria. A matsayinta na ɗalibar likitanci, ta yi karatun zaɓe a New Guinea, kuma a shekarar 1967 ta kammala karatun MBBS daga Jami'ar Melbourne. Daga baya ta kammala karatun difloma a fannin likitancin wurare masu zafi a Makarantar Tsabtace Muhalli da Magungunan Wurare Masu Yawa ta London (LSHTM) da kuma karatun digiri na biyu a fannin likitanci a London. == Farkon aikinta == A shekarar 1974 an naɗa Cliff ƙwararren likita mai daraja a Asibitin Muhimbili kuma malami a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam da ke Tanzania; ta shafe shekaru biyu a wannan ƙasar. Daga 1976 zuwa 1979 ta kasance ƙwararriyar likita kuma darakta a Sashen Cututtuka Masu Yawa a Asibitin Maputo da ke Mozambique, inda ta shiga can jim kaɗan bayan ƙasar ta sami 'yancin kai. Ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar ƙwararru da aka ɗauka don sake gina wani sabis na kiwon lafiya a Mozambique, cikakken bayani game da shi an bayar a cikin babinta mai suna "Cutar marayu a Mozambique" a cikin littafin Julie Pearlman mai suna The Practice of International Health (2009). A shekarar 1976 an kuma naɗa ta farfesa mai taimakawa a Faculdade de Medicina a Jami'ar Eduardo Mondlane ta Maputo kuma ta ci gaba da haka har zuwa 1998. Aikinta a can ya haɓaka haɗin gwiwa da Jami'ar Melbourne.<ref>Cliff, Julie (2009). "4. An orphan disease in Mozambique". In Pearlman, Daniel; Roy, Ananya (eds.). The Practice of International Health. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 70–87. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-531027-6</nowiki>.</ref> Daga 1980 zuwa 1984 Cliff ta kasance ƙwararren masanin cututtuka a Hukumar Kula da Magungunan Rigakafi ta Mozambique. Ta koma LSHTM don kammala digiri na biyu a fannin lafiyar al'umma sannan ta koma Mozambique.[3] Daga baya, ta yi shekaru huɗu a matsayin shugabar Sashen Cututtuka na Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta Maputo, da kuma shekaru biyu a matsayin shugabar riƙo ta Sashen Lafiyar Al'umma a Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Eduardo Mondlane. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} nbnv8akf941cwjjzxy6dmsjc05lmvdc 822586 822585 2026-04-19T11:36:59Z Pharouqenr 25549 822586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Julie Laraine Cliff AO''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1944) likita ce kuma masaniyar cututtukan dabbobi ta ƙasar [[Ostiraliya (nahiya)|Ostiraliya]] wadda aka sani da aikinta na rigakafi da kuma shawo kan cututtuka masu yaɗuwa ta hanyar binciken cututtuka da manufofin lafiya, musamman a Mozambique, inda aikinta ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 40. A can, bincikenta ya nuna cewa sake bullowar cutar konzo mai gurguwar jini a cikin al'ummomin karkara marasa galihu ya faru ne sakamakon yawan cyanide a cikin rogo da ba a sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata ba, sakamakon canje-canje a ayyukan shirya abinci saboda tasirin tattalin arziki na yaƙi da fari. A shekara ta 1996, an naɗa Cliff a matsayin Jami'in Order of Australia, kuma an ba shi digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Laws daga Jami'ar Monash. A shekara ta 2013, ta gabatar da Lakca ta Pumpandle ta John Snow Society, mai taken "Daga London zuwa Mozambique, daga kwalara zuwa konzo".<ref>Harford, Tim (2020). "32. Cassava processing". The Next Fifty Things that Made the Modern Economy. London: Little, Brown Book Group. pp. 112–114. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4087-1264-1</nowiki>.</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi na farko == An haifi Julie Cliff a shekara ta 1944 a Essendon, Victoria. A matsayinta na ɗalibar likitanci, ta yi karatun zaɓe a New Guinea, kuma a shekarar 1967 ta kammala karatun MBBS daga Jami'ar Melbourne. Daga baya ta kammala karatun difloma a fannin likitancin wurare masu zafi a Makarantar Tsabtace Muhalli da Magungunan Wurare Masu Yawa ta London (LSHTM) da kuma karatun digiri na biyu a fannin likitanci a London. == Farkon aikinta == A shekarar 1974 an naɗa Cliff ƙwararren likita mai daraja a Asibitin Muhimbili kuma malami a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam da ke Tanzania; ta shafe shekaru biyu a wannan ƙasar. Daga 1976 zuwa 1979 ta kasance ƙwararriyar likita kuma darakta a Sashen Cututtuka Masu Yawa a Asibitin Maputo da ke Mozambique, inda ta shiga can jim kaɗan bayan ƙasar ta sami 'yancin kai. Ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar ƙwararru da aka ɗauka don sake gina wani sabis na kiwon lafiya a Mozambique, cikakken bayani game da shi an bayar a cikin babinta mai suna "Cutar marayu a Mozambique" a cikin littafin Julie Pearlman mai suna The Practice of International Health (2009). A shekarar 1976 an kuma naɗa ta farfesa mai taimakawa a Faculdade de Medicina a Jami'ar Eduardo Mondlane ta Maputo kuma ta ci gaba da haka har zuwa 1998. Aikinta a can ya haɓaka haɗin gwiwa da Jami'ar Melbourne.<ref>Cliff, Julie (2009). "4. An orphan disease in Mozambique". In Pearlman, Daniel; Roy, Ananya (eds.). The Practice of International Health. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 70–87. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-531027-6</nowiki>.</ref> Daga 1980 zuwa 1984 Cliff ta kasance ƙwararren masanin cututtuka a Hukumar Kula da Magungunan Rigakafi ta Mozambique. Ta koma LSHTM don kammala digiri na biyu a fannin lafiyar al'umma sannan ta koma Mozambique.[3] Daga baya, ta yi shekaru huɗu a matsayin shugabar Sashen Cututtuka na Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta Maputo, da kuma shekaru biyu a matsayin shugabar riƙo ta Sashen Lafiyar Al'umma a Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Eduardo Mondlane. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 1dhnwhmnrql0qnx5551dp4px1qyd4tv 0 82578 822561 501261 2026-04-19T11:06:21Z Pharouqenr 25549 822561 wikitext text/x-wiki Hispanophone (Sifaniyanci: Hispanohablante) yana nufin duk wani abu da ya shafi harshen Sifaniyanci. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin Hispanicus ("Spanish") wanda ke nufin duk wani abu da ya shafi lardin tarihi na Romawa na Hispania ("Spain"), da kuma kalmar "waya". Hispanophone yana da alaƙa da al'adun Hispania wanda shine gadon Daular Sifaniya mai faɗi da tsayi, kuma wani lokacin ana kiransa da Hispanidad (Hispanicity). Duniyar da ke magana da Sifaniyanci, wacce kuma ake kira Hispanosphere, ta ƙunshi waɗannan yankuna na ƙasa: Spain, Hispanic America, Equatorial Guinea, da sassan Amurka (wato Kudu maso Yamma da Florida).[1] Idan aka yi amfani da ita a faffadan ma'ana don haɗawa da yankunan da al'adun gida suka yi tasiri sosai ta hanyar tasirin Hispanic, tsoffin yankunan Gabashin Indies na Sifaniya na Philippines da (har zuwa ƙaramin) Guam suma sun haɗa. Baya ga ma'anar Hispanophone gabaɗaya, wasu ƙungiyoyi a duniyar Hispanophone suna bambanta tsakanin masu magana da Castilian[i] da masu magana da Sifaniyanci, inda kalmar farko ke nuna masu magana da harshen Sifaniyanci—wanda aka fi sani da Castilian—sannan kuma kalmar ta biyu tana nuna masu magana da harsunan Sifaniyanci ko Hispanic (watau harsunan Sifaniyanci ko harsunan ƙasashen Hispanic). == Hispanofore == Akwai kimanin masu magana da harshen Sifaniyanci na asali miliyan 474.7 da kuma masu magana da harsunan waje kusan miliyan 100 a duk duniya a shekarar 2022, jimillarsu ya kai miliyan 574 Hispanofore.[2] Wannan ya sanya Sifaniyanci ya zama harshe na biyu mafi yawan masu magana da harshen asali kuma yare na huɗu mafi yawan masu magana da shi a duniya. Yawancin Hispanofore suna zaune ne a Hispanofore, ƙasashe da yankuna inda Sifaniyanci ya zama harshe na asali ko kuma na musamman. == Manazarta == owo2nqmoqie4zcjwe6tnm925grsz7dj 822562 822561 2026-04-19T11:07:18Z Pharouqenr 25549 822562 wikitext text/x-wiki Hispanophone (Sifaniyanci: Hispanohablante) yana nufin duk wani abu da ya shafi harshen Sifaniyanci. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin Hispanicus ("Spanish") wanda ke nufin duk wani abu da ya shafi lardin tarihi na Romawa na Hispania ("Spain"), da kuma kalmar "waya". Hispanophone yana da alaƙa da al'adun Hispania wanda shine gadon Daular Sifaniya mai faɗi da tsayi, kuma wani lokacin ana kiransa da Hispanidad (Hispanicity). Duniyar da ke magana da Sifaniyanci, wacce kuma ake kira Hispanosphere, ta ƙunshi waɗannan yankuna na ƙasa: Spain, Hispanic America, Equatorial Guinea, da sassan Amurka (wato Kudu maso Yamma da Florida).[1] Idan aka yi amfani da ita a faffadan ma'ana don haɗawa da yankunan da al'adun gida suka yi tasiri sosai ta hanyar tasirin Hispanic, tsoffin yankunan Gabashin Indies na Sifaniya na Philippines da (har zuwa ƙaramin) Guam suma sun haɗa. Baya ga ma'anar Hispanophone gabaɗaya, wasu ƙungiyoyi a duniyar Hispanophone suna bambanta tsakanin masu magana da Castilian[i] da masu magana da Sifaniyanci, inda kalmar farko ke nuna masu magana da harshen Sifaniyanci—wanda aka fi sani da Castilian—sannan kuma kalmar ta biyu tana nuna masu magana da harsunan Sifaniyanci ko Hispanic (watau harsunan Sifaniyanci ko harsunan ƙasashen Hispanic).<ref>"The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. July 2008. Archived from the original on 2013-05-10. Retrieved 2008-06-23.</ref> == Hispanofore == Akwai kimanin masu magana da harshen Sifaniyanci na asali miliyan 474.7 da kuma masu magana da harsunan waje kusan miliyan 100 a duk duniya a shekarar 2022, jimillarsu ya kai miliyan 574 Hispanofore.[2] Wannan ya sanya Sifaniyanci ya zama harshe na biyu mafi yawan masu magana da harshen asali kuma yare na huɗu mafi yawan masu magana da shi a duniya. Yawancin Hispanofore suna zaune ne a Hispanofore, ƙasashe da yankuna inda Sifaniyanci ya zama harshe na asali ko kuma na musamman. == Manazarta == frlujb42fbrs0kqbsocp3sycsqp7wv1 822563 822562 2026-04-19T11:07:39Z Pharouqenr 25549 822563 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hispanophone''' (Sifaniyanci: Hispanohablante) yana nufin duk wani abu da ya shafi harshen Sifaniyanci. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin Hispanicus ("Spanish") wanda ke nufin duk wani abu da ya shafi lardin tarihi na Romawa na Hispania ("Spain"), da kuma kalmar "waya". Hispanophone yana da alaƙa da al'adun Hispania wanda shine gadon Daular Sifaniya mai faɗi da tsayi, kuma wani lokacin ana kiransa da Hispanidad (Hispanicity). Duniyar da ke magana da Sifaniyanci, wacce kuma ake kira Hispanosphere, ta ƙunshi waɗannan yankuna na ƙasa: Spain, Hispanic America, Equatorial Guinea, da sassan Amurka (wato Kudu maso Yamma da Florida).[1] Idan aka yi amfani da ita a faffadan ma'ana don haɗawa da yankunan da al'adun gida suka yi tasiri sosai ta hanyar tasirin Hispanic, tsoffin yankunan Gabashin Indies na Sifaniya na Philippines da (har zuwa ƙaramin) Guam suma sun haɗa. Baya ga ma'anar Hispanophone gabaɗaya, wasu ƙungiyoyi a duniyar Hispanophone suna bambanta tsakanin masu magana da Castilian[i] da masu magana da Sifaniyanci, inda kalmar farko ke nuna masu magana da harshen Sifaniyanci—wanda aka fi sani da Castilian—sannan kuma kalmar ta biyu tana nuna masu magana da harsunan Sifaniyanci ko Hispanic (watau harsunan Sifaniyanci ko harsunan ƙasashen Hispanic).<ref>"The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. July 2008. Archived from the original on 2013-05-10. Retrieved 2008-06-23.</ref> == Hispanofore == Akwai kimanin masu magana da harshen Sifaniyanci na asali miliyan 474.7 da kuma masu magana da harsunan waje kusan miliyan 100 a duk duniya a shekarar 2022, jimillarsu ya kai miliyan 574 Hispanofore.[2] Wannan ya sanya Sifaniyanci ya zama harshe na biyu mafi yawan masu magana da harshen asali kuma yare na huɗu mafi yawan masu magana da shi a duniya. Yawancin Hispanofore suna zaune ne a Hispanofore, ƙasashe da yankuna inda Sifaniyanci ya zama harshe na asali ko kuma na musamman. == Manazarta == llyc67oz6wp3qbm3v7jsknyu9zgctkr 822564 822563 2026-04-19T11:07:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 822564 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hispanophone''' (Sifaniyanci: Hispanohablante) yana nufin duk wani abu da ya shafi harshen Sifaniyanci. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin Hispanicus ("Spanish") wanda ke nufin duk wani abu da ya shafi lardin tarihi na Romawa na Hispania ("Spain"), da kuma kalmar "waya". Hispanophone yana da alaƙa da al'adun Hispania wanda shine gadon Daular Sifaniya mai faɗi da tsayi, kuma wani lokacin ana kiransa da Hispanidad (Hispanicity). Duniyar da ke magana da Sifaniyanci, wacce kuma ake kira Hispanosphere, ta ƙunshi waɗannan yankuna na ƙasa: Spain, Hispanic America, Equatorial Guinea, da sassan Amurka (wato Kudu maso Yamma da Florida). Idan aka yi amfani da ita a faffadan ma'ana don haɗawa da yankunan da al'adun gida suka yi tasiri sosai ta hanyar tasirin Hispanic, tsoffin yankunan Gabashin Indies na Sifaniya na Philippines da (har zuwa ƙaramin) Guam suma sun haɗa. Baya ga ma'anar Hispanophone gabaɗaya, wasu ƙungiyoyi a duniyar Hispanophone suna bambanta tsakanin masu magana da Castilian[i] da masu magana da Sifaniyanci, inda kalmar farko ke nuna masu magana da harshen Sifaniyanci—wanda aka fi sani da Castilian—sannan kuma kalmar ta biyu tana nuna masu magana da harsunan Sifaniyanci ko Hispanic (watau harsunan Sifaniyanci ko harsunan ƙasashen Hispanic).<ref>"The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. July 2008. Archived from the original on 2013-05-10. Retrieved 2008-06-23.</ref> == Hispanofore == Akwai kimanin masu magana da harshen Sifaniyanci na asali miliyan 474.7 da kuma masu magana da harsunan waje kusan miliyan 100 a duk duniya a shekarar 2022, jimillarsu ya kai miliyan 574 Hispanofore.[2] Wannan ya sanya Sifaniyanci ya zama harshe na biyu mafi yawan masu magana da harshen asali kuma yare na huɗu mafi yawan masu magana da shi a duniya. Yawancin Hispanofore suna zaune ne a Hispanofore, ƙasashe da yankuna inda Sifaniyanci ya zama harshe na asali ko kuma na musamman. == Manazarta == mtb2jje0287w3t3wd3p43jb7t6f7fbo 822565 822564 2026-04-19T11:08:08Z Pharouqenr 25549 822565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Hispanophone''' (Sifaniyanci: Hispanohablante) yana nufin duk wani abu da ya shafi harshen Sifaniyanci. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin Hispanicus ("Spanish") wanda ke nufin duk wani abu da ya shafi lardin tarihi na Romawa na Hispania ("Spain"), da kuma kalmar "waya". Hispanophone yana da alaƙa da al'adun Hispania wanda shine gadon Daular Sifaniya mai faɗi da tsayi, kuma wani lokacin ana kiransa da Hispanidad (Hispanicity). Duniyar da ke magana da Sifaniyanci, wacce kuma ake kira Hispanosphere, ta ƙunshi waɗannan yankuna na ƙasa: Spain, Hispanic America, Equatorial Guinea, da sassan Amurka (wato Kudu maso Yamma da Florida). Idan aka yi amfani da ita a faffadan ma'ana don haɗawa da yankunan da al'adun gida suka yi tasiri sosai ta hanyar tasirin Hispanic, tsoffin yankunan Gabashin Indies na Sifaniya na Philippines da (har zuwa ƙaramin) Guam suma sun haɗa. Baya ga ma'anar Hispanophone gabaɗaya, wasu ƙungiyoyi a duniyar Hispanophone suna bambanta tsakanin masu magana da Castilian[i] da masu magana da Sifaniyanci, inda kalmar farko ke nuna masu magana da harshen Sifaniyanci—wanda aka fi sani da Castilian—sannan kuma kalmar ta biyu tana nuna masu magana da harsunan Sifaniyanci ko Hispanic (watau harsunan Sifaniyanci ko harsunan ƙasashen Hispanic).<ref>"The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. July 2008. Archived from the original on 2013-05-10. Retrieved 2008-06-23.</ref> == Hispanofore == Akwai kimanin masu magana da harshen Sifaniyanci na asali miliyan 474.7 da kuma masu magana da harsunan waje kusan miliyan 100 a duk duniya a shekarar 2022, jimillarsu ya kai miliyan 574 Hispanofore.[2] Wannan ya sanya Sifaniyanci ya zama harshe na biyu mafi yawan masu magana da harshen asali kuma yare na huɗu mafi yawan masu magana da shi a duniya. Yawancin Hispanofore suna zaune ne a Hispanofore, ƙasashe da yankuna inda Sifaniyanci ya zama harshe na asali ko kuma na musamman. == Manazarta == dzijjel4wf3zynktw1e8r0fa5nj7563 822566 822565 2026-04-19T11:09:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 /* Hispanofore */ 822566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Hispanophone''' (Sifaniyanci: Hispanohablante) yana nufin duk wani abu da ya shafi harshen Sifaniyanci. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin Hispanicus ("Spanish") wanda ke nufin duk wani abu da ya shafi lardin tarihi na Romawa na Hispania ("Spain"), da kuma kalmar "waya". Hispanophone yana da alaƙa da al'adun Hispania wanda shine gadon Daular Sifaniya mai faɗi da tsayi, kuma wani lokacin ana kiransa da Hispanidad (Hispanicity). Duniyar da ke magana da Sifaniyanci, wacce kuma ake kira Hispanosphere, ta ƙunshi waɗannan yankuna na ƙasa: Spain, Hispanic America, Equatorial Guinea, da sassan Amurka (wato Kudu maso Yamma da Florida). Idan aka yi amfani da ita a faffadan ma'ana don haɗawa da yankunan da al'adun gida suka yi tasiri sosai ta hanyar tasirin Hispanic, tsoffin yankunan Gabashin Indies na Sifaniya na Philippines da (har zuwa ƙaramin) Guam suma sun haɗa. Baya ga ma'anar Hispanophone gabaɗaya, wasu ƙungiyoyi a duniyar Hispanophone suna bambanta tsakanin masu magana da Castilian[i] da masu magana da Sifaniyanci, inda kalmar farko ke nuna masu magana da harshen Sifaniyanci—wanda aka fi sani da Castilian—sannan kuma kalmar ta biyu tana nuna masu magana da harsunan Sifaniyanci ko Hispanic (watau harsunan Sifaniyanci ko harsunan ƙasashen Hispanic).<ref>"The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. July 2008. Archived from the original on 2013-05-10. Retrieved 2008-06-23.</ref> == Hispanofore == Akwai kimani masu magana da harshen Sifaniyanci na asali miliyan 474.7 da kuma masu magana da harsunan waje kusan miliyan 100 a duk duniya a shekarar 2022, jimillarsu ya kai miliyan 574 Hispanofore.[2] Wannan ya sanya Sifaniyanci ya zama harshe na biyu mafi yawan masu magana da harshen asali kuma yare na huɗu mafi yawan masu magana da shi a duniya. Yawancin Hispanofore suna zaune ne a Hispanofore, ƙasashe da yankuna inda Sifaniyanci ya zama harshe na asali ko kuma na musamman. == Manazarta == tf5injb3uu2m82clpd11v6kkv4w9ydu 822567 822566 2026-04-19T11:24:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 822567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Hispanophone''' (Sifaniyanci: Hispanohablante) yana nufin duk wani abu da ya shafi harshen Sifaniyanci. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin Hispanicus ("Spanish") wanda ke nufin duk wani abu da ya shafi lardin tarihi na Romawa na Hispania ("Spain"), da kuma kalmar "waya". Hispanophone yana da alaƙa da al'adun Hispania wanda shine gadon Daular Sifaniya mai faɗi da tsayi, kuma wani lokacin ana kiransa da Hispanidad (Hispanicity). Duniyar da ke magana da Sifaniyanci, wacce kuma ake kira Hispanosphere, ta ƙunshi waɗannan yankuna na ƙasa: [[Ispaniya|Spain]], Hispanic America, Equatorial Guinea, da sassan Amurka (wato Kudu maso Yamma da Florida). Idan aka yi amfani da ita a faffadan ma'ana don haɗawa da yankunan da al'adun gida suka yi tasiri sosai ta hanyar tasirin Hispanic, tsoffin yankunan Gabashin Indies na Sifaniya na Philippines da (har zuwa ƙaramin) Guam suma sun haɗa. Baya ga ma'anar Hispanophone gabaɗaya, wasu ƙungiyoyi a duniyar Hispanophone suna bambanta tsakanin masu magana da Castilian[i] da masu magana da Sifaniyanci, inda kalmar farko ke nuna masu magana da harshen Sifaniyanci—wanda aka fi sani da Castilian—sannan kuma kalmar ta biyu tana nuna masu magana da harsunan Sifaniyanci ko Hispanic (watau harsunan Sifaniyanci ko harsunan ƙasashen Hispanic).<ref>"The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. July 2008. Archived from the original on 2013-05-10. Retrieved 2008-06-23.</ref> == Hispanofore == Akwai kimani masu magana da harshen Sifaniyanci na asali miliyan 474.7 da kuma masu magana da harsunan waje kusan miliyan 100 a duk duniya a shekarar 2022, jimillarsu ya kai miliyan 574 Hispanofore.[2] Wannan ya sanya Sifaniyanci ya zama harshe na biyu mafi yawan masu magana da harshen asali kuma yare na huɗu mafi yawan masu magana da shi a duniya. Yawancin Hispanofore suna zaune ne a Hispanofore, ƙasashe da yankuna inda Sifaniyanci ya zama harshe na asali ko kuma na musamman. == Manazarta == do3ii6r5rj7m07i6fv6k20pmrdv531v 822568 822567 2026-04-19T11:24:56Z Pharouqenr 25549 822568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Hispanophone''' (Sifaniyanci: Hispanohablante) yana nufin duk wani abu da ya shafi harshen Sifaniyanci. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin Hispanicus ("Spanish") wanda ke nufin duk wani abu da ya shafi lardin tarihi na Romawa na Hispania ("Spain"), da kuma kalmar "waya". Hispanophone yana da alaƙa da al'adun Hispania wanda shine gadon Daular Sifaniya mai faɗi da tsayi, kuma wani lokacin ana kiransa da Hispanidad (Hispanicity). Duniyar da ke magana da Sifaniyanci, wacce kuma ake kira Hispanosphere, ta ƙunshi waɗannan yankuna na ƙasa: [[Ispaniya|Spain]], Hispanic America, Equatorial Guinea, da sassan [[Amurka]] (wato Kudu maso Yamma da Florida). Idan aka yi amfani da ita a faffadan ma'ana don haɗawa da yankunan da al'adun gida suka yi tasiri sosai ta hanyar tasirin Hispanic, tsoffin yankunan Gabashin Indies na Sifaniya na Philippines da (har zuwa ƙaramin) Guam suma sun haɗa. Baya ga ma'anar Hispanophone gabaɗaya, wasu ƙungiyoyi a duniyar Hispanophone suna bambanta tsakanin masu magana da Castilian[i] da masu magana da Sifaniyanci, inda kalmar farko ke nuna masu magana da harshen Sifaniyanci—wanda aka fi sani da Castilian—sannan kuma kalmar ta biyu tana nuna masu magana da harsunan Sifaniyanci ko Hispanic (watau harsunan Sifaniyanci ko harsunan ƙasashen Hispanic).<ref>"The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. July 2008. Archived from the original on 2013-05-10. Retrieved 2008-06-23.</ref> == Hispanofore == Akwai kimani masu magana da harshen Sifaniyanci na asali miliyan 474.7 da kuma masu magana da harsunan waje kusan miliyan 100 a duk duniya a shekarar 2022, jimillarsu ya kai miliyan 574 Hispanofore.[2] Wannan ya sanya Sifaniyanci ya zama harshe na biyu mafi yawan masu magana da harshen asali kuma yare na huɗu mafi yawan masu magana da shi a duniya. Yawancin Hispanofore suna zaune ne a Hispanofore, ƙasashe da yankuna inda Sifaniyanci ya zama harshe na asali ko kuma na musamman. == Manazarta == tt2bph2t10k1c966wa6sznnqzru0q3v 822569 822568 2026-04-19T11:25:38Z Pharouqenr 25549 822569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Hispanophone''' (Sifaniyanci: Hispanohablante) yana nufin duk wani abu da ya shafi harshen Sifaniyanci. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin Hispanicus ("Spanish") wanda ke nufin duk wani abu da ya shafi lardin tarihi na Romawa na Hispania ("Spain"), da kuma kalmar "waya". Hispanophone yana da alaƙa da al'adun Hispania wanda shine gadon Daular Sifaniya mai faɗi da tsayi, kuma wani lokacin ana kiransa da Hispanidad (Hispanicity). Duniyar da ke magana da Sifaniyanci, wacce kuma ake kira Hispanosphere, ta ƙunshi waɗannan yankuna na ƙasa: [[Ispaniya|Spain]], Hispanic America, Equatorial Guinea, da sassan [[Amurka]] (wato Kudu maso Yamma da Florida). Idan aka yi amfani da ita a faffadan ma'ana don haɗawa da yankunan da al'adun gida suka yi tasiri sosai ta hanyar tasirin Hispanic, tsoffin yankunan Gabashin Indies na Sifaniya na Philippines (har zuwa ƙaramin) Guam suma sun haɗa. Baya ga ma'anar Hispanophone gabaɗaya, wasu ƙungiyoyi a duniyar Hispanophone suna bambanta tsakanin masu magana da Castilian[i] da masu magana da Sifaniyanci, inda kalmar farko ke nuna masu magana da harshen Sifaniyanci—wanda aka fi sani da Castilian—sannan kuma kalmar ta biyu tana nuna masu magana da harsunan Sifaniyanci ko Hispanic (watau harsunan Sifaniyanci ko harsunan ƙasashen Hispanic).<ref>"The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. July 2008. Archived from the original on 2013-05-10. Retrieved 2008-06-23.</ref> == Hispanofore == Akwai kimani masu magana da harshen Sifaniyanci na asali miliyan 474.7 da kuma masu magana da harsunan waje kusan miliyan 100 a duk duniya a shekarar 2022, jimillarsu ya kai miliyan 574 Hispanofore.[2] Wannan ya sanya Sifaniyanci ya zama harshe na biyu mafi yawan masu magana da harshen asali kuma yare na huɗu mafi yawan masu magana da shi a duniya. Yawancin Hispanofore suna zaune ne a Hispanofore, ƙasashe da yankuna inda Sifaniyanci ya zama harshe na asali ko kuma na musamman. == Manazarta == 6h8vau38q2oyafzl3r6rtpz1w8gnx0m 822570 822569 2026-04-19T11:25:58Z Pharouqenr 25549 822570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Hispanophone''' (Sifaniyanci: Hispanohablante) yana nufin duk wani abu da ya shafi harshen Sifaniyanci. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin Hispanicus ("Spanish") wanda ke nufin duk wani abu da ya shafi lardin tarihi na Romawa na Hispania ("Spain"), da kuma kalmar "waya". Hispanophone yana da alaƙa da al'adun Hispania wanda shine gadon Daular Sifaniya mai faɗi da tsayi, kuma wani lokacin ana kiransa da Hispanidad (Hispanicity). Duniyar da ke magana da Sifaniyanci, wacce kuma ake kira Hispanosphere, ta ƙunshi waɗannan yankuna na ƙasa: [[Ispaniya|Spain]], Hispanic America, Equatorial Guinea, da sassan [[Amurka]] (wato Kudu maso Yamma da Florida). Idan aka yi amfani da ita a faffadan ma'ana don haɗawa da yankunan da al'adun gida suka yi tasiri sosai ta hanyar tasirin Hispanic, tsoffin yankunan Gabashin Indies na Sifaniya na Philippines (har zuwa ƙaramin) Guam suma sun haɗa. Baya ga ma'anar Hispanophone gabaɗaya, wasu ƙungiyoyi a duniyar Hispanophone suna bambanta tsakanin masu magana da Castilian[i] da masu magana da Sifaniyanci, inda kalmar farko ke nuna masu magana da harshen Sifaniyanci—wanda aka fi sani da Castilian—sannan kuma kalmar ta biyu tana nuna masu magana da harsunan Sifaniyanci ko Hispanic (watau harsunan Sifaniyanci ko harsunan ƙasashen Hispanic).<ref>"The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. July 2008. Archived from the original on 2013-05-10. Retrieved 2008-06-23.</ref> == Hispanofore == Akwai kimani masu magana da harshen Sifaniyanci na asali adadin miliyan 474.7 da kuma masu magana da harsunan waje kusan miliyan 100 a duk duniya a shekarar 2022, jimillarsu ya kai miliyan 574 Hispanofore.[2] Wannan ya sanya Sifaniyanci ya zama harshe na biyu mafi yawan masu magana da harshen asali kuma yare na huɗu mafi yawan masu magana da shi a duniya. Yawancin Hispanofore suna zaune ne a Hispanofore, ƙasashe da yankuna inda Sifaniyanci ya zama harshe na asali ko kuma na musamman. == Manazarta == i8czcreqlpetnflom7641fxplsujjea 822571 822570 2026-04-19T11:26:10Z Pharouqenr 25549 822571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Hispanophone''' (Sifaniyanci: Hispanohablante) yana nufin duk wani abu da ya shafi harshen Sifaniyanci. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin Hispanicus ("Spanish") wanda ke nufin duk wani abu da ya shafi lardin tarihi na Romawa na Hispania ("Spain"), da kuma kalmar "waya". Hispanophone yana da alaƙa da al'adun Hispania wanda shine gadon Daular Sifaniya mai faɗi da tsayi, kuma wani lokacin ana kiransa da Hispanidad (Hispanicity). Duniyar da ke magana da Sifaniyanci, wacce kuma ake kira Hispanosphere, ta ƙunshi waɗannan yankuna na ƙasa: [[Ispaniya|Spain]], Hispanic America, Equatorial Guinea, da sassan [[Amurka]] (wato Kudu maso Yamma da Florida). Idan aka yi amfani da ita a faffadan ma'ana don haɗawa da yankunan da al'adun gida suka yi tasiri sosai ta hanyar tasirin Hispanic, tsoffin yankunan Gabashin Indies na Sifaniya na Philippines (har zuwa ƙaramin) Guam suma sun haɗa. Baya ga ma'anar Hispanophone gabaɗaya, wasu ƙungiyoyi a duniyar Hispanophone suna bambanta tsakanin masu magana da Castilian[i] da masu magana da Sifaniyanci, inda kalmar farko ke nuna masu magana da harshen Sifaniyanci—wanda aka fi sani da Castilian—sannan kuma kalmar ta biyu tana nuna masu magana da harsunan Sifaniyanci ko Hispanic (watau harsunan Sifaniyanci ko harsunan ƙasashen Hispanic).<ref>"The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. July 2008. Archived from the original on 2013-05-10. Retrieved 2008-06-23.</ref> == Hispanofore == Akwai kimani masu magana da harshen Sifaniyanci na asali adadin miliyan 474.7 da kuma masu magana da harsunan waje kusan miliyan 100 a duk duniya a shekarar 2022, jimillarsu ya kai miliyan 574 Hispanofore. Wannan ya sanya Sifaniyanci ya zama harshe na biyu mafi yawan masu magana da harshen asali kuma yare na huɗu mafi yawan masu magana da shi a duniya. Yawancin Hispanofore suna zaune ne a Hispanofore, ƙasashe da yankuna inda Sifaniyanci ya zama harshe na asali ko kuma na musamman. == Manazarta == gnzisw8bsfnojz4f76xhazk3n2ho2t9 0 84260 822532 522851 2026-04-19T10:03:45Z BnHamid 12586 822532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ma'aikatar shari'a ta Mauritius tana da alhakin gudanar da shari'a a Mauritius kuma tana da a matsayin manufa ta kiyaye tsarin shari'a mai zaman kansa kuma mai ƙware wanda ke tabbatar da bin doka da oda, kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam da 'yancin ɗan adam da kuma ba da umarnin amincewa cikin gida da na duniya. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya tanadi kafa hukumar shari'a mai zaman kanta wacce ta dogara da ra'ayin raba iko. Kasar Mauritius tana da tsarin shari'a mai tsari guda daya wanda ya kunshi bangarori biyu, Kotun Koli da Kotunan Kasa. Kotunan da ke ƙasa sun ƙunshi Kotun Rodrigues, Kotun Tsakiya, Kotun Masana'antu, Kotunan Lardi, Kotun Bail da Tsaro, Kotun Laifuka da Sasanci da Kotun Kasuwanci. ==Nassoshi== {{Reflist}} hlkqoh58cx7fzzboavu8azx94zk11xd 0 86581 822549 589538 2026-04-19T10:26:51Z Pharouqenr 25549 822549 wikitext text/x-wiki Colline labari ne na 1929 na marubucin Faransa Jean Giono. Hakanan an buga shi azaman Hill of Destiny. Yana ba da labarin wani ƙaramin ƙauye a cikin Provence inda mazaunan camfi ke gwagwarmaya da yanayi, saboda bala'i da yawa ya afka musu. Colline shine littafin Giono na farko. Shi ne kashi na farko a cikin littafin Pan trilogy na marubucin; sai kuma littafan littafai masu zaman kansu Masoya Ba Su Taba Asara da Gibi Na Biyu.<ref>''Hill of destiny''. OCLC 1922648.</ref> == Makirci == Wani karen daji ya shiga wani kauye da ke gefen tsaunin Lure. Mazauna kauyen sun yi kokarin kashe kwarin amma ya samu nasarar tserewa. Ruwan ruwa na gida ya bushe wanda ke haifar da tashin hankali. A lokaci guda kuma, dattijon ƙauyen Janet da ke kwance, gurguwa ta fara magana cikin rashin fahimta. Wasu masifu da suka biyo baya, ciki har da wata mummunar gobara da ta tashi a dajin, kuma mutanen kauyen sun fara zargin cewa Janet ce ta haddasa matsalar. Da fatan hakan zai kawo karshen bala'in, mutanen kauyen sun yarda cewa su kashe Janet. Kafin su kashe shi, duk da haka, ya mutu saboda dalilai na halitta. Boar ta sake shiga ƙauyen. A wannan karon mutanen kauyen sun yi nasarar kashe shi. Bugawa An buga littafin a cikin 1929 ta Bernard Grasset. An buga fassarar Turanci ta Jacques Le Clercq azaman Hill of Destiny ta Brentano's a cikin 1929. An buga sabon fassarar Brian Nelson a cikin 1986 a matsayin Colline. == liyafa == Teodore Purdy Jr. ya rubuta a cikin The Saturday Review: "Bambancin Giono ya ta'allaka ne a kan mahimmancin da ya sanya a kan abin da ba a sani ba, ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyiyar da ke tare da kowane al'amari na labarinsa. ... Ƙarfin ƙasa, bishiyoyi, da namomin jeji, - 'har ma kanana,' M. Giono ya kara da cewa, - bisa ga makanta. Halin Giono abu ne mai sauki kuma ba abin da ya shafe shi, tunda har yanzu bai samu iskoki da falala na ilimi ba.<ref>Purdy Jr., Teodore (1930-02-15). "The Prix Brentano Novel: The Hill of Destiny, by Jean Giono". ''The Saturday Review''. p. 738.</ref> == Manazarta == adllf69kmmybzyuq4sc67nlllxsid5n 822550 822549 2026-04-19T10:27:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 822550 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Colline''' labari ne na 1929 na marubucin Faransa Jean Giono. Hakanan an buga shi azaman Hill of Destiny. Yana ba da labarin wani ƙaramin ƙauye a cikin Provence inda mazaunan camfi ke gwagwarmaya da yanayi, saboda bala'i da yawa ya afka musu. Colline shine littafin Giono na farko. Shi ne kashi na farko a cikin littafin Pan trilogy na marubucin; sai kuma littafan littafai masu zaman kansu Masoya Ba Su Taba Asara da Gibi Na Biyu.<ref>''Hill of destiny''. OCLC 1922648.</ref> == Makirci == Wani karen daji ya shiga wani kauye da ke gefen tsaunin Lure. Mazauna kauyen sun yi kokarin kashe kwarin amma ya samu nasarar tserewa. Ruwan ruwa na gida ya bushe wanda ke haifar da tashin hankali. A lokaci guda kuma, dattijon ƙauyen Janet da ke kwance, gurguwa ta fara magana cikin rashin fahimta. Wasu masifu da suka biyo baya, ciki har da wata mummunar gobara da ta tashi a dajin, kuma mutanen kauyen sun fara zargin cewa Janet ce ta haddasa matsalar. Da fatan hakan zai kawo karshen bala'in, mutanen kauyen sun yarda cewa su kashe Janet. Kafin su kashe shi, duk da haka, ya mutu saboda dalilai na halitta. Boar ta sake shiga ƙauyen. A wannan karon mutanen kauyen sun yi nasarar kashe shi. Bugawa An buga littafin a cikin 1929 ta Bernard Grasset. An buga fassarar Turanci ta Jacques Le Clercq azaman Hill of Destiny ta Brentano's a cikin 1929. An buga sabon fassarar Brian Nelson a cikin 1986 a matsayin Colline. == liyafa == Teodore Purdy Jr. ya rubuta a cikin The Saturday Review: "Bambancin Giono ya ta'allaka ne a kan mahimmancin da ya sanya a kan abin da ba a sani ba, ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyiyar da ke tare da kowane al'amari na labarinsa. ... Ƙarfin ƙasa, bishiyoyi, da namomin jeji, - 'har ma kanana,' M. Giono ya kara da cewa, - bisa ga makanta. Halin Giono abu ne mai sauki kuma ba abin da ya shafe shi, tunda har yanzu bai samu iskoki da falala na ilimi ba.<ref>Purdy Jr., Teodore (1930-02-15). "The Prix Brentano Novel: The Hill of Destiny, by Jean Giono". ''The Saturday Review''. p. 738.</ref> == Manazarta == akgu2gxsoxljq6fzxyx4t9spi4uqfom 822551 822550 2026-04-19T10:27:39Z Pharouqenr 25549 Pharouqenr moved page [[Collines]] to [[Colline]] 822550 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Colline''' labari ne na 1929 na marubucin Faransa Jean Giono. Hakanan an buga shi azaman Hill of Destiny. Yana ba da labarin wani ƙaramin ƙauye a cikin Provence inda mazaunan camfi ke gwagwarmaya da yanayi, saboda bala'i da yawa ya afka musu. Colline shine littafin Giono na farko. Shi ne kashi na farko a cikin littafin Pan trilogy na marubucin; sai kuma littafan littafai masu zaman kansu Masoya Ba Su Taba Asara da Gibi Na Biyu.<ref>''Hill of destiny''. OCLC 1922648.</ref> == Makirci == Wani karen daji ya shiga wani kauye da ke gefen tsaunin Lure. Mazauna kauyen sun yi kokarin kashe kwarin amma ya samu nasarar tserewa. Ruwan ruwa na gida ya bushe wanda ke haifar da tashin hankali. A lokaci guda kuma, dattijon ƙauyen Janet da ke kwance, gurguwa ta fara magana cikin rashin fahimta. Wasu masifu da suka biyo baya, ciki har da wata mummunar gobara da ta tashi a dajin, kuma mutanen kauyen sun fara zargin cewa Janet ce ta haddasa matsalar. Da fatan hakan zai kawo karshen bala'in, mutanen kauyen sun yarda cewa su kashe Janet. Kafin su kashe shi, duk da haka, ya mutu saboda dalilai na halitta. Boar ta sake shiga ƙauyen. A wannan karon mutanen kauyen sun yi nasarar kashe shi. Bugawa An buga littafin a cikin 1929 ta Bernard Grasset. An buga fassarar Turanci ta Jacques Le Clercq azaman Hill of Destiny ta Brentano's a cikin 1929. An buga sabon fassarar Brian Nelson a cikin 1986 a matsayin Colline. == liyafa == Teodore Purdy Jr. ya rubuta a cikin The Saturday Review: "Bambancin Giono ya ta'allaka ne a kan mahimmancin da ya sanya a kan abin da ba a sani ba, ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyiyar da ke tare da kowane al'amari na labarinsa. ... Ƙarfin ƙasa, bishiyoyi, da namomin jeji, - 'har ma kanana,' M. Giono ya kara da cewa, - bisa ga makanta. Halin Giono abu ne mai sauki kuma ba abin da ya shafe shi, tunda har yanzu bai samu iskoki da falala na ilimi ba.<ref>Purdy Jr., Teodore (1930-02-15). "The Prix Brentano Novel: The Hill of Destiny, by Jean Giono". ''The Saturday Review''. p. 738.</ref> == Manazarta == akgu2gxsoxljq6fzxyx4t9spi4uqfom 822553 822551 2026-04-19T10:28:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 822553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Colline''' labari ne na 1929 na marubucin Faransa Jean Giono. Hakanan an buga shi azaman Hill of Destiny. Yana ba da labarin wani ƙaramin ƙauye a cikin Provence inda mazaunan camfi ke gwagwarmaya da yanayi, saboda bala'i da yawa ya afka musu. Colline shine littafin Giono na farko. Shi ne kashi na farko a cikin littafin Pan trilogy na marubucin; sai kuma littafan littafai masu zaman kansu Masoya Ba Su Taba Asara da Gibi Na Biyu.<ref>''Hill of destiny''. OCLC 1922648.</ref> == Makirci == Wani karen daji ya shiga wani kauye da ke gefen tsaunin Lure. Mazauna kauyen sun yi kokarin kashe kwarin amma ya samu nasarar tserewa. Ruwan ruwa na gida ya bushe wanda ke haifar da tashin hankali. A lokaci guda kuma, dattijon ƙauyen Janet da ke kwance, gurguwa ta fara magana cikin rashin fahimta. Wasu masifu da suka biyo baya, ciki har da wata mummunar gobara da ta tashi a dajin, kuma mutanen kauyen sun fara zargin cewa Janet ce ta haddasa matsalar. Da fatan hakan zai kawo karshen bala'in, mutanen kauyen sun yarda cewa su kashe Janet. Kafin su kashe shi, duk da haka, ya mutu saboda dalilai na halitta. Boar ta sake shiga ƙauyen. A wannan karon mutanen kauyen sun yi nasarar kashe shi. Bugawa An buga littafin a cikin 1929 ta Bernard Grasset. An buga fassarar Turanci ta Jacques Le Clercq azaman Hill of Destiny ta Brentano's a cikin 1929. An buga sabon fassarar Brian Nelson a cikin 1986 a matsayin Colline. == liyafa == Teodore Purdy Jr. ya rubuta a cikin The Saturday Review: "Bambancin Giono ya ta'allaka ne a kan mahimmancin da ya sanya a kan abin da ba a sani ba, ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyiyar da ke tare da kowane al'amari na labarinsa. ... Ƙarfin ƙasa, bishiyoyi, da namomin jeji, - 'har ma kanana,' M. Giono ya kara da cewa, - bisa ga makanta. Halin Giono abu ne mai sauki kuma ba abin da ya shafe shi, tunda har yanzu bai samu iskoki da falala na ilimi ba.<ref>Purdy Jr., Teodore (1930-02-15). "The Prix Brentano Novel: The Hill of Destiny, by Jean Giono". ''The Saturday Review''. p. 738.</ref> == Manazarta == 94boiavj5g10nav6wi59fyyc6rqoo7u 822554 822553 2026-04-19T10:29:14Z Pharouqenr 25549 822554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Colline''' labari ne na 1929 na marubucin [[Faransa]] Jean Giono. Hakanan an buga shi azaman Hill of Destiny. Yana ba da labarin wani ƙaramin ƙauye a cikin Provence inda mazaunan camfi ke gwagwarmaya da yanayi, saboda bala'i da yawa ya afka musu. Colline shine littafin Giono na farko. Shi ne kashi na farko a cikin littafin Pan trilogy na marubucin; sai kuma littafan littafai masu zaman kansu Masoya Ba Su Taba Asara da Gibi Na Biyu.<ref>''Hill of destiny''. OCLC 1922648.</ref> == Makirci == Wani karen daji ya shiga wani kauye da ke gefen tsaunin Lure. Mazauna kauyen sun yi kokarin kashe kwarin amma ya samu nasarar tserewa. Ruwan ruwa na gida ya bushe wanda ke haifar da tashin hankali. A lokaci guda kuma, dattijon ƙauyen Janet da ke kwance, gurguwa ta fara magana cikin rashin fahimta. Wasu masifu da suka biyo baya, ciki har da wata mummunar gobara da ta tashi a dajin, kuma mutanen kauyen sun fara zargin cewa Janet ce ta haddasa matsalar. Da fatan hakan zai kawo karshen bala'in, mutanen kauyen sun yarda cewa su kashe Janet. Kafin su kashe shi, duk da haka, ya mutu saboda dalilai na halitta. Boar ta sake shiga ƙauyen. A wannan karon mutanen kauyen sun yi nasarar kashe shi. Bugawa An buga littafin a cikin 1929 ta Bernard Grasset. An buga fassarar Turanci ta Jacques Le Clercq azaman Hill of Destiny ta Brentano's a cikin 1929. An buga sabon fassarar Brian Nelson a cikin 1986 a matsayin Colline. == liyafa == Teodore Purdy Jr. ya rubuta a cikin The Saturday Review: "Bambancin Giono ya ta'allaka ne a kan mahimmancin da ya sanya a kan abin da ba a sani ba, ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyiyar da ke tare da kowane al'amari na labarinsa. ... Ƙarfin ƙasa, bishiyoyi, da namomin jeji, - 'har ma kanana,' M. Giono ya kara da cewa, - bisa ga makanta. Halin Giono abu ne mai sauki kuma ba abin da ya shafe shi, tunda har yanzu bai samu iskoki da falala na ilimi ba.<ref>Purdy Jr., Teodore (1930-02-15). "The Prix Brentano Novel: The Hill of Destiny, by Jean Giono". ''The Saturday Review''. p. 738.</ref> == Manazarta == ldzxrlwazk0gayrosoxjs7lj7jhljdl 822555 822554 2026-04-19T10:30:08Z Pharouqenr 25549 822555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Colline''' labari ne na 1929 na marubucin [[Faransa]] Jean Giono. Hakanan an buga shi azaman Hill of Destiny. Yana ba da labarin wani ƙaramin ƙauye a cikin Provence inda mazaunan camfi ke gwagwarmaya da yanayi, saboda bala'i da yawa ya afka musu. Colline shine littafin Giono na farko. Shi ne kashi na farko a cikin littafin Pan trilogy na marubucin; sai kuma littafai masu zaman kansu Masoya Ba Su Taba Asara da Gibi Na Biyu.<ref>''Hill of destiny''. OCLC 1922648.</ref> == Makirci == Wani karen daji ya shiga wani kauye da ke gefen tsaunin Lure. Mazauna kauyen sun yi kokarin kashe kwarin amma ya samu nasarar tserewa. Ruwan ruwa na gida ya bushe wanda ke haifar da tashin hankali. A lokaci guda kuma, dattijon ƙauyen Janet da ke kwance, gurguwa ta fara magana cikin rashin fahimta. Wasu masifu da suka biyo baya, ciki har da wata mummunar gobara da ta tashi a dajin, kuma mutanen kauyen sun fara zargin cewa Janet ce ta haddasa matsalar. Da fatan hakan zai kawo karshen bala'in, mutanen kauyen sun yarda cewa su kashe Janet. Kafin su kashe shi, duk da haka, ya mutu saboda dalilai na halitta. Boar ta sake shiga ƙauyen. A wannan karon mutanen kauyen sun yi nasarar kashe shi. Bugawa An buga littafin a cikin 1929 ta Bernard Grasset. An buga fassarar Turanci ta Jacques Le Clercq azaman Hill of Destiny ta Brentano's a cikin 1929. An buga sabon fassarar Brian Nelson a cikin 1986 a matsayin Colline. == liyafa == Teodore Purdy Jr. ya rubuta a cikin The Saturday Review: "Bambancin Giono ya ta'allaka ne a kan mahimmancin da ya sanya a kan abin da ba a sani ba, ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyiyar da ke tare da kowane al'amari na labarinsa. ... Ƙarfin ƙasa, bishiyoyi, da namomin jeji, - 'har ma kanana,' M. Giono ya kara da cewa, - bisa ga makanta. Halin Giono abu ne mai sauki kuma ba abin da ya shafe shi, tunda har yanzu bai samu iskoki da falala na ilimi ba.<ref>Purdy Jr., Teodore (1930-02-15). "The Prix Brentano Novel: The Hill of Destiny, by Jean Giono". ''The Saturday Review''. p. 738.</ref> == Manazarta == onlsb9ux0jmrrkyuiu70qumqe6q4tsa 822556 822555 2026-04-19T10:30:26Z Pharouqenr 25549 822556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Colline''' labari ne na 1929 na marubucin [[Faransa]] Jean Giono. Hakanan an buga shi azaman Hill of Destiny. Yana ba da labarin wani ƙaramin ƙauye a cikin Provence inda mazaunan camfi ke gwagwarmaya da yanayi, saboda bala'i da yawa ya afka musu. Colline shine littafin Giono na farko. Shi ne kashi na farko a cikin littafin Pan trilogy na marubucin; sai kuma littafai masu zaman kansu '''Masoya Ba Su Taba Asara''' da Gibi Na Biyu.<ref>''Hill of destiny''. OCLC 1922648.</ref> == Makirci == Wani karen daji ya shiga wani kauye da ke gefen tsaunin Lure. Mazauna kauyen sun yi kokarin kashe kwarin amma ya samu nasarar tserewa. Ruwan ruwa na gida ya bushe wanda ke haifar da tashin hankali. A lokaci guda kuma, dattijon ƙauyen Janet da ke kwance, gurguwa ta fara magana cikin rashin fahimta. Wasu masifu da suka biyo baya, ciki har da wata mummunar gobara da ta tashi a dajin, kuma mutanen kauyen sun fara zargin cewa Janet ce ta haddasa matsalar. Da fatan hakan zai kawo karshen bala'in, mutanen kauyen sun yarda cewa su kashe Janet. Kafin su kashe shi, duk da haka, ya mutu saboda dalilai na halitta. Boar ta sake shiga ƙauyen. A wannan karon mutanen kauyen sun yi nasarar kashe shi. Bugawa An buga littafin a cikin 1929 ta Bernard Grasset. An buga fassarar Turanci ta Jacques Le Clercq azaman Hill of Destiny ta Brentano's a cikin 1929. An buga sabon fassarar Brian Nelson a cikin 1986 a matsayin Colline. == liyafa == Teodore Purdy Jr. ya rubuta a cikin The Saturday Review: "Bambancin Giono ya ta'allaka ne a kan mahimmancin da ya sanya a kan abin da ba a sani ba, ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyiyar da ke tare da kowane al'amari na labarinsa. ... Ƙarfin ƙasa, bishiyoyi, da namomin jeji, - 'har ma kanana,' M. Giono ya kara da cewa, - bisa ga makanta. Halin Giono abu ne mai sauki kuma ba abin da ya shafe shi, tunda har yanzu bai samu iskoki da falala na ilimi ba.<ref>Purdy Jr., Teodore (1930-02-15). "The Prix Brentano Novel: The Hill of Destiny, by Jean Giono". ''The Saturday Review''. p. 738.</ref> == Manazarta == hjlrj6rajqs0agni132a0j9l8i9qg0j 822557 822556 2026-04-19T10:30:57Z Pharouqenr 25549 822557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Colline''' labari ne na 1929 na marubucin [[Faransa]] Jean Giono. Hakanan an buga shi azaman Hill of Destiny. Yana ba da labarin wani ƙaramin ƙauye a cikin Provence inda mazaunan camfi ke gwagwarmaya da yanayi, saboda bala'i da yawa ya afka musu. Colline shine littafin Giono na farko. Shi ne kashi na farko a cikin littafin Pan trilogy na marubucin; sai kuma littafai masu zaman kansu '''Masoya Ba Su Taba Asara''' da '''Gibi Na Biyu'''.<ref>''Hill of destiny''. OCLC 1922648.</ref> == Makirci == Wani karen daji ya shiga wani kauye da ke gefen tsaunin Lure. Mazauna kauyen sun yi kokarin kashe kwarin amma ya samu nasarar tserewa. Ruwan ruwa na gida ya bushe wanda ke haifar da tashin hankali. A lokaci guda kuma, dattijon ƙauyen Janet da ke kwance, gurguwa ta fara magana cikin rashin fahimta. Wasu masifu da suka biyo baya, ciki har da wata mummunar gobara da ta tashi a dajin, kuma mutanen kauyen sun fara zargin cewa Janet ce ta haddasa matsalar. Da fatan hakan zai kawo karshen bala'in, mutanen kauyen sun yarda cewa su kashe Janet. Kafin su kashe shi, duk da haka, ya mutu saboda dalilai na halitta. Boar ta sake shiga ƙauyen. A wannan karon mutanen kauyen sun yi nasarar kashe shi. Bugawa An buga littafin a cikin 1929 ta Bernard Grasset. An buga fassarar Turanci ta Jacques Le Clercq azaman Hill of Destiny ta Brentano's a cikin 1929. An buga sabon fassarar Brian Nelson a cikin 1986 a matsayin Colline. == liyafa == Teodore Purdy Jr. ya rubuta a cikin The Saturday Review: "Bambancin Giono ya ta'allaka ne a kan mahimmancin da ya sanya a kan abin da ba a sani ba, ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyiyar da ke tare da kowane al'amari na labarinsa. ... Ƙarfin ƙasa, bishiyoyi, da namomin jeji, - 'har ma kanana,' M. Giono ya kara da cewa, - bisa ga makanta. Halin Giono abu ne mai sauki kuma ba abin da ya shafe shi, tunda har yanzu bai samu iskoki da falala na ilimi ba.<ref>Purdy Jr., Teodore (1930-02-15). "The Prix Brentano Novel: The Hill of Destiny, by Jean Giono". ''The Saturday Review''. p. 738.</ref> == Manazarta == fkde5u0fiivjyda4ssxm8zfpbwcw3d5 822558 822557 2026-04-19T10:35:01Z Pharouqenr 25549 822558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Colline''' labari ne na 1929 na marubucin [[Faransa]] Jean Giono. Hakanan an buga shi azaman Hill of Destiny. Yana ba da labarin wani ƙaramin ƙauye a cikin Provence inda mazaunan camfi ke gwagwarmaya da yanayi, saboda bala'i da yawa ya afka musu. Colline shine littafin Giono na farko. Shi ne kashi na farko a cikin littafin Pan trilogy na marubucin; sai kuma littafai masu zaman kansu '''Masoya Ba Su Taba Asara''' da '''Gibi Na Biyu'''.<ref>''Hill of destiny''. OCLC 1922648.</ref> == Makirci == Wani karen daji ya shiga wani kauye da ke gefen tsaunin Lure. Mazauna kauyen sun yi kokarin kashe karen amma ya samu nasarar tserewa. Ruwan ruwa na gida ya bushe wanda ke haifar da tashin hankali. A lokaci guda kuma, dattijon ƙauyen Janet da ke kwance, gurguwa ta fara magana cikin rashin fahimta. Wasu masifu da suka biyo baya, ciki har da wata mummunar gobara da ta tashi a dajin, kuma mutanen kauyen sun fara zargin cewa Janet ce ta haddasa matsalar. Da fatan hakan zai kawo karshen bala'in, mutanen kauyen sun yarda cewa su kashe Janet. Kafin su kashe shi, duk da haka, ya mutu saboda dalilai na halitta. Boar ta sake shiga ƙauyen. A wannan karon mutanen kauyen sun yi nasarar kashe shi. Bugawa An buga littafin a cikin 1929 ta Bernard Grasset. An buga fassarar Turanci ta Jacques Le Clercq azaman Hill of Destiny ta Brentano's a cikin 1929. An buga sabon fassarar Brian Nelson a cikin 1986 a matsayin Colline. == liyafa == Teodore Purdy Jr. ya rubuta a cikin The Saturday Review: "Bambancin Giono ya ta'allaka ne a kan mahimmancin da ya sanya a kan abin da ba a sani ba, ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyiyar da ke tare da kowane al'amari na labarinsa. ... Ƙarfin ƙasa, bishiyoyi, da namomin jeji, - 'har ma kanana,' M. Giono ya kara da cewa, - bisa ga makanta. Halin Giono abu ne mai sauki kuma ba abin da ya shafe shi, tunda har yanzu bai samu iskoki da falala na ilimi ba.<ref>Purdy Jr., Teodore (1930-02-15). "The Prix Brentano Novel: The Hill of Destiny, by Jean Giono". ''The Saturday Review''. p. 738.</ref> == Manazarta == i8j404k4r1y598zdi42gqfkqys4bw8f 822559 822558 2026-04-19T10:35:31Z Pharouqenr 25549 822559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Colline''' labari ne na 1929 na marubucin [[Faransa]] Jean Giono. Hakanan an buga shi azaman Hill of Destiny. Yana ba da labarin wani ƙaramin ƙauye a cikin Provence inda mazaunan camfi ke gwagwarmaya da yanayi, saboda bala'i da yawa ya afka musu. Colline shine littafin Giono na farko. Shi ne kashi na farko a cikin littafin Pan trilogy na marubucin; sai kuma littafai masu zaman kansu '''Masoya Ba Su Taba Asara''' da '''Gibi Na Biyu'''.<ref>''Hill of destiny''. OCLC 1922648.</ref> == Makirci == Wani karen daji ya shiga wani kauye da ke gefen tsaunin Lure. Mazauna kauyen sun yi kokarin kashe karen amma ya samu nasarar tserewa. Ruwa na gida ya bushe wanda ke haifar da tashin hankali. A lokaci guda kuma, dattijon ƙauyen Janet da ke kwance, gurguwa ta fara magana cikin rashin fahimta. Wasu masifu da suka biyo baya, ciki har da wata mummunar gobara da ta tashi a dajin, kuma mutanen kauyen sun fara zargin cewa Janet ce ta haddasa matsalar. Da fatan hakan zai kawo karshen bala'in, mutanen kauyen sun yarda cewa su kashe Janet. Kafin su kashe shi, duk da haka, ya mutu saboda dalilai na halitta. Boar ta sake shiga ƙauyen. A wannan karon mutanen kauyen sun yi nasarar kashe shi. Bugawa An buga littafin a cikin 1929 ta Bernard Grasset. An buga fassarar Turanci ta Jacques Le Clercq azaman Hill of Destiny ta Brentano's a cikin 1929. An buga sabon fassarar Brian Nelson a cikin 1986 a matsayin Colline. == liyafa == Teodore Purdy Jr. ya rubuta a cikin The Saturday Review: "Bambancin Giono ya ta'allaka ne a kan mahimmancin da ya sanya a kan abin da ba a sani ba, ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyiyar da ke tare da kowane al'amari na labarinsa. ... Ƙarfin ƙasa, bishiyoyi, da namomin jeji, - 'har ma kanana,' M. Giono ya kara da cewa, - bisa ga makanta. Halin Giono abu ne mai sauki kuma ba abin da ya shafe shi, tunda har yanzu bai samu iskoki da falala na ilimi ba.<ref>Purdy Jr., Teodore (1930-02-15). "The Prix Brentano Novel: The Hill of Destiny, by Jean Giono". ''The Saturday Review''. p. 738.</ref> == Manazarta == k7jsqvapwox1qi6pfschnaommgcz6vj 822560 822559 2026-04-19T10:35:49Z Pharouqenr 25549 822560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Colline''' labari ne na 1929 na marubucin [[Faransa]] Jean Giono. Hakanan an buga shi azaman Hill of Destiny. Yana ba da labarin wani ƙaramin ƙauye a cikin Provence inda mazaunan camfi ke gwagwarmaya da yanayi, saboda bala'i da yawa ya afka musu. Colline shine littafin Giono na farko. Shi ne kashi na farko a cikin littafin Pan trilogy na marubucin; sai kuma littafai masu zaman kansu '''Masoya Ba Su Taba Asara''' da '''Gibi Na Biyu'''.<ref>''Hill of destiny''. OCLC 1922648.</ref> == Makirci == Wani karen daji ya shiga wani kauye da ke gefen tsaunin Lure. Mazauna kauyen sun yi kokarin kashe karen amma ya samu nasarar tserewa. Ruwa na gida ya bushe wanda ke haifar da tashin hankali. A lokaci guda kuma, dattijon ƙauyen Janet da ke kwance, gurguwa ta fara magana cikin rashin fahimta. Wasu masifu da suka biyo baya, ciki har da wata mummunar gobara da ta tashi a dajin, kuma mutanen kauyen sun fara zargin cewa Janet ce ta haddasa matsalar. Da fatan hakan zai kawo karshen bala'in, mutanen kauyen sun yarda cewa su kashe Janet. Kafin su kashe shi, duk da haka, ya mutu saboda dalilai na halitta. Boar ta sake shiga ƙauyen. A wannan karon mutanen kauyen sun yi nasarar kashe shi. == Bugawa == An buga littafin a cikin 1929 ta Bernard Grasset. An buga fassarar Turanci ta Jacques Le Clercq azaman Hill of Destiny ta Brentano's a cikin 1929. An buga sabon fassarar Brian Nelson a cikin 1986 a matsayin Colline. == liyafa == Teodore Purdy Jr. ya rubuta a cikin The Saturday Review: "Bambancin Giono ya ta'allaka ne a kan mahimmancin da ya sanya a kan abin da ba a sani ba, ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyiyar da ke tare da kowane al'amari na labarinsa. ... Ƙarfin ƙasa, bishiyoyi, da namomin jeji, - 'har ma kanana,' M. Giono ya kara da cewa, - bisa ga makanta. Halin Giono abu ne mai sauki kuma ba abin da ya shafe shi, tunda har yanzu bai samu iskoki da falala na ilimi ba.<ref>Purdy Jr., Teodore (1930-02-15). "The Prix Brentano Novel: The Hill of Destiny, by Jean Giono". ''The Saturday Review''. p. 738.</ref> == Manazarta == 2amz6n65udh9ep77o7f0b86vc0yfvbb 3 89682 822545 561414 2026-04-19T10:20:24Z Neriah 13112 Neriah moved page [[Tattaunawar user:תיל"ם]] to [[Tattaunawar user:דב מרקו1969]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/תיל"ם|תיל"ם]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/דב מרקו1969|דב מרקו1969]]" 561414 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, תיל"ם! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/תיל"ם|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 25 Disamba 2024 (UTC) 04jiyqe78197sh2diq08zgcf9n79jko 0 90968 822541 568553 2026-04-19T10:15:47Z BnHamid 12586 822541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Shahid Karimullah''' ya mutu a ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1948) shi ne admiral mai ritaya na Sojan Ruwa na kasar Pakistan wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban sojan Ruwa karo na 16 a shekara ta alif dubu biyu da a shirin da biyu 2002 har zuwa shekara ta alif dubu biyu da biyar 2005. Daga baya ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Jakadan kasar Pakistan a Saudi Arabia a shekara ta alif dubu biyu da biyar 2005 har zuwa shekara ta alif dubu da tara 2009. == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko da aikin sojan ruwa === An haifi Shahid Karimullah a [[Karachi]], Sindh, a kasar Pakistan a ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1948 dangin da ke Magana da Urdu wanda ke cikin Hyderabad Deccan a [[Indiya]] amma ya yi hijira zuwa kasar Pakistan bayan rabuwa da kasar Indiya da kasar Burtaniya a shekara ta 1947. <ref name="Shahid Karimullah - Biographical Summaries of Notable People - MyHeritage">{{Cite web |title=Shahid Karimullah – Biographical Summaries of Notable People – MyHeritage |url=https://www.myheritage.com/research/record-10182-633329/shahid-karimullah-in-biographical-summaries-of-notable-people |access-date=10 January 2017 |website=www.myheritage.com |publisher=Shahid Karimullah – Biographical Summaries of Notable People – MyHeritage}}</ref> Ya fito ne daga dangin soja kuma mahaifinsa, Lieutenant-Commander Muhammad Karimullah ya kuma yi aiki a cikin Royal Indian Navy kuma daga baya Pakistan Navy. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 2tief0c15nysyuecdpg6vmpqtaiogjt 0 91054 822352 806344 2026-04-18T18:37:14Z Gwadabawa1 44111 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 822352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vandals''' ’yan Jamus ne waɗanda aka fara ba da rahoto a rubuce a rubuce a matsayin mazaunan ƙasar [[Poland]] a yanzu, a lokacin daular Roma. Da yawa daga baya, a cikin karni na biyar, gungun Vandals karkashin jagorancin sarakuna sun kafa masarautun Vandal da farko a cikin yankin Iberian Peninsula, sannan a tsibirin yammacin Bahar Rum, da Arewacin Afirka.<ref>"Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel par Luc Dheere peintre et sculpteur Gantois[manuscript]". lib.ugent.be. Retrieved 2020-08-25.</ref> Masu binciken archaeologists suna danganta farkon Vandals da al'adun Przeworsk, wanda ya haifar da wasu mawallafa suna kwatanta su da Lugii, waɗanda wani rukuni ne na jama'ar Jamus da ke da alaƙa da wannan al'adun archaeological da yanki. Fadada zuwa Dacia a lokacin yakin Marcomannic da Pannonia a lokacin Rikicin karni na Uku, Goths sun tsare Vandals zuwa Pannonia a kusa da 330 AD, inda suka sami izinin zama daga Constantine Mai Girma. Kusan 400, hare-haren da Huns daga gabas suka yi ya tilasta yawancin kabilun Jamus su yi hijira zuwa yamma zuwa cikin yankin Roman Empire kuma, suna tsoron cewa za a iya kaiwa hari na gaba, Vandals kuma an tura su zuwa yamma, suna haye Rhine zuwa Gaul tare da sauran kabilu. a shafi na 406.<ref>Brian, Adam. "History of the Vandals". Roman Empire. Archived from the original on June 23, 2017. Retrieved May 21, 2017</ref> A cikin 409, Vandals sun ketare Pyrenees zuwa cikin Iberian Peninsula, inda Hasdingi da Silingi suka zauna a Gallaecia (arewa maso yammacin Iberia) da Baetica (kudu-ta tsakiya Iberia). Bisa umarnin Romawa, Visigoths sun mamaye Iberia a shekara ta 418. Sun kusan kawar da Alans da Silingi Vandals wadanda da son rai suka mika kansu ga mulkin shugaban Hasdingian Gunderic. Daga nan sai aka tura Gunderic daga Gallaecia zuwa Baetica ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar Roman-Suebi a 419. A cikin 429, a ƙarƙashin sarki Genseric (ya yi sarauta 428-477), Vandals sun shiga Arewacin Afirka. A shekara ta 439 sun kafa mulki wanda ya hada da lardin Roman na Afirka da Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, [[Malta]] da tsibirin Balearic. Sun kare yunkurin da Romawa da dama suka yi na kwato lardin Afirka, suka kori birnin Roma a shekara ta 455. Masarautarsu ta ruguje a yakin Vandalic na shekara ta 533-534, inda sojojin Sarki Justinian na I suka sake mamaye lardin daular Roma ta Gabas. An tabbatar da ƙabilanci a matsayin Wandali da Wendilenses ta Saxo, kamar yadda Vendill a Old Norse, da kuma Wend (e)las a cikin Tsohon Turanci, duk suna komawa zuwa tsarin Proto-Jamus wanda aka sake ginawa azaman * Wanđilaz. Har yanzu ba a fayyace tushen asalin sunan ba. A cewar masanin ilimin harshe Vladimir Orel, yana iya fitowa daga sifa na Proto-Jamus *wanđaz ('juya, murɗawa'), da kansa ya samo asali daga kalmar aikatau *wenđanan (ko *winđanan), ma'ana 'to iska'. A madadin haka, an samo shi daga tushen *wanđ-, ma'ana 'ruwa', bisa ra'ayin cewa asalin kabilar yana kusa da Limfjord (mashigin teku a [[Denmark]]). Hakanan ana iya samun kara a cikin Tsohon Babban Jamusanci goilsēo da Tsohon Turanci wendelsǣ, duka a zahiri ma'anar 'Vandal-teku' da zayyana Tekun Bahar Rum.<ref>de Vries 1962, pp. 653–654</ref><ref>Corazza, Vittoria Dolcetti (1986). Il mare dei Germani. Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. p. 487</ref> Rudolf Much ya fassara siffar tatsuniyar Jamusanci na Aurvandill da nufin 'Shining Vandal'. An gabatar da ka'idar da yawa cewa sunan kabila na Vandal yana nuna bautar Aurvandil ko tagwayen Allahntaka, mai yuwuwa ya haɗa da tatsuniya ta asali cewa sarakunan Vandalic sun fito ne daga Aurvandil (kwatankwacin yanayin sauran sunayen ƙabilun Jamus).<ref>R. Much, Wandalische Götter, Mitteilungen der Schlesischen Gesellschaft für Volkskunde 27, 1926, 20–41. "R. Much has brought forth a relatively convincing argument to show that the very name Vandal reflects the worship of the Divine Twins." Donald Ward, The divine twins: an Indo-European myth in Germanic tradition, University of California publications: Folklore studies, nr. 19, 1968, p. 53.</ref> Tun da Vandals suna magana da yaren Jamusanci (yafi:Vandalic) kuma sun kasance na al'adun Jamus na farko, malaman zamani suna rarraba su a matsayin jama'ar Jamus.<ref>Bennett, Matthew (2004). "Vandals". In Holmes, Richard; Singleton, Charles; Jones, Spencer (eds.). The Oxford Companion to Military History. Oxford University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780191727467</nowiki>. Retrieved January 25, 2020. Vandals were a Germanic people.</ref> == Rebe-Rabe == Kamar yadda Vandals daga ƙarshe suka zo zama a wajen Jamusanci, tsoffin marubutan Romawa ba su ɗauki Jamusanci ba. Babu wata ƙungiyar masu magana da Jamusanci ta Gabas, Goths, ko Norsemen (farkon Scandinavian), da Romawa suka ƙidaya a cikin Jamusawa.<ref>Wolfram 1997, p. 4 "Goths, Vandals, and other East Germanic tribes were differentiated from the Germans... In keeping with this classification, post-Tacitean Scandinavians were also no longer counted among the Germans..</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kabilu]] ep4j2wx3rmqfmfsonttoffelc6tjp6n 0 93134 822295 596911 2026-04-18T16:34:54Z Mangal Rabiu 44091 822295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dorchen A. Leidholdt''' mai fafutuka ce kuma jagora a cikin kungiyar mata da ke adawa da [[cin zarafin mata]]. Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1970s, ta ba da shawara da kuma ba da shawara ga Wadanda aka yi wa fyade, an shirya su ne game da "tabbatar da kafofin watsa labarai na tashin hankali a kan mata", ta yi aiki a cikin kungiyar lauya don mai shigar da kara a cikin shari'ar cin zarafin jima'i, ta kafa wata kungiya ta kasa da kasa da ba ta gwamnati ba da ke yaki da karuwanci da fataucin mata da yara, ta ba shi umarnin mafi girma a cikin shirin sabis na shari'a na al'umma ga wadanda ke fama da cin zarafin mata, ta hanyar cin zarafin mutane, ta hanyar lalata auren yara, ta haramtacciyar mata, ta lalata lalata da mata, ta' yankan mutane, ta haramcin mata, ta hana cin zarafin yara, ta hanyar yankan mutane. Leidholdt ya ba da lacca a duniya game da batutuwan tashin hankali ga mata, kuma ya wallafa labarai, surori na littattafai, da litattafai guda biyu. == Ilimi == Leidholdt tana da digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Virginia, da kuma digiri na JD daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar New York, inda ta kasance malamin Root-Tilden-Snow. <ref name="catwinternational.org">{{Cite web |title=Biography of Dorchen A. Leidholdt |url=http://www.catwinternational.org/bio_DorchenLeidholdt.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826141307/http://www.catwinternational.org/bio_DorchenLeidholdt.php |archive-date=2007-08-26 |access-date=2008-10-10}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 1977, Leidholdt ya ba da shawara ga wadanda aka yi wa fyade a matsayin dalibi mai digiri a Jami'ar Virginia kuma, bayan ya koma [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] a 1978, ya zama mai fafutuka tare da Kungiyar Mata ta Anti-Rape, bangaren ilimi na New York Women Against Rape . Daga 1978 zuwa 1980, ta kasance memba na New York City Chapter of Women Against Violence Against Women . An san Leidholdt da kamfen dinta game da batsa da kuma karar da ta shigar da ita a kan mai wallafa mujallar Hustler Larry Flynt . A shekara ta 1979, bayan Hustler Magazine ta buga wani fitowar da murfin ta nuna jikin mace tsirara da ake ciyar da ita ta hanyar mai niƙa nama, ta shiga Susan Brownmiller, Dolores Alexander (tsohon shugaban Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa), da sauran shugabannin kare hakkin mata na New York City wajen kafa kungiyar mata, Women Against Pornography (WAP). Daga 1979 zuwa 1983, ta yi aiki a matsayin jagora da mai magana da yawun WAP, a wannan lokacin ta shiga Gloria Steinem da sauran shugabannin mata wajen gabatar da karar da aka yi wa ''Hustler'' da Larry Flynt, ta bayyana a shirye-shiryen talabijin da rediyo da yawa, ta shirya abubuwan ilimi, kuma ta yi magana a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] a gaban Hukumar Babban Lauyan Amurka kan Batsa (a.k. The Meese Commission) a gayyatar hukumar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Meese Commission Report |url=http://cultronix.eserver.org/califia/meese |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025180139/http://cultronix.eserver.org/califia/meese/ |archive-date=2016-10-25 |access-date=2016-10-22 |website=cultronix.eserver.org}}</ref> A can ne Leidholdt ya shaida, "Pornography yana ci gaba da rage darajar mata. Yana lalata son zuciya, yana inganta fyade da kuma lalata girman kai na mata. " Flynt ta wallafa wani hari a kanta a cikin mujallar "Asshole of the Month" (Yuli 1985). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Dorchen Leidholdt? |url=http://www.anusha.com/asshole.htm |access-date=2016-10-22 |website=www.anusha.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 1987, a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar New York, ita ce jagorar shirya taron, "The Sexual Liberals and the Attack on Feminism", kuma a shekara ta 1988, ita ce jagora mai shirya taron farko na duniya kan fataucin mata da 'yan mata. Leidholdt mai adawa ne da "ma'aikatar mata". Babban gardamarta ita ce [[karuwanci]] yana cin zarafin mata kuma a tarihi ya amfane maza, ba mata ba. Leidholdt ita ce Darakta na Cibiyar Kula da Ayyukan Shari'a na Mata da aka yi wa Battered a Sanctuary for Families a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]]. A karkashin jagorancin Leidholdt tun 1994, cibiyar ta zama babbar shirin sabis na shari'a ga wadanda ke fama da tashin hankali a cikin gida a kasar. Ya girma daga lauyoyi biyu zuwa ashirin da hudu da ma'aikatan tallafi guda takwas, kuma ya karfafa kokarinsa na bayar da shawarwari a madadin mata marasa galihu, musamman wadanda ke cikin al'ummomin baƙi na Birnin New York.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanctuary for Families {{!}} In love there is no violence |url=http://www.sanctuaryforfamilies.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=19&Itemid=48 |access-date=2016-10-22 |website=Sanctuary for Families |language=en-US}}</ref> Cibiyar ta jagoranci shari'ar jihar da ta kafa sabon tsarin shari'a wanda ke fadada kariya da ke akwai ga wadanda ke fama da tashin hankali na cikin gida da ke neman umarni na kariya da shari'ar tarayya da ke hana [[Child protective agencies|Hukumomin kare yara]] daga cajin uwaye da aka yi wa duka da "shiga cikin tashin hankali na gida".<ref name="law.columbia.edu">{{Cite web |title=Dorchen A. Leidholdt |url=http://www.law.columbia.edu/fac/Dorchen_Leidholdt |access-date=2016-10-22 |website=Columbia Law School}}</ref> Leidholdt kuma tana aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin Coalition Against Trafficking in Women (CATW), wanda ta taimaka wajen ganowa a shekarar 1988. Ta wakilci hadin gwiwa a tarurruka da yawa na kasa da kasa, gami da [[Taron Duniya kan Hakkokin Dan Adam|Taron Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]] ([[Vienna]], 1993) da Taron Kasa na Huɗu kan Mata ([[Beijing]], 1995). A ranar 6 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1996, a wani zaman na musamman na tunawa da [[Kau da Bautan Bayi|kawar da bautar]], Leidholdt da wanda ya tsira daga fataucin jima'i tare sun yi jawabi ga Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.<ref name="catwinternational.org"/> Leidholdt ya koyar da Hanyar Laifuka a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar City, kuma, tun daga 1998, ya koyar da Rikicin Cikin Gida da Shari'a a Makarantar Jami'ar Columbia.<ref name="law.columbia.edu"/> == Yunkurin fafutuka == A cikin 1990, Leidholdt ta zama abokiyar Cibiyar Mata don 'Yancin' Yan Jarida (WIFP). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Associates {{!}} The Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press |url=http://www.wifp.org/who-we-are/associates/ |access-date=2017-06-21 |website=www.wifp.org |language=en-US}}</ref> WIFP kungiya ce mai wallafa littattafai ta Amurka. Kungiyar tana aiki don kara sadarwa tsakanin mata da kuma haɗa jama'a da nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai na mata. == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == * [[United Nations Capitol Association Human Rights Award|Kyautar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (1994), <ref name="law.columbia.edu"/> * Kyautar Ayyukan Shari'a ta New York City Bar Association (1999) <ref name="sanctuaryforfamilies.org">{{Cite web |title=Sanctuary for Families {{!}} In love there is no violence |url=http://www.sanctuaryforfamilies.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=46 |access-date=2016-10-22 |website=Sanctuary for Families |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar [[Korean-American Family Service Center|Cibiyar Kula da Iyali ta Koriya da Amurka]] (1999) <ref name="sanctuaryforfamilies.org" /> * [[City of New York Award|Kyautar Birnin New York]] don "jagoranci mai ban mamaki a karya sake zagayowar tashin hankali na gida" (1999) * Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar New York Kyautar Gidauniyar Shari'a don "babban gudummawa a cikin dokar sha'awar jama'a" (2000) <ref name="sanctuaryforfamilies.org" /> * [[Lawyers Committee Against Domestic Violence|Kwamitin Lauyoyi game da Rikicin Cikin Gida]] "A cikin Trenches" Award (2000) <ref name="law.columbia.edu" /> * Kyautar "Mata na Ikon da Tasiri" ta Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa - Babi na Birnin New York (2002) <ref name="sanctuaryforfamilies.org" /> * League of Women Voters of the City of New York "Woman of Distinction" Award (2007) <ref name="sanctuaryforfamilies.org" /> * Kungiyar Jihar New York da ke yaki da tashin hankali a cikin gida, lambar yabo ta "Shekaru 30" (2008) <ref name="sanctuaryforfamilies.org" /> * Kyautar Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar New York Alumna na Watan (Fabrairu 2008) == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == * {{Cite book|title=Janice Raymond}} :: Rubuce-rubucen da suka samo asali ne a matsayin jawabai da gabatarwa a wani taro a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1987, a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar New York *   *   * {{Cite book|title=Richard Delgado}} * {{Cite book|last=Laura Lederer}} *   *   === Labaran jarida === * [Hasiya] "Kamarka da karuwanci: keta haƙƙin ɗan adam na mata". Jaridar Shari'ar Mata ta Cardozo. 1 (1): 133–147. [http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/Leidholdt%20Prostitution%20Violation%20of%20Womens%20Human%20Rights.pdf Pdf.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113155/http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/Leidholdt%20Prostitution%20Violation%20of%20Womens%20Human%20Rights.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} An adana shi a ranar 4 ga Maris, 2016, a {{Cite journal |last=Leidholdt |first=Dorchen |date=1993 |title=Prostitution: a violation of women's human rights |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/cardw1&div=10&id=&page= |journal=Cardozo Women's Law Journal |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=133–147}} * {{Cite journal |last=Leidholdt |first=Dorchen |date=January 1994 |title=Pimping and Prostitution as Sexual Harassment: Amicus Brief on behalf of the New York State Women's Bar Association and the National Coalition Against Sexual Assault in Dilorenzo v. Guccione |journal=Michigan Journal of Gender and Law}} :: Dubi kuma: Anneka diLorenzo, Mai Amsa, v. Penthouse International, Ltd., da sauransu, Masu nema[http://www.leagle.com/decision/1992208179AD2d29_1202/THORESON%20v.%20PENTHOUSE%20INTL. Anneka diLorenzo, mai amsawa, v. Penthouse International, Ltd., da sauransu, Masu kira] * {{Cite journal |last=Leidholdt |first=Dorchen |date=January 2004 |title=Prostitution and trafficking in women |journal=[[Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma|Journal of Trauma Practice]] |volume=2 |issue=3–4 |pages=167–183 |doi=10.1300/J189v02n03_09 |s2cid=44530084}} == Shahararrun shari'o'in kotu == * Dorchen Leidholdt vs. ''Hustler'' Magazine, 647 F. Supp. 1283 (D. Wyo. 1986) * Dorchen Leidholdt vs. Larry Flynt, 860 F.2d 890 (9th Cir. 1988) == Dubi kuma ==   * Ra'ayoyin mata game da batutuwan transgender == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070826141307/http://www.catwinternational.org/bio_DorchenLeidholdt.php Bayanan tarihin Leidholdt] a shafin yanar gizon Coalition Against Trafficking in Women. * "Kaddamar da Batterer ba tare da amincewar wanda aka azabtar ba" ta Emily Jane Goodman, Gotham Gazette, Yuni 2003. * Magana ta [[CATW]]/readingroom.shtml?x=53793" id="mwAWA" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">"Bincike da Tattaunawa" ta Leidholdt ta samar da "tarihin CATW da fahimtar mata game da fataucin mutane da karuwanci. * New York's Choking Loophole, edita ga The New York Times ta Leidholdt da Jane Manning (3 Maris 2010) * "Successely Prosecuting Sex Traffickers" - Shaidar Leidholdt a gaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sauraron Shari'a kan "Yaki da Bautar Zamani: Sake ba da izini ga Shirye-shiryen Kaddamar da Cin Hanci" (1 Nuwamba 2007) * Takaitaccen bayani game da tarihin Leidholdt a shafin yanar gizon Sanctuary for Families. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o3ax4mxsilpvz3otndp1pggc6ai3epp 822296 822295 2026-04-18T16:35:08Z Rocky 734 10208 Undid edits by [[Special:Contribs/Mangal Rabiu|Mangal Rabiu]] ([[User talk:Mangal Rabiu|talk]]) to last version by InternetArchiveBot 822296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dorchen A. Leidholdt''' mai fafutuka ce kuma jagora a cikin kungiyar mata da ke adawa da [[cin zarafin mata]]. Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1970s, ta ba da shawara da kuma ba da shawara ga Wadanda aka yi wa fyade, an shirya su ne game da "tabbatar da kafofin watsa labarai na tashin hankali a kan mata", ta yi aiki a cikin kungiyar lauya don mai shigar da kara a cikin shari'ar cin zarafin jima'i, ta kafa wata kungiya ta kasa da kasa da ba ta gwamnati ba da ke yaki da karuwanci da fataucin mata da yara, ta ba shi umarnin mafi girma a cikin shirin sabis na shari'a na al'umma ga wadanda ke fama da cin zarafin mata, ta hanyar cin zarafin mutane, ta hanyar lalata auren yara, ta haramtacciyar mata, ta lalata lalata da mata, ta' yankan mutane, ta haramcin mata, ta hana cin zarafin yara, ta hanyar yankan mutane. Leidholdt ya ba da lacca a duniya game da batutuwan tashin hankali ga mata, kuma ya wallafa labarai, surori na littattafai, da litattafai guda biyu. == Ilimi == Leidholdt tana da digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Virginia, da kuma digiri na JD daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar New York, inda ta kasance malamin Root-Tilden-Snow. <ref name="catwinternational.org">{{Cite web |title=Biography of Dorchen A. Leidholdt |url=http://www.catwinternational.org/bio_DorchenLeidholdt.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826141307/http://www.catwinternational.org/bio_DorchenLeidholdt.php |archive-date=2007-08-26 |access-date=2008-10-10}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Daga 1975 zuwa 1977, Leidholdt ya ba da shawara ga wadanda aka yi wa fyade a matsayin dalibi mai digiri a Jami'ar Virginia kuma, bayan ya koma [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] a 1978, ya zama mai fafutuka tare da Kungiyar Mata ta Anti-Rape, bangaren ilimi na New York Women Against Rape . Daga 1978 zuwa 1980, ta kasance memba na New York City Chapter of Women Against Violence Against Women . An san Leidholdt da kamfen dinta game da batsa da kuma karar da ta shigar da ita a kan mai wallafa mujallar Hustler Larry Flynt . A shekara ta 1979, bayan Hustler Magazine ta buga wani fitowar da murfin ta nuna jikin mace tsirara da ake ciyar da ita ta hanyar mai niƙa nama, ta shiga Susan Brownmiller, Dolores Alexander (tsohon shugaban Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa), da sauran shugabannin kare hakkin mata na New York City wajen kafa kungiyar mata, Women Against Pornography (WAP). Daga 1979 zuwa 1983, ta yi aiki a matsayin jagora da mai magana da yawun WAP, a wannan lokacin ta shiga Gloria Steinem da sauran shugabannin mata wajen gabatar da karar da aka yi wa ''Hustler'' da Larry Flynt, ta bayyana a shirye-shiryen talabijin da rediyo da yawa, ta shirya abubuwan ilimi, kuma ta yi magana a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] a gaban Hukumar Babban Lauyan Amurka kan Batsa (a.k. The Meese Commission) a gayyatar hukumar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Meese Commission Report |url=http://cultronix.eserver.org/califia/meese |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025180139/http://cultronix.eserver.org/califia/meese/ |archive-date=2016-10-25 |access-date=2016-10-22 |website=cultronix.eserver.org}}</ref> A can ne Leidholdt ya shaida, "Pornography yana ci gaba da rage darajar mata. Yana lalata son zuciya, yana inganta fyade da kuma lalata girman kai na mata. " Flynt ta wallafa wani hari a kanta a cikin mujallar "Asshole of the Month" (Yuli 1985). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Dorchen Leidholdt? |url=http://www.anusha.com/asshole.htm |access-date=2016-10-22 |website=www.anusha.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 1987, a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar New York, ita ce jagorar shirya taron, "The Sexual Liberals and the Attack on Feminism", kuma a shekara ta 1988, ita ce jagora mai shirya taron farko na duniya kan fataucin mata da 'yan mata. Leidholdt mai adawa ne da "ma'aikatar mata". Babban gardamarta ita ce [[karuwanci]] yana cin zarafin mata kuma a tarihi ya amfane maza, ba mata ba. Leidholdt ita ce Darakta na Cibiyar Kula da Ayyukan Shari'a na Mata da aka yi wa Battered a Sanctuary for Families a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]]. A karkashin jagorancin Leidholdt tun 1994, cibiyar ta zama babbar shirin sabis na shari'a ga wadanda ke fama da tashin hankali a cikin gida a kasar. Ya girma daga lauyoyi biyu zuwa ashirin da hudu da ma'aikatan tallafi guda takwas, kuma ya karfafa kokarinsa na bayar da shawarwari a madadin mata marasa galihu, musamman wadanda ke cikin al'ummomin baƙi na Birnin New York.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanctuary for Families {{!}} In love there is no violence |url=http://www.sanctuaryforfamilies.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=19&Itemid=48 |access-date=2016-10-22 |website=Sanctuary for Families |language=en-US}}</ref> Cibiyar ta jagoranci shari'ar jihar da ta kafa sabon tsarin shari'a wanda ke fadada kariya da ke akwai ga wadanda ke fama da tashin hankali na cikin gida da ke neman umarni na kariya da shari'ar tarayya da ke hana [[Child protective agencies|Hukumomin kare yara]] daga cajin uwaye da aka yi wa duka da "shiga cikin tashin hankali na gida".<ref name="law.columbia.edu">{{Cite web |title=Dorchen A. Leidholdt |url=http://www.law.columbia.edu/fac/Dorchen_Leidholdt |access-date=2016-10-22 |website=Columbia Law School}}</ref> Leidholdt kuma tana aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin Coalition Against Trafficking in Women (CATW), wanda ta taimaka wajen ganowa a shekarar 1988. Ta wakilci hadin gwiwa a tarurruka da yawa na kasa da kasa, gami da [[Taron Duniya kan Hakkokin Dan Adam|Taron Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]] ([[Vienna]], 1993) da Taron Kasa na Huɗu kan Mata ([[Beijing]], 1995). A ranar 6 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1996, a wani zaman na musamman na tunawa da [[Kau da Bautan Bayi|kawar da bautar]], Leidholdt da wanda ya tsira daga fataucin jima'i tare sun yi jawabi ga Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.<ref name="catwinternational.org"/> Leidholdt ya koyar da Hanyar Laifuka a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar City, kuma, tun daga 1998, ya koyar da Rikicin Cikin Gida da Shari'a a Makarantar Jami'ar Columbia.<ref name="law.columbia.edu"/> == Yunkurin fafutuka == A cikin 1990, Leidholdt ta zama abokiyar Cibiyar Mata don 'Yancin' Yan Jarida (WIFP). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Associates {{!}} The Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press |url=http://www.wifp.org/who-we-are/associates/ |access-date=2017-06-21 |website=www.wifp.org |language=en-US}}</ref> WIFP kungiya ce mai wallafa littattafai ta Amurka. Kungiyar tana aiki don kara sadarwa tsakanin mata da kuma haɗa jama'a da nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai na mata. == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == * [[United Nations Capitol Association Human Rights Award|Kyautar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (1994), <ref name="law.columbia.edu"/> * Kyautar Ayyukan Shari'a ta New York City Bar Association (1999) <ref name="sanctuaryforfamilies.org">{{Cite web |title=Sanctuary for Families {{!}} In love there is no violence |url=http://www.sanctuaryforfamilies.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=46 |access-date=2016-10-22 |website=Sanctuary for Families |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar [[Korean-American Family Service Center|Cibiyar Kula da Iyali ta Koriya da Amurka]] (1999) <ref name="sanctuaryforfamilies.org" /> * [[City of New York Award|Kyautar Birnin New York]] don "jagoranci mai ban mamaki a karya sake zagayowar tashin hankali na gida" (1999) * Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar New York Kyautar Gidauniyar Shari'a don "babban gudummawa a cikin dokar sha'awar jama'a" (2000) <ref name="sanctuaryforfamilies.org" /> * [[Lawyers Committee Against Domestic Violence|Kwamitin Lauyoyi game da Rikicin Cikin Gida]] "A cikin Trenches" Award (2000) <ref name="law.columbia.edu" /> * Kyautar "Mata na Ikon da Tasiri" ta Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa - Babi na Birnin New York (2002) <ref name="sanctuaryforfamilies.org" /> * League of Women Voters of the City of New York "Woman of Distinction" Award (2007) <ref name="sanctuaryforfamilies.org" /> * Kungiyar Jihar New York da ke yaki da tashin hankali a cikin gida, lambar yabo ta "Shekaru 30" (2008) <ref name="sanctuaryforfamilies.org" /> * Kyautar Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar New York Alumna na Watan (Fabrairu 2008) == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == * {{Cite book|title=Janice Raymond}} :: Rubuce-rubucen da suka samo asali ne a matsayin jawabai da gabatarwa a wani taro a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1987, a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar New York *   *   * {{Cite book|title=Richard Delgado}} * {{Cite book|last=Laura Lederer}} *   *   === Labaran jarida === * [Hasiya] "Kamarka da karuwanci: keta haƙƙin ɗan adam na mata". Jaridar Shari'ar Mata ta Cardozo. 1 (1): 133–147. [http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/Leidholdt%20Prostitution%20Violation%20of%20Womens%20Human%20Rights.pdf Pdf.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113155/http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/Leidholdt%20Prostitution%20Violation%20of%20Womens%20Human%20Rights.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} An adana shi a ranar 4 ga Maris, 2016, a {{Cite journal |last=Leidholdt |first=Dorchen |date=1993 |title=Prostitution: a violation of women's human rights |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/cardw1&div=10&id=&page= |journal=Cardozo Women's Law Journal |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=133–147}} * {{Cite journal |last=Leidholdt |first=Dorchen |date=January 1994 |title=Pimping and Prostitution as Sexual Harassment: Amicus Brief on behalf of the New York State Women's Bar Association and the National Coalition Against Sexual Assault in Dilorenzo v. Guccione |journal=Michigan Journal of Gender and Law}} :: Dubi kuma: Anneka diLorenzo, Mai Amsa, v. Penthouse International, Ltd., da sauransu, Masu nema[http://www.leagle.com/decision/1992208179AD2d29_1202/THORESON%20v.%20PENTHOUSE%20INTL. Anneka diLorenzo, mai amsawa, v. Penthouse International, Ltd., da sauransu, Masu kira] * {{Cite journal |last=Leidholdt |first=Dorchen |date=January 2004 |title=Prostitution and trafficking in women |journal=[[Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma|Journal of Trauma Practice]] |volume=2 |issue=3–4 |pages=167–183 |doi=10.1300/J189v02n03_09 |s2cid=44530084}} == Shahararrun shari'o'in kotu == * Dorchen Leidholdt vs. ''Hustler'' Magazine, 647 F. Supp. 1283 (D. Wyo. 1986) * Dorchen Leidholdt vs. Larry Flynt, 860 F.2d 890 (9th Cir. 1988) == Dubi kuma ==   * Ra'ayoyin mata game da batutuwan transgender == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070826141307/http://www.catwinternational.org/bio_DorchenLeidholdt.php Bayanan tarihin Leidholdt] a shafin yanar gizon Coalition Against Trafficking in Women. * "Kaddamar da Batterer ba tare da amincewar wanda aka azabtar ba" ta Emily Jane Goodman, Gotham Gazette, Yuni 2003. * Magana ta [[CATW]]/readingroom.shtml?x=53793" id="mwAWA" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">"Bincike da Tattaunawa" ta Leidholdt ta samar da "tarihin CATW da fahimtar mata game da fataucin mutane da karuwanci. * New York's Choking Loophole, edita ga The New York Times ta Leidholdt da Jane Manning (3 Maris 2010) * "Successely Prosecuting Sex Traffickers" - Shaidar Leidholdt a gaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sauraron Shari'a kan "Yaki da Bautar Zamani: Sake ba da izini ga Shirye-shiryen Kaddamar da Cin Hanci" (1 Nuwamba 2007) * Takaitaccen bayani game da tarihin Leidholdt a shafin yanar gizon Sanctuary for Families. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lv2fqts66mwdj1c85r19pg782c8nn43 0 93192 822298 587302 2026-04-18T16:35:28Z Mangal Rabiu 44091 822298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dolores Alexander''' (10 ga Agusta, 1931 - 13 ga Mayu, 2008) ta kasance 'yar jarida ce kuma 'yar mata da aka fi sani da aikinta a matsayin Babban Darakta a cikin Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa (NOW) daga 1969-1970, a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwar gidan cin abinci na mata Mother Courage daga 1972-1977, kuma co-kafa Women Against Pornography (WAP) a 1979.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Collection: Dolores Alexander papers {{!}} Smith College Finding Aids |url=https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/823 |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=findingaids.smith.edu}}</ref> Har zuwa mutuwarta, a shekara ta 2008, ta ci gaba da yin imani da bukatar yunkurin kare hakkin mata a zamanin yau, tana mai cewa "Yana da tsattsauran ra'ayi, kuma ban san idan za ku iya kawar da shi ba".<ref name="death" /> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Dolores Alexander a Newark, New Jersey ga ma'aikatan masana'antu Dominick DeCarlo da Sally née Koraleski . [1] Ta halarci makarantun Roman Katolika a New Jersey kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda na ofishin Equitable bayan kammala karatun sakandare. Duk da sha'awar mahaifinta, Alexander ta shiga Jami'ar New York, inda ta sadu da Aaron Alexander, wanda ya shiga cikin shirin masanin ilimi. Sun yi aure a shekara ta 1950, amma sun sake aure bayan shekaru 5.[1] A shekara ta 1961 ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Birnin New York tare da digiri na farko a fannin Harshe da Littattafai. A ''Lokaci'' da ta fi girma a cikin shekara ta yi aiki a The New York Times a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa na watanni 10, tana samun kwarewa a aikin jarida da kuma ɗanɗano na farko na jima'i a cikin fagen labarai: yayin da take neman matsayi a Times, ma'aikacin namiji bai hayar ta a matsayin "yarinya" ba saboda hakan zai "ya haifar da juyin juya hali a cikin gidan labarai". Bayan kammala karatunta, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto, edita mai kwafi da kuma Shugaban ofishin a Newark Evening News daga 1961 zuwa 1964. Daga nan sai ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto, edita mai kwafi da mataimakin edita mata a Newsday, kuma tana aiki a matsayin marubuciya mai mahimmanci ga mujallar karshen mako ta wallafe-wallafen har zuwa 1969.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Collection: Dolores Alexander papers {{!}} Smith College Finding Aids |url=https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/823 |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=findingaids.smith.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/823 "Collection: Dolores Alexander papers | Smith College Finding Aids"]. ''findingaids.smith.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> == Yancin mata == <blockquote>Har zuwa wannan lokacin koyaushe ina jin kamar weirdo, mutumin da kawai ya ji ba daidai ba ne da duniya da ke kewaye da ita. Na san muna bukatar ƙungiyar mata. Wannan shi ne abin da nake jira. - Dolores Alexander, 2007.</blockquote>A cikin 1966, yayin da yake aiki a Newsday, Alexander ya haɗu da Sanarwar manema labarai da ke sanar da kirkirar sabuwar kungiyar kare hakkin mata: Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa (NOW). Ta yi hira da Betty Friedan kuma tare da kwarewarta ta kafofin watsa labarai, ta zama shugabar Kwamitin Kula da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙasa kan Hoton Mata a cikin Mass Media . Bayan dawowa zuwa Newsday, Alexander ya sanya hannu kan kowace mace a cikin ɗakin labarai, har ma ya ba da damar biyan kuɗin $ 5 ga mata waɗanda ba za su iya zama mambobi ba.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Collection: Dolores Alexander papers {{!}} Smith College Finding Aids |url=https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/823 |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=findingaids.smith.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/823 "Collection: Dolores Alexander papers | Smith College Finding Aids"]. ''findingaids.smith.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1968, Alexander ya ba da shawarar sabon matsayi a NOW, Babban Darakta, wanda zai kafa ofishin New York don amsa wasika, ya fitar da wata takarda, kuma ya yi wasu ayyukan ƙungiya ga NOW. Alexander ta bar aikinta a Newsday kuma ta fara aiki a matsayin Babban Darakta a hukumance a watan Fabrairun 1969. Alexander ya yi niyyar matsayin Babban Darakta ya zama aikin ɗan lokaci don ta iya aiki a kan rubuce-rubuce masu zaman kansu don ƙara yawan kuɗin shiga, amma aikin ya ƙare yana ɗaukar duk lokacinta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Collection: Dolores Alexander papers {{!}} Smith College Finding Aids |url=https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/823 |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=findingaids.smith.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/823 "Collection: Dolores Alexander papers | Smith College Finding Aids"]. ''findingaids.smith.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> A wannan lokacin, kasancewar 'yan mata a cikin Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa ta zama mafi bayyane ga membobinta da manema labarai. Alexander da sauran mambobin NOW sun tuna Rita Mae Brown ta halarci taron New York City a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1968 kuma tana magana da kanta a matsayin "mazabarku ta gida", wanda ya ba kungiyar mamaki. Bayan 'yan watanni, [[Ivy Bottini]], a lokacin Shugaban Birnin New York NOW, ya gaya wa Alexander dalilin da ya sa ta bar mijinta shi ne cewa ita 'yar luwaɗi ce. Bottini ya kuma karfafa Alexander ya dauki Rita Mae Brown a matsayin budewa a ofishin kasa na NOW. Alexander ya hayar Brown kuma ya tabbatar da Bottini cewa har yanzu za su zama abokai ba tare da warware ra'ayinta game da lesbianism ba.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Collection: Dolores Alexander papers {{!}} Smith College Finding Aids |url=https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/823 |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=findingaids.smith.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/823 "Collection: Dolores Alexander papers | Smith College Finding Aids"]. ''findingaids.smith.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Bayan dawowa daga wani biki a Fadar White House a Washington, DC, Alexander ya yi magana da Brown game da dangantakarta da Jean Faust, wani fitaccen memba na New York City NOW. A lokacin tattaunawarsu, Alexander ya ƙare da ɗaukar Brown a gado, amma dangantakarsu ta ƙare ba da daɗewa ba lokacin da Alexander ya ji Brown tana tattauna shirye-shiryenta tare da Anselma Dell"Olio don yaudari Betty Friedan da Muriel Fox. Manufar ita ce idan Friedan da Fox suna da kwarewar lesbian, za su kasance a buɗe don tattauna lesbianism a cikin ƙungiyar mata.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Collection: Dolores Alexander papers {{!}} Smith College Finding Aids |url=https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/823 |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=findingaids.smith.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/823 "Collection: Dolores Alexander papers | Smith College Finding Aids"]. ''findingaids.smith.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Har zuwa wannan lokacin, Alexander da Friedan abokai ne kamar abokan aiki, don haka Alexander ta yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata ta gaya wa Friedan game da abin da ta ji. Alexander ya bayyana cewa kisan auren Friedan na baya-bayan nan tare da ƙaunar da take yi na yaudara zai sauƙaƙa ga Anselma Dell"Olio don yaudarar. Da farko, Friedan ya ɗan yi fushi amma ya yi farin ciki da jin game da tattaunawar amma, bayan ya sami kira da yawa daga Dell "Olio, ta ƙara damuwa game da lesbians a NOW. Brown nan da nan ta yi murabus daga matsayinta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Collection: Dolores Alexander papers {{!}} Smith College Finding Aids |url=https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/823 |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=findingaids.smith.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/823 "Collection: Dolores Alexander papers | Smith College Finding Aids"]. ''findingaids.smith.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Bayan wadannan abubuwan, dangantakar Alexander da Friedan ta kara tsanantawa har sai sun kasa aiki tare da juna ba tare da Friedan ya yi ihu ba. A watan Fabrairun 1970, Hukumar NOW ta rage ayyukan aikin Alexander a matsayin hanyar iyakance hulɗarta da Friedan. Koyaya, Alexander ya fahimci wannan a matsayin abin da ya haifar da korar ta bayan 'yan watanni saboda dagewar Friedan cewa a kori Alexander saboda ita 'yar luwaɗi ce. A watan Maris, a taron kasa an cire Alexander daga ayyukanta kuma an tura Ofishin Kasa na NOW zuwa Chicago, kodayake Alexander ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin Babban Darakta har zuwa Mayu lokacin da ta yi murabus a hukumance.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Collection: Dolores Alexander papers {{!}} Smith College Finding Aids |url=https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/823 |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=findingaids.smith.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/823 "Collection: Dolores Alexander papers | Smith College Finding Aids"]. ''findingaids.smith.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Alexander ya ci gaba da yin lacca game da haƙƙin mata kuma ya yi aiki tare da New Feminist Talent Collective, wanda Jacqueline Ceballos ta kafa don samar da sabis na masu magana game da ƙungiyar mata. Ta kafa kuma ta shirya Mata da Batsa kuma ta yi aiki tare da New York Radical Feminists . Alexander ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin kungiyar National Association for Repeal of Abortion Laws, memba na kwaminisanci na New York NOW kuma memba ne na New York Newspaper Women's Club. Alexander ya kasance sanannen mutum a cikin abubuwan da suka faru da yawa a cikin ƙungiyar mata. Ta taimaka wajen kawo karshen aikin tallace-tallace na wariyar jinsi a cikin The New York Times, ta kasance shaida ga tsarkakewar 'yan mata na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Collection: Dolores Alexander papers {{!}} Smith College Finding Aids |url=https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/823 |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=findingaids.smith.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/823 "Collection: Dolores Alexander papers | Smith College Finding Aids"]. ''findingaids.smith.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> ta shiga cikin Taron Mata na Kasa na 1977 a Houston, da Taron Duniya na huɗu kan Mata a Beijing a 1995 <ref name=":1" /> === Jarumtar uwa === [[File:Mother_Courage_cake.jpg|right|thumb|Manajan Uwar Courage Joyce Vinson, wadanda suka kafa Jill Ward da Dolores Alexander, da kuma manajan Rosemary Gaffney, suna bikin cika shekaru 3 na gidan cin abinci]] A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1972, Alexander da Jill Ward sun bude gidan cin abinci na mata na farko a Amurka a Greenwich Village, New York. Da yake a kan 342 West 11th Street, an sanya sunan gidan cin abinci ne bayan jarumar mace, Mother Courage, daga wasan kwaikwayo na Bertolt Brecht.<ref name=":0" /> Tun da yake matan biyu ba su da kwarewar gidan cin abinci a baya, sun ranta kudi daga abokai da abokan aiki da yawa don gyara tsohuwar Abincin rana da ake kira Benny's Soda Luncheonette da Delicatessen. Tare da taimakon abokai da yawa da mahaifin Ward, Alexander da Ward sun sake fasalin wurin gaba ɗaya kuma sun juya shi zuwa sabon gidan cin abinci gaba ɗaya.<ref name=":0" /> Kowace dare a cikin makonni biyu na farko na buɗewar Uwar Courage, Ward da Alexander sun bayyana cewa gidan cin abincin su yana kusa da cin abincin dare. Sun bayyana a cikin sanarwar manema labarai cewa, "...Mother Courage ta zama wurin shakatawa da taruwa na mata a kusa da birni. Mata sun ji daɗi suna zuwa cin abincin dare kadai, tabbas za su shiga cikin akalla wani mutum da suka sani kuma za su iya cin abinci tare da shi. " [1] Wannan ta'aziyya ta kasance saboda gaskiyar cewa yayin da gidan cin abinci ya kasance tare da fasaha, mata sun fi fifiko. Bayan an ba Mother Courage lasisin giya da ruwan inabi a 1973, Joyce Vinson (ɗaya daga cikin manajojin gidan cin abinci na baya), ya bayyana cewa a matsayin mai fafutukar mata, za ta ba da ruwan inafi na farko ga mata koda kuwa baƙi maza ne kawai.[1] An kuma sanya takardun shaida a cikin daidaitattun nesa da masu cin abinci don kada a yi wani zato game da wanda zai biya abincin. Masu cin abinci, duk da haka, ba su ne kawai mutanen da suka fuskanci wannan tsarin ka'idojin mata ba. Uwar Courage ta tabbatar da biyan kowane ma'aikaci albashi iri ɗaya kuma tana da kowane matsayi yana juyawa tsakanin ma'aikata don haka, "kowace mace godiya ga matsalolin kowane mace".[had][1] A ranar 19 ga Mayu, 1975, Uwar Courage ta yi bikin ranar haihuwarta ta uku ta hanyar karbar bakuncin abincin champagne tare da cake a cikin siffar alamar Venus. An gayyaci baƙi sama da 100 (da yawa daga cikinsu sanannun mata ne), ciki har da Gloria Steinem, [[Audre Lorde]], Kate Millett, da sauransu. Kodayake Mother Courage ta buɗe ne kawai har zuwa 1977, ta yi wahayi zuwa ga wasu gidajen cin abinci na mata da yawa don buɗewa a duk faɗin ƙasar. Mawallafi Lucy Komisar sau ɗaya ta bayyana Uwar Courage a matsayin "fiye da gidan cin abinci, wannan wani ɓangare ne na motsi na zamantakewa". == Rayuwa da gado na baya == Ana gudanar da takardun Alexander a cikin Tarin Sophia Smith a Kwalejin Smith <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Collection: Dolores Alexander papers {{!}} Smith College Finding Aids |url=https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/823 |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=findingaids.smith.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/823 "Collection: Dolores Alexander papers | Smith College Finding Aids"]. ''findingaids.smith.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> da kuma ɗakin karatu na Schlesinger a [[Jami'ar Harvard]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection: Papers of NOW officer Dolores Alexander, 1960-1973 {{!}} HOLLIS for |url=https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/resources/5126 |access-date=2020-05-18 |website=hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu}}</ref> Yayin da lafiyarta ta ragu, ta koma baya daga hasken motsi, ta fi son kallon sabon tsara na masu gwagwarmaya "suna jagorantar canji". A ranar 13 ga Mayu, 2008, Alexander ya mutu a Palm Harbor, Florida. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/archival_objects/89244 Dolores Alexander tarihin baki] daga Shirin Tarihin Magana * [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:RAD.SCHL:sch00328 Takardun jami'an NOW, 1960-1973: Taimako na Bincike.] [http://radcliffe.harvard.edu/schlesinger-library Laburaren Schlesinger], Cibiyar Radcliffe, Jami'ar Harvard. * [https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/823 Takardun Dolores Alexander] a Tarin Sophia Smith, tarin musamman na Kwalejin Smith [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1931]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwar 2008]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kuym6gx1crrn49d45cmpe6vc6t2j831 0 95487 822337 596211 2026-04-18T17:27:16Z Nura Bello 24854 822337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} == Ayyukan soja == [[Fayil:MilunkaSavic.jpg|left|thumb|164x164px|Lance Corporal Savić]] An haifi Savić a cikin shekarar 1889, a ƙauyen Koprivnica, kusa da Novi Pazar, a cikin Serbia. A cikin 1912, ɗan'uwanta wanda ke fama da cutar tarin fuka ya karɓi takaddun kira don yin kira ga yaƙin Balkan na farko . Ta zaɓi ta tafi wurinsa - aske gashinta da sa tufafin maza da shiga cikin sojojin Sabiya . Da sauri ta ga fama kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta farko kuma an kara mata girma zuwa kofur a yakin Bregalnica . Ta shiga cikin yakin, ta sami raunuka kuma a lokacin ne, lokacin da ta murmure daga raunin da ta samu a asibiti, an bayyana jinsinta na gaskiya, wanda ya ba likitocin da ke halartar taron mamaki. ''Mental Floss''{{unreliable source|date=July 2020}} described the repercussions: "An kira Savic a gaban kwamandan ta. Ba sa so su hukunta ta, saboda ta tabbatar da cewa soja ce mai daraja kuma mai ƙwarewa sosai. Aikin soja wanda ya haifar da nuna jima'i ya kasance ta goma. Amma kuma bai dace da budurwa ta kasance cikin yaƙi ba. An ba ta canja wurin zuwa ƙungiyar Nursing. Savic ta tsaya a hankali kuma ta nace cewa tana son yin yaƙi ne kawai ta a matsayin mayaƙanta. Jami'in ya ce zai yi tunani kuma ya ba ta amsar da shi washegari. Har yanzu, Savic zai amsa da hankali."An ce kawai ya sa ta tsaya sa'a guda kafin ya amince da tura ta zuwa rundunar sojan ƙasa. "[1] A shekara ta 1914, a farkon kwanakin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]], an ba Savić lambar yabo ta farko ta Karađorđe Star tare da Swords bayan Yaƙin Kolubara . Ta sami ta biyu Karađorđe Star (tare da Swords) bayan Yaƙin Crna Bend a 1916 lokacin da ta kama sojoji 23 na Bulgarian da hannu daya. === Darajar Soja === An ba ta lambar yabo ta Légion d'Honneur (Legion of Honour) ta Faransa sau biyu, da kuma Cross na [[Rasha]] na St. George, lambar yabo ta Burtaniya ta Mafi Girma na St Michael, da lambar yabo ta Miloš Obilić ta Serbia. Ita ce kadai mace da ta karbi Croix de Guerre na Faransa 1914-1918 tare da halayen dabino na zinariya don hidima a yakin duniya na . == Rayuwa ta baya == [[Fayil:Statue_of_WW1_heroine_Milunka_Savić_in_Inđija3.jpg|right|thumb|Wani mutum-mutumi na Milunka Savić a Inđija]] An dakatar da ita a 1919, kuma ta ƙi tayin zuwa Faransa, inda ta cancanci karɓar fansho na sojojin Faransa. Maimakon haka, ta zaɓi zama a [[Belgrade]] kuma ta sami aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar gidan waya. A shekara ta 1923, ta auri Veljko Gligorijević, wanda ta sadu da shi a Mostar, kuma ta sake aure nan da nan bayan haihuwar 'yarsu Milena. Ta kuma karbi wasu 'ya'ya mata uku.<ref name="milunkasavic">{{Cite web |date=2016-04-21 |title=Milunka Savić at milunkasavic.rs |url=http://www.milunkasavic.rs/omilunki |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502224436/http://www.milunkasavic.rs/omilunki |archive-date=2016-05-02 |access-date=2016-04-21}}</ref> A lokacin yakin basasa, jama'a sun manta da Milunka. Ta yi aiki da yawa har zuwa 1927, bayan haka tana da aiki mai kyau a matsayin mai tsaftacewa a Bankin Gida na Jiha. Shekaru takwas bayan haka, an inganta ta zuwa tsaftace ofisoshin janar manajan. A cikin 1945, tare da zuwan gurguzu zuwa mulki, an ba ta fensho na jiha, kuma ta ci gaba da zama a gidanta a unguwar Voždovac na Belgrade. A ƙarshen 1950 'yarta ta kasance a asibiti, kuma tana zaune a cikin wani gida mai rugujewa a Voždovac tare da 'ya'yanta guda uku: Milka, yaron da aka manta daga tashar jirgin kasa a Stalac ; Radmila-Višnja; da Zorka, ‘yar mara uba daga Dalmatiya . Daga baya, sa’ad da ta halarci bikin jubili sanye da lambobin yabo na soja, wasu jami’an soji sun yi magana da ita kuma suka ji labarin jajircewarta. Labari ya bazu daga karshe ta samu karbuwa. A cikin 1972, matsin lamba na jama'a da labarin jarida da ke nuna mawuyacin halin da take ciki da yanayin kuɗi ya sa Majalisar Birnin Belgrade ta ba ta ƙaramin ɗaki. Ta mutu a Belgrade a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 1973, tana da shekaru 81, kuma an binne ta a Sabon Kabari na Belgrade. == Gado == An sake gina gidan haihuwar Milunka Savić a Koprivnica a cikin 2015. Nunin ethnological a cikin gidan yana ƙunshe da abubuwan da suka faru tun daga lokacin da ta zauna a can (rabin farko na karni na 20). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Birth house of Milunka Savić {{!}} Туристичка организација Рашка |url=https://raskaturizam.rs/en/activity/birth-house-of-milunka-savic-2/ |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=raskaturizam.rs}}</ref> An buɗe wani abin tunawa tare da nune-nunen dindindin da aka keɓe ga Milunka Savić a watan Oktoba 2020 a Jošanička Banja . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Otvara se spomen soba Milunke Savić |url=https://kaleidoskop-media.com/identitet-u-amanet/otvara-se-spomen-soba-milunke-savic |access-date=2020-10-09 |website=Kaleidoskop}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vojvodine |first=Javna medijska ustanova JMU Radio-televizija |title=Spomen soba Milunki Savić u Jošaničkoj banji |url=http://rtv.rs/sr_lat/drustvo/spomen-soba-milunki-savic-u-josanickoj-banji_1164139.html |access-date=2020-10-09 |website=JMU Radio-televizija Vojvodine}}</ref> An kaddamar da abin tunawa ga Savić a Belgrade a cikin 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-07 |title=Spomenik Milunki Savić u Beogradu {{!}} Beogradske vesti |url=https://beogradskevesti.info/spomenik-milunki-savic-u-beogradu/ |access-date=2024-09-09 |language=sr-RS}}</ref> A cikin 2022, ƙungiyar ƙarfe mai nauyi ta Sweden Sabaton ta rufe labarinta a cikin waƙoƙin su "Lady of the Dark". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lady Of The Dark |url=https://www.sabaton.net/discography/the-war-to-end-all-wars/lady-of-the-dark/ |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=Sabaton Official Website |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Flora Sandes - Soja na Yaƙin Duniya na farko da kuma ma'aikacin jinya (1876-1956) * Sofija Jovanović - Jarumar yaƙi ta Serbia (1895-1979) * Ecaterina Teodoroiu - Soja da ma'aikacin jinya na Yaƙin Duniya na * Maria Bochkareva - Soja mata ta Rasha da mai adawa da juyin juya hali * Antonija Javornik - Jarumar yaƙi ta Serbia, ma'aikaciyar jinya da kuma sajan * Leslie Joy Whitehead - Soja mace ta Kanada * Olive Kelso King - Mai ba da labari na Australiya kuma direban motar asibiti na WWI (1885-1958) * Women in the military - Mata da ke shiga cikin ayyukan soja == Manazarta == {{Authority control}} == Tushen == *   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131014040044/http://www.wieninternational.at/en/aktuell/the-hero-who-was-a-heroine-en Jarumin da ya kasance jarumi] a wien.international.at [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1973]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cm9haeaxa2q7p0cil2qjhpxnpjo1hlt 822338 822337 2026-04-18T17:28:22Z Nura Bello 24854 /* Ayyukan soja */ 822338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} == Ayyukan soja == [[Fayil:MilunkaSavic.jpg|left|thumb|164x164px|Lance Corporal Savić]] An haifi Savić a cikin shekarar 1889, a wani ƙauyen Koprivnica, kusa da Novi Pazar, a cikin Serbia. A cikin shekarun 1912, ɗan'uwanta wanda ke fama da cutar tarin fuka ya karɓi takaddun kira don yin kira ga yaƙin Balkan na farko . Ta zaɓi ta tafi wurinsa - aske gashinta da sa tufafin maza da shiga cikin sojojin Sabiya . Da sauri ta ga fama kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta farko kuma an kara mata girma zuwa kofur a yakin Bregalnica . Ta shiga cikin yakin, ta sami raunuka kuma a lokacin ne, lokacin da ta murmure daga raunin da ta samu a asibiti, an bayyana jinsinta na gaskiya, wanda ya ba likitocin da ke halartar taron mamaki. ''Mental Floss''{{unreliable source|date=July 2020}} described the repercussions: "An kira Savic a gaban kwamandan ta. Ba sa so su hukunta ta, saboda ta tabbatar da cewa soja ce mai daraja kuma mai ƙwarewa sosai. Aikin soja wanda ya haifar da nuna jima'i ya kasance ta goma. Amma kuma bai dace da budurwa ta kasance cikin yaƙi ba. An ba ta canja wurin zuwa ƙungiyar Nursing. Savic ta tsaya a hankali kuma ta nace cewa tana son yin yaƙi ne kawai ta a matsayin mayaƙanta. Jami'in ya ce zai yi tunani kuma ya ba ta amsar da shi washegari. Har yanzu, Savic zai amsa da hankali."An ce kawai ya sa ta tsaya sa'a guda kafin ya amince da tura ta zuwa rundunar sojan ƙasa. "[1] A shekara ta 1914, a farkon kwanakin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]], an ba Savić lambar yabo ta farko ta Karađorđe Star tare da Swords bayan Yaƙin Kolubara . Ta sami ta biyu Karađorđe Star (tare da Swords) bayan Yaƙin Crna Bend a 1916 lokacin da ta kama sojoji 23 na Bulgarian da hannu daya. === Darajar Soja === An ba ta lambar yabo ta Légion d'Honneur (Legion of Honour) ta Faransa sau biyu, da kuma Cross na [[Rasha]] na St. George, lambar yabo ta Burtaniya ta Mafi Girma na St Michael, da lambar yabo ta Miloš Obilić ta Serbia. Ita ce kadai mace da ta karbi Croix de Guerre na Faransa 1914-1918 tare da halayen dabino na zinariya don hidima a yakin duniya na . == Rayuwa ta baya == [[Fayil:Statue_of_WW1_heroine_Milunka_Savić_in_Inđija3.jpg|right|thumb|Wani mutum-mutumi na Milunka Savić a Inđija]] An dakatar da ita a 1919, kuma ta ƙi tayin zuwa Faransa, inda ta cancanci karɓar fansho na sojojin Faransa. Maimakon haka, ta zaɓi zama a [[Belgrade]] kuma ta sami aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar gidan waya. A shekara ta 1923, ta auri Veljko Gligorijević, wanda ta sadu da shi a Mostar, kuma ta sake aure nan da nan bayan haihuwar 'yarsu Milena. Ta kuma karbi wasu 'ya'ya mata uku.<ref name="milunkasavic">{{Cite web |date=2016-04-21 |title=Milunka Savić at milunkasavic.rs |url=http://www.milunkasavic.rs/omilunki |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502224436/http://www.milunkasavic.rs/omilunki |archive-date=2016-05-02 |access-date=2016-04-21}}</ref> A lokacin yakin basasa, jama'a sun manta da Milunka. Ta yi aiki da yawa har zuwa 1927, bayan haka tana da aiki mai kyau a matsayin mai tsaftacewa a Bankin Gida na Jiha. Shekaru takwas bayan haka, an inganta ta zuwa tsaftace ofisoshin janar manajan. A cikin 1945, tare da zuwan gurguzu zuwa mulki, an ba ta fensho na jiha, kuma ta ci gaba da zama a gidanta a unguwar Voždovac na Belgrade. A ƙarshen 1950 'yarta ta kasance a asibiti, kuma tana zaune a cikin wani gida mai rugujewa a Voždovac tare da 'ya'yanta guda uku: Milka, yaron da aka manta daga tashar jirgin kasa a Stalac ; Radmila-Višnja; da Zorka, ‘yar mara uba daga Dalmatiya . Daga baya, sa’ad da ta halarci bikin jubili sanye da lambobin yabo na soja, wasu jami’an soji sun yi magana da ita kuma suka ji labarin jajircewarta. Labari ya bazu daga karshe ta samu karbuwa. A cikin 1972, matsin lamba na jama'a da labarin jarida da ke nuna mawuyacin halin da take ciki da yanayin kuɗi ya sa Majalisar Birnin Belgrade ta ba ta ƙaramin ɗaki. Ta mutu a Belgrade a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 1973, tana da shekaru 81, kuma an binne ta a Sabon Kabari na Belgrade. == Gado == An sake gina gidan haihuwar Milunka Savić a Koprivnica a cikin 2015. Nunin ethnological a cikin gidan yana ƙunshe da abubuwan da suka faru tun daga lokacin da ta zauna a can (rabin farko na karni na 20). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Birth house of Milunka Savić {{!}} Туристичка организација Рашка |url=https://raskaturizam.rs/en/activity/birth-house-of-milunka-savic-2/ |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=raskaturizam.rs}}</ref> An buɗe wani abin tunawa tare da nune-nunen dindindin da aka keɓe ga Milunka Savić a watan Oktoba 2020 a Jošanička Banja . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Otvara se spomen soba Milunke Savić |url=https://kaleidoskop-media.com/identitet-u-amanet/otvara-se-spomen-soba-milunke-savic |access-date=2020-10-09 |website=Kaleidoskop}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vojvodine |first=Javna medijska ustanova JMU Radio-televizija |title=Spomen soba Milunki Savić u Jošaničkoj banji |url=http://rtv.rs/sr_lat/drustvo/spomen-soba-milunki-savic-u-josanickoj-banji_1164139.html |access-date=2020-10-09 |website=JMU Radio-televizija Vojvodine}}</ref> An kaddamar da abin tunawa ga Savić a Belgrade a cikin 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-07 |title=Spomenik Milunki Savić u Beogradu {{!}} Beogradske vesti |url=https://beogradskevesti.info/spomenik-milunki-savic-u-beogradu/ |access-date=2024-09-09 |language=sr-RS}}</ref> A cikin 2022, ƙungiyar ƙarfe mai nauyi ta Sweden Sabaton ta rufe labarinta a cikin waƙoƙin su "Lady of the Dark". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lady Of The Dark |url=https://www.sabaton.net/discography/the-war-to-end-all-wars/lady-of-the-dark/ |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=Sabaton Official Website |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Flora Sandes - Soja na Yaƙin Duniya na farko da kuma ma'aikacin jinya (1876-1956) * Sofija Jovanović - Jarumar yaƙi ta Serbia (1895-1979) * Ecaterina Teodoroiu - Soja da ma'aikacin jinya na Yaƙin Duniya na * Maria Bochkareva - Soja mata ta Rasha da mai adawa da juyin juya hali * Antonija Javornik - Jarumar yaƙi ta Serbia, ma'aikaciyar jinya da kuma sajan * Leslie Joy Whitehead - Soja mace ta Kanada * Olive Kelso King - Mai ba da labari na Australiya kuma direban motar asibiti na WWI (1885-1958) * Women in the military - Mata da ke shiga cikin ayyukan soja == Manazarta == {{Authority control}} == Tushen == *   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131014040044/http://www.wieninternational.at/en/aktuell/the-hero-who-was-a-heroine-en Jarumin da ya kasance jarumi] a wien.international.at [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1973]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m6agbihg3bb11h826ou2josqyfg01yl 822339 822338 2026-04-18T17:35:22Z Nura Bello 24854 /* Ayyukan soja */ 822339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} == Ayyukan soja == [[Fayil:MilunkaSavic.jpg|left|thumb|164x164px|Lance Corporal Savić]] An haifi Savić a cikin shekarar 1889, a wani ƙauyen Koprivnica, kusa da Novi Pazar, a cikin Serbia. A cikin shekarun 1912, ɗan'uwanta wanda ke fama da cutar tarin fuka ya karɓi takaddun kira don yin kira ga yaƙin Balkan na farko . Ta zaɓi ta tafi wurinsa - aske gashinta da sa tufafin maza da shiga cikin sojojin Sabiya . Da sauri ta ga fama kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta farko kuma an kara mata girma zuwa kofur a yakin Bregalnica . Ta shiga cikin yakin, ta sami raunuka kuma a lokacin ne, lokacin da ta murmure daga raunin da ta samu a asibiti, an bayyana jinsinta na gaskiya, wanda ya ba likitocin da ke halartar taron mamaki. ''Mental Floss''{{unreliable source|date=July 2020}} described the repercussions: "An kira Savic a gaban kwamandan ta. Ba sa so su hukunta ta, saboda ta tabbatar da cewa soja ce mai daraja kuma mai ƙwarewa sosai. Aikin soja wanda ya haifar da nuna jima'i ya kasance ta goma. Amma kuma bai dace da budurwa ta kasance cikin yaƙi ba. An ba ta canja wurin zuwa ƙungiyar Nursing. Savic ta tsaya a hankali kuma ta nace cewa tana son yin yaƙi ne kawai ta a matsayin mayaƙanta. Jami'in ya ce zai yi tunani kuma ya ba ta amsar da shi washegari. Har yanzu, Savic zai amsa da hankali."An ce kawai ya sa ta tsaya sa'a guda kafin ya amince da tura ta zuwa rundunar sojan ƙasa. "[1] A shekara ta 1914, a farkon kwanakin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]], an ba Savić lambar yabo ta farko ta Karađorđe Star tare da Swords bayan Yaƙin Kolubara . Ta sami ta biyu Karađorđe Star (tare da Swords) bayan Yaƙin Crna Bend a shekarar 1916 lokacin da ta kama sojoji 23 na Bulgarian da hannu daya. === Darajar Soja === An ba ta lambar yabo ta Légion d'Honneur (Legion of Honour) ta Faransa sau biyu, da kuma Cross na [[Rasha]] na St. George, lambar yabo ta Burtaniya ta Mafi Girma na St Michael, da lambar yabo ta Miloš Obilić ta Serbia. Ita ce kadai mace da ta karbi Croix de Guerre na Faransa 1914-1918 tare da halayen dabino na zinariya don hidima a yakin duniya na . == Rayuwa ta baya == [[Fayil:Statue_of_WW1_heroine_Milunka_Savić_in_Inđija3.jpg|right|thumb|Wani mutum-mutumi na Milunka Savić a Inđija]] An dakatar da ita a 1919, kuma ta ƙi tayin zuwa Faransa, inda ta cancanci karɓar fansho na sojojin Faransa. Maimakon haka, ta zaɓi zama a [[Belgrade]] kuma ta sami aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar gidan waya. A shekara ta 1923, ta auri Veljko Gligorijević, wanda ta sadu da shi a Mostar, kuma ta sake aure nan da nan bayan haihuwar 'yarsu Milena. Ta kuma karbi wasu 'ya'ya mata uku.<ref name="milunkasavic">{{Cite web |date=2016-04-21 |title=Milunka Savić at milunkasavic.rs |url=http://www.milunkasavic.rs/omilunki |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502224436/http://www.milunkasavic.rs/omilunki |archive-date=2016-05-02 |access-date=2016-04-21}}</ref> A lokacin yakin basasa, jama'a sun manta da Milunka. Ta yi aiki da yawa har zuwa 1927, bayan haka tana da aiki mai kyau a matsayin mai tsaftacewa a Bankin Gida na Jiha. Shekaru takwas bayan haka, an inganta ta zuwa tsaftace ofisoshin janar manajan. A cikin 1945, tare da zuwan gurguzu zuwa mulki, an ba ta fensho na jiha, kuma ta ci gaba da zama a gidanta a unguwar Voždovac na Belgrade. A ƙarshen 1950 'yarta ta kasance a asibiti, kuma tana zaune a cikin wani gida mai rugujewa a Voždovac tare da 'ya'yanta guda uku: Milka, yaron da aka manta daga tashar jirgin kasa a Stalac ; Radmila-Višnja; da Zorka, ‘yar mara uba daga Dalmatiya . Daga baya, sa’ad da ta halarci bikin jubili sanye da lambobin yabo na soja, wasu jami’an soji sun yi magana da ita kuma suka ji labarin jajircewarta. Labari ya bazu daga karshe ta samu karbuwa. A cikin 1972, matsin lamba na jama'a da labarin jarida da ke nuna mawuyacin halin da take ciki da yanayin kuɗi ya sa Majalisar Birnin Belgrade ta ba ta ƙaramin ɗaki. Ta mutu a Belgrade a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 1973, tana da shekaru 81, kuma an binne ta a Sabon Kabari na Belgrade. == Gado == An sake gina gidan haihuwar Milunka Savić a Koprivnica a cikin 2015. Nunin ethnological a cikin gidan yana ƙunshe da abubuwan da suka faru tun daga lokacin da ta zauna a can (rabin farko na karni na 20). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Birth house of Milunka Savić {{!}} Туристичка организација Рашка |url=https://raskaturizam.rs/en/activity/birth-house-of-milunka-savic-2/ |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=raskaturizam.rs}}</ref> An buɗe wani abin tunawa tare da nune-nunen dindindin da aka keɓe ga Milunka Savić a watan Oktoba 2020 a Jošanička Banja . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Otvara se spomen soba Milunke Savić |url=https://kaleidoskop-media.com/identitet-u-amanet/otvara-se-spomen-soba-milunke-savic |access-date=2020-10-09 |website=Kaleidoskop}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vojvodine |first=Javna medijska ustanova JMU Radio-televizija |title=Spomen soba Milunki Savić u Jošaničkoj banji |url=http://rtv.rs/sr_lat/drustvo/spomen-soba-milunki-savic-u-josanickoj-banji_1164139.html |access-date=2020-10-09 |website=JMU Radio-televizija Vojvodine}}</ref> An kaddamar da abin tunawa ga Savić a Belgrade a cikin 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-07 |title=Spomenik Milunki Savić u Beogradu {{!}} Beogradske vesti |url=https://beogradskevesti.info/spomenik-milunki-savic-u-beogradu/ |access-date=2024-09-09 |language=sr-RS}}</ref> A cikin 2022, ƙungiyar ƙarfe mai nauyi ta Sweden Sabaton ta rufe labarinta a cikin waƙoƙin su "Lady of the Dark". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lady Of The Dark |url=https://www.sabaton.net/discography/the-war-to-end-all-wars/lady-of-the-dark/ |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=Sabaton Official Website |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Flora Sandes - Soja na Yaƙin Duniya na farko da kuma ma'aikacin jinya (1876-1956) * Sofija Jovanović - Jarumar yaƙi ta Serbia (1895-1979) * Ecaterina Teodoroiu - Soja da ma'aikacin jinya na Yaƙin Duniya na * Maria Bochkareva - Soja mata ta Rasha da mai adawa da juyin juya hali * Antonija Javornik - Jarumar yaƙi ta Serbia, ma'aikaciyar jinya da kuma sajan * Leslie Joy Whitehead - Soja mace ta Kanada * Olive Kelso King - Mai ba da labari na Australiya kuma direban motar asibiti na WWI (1885-1958) * Women in the military - Mata da ke shiga cikin ayyukan soja == Manazarta == {{Authority control}} == Tushen == *   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131014040044/http://www.wieninternational.at/en/aktuell/the-hero-who-was-a-heroine-en Jarumin da ya kasance jarumi] a wien.international.at [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1973]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] flkce3eei4va0e5ye9vr3bosstehts5 822340 822339 2026-04-18T17:36:28Z Nura Bello 24854 /* Ayyukan soja */ 822340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} == Ayyukan soja == [[Fayil:MilunkaSavic.jpg|left|thumb|164x164px|Lance Corporal Savić]] An haifi Savić a cikin shekarar 1889, a wani ƙauyen Koprivnica, kusa da Novi Pazar, a cikin Serbia. A cikin shekarun 1912, ɗan'uwanta wanda ke fama da cutar tarin fuka ya karɓi takaddun kira don yin kira ga yaƙin Balkan na farko . Ta zaɓi ta tafi wurinsa - aske gashinta da sa tufafin maza da shiga cikin sojojin Sabiya . Da sauri ta ga fama kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta farko kuma an kara mata girma zuwa kofur a yakin Bregalnica . Ta shiga cikin yakin, ta sami raunuka kuma a lokacin ne, lokacin da ta murmure daga raunin da ta samu a asibiti, an bayyana jinsinta na gaskiya, wanda ya ba likitocin da ke halartar taron mamaki. ''Mental Floss''{{unreliable source|date=July 2020}} described the repercussions: "An kira Savic a gaban kwamandan ta. Ba sa so su hukunta ta, saboda ta tabbatar da cewa soja ce mai daraja kuma mai ƙwarewa sosai. Aikin soja wanda ya haifar da nuna jima'i ya kasance ta goma. Amma kuma bai dace da budurwa ta kasance cikin yaƙi ba. An ba ta canja wurin zuwa ƙungiyar Nursing. Savic ta tsaya a hankali kuma ta nace cewa tana son yin yaƙi ne kawai ta a matsayin mayaƙanta. Jami'in ya ce zai yi tunani kuma ya ba ta amsar da shi washegari. Har yanzu, Savic zai amsa da hankali."An ce kawai ya sa ta tsaya sa'a guda kafin ya amince da tura ta zuwa rundunar sojan ƙasa. "[1] A shekara ta 1914, a farkon kwanakin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]], an ba Savić lambar yabo ta farko ta Karađorđe Star tare da Swords bayan Yaƙin Kolubara . Ta sami ta biyu Karađorđe Star (tare da Swords) bayan Yaƙin Crna Bend a shekarar 1916 lokacin da ta kama sojoji 23 na Bulgarian da hannu daya. === Darajar Soja === An ba ta lambar yabo ta Légion d'Honneur (Legion of Honour) ta Faransa sau biyu, da kuma Cross na [[Rasha]] na St. George, lambar yabo ta Burtaniya ta Mafi Girma na St Michael, da lambar yabo ta Miloš Obilić ta Serbia. Ita ce kadai mace da ta karbi Croix de Guerre na Faransa a shekarar 1914-1918 tare da halayen dabino na zinariya don hidima a yakin duniya na daya. == Rayuwa ta baya == [[Fayil:Statue_of_WW1_heroine_Milunka_Savić_in_Inđija3.jpg|right|thumb|Wani mutum-mutumi na Milunka Savić a Inđija]] An dakatar da ita a 1919, kuma ta ƙi tayin zuwa Faransa, inda ta cancanci karɓar fansho na sojojin Faransa. Maimakon haka, ta zaɓi zama a [[Belgrade]] kuma ta sami aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar gidan waya. A shekara ta 1923, ta auri Veljko Gligorijević, wanda ta sadu da shi a Mostar, kuma ta sake aure nan da nan bayan haihuwar 'yarsu Milena. Ta kuma karbi wasu 'ya'ya mata uku.<ref name="milunkasavic">{{Cite web |date=2016-04-21 |title=Milunka Savić at milunkasavic.rs |url=http://www.milunkasavic.rs/omilunki |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502224436/http://www.milunkasavic.rs/omilunki |archive-date=2016-05-02 |access-date=2016-04-21}}</ref> A lokacin yakin basasa, jama'a sun manta da Milunka. Ta yi aiki da yawa har zuwa 1927, bayan haka tana da aiki mai kyau a matsayin mai tsaftacewa a Bankin Gida na Jiha. Shekaru takwas bayan haka, an inganta ta zuwa tsaftace ofisoshin janar manajan. A cikin 1945, tare da zuwan gurguzu zuwa mulki, an ba ta fensho na jiha, kuma ta ci gaba da zama a gidanta a unguwar Voždovac na Belgrade. A ƙarshen 1950 'yarta ta kasance a asibiti, kuma tana zaune a cikin wani gida mai rugujewa a Voždovac tare da 'ya'yanta guda uku: Milka, yaron da aka manta daga tashar jirgin kasa a Stalac ; Radmila-Višnja; da Zorka, ‘yar mara uba daga Dalmatiya . Daga baya, sa’ad da ta halarci bikin jubili sanye da lambobin yabo na soja, wasu jami’an soji sun yi magana da ita kuma suka ji labarin jajircewarta. Labari ya bazu daga karshe ta samu karbuwa. A cikin 1972, matsin lamba na jama'a da labarin jarida da ke nuna mawuyacin halin da take ciki da yanayin kuɗi ya sa Majalisar Birnin Belgrade ta ba ta ƙaramin ɗaki. Ta mutu a Belgrade a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 1973, tana da shekaru 81, kuma an binne ta a Sabon Kabari na Belgrade. == Gado == An sake gina gidan haihuwar Milunka Savić a Koprivnica a cikin 2015. Nunin ethnological a cikin gidan yana ƙunshe da abubuwan da suka faru tun daga lokacin da ta zauna a can (rabin farko na karni na 20). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Birth house of Milunka Savić {{!}} Туристичка организација Рашка |url=https://raskaturizam.rs/en/activity/birth-house-of-milunka-savic-2/ |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=raskaturizam.rs}}</ref> An buɗe wani abin tunawa tare da nune-nunen dindindin da aka keɓe ga Milunka Savić a watan Oktoba 2020 a Jošanička Banja . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Otvara se spomen soba Milunke Savić |url=https://kaleidoskop-media.com/identitet-u-amanet/otvara-se-spomen-soba-milunke-savic |access-date=2020-10-09 |website=Kaleidoskop}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vojvodine |first=Javna medijska ustanova JMU Radio-televizija |title=Spomen soba Milunki Savić u Jošaničkoj banji |url=http://rtv.rs/sr_lat/drustvo/spomen-soba-milunki-savic-u-josanickoj-banji_1164139.html |access-date=2020-10-09 |website=JMU Radio-televizija Vojvodine}}</ref> An kaddamar da abin tunawa ga Savić a Belgrade a cikin 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-07 |title=Spomenik Milunki Savić u Beogradu {{!}} Beogradske vesti |url=https://beogradskevesti.info/spomenik-milunki-savic-u-beogradu/ |access-date=2024-09-09 |language=sr-RS}}</ref> A cikin 2022, ƙungiyar ƙarfe mai nauyi ta Sweden Sabaton ta rufe labarinta a cikin waƙoƙin su "Lady of the Dark". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lady Of The Dark |url=https://www.sabaton.net/discography/the-war-to-end-all-wars/lady-of-the-dark/ |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=Sabaton Official Website |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Flora Sandes - Soja na Yaƙin Duniya na farko da kuma ma'aikacin jinya (1876-1956) * Sofija Jovanović - Jarumar yaƙi ta Serbia (1895-1979) * Ecaterina Teodoroiu - Soja da ma'aikacin jinya na Yaƙin Duniya na * Maria Bochkareva - Soja mata ta Rasha da mai adawa da juyin juya hali * Antonija Javornik - Jarumar yaƙi ta Serbia, ma'aikaciyar jinya da kuma sajan * Leslie Joy Whitehead - Soja mace ta Kanada * Olive Kelso King - Mai ba da labari na Australiya kuma direban motar asibiti na WWI (1885-1958) * Women in the military - Mata da ke shiga cikin ayyukan soja == Manazarta == {{Authority control}} == Tushen == *   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131014040044/http://www.wieninternational.at/en/aktuell/the-hero-who-was-a-heroine-en Jarumin da ya kasance jarumi] a wien.international.at [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1973]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mmgfw89diqblk2ggpi8vyulzedluze5 0 96751 822501 637409 2026-04-19T09:50:02Z Birgediya 44139 822501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mabel Cordelia Holloway Walker (Mayu 2, 1902 - Yuli 8, 1987), Ba'amurke - Bahamas suffragist, ita ce shugabar kungiyar malamai ta Bahamas kuma mace ta farko da ta shugabanci kungiyar kwadago a Bahamas . [1] Walker tare da Mary Ingraham, Georgianna Symonette, da Eugenia Lockhart sun fara Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙaddamar da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙasa. [2] A shekara ta 2012, a ranar cika shekaru hamsin da mata suka sami 'yancin jefa ƙuri'a, gwamnatin Bahamian ta ƙirƙiri jerin tambura don girmama waɗannan matan. Walker ya bayyana akan tambarin cent 50. [2] == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Mabel Cordelia Holloway a Greenville, South Carolina, ranar 2 ga Mayun shekara ta 1902, ga Reverend Elias B. Holloway. [1] [2] Ita ce ta shida a cikin yara tara. [2] Lokacin yaro, Holloway ya halarci makarantar firamare a Greenville da makarantar sakandare a Oberlin High School a Oberlin, Ohio . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=ohs_obits_W |url=http://www.oberlin-high.org/obits/ohs_obits_w.html |access-date=2017-11-13 |website=www.oberlin-high.org }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta halarci Jami'ar Howard a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha. Lokacin a Howard, ta sadu da mijinta na gaba, Claudius Roland Walker, wanda ke karatun digiri na Kimiyya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hinsey |first=Shananda |title=LibGuides: Women Suffrage: Suffrage Women |url=https://cob-bs.libguides.com/c.php?g=558148&p=3935757 |access-date=2017-11-11 |website=cob-bs.libguides.com |language=en |archive-date=2017-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108204722/https://cob-bs.libguides.com/c.php?g=558148&p=3935757 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haifi Claudius Walker a unguwar Bain Town a [[Nassau]] a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1897, ga Claudius F. da Patience (Robinson) Walker. <ref>{{Cite web |last=BahamasLocal.com |title=CR Walker Senior High - Nassau - Nassau / Paradise Island, Bahamas |url=https://www.bahamaslocal.com/showlisting/16842/CR_Walker_Senior_High.html |access-date=2017-11-13 |website=www.bahamaslocal.com |language=en}}</ref> Yayin da take koleji, ta kasance mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kirista ta Matasa (YWCA), tana halartar taro da yawa na YWCA. <ref name=":2"/> Bayan kammala karatun digiri daga kwaleji da yin aure, Walker ya yi aiki a YWCA a [[New Jersey]], yayin da mijinta ya bi karatun likitancinsa a Kwalejin Meharry a Nashville, Tennessee . <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":2"/> Ta yi karatun sirri a Arts da Crafts da zane-zane. <ref name=":2" /> Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Bahamas bayan Claudius ya kammala karatun likitanci <ref name=":0" /> == Sana'a a ilimi == Bayan ya koma The Bahamas, Walker ya shiga cikin ilimi, da farko ta hanyar buɗe makarantar gaba da sakandare da kuma taimaka wa Claudius da azuzuwan ilimin manya a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Bahamas. <ref name=":2"/> Daga baya, Walker ya zama malami mai tsarin makaranta na gida kuma ya koyar a Makarantar Shirye-shiryen Kudu, Manyan Manyan Yammacin Turai da Makarantun Yara. An kara mata girma zuwa shugabar makarantar Woodcock Primary School. <ref name=":2"/> Ta yi ritaya daga koyarwa a 1962. <ref name=":2" /> == Kungiyar Malamai ta Bahamas == An kafa ƙungiyar malamai ta Bahamas a cikin 1947 ta Mabel Walker. Walker ita ce shugabar da ta kafa, inda ta zama mata ta farko da ta zama shugabar kungiyar kwadago a Bahamas. == Harkar Zabar Mata == A cikin 1950, Walker tare da [[Mary Ingraham]], Georgianna Symonette, da Eugenia Lockhart sun fara Ƙungiyar Suffrage na Mata (WSM) wanda ya yi yakin neman zaben balagagge na duniya. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2012 |title=Women's Suffrage Movement Commemorative stamp |url=http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/bis-news-updates/Women_s_Suffrage_Movement_Commemorative_stamp24487.shtml |access-date=2017-11-13 |website=www.thebahamasweekly.com}}</ref> Tare da haɗin gwiwar Walker a cikin Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Bahamas, da sauran haɗin gwiwar mata a cikin kulake na mata, sun sami damar rinjayar wasu su shiga su. <ref name=":0" /> == Daga baya rai da mutuwa == Walker ita ce mahaifiyar 'ya'ya bakwai. <ref name=":2"/> Bayan ta yi ritaya daga koyarwa, ta gudanar da kantin magani na Walker's Pharmacy, Clothes and Hardware Store. <ref name=":2" /> Makarantar Firamare ta Mabel Walker, [1] Mabel Walker In-House Professional Development Center [2] da Bahamas Union of Teachers' Walker Hall [1] an ba su suna don girmama Walker. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Sarauniya da Certificate of Honour. [1] Walker ya mutu a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 1987, yana da shekaru 85. [3] A cikin 2023, Walker bayan mutuwarsa ya karɓi odar Rarrabewa - girmamawar abokin tarayya daga gwamnatin Bahamiyya. [4] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1987]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1902]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i9prrnbrdvrmaf6sj578glsa30y9lcc 822502 822501 2026-04-19T09:50:18Z Birgediya 44139 822502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mabel Cordelia Holloway Walker (Mayu 2, 1902 - Yuli 8, 1987), Ba'amurke - Bahamas suffragist, ita ce shugabar kungiyar malamai ta Bahamas kuma mace ta farko da ta shugabanci kungiyar kwadago a Bahamas . [1] Walker tare da Mary Ingraham, Georgianna Symonette, da Eugenia Lockhart sun fara Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙaddamar da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙasa. [2] A shekara ta 2012, a ranar cika shekaru hamsin da mata suka sami 'yancin jefa ƙuri'a, gwamnatin Bahamian ta ƙirƙiri jerin tambura don girmama waɗannan matan. Walker ya bayyana akan tambarin cent 50. [2] == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Mabel Cordelia Holloway a Greenville, South Carolina, ranar 2 ga Mayun shekara ta 1902, ga Reverend Elias B. Holloway. [1] [2] Ita ce ta shida a cikin yara tara. [2] Lokacin yaro, Holloway ya halarci makarantar firamare a Greenville da makarantar sakandare a Oberlin High School a Oberlin, Ohio . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=ohs_obits_W |url=http://www.oberlin-high.org/obits/ohs_obits_w.html |access-date=2017-11-13 |website=www.oberlin-high.org }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta halarci Jami'ar Howard a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha. Lokacin a Howard, ta sadu da mijinta na gaba, Claudius Roland Walker, wanda ke karatun digiri na Kimiyya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hinsey |first=Shananda |title=LibGuides: Women Suffrage: Suffrage Women |url=https://cob-bs.libguides.com/c.php?g=558148&p=3935757 |access-date=2017-11-11 |website=cob-bs.libguides.com |language=en |archive-date=2017-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108204722/https://cob-bs.libguides.com/c.php?g=558148&p=3935757 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haifi Claudius Walker a unguwar Bain Town a [[Nassau]] a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1897, ga Claudius F. da Patience (Robinson) Walker. <ref>{{Cite web |last=BahamasLocal.com |title=CR Walker Senior High - Nassau - Nassau / Paradise Island, Bahamas |url=https://www.bahamaslocal.com/showlisting/16842/CR_Walker_Senior_High.html |access-date=2017-11-13 |website=www.bahamaslocal.com |language=en}}</ref> Yayin da take koleji, ta kasance mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kirista ta Matasa (YWCA), tana halartar taro da yawa na YWCA. <ref name=":2"/> Bayan kammala karatun digiri daga kwaleji da yin aure, Walker ya yi aiki a YWCA a [[New Jersey]], yayin da mijinta ya bi karatun likitancinsa a Kwalejin Meharry a Nashville, Tennessee . <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":2"/> Ta yi karatun sirri a Arts da Crafts da zane-zane. <ref name=":2" /> Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Bahamas bayan Claudius ya kammala karatun likitanci <ref name=":0" /> == Sana'a a ilimi == Bayan ya koma The Bahamas, Walker ya shiga cikin ilimi, da farko ta hanyar buɗe makarantar gaba da sakandare da kuma taimaka wa Claudius da azuzuwan ilimin manya a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Bahamas. <ref name=":2"/> Daga baya, Walker ya zama malami mai tsarin makaranta na gida kuma ya koyar a Makarantar Shirye-shiryen Kudu, Manyan Manyan Yammacin Turai da Makarantun Yara. An kuma kara mata girma zuwa shugabar makarantar Woodcock Primary School. <ref name=":2"/> Ta yi ritaya daga koyarwa a 1962. <ref name=":2" /> == Kungiyar Malamai ta Bahamas == An kafa ƙungiyar malamai ta Bahamas a cikin 1947 ta Mabel Walker. Walker ita ce shugabar da ta kafa, inda ta zama mata ta farko da ta zama shugabar kungiyar kwadago a Bahamas. == Harkar Zabar Mata == A cikin 1950, Walker tare da [[Mary Ingraham]], Georgianna Symonette, da Eugenia Lockhart sun fara Ƙungiyar Suffrage na Mata (WSM) wanda ya yi yakin neman zaben balagagge na duniya. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2012 |title=Women's Suffrage Movement Commemorative stamp |url=http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/bis-news-updates/Women_s_Suffrage_Movement_Commemorative_stamp24487.shtml |access-date=2017-11-13 |website=www.thebahamasweekly.com}}</ref> Tare da haɗin gwiwar Walker a cikin Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Bahamas, da sauran haɗin gwiwar mata a cikin kulake na mata, sun sami damar rinjayar wasu su shiga su. <ref name=":0" /> == Daga baya rai da mutuwa == Walker ita ce mahaifiyar 'ya'ya bakwai. <ref name=":2"/> Bayan ta yi ritaya daga koyarwa, ta gudanar da kantin magani na Walker's Pharmacy, Clothes and Hardware Store. <ref name=":2" /> Makarantar Firamare ta Mabel Walker, [1] Mabel Walker In-House Professional Development Center [2] da Bahamas Union of Teachers' Walker Hall [1] an ba su suna don girmama Walker. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Sarauniya da Certificate of Honour. [1] Walker ya mutu a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 1987, yana da shekaru 85. [3] A cikin 2023, Walker bayan mutuwarsa ya karɓi odar Rarrabewa - girmamawar abokin tarayya daga gwamnatin Bahamiyya. [4] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1987]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1902]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mf2xpgvv79syozgust4evkeup3rcswe 0 97875 822243 703124 2026-04-18T16:19:25Z Mangal Rabiu 44091 822243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Suffrage_Campaigning-_Actresses_Franchise_League1906-1914_(22475240843).jpg|thumb| 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo na Franchise League Badge]] [[Fayil:Actresses_Franchise_League_at_Women's_Coronation_Procession,_suffrage,_17_Jun_1911.jpg|thumb| 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo na Faransanci a Tsarin Mulkin Mata a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1911]] '''Ƙungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Franchise League''' ƙungiya [[Zaɓen Mata|ce ta mata]], galibi tana aiki a Ingila. == Kafawa == A cikin shekara ta 1908 Gertrude Elliott, Adeline Bourne, Winifred Mayo da Sime Seruya ne suka kafa kungiyar Franchise League ta Actress a wani taro a gidan cin abinci na Criterion a [[Landan]]. [1] [2] Yayin da aka bayyana “’yan fim” a cikin sunan kungiyar, duk macen da ta kasance ko ta kasance a harkar wasan kwaikwayo ana maraba da shiga. 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo na Birtaniya da suka shiga sun hada da Sybil Thorndike, Italia Conti, Inez Bensusan, Madge Kendal, Gertrude Elliott, Ellen Terry, Lillah McCarthy, Decima Moore, Cicely Hamilton, Beatrice Forbes-Robertson Hale, Christabel Marshall, Lena Ashwell, Ellison Scotland Jones, Ellen Kate Limouzin da Lillie Langtry . Kungiyar tana da manyan manufofi guda uku: 1. Don gamsar da membobin ƙwararrun wasan kwaikwayo game da wajibcin faɗaɗa ikon yin amfani da sunan kamfani ga mata. 2. Yin aiki don Kuri'a don Mata daidai da sharuɗɗan da aka ba su, ko kuma ana iya ba wa maza ta hanyoyin ilimi. 3. Don taimakawa duk sauran wasannin a duk lokacin da zai yiwu. Kungiyar da kanta ta kasance tsaka-tsaki mai tsauri dangane da dabarun zabe ma'ana kungiyar ba ta amince a bainar jama'a ba ko kuma ta yi Allah wadai da ta'addanci. Duk da haka, akwai wasu mambobi waɗanda su ma suna cikin ƙungiyoyin tsageru irin su Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Mata da Ƙungiyar Mata ta zamantakewa da Siyasa, kuma an kama su kuma an daure su a kurkuku saboda ayyukan tsageru. A shekara ta 1913, membobin AFL sun kai mambobi 900, kuma akwai ƙungiyar maza da ke da alaƙa da kuma fiye da 100 abokan ciniki. AFL ta ɗauki ruwan hoda da kore azaman launukanta. An gudanar da taron farko na AFL a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 1908. kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo – manajan Johnston Forbes-Robertson ya jagoranta. Shugaban farko na gasar shine Dame Madge Kendal. == Ayyuka == AFL na da takamaiman hanyoyin cimma burinsu. An bayyana waɗannan a cikin rahotonta na farko na shekara kamar: ii) Sayar da Adabi, iv) Karatu. An sayar da wallafe-wallafen, gami da wasan kwaikwayo da zane-zane na marubuta masu goyon bayan takara, a duk abubuwan da suka faru na AFL. AFL sau da yawa yana haɗin gwiwa tare da sauran ƙungiyoyi masu zaɓe, musamman Ƙungiyar Suffrage na Mata . Marubuta da masu wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wannan rukuni, kamar Cicely Hamilton, sun ba da yawancin wasan kwaikwayo da skits da AFL ta yi. Ƙungiyoyin biyu sun yi tarayya da yawa daga cikin mambobi iri ɗaya. AFL ta yi a WSPU 's [[Women’s Suffrage Exhibition|Suffrage Exhibition]] a 1909 sannan kuma a WSPU 's [[Kirsimeti]] Fair and Festival a 1911. AFL ta kafa ofisoshi a 2 Robert Street, Adelphi, kusa da Charing Cross Station, kuma tana da rassa a duk faɗin Biritaniya a Edinburgh, [[Glasgow]], Liverpool, da Eastbourne. Wakilin AFL ya kasance a duk manyan abubuwan da suka faru a cikin yakin neman zaben Birtaniya tsakanin 1909 da 1928. <ref name=":0" /> Tsakanin 1909 zuwa 1914, an gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo aƙalla 120 a faɗin ƙasar. <ref name=":0" /> AFL ta kasance tana aiki sama da shekaru 50, da kyau bayan an ba da izinin ba da izini ga mata a cikin 1918 da daidaitaccen zaɓe a 1928. A farkon yakin duniya na biyu, AFL ya fara aikin yaki, yana gudanar da abubuwan da suka faru don tallafawa ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo da kuma kafa Hukumar Daidaita Mata, don taimakawa wajen samun aikin yi ga mata a lokacin yakin. Wakilan AFL da WAB sun zauna a kan kwamitin ba da shawara na Kwamitin Yakin Neman Biya Daidaita a cikin 1940s da 1950s da sauran membobin sun yi aiki don tara kuɗi don gidajen zama na duka mata da maza. Taron na ƙarshe da AFL ya yi shi ne ƙwallon ƙafa a otal ɗin Savoy a watan Disamba 1958 don tunawa da cika shekaru hamsin. [1] == Kasancewa da tallafi == A shekara ta 1914 memba na AFL ya ƙidaya sama da 900 kuma an kafa ƙungiyar maza masu alaƙa. AFL ta dauki ma'aikata sama da 100 daga wajen ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo, gami da Christabel Pankhurst . === Fitattun Membobi === * Lena Ashwell * Edy Craig <ref name=":1" /> * Cicely Hamilton <ref name=":1" /> * Lillie Langtry <ref name=":1" /> * [[Kitty Marion]] <ref name=":1" /> * Elizabeth Robins <ref name=":1" /> * Atine Seyler <ref name=":1" /> * Sybil Thorndike <ref name=":1" /> == Gado == Kungiyar ta ci gaba da kasancewa har zuwa akalla 1934. Ana gudanar da Takardun Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru a cikin ɗakin karatu na mata a London a LSE . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Actresses' Franchise League collection, finding aid, Women's Library. |url=http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cats/65/10487.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218053020/http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cats/65/10487.htm |archive-date=18 February 2015 |access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref> Gidan kayan tarihi na London yana da babban banner na AFL a cikin tarinsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Museum of London, Suffrage banner of the Actresses' Franchise League: c. 1911. |url=http://www.museumoflondonprints.com/image/204596/unknown-suffrage-banner-of-the-actresses-franchise-league-c-1911 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225215530/https://www.museumoflondonprints.com/image/204596/unknown-suffrage-banner-of-the-actresses-franchise-league-c-1911 |archive-date=25 December 2019 |access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref> Yawancin wasan kwaikwayo da aka ƙirƙira don AFL an sake buga su tun cikin 1980s, kwanan nan ta Dr [[Naomi Paxton]] a cikin tarihin tarihi guda biyu tare da Methuen Drama a cikin 2013 da 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bloomsbury.com |title=The Methuen Drama Book of Suffrage Plays: Taking the Stage |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/the-methuen-drama-book-of-suffrage-plays-taking-the-stage-9781350082984/ |access-date=2020-01-13 |website=Bloomsbury Publishing |language=en}}</ref> Tsakanin 1974 da 1981 masanin tarihi, Brian Harrison ya gudanar da jerin tambayoyin tarihin baka tare da masu fafutukar neman zaɓe, danginsu da ma'aikatansu, waɗanda aka fi sani da ''Tambayoyin Suffrage'', ko ''Shaidar Baki akan ƙungiyoyi masu fafutuka da suffragist: tambayoyin Brian Harrison.'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=London School of Economics and Political Science |first= |title=The Suffrage Interviews |url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/library/collection-highlights/the-suffrage-interviews |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=London School of Economics and Political Science |language=en-GB}}</ref> Tambayoyi 2 tare da Letitia Fairfield, da 1 tare da Sybil Thorndike sun ambaci ƙungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Franchise. Daga Oktoba 2018 zuwa Janairu 2019 an yi nuni a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa da ke Landan game da kungiyar ' yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Franchise League da Kungiyar Suffrage na Mata . An kira shi "Ci gaba mai ban mamaki: kuri'un mata da matakin Edwardian". <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2018 |title=Dramatic Progress {{!}} National Theatre |url=https://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/your-visit/exhibitions/dramatic-progress |access-date=2020-01-13 |website=www.nationaltheatre.org.uk}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya * Zaɓen mata a Ƙasar Ingila * Wasan wasan kwaikwayo == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Kara karantawa == * Paxton, Naomi. Haƙƙin mataki! Ƙungiyar 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Franchise League, gwagwarmaya da siyasa 1908-1958. Jami'ar Manchester Press, 2018 * Paxton, Naomi. Littafin Wasan Wasan kwaikwayo na Methuen na Wasan Wasa: Daukar Mataki. Bloomsbury Methuen Drama, 2018 * Paxton, Naomi. Littafin Wasan kwaikwayo na Methuen na Wasan Wasa. Bloomsbury Methuen Drama, 2013 * Croft, Susan. Kuri'ar mata da sauran wasannin kwaikwayo. Aurora Metro Press, 2008 * * Gardner, Viv. Zane-zane daga ƙungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Franchise League. Nottingham: Rubutun Wasan kwaikwayo na Nottingham 20th Century, 1985. [[Rukuni:Yan wasan burtaniya]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nzygdp8x0cksi3fiqpjig935xwphwva 0 98008 822309 619510 2026-04-18T16:38:30Z Mangal Rabiu 44091 822309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Anita Chukwumfumnaya Obidi''' // i, (an haife ta a 23 Yuni 1991), wacce aka fi sani da '''Korra Obidi''', mawaƙiya ce, mai rawa kuma samfurin Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojoye |first=Taiwo |date=11 January 2018 |title=I'm Far More Than A Belly Dancer – and a cheater who cheated on his ex husband while being married she even wrote about it in her book tittle Korra is live Korra |url=https://punchng.com/im-far-more-than-a-belly-dancer-korra/ |website=[[The Punch]] |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Obidi ta fito ne daga Igbuzo (Ibusa) a [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]], Kudancin Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Everything You Need To Know About Dancer, Korra Obidi As She Adds Another Year |url=https://fabwoman.ng/korra-obidi-biography-profile-facts-fabwoman/amp/ |website=Fab Woman Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2022 |title=Korra Obidi's biography: Age, husband, children, net worth |url=https://www.legit.ng/ask-legit/biographies/1500812-korra-obidis-biography-age-husband-children-net-worth/}}</ref> An haife ta ne a cikin iyalin 'yan mata uku da yaro. Mahaifiyarta ta mutu.<ref name="buzz">{{Cite web |last=Ugwu |first=Stephanie |date=27 July 2022 |title=Korra Obidi Biography, How Old She Is And What Is Her Net Worth |url=https://buzznigeria.com/korra-obidi-biography-how-old-is-she-and-what-is-her-net-worth/ |website=Buzz Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> An haife ta ne a cikin iyalin Kirista na [[Inyamurai|Ibo]] mai zurfin addini da mai ra'ayin mazan jiya wanda ya halarci [[Cocin Deeper Christian Life Ministry|Ma'aikatar Rayuwar Kirista Mai zurfi]], wanda ya sa ta ɓoye sha'awarta ta rawa daga iyayenta yayin da take girma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojoye |first=Taiwo |date=29 July 2018 |title=I Used To Dance In Secret Because Of My Parents – Korra Obidi |url=https://punchng.com/i-used-to-dance-in-secret-because-of-my-parents-korra-obidi/ |website=[[The Punch]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-31 |title="I grew up in a Deeper Life Bible Church." —Korra Obidi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4yCbTSxUhiU |website=Youtube}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Yin rawa === Ta kasance mai karɓar gabatarwa ta AFRIMMA don ''Mafi kyawun Mai rawa'' a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=Jul 22, 2017 |title=AFRIMMA Unveils 2017 Nominees |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/afrimma-unveils-2017-nominees/ |website=[[The Nation (Nigeria)]] |language=en}}</ref> Ta yi wasa a gasar kwallon kwando ta Afirka ta 2017/2018. Ta kasance mai takara a cikin fitowar 2019 na wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka So You Think You Can Dance yayin da take da ciki sosai.<ref name="main">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Korra Obidi |url=https://naijalebrity.com/celebrities/korra-obidi |website=Naija Celebrity |language=en |access-date=2025-03-29 |archive-date=2022-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102084836/https://naijalebrity.com/celebrities/korra-obidi |url-status=dead }}</ref>Ta fara aikinta na rawa a shekara ta 2007, tana fitowa a cikin waƙar da yarinyar yarinya mai suna [[Sasha P]]. === Fim din === Obidi ta kasance tauraruwa ce a fina-finai na [[Nollywood]] na Najeriya a ƙarshen 2000s. Bayan hutu, ta dawo a shekara ta 2022 a matsayin daya daga cikin simintin fim din [[Nollywood]], What If . Fim din ya kuma fito da [[Yul Edochie|Alexx Ekubo]], [[Bolanle Ninalowo]], Mercy Ima Macjoe da [[Patience Ozokwor]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Olukomaiya |first=Olufunmilola |date=12 September 2022 |title=Korra Obidi Excited By Return To Nollywood After 15 Years |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2022/09/12/korra-obidi-excited-by-return-to-nollywood-after-15-years/?amp=1 |website=[[P.M. News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nosa |first=Oke-Hortons |date=14 September 2022 |title="Stepping Out Of My Comfort Zone": Korra Obidi Seen On Set With Alexx Ekubo, Patience Ozokwo And Nino B |url=https://www.legit.ng/entertainment/celebrities/1491649-stepping-comfort-zone-korra-obidi-set-alexx-ekubo-patience-ozokwo-nino-b/ |website=[[Legit.ng]] |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma fito a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin Wani Rana na yau da kullun; The Flatmates; Lumba Boys tare da [[Francis Duru]]; da fim din Saro, na kiɗa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebuka |first=Christopher |date=1 January 2018 |title=The Art Of Being "Korra" |url=https://guardian.ng/life/the-art-of-being-korra/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)]] |language=en}}</ref> === Misali === Ta yi tafiya a kan titin a Port Harcourt International Fashion Week da kuma GTBank Fashion Week . Ta kuma yi takara a gasar Miss Global Najeriya inda aka lashe ta Miss Congeniality . Ta kasance vixen a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na ƙungiyar Amurka Black Eyed Peas, mai taken Wings da kuma mawaƙa na Najeriya Tekno da Orezi's Whine For Daddy.<ref name="buzz" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=6 March 2018|title=Korra Obidi Stars In Orezi & Tekno's New Music Video "Whine For Daddy"|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/03/orezi-tekno-video-whine-daddy/|website=[[Bella Naija]]|language=en}}</ref> === Waƙoƙi === Obidi ta fitar da wakar ta farko a shekarar 2015 mai taken Man Like You . [[Paul Gambit]] ne ya shirya bidiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Al Yhusuff |date=10 March 2016 |title=VIDEO: Korra Obidi – "Man Like You" |url=https://tooxclusive.com/download-mp3/96753/ |website=[[TooXclusive]] |language=en |access-date=29 March 2025 |archive-date=2 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102220850/https://tooxclusive.com/download-mp3/96753/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kuma saki waƙar da ake kira ''Kilibe'' tare da [[Mz Kiss]], sannan ta saki Vibration tare da [[Victoria Kimani]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Korra Obidi - Kilibe ft. MzKiss MP3 Download & Lyrics &#124; Boomplay |url=https://www.boomplay.com/songs/1428037}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Korra Obidi - Vibration (Feat. Victoria Kimani) MP3 Download & Lyrics &#124; Boomplay |url=https://www.boomplay.com/songs/66166394}}</ref> Ta fito da kundin kiɗa guda biyu wato Woman Power Series (2016) da Sounds From The Throne Room (2019). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Party |first=Craft |date=2 November 2022 |title=Korra Obidi - Woman Power Series Album, Download Album |url=https://trendybeatz.com/artist-albums/1647/korra-obidi-woman-power-series-album |website=Trendy Beatz |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2 November 2021 |title=Korra Obidi – Sounds From The Throne Room (EP) |url=https://music.waploaded.com/album/483772/korra-obidi-sounds-from-th |website=Wap Loaded |language=en |access-date=29 March 2025 |archive-date=2 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102224600/https://music.waploaded.com/album/483772/korra-obidi-sounds-from-th |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Obidi ta auri Dr. Justin Dean a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2017 kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu tare.<ref name=":0" /> Ma'auratan a halin yanzu sun sake aure <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=11 March 2022 |title=Korra Obidi and Justin Dean marriage - Wetin dey happun? |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-60706138 |website=BBC News (Pidgin)}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Edeme |first=Victoria |date=14 May 2022 |title=Korra Obidi, Estranged Husband Disagree Over Domestic Violence, Cheating Claims |url=https://punchng.com/korra-obidi-estranged-husband-disagree-over-domestic-violence-cheating-claims/?amp |website=[[The Punch]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stephen |first=Onu |date=March 11, 2022 |title=Dancer Korra Obidi's Husband Announces Divorce Plans |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/naija-fashion/516745-dancer-korra-obidis-husband-announces-divorce-plans.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oshunloye |first=Taiwo |date=August 2, 2022 |title=Korra Obidi: I Gave Him Different Styles In Bed, Yet He Left Me |url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/korra-obidi-i-gave-him-different-styles-in-bed-yet-he-left-me/ |website=[[TheCable]] |language=en}}</ref> Ta ambaci lafiyar hankali a matsayin daya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa ta bar aurenta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stephen |first=Onu |date=March 15, 2022 |title=I'm walking Away From This Marriage For My Mental Health – Korra Obidi's Husband |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/naija-fashion/517499-im-walking-away-from-this-marriage-for-my-mental-health-korra-obidis-husband.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Tsohon mijinta ya bukaci goyon bayan aure bayan rabuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bassey |first=Ekaete |date=November 4, 2022 |title=Social Media Users To Korra Obidi: Pay Your Ex-hubby Spousal Support |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/social-media-users-to-korra-obidi-pay-your-ex-hubby-spousal-support/amp/ |website=[[The Nation (Nigeria)]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Owolawi |first=Taiwo |date=5 November 2022 |title="Pro Max Gold Digging": Korra Obidi Reveals Ex-husband Justin Wants Her To Pay Him Spousal Support, Fans React |url=https://www.legit.ng/entertainment/celebrities/1501519-pro-max-gold-digging-korra-obidi-reveals-husband-justin-pay-spousal-support-fans-react/ |website=[[Legit.ng]] |language=en}}</ref> Tana zaune ne a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Enenaite |first=Blessing |date=20 March 2022 |title=Dancing On Social Media After Marriage Crash, My Coping Strategy — Korra Obidi |url=https://punchng.com/dancing-on-social-media-after-marriage-crash-my-coping-strategy-korra-obidi/?amp |website=[[The Punch]] |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Delta]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 8ynyux5c8b2lqxxw8vcgs3qglo1tlis 822310 822309 2026-04-18T16:38:32Z KiranBOT 35988 cire bin AMP daga URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|cikakkun bayanai]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|rahoton kuskure]]) v2.2.9s 822310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Anita Chukwumfumnaya Obidi''' // i, (an haife ta a 23 Yuni 1991), wacce aka fi sani da '''Korra Obidi''', mawaƙiya ce, mai rawa kuma samfurin Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojoye |first=Taiwo |date=11 January 2018 |title=I'm Far More Than A Belly Dancer – and a cheater who cheated on his ex husband while being married she even wrote about it in her book tittle Korra is live Korra |url=https://punchng.com/im-far-more-than-a-belly-dancer-korra/ |website=[[The Punch]] |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Obidi ta fito ne daga Igbuzo (Ibusa) a [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]], Kudancin Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Everything You Need To Know About Dancer, Korra Obidi As She Adds Another Year |url=https://fabwoman.ng/korra-obidi-biography/ |website=Fab Woman Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2022 |title=Korra Obidi's biography: Age, husband, children, net worth |url=https://www.legit.ng/ask-legit/biographies/1500812-korra-obidis-biography-age-husband-children-net-worth/}}</ref> An haife ta ne a cikin iyalin 'yan mata uku da yaro. Mahaifiyarta ta mutu.<ref name="buzz">{{Cite web |last=Ugwu |first=Stephanie |date=27 July 2022 |title=Korra Obidi Biography, How Old She Is And What Is Her Net Worth |url=https://buzznigeria.com/korra-obidi-biography-how-old-is-she-and-what-is-her-net-worth/ |website=Buzz Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> An haife ta ne a cikin iyalin Kirista na [[Inyamurai|Ibo]] mai zurfin addini da mai ra'ayin mazan jiya wanda ya halarci [[Cocin Deeper Christian Life Ministry|Ma'aikatar Rayuwar Kirista Mai zurfi]], wanda ya sa ta ɓoye sha'awarta ta rawa daga iyayenta yayin da take girma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojoye |first=Taiwo |date=29 July 2018 |title=I Used To Dance In Secret Because Of My Parents – Korra Obidi |url=https://punchng.com/i-used-to-dance-in-secret-because-of-my-parents-korra-obidi/ |website=[[The Punch]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-31 |title="I grew up in a Deeper Life Bible Church." —Korra Obidi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4yCbTSxUhiU |website=Youtube}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Yin rawa === Ta kasance mai karɓar gabatarwa ta AFRIMMA don ''Mafi kyawun Mai rawa'' a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=Jul 22, 2017 |title=AFRIMMA Unveils 2017 Nominees |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/afrimma-unveils-2017-nominees/ |website=[[The Nation (Nigeria)]] |language=en}}</ref> Ta yi wasa a gasar kwallon kwando ta Afirka ta 2017/2018. Ta kasance mai takara a cikin fitowar 2019 na wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka So You Think You Can Dance yayin da take da ciki sosai.<ref name="main">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Korra Obidi |url=https://naijalebrity.com/celebrities/korra-obidi |website=Naija Celebrity |language=en |access-date=2025-03-29 |archive-date=2022-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102084836/https://naijalebrity.com/celebrities/korra-obidi |url-status=dead }}</ref>Ta fara aikinta na rawa a shekara ta 2007, tana fitowa a cikin waƙar da yarinyar yarinya mai suna [[Sasha P]]. === Fim din === Obidi ta kasance tauraruwa ce a fina-finai na [[Nollywood]] na Najeriya a ƙarshen 2000s. Bayan hutu, ta dawo a shekara ta 2022 a matsayin daya daga cikin simintin fim din [[Nollywood]], What If . Fim din ya kuma fito da [[Yul Edochie|Alexx Ekubo]], [[Bolanle Ninalowo]], Mercy Ima Macjoe da [[Patience Ozokwor]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Olukomaiya |first=Olufunmilola |date=12 September 2022 |title=Korra Obidi Excited By Return To Nollywood After 15 Years |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2022/09/12/korra-obidi-excited-by-return-to-nollywood-after-15-years/?amp=1 |website=[[P.M. News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nosa |first=Oke-Hortons |date=14 September 2022 |title="Stepping Out Of My Comfort Zone": Korra Obidi Seen On Set With Alexx Ekubo, Patience Ozokwo And Nino B |url=https://www.legit.ng/entertainment/celebrities/1491649-stepping-comfort-zone-korra-obidi-set-alexx-ekubo-patience-ozokwo-nino-b/ |website=[[Legit.ng]] |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma fito a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin Wani Rana na yau da kullun; The Flatmates; Lumba Boys tare da [[Francis Duru]]; da fim din Saro, na kiɗa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebuka |first=Christopher |date=1 January 2018 |title=The Art Of Being "Korra" |url=https://guardian.ng/life/the-art-of-being-korra/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)]] |language=en}}</ref> === Misali === Ta yi tafiya a kan titin a Port Harcourt International Fashion Week da kuma GTBank Fashion Week . Ta kuma yi takara a gasar Miss Global Najeriya inda aka lashe ta Miss Congeniality . Ta kasance vixen a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na ƙungiyar Amurka Black Eyed Peas, mai taken Wings da kuma mawaƙa na Najeriya Tekno da Orezi's Whine For Daddy.<ref name="buzz" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=6 March 2018|title=Korra Obidi Stars In Orezi & Tekno's New Music Video "Whine For Daddy"|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/03/orezi-tekno-video-whine-daddy/|website=[[Bella Naija]]|language=en}}</ref> === Waƙoƙi === Obidi ta fitar da wakar ta farko a shekarar 2015 mai taken Man Like You . [[Paul Gambit]] ne ya shirya bidiyon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Al Yhusuff |date=10 March 2016 |title=VIDEO: Korra Obidi – "Man Like You" |url=https://tooxclusive.com/download-mp3/96753/ |website=[[TooXclusive]] |language=en |access-date=29 March 2025 |archive-date=2 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102220850/https://tooxclusive.com/download-mp3/96753/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kuma saki waƙar da ake kira ''Kilibe'' tare da [[Mz Kiss]], sannan ta saki Vibration tare da [[Victoria Kimani]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Korra Obidi - Kilibe ft. MzKiss MP3 Download & Lyrics &#124; Boomplay |url=https://www.boomplay.com/songs/1428037}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Korra Obidi - Vibration (Feat. Victoria Kimani) MP3 Download & Lyrics &#124; Boomplay |url=https://www.boomplay.com/songs/66166394}}</ref> Ta fito da kundin kiɗa guda biyu wato Woman Power Series (2016) da Sounds From The Throne Room (2019). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Party |first=Craft |date=2 November 2022 |title=Korra Obidi - Woman Power Series Album, Download Album |url=https://trendybeatz.com/artist-albums/1647/korra-obidi-woman-power-series-album |website=Trendy Beatz |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2 November 2021 |title=Korra Obidi – Sounds From The Throne Room (EP) |url=https://music.waploaded.com/album/483772/korra-obidi-sounds-from-th |website=Wap Loaded |language=en |access-date=29 March 2025 |archive-date=2 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102224600/https://music.waploaded.com/album/483772/korra-obidi-sounds-from-th |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Obidi ta auri Dr. Justin Dean a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2017 kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu tare.<ref name=":0" /> Ma'auratan a halin yanzu sun sake aure <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=11 March 2022 |title=Korra Obidi and Justin Dean marriage - Wetin dey happun? |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-60706138 |website=BBC News (Pidgin)}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Edeme |first=Victoria |date=14 May 2022 |title=Korra Obidi, Estranged Husband Disagree Over Domestic Violence, Cheating Claims |url=https://punchng.com/korra-obidi-estranged-husband-disagree-over-domestic-violence-cheating-claims/?amp |website=[[The Punch]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stephen |first=Onu |date=March 11, 2022 |title=Dancer Korra Obidi's Husband Announces Divorce Plans |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/naija-fashion/516745-dancer-korra-obidis-husband-announces-divorce-plans.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oshunloye |first=Taiwo |date=August 2, 2022 |title=Korra Obidi: I Gave Him Different Styles In Bed, Yet He Left Me |url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/korra-obidi-i-gave-him-different-styles-in-bed-yet-he-left-me/ |website=[[TheCable]] |language=en}}</ref> Ta ambaci lafiyar hankali a matsayin daya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa ta bar aurenta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stephen |first=Onu |date=March 15, 2022 |title=I'm walking Away From This Marriage For My Mental Health – Korra Obidi's Husband |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/naija-fashion/517499-im-walking-away-from-this-marriage-for-my-mental-health-korra-obidis-husband.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Tsohon mijinta ya bukaci goyon bayan aure bayan rabuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bassey |first=Ekaete |date=November 4, 2022 |title=Social Media Users To Korra Obidi: Pay Your Ex-hubby Spousal Support |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/social-media-users-to-korra-obidi-pay-your-ex-hubby-spousal-support/amp/ |website=[[The Nation (Nigeria)]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Owolawi |first=Taiwo |date=5 November 2022 |title="Pro Max Gold Digging": Korra Obidi Reveals Ex-husband Justin Wants Her To Pay Him Spousal Support, Fans React |url=https://www.legit.ng/entertainment/celebrities/1501519-pro-max-gold-digging-korra-obidi-reveals-husband-justin-pay-spousal-support-fans-react/ |website=[[Legit.ng]] |language=en}}</ref> Tana zaune ne a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Enenaite |first=Blessing |date=20 March 2022 |title=Dancing On Social Media After Marriage Crash, My Coping Strategy — Korra Obidi |url=https://punchng.com/dancing-on-social-media-after-marriage-crash-my-coping-strategy-korra-obidi/?amp |website=[[The Punch]] |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Delta]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] op32kdfqvpujt43dkohmk511j7q5zdh 0 99850 822266 615906 2026-04-18T16:25:51Z BnHamid 12586 822266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abuukar Abdi Osman''' ɗan siyasan Somaliya ne.  Shi ne ministan kiwo, gandun daji da a Somaliya, wanda Firayim Minista Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke ya nada shi a ranar 12 ga Janairu, 2015. h == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] tc9y8vqq7c9hl8gdw05pndrokknok19 0 100367 822308 789037 2026-04-18T16:37:52Z Mangal Rabiu 44091 822308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Caitlin Cherry''' (an haife ta a [[1987|shekara ta 1987]] ) <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Caitlin Cherry: Monster Energy |url=https://fac.umass.edu/UMCA/Online/default.asp?BOparam::WScontent::loadArticle::permalink=CaitlinCherry&BOparam::WScontent::loadArticle::context_id= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615191920/https://fac.umass.edu/UMCA/Online/default.asp?BOparam::WScontent::loadArticle::permalink=CaitlinCherry&BOparam::WScontent::loadArticle::context_id= |archive-date=2020-06-15 |access-date=2021-10-29 |website=University Museum of Contemporary Art, UMass Amherst}}</ref> yar Afirka ce mai zane-zane, sculptor, kuma malama. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Caitlin Cherry a cikin shekarar 1987 a Chicago, Illinois. <ref name=":1"/> Cherry ta sami digiri na MFA daga Jami'ar Columbia a shekara ta 2012; da digirinta na BFA daga Makarantar Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago a shekara ta 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caitlin Cherry - Artists - Luis de Jesus Los Angeles |url=https://www.luisdejesus.com/artists/caitlin-cherry2}}</ref> Ta kuma shiga Makarantar Koyarwa ta Jami'ar Yale a Norfolk, Connecticut a cikin 2009. [[File:Caitlin_Cherry_Sapiosexual_Leviathan.jpg|right|thumb| Caitlin Cherry: Sapiosexual Leviathan, 2018, mai akan zane, murabba'in inci 72½]] == Art da kuma aiki == Tun daga shekara ta 2020, Cherry tana aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa na Painting + Buga a Jami'ar Commonwealth ta Virginia . A cikin shekara ta 2021, Cherry ta ƙirƙiro wani tsari mai kama-da-wane, madadin ilimin fasaha mai suna ''Dark Study'', tare da mai zane Nicole Maloof. Shirin na neman daidaita tsarin tsarin mulki a jami'o'i tare da magance rashin dai-daiton launin fata da tattalin arziƙi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2021 |title=The New Alternatives: Online Art Education Now |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-in-america/features/artist-run-online-education-1234595631/}}</ref> Ayyukan Cherry na bincika batutuwa daban-daban, gami da kuma wakilci da kuma ganuwa na mata baƙar fata kamar yadda suke da alaƙa da tsarin iko da tsaro. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuennen |first=Joel |date=2019-03-01 |title=Caitlin Cherry |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-in-america/aia-reviews/caitlin-cherry-62639/ |access-date=2020-02-14 |website=ARTnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta yi amfani da gaurayawan dabaru don yin aikinta, tare da haɗa sassaka, shigarwa, da zane-zane. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuennen |first=Joel |date=2019-03-01 |title=Caitlin Cherry |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-in-america/aia-reviews/caitlin-cherry-62639/ |access-date=2020-02-14 |website=ARTnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pundyk |first=Anne Sherwood |date=2014-07-15 |title=This is what sculpture looks like |url=https://brooklynrail.org/2014/07/artseen/this-is-what-sculpture-looks-like |access-date=2020-02-14 |website=The Brooklyn Rail |language=en-US}}</ref> == nune-nunen == Cherry ya gabatar a cikin rukuni daban-daban da nunin solo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cherry, Caitlin |url=http://216.197.120.164/artistbibliog.cfm?id=16362 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318155053/http://216.197.120.164/artistbibliog.cfm?id=16362 |archive-date=2021-03-18 |access-date=2020-02-14 |website=216.197.120.164}}</ref> Nunin ta na 2019, ''Thread Ripper'' a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Luis De Jesus a [[Los Angeles]] ya sami kyakkyawan bita a cikin Art a Amurka da Mujallar Artillery. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Osberg |first=Annabel |date=2019-01-23 |title=Caitlin Cherry; Zackary Drucker |url=https://artillerymag.com/caitlin-cherry-zackary-drucker/ |access-date=2021-10-29 |website=Artillery Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuennen |first=Joel |date=2019-03-01 |title=Caitlin Cherry |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-in-america/aia-reviews/caitlin-cherry-62639/ |access-date=2021-10-29 |website=ARTnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Sauran sanannun nunin nunin sun haɗa da, ''Monster Energy'' a Jami'ar Massachusetts, Amherst a cikin shekara ta 2017, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pfarrer |first=Steve |date=April 12, 2017 |title='Monster Energy': UMCA features exhibits by Brooklyn artist Caitlin Cherry and acclaimed printmaker Kara Walker |url=https://www.gazettenet.com/UMCA-hosts-linked-exhibits-9178992 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416030335/http://www.gazettenet.com/UMCA-hosts-linked-exhibits-9178992 |archive-date=2017-04-16 |website=Daily Hampshire Gazette}}</ref> da ''Hero Safe'' a Gidan Tarihi na Brooklyn a 2013, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan zane-zane guda uku don aikin ''Raw/Cooked'' . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Brooklyn Museum: Raw/Cooked: Caitlin Cherry |url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibitions/raw_cooked_cherry |access-date=2020-02-14 |website=www.brooklynmuseum.org}}</ref> ''Raw/Cooked'' jerin ayyuka ne na masu fasaha na Brooklyn waɗanda Gidan Tarihi ya gayyace su don nuna manyan nune-nunen kayan tarihi na farko. <ref name=":0" /> Ita ce mawaƙin solo na tara a cikin jerin. <ref name=":0" /> An yi mata wahayi don gina manyan makamai na katako, bisa zane-zane na Leonardo da Vinci, wanda ke aiki a matsayin goyon baya ga zane-zanenta, kamar ''Dual Capable Catapult Artcraft "Your Last Supper, Sucker,"'' 2013. <ref name=":0" /> Har ila yau, aikinta ya kasance batun nune-nunen nune-nunen solo a Providence College Galleries, Providence, RI (2018); Anderson Gallery a Jami'ar Commonwealth ta Virginia, Richmond, VA (2018); Jami'ar Museum of Contemporary Art a Jami'ar Massachusetts, Amherst, MA (2017); kuma a Gidan kayan tarihi na Brooklyn a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin ''Raw/Cooked'' wanda Eugenie Tsai ya tsara (2013). Nunin rukuni sun haɗa da ''Opulence'' a Cibiyar Bemis don Arts na zamani, Omaha, NE (2022); <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2022 |title='Opulence' |url=https://thereader.com/2022/12/05/opulence/}}</ref> ''Baƙar fata: Mai Martaba na WAP da Tsarin Mulki'' a Kanada Gallery, NYC (2021); ''Wani Ass Na Daji Bayan: ApocalypseRN'' (2018) a Space Performance, New York; ''Punch'' (2018) wanda Nina Chanel Abney ya shirya a Jeffrey Deitch, New York; ''Touchstone'' (2018) a Amurka Matsakaici, New York; ''Rana ta tafi amma Muna da Haske'' (2018) a Unclebrother / Gavin Brown's Enterprise, Hancock, NY ; ''Rikodin Soul'' a Luis De Jesus Los Angeles; ''Abu[ed]: Siffar Hoto a Fasahar'' ''Zamani'' (2016) a UMOCA, Salt Lake City, UT; Banksy 's Dismaland Bemusement Park (2015) a cikin Weston-super-Mare, Birtaniya; ''Wannan shine Abin da Hoto yayi kama da'' (2014) a Gidan Watsa Labarai na Postmasters, New York; da Fore (2012) a Gidan Tarihi na Studio a Harlem, New York. An haɗa ta a cikin nunin balaguron balaguro na 2019 ''Matasa, Kyauta, da Baƙar fata: Tarin Iyali na Lumpkin-Boccuzzi na Fasahar Zamani'' . A cikin Yuli da Agustan shekarar 2020, Los Angeles 'Luis De Jesus gallery ya gabatar da ''Corps Sonore'', nunin kan layi/tabbataccen nunin zane-zanen Cherry da tarin dijital. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2020 |title=Caitlin Cherry on digital abstraction and Black femininity |url=https://www.artforum.com/interviews/caitlin-cherry-83584 |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=www.artforum.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyauta da zumunci == * Robert Rauschenberg Foundation Fellowship Residency (2016). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Residency |url=https://www.rauschenbergfoundation.org/news-category/106 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730202246/https://www.rauschenbergfoundation.org/news-category/106 |archive-date=2019-07-30 |access-date=2020-02-14 |website=Robert Rauschenberg Foundation |language=en}}</ref> * Leonore Annenberg Fellowship (2015). <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2015 |title=Artist Caitlin Cherry Wins Annenberg Fellowship |url=https://www.artforum.com/news/artist-caitlin-cherry-wins-annenberg-fellowship-51448 |access-date=2020-02-14 |website=www.artforum.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Lotos Foundation Fellowship (2012). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prize Recipients |url=https://lotosfoundation.org/past-recipients2 |access-date=2020-02-14 |website=The Lotos Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> * Ellen Battel Stoeckel Fellowship, Jami'ar Yale (2009). == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://go.arts.vcu.edu/paintingprintmaking/portfolio/caitlin-cherry/ VCU Faculty bio page] * [https://www.lucegallery.com/biography/caitlin_cherry.html Luce Gallery shafi na rayuwa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224204858/https://www.lucegallery.com/biography/caitlin_cherry.html |date=2023-02-24 }} * [https://www.luisdejesus.com/artists/caitlin-cherry2/ Luis De Jesus Los Angeles bio page] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] cqsqv9fiwvbvy64gl46x6ex5lmdkqgr 0 102344 822355 672968 2026-04-18T18:37:54Z Gwadabawa1 44111 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 822355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Youth Café''' kungiya ce ta matasa ta Afirka da ba ta riba ba wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2012 kuma tana aiki tare da matasa a Afirka da kuma duniya baki daya don inganta juriya ga al'umma, ba da mafita, fitar da ci gaban zamantakewa, ba da damar karfafa matasa da kuma karfafa canjin siyasa. Cibiyar Matasa tana da hedikwatar a lambunan Kitisuru, a [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]]. Ayyukan Youth Café sun dogara ne akan dabarun sa na yanzu, <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2021 |title=The Youth Café's Strategic Plan 2021-2023 |url=https://www.theyouthcafe.com/tools-and-publications/the-youth-cafes-strategic-plan-2021 |access-date=2021-05-28 |website=The Youth Cafe {{!}} Youth Empowerment in Africa {{!}} Creating a Better Future |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE YOUTH CAFÉ 2021-2023 STRATEGIC PLAN |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5c27c93f1aef1d60b29781f9/t/608fd7b7027d0b2bc6879b74/1620039615772/THE+YOUTH+CAF%C3%89+2021-+2023+STRATEGIC+PLAN_final.pdf}}</ref> Manifesto na Matasa <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Coalition For Kenya Youth Manifesto |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5c27c93f1aef1d60b29781f9/t/5c5c27769b747a54aaa6401b/1549543426924/Youth%2BManifesto%2B%2B.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409140109/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5c27c93f1aef1d60b29781f9/t/5c5c27769b747a54aaa6401b/1549543426924/Youth%2BManifesto%2B%2B.pdf |archive-date=April 9, 2020 |access-date=April 9, 2020 |website=SquareSpace}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Coalition For Kenya Youth Manifesto |url=https://www.oidp.net/docs/repo/doc552.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409141539/https://www.oidp.net/docs/repo/doc552.pdf |archive-date=April 9, 2020 |access-date=April 9, 2020 |website=International Observatory on Participatory Democracy}}</ref> (sun sauƙaƙa kirkirarsa a Kenya a lokacin Babban zaben 2017 [3] kuma sun buƙaci shugaban na gaba ya buƙaci manifesto na matasa [4] <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Coalition For Kenya Youth Manifesto |url=http://www.siasaplace.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Youth-Manifesto-optimized.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327164434/http://www.siasaplace.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Youth-Manifesto-optimized.pdf |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |access-date=April 9, 2020 |website=Siasa Place}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Youth Manifesto |url=https://www.theyouthcafe.com/kenya-youth-manifesto |access-date=2020-04-09 |website=The Youth Cafe {{!}} Youth Empowerment in Africa {{!}} Creating a Better Future |language=en-US}}</ref> da Yarjejeniyar Matasa ta Tarayyar Afirka [4] [5] (takardar siyasa da shari'a wacce ke aiki a matsayin tsarin dabarun da ke ba da jagora ga karfafa matasa da ci gaba a matakin nahiyar, yanki da na ƙasa).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Onyango |first=Wilice |title=The next president of Kenya needs a youth manifesto |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/ureport/article/2000230102/the-next-president-of-kenya-needs-a-youth-manifesto |access-date=2020-04-09 |website=UREPORT-CITIZEN JOURNALISM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WAKO: The future of youth in Kenya: Our manifesto |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/oped/opinion/The-future-of-youth-in-Kenya-/440808-3891178-cusfnl/index.html |access-date=2020-04-09 |website=Daily Nation |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-07 |title=African Youth Charter |url=http://www.hsrc.ac.za/HSRC_Review_Article-34.phtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307143106/http://www.hsrc.ac.za/HSRC_Review_Article-34.phtml |archive-date=2012-03-07 |access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=African Youth Charter {{!}} African Union |url=https://au.int/en/treaties/african-youth-charter |access-date=2020-04-09 |website=au.int |archive-date=2020-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402232744/https://au.int/en/treaties/african-youth-charter |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wadannan takardun jagora suna kallon haɓakar matasa na yau a matsayin dama ga ci gaba da ci gaban tattalin arziki. Wannan yana motsa ayyukansu don aiwatar da ayyukan da suka shafi fannoni da yawa ciki har da Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro, Rigakafin Rikicin Rikicin; Gudanarwa da Harkokin Siyasa (Remittances da Lissafi); Al'adu, Fasaha, da Wasanni; Ilimi da Kwarewa; Kasuwanci, Halitta da Kasuwanci; Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya; Tsaro na Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi. Ayyukansu sun kai ga matasa da yawa. Baya ga shirye-shiryen su na zaman kansu, suna kula da haɗin gwiwa na dogon lokaci tare da abokan tarayya a duk duniya. Ayyukansu ana ambaton su akai-akai ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai da hukumomin gwamnati, kuma kamfanoni, masu saka hannun jari, shugabannin masu ba da agaji da masu tsara manufofi kamar su Participedia, [[UNESCO]], Climate Links, Apolitcal, Global Donor Platform, Ethelo, da UNODC suna amfani da su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2016 |title=Kenya Youth Manifesto – Participedia |url=https://participedia.net/case/5190 |access-date=2020-04-09 |website=participedia.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2018 |title=UNESCO MIL Alliance |url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/media-and-information-literacy/gapmil/awards |access-date=2020-10-09 |website=Media literacy Award}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Investing in Today's Youth for a Sustainable Tomorrow |url=https://www.climatelinks.org/blog/investing-todays-youth-sustainable-tomorrow |access-date=2020-10-09 |website=Climate Links |archive-date=2021-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219172245/https://www.climatelinks.org/blog/investing-todays-youth-sustainable-tomorrow |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-25 |title=Kenya's youth is fighting to heal the wounds of the 2017 election |url=https://apolitical.co/en/solution_article/kenyas-youth-fighting-heal-wounds-2017-election |access-date=2020-04-09 |website=Apolitical |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya Youth Participatory Budgeting |url=https://www.globalinnovationexchange.org/innovation/kenya-youth-participatory-budgeting |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030103956/https://www.globalinnovationexchange.org/innovation/kenya-youth-participatory-budgeting |archive-date=October 30, 2020 |access-date=2020-04-09 |website=GIE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya Youth Participatory Budgeting |url=https://baringo.ethelo.net/page/a-budget-for-baringo |access-date=2020-04-09 |website=baringo.ethelo.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Youth Exhibitioners at UNODC's December Youth Conference Display Incredible Courage, Leadership and Determination |url=https://www.unodc.org/easternafrica/Stories/youth-exhibitioners-at-unodcs-december-youth-conference-display-incredible-courage--leadership-and-determination.html |access-date=2020-04-09 |website=www.unodc.org}}</ref> Sun kuma samar da Youth Cafe, shirin talabijin na matasa a kan KTN wanda ke karbar bakuncin muhawara kan batutuwa da batutuwan da suka shafi matasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Standard |title=KTN News |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/ktnnews/category/153/youth-cafe |access-date=2020-04-09 |website=www.standardmedia.co.ke}}</ref> [[Fayil:The_Youth_Cafe.jpg|thumb|348x348px|Karfafa Matasa A Afirka]] == Farko na Farko na Matasa == An ƙaddamar da Cafe Matasa a cikin 2012 ta ƙungiyar matasa masu motsawa waɗanda aka zaba don ba da gudummawa ga Babban Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Manyan Mutane a kan Post 2015 Agenda. Tare sun tsara samfurin da The Youth Cafe ke amfani da shi a yau. Wannan haɗin gwiwa na musamman ne, haɗin gwiwa na farko a fagen ci gaban kasa da kasa. An ƙarfafa shi da ilimin ƙasa, ƙungiyar ta sadaukar da ita don kawo bege ga matasa. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Matasa na iya zama ingantacciyar ƙarfi don haɓaka <ref>{{Cite web |title=Positive Youth Development {{!}} Youth.gov |url=https://youth.gov/youth-topics/positive-youth-development |access-date=2020-04-07 |website=youth.gov }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kuma ana iya amfani da damar su da haɓaka ta hanyar ingantaccen ilimi da haɓaka ƙwarewa; damar yin aiki; karfafawa da kasuwanci; kyakkyawan shugabanci; lafiya da walwala. Idan ba tare da sanya hannun jari a cikin abubuwan da ke sama ba, to ba za a samu rabon al'umma na Afirka ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Demographic Dividend - African Institute for Development Policy |url=https://www.afidep.org/what-is-the-demographic-dividend/ |access-date=2020-04-07 |website=African Institute for Development Policy - AFIDEP |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Demographic dividend |url=https://www.unfpa.org/demographic-dividend |access-date=2020-04-07 |website=www.unfpa.org |language=en}}</ref> Duk waɗannan haƙƙoƙin suna da tabbacin a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kenya a cikin [[Yarjejeniyar haƙƙin muhalli|kundin haƙƙin haƙƙin]] . Mataki na 55 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Kenya shine "bangaren matasa", wanda ke mayar da hankali kan samun damar samun ilimi da horo masu dacewa, siyasa a cikin dangantaka da matasa, aikin yi da kuma kariya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=55. Youth - Kenya Law Reform Commission (KLRC) |url=http://www.klrc.go.ke/index.php/constitution-of-kenya/113-chapter-four-the-bill-of-rights/part-3-specific-application-of-rights/221-55-youth |access-date=2020-04-07 |website=www.klrc.go.ke |archive-date=2020-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407122800/http://www.klrc.go.ke/index.php/constitution-of-kenya/113-chapter-four-the-bill-of-rights/part-3-specific-application-of-rights/221-55-youth |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mataki na 43 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Kenya ya tanadi da dai sauransu, hakkin kula da lafiya (ciki har da lafiyar haihuwa), tsaftar muhalli da ilimi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=43. Economic and social rights - Kenya Law Reform Commission (KLRC) |url=http://www.klrc.go.ke/index.php/constitution-of-kenya/112-chapter-four-the-bill-of-rights/part-2-rights-and-fundamental-freedoms/209-43-economic-and-social-rights |access-date=2020-04-07 |website=www.klrc.go.ke |archive-date=2020-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407122800/http://www.klrc.go.ke/index.php/constitution-of-kenya/112-chapter-four-the-bill-of-rights/part-2-rights-and-fundamental-freedoms/209-43-economic-and-social-rights |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bugu da kari, manufar matasa ta kasa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya {{!}} Factsheets {{!}} Youthpolicy.org |url=https://www.youthpolicy.org/factsheets/country/kenya/ |access-date=2020-04-07 |website=www.youthpolicy.org |archive-date=2014-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828235200/https://www.youthpolicy.org/factsheets/country/kenya/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> manufofin matasan al'ummar Gabashin Afrika, <ref>{{Cite web |title=EAC Youth Policy |url=https://www.eac.int/gender/youth/eac-youth-policy |access-date=2020-04-07 |website=www.eac.int}}</ref> Yarjejeniya ta Matasan Afirka <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":1"/> da kuma tanadi na kasa da kasa karkashin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-14 |title=By youth, with youth, for youth |url=https://en.unesco.org/youth |access-date=2020-04-07 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=World Programme of Action for Youth |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/youth/world-programme-of-action-for-youth.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002150144/https://www.un.org/development/desa/youth/world-programme-of-action-for-youth.html |archive-date=October 2, 2016 |access-date=April 9, 2020 |website=United Nations}}</ref> sun tabbatar da 'yancin matasa. Sau da yawa, matasa ba sa cin moriyar waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Wannan daga cikin wasu shine rata da aka fara The Youth Café don cikawa. === Ra'ayi na Cafe na Matasa === Manufar su ita ce ci gaba da hanyoyin da matasa ke jagoranta don cimma ci gaba mai ɗorewa, daidaito na zamantakewa, sabbin mafita, juriya ga al'umma, da canji mai canzawa.”<ref name="What We Do">{{Cite web |title=What We Do |url=https://www.theyouthcafe.com/what-we-do |access-date=2020-04-07 |website=The Youth Cafe {{!}} Youth Empowerment in Africa {{!}} Creating a Better Future |language=en-US}}</ref> === Ofishin Jakadancin Matasa === The Youth Café yana ƙoƙari ya wadatar da rayuwar matasa ta hanyar yin samfurin da inganta hanyoyin da matasa ke jagoranta da kuma hanyoyin da ke da tushe don inganta ingancin jama'a na matasa, juriya ta al'umma, ci gaba mai ɗorewa, al'umma mai adalci, da kuma ba da shawarar mafita, motsa ci gaban zamantakewa, da kuma karfafa canji ta hanyar amfani da bincike mai ban sha'awa, manufofi, da ayyukan bayar da shawarwari. == Ka'idar Canji ta Cafe ta Matasa == '''Hanyar Aiki, Ci gaba, Sakamakon, Ilimi, da Daidaitawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Youth Cafe's Theory of Change |url=https://www.theyouthcafe.com/theory-of-change |access-date=2021-01-01 |website=The Youth Cafe |language=en-US}}</ref>''' Cafe na Matasa yana da ka'idar canji, wanda ke amfani da dabarun da suka dace da haƙuri don "shirye-shiryen" da "kashewa". Sun yi aiki don haɓaka taswirar sakamako, zane na gani wanda ke nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin dabarun su da sakamakon da aka nufa. Sakamakon ya haɗa da sakamako na gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci kuma yana nuna canje-canje a matakai daban-daban, kamar mutane, kungiyoyi, tsarin, da al'ummomi. Kowace taswirar ta bambanta, dangane da bukatun musamman da abubuwan da kungiyar ta fi so. Sun haɗa ra'ayoyin matasa, kungiyoyin matasa da matasa ke jagoranta, da masana don taswirarmu ta nuna ra'ayin matasa game da yadda canji ke faruwa. Bugu da ƙari, Sun rubuta abubuwan da suka haifar da shirinmu, gami da falsafar, ka'idoji, da dabi'u; hanyoyin yin aiki tare; mahallin al'umma, da sauran abubuwan da muka kafa kokarinmu na canji. Wadannan zato an gabatar da su a matsayin taƙaitaccen labari. === Gabatarwa === Abubuwa da yawa sun canza tun lokacin da aka kafa The Youth Café Limited kusan shekaru goma da suka gabata. An ƙarfafa shi da ilimin ƙauyuka, The Youth Café an sadaukar da shi don rage karancin matasa da zamantakewar tattalin arziki, da kuma karfafa siyasa. A yau, suna aiki sosai a kan batutuwa da yawa. Yankunan fifiko guda takwas sune: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Activities |url=https://www.theyouthcafe.com/focus-areas |access-date=2021-03-09 |website=The Youth Cafe {{!}} Youth Empowerment in Africa {{!}} Creating a Better Future |language=en-US}}</ref> 1) ''Al'adu, Fasaha da Wasanni''; 2) ''Gudanarwa da Haɗin Siyasa: Alhakin;'' 3) Gudanarwa Da Haɗin Siyasaa: Rubuce-rubuce; 4) ''Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro'' 5) ''Ilimi da Kwarewar Kwarewa;'' 6) ''Kasuwanci, Halitta da Kasuwanci;'' 7) ''Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya;'' da 8) ''Kare muhalli da Canjin Yanayi.'' Ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin Kungiyoyin Ma'aikata don samar da burinmu, waɗannan jigogi suna samar da tsarin tsarawa wanda ke tallafawa ƙira, ci gaba, aiwatarwa, da kimantawa na shirye-shiryenmu. Youth Cafe ya yarda cewa matsalolin da ke shafar matasa a Afirka a yau sun fi sauƙi a gane. Yawanci, suna matsawa, ba za a iya watsi da su ba kuma mafarkin kawar da su yana ƙarfafa makamashi da sha'awa a cikin The Youth Café don yin canji. Ta yaya tsoma baki ko shirye-shiryenmu zasu iya haifar da canje-canje na dindindin? Wane irin shaidar da ke nuna ci gaba? Waɗanne dabarun ne suka fi tasiri don cimma sakamakon da ake so?Waɗannan su ne dalilan da ya sa The Youth Café ke buƙatar taswirar hanya don canji, yanzu fiye da kowane lokaci. Maimakon gadoji, hanyoyi, da manyan hanyoyi, taswirar su tana nuna wuraren ci gaba da hanyoyin da za a yi tafiya a kan hanyar cimma abin da aka ambata a sama. Taswirar kuma tana ba da sharhi game da zato, kamar makoma ta ƙarshe, mahallin taswirar, hanyoyin da za a shiga yayin tafiya, da kuma tsarin imani wanda ke haifar da muhimmancin tafiya ta wata hanya. Taswirar ita ce "'''ka'idar canji'''". === Tsarinsa === A cikin wannan ka'idar canji, suna amfani da dabarun da suka dace da haƙurin su don "shirye-shiryen" da "kashewa". Sun yi aiki don haɓaka taswirar sakamako, zane na gani wanda ke nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin dabarun kungiyar da sakamakon da aka nufa. Wannan sakamakon ya haɗa da sakamako na gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci kuma yana nuna canje-canje a matakai daban-daban, kamar mutane, kungiyoyi, tsarin, da al'ummomi. Kowace taswirar ta bambanta, dangane da bukatun da abubuwan da suka fi so na Youth Café. Mun haɗa ra'ayoyin matasa, kungiyoyin matasa da matasa ke jagoranta, da masana don taswirar su ta nuna ra'ayin matasa game da yadda canji ke faruwa.Don haka, sun samar da samfurori biyu a matsayin wani ɓangare na ka'idar canjin aikin su: * '''Taswirar sakamako'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theory Of Change Outcome Map |url=https://www.theyouthcafe.com/theory-of-change |access-date=2021-01-01 |website=The Youth Cafe - Outcome Visual}}</ref> * '''Jerin zato game da canjin da suke nema.'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=List Of Assumptions and risks |url=https://www.theyouthcafe.com/toc-assumptions-and-risks |access-date=2021-01-01 |website=The Youth Cafe - Theory of Change}}</ref> === Ka'idoji === Ka'idodin Cafe na Matasa sun samo asali ne daga sama da 1,500 daga cikin membobinmu waɗanda aka samo daga Gabas- da Horn of Africa, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka, da Yankunan [[Sahel]] waɗanda Sakatariyar Cafe ta tsara. Ka'idodin suna kira ga aiki ga gwamnatoci, jama'a, masu zaman kansu da na jama'a. Wadannan ka'idoji suna kira ga kungiyoyi da su gane da saka hannun jari a cikin hanyar da ta hada kai kuma musamman a cikin damar matasa - fahimtar ƙalubalen da suke fuskanta na musamman da kuma tabbatar da cewa babu wani matashi da aka bar a baya. === Nau'in Canje-canje da aka tsara === Shirye-shiryen Ci gaban Matasa masu kyau yawanci sun haɗa da dabaru masu yawa, tsoma baki, da ayyukan. Wasu an tsara su, a bayyane suke, suna da ma'aikata, kuma suna samun kuɗi - alal misali, kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a ko ƙoƙarin tattara al'umma. Sauran na iya zama na kai tsaye, mai fitowa, na al'ada, ko na lokaci-lokaci, kamar sadarwar, ci gaban jagoranci, ko cibiyar sadarwa / haɗin gwiwa. A matsayin kungiya, muna sane da gaskiyar cewa muna buƙatar samun albarkatun da suka dace da saka hannun jari don tabbatar da cewa ayyukan / tsoma baki suna faruwa daidai. Irin waɗannan albarkatun sun haɗa da kudade, cibiyoyin sadarwa da iliminmu, don haka muna magana da su a matsayin shigarwa. Sakamakonmu shine sakamakon ayyukanmu kuma suna da mahimmanci don cimma sakamakon. Su ne alamomi masu kyau cewa sakamakon yana kan hanya. ==== Ayyuka ==== Youth Cafe yana mai da hankali kan yankuna / ayyuka daban-daban guda takwas. Kowane yanki na jigogi yana da abubuwan shigarwa, fitarwa, da sakamako na musamman. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukansu shine a kan Ilimi, Kwarewa, da Fasaha. Manufar su ita ce ƙirƙirar dama ga matasa don haɓaka ƙwarewar aiki da ƙwarewa ciki har da lissafi da karatu da rubutu, "ƙwarewar ƙarni na 21" kamar tunani mai mahimmanci, ƙwarewar sadarwa, ƙwarewa ta dijital / kafofin watsa labarai, da daidaitawa don ɗaukar ƙalubale da dama a nan gaba a cikin al'umma yayin da suke haɓaka daidaitawa a zamanin juyin juya halin masana'antu na huɗu da samun damar aiki mai inganci. ==== Abubuwan da aka fitar ==== Yawancin matasa suna da damar samun ilimi, bayanai, da kiwon lafiya ciki har da; fahimtar haɗarin su akan [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]]; ƙara ilimi game da halayyar jima'i; buƙatar tsayayya da jima'i da aka tilasta daga abokin tarayya (s) ciki har da samun abokan jima'i masu yawa; da kuma amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi yayin jima'i wanda ke haifar da rauni ga matasa ga cutar kanjamawa. ====Sakamako==== Yawancin matasa suna da damar samun ilimi, bayanai, da kulawar lafiya ciki har da: fahimtar hatsarin da ke tattare da su dangane da cutar HIV; ƙarin sanin halayen jima'i; bukatar kin amincewa da jima'i da tilas daga abokin zama ko abokai da dama musamman waɗanda ke da bambancin shekaru; da kuma amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi yayin jima'i wanda ke ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da HIV a tsakanin matasa. ====Amfani: Sakamakon==== Amfanin su: Yankunan Sakamako da Bayanan Sakamako suna mai da hankali kan sauye-sauye daban-daban kamar inganta The Youth Cafe da sauran ƙungiyoyin matasa ko waɗanda ke aiki da matasa don su samu damar kudi da ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa ta hanyar amfani da cikakkiyar hanyar “Agency” don taimaka wa ƙungiyoyi su tara kudaden jama'a da amfani da su yadda ya kamata, a bayyane kuma cikin gaskiya, tare da samar da yanayin da zai jawo hannun jari na masu zaman kansu. ====Sakamakon Matakin Jama'a==== Burinsu na sauyi a fannin Ingantacciyar Kulawar Lafiya ta Kowa shine samar da muhimman damar ilimi kamar samun dama ga sani, bayanai, da kulawar lafiya da matasa ke bukata ciki har da: fahimtar yadda suke cikin haɗari game da cutar HIV; ƙarin sani kan halayen jima'i; bukatar kin yarda da jima'i da tilas daga abokin zama (ko abokai da bambancin shekaru); da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi yayin jima'i wanda ke ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da HIV ga matasa. ====Tasiri: Sakamakon Ƙungiyoyi==== Ɗaya daga cikin yankunan sakamakon su shine Sauyi a fannin ilimi/kwarewa wanda ke tare da bayani kan sakamako na haɓaka damar matasa wajen samarwa, tattarawa, haɗawa da watsa shaidar bincike da koyo ta amfani da dandamalin da suka dace da matasa (na dijital da na zahiri) domin tabbatar da sauƙin watsawar ilimi da zai ƙarfafa damar matasa wajen samun aiki, shugabanci da haɓaka ƙwarewar ƙarni na 21. ===Yadda Canje-canjen suka shafi ainihin iyawar Cafe na Matasa === Babban ikon Cafe na Matasa su ne jagororin tsakiya waɗanda ke ba da damar dabarun mu masu ƙarfi su zama masu aiki. Babban ƙarfinmu yana wakiltar imaninmu da ƙimar mu mai zurfi don ci gaba. Sun fahimci cewa ana samun sauyi mai ɗorewa ta hanyar damammaki na musamman na matsalolin musamman da ke fuskantar al'ummomi daban-daban. Suna aiki a cikin ci gaban matasa don samar da kyawawan manufofin da ke raba kungiyar da wasu. Haƙiƙa sun yi imanin cewa tubalan gininmu za su ci gaba da yin tasiri ga canjin da muke neman gani a cikin matasa da masu ruwa da tsaki na matasa. Duk ayyukan da Kafe na Matasa ke aiwatarwa sun samo asali ne akan iyawar da muka kafa kuma muna ci gaba da ƙarfafawa. Waɗannan ƙarfin sun haɗa da tsarin gudanarwarmu, ƙwararrun hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa, tushen ilimi, da jagoranci. ===Taswirar Sakamako: Manufofinsu, Dabaru, da Tasirinsu=== Ƙirƙirar hoton yadda nau'ikan sakamako daban-daban ke da alaƙa da juna yana taimakawa bayyana abin da Kafe na Matasa ke niyyar yi. Suna amfani da “taswirar sakamako” a matsayin kayan aiki don nuna abin da suke tsammanin zai faru sakamakon yunƙurinsu, dabaru, ayyukansu, da ƙoƙarin shirye-shirye. Yin amfani da taswirar sakamako, sun tsara ganiyar hanyar Canji ta Matasa Cafe. Sakamakonsu an “tsara taswira” a cikin jerin dalilai, kodayake mun fahimci cewa sauyi yawanci ya fi rikitarwa fiye da alaƙa mai sauƙi da tasiri. A wasu lokuta, sakamakonmu yana faruwa a jere, yayin da wasu lokuta suna faruwa a lokaci guda. Sakamakon Cafe na Matasa wani lokaci yana faruwa ba tare da juna ba ko kuma yana da alaƙa sosai. Suna iya haifar da dabara guda ɗaya ko ɗaya, wanda ke haifar da manufa guda ɗaya ko keɓancewa. == Manazarta == ouvcproskh7xn4i2j3aosfqgttt9407 0 103947 822498 652370 2026-04-19T09:49:12Z BnHamid 12586 822498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Na yau da kullun, ko tsari, na yau da kullun suna nuna bin, ko rashin bin, wasu saitin buƙatu (sifofi, a cikin tsohuwar Hellenanci).  Suna iya komawa zuwa:: == Dokokin tufafi da abubuwan da suka faru == * Tufafi na al'ada, tufafi don abubuwan da suka faru * Kayan ado na al'ada, tufafi don abubuwan da suka faru na al'adu * Tufafi na al'ada, tufafi masu sarrafawa fiye da na yau da kullun amma ƙasa da na yau * Tsarin (jami'a) , abincin dare na jami'a, ball ko wani taron * Tsarin makaranta, abincin dare na makaranta, ball ko wani taron == Daidaitawa da lissafi == * Halin da ya dace, ko ma'anar alama ** Daidaitaccen tunani, cikas, wanda ma'anarsa da iyakarsa suna da rikici * Kuskuren tsari, tunanin tsarin da ba shi da inganci ** Kuskuren da ba a sani ba, kari * Lissafi na al'ada, wanda kuma ake kira lissafi na rashin fahimta * Dalili na al'ada, ainihin dalilin Aristotle, mai ƙayyadewa * Jerin wutar lantarki na al'ada, ƙaddamar da jerin wutar lantarki ba tare da buƙatar haɗuwa ba, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin haɗuwa * Lissafi na al'ada, lissafi wanda yake tsari, amma ba tare da cikakken hujja ba * ka'idar saiti na al'ada, sabanin ka'idar saitin NaiveKa'idar da ba a sani ba * Tsarin da aka samo asali, aiki a kan abubuwa na zobe na polynomial wanda ke kwaikwayon nau'in wanda aka samo daga lissafi == Kimiyya ta kwamfuta == * Hanyoyi na al'ada, dabarun lissafi don ƙayyadaddun bayanai, ci gaba da tabbatar da tsarin software da kayan aiki * Bayani na al'ada, yana bayyana abin da tsarin ya kamata ya yi, ba yadda ya kamata ya faru ba * Tabbatar da tsari, tabbatar da daidaito na tsarin == Ilimin Harshe == * Tsarin tsari, hanyar da ba a fahimta ba don samar da fahimta a cikin harshe na al'ada * Harshen al'ada, wanda ya ƙunshi "kalmomi" ko "kalmomin" na alama na tsarin al'ada * Tsarin magana na al'ada, tsarin magana wanda ke kwatanta harshe na al'adu * Colloquialism, salon harshe da aka yi amfani da shi don sadarwa ta al'ada * Bambancin T-V, wanda ya haɗa da bambanci tsakanin kalmomi na al'ada da na al'adu don "ku" * Tabbacin tsari, cikakkiyar hujja kamar yadda zai yiwu ne kawai a cikin tsarin tsari * Fassarar ma'ana da daidaituwa kalma-kalma, musamman na Littafi Mai-Tsarki r4wzf873ex260gevlpnbaos3zot3gxs 0 106220 822325 682171 2026-04-18T17:07:47Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Muhimman halaye */ 822325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tsarin [[Afirka]]''' ya ƙunshi nau'o'in magana da yawa kuma zane nufin siffofin ƙira daga nahiyar Afirka da Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje ciki har da ƙirar birane, ƙirar gine-gine, ƙirar ciki, ƙirar samfurin, [[Art|fasaha]], da ƙirar kayan ado. Kasashe daban-daban na Afirka sune tushen ƙirar ƙira tare da tasirin ƙirar Afirka da ke bayyane a cikin fasaha da al'adu na tarihi da na zamani a duniya. Nazarin ƙirar Afirka har yanzu yana da iyaka, musamman daga ra'ayi na 'yan Afirka, kuma damar da za a faɗaɗa ma'anar ta yanzu ta hanyar bincika wakilcin gani na Afirka da gabatar da aikace-aikacen ƙirar zamani ya kasance mai girma. == Muhimman halaye == Kamar dukkan nau'ikan zane, an bayyana zane na Afirka ta hanyar kirkirarta da ci gaba da juyin halitta. Zane wani nau'i ne na ba da labari kuma matsakaici ne wanda ake fada wa waɗannan labarun. A shekara ta 2009, [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] ya yi magana a kan "The Danger of a Single Story" wanda ya zama daya daga cikin manyan jawabai goma da aka fi kallo a TED a kowane lokaci. Shekaru da yawa an tsara ƙirar Afirka, wanda aka wakilta da ɗakunan kabilanci da launuka da rubutu. Duk da haka tare da kasashe 54 da kimanin mutane biliyan 1.2 a [[Afirka]] har zuwa 2018, ban da mutane miliyan 210 a duk faɗin Afirka ([[Brazil]], [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]], da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]), ƙirar Afirka ba ta iyakance ga tarihin kyakkyawa ɗaya ko na musamman ba; maimakon haka tana da nau'o'i da yawa kuma ta rinjayi mahallin gida da na duniya, na tarihin da da na yanzu, wanda mai zanen ko mabukaci ke rayuwa. Tsarin Afirka ya samo asali ne daga al'adun gargajiya, dabaru, da sana'a. Yayin da masu zanen Afirka na zamani ke ci gaba daga ma'anar da aka sanya a waje na zamanin mulkin mallaka, sun yarda da sana'ar gargajiya ta Afirka da sana'a shine inda suke jawo wahayi: adana abubuwan da suka gabata ta hanyar mai da hankali kan al'adunsu da al'adun su yayin da suke buɗewa ga tasirin duniya da fasaha. Misali shine gine-ginen ɗakin karatu na kasa na Kenya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aaki Consultants designs Kenya's National Library, inspired by the Iconic African Drum |url=https://worldarchitecture.org/articles/cvcgg/aaki_consultants_designs_kenya_s_national_library_inspired_by_the_iconic_african_drum.html |access-date=2020-05-12 |website=World Architecture Community |language=en}}</ref> wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar drum din Jembes. A duk faɗin Afirka, ƙirar ɗorewa da ke mai da hankali kan alhakin zamantakewa da muhalli yana da mahimmanci kuma amfani da kayan halitta na cikin gida koyaushe yana cikin tsarin ƙirar Afirka. Kamar yadda Farfesa Mugendi K M"Rithaa ya bayyana "Yana game da zane ne ga, kuma tare da, al'umma <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hargrove |first=Georgia Murray,Channing |title=Where To Find The Coolest African Designers Online |url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2018/06/203184/frican-designers-shopping-guide-industrie-africa |access-date=2020-05-12 |website=www.refinery29.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mugendi K M'Rithaa |url=https://www.designindaba.com/profiles/mugendi-k-mrithaa |access-date=2020-05-12 |website=Design Indaba |language=en}}</ref>".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contemporary Design Africa |url=https://www.atelier55design.com/contemporary-design-africa/ |access-date=2020-05-12 |website=atelier 55 – Contemporary African Design |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Tarihin ƙirar Afirka == Tsararren wadata a cikin al'ummomin Afirka ya sauƙaƙa ci gaban ƙirar su. Shekaru da yawa, masarautun Afirka sun samar da wadata daga cinikin albarkatun kasa tare da wasu 'yan Afirka kuma daga baya Larabawa da Turawa. An rubuta ikon [[Daular Ashanti|Daular Asante]] a kan cinikin zinariya. Hakazalika, al'ummomin noma masu arziki na Afirka ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Afirka sun musayar kayayyaki tare da Portuguese tun daga karni na 16. Wannan wadata ta haifar da ƙirar gida da ƙwarewa a duk faɗin gine-gine, fasaha, masana'antu, da sauran siffofin ƙira. Misalan sun haɗa da [[Great Zimbabwe|Babban Zimbabwe]] na ƙarni na 11 da sauran biranen bango 200 a duk faɗin Kudancin Afirka da kuma Benin Bronzes da aka kirkira daga ƙarni na 13 a Daular Benin (Nijeriya ta yanzu). Har ila yau, zane-zane ya bunƙasa saboda goyon bayan sarakuna, sarakuna, da sauran sarakuna da aristocrats don lokutan bikin kamar haihuwa, aure, da jana'iza. A Najeriya, tsohuwar birnin [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] an san ta da masana'antar masana'antu mai tasowa sosai da kuma rami na indigo. A Afirka ta Tsakiya, [[Bamileke people|Bamileke]] sun sayi lu'u-lu'u don yin ado da kursiyai da tufafin bikin don haka inganta muhimmancin su. Tasirin waje, musamman addini, ya kuma shafi zane a duk faɗin Afirka. Bukatar addini don tawali'u ta karfafa karɓar tufafi. Zuwan Islama a karni na 11 a Yammacin Afirka kuma daga baya Kristanci a cikin 1450s a Cape Verde wanda ya bazu a bakin tekun Yammacin Afrịka sannan kuma a cikin ƙasa ya motsa samar da zane-zane da kuma buƙatar masana'antun da aka shigo da su. A Gabashin Afirka, Larabawa ne suka gabatar da auduga a Habasha wanda ya haifar da noman auduga da masana'antun saƙa don juya auduga zuwa masana'antu. [[Fayil:Headpiece_(South_Africa),_1870s_(CH_18471617).jpg|thumb|Headpiece (Afirka ta Kudu), shekarun 1870 (CH 18471617) ]] === Kayan ado === {{main|African textiles}} A tarihi, ana amfani da masana'antu a matsayin nau'in kuɗi a Yammacin Afirka da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Akwai rubuce-rubuce na zane da ake amfani da shi azaman [[Kuɗi|kudi]] tun daga ƙarni na sha huɗu. An sanya ɓangarori iri ɗaya a girman, ana ɗaukar su yadda ya kamata, kuma ana musayar su da yawa bisa ga darajar abu ko kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cloth and Society |url=https://www.adireafricantextiles.com/textiles-resources-sub-saharan-africa/an-introduction-to-sub-saharan-african-textiles/cloth-and-society/ |access-date=2020-05-12 |website=Adire African Textiles |language=en-US}}</ref> A duk faɗin Afirka, akwai nau'ikan tufafi na gida da yawa. Mutane masu arziki da 'yan kasuwa suna buƙatar nau'ikan tufafi daban-daban na gida da kuma shigo da su don haɓaka darajarsu, suna motsa buƙatun su. Kuba a Kamaru da Kongo yana da ɗaya daga cikin ƙwarewar masana'antu mafi girma a Afirka ciki har da sa tufafi daga ganyen dabino na raphia da kuma zane-zane, aikace-aikace, yankan-tushen, da kuma tsayayya da dabarun canza launi. [[Fayil:African_Textile_Design_Pattern.jpg|thumb|Tsarin zane-zane na Afirka]] === Ayyukan ƙarfe da zinariya === Ƙarin bayani: Ghana Akan goldweights, Benin Bronzes[[Tagullun Benin|Ginin tagulla na Benin]] [[Fayil:African_Trumbash_-_Mangbetu_curved_knife.jpg|thumb|Trumbash na Afirka - Wuka mai laushi na Mangbetu]] === Fasaha === Ƙarin bayani Fasahar Afirka ta Farko, Abubuwan jigogi na Fasahar Afrika, tarihi da tasiri, Gidan Tarihi na Black Civilisations === Fasaha === Ƙarin bayani: Fasahar Afirka ta zamani, Nunin Fasahar Afrika ta zamani, Bikin Duniya na Black Arts, Gidan Tarihi na Black Civilisations, Gidan kayan gargajiya na Zeitz na Fasahar zamani da Fasahar X Lagos[[Bikin ART X Legas|Art X Lagos]] Ƙarin bayani: Fasahar Afirka ta Amirka, [[Fasahar Afirka|Tasirin Fasahar Afirka akan Fasahar Yamma]] da Babban ra'ayi na Fasahar, Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan: ''Kafin jiya Za Mu Iya tashi'' === Tsarin gine-gine === Ƙarin bayani: Gine-gine na Afirka, David Adjaye, Bikin Fim na Afirka, Gine-gineGine-gine na Maroko === Kayan gida === Manyan masu zanen kayan ado na Afirka na zamani sun haɗa da [[Bibi Seck]], wanda ya kafa Birsel + Seck da mai zanen Mali [[Cheick Diallo (designer)|Cheick Diallo]] wanda aka yi amfani da haɗin waya na kamun kifi da aka shimfiɗa a kan tsarin ƙarfe, ya samo asali ne daga tarkon gargajiya da masunta na Mali ke amfani da shi. An dauki kujera a matsayin cikakkiyar cakuda kayan aiki, ergonomics, da kyawawan gida a cikin wani abu mai kyau, wani abu mai siffar kayan aiki. Zane-zane na [[Jomo Tariku]], ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Habasha na Amurka kuma mai tsara masana'antu wanda ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da ya samu game da ƙirar Afirka da al'adun Afirka daban-daban a Kenya da Habasha, an nuna su a baje kolin kayan ado na zamani na duniya na 2017 (ICFF) da kuma sanannun mujallu masu zane ciki har da Architectural Digest, Elle Decor da Dwell. Ini Archibong, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka kuma mai tsara al'adun Najeriya, ya tsara kayan ɗaki don Bernhard Design, Sé, da Knoll. Ayyukan Tariku da Archibong sun haɗa da su a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Afrofuturist a Gidan Tarihin Metropolitan (MET) a New York.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jomo Tariku, Mido Chair |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/846920 |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Metropolitan Museum of Art}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Archibong |first=Ini |title=Search The Collection (MET Museum) |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search?q=Ini+Archibong&sortBy=Relevance&pageSize=0 |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Metropolitan Museum of Art}}</ref> Dan Najeriya [[Jean Servais Somian]], wanda ke ciyar da lokacinsa tsakanin Afirka da Turai suna koyar da darussan, yana ba da abubuwan da ya kirkira tare da abubuwan da suka shafi kakanninmu, wanda aka nuna a cikin zaɓin kayan (itace na kwakwa, ebony, ko acacia) da kuma abubuwan da aka sake dubawa na rayuwar Afirka ta yau da kullun kamar kwano, sponge, ko tsoffin jiragen ruwa na masunta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SOMIAN DESIGN {{!}} Jean Servais Somian |url=http://www.somiandesign.com/bio.php |access-date=2020-05-12 |website=www.somiandesign.com}}</ref> Yinka Ilori, wanda ke zaune a Landan, ya haɗu da al'adun Burtaniya da Najeriya don ba da sababbin labaru a cikin ƙirar zamani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=agency |first=Field-digital design and branding |title=About – Yinka Ilori |url=https://yinkailori.com/about |access-date=2020-05-12 |website=Yinka Ilori Studio |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-25 |title=Yinka Ilori: Parables for Happiness review – the brighter the better |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/sep/25/yinka-ilori-parables-for-happiness-design-museum-london-review |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Ayyukansa sun samo asali ne daga al'adun gargajiya na Najeriya da kayan ado na Yammacin Afirka da suka kewaye shi tun yana yaro. Kamfanin ƙirar Afirka ta Kudu Dokter & Misses yana haɓaka mafita ta ciki don abokan ciniki masu zaman kansu da kamfanoni da kuma cibiyoyin ilimi a duk faɗin duniya, gami da MTV, Nike, da Jami'ar Johannesburg, kuma suna ci gaba da tallafawa da inganta ƙirar Afirka Ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Misses |first=Dokter and |title=About |url=https://www.dokterandmisses.com/pages/about |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=DOKTER AND MISSES |language=en}}</ref> Bayar da girmamawa ga alakar al'adu, zane-zanen [[Hamed Ouattara]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Recycled Design Collection by Hamed Ouattara {{!}} Out of Africa Gallery {{!}} Artsy |url=https://www.artsy.net/show/out-of-africa-gallery-new-recycled-design-collection-by-hamed-ouattara |access-date=2020-05-12 |website=www.artsy.net |language=en}}</ref> suna nuna al'adun aikin ƙarfe na Burkina Faso kuma suna magana da masu sauraro na duniya na zamani, gami da tashoshin duniya da mahimman masu tarawa, ta hanyar sababbin abubuwa na Afirka. Kwanan nan ya mutu a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2015 yayin da yake shirya wasan kwaikwayonsa a London, [[Babacar M'Bodj Niang]], wanda ya kafa Nulangee Studio a Senegal, ya zana kayan gida daga cikin gida, katako da aka watsar wanda yara da manya da ya yi amfani da su suka samo asali. <ref>{{Cite web |title=50Golborne {{!}} African Art Gallery {{!}} London |url=https://www.50golborne-artdesign.com/babacar-niang |access-date=2020-05-12 |website=50golborne |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Toromade |first=Samson |date=2017-04-06 |title=A tribute to Senegalese sculptor |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/lifestyle/babacar-mbodj-niang-a-tribute-to-senegalese-sculptor/1163t8k |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Pulse Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Tekura Designs "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Upcycled Natural Wooden Furniture Designs by Tekura's Audrey Forson |url=https://54kibo.com/blogs/the-summit/upcycled-natural-wooden-furniture-designs-tekura |access-date=2020-05-12 |website=54kibo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Forson |first=Josephine |title=About Tekura |url=https://www.designtekura.com/index.php/site/aboutus/id/7 |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=www.designtekura.com |archive-date=2022-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119180407/https://www.designtekura.com/index.php/site/aboutus/id/7 |url-status=dead }}</ref> teburin gefen djembe, wanda aka yi da itace a cikin gandun daji na Ghana, ya jawo wahayi daga drum djembe na Yammacin Afirka. Masanin gine-gine da mai zane na Najeriya [[Tosin Oshinowo]] kayan ado na Ilé Ilà yana samar da kayan ado da al'adun Yoruba suka yi wahayi zuwa gare su. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jcjci8k0mje5adce08matabrqpu44vw 822370 822325 2026-04-18T19:36:49Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Kayan ado */ 822370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tsarin [[Afirka]]''' ya ƙunshi nau'o'in magana da yawa kuma zane nufin siffofin ƙira daga nahiyar Afirka da Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje ciki har da ƙirar birane, ƙirar gine-gine, ƙirar ciki, ƙirar samfurin, [[Art|fasaha]], da ƙirar kayan ado. Kasashe daban-daban na Afirka sune tushen ƙirar ƙira tare da tasirin ƙirar Afirka da ke bayyane a cikin fasaha da al'adu na tarihi da na zamani a duniya. Nazarin ƙirar Afirka har yanzu yana da iyaka, musamman daga ra'ayi na 'yan Afirka, kuma damar da za a faɗaɗa ma'anar ta yanzu ta hanyar bincika wakilcin gani na Afirka da gabatar da aikace-aikacen ƙirar zamani ya kasance mai girma. == Muhimman halaye == Kamar dukkan nau'ikan zane, an bayyana zane na Afirka ta hanyar kirkirarta da ci gaba da juyin halitta. Zane wani nau'i ne na ba da labari kuma matsakaici ne wanda ake fada wa waɗannan labarun. A shekara ta 2009, [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] ya yi magana a kan "The Danger of a Single Story" wanda ya zama daya daga cikin manyan jawabai goma da aka fi kallo a TED a kowane lokaci. Shekaru da yawa an tsara ƙirar Afirka, wanda aka wakilta da ɗakunan kabilanci da launuka da rubutu. Duk da haka tare da kasashe 54 da kimanin mutane biliyan 1.2 a [[Afirka]] har zuwa 2018, ban da mutane miliyan 210 a duk faɗin Afirka ([[Brazil]], [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]], da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]), ƙirar Afirka ba ta iyakance ga tarihin kyakkyawa ɗaya ko na musamman ba; maimakon haka tana da nau'o'i da yawa kuma ta rinjayi mahallin gida da na duniya, na tarihin da da na yanzu, wanda mai zanen ko mabukaci ke rayuwa. Tsarin Afirka ya samo asali ne daga al'adun gargajiya, dabaru, da sana'a. Yayin da masu zanen Afirka na zamani ke ci gaba daga ma'anar da aka sanya a waje na zamanin mulkin mallaka, sun yarda da sana'ar gargajiya ta Afirka da sana'a shine inda suke jawo wahayi: adana abubuwan da suka gabata ta hanyar mai da hankali kan al'adunsu da al'adun su yayin da suke buɗewa ga tasirin duniya da fasaha. Misali shine gine-ginen ɗakin karatu na kasa na Kenya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aaki Consultants designs Kenya's National Library, inspired by the Iconic African Drum |url=https://worldarchitecture.org/articles/cvcgg/aaki_consultants_designs_kenya_s_national_library_inspired_by_the_iconic_african_drum.html |access-date=2020-05-12 |website=World Architecture Community |language=en}}</ref> wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar drum din Jembes. A duk faɗin Afirka, ƙirar ɗorewa da ke mai da hankali kan alhakin zamantakewa da muhalli yana da mahimmanci kuma amfani da kayan halitta na cikin gida koyaushe yana cikin tsarin ƙirar Afirka. Kamar yadda Farfesa Mugendi K M"Rithaa ya bayyana "Yana game da zane ne ga, kuma tare da, al'umma <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hargrove |first=Georgia Murray,Channing |title=Where To Find The Coolest African Designers Online |url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2018/06/203184/frican-designers-shopping-guide-industrie-africa |access-date=2020-05-12 |website=www.refinery29.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mugendi K M'Rithaa |url=https://www.designindaba.com/profiles/mugendi-k-mrithaa |access-date=2020-05-12 |website=Design Indaba |language=en}}</ref>".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contemporary Design Africa |url=https://www.atelier55design.com/contemporary-design-africa/ |access-date=2020-05-12 |website=atelier 55 – Contemporary African Design |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Tarihin ƙirar Afirka == Tsararren wadata a cikin al'ummomin Afirka ya sauƙaƙa ci gaban ƙirar su. Shekaru da yawa, masarautun Afirka sun samar da wadata daga cinikin albarkatun kasa tare da wasu 'yan Afirka kuma daga baya Larabawa da Turawa. An rubuta ikon [[Daular Ashanti|Daular Asante]] a kan cinikin zinariya. Hakazalika, al'ummomin noma masu arziki na Afirka ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Afirka sun musayar kayayyaki tare da Portuguese tun daga karni na 16. Wannan wadata ta haifar da ƙirar gida da ƙwarewa a duk faɗin gine-gine, fasaha, masana'antu, da sauran siffofin ƙira. Misalan sun haɗa da [[Great Zimbabwe|Babban Zimbabwe]] na ƙarni na 11 da sauran biranen bango 200 a duk faɗin Kudancin Afirka da kuma Benin Bronzes da aka kirkira daga ƙarni na 13 a Daular Benin (Nijeriya ta yanzu). Har ila yau, zane-zane ya bunƙasa saboda goyon bayan sarakuna, sarakuna, da sauran sarakuna da aristocrats don lokutan bikin kamar haihuwa, aure, da jana'iza. A Najeriya, tsohuwar birnin [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] an san ta da masana'antar masana'antu mai tasowa sosai da kuma rami na indigo. A Afirka ta Tsakiya, [[Bamileke people|Bamileke]] sun sayi lu'u-lu'u don yin ado da kursiyai da tufafin bikin don haka inganta muhimmancin su. Tasirin waje, musamman addini, ya kuma shafi zane a duk faɗin Afirka. Bukatar addini don tawali'u ta karfafa karɓar tufafi. Zuwan Islama a karni na 11 a Yammacin Afirka kuma daga baya Kristanci a cikin 1450s a Cape Verde wanda ya bazu a bakin tekun Yammacin Afrịka sannan kuma a cikin ƙasa ya motsa samar da zane-zane da kuma buƙatar masana'antun da aka shigo da su. A Gabashin Afirka, Larabawa ne suka gabatar da auduga a Habasha wanda ya haifar da noman auduga da masana'antun saƙa don juya auduga zuwa masana'antu. [[Fayil:Headpiece_(South_Africa),_1870s_(CH_18471617).jpg|thumb|Headpiece (Afirka ta Kudu), shekarun 1870 (CH 18471617) ]] === Kayan ado === {{main|African textiles}} A tarihi, ana amfani da masana'antu a matsayin nau'in kuɗi a Yammacin Afirka da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Akwai rubuce-rubuce na zane da ake amfani da shi azaman [[Kuɗi|kudi]] tun daga ƙarni na sha huɗu. An sanya ɓangarori iri ɗaya a girman, ana ɗaukar su yadda ya kamata, kuma ana musayar su da yawa bisa ga darajar abu ko kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cloth and Society |url=https://www.adireafricantextiles.com/textiles-resources-sub-saharan-africa/an-introduction-to-sub-saharan-african-textiles/cloth-and-society/ |access-date=2020-05-12 |website=Adire African Textiles |language=en-US}}</ref> A duk faɗin Afirka, akwai nau'ikan tufafi na gida da yawa. Mutane masu arziki da 'yan kasuwa suna buƙatar nau'ikan tufafi daban-daban na gida da kuma shigo da su don haɓaka darajarsu, suna motsa buƙatun su. Kuba a Kamaru da Kongo yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙwarewar masana'antu mafi girma a Afirka ciki har da sa tufafi daga ganyen dabino na raphia da kuma zane-zane, aikace-aikace, yankan-tushen, da kuma tsayayya da dabarun canza launi. [[Fayil:African_Textile_Design_Pattern.jpg|thumb|Tsarin zane-zane na Afirka]] === Ayyukan ƙarfe da zinariya === Ƙarin bayani: Ghana Akan goldweights, Benin Bronzes[[Tagullun Benin|Ginin tagulla na Benin]] [[Fayil:African_Trumbash_-_Mangbetu_curved_knife.jpg|thumb|Trumbash na Afirka - Wuka mai laushi na Mangbetu]] === Fasaha === Ƙarin bayani Fasahar Afirka ta Farko, Abubuwan jigogi na Fasahar Afrika, tarihi da tasiri, Gidan Tarihi na Black Civilisations === Fasaha === Ƙarin bayani: Fasahar Afirka ta zamani, Nunin Fasahar Afrika ta zamani, Bikin Duniya na Black Arts, Gidan Tarihi na Black Civilisations, Gidan kayan gargajiya na Zeitz na Fasahar zamani da Fasahar X Lagos[[Bikin ART X Legas|Art X Lagos]] Ƙarin bayani: Fasahar Afirka ta Amirka, [[Fasahar Afirka|Tasirin Fasahar Afirka akan Fasahar Yamma]] da Babban ra'ayi na Fasahar, Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan: ''Kafin jiya Za Mu Iya tashi'' === Tsarin gine-gine === Ƙarin bayani: Gine-gine na Afirka, David Adjaye, Bikin Fim na Afirka, Gine-gineGine-gine na Maroko === Kayan gida === Manyan masu zanen kayan ado na Afirka na zamani sun haɗa da [[Bibi Seck]], wanda ya kafa Birsel + Seck da mai zanen Mali [[Cheick Diallo (designer)|Cheick Diallo]] wanda aka yi amfani da haɗin waya na kamun kifi da aka shimfiɗa a kan tsarin ƙarfe, ya samo asali ne daga tarkon gargajiya da masunta na Mali ke amfani da shi. An dauki kujera a matsayin cikakkiyar cakuda kayan aiki, ergonomics, da kyawawan gida a cikin wani abu mai kyau, wani abu mai siffar kayan aiki. Zane-zane na [[Jomo Tariku]], ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Habasha na Amurka kuma mai tsara masana'antu wanda ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da ya samu game da ƙirar Afirka da al'adun Afirka daban-daban a Kenya da Habasha, an nuna su a baje kolin kayan ado na zamani na duniya na 2017 (ICFF) da kuma sanannun mujallu masu zane ciki har da Architectural Digest, Elle Decor da Dwell. Ini Archibong, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka kuma mai tsara al'adun Najeriya, ya tsara kayan ɗaki don Bernhard Design, Sé, da Knoll. Ayyukan Tariku da Archibong sun haɗa da su a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Afrofuturist a Gidan Tarihin Metropolitan (MET) a New York.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jomo Tariku, Mido Chair |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/846920 |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Metropolitan Museum of Art}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Archibong |first=Ini |title=Search The Collection (MET Museum) |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search?q=Ini+Archibong&sortBy=Relevance&pageSize=0 |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Metropolitan Museum of Art}}</ref> Dan Najeriya [[Jean Servais Somian]], wanda ke ciyar da lokacinsa tsakanin Afirka da Turai suna koyar da darussan, yana ba da abubuwan da ya kirkira tare da abubuwan da suka shafi kakanninmu, wanda aka nuna a cikin zaɓin kayan (itace na kwakwa, ebony, ko acacia) da kuma abubuwan da aka sake dubawa na rayuwar Afirka ta yau da kullun kamar kwano, sponge, ko tsoffin jiragen ruwa na masunta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SOMIAN DESIGN {{!}} Jean Servais Somian |url=http://www.somiandesign.com/bio.php |access-date=2020-05-12 |website=www.somiandesign.com}}</ref> Yinka Ilori, wanda ke zaune a Landan, ya haɗu da al'adun Burtaniya da Najeriya don ba da sababbin labaru a cikin ƙirar zamani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=agency |first=Field-digital design and branding |title=About – Yinka Ilori |url=https://yinkailori.com/about |access-date=2020-05-12 |website=Yinka Ilori Studio |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-25 |title=Yinka Ilori: Parables for Happiness review – the brighter the better |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/sep/25/yinka-ilori-parables-for-happiness-design-museum-london-review |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Ayyukansa sun samo asali ne daga al'adun gargajiya na Najeriya da kayan ado na Yammacin Afirka da suka kewaye shi tun yana yaro. Kamfanin ƙirar Afirka ta Kudu Dokter & Misses yana haɓaka mafita ta ciki don abokan ciniki masu zaman kansu da kamfanoni da kuma cibiyoyin ilimi a duk faɗin duniya, gami da MTV, Nike, da Jami'ar Johannesburg, kuma suna ci gaba da tallafawa da inganta ƙirar Afirka Ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Misses |first=Dokter and |title=About |url=https://www.dokterandmisses.com/pages/about |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=DOKTER AND MISSES |language=en}}</ref> Bayar da girmamawa ga alakar al'adu, zane-zanen [[Hamed Ouattara]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Recycled Design Collection by Hamed Ouattara {{!}} Out of Africa Gallery {{!}} Artsy |url=https://www.artsy.net/show/out-of-africa-gallery-new-recycled-design-collection-by-hamed-ouattara |access-date=2020-05-12 |website=www.artsy.net |language=en}}</ref> suna nuna al'adun aikin ƙarfe na Burkina Faso kuma suna magana da masu sauraro na duniya na zamani, gami da tashoshin duniya da mahimman masu tarawa, ta hanyar sababbin abubuwa na Afirka. Kwanan nan ya mutu a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2015 yayin da yake shirya wasan kwaikwayonsa a London, [[Babacar M'Bodj Niang]], wanda ya kafa Nulangee Studio a Senegal, ya zana kayan gida daga cikin gida, katako da aka watsar wanda yara da manya da ya yi amfani da su suka samo asali. <ref>{{Cite web |title=50Golborne {{!}} African Art Gallery {{!}} London |url=https://www.50golborne-artdesign.com/babacar-niang |access-date=2020-05-12 |website=50golborne |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Toromade |first=Samson |date=2017-04-06 |title=A tribute to Senegalese sculptor |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/lifestyle/babacar-mbodj-niang-a-tribute-to-senegalese-sculptor/1163t8k |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Pulse Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Tekura Designs "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Upcycled Natural Wooden Furniture Designs by Tekura's Audrey Forson |url=https://54kibo.com/blogs/the-summit/upcycled-natural-wooden-furniture-designs-tekura |access-date=2020-05-12 |website=54kibo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Forson |first=Josephine |title=About Tekura |url=https://www.designtekura.com/index.php/site/aboutus/id/7 |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=www.designtekura.com |archive-date=2022-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119180407/https://www.designtekura.com/index.php/site/aboutus/id/7 |url-status=dead }}</ref> teburin gefen djembe, wanda aka yi da itace a cikin gandun daji na Ghana, ya jawo wahayi daga drum djembe na Yammacin Afirka. Masanin gine-gine da mai zane na Najeriya [[Tosin Oshinowo]] kayan ado na Ilé Ilà yana samar da kayan ado da al'adun Yoruba suka yi wahayi zuwa gare su. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] difexbkys6tfhfo5qyexkf5ubimurv0 0 107083 822504 669074 2026-04-19T09:51:00Z Birgediya 44139 822504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Lunch_vendor.jpg|thumb|Abinci na titi a [[Lomé]].]] Abinci na Togo shinge abincin [[Togo|Jamhuriyar Togo]], ƙasa a nahiyar Afirka [[Doya|yam]] Afirka. Abinci na yau da kullun a cikin '''Abincin Togolese''' sun haɗa da [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], [[Gero|millet]], [[Rogo|cassava]], yam, plantain da [[wake]]. Masara ita ce abincin da aka fi cinyewa a Jamhuriyar Togo. Kifi muhimmiyar tushen furotin ce. Mutanen Togo sukan ci abinci a gida, amma akwai kuma gidajen cin abinci da shagunan abinci. == Abinci da kirki == [[Fayil:Fufu-palmnutsoup.jpg|thumb|250x250px|''[[Fufu]]'' (hagu) da kuma kwai na dabino (dama).]] [[Fayil:Ablo.jpg|thumb|''Ablo'', abinci ne na [[masara]]]] Hanyar Togolese sau da yawa haɗuwa ce ta tasirin [[Al'adar nau'ikan abincin afrika|Afirka]], Faransanci, da Jamusanci. Abincin yana da sauces da yawa da nau'ikan pâté daban-daban, da yawa daga cikinsu an kuma yi su ne daga kwai, [[Tumatir|Tumar]], spinach, da kifi. Abincin ya haɗu da waɗannan abinci tare da nau'ikan [[nama]] da [[Kayan miya|kayan lambu]] daban-daban don ƙirƙirar jita-jita masu ɗanɗano. Gidajen abinci na gefen hanya suna sayar da abinci kamar groundnuts, Omelette, brochettes, masara-on-the-cob, da prawns da aka dafa. Ƙarin abinci da jita-jita sun haɗa da: * ''Agouti'', wanda aka fi sani da "masu yankan ciyawa". * ''[[Akpan]]'', mai yisti na masara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=L'akpan le yaourt végétal béninois qui a du potentiel |url=http://www.rfi.fr/hebdo/20170317-benin-akpan-yaourt-vegetal-artisanal-potentiel-productrice-after |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20200729124321/http://www.rfi.fr/hebdo/20170317-benin-akpan-yaourt-vegetal-artisanal-potentiel-productrice-after |archive-date=2020-07-29 |access-date=2020-04-10 |website=archive.wikiwix.com}}</ref> * ''Akume'', wanda aka shirya daga masara da aka yi amfani da shi tare da gefe, yawanci okra soup. * Gurasar sandar * Sau da yawa ana amfani da sili a matsayin kayan yaji * ''[[Fufu]]'' ya zama ruwan dare gama gari, wanda aka yi da yams da aka kwantar da su sannan aka buga su da pestle har sai sun kai ga daidaito. ''Fufu'' yawanci ana haɗa shi da sauces. * Naman awaki. * Koklo meme, kaza da aka gasa tare da sauce chili. * ''Kokonte'', wani pâté da aka yi da cassava * Pâté, kek ɗin da ake amfani da shi. * Peanuts == Kudancin Togolese abinci == [[Fayil:Gboma_dessi.jpg|thumb|Gboma déssi]] * Rice sauce d'arachide, abincin shinkafa da aka yi da soya. === Masu farawa === * Salad tare da [[Gwanda|papaya]] * Saladi na tumatir da [[albasa]] * Saladi na Avocado tare da sole * Saladi na avocado a cikin cubes, yawanci ana ba da shi tare da tumatir, kwai mai tauri da albasa === Sauces === * ''fétri'' déssi: okra sauce (fétri = okra; ''dessi'' = sauce) da aka dafa tare da man dabino ko wasu mai, naman sa, shrimp, crab, kifi mai hayakikifi mai shan sigari [[Fayil:Okro_soup_with_beef_and_Seafoods.jpg|thumb|Fétri ya ɓace]] * '''Gboma déssi''': sauce na spinach tare da nama, kifi mai hayaki, ko abincin teku * '''<nowiki><i id="mw1w">adémè</i></nowiki> déssi''': sauce na ganye (adémè) * Egoussi déssi: mai kauri sauce na tsaba na [[egusi]], ganyen ''gboma'', tumatir, albasa, kayan yaji, naman sa, ''akpanman'' (fatar saniya mai laushi), abincin teku [[Fayil:Egusi_soup_with_ponmo_and_beef.jpg|thumb|Da son kai]] * Gbôh-lan déssi: naman awaki * Alin déssi: sauce na tumaki * Gni-lan déssi: naman tumatir * '''Gni-fôti déssi''': naman sa tumatir sauce * '''Agbanmé déssi''': sauce na tumatir mai sauƙi tare da naman sa ko kifi * '''Dékou déssi''': kwayar dabino tare da nama, nama, kifi * Yébéssé-si: tumatir mai ɗanɗano da chili paste * Han-lan déssi: naman alade * Hô-lan déssi: sauce na tumatir mai shan sigari (Dasyprocta) * '''Azin'g déssi''': soya na man shanu * '''Lan-moumou déssi''': sauce na kifi tare da tumatir [[Fayil:Nigerian_Fisherman_Soup.jpg|thumb|Lan-moumou déssi]] * Kanlanmi déssi: soya na tumatir da aka dafa * '''Dowèwi déssi''': sauce tare da sabo ko sinadarin sinadarai [[Fayil:Anchovies_with_palm_oil.jpg|thumb|Dowèwi déssi]] * '''Gbékui déssi''': mai kauri mai kauri (''gboma'', ''amaranth'', ''Cleome gynandra'') tare da nama ko kifi <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dansi |first=Alexandre |last2=Adjatin |first2=Arlette |last3=Adoukonou-Sagbadja |first3=Hubert |last4=Faladé |first4=Victoire |date=January 2009 |title=Traditional leafy vegetables in Benin: folk nomenclature, species under threat and domestication |journal=Acta Botanica Gallica |volume=156 |issue=2 |pages=183–199 |doi=10.1080/12538078.2009.10516150}}</ref> * Déssi hé: farin sauce tare da kayan lambu da kifi === Starchs da gurasar === * '''''Akoumé''''': masara mai mahimmanci (mai ƙanshi), an dafa shi a cikin ruwan tafasa kuma ya zama babban haɗin kai ga sauces daban-daban. Manyan hanyoyi guda biyu: éwɔ-koumé: busassun garin masara da aka motsa kai tsaye cikin ruwan tafasa har sai ya yi tsayi. Idan an shirya shi da busassun garin cassava a maimakon haka, ana kiransa konkonte (kuma sananne ne a Ghana), kama da Amala na Mutanen Yoruba * ''Akoumé'' (a cikin [[Harshen Ga]]) daidai yake da <nowiki><i id="mwASw">akplè</i></nowiki> (Harshen Ewe), ko Banku (harshe Ga), kusa da tô ([[Burkina Faso]]). [[Fayil:Akple_and_ademe.jpg|thumb|Akoumé tare da sauce adémè]] * '''''Djenkoumé''''': nau'in gishiri, amiwɔ a [[Benin]]; gurasar masara da aka dafa tare da ruwan gishiri ko naman nama, an ci shi tare da nama. * '''[[Kom (food)|Kom (Dokounou)]]''': kwallaye masu tururi na precooked, gurasar masara mai yisti da aka lulluɓe a cikin ƙwayoyin masara; an ba da shi tare da kifi da aka dafa da kuma goge chili na musamman (''Yébéssé fionfion''). Ana cin Kom a ko'ina a Ghana tsakanin Mutanen Ewe, wanda aka sani da [[Kenkey]] a cikin harshen Mutanen Ga. [[Fayil:Ga_Kenkey_&_Shrimps.jpg|thumb|Kom tare da shrimps]] * '''Ablo''': tururi, ɗan ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano; kuma an yi shi da shinkafa. * '''[[Akpan]]''': mai laushi, dan kadan mai laushi na gari mai fermented, tururi a cikin ganyen ayaba. [[Fayil:Banku_Wrapped_in_Plantain_leaves.jpg|thumb|Akpan]] * '''Egblin''': kwallon da aka yi da cream na masara mai yisti sosai, an dafa shi a cikin ganyen cassava. * '''[[Fufu]]''': mash na yashi, cassava, plantain ko taro, an buga shi zuwa haske, mai sassauci; an ci shi tare da kifi ko naman nama ko tare da sauce na dabino (dékou déssi). [[Fayil:Fufu_and_light_soup_with_goat_meat.jpg|thumb|Fufu]] == Abin sha == * Red ruwan inabi * [[giya]] salon Amurka * Farin ruwan inabi == Dubi kuma == * [[Abincin Benin]] * [[Abincin Burkinabe|Abincin Burkina Faso]] * [[Kayan abinci na Ghana|Abincin Ghana]] * [[Jerin abincin Afirka]]  == Manazarta == ily8d28pzmn03no3tlz53qjdyes8ms4 0 107499 822240 671298 2026-04-18T16:18:38Z Mangal Rabiu 44091 822240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Art Safiental''' wani biennial ne na waje na duniya wanda aka mayar da hankali kan ƙasa da fasahar muhalli, wanda ke cikin kwarin Safien na Graubünden, Switzerland.<ref>Landwehr, Dominik (2024-07-18). "Art Safiental Biennale raises voices from the future". SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 2025-01-15</ref> An kafa shi a cikin 2016, shekara-shekara na gayyatar masu fasaha don ƙirƙirar takamaiman ayyuka waɗanda ke da alaƙa da shimfidar wuri. == Bugawa == Yuli 2 - Oktoba 16, 2016 - sabon fasahar ƙasa Ayyukan zane-zane da aka nuna a lokacin New Land Art an ƙirƙira su ne a matsayin wani ɓangare na farko na Kwalejin Fasaha ta Alps, inda masu fasaha na duniya suka jagoranci taron bita tare da haɗin gwiwar mahalarta 30 daga kasashe 22. Baje kolin ya ƙunshi manyan ayyuka guda shida na dindindin na dindindin, matakai guda uku na masu fasaha na baƙi, rumfar sulhu, ayyukan wucin gadi 19 da mahalarta Alps Art Academy suka yi, da wasanni huɗu. Atelier für Sonderaufgaben, Com&Com, Jaffa Lam, Les Frères Chapuisat, Filippo Minelli da Raumlabor ne suka yi na dindindin. Baƙi masu fasaha na bugu na farko sun haɗa da; Paul Barsch, Delphine Chapuis Schmitz da HR Fricker. Mawakan da suka halarci baje kolin rukuni guda biyu da Paul Barsch ya shirya sune: Bora Akinciturk, Beni Bischof, Adam Cruses, Hamishi Farah, Anne Fellner, Louisa Gagliardi, Charles Irwin, Lex Rathbone, Tanja Ritterbex, Sasha Ross da Ulrich Wulff.<ref>Schindler, Feli (2024-09-01). "Art Safiental — Kunst im Klee und Synthetisches im Teller — Kunstbulletin". www.kunstbulletin.ch. Kunstbulletin</ref> === Yuli 7 - Oktoba 21, 2018 - a kwance - tsaye === Babban jigon bugu na shekarar 2018 na Art Safiental da Alps Art Academy shine "Horizontal - Vertical." Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a cikin 2016, Johannes M. Hedinger ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da fasaha na aikin. A wannan shekara an rarraba ƙasar wucin gadi da na'urorin fasahar muhalli a ko'ina cikin kwarin Safien. Mawakan da suka halarci taron sune; Lita Albuquerque, Ueli Alder, Paul Barsch & Tilman Hornig, Bildstein | Glatz, Mirja Busch, Com&Com, DIG Collective, HR Fricker, Gabriela Gerber & Lukas Bardill, Bob Gramsma, Ingeborg Lüscher, Marianne Halter & Mario Marchisella, Steve Rowell, Analia Saban da Roman Signer.<ref>Safiental, Art. "Art Safiental » Artists" (in German). Retrieved 2025-01-15</ref> === Yuli 18 - Nuwamba 1, 2020 - analog - dijital === Buga na 2020 na Art Safiental yana ɗaukar taken Analog - Digital. Bugu da ƙari, na al'ada, kayan aiki na jiki, na shekara-shekara ya gabatar da sababbin nau'ikan dijital da na nutsewa waɗanda ke ɗaukar hankali da nau'ikan sadarwa. Mawakan da suka halarci taron sune; Nancy Baker Cahill, James Bridle, Com&Com, Fragmentin, HR Fricker, frölicher | bietenhader, Denis Handschin, Bruno Jakob, Jan Robert Leegte, Melodie Mousset, Patrick Rohner, Manuel Rossner, Sara Rutz, Curdin Tones, Lucie Tuma, Marie Velardi, Ester Vonplon. Yuli 02 - Oktoba 23, 2022 - koyo daga duniya Buga na 2022 na Art Safiental ya gabatar da ayyuka 15 da ke magance rikice-rikicen canjin yanayi, annoba, rashin kwanciyar hankali, da rikice-rikice na duniya. Ayyukan Artworks sun sanya kansu a matsayin sharhi da shawarwari waɗanda ke nazarin halin yanzu kuma suna ba da shawarar hanyoyin ci gaba na yanzu. Masu zane-zanen da suka halarta sune: Lara Almarcegui, Badel/Sarbach, Ursula Biemann, Julius von Bismarck, Buchli/Isenschmid, Com&Com, Saskia Edens, Lithic Alliance, Marcus Maeder, !Mediengruppe Bitnik, Dharmendra Prasad, Simon & Oderg Lenz Vautier.<ref>Portmann, Raphael (2022-09-01). "Kunst und Klima — Von der Erde lernen". www.kunstbulletin.ch. Kunstbulletin. Retrieved 2025-01-15</ref> === Yuli 6 - Oktoba 20, 2024 - menene idan? wakokin gobe === Taken 2024 'Idan?' an yi niyya ne don zama kayan aiki don ƙarfafa masu kallo su wuce abin da aka saba.[16]. Tare da biennale, an fitar da wani littafi mai ɗauke da kasidu daga Ravi Agarwal, Annemarie Bucher, Ishita Chakraborty, Damian Christinger, Magali Dougoud, Hayat Erdoğan, Anne-Laure Franchette, Johannes M. Hedinger, Kim de l'Horizon, Josiane Imhasly, Monica Ursina, Paulina, Josina Imhasly, Monica Ursina, Jomania, Monica Ursina. Lopez, Harald Welzer, da André Wilkens. Hakanan yana nuna zane-zane na Ravi Agarwal da Paulina Lopez, Paloma Ayala, Magali Dougoud, Hemauer/Keller, Monica Ursina Jäger, Ola Maciejewska, Sujit Mallik, Vibeke Mascini, Farah Mulla, Ernesto Neto, QUARTO, Stefanie Salzmann, Renae Totadi Wabi. Art Safiental 2024 featured artworks by Ravi Agarwal & Paulina Lopez, Paloma Ayala & Sascha Skraban, Magali Dougoud, ZOMBIE MERMAIDS, Hemauer/Keller, Monica Ursina Jäger, Ola Maciejewska, Vibeke Mascini, Andre Ernesto Neto, Stefana Francesco, Rere Francesco, Rere Francesco, Rere Francesco, Slane Frances, Slaena Francesco, QUART Todisco, da Huhtamaki Wab.<ref>Landwehr, Dominik (2024-07-18). "Die Art Safiental Biennale bringt Stimmen aus der Zukunft". SWI swissinfo.ch (in Swiss High German). Retrieved 2025-01-15</ref> == Manazarta == naky5g2dp2x1s85b53re0h9lkmsyo63 0 107619 822362 683685 2026-04-18T18:40:41Z Inusa Birnin Tudu 44112 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 822362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Haɗin Gwiwar Tsaunuka ta Duniya''' (ICIMOD) cibiyar ilmantarwa ce ta yanki da ilimi da aka kafa a 1981, tana hidima ga ƙasashe membobin yanki takwas na yankin Hindu Kush Himalaya - Afghanistan, [[Bangladesh]], Bhutan, China, Indiya, [[Myanmar]], [[Nepal]], da Pakistan. Yankin HKH yanki ne mai girman gaske, wanda ya kunshi tsaunukan da suka tashi daga yankin Hindu Kush a arewacin Afganistan zuwa yankin Arakan a kasar Myanmar, tare da yankin Himalayan a matsayin kashin bayansa, sannan kuma ya hada da tudun Tibet.<ref>Sharma, Eklabya; Molden, David; Rahman, Atiq; Khatiwada, Yuba Raj; Zhang, Linxiu; Singh, Surendra Pratap; Yao, Tandong; Wester, Philippus (2019), Wester, Philippus; Mishra, Arabinda; Mukherji, Aditi; Shrestha, Arun Bhakta (eds.), "Introduction to the Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment", The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment: Mountains, Climate Change, Sustainability and People, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–16, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1_1, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-92288-1</nowiki>, S2CID 134820965</ref> Manufar ICIMOD ita ce haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashe membobin yankin don tabbatar da kyakkyawar makoma ga mutane da muhallin yankin. ICIMOD tana da hedikwata a Khumaltar a cikin birnin Lalitpur, wanda ke cikin kwarin Kathmandu na Nepal. A Godavari a Lalitpur, ICIMOD tana da wurin shakatawa wanda ke nuna wasu aikace-aikace na ka'idar ICIMOD da binciken filin. Bugu da ƙari, ICIMOD tana da ofisoshin ƙasa a Afghanistan da Pakistan. Ƙungiyoyin abokan hulɗa na ICIMOD sun haɗa da cibiyoyin kimiyya na ƙasa da na duniya, hukumomin gwamnati, hukumomin ba da agaji, da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, a cikin yanki da waje. Taswirar da ke nuna yankin Hindu Kush Himalaya, tare da murfin ƙasa.<ref>Regional cooperation". ICIMOD. 6 December 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2022</ref> == Tarihi == === Asalin === A watan Disambar 1974, an tattauna ra'ayin samar da wata cibiya don inganta ingantaccen yanayin muhalli na yankunan tsaunuka a taron karawa juna sani na kasa da kasa kan raya muhallin tsaunuka a Munich na kasar Jamus. A cikin 1979 an yi alƙawarin kafa cibiyar a yayin taron Ƙungiyar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNESCO) a Kathmandu, a ƙarƙashin tsarin Man and Biosphere Programme. Kungiyar Jafananci Institute for Himalayan Conservation, wanda Jiro Kawakita ya kafa, ta kuma aike da sanarwar aniyar kafa ICIMOD ga gwamnatin Nepal da kuma Man and Biosphere Program na UNESCO. Gwamnatin Nepal ta yi tayin karbar bakuncin sabuwar cibiyar, kuma gwamnatocin Switzerland da Tarayyar Jamus da UNESCO sun amince su zama masu daukar nauyin kafa. Gwamnatin Mai Martaba Sarkin Nepal da UNESCO sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ta samar da tushen kafa cibiyar a watan Satumban 1981 a birnin Paris. An kafa cibiyar a ƙarshe kuma an buɗe ta a ranar 5 ga Disamba 1983 tare da hedkwatarta a Lalitpur, Nepal, kuma ta halatta ta hanyar Dokar Majalisa a Nepal a cikin wannan shekarar.<ref>International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD)". China Environment and Health Resources Hub. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2013</ref> hedkwatar A cikin shekaru 20 na farko, watau daga ƙarshen 1983 har zuwa ƙarshen 2004, ICIMOD ta kasance a gidan haya a Jawalakhel, Lalitpur. A ranar 5 ga Disamba 2004, bikin cika shekaru 21 na ICIMOD, sabon hedkwatar ICIMOD ya buɗe ta Sarki Gyanendra na Nepal a Khumaltar, Lalitpur. Hectare 1.5 na wannan harabar hedkwatar, mai darajar sama da dalar Amurka miliyan 1, gwamnatin Nepal ta ba da gudummawar. Gwamnatocin China da Indiya sun ba da gudummawar dalar Amurka 100,000 kowacce, don gina sabon hedkwatar. Gwamnatin Pakistan ta ba da dalar Amurka 100,000 don gina ta. Gwamnatin Bangladesh ta ba da gudummawar dalar Amurka 28,300, gami da rumfar Bangladesh a cikin harabar. Gwamnatin Bhutan ta ba da gudummawa iri-iri, a cikin hanyar ginin Bhutan a cikin harabar. A cikin girgizar ƙasa na 25 Afrilu 2015 a Nepal, hedkwatar ta sami ƙaramin lalacewa, amma rumfar Bhutan ta rushe gaba ɗaya.<ref>Qiu, Jane (1 May 2015). "How scientists are aiding quake recovery in Nepal". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.17460. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 131050173.</ref> Daga baya an sake gina rumfar tare da sake buɗe shi a cikin 2016. === Daraktoci / Darakta Janar na ICIMOD === Tun lokacin da aka kafa ICIMOD, wani Darakta Janar na namiji ne ke jagorantar shi. Shugaban farko na ICIMOD, Kenneth Colin Rosser, an nada shi a matsayin 'Daraktan' ICIMOD kuma duk shugabannin da suka biyo baya an nada su a matsayin 'Daraktan Janar'. Daga 1984 zuwa 2020, waɗannan Daraktocin sun fito ne daga wata ƙasa da ke wajen yankin Himalaya. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi]] kl8qlvx3hdqyl4hq19pg1bjngo02b8q 0 107681 822514 817370 2026-04-19T09:54:23Z Birgediya 44139 822514 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Rafe Pomerance''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1946) masanin muhalli ne na Amurka. Ya kasance Babban Jami'in Manufofin Arctic na Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Woodwell . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scientists |url=https://www.woodwellclimate.org/people/scientists/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Woodwell Climate |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1970s, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da [[Hadarin sauyin|haɗarin canjin yanayi]] ga masu tsara manufofi na Amurka. Matsayinsa a lokacin 1979 zuwa 1989 an ba da cikakken bayani a cikin littafin Losing Earth, na Nathaniel Rich . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Pomerance ya girma ne a Cos Cob, Connecticut, <ref name="thedcline.org">{{Cite web |date=26 April 2019 |title=Longtime Kalorama Triangle resident, a 'dauntless warrior,' continues his 40-year fight against climate change |url=https://thedcline.org/2019/04/26/longtime-kalorama-triangle-resident-a-dauntless-warrior-continues-his-40-year-fight-against-climate-change/ |access-date=2019-08-02 |website=TheDCLine.org |language=en-US}}</ref> ɗan mai fafutukar zaman lafiya Josephine (née Wertheim) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Josephine Wertheim Pomerance |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/pomerance-josephine-wertheim |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=Jewish Women's Archive |language=en}}</ref> da kuma masanin gine-gine Ralph Pomerance. Shi jikan Maurice Wertheim ne da Alma Morgenthau, kuma jikan Henry Morgenthau Sr. Shi ne na kabilanci Bayahude. Ya kammala karatu daga [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] a shekarar 1968, tare da B.A. a Tarihi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alum who sounded climate change alarm featured at Reunion |url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2019/06/alum-who-sounded-climate-change-alarm-featured-reunion |access-date=2019-08-02 |website=Cornell Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Cornell, Pomerance ya kuma yi aiki a cikin shirin talauci a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa na VISTA da ke aiki ga Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Albarka ta Virginia. Ya fara aikinsa na muhalli a shekarar 1972 yana aiki ne don Taron Muhalli na Birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=Urban Environment Conference Flyer · Give Earth a Chance: Environmental Activism in Michigan |url=http://michiganintheworld.history.lsa.umich.edu/environmentalism/items/show/517 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=michiganintheworld.history.lsa.umich.edu}}</ref> a karkashin Sanata Phil Hart inda suka yi aiki a kan batutuwan gubar a cikin man fetur da sake fasalin asusun amincewa na babbar hanya (don hada da tallafin sufuri na jama'a). A shekara ta 1973 ya kaddamar da National Clean Air Coalition kuma ya zama mai tsara shi na tsawon shekaru 5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-26 |title=Longtime Kalorama Triangle resident, a 'dauntless warrior,' continues his 40-year fight against climate change |url=https://thedcline.org/2019/04/26/longtime-kalorama-triangle-resident-a-dauntless-warrior-continues-his-40-year-fight-against-climate-change/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=TheDCLine.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya shiga kungiyar Friends of the Earth a shekarar 1975 yana neman iska mai tsabta <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Gordon |date=16 May 1994 |title=Don't forget Friends of the Earth |url=https://www.hcn.org/issues/issue-11/dont-forget-friends-of-the-earth/ |access-date=30 June 2024 |website=High Country News}}</ref> kuma ya kasance shugabanta na tsawon shekaru hudu har zuwa 1984. Daga 1986 zuwa 1993, ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Mataimakin Canjin yanayi da Rashin Ozone a Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rafe Pomerance |url=https://www.silverlining.ngo/rafe-pomerance |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=SilverLining |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Warming: Myth or Reality {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?14924-1/global-warming-myth-reality |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 1993, an nada shi Mataimakin Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati na Muhalli da Ci Gaban a karkashin shugaban Amurka [[Bill Clinton]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rafe Pomerance |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/global/oes/pomerance.html |access-date=2018-08-02 |website=1997-2001.state.gov}}</ref> A cikin wannan rawar ya shiga cikin tattaunawar kan gandun daji, GMO, Shirin coral reef na kasa da kasa, da canjin yanayi wanda ya haifar da Yarjejeniyar Kyoto . Ya bar sashen a 1999 kuma ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, Cibiyar Manufofin Yanayi inda ya jagoranci nasarar samun Gwamnatin Tarayya ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba - Makamashi, wacce aka sanya hannu a cikin doka a 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polar Research Board Members |url=http://dels.nas.edu/global/prb/Board-Members |access-date=2019-08-02 |website=dels.nas.edu |archive-date=2019-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730120054/http://dels.nas.edu/global/prb/Board-Members |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shi mai ba da shawara ne ga Rethink Energy Florida da aikin su "Keep Florida Above Water".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keep Florida Above Water |url=https://www.rethinkenergyflorida.org/keep-florida-above-water/ |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=ReThink Energy Florida |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga 2015 zuwa 2019 ya yi aiki a [https://www.nationalacademies.org/prb/polar-research-board Kwamitin Bincike na Polar] na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Amurka. A cikin 2014 ya ƙaddamar da Arctic 21, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scientists to discuss global threats from climate change in the Arctic |url=https://sciencesources.eurekalert.org/news-releases/502739 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=EurekAlert! |language=en}}</ref> cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙungiyoyi da suka himmatu don sadarwa game da warwarewar Arctic. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arctic 21 on Twitter/X |url=https://twitter.com/arctic21?lang=en |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sheila V . |date=2016-03-29 |title=Sea Ice in Melting Arctic Dwindles to Another Record Low |url=https://insideclimatenews.org/news/29032016/arctic-sea-ice-record-low-maximum-winter-extent-climate-change/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Inside Climate News |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Kogin Amurka, Shugaban Kwamitin League of Conservation Voters, da kuma Potomac Conservancy. == Yunkurin canjin yanayi == Pomerance ya fara sha'awar canjin yanayi bayan karanta rahoton EPA na 1978, " [https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/9101EEN8.txt?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1995%20Thru%201999%7C1976%20Thru%201980%7C2006%20Thru%202010%7C1991%20Thru%201994%7C2000%20Thru%202005%7C1986%20Thru%201990%7C1981%20Thru%201985%7CPrior%20to%201976&Docs=&Query=600778019&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=2&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&UseQField=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5CZYFILES%5CINDEX%20DATA%5C76THRU80%5CTXT%5C00000029%5C9101EEN8.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=-%7Ch&MaximumDocuments=15&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r85g16/r85g16/x150y150g16/i500&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x Kimanin Muhalli na Coal Liquefaction: Rahoton Shekara-shekara] ". Rahoton EPA ya ambaci "rahoton da Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Kasa (NAS) ta yi wanda ya yi gargadin cewa ci gaba da yin amfani da man fetur na burbushin halittu a matsayin tushen makamashi na farko fiye da 20 zuwa 30 fiye da shekaru zai iya haifar da ƙara yawan matakan yanayi na carbon dioxide. Sakamakon greenhouse da haɗuwa da yawan zafin jiki na duniya da kuma sakamakon canjin yanayi zai iya, bisa ga NAS ya jagoranci 'mahimmanci da kuma lalata kalmomi na <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Budden |first=K |last2=Zieger |first2=W |date=1978 |title=ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF COAL LIQUEFACTION |url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=ORD&dirEntryId=46636&keyword=liquefaction&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50&CFID=63976490&CFTOKEN=25706323 |journal=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |volume=EPA/600/7-78/019}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025}}</ref> <nowiki>''</nowiki> "Lambobin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin "lambobin kalmomi" suna lalata "Lambobin Ƙira. masana kimiyya don amsoshi. Ya hada kai da masanin kimiya Gordon MacDonald inda ya fara tsara tarurruka da jami'an gwamnati domin tattauna batun sauyin yanayi. Ganawar su tare da babban masanin kimiyyar White House, Frank Press, ya haifar da nazarin ilimin kimiyya na kasa, "Carbon Dioxide da Climate: Assessment Scientific", wanda aka fi sani da rahoton Charney, na farko na National Academy kima wanda yayi ƙoƙari ya ƙididdige tasirin karuwar CO akan yanayi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Charney Report: 40 years ago, scientists accurately predicted climate change |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-07-charney-years-scientists-accurately-climate.html |access-date=2019-08-06 |website=phys.org |language=en-us}}</ref> Pomerance ya shiga Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Duniya a 1986 kuma ya ci gaba da ƙoƙari yaƙi don manufofin canjin yanayi. Shi da Gus Speth sun shawo kan Sanata John Chafee don gudanar da sauraron 10 da 11 ga Yuni, 1986 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Majkut |first=Joseph |date=2016-06-15 |title=John Chafee's 1986 Climate Hearings |url=https://www.niskanencenter.org/john-chafees-1986-climate-hearings/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Niskanen Center |language=en}}</ref> a kan "Ozone Depletion, the Greenhouse Effect, and Climate Change", tare da James Hansen kasancewa babban shaida. Shaidar Hansen a wannan sauraron da shaidar Majalisar Dattijai ta 1988 wanda Sanata Tim Wirth ya jagoranta, game da tasirin canjin yanayi yanzu ana ɗaukar su a matsayin canji a cikin wayar da kan jama'a game da batun. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Besel |first=Richard D. |year=2013 |title=Accommodating Climate Change Science: James Hansen and the Rhetorical/Political Emergence of Global Warming |url=https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://en.wikipedia.org/&httpsredir=1&article=1014&context=comm_fac |journal=Science in Context |volume=26 |pages=137–152 |doi=10.1017/S0269889712000312 |s2cid=18364313 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Labaran da suka yi game da waɗannan sauraron sun kasance da yawa, wanda ya haifar da wayar da kan jama'a game da batun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Time to Wake Up: Chafee Hearings, Climate Change, and Trump {{!}} U.S. Senator Sheldon Whitehouse of Rhode Island |url=https://www.whitehouse.senate.gov/news/speeches/time-to-wake-up-chafee-hearings-climate-change-and-trump |access-date=2019-08-06 |website=www.whitehouse.senate.gov |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 1989, a taron duniya kan canjin yanayi, Pomerance da sauransu sun ba da shawarar gabatar da wani manufa. Shawararsa ita ce "rage kashi 20 cikin 100 a cikin hayakin carbon ta hanyar 2000." Wannan burin ya zama sananne a duniya a matsayin manufa don rage hayakin hayaki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Manne |first=Alan S. |last2=Richels |first2=Richard G. |date=1991 |title=Global {{CO2}} Emission Reductions - the Impacts of Rising Energy Costs |journal=The Energy Journal |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=87–107 |doi=10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol12-No1-6 |issn=0195-6574 |jstor=41322404}}</ref> A cikin 2023 ya bayyana hangen nesa na saita iyaka a kan hauhawar matakin teku, a matsayin hanyar yin burin canjin yanayi ya fi dacewa. An bayyana waɗannan ra'ayoyin a cikin "The Case for Capping Sea Level Rise" A cikin 2025, Pomerance ya ci gaba da magana game da muhimmancin hauhawar matakin teku da ci gaba da narkewar Greenland Ice Sheet. Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi ta dauki Pomerance a matsayin "Unsung Hero of the Climate Wars".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unsung Heroes of the Climate Wars |url=http://climate.org/archive/resources/climate-archives/conferences/washington-summit-heroes-climate-wars.html |access-date=2019-08-02 |website=climate.org }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kokarin da ya yi a cikin shekarun 1980 sun kasance batun wani labarin [[New York Times]] na 2018 mai taken "Losing Earth: The Decade We Almost Stopped Climate Change". Labarin ya kawo hankali sosai ga aikin da ya gabata. Ra'ayoyinsa game da muhawara mai tasowa game da manufofin canjin yanayi an taƙaita su a cikin wata hira ta 2020 da Nancy Rosenblum ta yi wanda taken shine magana da Pomerance ya kirkira: "The Fate of Greenland is the Fate of Miami".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-22 |title=A Conversation |url=https://www.amacad.org/publication/conversation-rosenblum-pomerance |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Pomerance ta yi aure kuma tana da 'ya'ya uku. Ya zauna a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] tun daga shekara ta 1970.<ref name="thedcline.org"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jg7s4lqrwv4p5yvytl7c2gc7edv6pej 822515 822514 2026-04-19T09:54:40Z Birgediya 44139 822515 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Rafe Pomerance''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1946) masanin muhalli ne na Amurka. Ya kasance Babban Jami'in Manufofin Arctic na Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Woodwell . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scientists |url=https://www.woodwellclimate.org/people/scientists/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Woodwell Climate |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1970s, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da [[Hadarin sauyin|haɗarin canjin yanayi]] ga masu tsara manufofi na Amurka. Matsayinsa a lokacin 1979 zuwa 1989 an ba da cikakken bayani a cikin littafin Losing Earth, na Nathaniel Rich . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Pomerance ya girma ne a Cos Cob, Connecticut, <ref name="thedcline.org">{{Cite web |date=26 April 2019 |title=Longtime Kalorama Triangle resident, a 'dauntless warrior,' continues his 40-year fight against climate change |url=https://thedcline.org/2019/04/26/longtime-kalorama-triangle-resident-a-dauntless-warrior-continues-his-40-year-fight-against-climate-change/ |access-date=2019-08-02 |website=TheDCLine.org |language=en-US}}</ref> ɗan mai fafutukar zaman lafiya Josephine (née Wertheim) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Josephine Wertheim Pomerance |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/pomerance-josephine-wertheim |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=Jewish Women's Archive |language=en}}</ref> da kuma masanin gine-gine Ralph Pomerance. Shi jikan Maurice Wertheim ne da Alma Morgenthau, kuma jikan Henry Morgenthau Sr. Shi ne na kabilanci Bayahude. Ya kammala karatu daga [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] a shekarar 1968, tare da B.A. a Tarihi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alum who sounded climate change alarm featured at Reunion |url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2019/06/alum-who-sounded-climate-change-alarm-featured-reunion |access-date=2019-08-02 |website=Cornell Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Cornell, Pomerance ya kuma yi aiki a cikin shirin talauci a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa na VISTA da ke aiki ga Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Albarka ta Virginia. Ya fara aikinsa na muhalli a shekarar 1972 yana aiki ne don Taron Muhalli na Birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=Urban Environment Conference Flyer · Give Earth a Chance: Environmental Activism in Michigan |url=http://michiganintheworld.history.lsa.umich.edu/environmentalism/items/show/517 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=michiganintheworld.history.lsa.umich.edu}}</ref> a karkashin Sanata Phil Hart inda suka yi aiki a kan batutuwan gubar a cikin man fetur da sake fasalin asusun amincewa na babbar hanya (don hada da tallafin sufuri na jama'a). A shekara ta 1973 ya kaddamar da National Clean Air Coalition kuma ya zama mai tsara shi na tsawon shekaru 5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-26 |title=Longtime Kalorama Triangle resident, a 'dauntless warrior,' continues his 40-year fight against climate change |url=https://thedcline.org/2019/04/26/longtime-kalorama-triangle-resident-a-dauntless-warrior-continues-his-40-year-fight-against-climate-change/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=TheDCLine.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya shiga kungiyar Friends of the Earth a shekarar 1975 yana neman iska mai tsabta <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Gordon |date=16 May 1994 |title=Don't forget Friends of the Earth |url=https://www.hcn.org/issues/issue-11/dont-forget-friends-of-the-earth/ |access-date=30 June 2024 |website=High Country News}}</ref> kuma ya kasance shugabanta na tsawon shekaru hudu har zuwa 1984. Daga 1986 zuwa 1993, ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Mataimakin Canjin yanayi da Rashin Ozone a Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rafe Pomerance |url=https://www.silverlining.ngo/rafe-pomerance |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=SilverLining |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Warming: Myth or Reality {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?14924-1/global-warming-myth-reality |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 1993, an kuma nada shi Mataimakin Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati na Muhalli da Ci Gaban a karkashin shugaban Amurka [[Bill Clinton]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rafe Pomerance |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/global/oes/pomerance.html |access-date=2018-08-02 |website=1997-2001.state.gov}}</ref> A cikin wannan rawar ya shiga cikin tattaunawar kan gandun daji, GMO, Shirin coral reef na kasa da kasa, da canjin yanayi wanda ya haifar da Yarjejeniyar Kyoto . Ya bar sashen a 1999 kuma ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, Cibiyar Manufofin Yanayi inda ya jagoranci nasarar samun Gwamnatin Tarayya ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba - Makamashi, wacce aka sanya hannu a cikin doka a 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polar Research Board Members |url=http://dels.nas.edu/global/prb/Board-Members |access-date=2019-08-02 |website=dels.nas.edu |archive-date=2019-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730120054/http://dels.nas.edu/global/prb/Board-Members |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shi mai ba da shawara ne ga Rethink Energy Florida da aikin su "Keep Florida Above Water".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keep Florida Above Water |url=https://www.rethinkenergyflorida.org/keep-florida-above-water/ |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=ReThink Energy Florida |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga 2015 zuwa 2019 ya yi aiki a [https://www.nationalacademies.org/prb/polar-research-board Kwamitin Bincike na Polar] na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Amurka. A cikin 2014 ya ƙaddamar da Arctic 21, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scientists to discuss global threats from climate change in the Arctic |url=https://sciencesources.eurekalert.org/news-releases/502739 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=EurekAlert! |language=en}}</ref> cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙungiyoyi da suka himmatu don sadarwa game da warwarewar Arctic. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arctic 21 on Twitter/X |url=https://twitter.com/arctic21?lang=en |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sheila V . |date=2016-03-29 |title=Sea Ice in Melting Arctic Dwindles to Another Record Low |url=https://insideclimatenews.org/news/29032016/arctic-sea-ice-record-low-maximum-winter-extent-climate-change/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Inside Climate News |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Kogin Amurka, Shugaban Kwamitin League of Conservation Voters, da kuma Potomac Conservancy. == Yunkurin canjin yanayi == Pomerance ya fara sha'awar canjin yanayi bayan karanta rahoton EPA na 1978, " [https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/9101EEN8.txt?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1995%20Thru%201999%7C1976%20Thru%201980%7C2006%20Thru%202010%7C1991%20Thru%201994%7C2000%20Thru%202005%7C1986%20Thru%201990%7C1981%20Thru%201985%7CPrior%20to%201976&Docs=&Query=600778019&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=2&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&UseQField=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5CZYFILES%5CINDEX%20DATA%5C76THRU80%5CTXT%5C00000029%5C9101EEN8.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=-%7Ch&MaximumDocuments=15&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r85g16/r85g16/x150y150g16/i500&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x Kimanin Muhalli na Coal Liquefaction: Rahoton Shekara-shekara] ". Rahoton EPA ya ambaci "rahoton da Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Kasa (NAS) ta yi wanda ya yi gargadin cewa ci gaba da yin amfani da man fetur na burbushin halittu a matsayin tushen makamashi na farko fiye da 20 zuwa 30 fiye da shekaru zai iya haifar da ƙara yawan matakan yanayi na carbon dioxide. Sakamakon greenhouse da haɗuwa da yawan zafin jiki na duniya da kuma sakamakon canjin yanayi zai iya, bisa ga NAS ya jagoranci 'mahimmanci da kuma lalata kalmomi na <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Budden |first=K |last2=Zieger |first2=W |date=1978 |title=ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF COAL LIQUEFACTION |url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=ORD&dirEntryId=46636&keyword=liquefaction&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50&CFID=63976490&CFTOKEN=25706323 |journal=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |volume=EPA/600/7-78/019}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025}}</ref> <nowiki>''</nowiki> "Lambobin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin "lambobin kalmomi" suna lalata "Lambobin Ƙira. masana kimiyya don amsoshi. Ya hada kai da masanin kimiya Gordon MacDonald inda ya fara tsara tarurruka da jami'an gwamnati domin tattauna batun sauyin yanayi. Ganawar su tare da babban masanin kimiyyar White House, Frank Press, ya haifar da nazarin ilimin kimiyya na kasa, "Carbon Dioxide da Climate: Assessment Scientific", wanda aka fi sani da rahoton Charney, na farko na National Academy kima wanda yayi ƙoƙari ya ƙididdige tasirin karuwar CO akan yanayi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Charney Report: 40 years ago, scientists accurately predicted climate change |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-07-charney-years-scientists-accurately-climate.html |access-date=2019-08-06 |website=phys.org |language=en-us}}</ref> Pomerance ya shiga Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Duniya a 1986 kuma ya ci gaba da ƙoƙari yaƙi don manufofin canjin yanayi. Shi da Gus Speth sun shawo kan Sanata John Chafee don gudanar da sauraron 10 da 11 ga Yuni, 1986 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Majkut |first=Joseph |date=2016-06-15 |title=John Chafee's 1986 Climate Hearings |url=https://www.niskanencenter.org/john-chafees-1986-climate-hearings/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Niskanen Center |language=en}}</ref> a kan "Ozone Depletion, the Greenhouse Effect, and Climate Change", tare da James Hansen kasancewa babban shaida. Shaidar Hansen a wannan sauraron da shaidar Majalisar Dattijai ta 1988 wanda Sanata Tim Wirth ya jagoranta, game da tasirin canjin yanayi yanzu ana ɗaukar su a matsayin canji a cikin wayar da kan jama'a game da batun. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Besel |first=Richard D. |year=2013 |title=Accommodating Climate Change Science: James Hansen and the Rhetorical/Political Emergence of Global Warming |url=https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://en.wikipedia.org/&httpsredir=1&article=1014&context=comm_fac |journal=Science in Context |volume=26 |pages=137–152 |doi=10.1017/S0269889712000312 |s2cid=18364313 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Labaran da suka yi game da waɗannan sauraron sun kasance da yawa, wanda ya haifar da wayar da kan jama'a game da batun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Time to Wake Up: Chafee Hearings, Climate Change, and Trump {{!}} U.S. Senator Sheldon Whitehouse of Rhode Island |url=https://www.whitehouse.senate.gov/news/speeches/time-to-wake-up-chafee-hearings-climate-change-and-trump |access-date=2019-08-06 |website=www.whitehouse.senate.gov |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 1989, a taron duniya kan canjin yanayi, Pomerance da sauransu sun ba da shawarar gabatar da wani manufa. Shawararsa ita ce "rage kashi 20 cikin 100 a cikin hayakin carbon ta hanyar 2000." Wannan burin ya zama sananne a duniya a matsayin manufa don rage hayakin hayaki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Manne |first=Alan S. |last2=Richels |first2=Richard G. |date=1991 |title=Global {{CO2}} Emission Reductions - the Impacts of Rising Energy Costs |journal=The Energy Journal |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=87–107 |doi=10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol12-No1-6 |issn=0195-6574 |jstor=41322404}}</ref> A cikin 2023 ya bayyana hangen nesa na saita iyaka a kan hauhawar matakin teku, a matsayin hanyar yin burin canjin yanayi ya fi dacewa. An bayyana waɗannan ra'ayoyin a cikin "The Case for Capping Sea Level Rise" A cikin 2025, Pomerance ya ci gaba da magana game da muhimmancin hauhawar matakin teku da ci gaba da narkewar Greenland Ice Sheet. Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi ta dauki Pomerance a matsayin "Unsung Hero of the Climate Wars".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unsung Heroes of the Climate Wars |url=http://climate.org/archive/resources/climate-archives/conferences/washington-summit-heroes-climate-wars.html |access-date=2019-08-02 |website=climate.org }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kokarin da ya yi a cikin shekarun 1980 sun kasance batun wani labarin [[New York Times]] na 2018 mai taken "Losing Earth: The Decade We Almost Stopped Climate Change". Labarin ya kawo hankali sosai ga aikin da ya gabata. Ra'ayoyinsa game da muhawara mai tasowa game da manufofin canjin yanayi an taƙaita su a cikin wata hira ta 2020 da Nancy Rosenblum ta yi wanda taken shine magana da Pomerance ya kirkira: "The Fate of Greenland is the Fate of Miami".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-22 |title=A Conversation |url=https://www.amacad.org/publication/conversation-rosenblum-pomerance |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Pomerance ta yi aure kuma tana da 'ya'ya uku. Ya zauna a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] tun daga shekara ta 1970.<ref name="thedcline.org"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jtjsqk3plqcu0mfmhejusxdv1knib5k 0 107938 822454 700033 2026-04-19T08:47:39Z Túrelio 7419 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:Duplicate|Duplicate]]: [[File:Global carbon budget components.png]] → [[File:Components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties as a function of time.png]] Exact or scaled-down duplicate: [[c::File:Components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties as a function of time.png]] 822454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Anthropogenic_changes_in_the_global_carbon_cycle.png|right|thumb|Bayani na zane-zane na rikice-rikice na sake zagayowar carbon na duniya wanda ayyukan ɗan adam suka haifar, matsakaici daga 2010 zuwa 2019.<ref name="Friedlingstein2020">{{Cite journal |last=Friedlingstein |first=Pierre |last2=O'Sullivan |first2=Michael |last3=Jones |first3=Matthew W. |last4=Andrew |first4=Robbie M. |last5=Hauck |first5=Judith |last6=Olsen |first6=Are |last7=Peters |first7=Glen P. |last8=Peters |first8=Wouter |last9=Pongratz |first9=Julia |last10=Sitch |first10=Stephen |last11=Le Quéré |first11=Corinne |last12=Canadell |first12=Josep G. |last13=Ciais |first13=Philippe |last14=Jackson |first14=Robert B. |last15=Alin |first15=Simone |date=2020 |title=Global Carbon Budget 2020 |journal=Earth System Science Data |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=3269–3340 |bibcode=2020ESSD...12.3269F |doi=10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020 |issn=1866-3516 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref>]] A '''yanayi na carbon sake zagayowar''' lissafi don musayar gaseous carbon mahadi, da farko [[carbon dioxide]] ( CO ), tsakanin duniya ta yanayi, da tekuna, da terrestrial biosphere . Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi sauri na [[Tsarin carbon|zagayowar carbon]] na duniya baki daya, yana tallafawa musayar fiye da 200&nbsp;ton biliyan biliyan na carbon (watau gigatons carbon ko GtC) a ciki da wajen sararin samaniya a tsawon lokacin kowace shekara. <ref name="GlobalCarbonCycle">{{Cite journal |last=Falkowski |first=P. |last2=Scholes |first2=R. J. |last3=Boyle |first3=E. |last4=Canadell |first4=J. |last5=Canfield |first5=D. |last6=Elser |first6=J. |last7=Gruber |first7=N. |last8=Hibbard |first8=K. |last9=Högberg |first9=P. |last10=Linder |first10=S. |last11=MacKenzie |first11=F. T. |last12=Moore III |first12=B. |last13=Pedersen |first13=T. |last14=Rosenthal |first14=Y. |last15=Seitzinger |first15=S. |year=2000 |title=The Global Carbon Cycle: A Test of Our Knowledge of Earth as a System |journal=Science |volume=290 |issue=5490 |pages=291–296 |bibcode=2000Sci...290..291F |doi=10.1126/science.290.5490.291 |pmid=11030643}}</ref> Matsakaicin yanayi na CO ya kasance barga fiye da tsawon lokaci kawai lokacin da akwai ma'auni tsakanin waɗannan guda biyu. [[Methane]] ( ), Carbon monoxide (CO), da sauran mahaɗan da ɗan adam ke yi suna nan a cikin ƙananan ƙira kuma suna cikin yanayin zagayowar carbon na yanayi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Riebeek |first=Holli |date=16 June 2011 |title=The Carbon Cycle |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/CarbonCycle/?src=eoa-features |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010126/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/CarbonCycle/?src=eoa-features |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=5 April 2018 |website=Earth Observatory |publisher=NASA}}</ref> Ayyukan ɗan adam, da farko cirewa da ƙone burbushin carbon daga lithosphere na Duniya wanda ya fara da Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu, sun dame ma'auni na baya na sake zagayowar carbon na yanayi kuma sun kasance mafi yawan alhakin ci gaba da sauri a cikin da concentrations.bYa zuwa shekara ta 2019, hayaki na shekara-shekara ya karu zuwa 10 GtC / shekara, tare da jimlar jimlar kusan 450 GtC da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin sake zagayowar. Rashin ruwa na ƙasa da na teku ya zuwa yanzu ya sha rabin carbon da aka kara, kuma rabin ya kasance a cikin yanayi da farko a matsayin CO2. Da yake zaton ci gaban da ke cikin hayaki yana ci gaba, yawan CO2 yana kan hanyar zuwa akalla ninki biyu a ƙarshen rabin wannan karni. Tsarin carbon na yanayi yana da tasiri sosai ga ma'aunin makamashi na duniya ta hanyar tasirin greenhouse, kuma yana shafar acidity ko alkalinity na ruwan duniya da ƙasa. Duk da cewa ya ƙunshi ƙasa da 0.05% na duk iskar gas ta yanayi ta hanyar ɓangaren mole, <ref name="NOAA_Observations">{{Cite web |last=Tans |first=Pieter |last2=Keeling |first2=Ralph |title=Trends in Carbon Dioxide |url=http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/ |website=NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory}}</ref> hauhawar kwanan nan a cikin carbon ya haifar da [[Canjin yanayi|dumama na duniya]] da ƙarancin teku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Ocean Acidification? |url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/acidification.html |access-date=2020-10-30 |publisher=National Ocean Service, [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref> Irin waɗannan tasirin galibi ana hasashen su don ƙara hanzarta har sai an daidaita kuma an rage su. == Gas masu mahimmanci == [[Fayil:NASA_-_A_Year_in_the_Life_of_Earth's_CO2_x1SgmFa0r04.webm|right|thumb|Misali na kwamfuta wanda ke nuna shekara a cikin rayuwar carbon dioxide na sararin samaniya da kuma yadda yake tafiya a duniya [9]{{Center|Computer model showing a year in the life of atmospheric carbon dioxide and how it travels around the globe{{hsp}}<ref>[https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=11719 A Year In The Life Of Earth’s CO2] ''[[NASA]]: [[Goddard Space Flight Center]]'', 17 November 2014.</ref>}}]] Yanayin yana daya daga cikin manyan tafkunan carbon na duniya kuma yana riƙe da kusan 720 gigatons na carbon tun daga shekara ta 2000.<ref name="GlobalCarbonCycle"/> Yawan iskar gas mai guba ta carbon ya karu sosai tun farkon zamanin masana'antu. Wannan ya sa fahimtar ɓangaren carbon na yanayi ya zama da muhimmanci sosai. Manyan iskar gas guda biyu sune methane da carbon dioxide. === Methane ===   Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) yana daya daga cikin iskar gas mai karfi kuma galibi ana samar da shi ta hanyar narkewa ko lalacewar kwayoyin halitta. An dauke shi na biyu mafi mahimmancin iskar gas, duk da haka ana fahimtar sake zagayowar methane a cikin yanayi a halin yanzu.<ref name="Prather2001">{{Citation|ref=etal}}</ref> Adadin methane da aka samar da kuma sha a kowace shekara ya bambanta sosai.<ref name="Forster2007" /> Ana iya samun manyan ajiyar methane a cikin nau'in kankara na methane a ƙarƙashin ƙanƙara da kuma kan ɗakunan nahiyar. Ana samar da ƙarin methane ta hanyar lalacewar anaerobic na kayan kwayoyin halitta kuma ana samar da shi a cikin sassan narkewar kwayoyin halitta, ƙasa, da dai sauransu. Samar da methane na halitta yana da asusun 10-30% na tushen methane na duniya.<ref name="Keppler2006">{{Cite journal |last=Keppler |first=F. |last2=Hamilton |first2=J. T. G. |last3=Brass |first3=M. |last4=Röckmann |first4=T. |year=2006 |title=Methane emissions from terrestrial plants under aerobic conditions |journal=Nature |volume=439 |issue=7073 |pages=187–191 |bibcode=2006Natur.439..187K |doi=10.1038/nature04420 |pmid=16407949 |s2cid=2870347}}</ref> Ana samar da methane na Anthropogenic ta hanyoyi daban-daban, misali ta hanyar kiwon shanu ko ta hanyar lalacewar shara a cikin shara. Har ila yau, masana'antu da yawa ne ke samar da shi, gami da hakar ma'adinai da rarraba man fetur.<ref name="Prather2001"/> Fiye da kashi 70% na methane na yanayi ya fito ne daga tushen halittu. Matakan Methane sun tashi a hankali tun farkon zamanin masana'antu, daga ~ 700 ppb a cikin 1750 zuwa ~ 1775 ppb a shekara ta 2005.<ref name="Center2011">{{Cite web |last=Global Observing Systems Information Center |year=2011 |title=GCOS Atmospheric Composition ECV: Methane (CH4) and other Long-Lived Green House Gases |url=http://gosic.org/ios/MATRICES/ECV/ATMOSPHERIC/COMPOSITION/ECV-GCOS-ATM-COMP-methane.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308004940/http://gosic.org/ios/MATRICES/ECV/ATMOSPHERIC/COMPOSITION/ECV-GCOS-ATM-COMP-methane.htm |archive-date=2012-03-08 |access-date=2012-06-04}}</ref> Ana iya cire methane daga yanayi ta hanyar amsawar photochemically samar da hydroxyl free radical (OH).<ref name="Platt2004">{{Cite journal |last=Platt |first=U. |last2=Allan |first2=W. |last3=Lowe |first3=D. |year=2004 |title=Hemispheric average Cl atom concentration from <sup>13</sup>C/<sup>12</sup>C ratios in atmospheric methane |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00301186/document |journal=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |volume=4 |issue=9/10 |pages=2393 |bibcode=2004ACP.....4.2393P |doi=10.5194/acp-4-2393-2004 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Allan2005">{{Cite journal |last=Allan |first=W. |last2=Lowe |first2=D. C. |last3=Gomez |first3=A. J. |last4=Struthers |first4=H. |last5=Brailsford |first5=G. W. |year=2005 |title=Interannual variation of 13C in tropospheric methane: Implications for a possible atomic chlorine sink in the marine boundary layer |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=110 |issue=D11 |pages=D11306 |bibcode=2005JGRD..11011306A |doi=10.1029/2004JD005650 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Hakanan yana iya barin yanayi ta hanyar shiga cikin stratosphere, inda aka lalata shi, ko kuma ta hanyar shiga ciki cikin nutsewar ƙasa.<ref name="Born1990">{{Cite journal |last=Born |first=M. |last2=Dorr |first2=H. |last3=Levin |first3=I. |year=1990 |title=Methane consumption in aerated soils of the temperate zone |journal=Tellus B |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=2–8 |bibcode=1990TellB..42....2B |doi=10.1034/j.1600-0889.1990.00002.x}}</ref> Saboda methane yana amsawa da sauri tare da wasu mahadi, ba ya zama a cikin yanayi muddin sauran iskar gas, misali carbon dioxide. Yana da rayuwar yanayi na kimanin shekaru takwas.<ref name="Center2011"/> Wannan yana riƙe da maida hankali ga methane a cikin yanayi kuma shine dalilin da ya sa a halin yanzu yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tasirin greenhouse zuwa carbon dioxide, duk da gaskiyar cewa yana samar da tasirin greenhouse mai ƙarfi sosai a kowane girma.<ref name="Prather2001"/> === Carbon dioxide === [[Fayil:AIRS_Carbon_Dioxide.png|thumb|Sashe na carbon dioxide na 2011 a cikin troposphere]] Carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) yana da babban dumamar sakamako a kan yanayin zafi na duniya ta hanyar tasirin greenhouse . Ko da yake ɗayan kwayoyin CO <sub>2</sub> suna da ɗan gajeren lokacin zama a cikin sararin samaniya, yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo don matakan carbon dioxide don nutsewa bayan tashin hankali kwatsam, saboda misali fashewar volcanic ko ayyukan ɗan adam <ref name="Inman2008">{{Cite journal |last=Inman |first=M. |year=2008 |title=Carbon is forever |journal=Nature Reports Climate Change |volume=1 |issue=812 |pages=156–158 |doi=10.1038/climate.2008.122 |doi-access=free}}</ref> kuma a cikin yawancin iskar gas mai ɗorewa, shine mafi mahimmanci saboda yana samar da mafi girman juzu'in yanayi. Tun lokacin [[Industrial Revolution|juyin juya halin masana'antu]], ƙaddamarwar CO <sub>2</sub> a cikin yanayi ya tashi daga kusan 280 ppm zuwa kusan 400 ppm. <ref name="NOAA_Observations"/> Ko da yake adadin CO <sub>2</sub> da aka gabatar ya zama ɗan ƙaramin yanki na zagaye na carbon na duniya, tsawon lokacin zama na carbon dioxide ya sa waɗannan abubuwan da suka dace su dace da ma'aunin carbon. Ƙara yawan ƙwayar carbon dioxide yana ƙarfafa tasirin greenhouse, yana haifar da canje-canje ga [[Climate|yanayin]] duniya. Daga cikin adadin iskar carbon dioxide da ake gabatarwa a sararin samaniya a kowace shekara, kusan kashi 80% na daga konewar albarkatun mai da kuma samar da siminti. Sauran ~20% sun samo asali ne daga [[Amfani da Ƙasa|canjin amfani da ƙasa]] da sare itatuwa. Saboda iskar iskar gas ba ta yin sauri da sauran sinadarai, manyan hanyoyin da ke canza yanayin carbon dioxide na yanayi sun haɗa da musanya da sauran tafkunan carbon na duniya, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin sassan da ke gaba. == Ma'amala da wasu tsarin == {| class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" | class="sidebar-pretitle" |Wani ɓangare na jerin a kan |- ! class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#82C3D8; padding:0.2em; font-size:160%; font-weight:bold;" |[[Biogeochemical cycle|Tsarin halittu]] |- | class="sidebar-image" |[[File:Rock_cycle_nps_2.png|190x190px]] |- | class="sidebar-content" |<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">[[Water cycle|Tsarin ruwa]]</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> * [[Water cycle|Tsarin ruwa]] ** [[Deep water cycle|zurfin sake zagayowar ruwa]] </div></div></div> |- | class="sidebar-content" |<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">[[Carbon cycle|Tsarin carbon]]</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> * [[Carbon cycle|Duniya]] ** [[Atmospheric carbon cycle|yanayi]] ** [[Terrestrial biological carbon cycle|Duniya]] ** [[Oceanic carbon cycle|na teku]] * [[Carbon sequestration|Garkuwa da mutane]] ** [[Carbon sink|Ruwan carbon]] ** [[Deep carbon cycle|zurfin zagaye na carbon]] ** [[Soil carbon|carbon na ƙasa]] ** [[Mycorrhizal fungi and soil carbon storage|ƙwayoyin cuta na mycorrhizal]] * [[Fire and carbon cycling in boreal forests|dazuzzuka na Boreal]] </div></div></div> |- | class="sidebar-content" |<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">[[Nutrient cycle|Tsarin abinci mai gina jiki]]</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> * [[Hydrogen cycle|Tsarin hydrogen]] * [[Nitrogen cycle|Tsarin nitrogen]] ** [[Human impact on the nitrogen cycle|Tasirin ɗan adam]] ** [[nitrification]] ** [[Lichens and nitrogen cycling|nitrogen da lichens]] ** [[Nitrogen fixation|daidaitawa]] ** [[Nitrogen assimilation|daidaitawa]] * [[Oxygen cycle|Tsarin iskar oxygen]] * [[Phosphorus cycle|Tsarin phosphorus]] ** [[Phosphate solubilizing bacteria|daidaitawa]] * [[Sulfur cycle|Tsarin sulfur]] ** [[Sulfur assimilation|daidaitawa]] </div></div></div> |- | class="sidebar-content" |<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">[[Rock cycle|Tsarin dutse]]</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> * [[Calcium cycle|Tsarin calcium]] * [[Silica cycle|Tsarin siliki]] * [[Carbonate–silicate cycle|Tsarin carbonate-silicate]] </div></div></div> |- | class="sidebar-content" |<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">[[Marine biogeochemical cycles|Tsarin ruwa]]</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> * [[Marine biogeochemical cycles|Tsarin halittu na ruwa]] </div><div class="hlist"> * [[Biological pump|Fuskar halitta]] ** [[Microbial loop|madauki na ƙwayoyin cuta]] ** [[Viral shunt|shunt na kwayar cuta]] * [[Calcareous ooze|Ruwan dutse mai laushi]] * [[Siliceous ooze]] </div></div></div> |- | class="sidebar-content" |<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">[[Methane cycle|Tsarin methane]]</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> * [[Atmospheric methane|Methane na sararin samaniya]] * [[Methane clathrate]] ** [[Clathrate gun hypothesis|ra'ayin bindigar clathrate]] ** [[Arctic methane emissions|Yankin Arctic methane]] </div></div></div> |- | class="sidebar-content" |<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">[[Biogeochemical cycle|Sauran zagaye]]</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> * [[Aluminum cycle|aluminum]] * [[Arsenic cycle|arsenic]] * [[Boron cycle|boron]] * [[Bromine cycle|bromine]] * [[Cadmium cycle|cadmium]] * [[Chlorine cycle|chlorine]] * [[Chromium cycle|chromium]] * [[Copper cycle|jan ƙarfe]] * [[Fluorine cycle|fluorine]] * [[Gold cycle|zinariya]] * [[Iodine cycle|iodine]] * [[Iron cycle|ƙarfe]] * [[Lead cycle|jagora]] * [[Lithium cycle|lithium]] * [[Manganese cycle|Manganese]] * [[Mercury cycle|mercury]] * [[Ozone–oxygen cycle|Ozone-oxygen]] * [[Selenium cycle|selenium]] * [[The Vanadium Cycle|vanadium]] * [[Zinc cycle|zinc]] </div></div></div> |- | class="sidebar-content" |<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Batutuwa masu alaƙa</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> * [[Biogeochemistry]] ** [[Geochemical cycle|sake zagayowar geochemical]] ** [[Chemical cycling|Tsarin sinadarai]] ** [[Environmental chemistry|ilmin sunadarai na muhalli]] * [[Biosequestration]] * [[Deep biosphere|Rashin zurfin halittu]] </div><div class="hlist"> * [[Ocean acidification|Rashin ƙwayoyin cuta na teku]] ** [[Acid rain|Ruwan sama mai zafi]] * [[Planetary boundaries#Biogeochemical|Yanayin duniya na Biogeochemical]] </div></div></div> |- | class="sidebar-content" |<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Ƙungiyoyin bincike</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> * [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory DAAC|DAAC]] * [[Geotraces|GEOTRACES]] </div><div class="hlist"> * [[IMBER]] * [[NOBM]] * [[Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study|SOLAS]] </div></div></div> |- | class="sidebar-below hlist" style="background-color: #82C3D8; border-color: #A2B8BF" | * <span class="nowrap">[[File:Symbol_category_class.svg|link=|alt=|class=noviewer|16x16px|Category]]&nbsp;[[:Category:Biogeochemical cycle|Sashe]]</span> |- | class="sidebar-navbar" |<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Navbar/styles.css"></templatestyles> |} [[File:Carbon_cycle_-_Main_components.png|alt=Carbon reservoirs and flows|thumb|Manyan tafkunan carbon na duniya da kuma gudana tsakanin su.<ref name="Prentice2001">{{Cite journal |last=Prentice |first=I. C. |display-authors=etal |year=2001 |title=The carbon cycle and atmospheric carbon dioxide |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/TAR-03.pdf |journal=Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |pages=184–238 |access-date=2020-06-20}}</ref>]] Ana musayar carbon na sararin samaniya da sauri tsakanin tekuna da yanayin halittu na duniya. Wannan yana nufin cewa a wasu lokuta yanayi yana aiki azaman sink, kuma a wasu lokuta azaman tushen carbon.<ref name="GlobalCarbonCycle"/> Sashe mai zuwa yana gabatar da musayar tsakanin yanayi da sauran abubuwan da ke cikin sake zagayowar carbon na duniya. === Yanayin halittu na duniya === Ana musayar carbon tare da saurin canzawa tare da yanayin halittu na duniya. Ana shan shi a cikin nau'in carbon dioxide ta hanyar autotrophs kuma an canza shi zuwa mahadi na kwayoyin halitta. Hakanan ana fitar da carbon daga yanayin halittu zuwa cikin yanayi yayin hanyoyin halittu. Aerobic numfashi yana canza carbon na kwayoyin zuwa carbon dioxide kuma wani nau'in numfashi na anaerobic yana canza shi zuwa methane. Bayan numfashi, ana fitar da carbon dioxide da methane a cikin yanayi. Hakanan ana fitar da carbon na kwayoyin halitta a cikin yanayi yayin konewa.<ref name="Prentice2001">{{Cite journal |last=Prentice |first=I. C. |display-authors=etal |year=2001 |title=The carbon cycle and atmospheric carbon dioxide |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/TAR-03.pdf |journal=Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |pages=184–238 |access-date=2020-06-20}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPrentice2001">Prentice, I. C.; et&nbsp;al. (2001). [https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/TAR-03.pdf "The carbon cycle and atmospheric carbon dioxide"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'': <span class="nowrap">184–</span>238<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-20</span></span>.</cite></ref> Lokacin zama na carbon a cikin yanayin halittu na duniya ya bambanta kuma ya dogara da abubuwa da yawa. Samun carbon a cikin biosphere yana faruwa a kan ma'auni daban-daban na lokaci. Ana sha carbon da farko a lokacin girma na shuka. Ana iya lura da tsarin karuwar carbon a cikin rana (ƙananan carbon da aka sha a cikin dare) da kuma a cikin shekara (ƙananan carbone da aka shawo a cikin hunturu). Duk da yake kwayoyin halitta a cikin dabbobi gabaɗaya suna lalacewa da sauri, suna saki yawancin carbon a cikin yanayi ta hanyar numfashi, carbon da aka adana a matsayin kwayoyin halitta na shuka na iya zama a cikin biosphere har zuwa shekaru goma ko fiye. Nau'ikan shuke-shuke daban-daban na kwayoyin shuke-tsire suna lalacewa a ƙididdiga daban-daban - alal misali, abubuwa masu katako suna riƙe da carbon su fiye da mai laushi, kayan ganye. Carbon mai aiki a cikin ƙasa na iya kasancewa a ɓoye har zuwa shekaru dubu, yayin da carbon mai amfani a cikin ƙasa zai iya kasancewa a cikin ɓoye fiye da shekara dubu.<ref name="Prentice2001"/> === Tekuna === Kowace shekara, teku da yanayi suna musayar carbon mai yawa. Babban abin sarrafawa a cikin musayar carbon na teku da sararin samaniya shine zagayawar thermohaline. A yankunan da ke cikin teku, ruwa mai cike da carbon daga zurfin teku ya zo saman kuma ya saki carbon a cikin yanayi a matsayin carbon dioxide. Ana narkar da carbon dioxide mai yawa a cikin ruwan sanyi a wurare masu girma. Wannan ruwa yana nutsewa kuma yana kawo carbon cikin zurfin matakan teku, inda zai iya zama a ko'ina tsakanin shekarun da suka gabata da ƙarni da yawa.<ref name="GlobalCarbonCycle"/> Abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin teku suna haifar da wannan tsari ya zama mai canzawa. Misali, a lokacin abubuwan da suka faru na El Nino akwai karancin zurfin teku, wanda ke haifar da rage fitar da carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi. Hanyoyin halittu kuma suna haifar da musayar carbon na teku da yanayi. Carbon dioxide yana daidaitawa tsakanin yanayi da kuma saman teku. Yayin da autotrophs ke ƙara ko cire carbon dioxide daga ruwa ta hanyar [[photosynthesis]] ko numfashi, suna canza wannan ma'auni, suna ba da damar ruwa ya sha ƙarin carbon dioxide ko ya sa ya fitar da carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi.<ref name="GlobalCarbonCycle"/> === Geosphere === Carbon gabaɗaya ana musayar su a hankali tsakanin yanayi da yanayin ƙasa. Banbance-banbance guda biyu sune [[Dutsen Volcano|fashewar wuta mai aman wuta]] da konewar makamashin burbushin halittu, duka biyun suna fitar da adadin carbon mai yawa a cikin yanayi da sauri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO2 {{!}} Earth 530: The Critical Zone |url=https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth530/content/l3_p4.html#:~:text=Carbon%20in%20the%20Geosphere&text=Eventually,%20most%20rocks%20are%20uplifted,atmosphere,%20ocean,%20and%20biosphere. |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=www.e-education.psu.edu |archive-date=2024-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227044410/https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth530/content/l3_p4.html#:~:text=Carbon%20in%20the%20Geosphere&text=Eventually,%20most%20rocks%20are%20uplifted,atmosphere,%20ocean,%20and%20biosphere. |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sabon dutsen siliki wanda aka fallasa ta hanyar tsarin ƙasa yana ɗaukar carbon daga yanayi lokacin da aka fallasa shi zuwa iska ta hanyoyin yanayin yanayi da [[Zaizayar Kasa|zaizayar ƙasa]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> === Tushen ɗan adam === {{Multiple image|caption_align=|total_width=}} Ayyukan ɗan adam suna canza adadin carbon a cikin yanayi kai tsaye ta hanyar ƙone burbushin burbushin halittu da sauran kayan kwayoyin halitta, don haka suna ƙone carbon na kwayoyin halitta da samar da carbon dioxide.<sub id=" mwata=""><ref name="AndreaeMerlet2001">{{Cite journal |last=Andreae |first=M. O. |last2=Merlet |first2=P. |year=2001 |title=Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning |journal=Global Biogeochemical Cycles |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=955 |bibcode=2001GBioC..15..955A |doi=10.1029/2000GB001382 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani tushen carbon dioxide da mutum ya haifar shine samar da [[siminti]]. Ƙonewar man fetur da samar da siminti sune manyan dalilan karuwar CO2 na yanayi tun farkon zamanin masana'antu. Sauran canje-canjen da mutum ya haifar a cikin yanayin carbon saboda canje-canjin ɗan adam ne ga tafkunan carbon. Kashe gandun daji, alal misali, yana rage ikon biosphere na sha carbon, don haka yana ƙara adadin carbon a cikin yanayi.<ref name="Houghton2003">{{Cite journal |last=Houghton |first=R. A. |year=2003 |title=Revised estimates of the annual net flux of carbon to the atmosphere from changes in land use and land management 1850-2000 |journal=Tellus B |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=378–390 |bibcode=2003TellB..55..378H |doi=10.1034/j.1600-0889.2003.01450.x}}</ref> Kamar yadda amfani da carbon da mutane ke yi na masana'antu sabon abu ne mai ƙarfi akan sikelin yanayin ƙasa, yana da mahimmanci a sami damar gano tushe da nutsewar carbon a cikin yanayi. Hanya ɗaya ta yin hakan ita ce ta lura da daidaitattun isotope na carbon da ke cikin yanayi. Manyan isotopes na carbon guda biyu sune <sup>12</sup> C da <sup>13</sup> C. Tsire-tsire suna ɗaukar isotope mai sauƙi, <sup>12</sup> C, da sauri fiye da <sup>13</sup> C. <ref name="Nakazawa1997">{{Cite journal |last=Nakazawa |first=T. |last2=Morimoto |first2=S. |last3=Aoki |first3=S. |last4=Tanaka |first4=M. |year=1997 |title=Temporal and spatial variations of the carbon isotopic ratio of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the western Pacific region |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=102 |issue=D1 |pages=1271–1285 |bibcode=1997JGR...102.1271N |doi=10.1029/96JD02720 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Saboda burbushin burbushin halittu ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan shuka, rabon <sup>13</sup> C <sup>/</sup> <sup>12</sup> C a cikin yanayi yana faɗuwa lokacin da aka ƙone mai yawa fossil fuels, sake sakewa a <sup>cikin</sup> <sup>12</sup> C. a cikin yanayi yana nuna haɓakar carbon biospheric mafi girma. <ref name="Prentice2001"/> Matsakaicin haɓakar haɓakar yanayi na shekara-shekara na CO <sub>2</sub> idan aka kwatanta da hayaƙin CO <sub>2</sub> daga burbushin man fetur da siminti da aka ƙera ana kiransa " rashin iska ." <ref name="Keeling_etal1995">{{Cite journal |last=Keeling |first=C. D. |last2=Whorf |first2=T. P. |last3=Wahlen |first3=M. |last4=Van Der Plichtt |first4=J. |year=1995 |title=Interannual extremes in the rate of rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide since 1980 |journal=Nature |volume=375 |issue=6533 |pages=666 |bibcode=1995Natur.375..666K |doi=10.1038/375666a0 |s2cid=4238247}}</ref> Ƙarƙashin iska ya kasance kusan 60% tun daga 1950s, yana nuna cewa kusan kashi 60% na sabon carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi a kowace shekara ya samo asali daga tushen ɗan adam. Don bayyanawa, wannan ba yana nufin ya nuna cewa 60% na ɗaukar carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi ya fito ne daga ayyukan ɗan adam ba. Yana nufin cewa yanayi yana musayar kusan gigatons 210 na carbon kowace shekara, amma yana sha tsakanin gigaton 6 zuwa 10 fiye da yadda yake asara. Daga cikin wannan ribar da aka samu, kusan kashi 60% ana danganta shi da kona man fetur. == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery mode="packed" style="float:left"> Fayil:Carbon_Dioxide_800kyr.svg|alt=Atmospheric CO2 concentrations over the last 800,000 years as measured from ice cores (blue/green) and directly (black).| Ƙimar yanayi CO a cikin shekaru 800,000 na ƙarshe kamar yadda aka auna daga kankara (blue/kore) da kuma kai tsaye (baki). Fayil:Carbon_dioxide_emissions_global_carbon_cycle.jpg|alt=Ocean and land sinks have taken up about half of fossil carbon emissions into the atmosphere. It's uncertain how long this will continue.| Nitsewar teku da ƙasa sun ɗauki kusan rabin iskar carbon da ake fitarwa zuwa sararin samaniya. Babu tabbas tsawon lokacin da wannan zai ci gaba. Fayil:Components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties as a function of time.png|alt=CO2 flows from human activity (left) into atmosphere, land, and ocean sinks (right).| CO yana gudana daga ayyukan ɗan adam (hagu) zuwa cikin yanayi, ƙasa, da nutsewar teku (dama). Fayil:Anthropogenic_carbon_flows_1850-2018.png|alt=Anthropogenic carbon flows during years 1850-2018 (left) and 2009-2018 (right).| Anthropogenic carbon yana gudana a cikin shekaru 1850-2018 (hagu) da 2009-2018 (dama). <ref name="gcb19" /> </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] oi519gp463ccuqz7nx5v1e9l6v4erz2 0 108431 822267 676873 2026-04-18T16:26:13Z BnHamid 12586 822267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jam'iyyar African National Congress''' ( '''ANC''' ) jam'iyyar siyasa ce da aka wanzar da ita a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Ya samo asali ne a matsayin ƙungiyar 'yantar da jama'a da aka sani da adawa da mulkin wariyar launin fata (Racism) kuma tana mulkin ƙasar tun 1994, lokacin da zaben farko bayan wariyar launin fata ya haifar da zaɓen [[Nelson Mandela]] a matsayin shugaban Afirka ta Kudu . [[Cyril Ramaphosa]], shugaban kasa mai ci, ya rike mukamin shugaban jam'iyyar ANC tun daga ranar 18 ga Disamba shekara ta 2017. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 8 ga Janairun shekarar da alif ɗari tara da sha biyu 1912 a [[Bloemfontein]] a matsayin '''Majalisar Wakilan Kasa ta Afirka ta Kudu''', an kafa kungiyar ne domin neman hakkin bakar fata 'yan Afirka ta Kudu . Lokacin da gwamnatin jam'iyyar ta ƙasa ta hau kan karagar mulki a shekarar 1948, babbar manufar jam'iyyar ANC ta zama adawa da sabuwar gwamnati ta tsarin mulkin wariyar launin fata . Don haka, hanyoyinsa da hanyoyin tsari sun canza; Ɗauke da dabarun siyasar jama'a, da kuma kumburin membobinta, ya ƙare a cikin Yaƙin neman zaɓe na rashin biyayya a cikin 1952-53. Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta dakatar da ANC tsakanin Afrilu shekara ta alif ɗari tara da sittin 1960 - jim kadan bayan [[Kisan kiyashi na Sharpeville|kisan kiyashin Sharpeville]] - da Fabrairu a shekarar alif ɗari tara da casain 1990. A cikin wannan lokacin, duk da yunƙurin sake farfaɗo da siyasar cikin gida, an tilastawa ANC yin gudun hijira ta hanyar ƙara danniya na gwamnati, wanda ya ga yawancin shugabanninta da aka daure a kurkuku a tsibirin Robben . Mai hedikwata a [[Lusaka|Lusaka, Zambia]], jam'iyyar ANC mai gudun hijira ta sadaukar da mafi yawan hankalinta ga yakin zagon kasa da yakin basasa da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata, da aka gudanar a ƙarƙashin reshenta na soja, [[Umkhonto we Sizwe|uMkhonto weSizwe]], wanda aka kafa a shekarar alif ɗari tara da sittin da ɗaya 1961 tare da hadin gwiwar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Afirka ta Kudu (SACP). Gwamnatocin Afirka ta Kudu da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Birtaniya]] sun yi Allah wadai da ANC a matsayin ƙungiyar [[ta'addanci]] . Koyaya, ta sanya kanta a matsayin ɗan wasa mai mahimmanci a cikin tattaunawar kawo ƙarshen wariyar launin fata, wacce ta fara da gaske bayan an soke haramcin a cikin shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casain 1990. A mafi yawan lokuta, shugabancin ANC, tare da yawancin mambobinta, suna gudanar da aiki daga kasashen waje. Bayan boren Soweto na shekarar alif ɗari tara da saba'in da shida 1976, jam'iyyar ANC ta tsaya tsayin daka wajen cimma manufofinta ta hanyar gwagwarmayar makami. Wadannan yanayi sun yi tasiri sosai ga ANC a cikin shekarun da ta yi gudun hijira. A zamanin mulkin wariyar launin fata, ANC ta ci gaba da bayyana kanta a matsayin mai fafutukar kwato 'yanci, duk da cewa ita ma jam'iyyar siyasa ce mai rijista. Wani bangare saboda ƙawancenta na bangarori uku da jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Afirka ta Kudu (SACP) da kuma [[Majalisar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu|Congress of African Trade Unions]], ta ci gaba da samun rinjayen zaɓuka masu gamsarwa a matakin ƙasa da kuma mafi yawan larduna, kuma ta samar da kowane shugabanni biyar na Afirka ta Kudu tun daga 1994. Ana ɗaukar Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin ƙasa mai rinjaye . Sai dai kuma, rinjayen zabukan jam'iyyar ANC ya ragu sosai tun daga shekara ta 2004, kuma a zaɓukan kananan hukumomi na 2021, kasonta na kuri'un kasa ya ragu kasa da kashi 50% a karon farko. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata jam’iyyar ta shiga cikin rigingimu da dama, musamman dangane da zargin cin hanci da rashawa da ake ta yaɗawa a tsakanin ‘ya’yan jam’iyyar. Bayan babban zaɓen shekarar 2024, jam'iyyar ANC ta rasa rinjaye a majalisar dokokin kasar a karon farko a tarihin dimokradiyyar Afirka ta Kudu. Duk da haka, har yanzu ta kasance mafi girma a jam'iyya, tare da kusan kashi 40% na ƙuri'un. Haka kuma jam'iyyar ta rasa rinjayen ta a Kwa-Zulu Natal da Gauteng da kuma Arewacin Cape. Duk da wannan koma-baya, jam'iyyar ANC ta ci gaba da riƙe madafun iko a matakin kasa ta hanyar wata babbar kawance da ake kira gwamnatin haɗin kan ƙasa, ciki har da jam'iyyun da ke da kashi 72% na kujeru a majalisar dokokin kasar . ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} lojuamstw46gw0kiy2fjlmk9rp5fkwg 0 109032 822508 680836 2026-04-19T09:52:41Z BnHamid 12586 822508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A geographically, ƙasar Iran tana cikin Yammacin Asiya kuma jikkunan ruwa da ke kan iyakokin ƙasa sune Tekun Caspian, Gulf Persian (Gulf na Farisa), da Gulf of Oman.  A zahiri, galibi tana kan tudun Iran/Farisiya, tsaunukanta sun yi tasiri ga tarihin siyasa da tattalin arzikin ƙasar tsawon ƙarni da yawa.  Duwatsun sun rufe kwararo-kwararo masu fadi da dama, wadanda manyan wuraren noma da na birane suke.  Har zuwa karni na 20, lokacin da aka gina manyan tituna da layin dogo ta cikin tsaunuka domin hada cibiyoyin jama'a, wadannan kwalayen sun kasance sun kasance a kebe da juna. [[Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_IRN_present.svg|thumb|Taswirar Iran na yankunan rarraba yanayi na Köppen]] [[Fayil:MapOfIran.png|thumb|Taswirar wuri na Iran]] Yawanci, babban gari daya ne ya mamaye kowane fanni, kuma akwai hadaddiyar dangantakar tattalin arziki tsakanin garin da daruruwan kauyukan da suka kewaye shi.  A cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka masu ratsa ramuka, ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci sun yi ƙetarewa, suna tafiya da garken tumaki da awaki a tsakanin wuraren kiwo na rani da na hunturu.  Babu manyan tsarin kogi a kasar, kuma a tarihi ana safarar motoci ne ta ayarin motocin da ke bin hanyoyin da ke ratsa gibi da ratsawa a cikin tsaunuka.  Har ila yau, tsaunukan sun hana shiga cikin sauƙi zuwa Tekun Fasha da Tekun Caspian. Tare da yanki na kilomita 1,648,195 (636,372 sq , Iran ta kasance ta goma sha bakwai a cikin girman tsakanin ƙasashen duniya. Iran tana da iyakokinta na arewa tare da jihohin da yawa na bayan Soviet: [[Armeniya|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], da [[Turkmenistan]] .{{Efn|Including the ''de facto'' independent, but unrecognized [[Republic of Artsakh]].}} Wadannan iyakoki sun kai sama da kilomita 2,000 (1,200 , gami da kusan kilomita 650 (400 na ruwa tare da kudancin Tekun Caspian. Yankin yammacin Iran yana da [[Turkiyya]] a arewa da [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] a kudu, yana ƙare a Arvand Rud . Yankin Tekun Farisa da Tekun Oman sun samar da dukkan iyakar kudancin kilomita 1,770 (1,100 . A gabas akwai [[Afghanistan]] a arewa da [[Pakistan]] a kudu. Tsakanin Iran daga Azerbaijan a arewa maso yamma zuwa Lardin Sistan da Baluchestan a kudu maso gabas kusan kilomita 2,333 (1,450 . == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Night_lights_of_Iran.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Iran da dare]] [[Fayil:Iran-geographic_map.svg|thumb|250x250px|Yanayin ƙasar Iran]] Yanayin Iran ya kunshi tsaunuka masu tsaunuka da ke kewaye da tsaunuka na ciki. Babban jerin tsaunuka shine Dutsen Zagros, jerin tsaunukan da ke da alaƙa da filayen da ke raba ƙasar daga arewa maso yamma zuwa kudu maso gabas. Yawancin tsaunuka a cikin Zagros sun wuce mita 3,000 (9,843 sama da matakin teku, kuma a yankin kudu maso tsakiya na ƙasar akwai akalla tsaunuka biyar da suka fi mita 4,000 (13,123 . Yayin da Zagros ke ci gaba zuwa kudu maso gabashin Iran, matsakaicin tsawo na tsaunuka ya ragu sosai zuwa ƙasa da mita 1,500 (4,921 . Rimming da Tekun Caspian wani jerin duwatsu ne, kunkuntar amma tsaunuka Alborz. Dutsen Damavand, mita 5,610 (18,406 , wanda ke tsakiyar Alborz, ba kawai mafi girman dutse ne na ƙasar ba har ma da dutse na biyu mafi girma a kan ƙasar Eurasian a yammacin Hindu Kush, bayan Dutsen Elbrus. Cibiyar Iran ta ƙunshi tafkuna da yawa da aka rufe waɗanda ake kira da Tsakiyar Tsakiya. Matsakaicin tsawo na wannan tudu kusan mita 900 (2,953 , amma da yawa daga cikin duwatsun da suka hasumiya a kan tudu sun wuce mita 3,000 (9,843 . Yankin gabashin tsaunin ya rufe da hamada mai gishiri guda biyu, Dasht-e Kavir (Great Salt Desert) da Dasht-ee Lut. Sai dai ga wasu oasis da aka warwatsa, waɗannan hamada ba a zaune ba. Sassan arewa maso yammacin Iran suna daga cikin tsaunuka na [[Armeniya|Armenia]], wanda ke kusa da shi tare da wasu sassan makwabta [[Turkiyya]], Armenia, [[Azerbaijan]], da [[Georgia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armenian Highland |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/35301/Armenian-Highland |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503155955/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/35301/Armenian-Highland |archive-date=3 May 2015 |access-date=28 February 2015}}</ref> Iran tana da ƙananan ƙasashe guda biyu kawai: Khuzestan Plain a kudu maso yamma da kuma Caspian Sea plain a arewa. Tsohon yana da siffar triangular na filayen Mesopotamiya kuma yana da matsakaicin kusan kilomita 160 (99 a fadin. Ya kai kimanin kilomita 120 (75 a cikin ƙasa, yana tashi da 'yan mita sama da matakin teku, sannan ya haɗu da kwatsam tare da tuddai na farko na Zagros. Yawancin Filayen Khuzestan an rufe shi da marshes. ,Filin Caspian ya fi tsayi kuma ya fi ƙanƙanta. Ya kai kimanin kilomita 640 (400 tare da gabar Caspian, amma mafi faɗin sa ƙasa da kilomita 50 (31 , yayin da a wasu wurare ƙasa da kilomita 2 (1.2 ya raba bakin daga tuddai na Alborz. Yankin Tekun Farisa a kudancin Khuzestan da Tekun Oman ba su da filayen gaske saboda Zagros a cikin waɗannan yankuna sun sauka zuwa bakin teku. Babu manyan koguna a kasar. Daga cikin ƙananan koguna da rafi, wanda kawai yake tafiya shine Karun mai tsawon kilomita 830 (520 , wanda jiragen ruwa masu zurfi zasu iya tattaunawa daga Khorramshahr zuwa [[Ahvaz]], nisan kusan kilomita 180 (110 . Sauran sanannun koguna sun haɗa da Karkheh, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 700 (430 kuma ya haɗu da [[Kogin Tigris|Tigris]]; da Kogin Zayandeh, wanda yake da nisan kilometres 300 (190 mi). Sauran koguna da rafi na dindindin da yawa suna shiga cikin Tekun Farisa, yayin da wasu ƙananan koguna da suka samo asali a arewa maso yammacin Zagros ko Alborz suna shiga cikin Bahar Caspian. A kan Tsakiyar Tsakiya, koguna da yawa - mafi yawansu suna da gadaje masu bushewa don mafi yawan shekara - suna fitowa daga narkewar dusar ƙanƙara a cikin duwatsu a lokacin bazara kuma suna gudana ta hanyar tashoshi na dindindin, suna narkewa a ƙarshe zuwa tafkunan gishiri waɗanda kuma sukan bushe a lokacin watanni na rani. Akwai tafkin gishiri na dindindin, Tafkin Urmia (sunan gargajiya, wanda aka fi sani da Tafkin Urmiyeh, wanda ya koma bayan an kira shi Tafkin Rezaiyeh a ƙarƙashin [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Mohammad Reza Shah]]), a arewa maso yamma, wanda abun ciki na salin ya yi yawa don tallafawa kifi ko yawancin sauran nau'ikan rayuwar ruwa. Har ila yau, akwai tabkuna masu gishiri da yawa da ke kan iyakar Iran da Afghanistan a lardin Baluchestan va Sistan . Yankunan tsaunuka na Iran suna da wasu daga cikin manyan kankara a duniya. Bayyanarsu a cikin yanayin bushewa yana da fa'ida ga waɗanda suka dogara da kankara a matsayin samar da ruwa mai kyau. A cikin wani balaguro, Klaus Thymann tare da agajin muhalli Project Pressure sun samar da jerin hotunan ajiya da balaguro waɗanda ke nuna gaggawa na halin da ke kewaye da canjin yanayi da mutanen da suka dogara da irin waɗannan siffofin kankara na halitta don ci gaba da rayuwa a yankuna masu nisa. [[Fayil:Mount_Damavand._Photo_by_Klaus_Thymann,_2014..jpg|thumb|Dutsen Damavand Hoton da Klaus Thymann ya yi, 2014.]] Wani bincike na nesa na duniya na baya-bayan nan ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai 1,481 km<sup>2</sup> na filayen ruwa a Iran, yana mai da shi ƙasa ta 22 a cikin yanayin filayen ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=N.J. |last2=Phinn |first2=S.R. |last3=DeWitt |first3=M. |last4=Ferrari |first4=R. |last5=Johnston |first5=R. |last6=Lyons |first6=M.B. |last7=Clinton |first7=N. |last8=Thau |first8=D. |last9=Fuller |first9=R.A. |date=2019 |title=The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0805-8 |journal=Nature |volume=565 |issue=7738 |pages=222–225 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0805-8 |pmid=30568300 |s2cid=56481043 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>&nbsp; Iran has a diverse climate. In the northwest, winters are cold with heavy snowfalls and sub-freezing temperatures. Spring and fall are relatively mild, while summers are dry and hot. In the south, winters are mild and summers are very hot, with average daily maximum temperature exceeding {{Convert|38|°C|1}} in the month of July. On the Khuzestan Plain, summer heat is accompanied by high humidity. Gabaɗaya, Iran tana da yanayi mai matsakaici wanda yawancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya faɗi daga Oktoba zuwa Afrilu. A mafi yawan kasar, ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana da matsakaicin millimeters 400 (15.7 in) ko ƙasa da haka. Manyan banbanci sune kwarin tsaunuka mafi girma na Zagros da filin bakin teku na Caspian, inda ruwan sama ya kai aƙalla millimeters 600 (24 in) kuma yana cikin nau'in dusar ƙanƙara a tsawo. A yammacin Caspian, ruwan sama ya wuce 1,500 millimeters (59 in) a kowace shekara kuma ana rarraba shi daidai a duk shekara. Wannan ya bambanta da wasu kwari na Tsakiyar Tsakiya wanda ke karɓar millimeters 100 (4 in) ko ƙasa da hazo. An dauki Iran a matsayin mai sanyi fiye da kasashe makwabta kamar Iraki da Turkmenistan, saboda girmansa. {| class="wikitable" align="center" border="1" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" |[[Fayil:Iran-climate.png|alt=Iran climate map showing locations of province capitals|right|250x250px|Taswirar yanayi ta Iran da ke nuna wuraren manyan biranen lardin]] |             |} == Tsire-tsire da dabbobi == [[Fayil:Map_iran_biotopes_simplified-fr.png|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar wuraren rayuwa na gandun daji na [[Iran]] gandun daji da gandun daji Semi-desert lowlands Steppe Salted alluvial marshes      ]] Kash 7% na kasar gandun daji ne. Ana samun girma mafi girma a kan gangaren tsaunuka da ke tasowa daga Tekun Caspian, tare da tsayin oak, ash, elm, cypress, da sauran bishiyoyi masu daraja. A kan tudu da ya dace, yankunan itacen oak sun bayyana a kan gangaren tsaunuka masu ruwa mafi kyau, kuma mazauna ƙauyuka suna noma gonaki kuma suna shuka itacen jirgin sama, poplar, willow, walnut, beech, maple, da Mulberry. Tsire-tsire na daji da shrubs suna fitowa daga ƙasar da ba ta da kyau a cikin bazara kuma suna ba da makiyaya, amma rana ta rani tana ƙone su. A cewar rahotanni na FAO, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Unasylva – Vol. 8, No. 2 – The work of FAO |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5371e/x5371e08.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070909234158/http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5371e/x5371e08.htm |archive-date=9 September 2007 |website=fao.org}}</ref> manyan nau'ikan gandun daji da ke cikin Iran da yankunansu sune: # Dazukan Caspian na gundumomin arewa - murabba'in kilomita 19,000 (sq mi) 7,300 Dazuzzukan tsaunuka na limestone a gundumomin arewa maso gabas ( dazuzzukan Juniperus) - murabba'in kilomita 13,000 (5,000 sq mi) Dazukan Pistachio a gabas, kudanci da kudu maso gabas - fadin murabba'in kilomita 26,000 (sq mi 10,000) Dazuzzukan itacen oak a cikin gundumomin tsakiya da yamma - murabba'in kilomita 35,000 (14,000 sq mi) Shrubs na gundumomin Kavir (hamada) a tsakiya da arewa maso gabas na ƙasar - murabba'in kilomita 10,000 (3,900 sq mi) Dazuzzuka masu zafi na bakin tekun kudu, kamar dazuzzukan Hara - murabba'in kilomita 5,000 (sq mi) # Dabbobin daji na Iran sun bambanta kuma sun hada da nau'ikan dabbobi da yawa ciki har da bears, gazelles, aladu na daji, wolves, jackals, panthers, Eurasian lynx, da foxes. Dabbobi na gida sun hada da tumaki, awaki, shanu, dawakai, buffalo na ruwa, jaki, da raƙuma. Faeasant, partridge, stork, eagles da falcon suma asalin ƙasar Iran ne. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2001, nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 20 na Iran da nau'ikan tsuntsaye 14 [[Dokar Nau'in Halittu|Yana cikin haɗari]]. Daga cikinsu akwai Beyar Baluchistan (''Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus''), wani nau'i na beyar baƙar fata ta Asiya, dabbar fallow deer ta Farisa, Siberian crane, tururuwa ta hawksbill, tururuwar kore, Oxus cobra, Latifi's viper, dugong da dolphins. Cheetah na Asiya nau'in da ke cikin haɗari ne wanda ya ƙare a wasu wurare kuma yanzu ana iya samun sa ne kawai a tsakiyar zuwa arewa maso gabashin Iran. Iran ta rasa dukkan zakuna na Asiya da damisa na Caspian a farkon karni na 20. Jinin daji na Siriya ya ƙare. Bears masu launin ruwan kasa na Siriya a cikin duwatsu, tumakin daji da awaki, gazelles, Faisan onagers, Aladu na daji, leopards na Farisa, da foxes suna da yawa. Dabbobi na gida sun hada da tumaki, awaki, shanu, dawakai, buffalo na ruwa, jaki, da raƙuma. Faeasant, partridge, stork, da falcon 'yan asalin Iran ne. An ce damisar Farisa ita ce mafi girma a cikin dukkan nau'ikan damisa a duniya.  Babban kewayon wannan nau'in a Iran ya zo kusa da na bezoar ibex.  Don haka, ana samun ta a ko'ina cikin jejin tsaunin Alborz da Zagros, da kuma ƙananan jeri a cikin tudun Iran.  Yawan damisa ba su da yawa, saboda asarar wurin zama, da asarar ganimar halitta, da rarrabuwar jama'a.  Baya ga bezoar ibex, tumakin daji, boar, barewa, (ko dai jajayen barewa ko barewa), da dabbobin gida sune abincin damisa a Iran. === Tsarin halittu da yanayin halittu === Iran's bio-diversity ranks 13th in the world.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> There are 272 conservation areas around Iran for a total of 17&nbsp;million hectares under the supervision of the Department of Environment (Iran), variously named national parks, protected areas, and natural wildlife refuges, all meant to protect the genetic resources of the country. There are only 2,617 rangers and 430 environmental monitoring units engaged in protecting these vast areas, which amounts to 6,500 hectares to cover for each ranger. {| class="wikitable" ! align="left" |Shafukan Ramsar (23 Yuni 1975) ! align="right" |Yankin (km<sup>2</sup>) |- |Anzali Wetland Complex, lardin GilanYankin Gilan | align="right" |150 |- |[[Arjan Meadow]], lardin FarsYankin Fars | align="right" |22 |- |Tafkin Gori, Lardin Gabashin Azerbaijan | align="right" |1.2 |- |[[Lake Kobi|Tafkin Kobi]], lardin Yammacin AzerbaijanYankin Yammacin Azerbaijan | align="right" |12 |- |Tafkin Parishan, lardin Fars<ref name="wetlands.org" />Yankin Fars | align="right" |40 |- |Yankin Miankaleh, Gorgan Bay, Lapoo-Zaghmarz Ab-bandan Lardin Mazandaran | align="right" |1000 |} == Damuwa da muhalli == '''Hadarin halitta:''' fari na lokaci-lokaci, ambaliyar ruwa; guguwar ƙura, guguwar yashi; girgizar ƙasa a kan iyakar yamma da arewa maso gabas '''Muhalli - batutuwan yanzu:''' gurɓataccen iska, musamman a cikin birane, daga hayakin motoci, ayyukan refinery, da magudanar masana'antu; [[Gandun daji|sare daji]]; hamada; gurɓatawar mai a cikin Tekun Farisa; asarar ƙasa daga fari; lalacewar ƙasa (gishiri); rashin isasshen ruwa mai sha a wasu yankuna; gurɓatar ruwa daga albarkatun ruwa da sharar masana'antu. == Albarkatarwa da amfani da ƙasa == [[Fayil:IranprovincesGDP.jpg|thumb|Gudummawar lardunan Iran ga GDP. [[Tehran]] ta dauki bakuncin kashi 45% na masana'antun Iran.]] '''Albarkatun halitta:''' man fetur, iskar gas, kwal, chromium, jan ƙarfe, ƙarfe, gubar, Manganese, [[zinc]], sulfur nomable land: 10.87% ''amfanin gona na dindindin:'' 1.19% wasu: 87.93% (2012 est.) '''Irrigated land:''' {{Convert|87000|km2}} (2009) '''Jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa:''' 1<sup>3</sup> km3 (2011) &nbsp; '''Rashin ruwa mai laushi (na gida / masana'antu / aikin gona):''' ''jimillar:'': 9<sup>3</sup>.<sup>3</sup> km3/shekara (7%/1%/92%) ''ga kowane mutum:'' 1,306 m3/shekaru (2004) &nbsp; == Yankin da iyakoki == [[Fayil:Jaz_Murian_satellite.jpg|thumb|Ra'ayi na tauraron dan adam na kudancin Pakistan, Iran da Tekun Oman]] ; Area :* total: {{Convert|1648195|km2}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Land area (sq. km) – Data |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185313/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> :** ''country rank in the world:'' 17th :* land: {{Convert|1531595|km2}} :* water: {{Convert|116600|km2}} ; Yankin - kwatankwacin :* Kwatanta Australia: dan kadan karami fiye da Queensland :* Kwatanta Kanada: dan kadan ya fi [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]] girma :* Kwatanta Amurka: dan kadan ya fi [[Alaska]] girma :* Kwatanta EU: dan kadan fiye da sau uku na girman Birnin Faransa ; Yankunan ƙasa :* jimlar: kilomita 5,894 (3,662 mi) kasashe na iyaka: Afghanistan kilomita 921 (572 mi), Armenia kilomita 44 (27 mi), Azerbaijan mai kyau kilomita 432 (268 mi), Azerbaijan-Nakhchivan mai iyaka kilomita 179 (111 mi), Iraki kilomita 1,599 (994 mi), Pakistan kilomita 909 (565 mi), Turkiyya kilomita 534 (332 mi), Turkmenistan kilomita 1,148 (713 mi). :** {{Convert|5894|km}} :** Kasashen kan iyaka: [[Afghanistan]] kilomita 921 (572 , [[Armeniya|Armenia]] kilomita 44 (27 , [[Azerbaijan]] mai kyau kilomita 432 (268 , Azerbaijan-Nakhchivan mai iyaka kilomita 179 (111 , [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] kilomita 1,599 (994 , [[Pakistan]] kilomita 909 (565 , [[Turkiyya]] kilomita 534 (332 , [[Turkmenistan]] kilomita 1,148 (713 . ; Yankin teku :* [[Qatar]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]], [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]], [[Baharen|Bahrain]], [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]], [[Oman]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Turkmenistan]] ; Yankin bakin teku :* {{Convert|2815|km}} :** bayanin kula: Iran kuma tana da iyaka da Tekun Caspian, na kilomita 740 (460 ; Maritime claims :* territorial sea: {{Convert|12|nmi|km mi|1}} :* contiguous zone: {{Convert|24|nmi|km mi|1}} :* exclusive economic zone: {{Convert|168718|km2|mi2|0}} with bilateral agreements, or median lines in the Persian Gulf :* continental shelf: natural prolongation ; Babban tsawo :* mafi ƙasƙanci: [[Tekun Caspian]] -28 mita (-92 :* mafi girman matsayi: Dutsen Damavand mita 5,610 (18,410 == Rikici na kasa da kasa == Iran a halin yanzu tana cikin rikice-rikicen ƙasa da ƙasa tare da ƙasashe makwabta da yawa. Kasar ta nuna rashin amincewa da yadda Afghanistan ta takaita kwararar magudanan ruwa zuwa kogin Helmand a lokutan fari.  Rashin iyakar teku a Tekun Farisa tare da Iraki kuma yana haifar da takaddamar shari'a fiye da bakin Arvand Rud.  Kasashen Iran da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa dai sun yi takun-saka game da yankin Tunbu-Babba da Karami da kuma tsibiran Abu Musa da ke karkashin ikon Iran.  A halin yanzu Iran ta dage kan raba albarkatun Tekun Caspian daidai gwargwado tsakanin kasashe biyar masu karfin fada-a-ji, bayan da tsohuwar jamhuriyar Soviet da ke samun goyon bayan Rasha suka ki mutunta yarjejeniyoyin 50-50 tsakanin Iran da Tarayyar Soviet (duk da wajibcin da ke wuyansu na kasa da kasa).  Rasha, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan da Turkmenistan suna ci gaba da da'awar yankunan ruwa don haka game da Tekun Caspian a matsayin buɗaɗɗen ruwa na kasa da kasa, suna watsi da yanayin tafkin.<gallery mode="packed" heights="120" caption="Photo gallery"> Fayil:Geographic_sample_iran.jpg|Southern Alborz range near Firouzkuh Fayil:Maranjab_dunes_in_the_Kavir_Desert.jpg|Maranjab dunes, Kavir desert, Kashan Fayil:Aerial_View_of_Damavand_26.11.2008_04-25-38.JPG|Aerial view of Mount Damavand, Mazandaran Fayil:Badab-e_Surt_Samaee.jpg|Badab-e Surt, Mazandaran Fayil:Ghaleye_Rud_Khan_(40)_4.jpg|Rain forest in Gilan Fayil:Zayandehroud_.jpg|Zayanderud and Khajoo Bridge over it in [[Isfahan]] Fayil:Kabir_Kooh_Mountains.jpg|Kabir Kuh ranges, part of Zagros Mountains in Ilam province Fayil:منطقه_آبپخش.jpg|Sunset in Ab-Pakhsh (Bushehr province) </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7ksnmfupstda5e7eyyzto7eqxcjy5s0 822511 822508 2026-04-19T09:53:38Z BnHamid 12586 822511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A geographically, ƙasar Iran tana cikin Yammacin Asiya kuma jikkunan ruwa da ke kan iyakokin ƙasa sune Tekun Caspian, Gulf Persian (Gulf na Farisa), da Gulf of Oman.  A zahiri, galibi tana kan tudun Iran/Farisiya, tsaunukanta sun yi tasiri ga tarihin siyasa da tattalin arzikin ƙasar tsawon ƙarni da yawa.  Duwatsun sun rufe kwararo-kwararo masu fadi da dama, wadanda manyan wuraren noma da na birane suke.  Har zuwa karni na 20, lokacin da aka gina manyan tituna da layin dogo ta cikin tsaunuka domin hada cibiyoyin jama'a, wadannan kwalayen sun kasance sun kasance a kebe da juna. [[Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_IRN_present.svg|thumb|Taswirar Iran na yankunan rarraba yanayi na Köppen]] [[Fayil:MapOfIran.png|thumb|Taswirar wuri na Iran]] Yawanci, babban gari daya ne ya mamaye kowane fanni, kuma akwai hadaddiyar dangantakar tattalin arziki tsakanin garin da daruruwan kauyukan da suka kewaye shi.  A cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka masu ratsa ramuka, ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci sun yi ƙetarewa, suna tafiya da garken tumaki da awaki a tsakanin wuraren kiwo na rani da na hunturu.  Babu manyan tsarin kogi a kasar, kuma a tarihi ana safarar motoci ne ta ayarin motocin da ke bin hanyoyin da ke ratsa gibi da ratsawa a cikin tsaunuka.  Har ila yau, tsaunukan sun hana shiga cikin sauƙi zuwa Tekun Fasha da Tekun Caspian. Tare da yanki na kilomita 1,648,195 (636,372 sq , Iran ta kasance ta goma sha bakwai a cikin girman tsakanin ƙasashen duniya. Iran tana da iyakokinta na arewa tare da jihohin da yawa na bayan Soviet: [[Armeniya|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], da [[Turkmenistan]] .{{Efn|Including the ''de facto'' independent, but unrecognized [[Republic of Artsakh]].}} Wadannan iyakoki sun kai sama da kilomita 2,000 (1,200 , gami da kusan kilomita 650 (400 na ruwa tare da kudancin Tekun Caspian. Yankin yammacin Iran yana da [[Turkiyya]] a arewa da [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] a kudu, yana ƙare a Arvand Rud . Yankin Tekun Farisa da Tekun Oman sun samar da dukkan iyakar kudancin kilomita 1,770 (1,100 . A gabas akwai [[Afghanistan]] a arewa da [[Pakistan]] a kudu. Tsakanin Iran daga Azerbaijan a arewa maso yamma zuwa Lardin Sistan da Baluchestan a kudu maso gabas kusan kilomita 2,333 (1,450 . == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Night_lights_of_Iran.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Iran da dare]] [[Fayil:Iran-geographic_map.svg|thumb|250x250px|Yanayin ƙasar Iran]] Yanayin Iran ya kunshi tsaunuka masu tsaunuka da ke kewaye da tsaunuka na ciki. Babban jerin tsaunuka shine Dutsen Zagros, jerin tsaunukan da ke da alaƙa da filayen da ke raba ƙasar daga arewa maso yamma zuwa kudu maso gabas. Yawancin tsaunuka a cikin Zagros sun wuce mita 3,000 (9,843 sama da matakin teku, kuma a yankin kudu maso tsakiya na ƙasar akwai akalla tsaunuka biyar da suka fi mita 4,000 (13,123 . Yayin da Zagros ke ci gaba zuwa kudu maso gabashin Iran, matsakaicin tsawo na tsaunuka ya ragu sosai zuwa ƙasa da mita 1,500 (4,921 . Rimming da Tekun Caspian wani jerin duwatsu ne, kunkuntar amma tsaunuka Alborz. Dutsen Damavand, mita 5,610 (18,406 , wanda ke tsakiyar Alborz, ba kawai mafi girman dutse ne na ƙasar ba har ma da dutse na biyu mafi girma a kan ƙasar Eurasian a yammacin Hindu Kush, bayan Dutsen Elbrus. Cibiyar Iran ta ƙunshi tafkuna da yawa da aka rufe waɗanda ake kira da Tsakiyar Tsakiya. Matsakaicin tsawo na wannan tudu kusan mita 900 (2,953 , amma da yawa daga cikin duwatsun da suka hasumiya a kan tudu sun wuce mita 3,000 (9,843 . Yankin gabashin tsaunin ya rufe da hamada mai gishiri guda biyu, Dasht-e Kavir (Great Salt Desert) da Dasht-ee Lut. Sai dai ga wasu oasis da aka warwatsa, waɗannan hamada ba a zaune ba. Sassan arewa maso yammacin Iran suna daga cikin tsaunuka na [[Armeniya|Armenia]], wanda ke kusa da shi tare da wasu sassan makwabta [[Turkiyya]], Armenia, [[Azerbaijan]], da [[Georgia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armenian Highland |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/35301/Armenian-Highland |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503155955/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/35301/Armenian-Highland |archive-date=3 May 2015 |access-date=28 February 2015}}</ref> Iran tana da ƙananan ƙasashe guda biyu kawai: Khuzestan Plain a kudu maso yamma da kuma Caspian Sea plain a arewa. Tsohon yana da siffar triangular na filayen Mesopotamiya kuma yana da matsakaicin kusan kilomita 160 (99 a fadin. Ya kai kimanin kilomita 120 (75 a cikin ƙasa, yana tashi da 'yan mita sama da matakin teku, sannan ya haɗu da kwatsam tare da tuddai na farko na Zagros. Yawancin Filayen Khuzestan an rufe shi da marshes. ,Filin Caspian ya fi tsayi kuma ya fi ƙanƙanta. Ya kai kimanin kilomita 640 (400 tare da gabar Caspian, amma mafi faɗin sa ƙasa da kilomita 50 (31 , yayin da a wasu wurare ƙasa da kilomita 2 (1.2 ya raba bakin daga tuddai na Alborz. Yankin Tekun Farisa a kudancin Khuzestan da Tekun Oman ba su da filayen gaske saboda Zagros a cikin waɗannan yankuna sun sauka zuwa bakin teku. Babu manyan koguna a kasar. Daga cikin ƙananan koguna da rafi, wanda kawai yake tafiya shine Karun mai tsawon kilomita 830 (520 , wanda jiragen ruwa masu zurfi zasu iya tattaunawa daga Khorramshahr zuwa [[Ahvaz]], nisan kusan kilomita 180 (110 . Sauran sanannun koguna sun haɗa da Karkheh, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 700 (430 kuma ya haɗu da [[Kogin Tigris|Tigris]]; da Kogin Zayandeh, wanda yake da nisan kilometres 300 (190 mi). Sauran koguna da rafi na dindindin da yawa suna shiga cikin Tekun Farisa, yayin da wasu ƙananan koguna da suka samo asali a arewa maso yammacin Zagros ko Alborz suna shiga cikin Bahar Caspian. A kan Tsakiyar Tsakiya, koguna da yawa - mafi yawansu suna da gadaje masu bushewa don mafi yawan shekara - suna fitowa daga narkewar dusar ƙanƙara a cikin duwatsu a lokacin bazara kuma suna gudana ta hanyar tashoshi na dindindin, suna narkewa a ƙarshe zuwa tafkunan gishiri waɗanda kuma sukan bushe a lokacin watanni na rani. Akwai tafkin gishiri na dindindin, Tafkin Urmia (sunan gargajiya, wanda aka fi sani da Tafkin Urmiyeh, wanda ya koma bayan an kira shi Tafkin Rezaiyeh a ƙarƙashin [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Mohammad Reza Shah]]), a arewa maso yamma, wanda abun ciki na salin ya yi yawa don tallafawa kifi ko yawancin sauran nau'ikan rayuwar ruwa. Har ila yau, akwai tabkuna masu gishiri da yawa da ke kan iyakar Iran da Afghanistan a lardin Baluchestan va Sistan . Yankunan tsaunuka na Iran suna da wasu daga cikin manyan kankara a duniya. Bayyanarsu a cikin yanayin bushewa yana da fa'ida ga waɗanda suka dogara da kankara a matsayin samar da ruwa mai kyau. A cikin wani balaguro, Klaus Thymann tare da agajin muhalli Project Pressure sun samar da jerin hotunan ajiya da balaguro waɗanda ke nuna gaggawa na halin da ke kewaye da canjin yanayi da mutanen da suka dogara da irin waɗannan siffofin kankara na halitta don ci gaba da rayuwa a yankuna masu nisa. [[Fayil:Mount_Damavand._Photo_by_Klaus_Thymann,_2014..jpg|thumb|Dutsen Damavand Hoton da Klaus Thymann ya yi, 2014.]] Wani bincike na nesa na duniya na baya-bayan nan ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai 1,481 km<sup>2</sup> na filayen ruwa a Iran, yana mai da shi ƙasa ta 22 a cikin yanayin filayen ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=N.J. |last2=Phinn |first2=S.R. |last3=DeWitt |first3=M. |last4=Ferrari |first4=R. |last5=Johnston |first5=R. |last6=Lyons |first6=M.B. |last7=Clinton |first7=N. |last8=Thau |first8=D. |last9=Fuller |first9=R.A. |date=2019 |title=The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0805-8 |journal=Nature |volume=565 |issue=7738 |pages=222–225 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0805-8 |pmid=30568300 |s2cid=56481043 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>&nbsp; Iran has a diverse climate. In the northwest, winters are cold with heavy snowfalls and sub-freezing temperatures. Spring and fall are relatively mild, while summers are dry and hot. In the south, winters are mild and summers are very hot, with average daily maximum temperature exceeding {{Convert|38|°C|1}} in the month of July. On the Khuzestan Plain, summer heat is accompanied by high humidity. Gabaɗaya, Iran tana da yanayi mai matsakaici wanda yawancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya faɗi daga Oktoba zuwa Afrilu. A mafi yawan kasar, ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana da matsakaicin millimeters 400 (15.7 in) ko ƙasa da haka. Manyan banbanci sune kwarin tsaunuka mafi girma na Zagros da filin bakin teku na Caspian, inda ruwan sama ya kai aƙalla millimeters 600 (24 in) kuma yana cikin nau'in dusar ƙanƙara a tsawo. A yammacin Caspian, ruwan sama ya wuce 1,500 millimeters (59 in) a kowace shekara kuma ana rarraba shi daidai a duk shekara. Wannan ya bambanta da wasu kwari na Tsakiyar Tsakiya wanda ke karɓar millimeters 100 (4 in) ko ƙasa da hazo. An dauki Iran a matsayin mai sanyi fiye da kasashe makwabta kamar Iraki da Turkmenistan, saboda girmansa. {| class="wikitable" align="center" border="1" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" |[[Fayil:Iran-climate.png|alt=Iran climate map showing locations of province capitals|right|250x250px|Taswirar yanayi ta Iran da ke nuna wuraren manyan biranen lardin]] |             |} == Tsire-tsire da dabbobi == [[Fayil:Map_iran_biotopes_simplified-fr.png|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar wuraren rayuwa na gandun daji na [[Iran]] gandun daji da gandun daji Semi-desert lowlands Steppe Salted alluvial marshes      ]] Kash 7% na kasar gandun daji ne. Ana samun girma mafi girma a kan gangaren tsaunuka da ke tasowa daga Tekun Caspian, tare da tsayin oak, ash, elm, cypress, da sauran bishiyoyi masu daraja. A kan tudu da ya dace, yankunan itacen oak sun bayyana a kan gangaren tsaunuka masu ruwa mafi kyau, kuma mazauna ƙauyuka suna noma gonaki kuma suna shuka itacen jirgin sama, poplar, willow, walnut, beech, maple, da Mulberry. Tsire-tsire na daji da shrubs suna fitowa daga ƙasar da ba ta da kyau a cikin bazara kuma suna ba da makiyaya, amma rana ta rani tana ƙone su. A cewar rahotanni na FAO, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Unasylva – Vol. 8, No. 2 – The work of FAO |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5371e/x5371e08.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070909234158/http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5371e/x5371e08.htm |archive-date=9 September 2007 |website=fao.org}}</ref> manyan nau'ikan gandun daji da ke cikin Iran da yankunansu sune: # Dazukan Caspian na gundumomin arewa - murabba'in kilomita 19,000 (sq mi) 7,300 Dazuzzukan tsaunuka na limestone a gundumomin arewa maso gabas ( dazuzzukan Juniperus) - murabba'in kilomita 13,000 (5,000 sq mi) Dazukan Pistachio a gabas, kudanci da kudu maso gabas - fadin murabba'in kilomita 26,000 (sq mi 10,000) Dazuzzukan itacen oak a cikin gundumomin tsakiya da yamma - murabba'in kilomita 35,000 (14,000 sq mi) Shrubs na gundumomin Kavir (hamada) a tsakiya da arewa maso gabas na ƙasar - murabba'in kilomita 10,000 (3,900 sq mi) Dazuzzuka masu zafi na bakin tekun kudu, kamar dazuzzukan Hara - murabba'in kilomita 5,000 (sq mi) # Dabbobin daji na Iran sun bambanta kuma sun hada da nau'ikan dabbobi da yawa ciki har da bears, gazelles, aladu na daji, wolves, jackals, panthers, Eurasian lynx, da foxes. Dabbobi na gida sun hada da tumaki, awaki, shanu, dawakai, buffalo na ruwa, jaki, da raƙuma. Faeasant, partridge, stork, eagles da falcon suma asalin ƙasar Iran ne. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2001, nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 20 na Iran da nau'ikan tsuntsaye 14 [[Dokar Nau'in Halittu|Yana cikin haɗari]]. Daga cikinsu akwai Beyar Baluchistan (''Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus''), wani nau'i na beyar baƙar fata ta Asiya, dabbar fallow deer ta Farisa, Siberian crane, tururuwa ta hawksbill, tururuwar kore, Oxus cobra, Latifi's viper, dugong da dolphins. Cheetah na Asiya nau'in da ke cikin haɗari ne wanda ya ƙare a wasu wurare kuma yanzu ana iya samun sa ne kawai a tsakiyar zuwa arewa maso gabashin Iran. Iran ta rasa dukkan zakuna na Asiya da damisa na Caspian a farkon karni na 20. Jinin daji na Siriya ya ƙare. Bears masu launin ruwan kasa na Siriya a cikin duwatsu, tumakin daji da awaki, gazelles, Faisan onagers, Aladu na daji, leopards na Farisa, da foxes suna da yawa. Dabbobi na gida sun hada da tumaki, awaki, shanu, dawakai, buffalo na ruwa, jaki, da raƙuma. Faeasant, partridge, stork, da falcon 'yan asalin Iran ne. An ce damisar Farisa ita ce mafi girma a cikin dukkan nau'ikan damisa a duniya.  Babban kewayon wannan nau'in a Iran ya zo kusa da na bezoar ibex.  Don haka, ana samun ta a ko'ina cikin jejin tsaunin Alborz da Zagros, da kuma ƙananan jeri a cikin tudun Iran.  Yawan damisa ba su da yawa, saboda asarar wurin zama, da asarar ganimar halitta, da rarrabuwar jama'a.  Baya ga bezoar ibex, tumakin daji, boar, barewa, (ko dai jajayen barewa ko barewa), da dabbobin gida sune abincin damisa a Iran. === Tsarin halittu da yanayin halittu === Iran's bio-diversity ranks 13th in the world.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> There are 272 conservation areas around Iran for a total of 17&nbsp;million hectares under the supervision of the Department of Environment (Iran), variously named national parks, protected areas, and natural wildlife refuges, all meant to protect the genetic resources of the country. There are only 2,617 rangers and 430 environmental monitoring units engaged in protecting these vast areas, which amounts to 6,500 hectares to cover for each ranger. {| class="wikitable" ! align="left" |Shafukan Ramsar (23 Yuni 1975) ! align="right" |Yankin (km<sup>2</sup>) |- |Anzali Wetland Complex, lardin GilanYankin Gilan | align="right" |150 |- |[[Arjan Meadow]], lardin FarsYankin Fars | align="right" |22 |- |Tafkin Gori, Lardin Gabashin Azerbaijan | align="right" |1.2 |- |[[Lake Kobi|Tafkin Kobi]], lardin Yammacin AzerbaijanYankin Yammacin Azerbaijan | align="right" |12 |- |Tafkin Parishan, lardin Fars<ref name="wetlands.org" />Yankin Fars | align="right" |40 |- |Yankin Miankaleh, Gorgan Bay, Lapoo-Zaghmarz Ab-bandan Lardin Mazandaran | align="right" |1000 |} == Damuwa da muhalli == '''Hadarin halitta:''' fari na lokaci-lokaci, ambaliyar ruwa; guguwar ƙura, guguwar yashi; girgizar ƙasa a kan iyakar yamma da arewa maso gabas '''Muhalli - batutuwan yanzu:''' gurɓataccen iska, musamman a cikin birane, daga hayakin motoci, ayyukan refinery, da magudanar masana'antu; [[Gandun daji|sare daji]]; hamada; gurɓatawar mai a cikin Tekun Farisa; asarar ƙasa daga fari; lalacewar ƙasa (gishiri); rashin isasshen ruwa mai sha a wasu yankuna; gurɓatar ruwa daga albarkatun ruwa da sharar masana'antu. == Albarkatarwa da amfani da ƙasa == [[Fayil:IranprovincesGDP.jpg|thumb|Gudummawar lardunan Iran ga GDP. [[Tehran]] ta dauki bakuncin kashi 45% na masana'antun Iran.]] '''Albarkatun halitta:''' man fetur, iskar gas, kwal, chromium, jan ƙarfe, ƙarfe, gubar, Manganese, [[zinc]], sulfur nomable land: 10.87% ''amfanin gona na dindindin:'' 1.19% wasu: 87.93% (2012 est.) '''Irrigated land:''' {{Convert|87000|km2}} (2009) '''Jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa:''' 1<sup>3</sup> km3 (2011) &nbsp; '''Rashin ruwa mai laushi (na gida / masana'antu / aikin gona):''' ''jimillar:'': 9<sup>3</sup>.<sup>3</sup> km3/shekara (7%/1%/92%) ''ga kowane mutum:'' 1,306 m3/shekaru (2004) &nbsp; == Yankin da iyakoki == [[Fayil:Jaz_Murian_satellite.jpg|thumb|Ra'ayi na tauraron dan adam na kudancin Pakistan, Iran da Tekun Oman]] ; Area :* total: {{Convert|1648195|km2}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Land area (sq. km) – Data |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185313/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> :** ''country rank in the world:'' 17th :* land: {{Convert|1531595|km2}} :* water: {{Convert|116600|km2}} ; Yankin - kwatankwacin :* Kwatanta Australia: dan kadan karami fiye da Queensland :* Kwatanta Kanada: dan kadan ya fi [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]] girma :* Kwatanta Amurka: dan kadan ya fi [[Alaska]] girma :* Kwatanta EU: dan kadan fiye da sau uku na girman Birnin Faransa ; Yankunan ƙasa :* jimlar: kilomita 5,894 (3,662 mi) kasashe na iyaka: Afghanistan kilomita 921 (572 mi), Armenia kilomita 44 (27 mi), Azerbaijan mai kyau kilomita 432 (268 mi), Azerbaijan-Nakhchivan mai iyaka kilomita 179 (111 mi), Iraki kilomita 1,599 (994 mi), Pakistan kilomita 909 (565 mi), Turkiyya kilomita 534 (332 mi), Turkmenistan kilomita 1,148 (713 mi). :** {{Convert|5894|km}} :** Kasashen kan iyaka: [[Afghanistan]] kilomita 921 (572 , [[Armeniya|Armenia]] kilomita 44 (27 , [[Azerbaijan]] mai kyau kilomita 432 (268 , Azerbaijan-Nakhchivan mai iyaka kilomita 179 (111 , [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] kilomita 1,599 (994 , [[Pakistan]] kilomita 909 (565 , [[Turkiyya]] kilomita 534 (332 , [[Turkmenistan]] kilomita 1,148 (713 . ; Yankin teku :* [[Qatar]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]], [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]], [[Baharen|Bahrain]], [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]], [[Oman]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Turkmenistan]] ; Yankin bakin teku :* {{Convert|2815|km}} :** bayanin kula: Iran kuma tana da iyaka da Tekun Caspian, na kilomita 740 (460 ; Maritime claims :* territorial sea: {{Convert|12|nmi|km mi|1}} :* contiguous zone: {{Convert|24|nmi|km mi|1}} :* exclusive economic zone: {{Convert|168718|km2|mi2|0}} with bilateral agreements, or median lines in the Persian Gulf :* continental shelf: natural prolongation ; Babban tsawo :* mafi ƙasƙanci: [[Tekun Caspian]] -28 mita (-92 :* mafi girman matsayi: Dutsen Damavand mita 5,610 (18,410 == Rikici na kasa da kasa == Iran a halin yanzu tana cikin rikice-rikicen ƙasa da ƙasa tare da ƙasashe makwabta da yawa. Kasar ta nuna rashin amincewa da yadda Afghanistan ta takaita kwararar magudanan ruwa zuwa kogin Helmand a lokutan fari.  Rashin iyakar teku a Tekun Farisa tare da Iraki kuma yana haifar da takaddamar shari'a fiye da bakin Arvand Rud.  Kasashen Iran da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa dai sun yi takun-saka game da yankin Tunbu-Babba da Karami da kuma tsibiran Abu Musa da ke karkashin ikon Iran.  A halin yanzu Iran ta dage kan raba albarkatun Tekun Caspian daidai gwargwado tsakanin kasashe biyar masu karfin fada-a-ji, bayan da tsohuwar jamhuriyar Soviet da ke samun goyon bayan Rasha suka ki mutunta yarjejeniyoyin 50-50 tsakanin Iran da Tarayyar Soviet (duk da wajibcin da ke wuyansu na kasa da kasa).  Rasha, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan da Turkmenistan suna ci gaba da da'awar yankunan ruwa don haka game da Tekun Caspian a matsayin buɗaɗɗen ruwa na kasa da kasa, suna watsi da yanayin tafkin. ==Hotuna== <gallery mode="packed" heights="120" caption="Photo gallery"> Fayil:Geographic_sample_iran.jpg|Southern Alborz range near Firouzkuh Fayil:Maranjab_dunes_in_the_Kavir_Desert.jpg|Maranjab dunes, Kavir desert, Kashan Fayil:Aerial_View_of_Damavand_26.11.2008_04-25-38.JPG|Aerial view of Mount Damavand, Mazandaran Fayil:Badab-e_Surt_Samaee.jpg|Badab-e Surt, Mazandaran Fayil:Ghaleye_Rud_Khan_(40)_4.jpg|Rain forest in Gilan Fayil:Zayandehroud_.jpg|Zayanderud and Khajoo Bridge over it in [[Isfahan]] Fayil:Kabir_Kooh_Mountains.jpg|Kabir Kuh ranges, part of Zagros Mountains in Ilam province Fayil:منطقه_آبپخش.jpg|Sunset in Ab-Pakhsh (Bushehr province) </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ts77p8ex18cnxffpyohd16lu0p4tech 822513 822511 2026-04-19T09:54:05Z BnHamid 12586 /* Manazarta */ 822513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A geographically, ƙasar Iran tana cikin Yammacin Asiya kuma jikkunan ruwa da ke kan iyakokin ƙasa sune Tekun Caspian, Gulf Persian (Gulf na Farisa), da Gulf of Oman.  A zahiri, galibi tana kan tudun Iran/Farisiya, tsaunukanta sun yi tasiri ga tarihin siyasa da tattalin arzikin ƙasar tsawon ƙarni da yawa.  Duwatsun sun rufe kwararo-kwararo masu fadi da dama, wadanda manyan wuraren noma da na birane suke.  Har zuwa karni na 20, lokacin da aka gina manyan tituna da layin dogo ta cikin tsaunuka domin hada cibiyoyin jama'a, wadannan kwalayen sun kasance sun kasance a kebe da juna. [[Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_IRN_present.svg|thumb|Taswirar Iran na yankunan rarraba yanayi na Köppen]] [[Fayil:MapOfIran.png|thumb|Taswirar wuri na Iran]] Yawanci, babban gari daya ne ya mamaye kowane fanni, kuma akwai hadaddiyar dangantakar tattalin arziki tsakanin garin da daruruwan kauyukan da suka kewaye shi.  A cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka masu ratsa ramuka, ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci sun yi ƙetarewa, suna tafiya da garken tumaki da awaki a tsakanin wuraren kiwo na rani da na hunturu.  Babu manyan tsarin kogi a kasar, kuma a tarihi ana safarar motoci ne ta ayarin motocin da ke bin hanyoyin da ke ratsa gibi da ratsawa a cikin tsaunuka.  Har ila yau, tsaunukan sun hana shiga cikin sauƙi zuwa Tekun Fasha da Tekun Caspian. Tare da yanki na kilomita 1,648,195 (636,372 sq , Iran ta kasance ta goma sha bakwai a cikin girman tsakanin ƙasashen duniya. Iran tana da iyakokinta na arewa tare da jihohin da yawa na bayan Soviet: [[Armeniya|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], da [[Turkmenistan]] .{{Efn|Including the ''de facto'' independent, but unrecognized [[Republic of Artsakh]].}} Wadannan iyakoki sun kai sama da kilomita 2,000 (1,200 , gami da kusan kilomita 650 (400 na ruwa tare da kudancin Tekun Caspian. Yankin yammacin Iran yana da [[Turkiyya]] a arewa da [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] a kudu, yana ƙare a Arvand Rud . Yankin Tekun Farisa da Tekun Oman sun samar da dukkan iyakar kudancin kilomita 1,770 (1,100 . A gabas akwai [[Afghanistan]] a arewa da [[Pakistan]] a kudu. Tsakanin Iran daga Azerbaijan a arewa maso yamma zuwa Lardin Sistan da Baluchestan a kudu maso gabas kusan kilomita 2,333 (1,450 . == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Night_lights_of_Iran.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Iran da dare]] [[Fayil:Iran-geographic_map.svg|thumb|250x250px|Yanayin ƙasar Iran]] Yanayin Iran ya kunshi tsaunuka masu tsaunuka da ke kewaye da tsaunuka na ciki. Babban jerin tsaunuka shine Dutsen Zagros, jerin tsaunukan da ke da alaƙa da filayen da ke raba ƙasar daga arewa maso yamma zuwa kudu maso gabas. Yawancin tsaunuka a cikin Zagros sun wuce mita 3,000 (9,843 sama da matakin teku, kuma a yankin kudu maso tsakiya na ƙasar akwai akalla tsaunuka biyar da suka fi mita 4,000 (13,123 . Yayin da Zagros ke ci gaba zuwa kudu maso gabashin Iran, matsakaicin tsawo na tsaunuka ya ragu sosai zuwa ƙasa da mita 1,500 (4,921 . Rimming da Tekun Caspian wani jerin duwatsu ne, kunkuntar amma tsaunuka Alborz. Dutsen Damavand, mita 5,610 (18,406 , wanda ke tsakiyar Alborz, ba kawai mafi girman dutse ne na ƙasar ba har ma da dutse na biyu mafi girma a kan ƙasar Eurasian a yammacin Hindu Kush, bayan Dutsen Elbrus. Cibiyar Iran ta ƙunshi tafkuna da yawa da aka rufe waɗanda ake kira da Tsakiyar Tsakiya. Matsakaicin tsawo na wannan tudu kusan mita 900 (2,953 , amma da yawa daga cikin duwatsun da suka hasumiya a kan tudu sun wuce mita 3,000 (9,843 . Yankin gabashin tsaunin ya rufe da hamada mai gishiri guda biyu, Dasht-e Kavir (Great Salt Desert) da Dasht-ee Lut. Sai dai ga wasu oasis da aka warwatsa, waɗannan hamada ba a zaune ba. Sassan arewa maso yammacin Iran suna daga cikin tsaunuka na [[Armeniya|Armenia]], wanda ke kusa da shi tare da wasu sassan makwabta [[Turkiyya]], Armenia, [[Azerbaijan]], da [[Georgia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armenian Highland |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/35301/Armenian-Highland |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503155955/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/35301/Armenian-Highland |archive-date=3 May 2015 |access-date=28 February 2015}}</ref> Iran tana da ƙananan ƙasashe guda biyu kawai: Khuzestan Plain a kudu maso yamma da kuma Caspian Sea plain a arewa. Tsohon yana da siffar triangular na filayen Mesopotamiya kuma yana da matsakaicin kusan kilomita 160 (99 a fadin. Ya kai kimanin kilomita 120 (75 a cikin ƙasa, yana tashi da 'yan mita sama da matakin teku, sannan ya haɗu da kwatsam tare da tuddai na farko na Zagros. Yawancin Filayen Khuzestan an rufe shi da marshes. ,Filin Caspian ya fi tsayi kuma ya fi ƙanƙanta. Ya kai kimanin kilomita 640 (400 tare da gabar Caspian, amma mafi faɗin sa ƙasa da kilomita 50 (31 , yayin da a wasu wurare ƙasa da kilomita 2 (1.2 ya raba bakin daga tuddai na Alborz. Yankin Tekun Farisa a kudancin Khuzestan da Tekun Oman ba su da filayen gaske saboda Zagros a cikin waɗannan yankuna sun sauka zuwa bakin teku. Babu manyan koguna a kasar. Daga cikin ƙananan koguna da rafi, wanda kawai yake tafiya shine Karun mai tsawon kilomita 830 (520 , wanda jiragen ruwa masu zurfi zasu iya tattaunawa daga Khorramshahr zuwa [[Ahvaz]], nisan kusan kilomita 180 (110 . Sauran sanannun koguna sun haɗa da Karkheh, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 700 (430 kuma ya haɗu da [[Kogin Tigris|Tigris]]; da Kogin Zayandeh, wanda yake da nisan kilometres 300 (190 mi). Sauran koguna da rafi na dindindin da yawa suna shiga cikin Tekun Farisa, yayin da wasu ƙananan koguna da suka samo asali a arewa maso yammacin Zagros ko Alborz suna shiga cikin Bahar Caspian. A kan Tsakiyar Tsakiya, koguna da yawa - mafi yawansu suna da gadaje masu bushewa don mafi yawan shekara - suna fitowa daga narkewar dusar ƙanƙara a cikin duwatsu a lokacin bazara kuma suna gudana ta hanyar tashoshi na dindindin, suna narkewa a ƙarshe zuwa tafkunan gishiri waɗanda kuma sukan bushe a lokacin watanni na rani. Akwai tafkin gishiri na dindindin, Tafkin Urmia (sunan gargajiya, wanda aka fi sani da Tafkin Urmiyeh, wanda ya koma bayan an kira shi Tafkin Rezaiyeh a ƙarƙashin [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Mohammad Reza Shah]]), a arewa maso yamma, wanda abun ciki na salin ya yi yawa don tallafawa kifi ko yawancin sauran nau'ikan rayuwar ruwa. Har ila yau, akwai tabkuna masu gishiri da yawa da ke kan iyakar Iran da Afghanistan a lardin Baluchestan va Sistan . Yankunan tsaunuka na Iran suna da wasu daga cikin manyan kankara a duniya. Bayyanarsu a cikin yanayin bushewa yana da fa'ida ga waɗanda suka dogara da kankara a matsayin samar da ruwa mai kyau. A cikin wani balaguro, Klaus Thymann tare da agajin muhalli Project Pressure sun samar da jerin hotunan ajiya da balaguro waɗanda ke nuna gaggawa na halin da ke kewaye da canjin yanayi da mutanen da suka dogara da irin waɗannan siffofin kankara na halitta don ci gaba da rayuwa a yankuna masu nisa. [[Fayil:Mount_Damavand._Photo_by_Klaus_Thymann,_2014..jpg|thumb|Dutsen Damavand Hoton da Klaus Thymann ya yi, 2014.]] Wani bincike na nesa na duniya na baya-bayan nan ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai 1,481 km<sup>2</sup> na filayen ruwa a Iran, yana mai da shi ƙasa ta 22 a cikin yanayin filayen ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=N.J. |last2=Phinn |first2=S.R. |last3=DeWitt |first3=M. |last4=Ferrari |first4=R. |last5=Johnston |first5=R. |last6=Lyons |first6=M.B. |last7=Clinton |first7=N. |last8=Thau |first8=D. |last9=Fuller |first9=R.A. |date=2019 |title=The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0805-8 |journal=Nature |volume=565 |issue=7738 |pages=222–225 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0805-8 |pmid=30568300 |s2cid=56481043 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>&nbsp; Iran has a diverse climate. In the northwest, winters are cold with heavy snowfalls and sub-freezing temperatures. Spring and fall are relatively mild, while summers are dry and hot. In the south, winters are mild and summers are very hot, with average daily maximum temperature exceeding {{Convert|38|°C|1}} in the month of July. On the Khuzestan Plain, summer heat is accompanied by high humidity. Gabaɗaya, Iran tana da yanayi mai matsakaici wanda yawancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya faɗi daga Oktoba zuwa Afrilu. A mafi yawan kasar, ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana da matsakaicin millimeters 400 (15.7 in) ko ƙasa da haka. Manyan banbanci sune kwarin tsaunuka mafi girma na Zagros da filin bakin teku na Caspian, inda ruwan sama ya kai aƙalla millimeters 600 (24 in) kuma yana cikin nau'in dusar ƙanƙara a tsawo. A yammacin Caspian, ruwan sama ya wuce 1,500 millimeters (59 in) a kowace shekara kuma ana rarraba shi daidai a duk shekara. Wannan ya bambanta da wasu kwari na Tsakiyar Tsakiya wanda ke karɓar millimeters 100 (4 in) ko ƙasa da hazo. An dauki Iran a matsayin mai sanyi fiye da kasashe makwabta kamar Iraki da Turkmenistan, saboda girmansa. {| class="wikitable" align="center" border="1" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" |[[Fayil:Iran-climate.png|alt=Iran climate map showing locations of province capitals|right|250x250px|Taswirar yanayi ta Iran da ke nuna wuraren manyan biranen lardin]] |             |} == Tsire-tsire da dabbobi == [[Fayil:Map_iran_biotopes_simplified-fr.png|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar wuraren rayuwa na gandun daji na [[Iran]] gandun daji da gandun daji Semi-desert lowlands Steppe Salted alluvial marshes      ]] Kash 7% na kasar gandun daji ne. Ana samun girma mafi girma a kan gangaren tsaunuka da ke tasowa daga Tekun Caspian, tare da tsayin oak, ash, elm, cypress, da sauran bishiyoyi masu daraja. A kan tudu da ya dace, yankunan itacen oak sun bayyana a kan gangaren tsaunuka masu ruwa mafi kyau, kuma mazauna ƙauyuka suna noma gonaki kuma suna shuka itacen jirgin sama, poplar, willow, walnut, beech, maple, da Mulberry. Tsire-tsire na daji da shrubs suna fitowa daga ƙasar da ba ta da kyau a cikin bazara kuma suna ba da makiyaya, amma rana ta rani tana ƙone su. A cewar rahotanni na FAO, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Unasylva – Vol. 8, No. 2 – The work of FAO |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5371e/x5371e08.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070909234158/http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5371e/x5371e08.htm |archive-date=9 September 2007 |website=fao.org}}</ref> manyan nau'ikan gandun daji da ke cikin Iran da yankunansu sune: # Dazukan Caspian na gundumomin arewa - murabba'in kilomita 19,000 (sq mi) 7,300 Dazuzzukan tsaunuka na limestone a gundumomin arewa maso gabas ( dazuzzukan Juniperus) - murabba'in kilomita 13,000 (5,000 sq mi) Dazukan Pistachio a gabas, kudanci da kudu maso gabas - fadin murabba'in kilomita 26,000 (sq mi 10,000) Dazuzzukan itacen oak a cikin gundumomin tsakiya da yamma - murabba'in kilomita 35,000 (14,000 sq mi) Shrubs na gundumomin Kavir (hamada) a tsakiya da arewa maso gabas na ƙasar - murabba'in kilomita 10,000 (3,900 sq mi) Dazuzzuka masu zafi na bakin tekun kudu, kamar dazuzzukan Hara - murabba'in kilomita 5,000 (sq mi) # Dabbobin daji na Iran sun bambanta kuma sun hada da nau'ikan dabbobi da yawa ciki har da bears, gazelles, aladu na daji, wolves, jackals, panthers, Eurasian lynx, da foxes. Dabbobi na gida sun hada da tumaki, awaki, shanu, dawakai, buffalo na ruwa, jaki, da raƙuma. Faeasant, partridge, stork, eagles da falcon suma asalin ƙasar Iran ne. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2001, nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 20 na Iran da nau'ikan tsuntsaye 14 [[Dokar Nau'in Halittu|Yana cikin haɗari]]. Daga cikinsu akwai Beyar Baluchistan (''Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus''), wani nau'i na beyar baƙar fata ta Asiya, dabbar fallow deer ta Farisa, Siberian crane, tururuwa ta hawksbill, tururuwar kore, Oxus cobra, Latifi's viper, dugong da dolphins. Cheetah na Asiya nau'in da ke cikin haɗari ne wanda ya ƙare a wasu wurare kuma yanzu ana iya samun sa ne kawai a tsakiyar zuwa arewa maso gabashin Iran. Iran ta rasa dukkan zakuna na Asiya da damisa na Caspian a farkon karni na 20. Jinin daji na Siriya ya ƙare. Bears masu launin ruwan kasa na Siriya a cikin duwatsu, tumakin daji da awaki, gazelles, Faisan onagers, Aladu na daji, leopards na Farisa, da foxes suna da yawa. Dabbobi na gida sun hada da tumaki, awaki, shanu, dawakai, buffalo na ruwa, jaki, da raƙuma. Faeasant, partridge, stork, da falcon 'yan asalin Iran ne. An ce damisar Farisa ita ce mafi girma a cikin dukkan nau'ikan damisa a duniya.  Babban kewayon wannan nau'in a Iran ya zo kusa da na bezoar ibex.  Don haka, ana samun ta a ko'ina cikin jejin tsaunin Alborz da Zagros, da kuma ƙananan jeri a cikin tudun Iran.  Yawan damisa ba su da yawa, saboda asarar wurin zama, da asarar ganimar halitta, da rarrabuwar jama'a.  Baya ga bezoar ibex, tumakin daji, boar, barewa, (ko dai jajayen barewa ko barewa), da dabbobin gida sune abincin damisa a Iran. === Tsarin halittu da yanayin halittu === Iran's bio-diversity ranks 13th in the world.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> There are 272 conservation areas around Iran for a total of 17&nbsp;million hectares under the supervision of the Department of Environment (Iran), variously named national parks, protected areas, and natural wildlife refuges, all meant to protect the genetic resources of the country. There are only 2,617 rangers and 430 environmental monitoring units engaged in protecting these vast areas, which amounts to 6,500 hectares to cover for each ranger. {| class="wikitable" ! align="left" |Shafukan Ramsar (23 Yuni 1975) ! align="right" |Yankin (km<sup>2</sup>) |- |Anzali Wetland Complex, lardin GilanYankin Gilan | align="right" |150 |- |[[Arjan Meadow]], lardin FarsYankin Fars | align="right" |22 |- |Tafkin Gori, Lardin Gabashin Azerbaijan | align="right" |1.2 |- |[[Lake Kobi|Tafkin Kobi]], lardin Yammacin AzerbaijanYankin Yammacin Azerbaijan | align="right" |12 |- |Tafkin Parishan, lardin Fars<ref name="wetlands.org" />Yankin Fars | align="right" |40 |- |Yankin Miankaleh, Gorgan Bay, Lapoo-Zaghmarz Ab-bandan Lardin Mazandaran | align="right" |1000 |} == Damuwa da muhalli == '''Hadarin halitta:''' fari na lokaci-lokaci, ambaliyar ruwa; guguwar ƙura, guguwar yashi; girgizar ƙasa a kan iyakar yamma da arewa maso gabas '''Muhalli - batutuwan yanzu:''' gurɓataccen iska, musamman a cikin birane, daga hayakin motoci, ayyukan refinery, da magudanar masana'antu; [[Gandun daji|sare daji]]; hamada; gurɓatawar mai a cikin Tekun Farisa; asarar ƙasa daga fari; lalacewar ƙasa (gishiri); rashin isasshen ruwa mai sha a wasu yankuna; gurɓatar ruwa daga albarkatun ruwa da sharar masana'antu. == Albarkatarwa da amfani da ƙasa == [[Fayil:IranprovincesGDP.jpg|thumb|Gudummawar lardunan Iran ga GDP. [[Tehran]] ta dauki bakuncin kashi 45% na masana'antun Iran.]] '''Albarkatun halitta:''' man fetur, iskar gas, kwal, chromium, jan ƙarfe, ƙarfe, gubar, Manganese, [[zinc]], sulfur nomable land: 10.87% ''amfanin gona na dindindin:'' 1.19% wasu: 87.93% (2012 est.) '''Irrigated land:''' {{Convert|87000|km2}} (2009) '''Jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa:''' 1<sup>3</sup> km3 (2011) &nbsp; '''Rashin ruwa mai laushi (na gida / masana'antu / aikin gona):''' ''jimillar:'': 9<sup>3</sup>.<sup>3</sup> km3/shekara (7%/1%/92%) ''ga kowane mutum:'' 1,306 m3/shekaru (2004) &nbsp; == Yankin da iyakoki == [[Fayil:Jaz_Murian_satellite.jpg|thumb|Ra'ayi na tauraron dan adam na kudancin Pakistan, Iran da Tekun Oman]] ; Area :* total: {{Convert|1648195|km2}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Land area (sq. km) – Data |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185313/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> :** ''country rank in the world:'' 17th :* land: {{Convert|1531595|km2}} :* water: {{Convert|116600|km2}} ; Yankin - kwatankwacin :* Kwatanta Australia: dan kadan karami fiye da Queensland :* Kwatanta Kanada: dan kadan ya fi [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]] girma :* Kwatanta Amurka: dan kadan ya fi [[Alaska]] girma :* Kwatanta EU: dan kadan fiye da sau uku na girman Birnin Faransa ; Yankunan ƙasa :* jimlar: kilomita 5,894 (3,662 mi) kasashe na iyaka: Afghanistan kilomita 921 (572 mi), Armenia kilomita 44 (27 mi), Azerbaijan mai kyau kilomita 432 (268 mi), Azerbaijan-Nakhchivan mai iyaka kilomita 179 (111 mi), Iraki kilomita 1,599 (994 mi), Pakistan kilomita 909 (565 mi), Turkiyya kilomita 534 (332 mi), Turkmenistan kilomita 1,148 (713 mi). :** {{Convert|5894|km}} :** Kasashen kan iyaka: [[Afghanistan]] kilomita 921 (572 , [[Armeniya|Armenia]] kilomita 44 (27 , [[Azerbaijan]] mai kyau kilomita 432 (268 , Azerbaijan-Nakhchivan mai iyaka kilomita 179 (111 , [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] kilomita 1,599 (994 , [[Pakistan]] kilomita 909 (565 , [[Turkiyya]] kilomita 534 (332 , [[Turkmenistan]] kilomita 1,148 (713 . ; Yankin teku :* [[Qatar]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]], [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]], [[Baharen|Bahrain]], [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]], [[Oman]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Turkmenistan]] ; Yankin bakin teku :* {{Convert|2815|km}} :** bayanin kula: Iran kuma tana da iyaka da Tekun Caspian, na kilomita 740 (460 ; Maritime claims :* territorial sea: {{Convert|12|nmi|km mi|1}} :* contiguous zone: {{Convert|24|nmi|km mi|1}} :* exclusive economic zone: {{Convert|168718|km2|mi2|0}} with bilateral agreements, or median lines in the Persian Gulf :* continental shelf: natural prolongation ; Babban tsawo :* mafi ƙasƙanci: [[Tekun Caspian]] -28 mita (-92 :* mafi girman matsayi: Dutsen Damavand mita 5,610 (18,410 == Rikici na kasa da kasa == Iran a halin yanzu tana cikin rikice-rikicen ƙasa da ƙasa tare da ƙasashe makwabta da yawa. Kasar ta nuna rashin amincewa da yadda Afghanistan ta takaita kwararar magudanan ruwa zuwa kogin Helmand a lokutan fari.  Rashin iyakar teku a Tekun Farisa tare da Iraki kuma yana haifar da takaddamar shari'a fiye da bakin Arvand Rud.  Kasashen Iran da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa dai sun yi takun-saka game da yankin Tunbu-Babba da Karami da kuma tsibiran Abu Musa da ke karkashin ikon Iran.  A halin yanzu Iran ta dage kan raba albarkatun Tekun Caspian daidai gwargwado tsakanin kasashe biyar masu karfin fada-a-ji, bayan da tsohuwar jamhuriyar Soviet da ke samun goyon bayan Rasha suka ki mutunta yarjejeniyoyin 50-50 tsakanin Iran da Tarayyar Soviet (duk da wajibcin da ke wuyansu na kasa da kasa).  Rasha, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan da Turkmenistan suna ci gaba da da'awar yankunan ruwa don haka game da Tekun Caspian a matsayin buɗaɗɗen ruwa na kasa da kasa, suna watsi da yanayin tafkin. ==Hotuna== <gallery mode="packed" heights="120" caption="Photo gallery"> Fayil:Geographic_sample_iran.jpg|Southern Alborz range near Firouzkuh Fayil:Maranjab_dunes_in_the_Kavir_Desert.jpg|Maranjab dunes, Kavir desert, Kashan Fayil:Aerial_View_of_Damavand_26.11.2008_04-25-38.JPG|Aerial view of Mount Damavand, Mazandaran Fayil:Badab-e_Surt_Samaee.jpg|Badab-e Surt, Mazandaran Fayil:Ghaleye_Rud_Khan_(40)_4.jpg|Rain forest in Gilan Fayil:Zayandehroud_.jpg|Zayanderud and Khajoo Bridge over it in [[Isfahan]] Fayil:Kabir_Kooh_Mountains.jpg|Kabir Kuh ranges, part of Zagros Mountains in Ilam province Fayil:منطقه_آبپخش.jpg|Sunset in Ab-Pakhsh (Bushehr province) </gallery> ==Bayanan Kula== {{Notelist}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3wpbse5xmcy0vi4ad31j481pcppwrl5 0 111144 822315 787913 2026-04-18T16:47:13Z BnHamid 12586 /* Manazarta */ 822315 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Ap_bio_drawing.jpg|thumb|Tasirin fadada mutum a kan yanayin halittu, yana nuna yadda masana'antu da sare daji don ci gaban birane ke haifar da asarar mazaunin da raguwar yawan tsuntsaye. ]] '''Tasirin ɗan adam a kan muhalli''' (ko tasirin muhalli na ɗan adam) yana nufin canje-canje ga yanayin halittu da kuma yanayin halittu, bambancin halittu, da [[Kadarorin muhalli|albarkatun kasa]] wanda [[Ɗan Adam|mutane]] suka haifar kai tsaye ko a kaikaice. Gyara muhalli don dacewa da bukatun al'umma (kamar yadda yake a cikin Yanayin da aka gina) yana haifar da mummunar sakamako<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stockton |first=Nick |date=22 April 2015 |title=The Biggest Threat to the Earth? We Have Too Many Kids |url=https://www.wired.com/2015/04/biggest-threat-earth-many-kids/ |url-status=live |journal=[[Wired.com]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218185510/https://www.wired.com/2015/04/biggest-threat-earth-many-kids/ |archive-date=18 December 2019 |access-date=24 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ripple |first=William J. |author-link=William J. Ripple |last2=Wolf |first2=Christopher |last3=Newsome |first3=Thomas M. |last4=Barnard |first4=Phoebe |last5=Moomaw |first5=William R. |date=5 November 2019 |title=World Scientists' Warning of a Climate Emergency |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/advance-article/doi/10.1093/biosci/biz088/5610806 |url-status=live |journal=[[BioScience]] |doi=10.1093/biosci/biz088 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103103553/https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/advance-article/doi/10.1093/biosci/biz088/5610806 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |access-date=8 November 2019 |quote=Still increasing by roughly 80 million people per year, or more than 200,000 per day (figure 1a–b), the world population must be stabilized—and, ideally, gradually reduced—within a framework that ensures social integrity. There are proven and effective policies that strengthen human rights while lowering fertility rates and lessening the impacts of population growth on GHG emissions and biodiversity loss. These policies make family-planning services available to all people, remove barriers to their access and achieve full gender equity, including primary and secondary education as a global norm for all, especially girls and young women (Bongaarts and O'Neill 2018). |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ciki har da dumama duniya, <ref name="CSSR2017" /> [3] lalacewar muhalli <ref name="CSSR2017" /> (kamar ƙarancin teku <ref name="CSSR2017" /> ), halaka mai yawa da asarar halittu, [3] [4] <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cook |first=John |date=13 April 2016 |title=Consensus on consensus: a synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming |journal=[[Environmental Research Letters]] |volume=11 |issue=4 |page=048002 |bibcode=2016ERL....11d8002C |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002 |quote=The consensus that humans are causing recent global warming is shared by 90%–100% of publishing climate scientists according to six independent studies |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lenton |first=Timothy M. |last2=Xu |first2=Chi |last3=Abrams |first3=Jesse F. |last4=Ghadiali |first4=Ashish |last5=Loriani |first5=Sina |last6=Sakschewski |first6=Boris |last7=Zimm |first7=Caroline |last8=Ebi |first8=Kristie L. |last9=Dunn |first9=Robert R. |last10=Svenning |first10=Jens-Christian |last11=Scheffer |first11=Marten |date=2023 |title=Quantifying the human cost of global warming |journal=[[Nature Sustainability]] |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=1237–1247 |bibcode=2023NatSu...6.1237L |doi=10.1038/s41893-023-01132-6 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Rikicin muhalli, da Rushewar muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2016 |title=Increased Ocean Acidity |url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/signpost/cc.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623075211/https://www3.epa.gov/climatechange//kids/impacts/signs/acidity.html |archive-date=23 June 2011 |access-date=23 November 2017 |website=[[Epa.gov]] |publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] |quote=Carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere whenever people burn fossil fuels. Oceans play an important role in keeping the Earth's carbon cycle in balance. As the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere rises, the oceans absorb a lot of it. In the ocean, carbon dioxide reacts with seawater to form carbonic acid. This causes the acidity of seawater to increase.}}</ref><ref>Leakey, Richard and Roger Lewin, 1996, ''The Sixth Extinction : Patterns of Life and the Future of Humankind'', Anchor, {{ISBN|0-385-46809-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ceballos |first=Gerardo |last2=Ehrlich |first2=Paul R. |author-link2=Paul Ehrlich |last3=Barnosky |first3=Anthony D. |author-link3=Anthony David Barnosky |last4=Garcia |first4=Andrés |last5=Pringle |first5=Robert M. |last6=Palmer |first6=Todd M. |year=2015 |title=Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=1 |issue=5 |page=e1400253 |bibcode=2015SciA....1E0253C |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1400253 |pmc=4640606 |pmid=26601195}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pimm |first=S. L. |last2=Jenkins |first2=C. N. |last3=Abell |first3=R. |last4=Brooks |first4=T. M. |last5=Gittleman |first5=J. L. |last6=Joppa |first6=L. N. |last7=Raven |first7=P. H. |last8=Roberts |first8=C. M. |last9=Sexton |first9=J. O. |date=30 May 2014 |title=The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection |journal=Science |volume=344 |issue=6187 |doi=10.1126/science.1246752 |pmid=24876501 |quote=The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption.}}</ref> Wasu ayyukan ɗan adam waɗanda ke haifar da lalacewa (ko dai kai tsaye ko a kaikaice) ga muhalli a kan sikelin duniya sun haɗa da haɓaka yawan jama'a, manufofin tattalin arziki na Neoliberal da haɓaka tattalin arziki mai sauri, yawan amfani, yawan amfani, gurɓata, da [[Gandun daji|sare daji]].<ref name="Crist2022">{{Cite journal |last=Crist |first=Eileen |last2=Ripple |first2=William J. |last3=Ehrlich |first3=Paul R. |last4=Rees |first4=William E. |last5=Wolf |first5=Christopher |date=November 2022 |title=Scientists' warning on population |url=https://scientistswarning.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/Crist2022.pdf |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=845 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.84557166C |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157166 |pmid=35803428}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Perkins |first=Sid |date=11 July 2017 |title=The best way to reduce your carbon footprint is one the government isn't telling you about |journal=Science |doi=10.1126/science.aan7083}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nordström |first=Jonas |last2=Shogren |first2=Jason F. |last3=Thunström |first3=Linda |date=15 April 2020 |title=Do parents counter-balance the carbon emissions of their children? |journal=[[PLOS One]] |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=e0231105 |bibcode=2020PLoSO..1531105N |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0231105 |pmc=7159189 |pmid=32294098 |quote=It is well understood that adding to the population increases {{CO2}} emissions. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=David Harvey (geographer)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rees |first=William E. |author-link=William E. Rees |date=2020 |title=Ecological economics for humanity's plague phase |url=http://www.fraw.org.uk/data/limits/rees_2020.pdf |journal=[[Ecological Economics (journal)|Ecological Economics]] |volume=169 |issue= |bibcode=2020EcoEc.16906519R |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106519 |quote=the neoliberal paradigm contributes significantly to planetary unraveling. Neoliberal thinking treats the economy and the ecosphere as separate independent systems and essentially ignores the latter. |access-date=2025-08-06 |archive-date=2023-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525163729/http://www.fraw.org.uk/data/limits/rees_2020.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Ellie-Anne |last2=Stafford |first2=Rick |date=2021 |title=Neoliberalism and the Environment: Are We Aware of Appropriate Action to Save the Planet and Do We Think We Are Doing Enough? |journal=[[Earth (journal)|Earth]] |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=331–339 |bibcode=2021Earth...2..331J |doi=10.3390/earth2020019 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cafaro |first=Philip |date=November 2022 |title=Reducing Human Numbers and the Size of our Economies is Necessary to Avoid a Mass Extinction and Share Earth Justly with Other Species |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359182950 |journal=Philosophia |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=2263–2282 |doi=10.1007/s11406-022-00497-w |quote=Conservation biologists agree that humanity is on the verge of causing a mass extinction and that its primary driver is our immense and rapidly expanding global economy.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Badri |first=Adarsh |date=2024-03-04 |title=Feeling for the Anthropocene: affective relations and ecological activism in the global South |url=https://academic.oup.com/ia/article/100/2/731/7596599 |journal=International Affairs |language=en |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=731–749 |doi=10.1093/ia/iiae010 |issn=0020-5850}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin matsalolin, gami da dumama duniya da asarar halittu, an gabatar da su a matsayin wakiltar [[Yanayin tashin duniya|Hadarin bala'i]]'i ga rayuwar jinsunan mutane.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2017 |title=New Climate Risk Classification Created to Account for Potential "Existential" Threats |url=https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/new-climate-risk-classification-created-account-potential-existential-threats |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915210037/https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/new-climate-risk-classification-created-account-potential-existential-threats |archive-date=15 September 2017 |access-date=24 November 2017 |website=[[Scripps Institution of Oceanography]] |quote=A new study evaluating models of future climate scenarios has led to the creation of the new risk categories "catastrophic" and "unknown" to characterize the range of threats posed by rapid global warming. Researchers propose that unknown risks imply existential threats to the survival of humanity.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Torres |first=Phil |date=11 April 2016 |title=Biodiversity loss: An existential risk comparable to climate change |url=https://thebulletin.org/biodiversity-loss-existential-risk-comparable-climate-change9329 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413235655/https://thebulletin.org/biodiversity-loss-existential-risk-comparable-climate-change9329 |archive-date=13 April 2016 |access-date=24 November 2017 |website=[[Thebulletin.org]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]}}</ref> Kalmar ''anthropogenic'' tana nuna sakamako ko abu wanda ya haifar da aikin ɗan adam. An fara amfani da kalmar ne a cikin ma'anar fasaha ta masanin ilimin ƙasa na Rasha [[Alexey Pavlov]], kuma masanin ilimin muhalli na Burtaniya [[Arthur Tansley]] ne ya fara amfani da ita a Turanci dangane da tasirin ɗan adam a kan [[Climax plant communities|Al'ummomin shuke-shuke]]. Masanin kimiyya na yanayi [[Paul Crutzen]] ya gabatar da kalmar "[[Anthropocene]]" a tsakiyar shekarun 1970. Ana amfani da kalmar a wasu lokuta a cikin yanayin gurɓataccen da aka samar daga [[Human activity|Ayyukan ɗan adam]] tun farkon juyin juya halin noma amma kuma ya shafi duk manyan tasirin ɗan adam akan muhalli.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scott |first=Michon |year=2014 |title=Glossary |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/glossary.php3?mode=all |journal=[[NASA Earth Observatory]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917063754/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/glossary.php3?mode=all |archive-date=17 September 2008 |access-date=3 November 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Syvitski |first=Jaia |last2=Waters |first2=Colin N. |last3=Day |first3=John |display-authors=etal. |date=2020 |title=Extraordinary human energy consumption and resultant geological impacts beginning around 1950 CE initiated the proposed Anthropocene Epoch |journal=[[Communications Earth & Environment]] |volume=1 |issue=32 |page=32 |bibcode=2020ComEE...1...32S |doi=10.1038/s43247-020-00029-y |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Elhacham20202">{{Cite journal |last=Elhacham |first=Emily |last2=Ben-Uri |first2=Liad |display-authors=etal. |date=2020 |title=Global human-made mass exceeds all living biomass |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=588 |issue=7838 |pages=442–444 |bibcode=2020Natur.588..442E |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-3010-5 |pmid=33299177}}</ref> Yawancin ayyukan da mutane suka dauka waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga yanayin zafi sun samo asali ne daga ƙone man fetur daga tushe daban-daban, kamar: wutar lantarki, motoci, jiragen sama, dumama sararin samaniya, masana'antu, ko lalata gandun daj<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trenberth |first=Kevin E. |date=2 October 2018 |title=Climate change caused by human activities is happening and it already has major consequences |journal=Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law |language=en |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=463–481 |bibcode=2018JENRL..36..463T |doi=10.1080/02646811.2018.1450895}}</ref> == Ficewar ɗan adam == [[Fayil:1971-_Earth_Overshoot_Day.svg|thumb|Tsarin ciki yana nuna yadda mutane suka ci gaba da amfani da albarkatun duniya fiye da yadda duniya za ta iya sake farfadowa. Ikon duniya na sake farfado da albarkatun da aka cinye yanzu yana da kusan 57% kawai muddin a shekarar 1971.<ref name="OvershootDay_2025">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Past Earth Overshoot Days |url=https://overshootday.org/newsroom/past-earth-overshoot-days/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620205956/https://overshootday.org/newsroom/past-earth-overshoot-days/ |archive-date=20 June 2025 |website=OvershootDay.org |publisher=Earth Overshoot Day}}</ref>]] === Yawan amfani === [[Fayil:NASA_CO2_Chart.jpg|thumb|Chart published by NASA depicting CO2 levels from the past 400,000 years.]] Yawan amfani shine yanayin da amfani da albarkatu ya wuce ƙarfin da ke cikin yanayin halittu. Ana iya auna shi ta hanyar sawun muhalli, hanyar lissafin albarkatu wanda ke kwatanta buƙatun ɗan adam akan tsarin halittu tare da adadin yanayin halittu na duniya wanda zai iya sabuntawa. Kimanin da Cibiyar Nazarin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa bukatar bil'adama ta yanzu ta fi 70% <ref>{{Cite web |title=Open Data Platform |url=http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=5001&type=BCtot,EFCtot |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808050235/http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=5001&type=BCtot,EFCtot |archive-date=8 August 2017 |access-date=16 November 2018 |website=Data.footprintnetwork.org}}</ref> sama da yawan sake farfadowa na dukkan tsarin halittu na duniya. Tsarin da ya fi tsayi na yawan amfani yana haifar da lalacewar muhalli da kuma asarar tushen albarkatu. Tasirin bil'adama gabaɗaya a duniya yana shafar dalilai da yawa, ba kawai yawan mutane ba. Hanyar rayuwarsu (ciki har da wadata da amfani da albarkatu gaba ɗaya) da gurɓataccen da suke samarwa (ciki ma sawun carbon) suna da mahimmanci. A cikin 2008, The New York Times ya bayyana cewa mazaunan kasashe masu tasowa na duniya suna cinye albarkatu kamar mai da karafa kusan sau 32 fiye da na kasashe masu ci gaba, wadanda suka kasance mafi yawan yawan jama'ar mutane. [[Fayil:Wynes_Nicholas_CO2_emissions_savings.svg|thumb|Rage sawun carbon na mutum don ayyuka daban-daban.]] Al'adun ɗan adam sun haifar da asarar kashi 83% na dukkan dabbobi masu shayarwa da rabin tsire-tsire. Kayan kaji na duniya sun ninka nauyin dukkan tsuntsayen daji sau uku, yayin da shanu da aladu suka fi nauyin dabbobi masu shayarwa da 14 zuwa 1.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pennisi |first=Elizabeth |author-link=Elizabeth Pennisi |date=21 May 2018 |title=Plants outweigh all other life on Earth |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/plants-outweigh-all-other-life-earth |url-status=live |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523011114/http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/05/plants-outweigh-all-other-life-earth |archive-date=23 May 2018 |access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref> Ana sa ran amfani da nama a duniya zai ninka fiye da ninki biyu nan da shekara ta 2050, watakila har zuwa 76%, yayin da yawan mutanen duniya ya karu zuwa sama da biliyan 9, wanda zai zama babban direba na ƙarin asarar halittu da karuwar hayakin gas na Greenhouse. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Steven Best}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jdesbph4obbng2ibpagv9fs5stzb1cq 0 111382 822517 692272 2026-04-19T09:55:08Z Birgediya 44139 822517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Imposex_female_Aliger_gigas.png|right|thumb|Wannan samfurin mace na sarauniya conch, Aliger gigas, yana nuna alamun imposex: ya haɓaka kwayar jima'i ta namiji (verge) saboda bayyanar da ta gabata ga mahaɗan organotin.<ref name="Voss25">{{Cite journal |last=Voss |first=Jn |last2=Brown-Peterson |first2=Nj |last3=Delgado |first3=Ga |date=2025 |title=Revisiting the imposex queen conch ''Aliger gigas'' near Port Everglades, Florida: demographics, histopathology, and sediment contamination |journal=Endangered Species Research |volume=57 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.3354/esr01401 |doi-access=free}}</ref>]] Jerin nau'in da imposex ya shafa ya ƙunshi nau'in [[gastropod]] wanda imposex, yanayin da ke shafar samfurori mata saboda fallasa wasu mahadi, an rubuta shi tun lokacin da aka fara lura da shi a ƙarshen shekarun 1960. A ƙarshen shekarun 1970s, an gane imposex a cikin akalla nau'o'in 34.<ref name="Jenner792">{{Cite journal |last=Jenner |first=Martha Garrett |date=1979 |title=Pseudohermaphroditism in Ilyanassa obsoleta (Mollusca: Neogastropoda) |journal=Science |volume=205 |issue=4413 |pages=1407–1409 |doi=10.1126/science.472758}}</ref> Wannan adadin ya karu zuwa akalla nau'in 100 bayan shekaru goma, kuma a shekara ta 1994, an tabbatar da shi a cikin mata na akalla nau nau'in 195 a duk duniya.<ref name="Fioroni912">{{Cite journal |last=Fioroni |first=P. |last2=Oehlmann |first2=J. |last3=Stroben |first3=E. |date=1991 |title=The pseudohermaphroditism of prosobranchs; morphological aspects. |url=http://www.vliz.be/en/imis?refid=221881 |journal=Zoologischer Anzeiger |language=en |volume=226 |pages=1-26}}</ref><ref name="Horiguchi19942">{{Cite journal |last=Horiguchi |first=T. |last2=Shiraishi |first2=H. |last3=Shimizu |first3=M. |last4=Morita |first4=M. |date=1994 |title=Imposex and organotin compounds in Thais clavigera and T. bronni in Japan |journal=Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=651–669 |bibcode=1994JMBUK..74..651H |doi=10.1017/S002531540004772X}}</ref> Rubuce-rubucen sun ci gaba da ƙaruwa zuwa jimlar nau'in 260 a cikin shekaru 15 masu zuwa. <ref name="martinez172">{{Cite journal |last=Martínez |first=María L. |last2=Piol |first2=María N. |last3=Sbarbati Nudelman |first3=Norma |last4=Verrengia Guerrero |first4=Noemí R. |date=2017 |title=Tributyltin bioaccumulation and toxic effects in freshwater gastropods Pomacea canaliculata after a chronic exposure: field and laboratory studies |journal=Ecotoxicology |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=691–701 |doi=10.1007/s10646-017-1801-8 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Hiromori20092">{{Cite journal |last=Hiromori |first=Youhei |last2=Nishikawa |first2=Jun-ichi |last3=Yoshida |first3=Ichiro |last4=Nagase |first4=Hisamitsu |last5=Nakanishi |first5=Tsuyoshi |date=2009 |title=Structure-dependent activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ by organotin compounds |journal=Chemico-Biological Interactions |volume=180 |issue=2 |pages=238–244 |bibcode=2009CBI...180..238H |doi=10.1016/j.cbi.2009.03.006 |pmid=19497422}}</ref> An kuma san yanayin da ya shafi nau'in ruwa, estuarine, da nau'in ruwan sha daga iyalai da yawa<ref name="Horiguchi1994b">{{Cite journal |last=Horiguchi |first=Toshihiro |last2=Shiraishi |first2=Hiroaki |last3=Shimizu |first3=Makoto |last4=Yamazaki |first4=Sunao |last5=Morita |first5=Masatoshi |date=1994 |title=Organotin compounds and their effects on aquatic organisms, focusing on imposex in gastropods |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/MGMC.1994.17.1-4.81/html |journal=Main Group Metal Chemistry |volume=17 |issue=1-4 |doi=10.1515/MGMC.1994.17.1-4.81 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Jing-Ying2010">{{Cite journal |last=Jing-Ying |first=Wu |last2=Pei-Jie |first2=Meng |last3=Ming-Yie |first3=Liu |last4=Yuh-Wen |first4=Chiu |last5=Li-Lian |first5=Liu |date=2010 |title=A High Incidence of Imposex in Pomacea Apple Snails in Taiwan: A Decade after Triphenyltin Was Banned |url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/49.1/85.pdf |journal=Zoological Studies |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=85-93}}</ref><ref name="Schulte-Oehlmann95">{{Cite journal |last=Schulte-Oehlmann |first=U. |last2=Bettin |first2=C. |last3=Fioroni |first3=P. |last4=Oehlmann |first4=J. |last5=Stroben |first5=E. |date=1995 |title=''Marisa cornuarietis'' (Gastropoda, prosobranchia): a potential TBT bioindicator for freshwater environments |journal=Ecotoxicology |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=372–384 |doi=10.1007/BF00118872}}</ref> == Jerin nau'o'in == === Ampullariidae === * ''Marisa cornuarietis'', kwari mai laushi <ref name="Schulte-Oehlmann95">{{Cite journal |last=Schulte-Oehlmann |first=U. |last2=Bettin |first2=C. |last3=Fioroni |first3=P. |last4=Oehlmann |first4=J. |last5=Stroben |first5=E. |date=1995 |title=''Marisa cornuarietis'' (Gastropoda, prosobranchia): a potential TBT bioindicator for freshwater environments |journal=Ecotoxicology |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=372–384 |doi=10.1007/BF00118872}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="1" id="CITEREFSchulte-OehlmannBettinFioroniOehlmann1995">Schulte-Oehlmann, U.; Bettin, C.; Fioroni, P.; Oehlmann, J.; Stroben, E. (1995). "''Marisa cornuarietis'' (Gastropoda, prosobranchia): a potential TBT bioindicator for freshwater environments". ''Ecotoxicology''. '''4''' (6): <span class="nowrap">372–</span>384. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/BF00118872|10.1007/BF00118872]].</cite></ref> * ''Pomacea canaliculata'', kwari na apple na zinariya <ref name="martinez17">{{Cite journal |last=Martínez |first=María L. |last2=Piol |first2=María N. |last3=Sbarbati Nudelman |first3=Norma |last4=Verrengia Guerrero |first4=Noemí R. |date=2017 |title=Tributyltin bioaccumulation and toxic effects in freshwater gastropods Pomacea canaliculata after a chronic exposure: field and laboratory studies |journal=Ecotoxicology |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=691–701 |doi=10.1007/s10646-017-1801-8 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> * ''Pomacea scalaris''<ref name="Jing-Ying2010">{{Cite journal |last=Jing-Ying |first=Wu |last2=Pei-Jie |first2=Meng |last3=Ming-Yie |first3=Liu |last4=Yuh-Wen |first4=Chiu |last5=Li-Lian |first5=Liu |date=2010 |title=A High Incidence of Imposex in Pomacea Apple Snails in Taiwan: A Decade after Triphenyltin Was Banned |url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/49.1/85.pdf |journal=Zoological Studies |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=85-93}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="1" id="CITEREFJing-YingPei-JieMing-YieYuh-Wen2010">Jing-Ying, Wu; Pei-Jie, Meng; Ming-Yie, Liu; Yuh-Wen, Chiu; Li-Lian, Liu (2010). [https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/49.1/85.pdf "A High Incidence of Imposex in Pomacea Apple Snails in Taiwan: A Decade after Triphenyltin Was Banned"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Zoological Studies''. '''49''' (1): <span class="nowrap">85–</span>93.</cite></ref> === Buccinanopsidae === * ''Buccinanops cochlidium''<ref name="Barrosoetal2025">{{Cite journal |last=Barroso |first=Cristiane Xerez |last2=de Arruda |first2=Eliane Pintor |last3=Arrighetti |first3=Florencia |last4=Averbuj |first4=Andrés |last5=Bigatti |first5=Gregorio |last6=Braga |first6=Ramiro |last7=Carranza |first7=Alvar |last8=Christo |first8=Susete Wambier |last9=Côrtes |first9=Mariana Osório |last10=Costa |first10=Paulo Márcio Santos |last11=Cumplido |first11=Mariano |last12=Defeo |first12=Omar |last13=Ferreira |first13=Augusto Luiz |last14=Haimovici |first14=Manuel |last15=Leite |first15=Tatiana Silva |date=2025 |title=Threats and challenges for the conservation of marine molluscs in the southwestern Atlantic |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=87 |issue=3 |doi=10.1007/s00027-025-01189-9}}</ref> * ''Buccinanops monilifer''<ref name="Barrosoetal2025" /> * ''Buccinastrum mai lalacewa'', buccinum mai ƙuƙwalwa <ref name="Giulianelli25">{{Cite journal |last=Giulianelli |first=Sebastián |last2=Ruivo |first2=Raquel |last3=Neuparth |first3=Teresa |last4=Castro |first4=Luís Filipe C. |last5=Bigatti |first5=Gregorio |last6=Santos |first6=Miguel M. |date=2025 |title=Cloning and comparative analysis of the retinoid X receptor in two marine gastropods with varying sensitivity to imposex under tributyltin contamination |journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research |volume=32 |issue=15 |pages=9479–9488 |bibcode=2025ESPR...32.9479G |doi=10.1007/s11356-025-36278-7 |pmid=40128418}}</ref> === Columbellidae === * ''Amphissa columbiana'', kwari mai laushi <ref name="Horiguchi1994b">{{Cite journal |last=Horiguchi |first=Toshihiro |last2=Shiraishi |first2=Hiroaki |last3=Shimizu |first3=Makoto |last4=Yamazaki |first4=Sunao |last5=Morita |first5=Masatoshi |date=1994 |title=Organotin compounds and their effects on aquatic organisms, focusing on imposex in gastropods |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/MGMC.1994.17.1-4.81/html |journal=Main Group Metal Chemistry |volume=17 |issue=1-4 |doi=10.1515/MGMC.1994.17.1-4.81 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="1" id="CITEREFHoriguchiShiraishiShimizuYamazaki1994">Horiguchi, Toshihiro; Shiraishi, Hiroaki; Shimizu, Makoto; Yamazaki, Sunao; Morita, Masatoshi (1994). [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/MGMC.1994.17.1-4.81/html "Organotin compounds and their effects on aquatic organisms, focusing on imposex in gastropods"]. ''Main Group Metal Chemistry''. '''17''' (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>4). [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1515/MGMC.1994.17.1-4.81|10.1515/MGMC.1994.17.1-4.81]]</span>.</cite></ref> * ''Astyris lunata''<ref name="Horiguchi1994b" /> * Costoanachis avara, kwayar kurciya mai haɗama <ref name="Horiguchi1994b" /> === Cominellidae === * ''Cominella virgata'' * ''Pareuthria fuscata''<ref name="Barrosoetal2025">{{Cite journal |last=Barroso |first=Cristiane Xerez |last2=de Arruda |first2=Eliane Pintor |last3=Arrighetti |first3=Florencia |last4=Averbuj |first4=Andrés |last5=Bigatti |first5=Gregorio |last6=Braga |first6=Ramiro |last7=Carranza |first7=Alvar |last8=Christo |first8=Susete Wambier |last9=Côrtes |first9=Mariana Osório |last10=Costa |first10=Paulo Márcio Santos |last11=Cumplido |first11=Mariano |last12=Defeo |first12=Omar |last13=Ferreira |first13=Augusto Luiz |last14=Haimovici |first14=Manuel |last15=Leite |first15=Tatiana Silva |date=2025 |title=Threats and challenges for the conservation of marine molluscs in the southwestern Atlantic |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=87 |issue=3 |doi=10.1007/s00027-025-01189-9}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="1" id="CITEREFBarrosode_ArrudaArrighettiAverbuj2025">Barroso, Cristiane Xerez; de Arruda, Eliane Pintor; Arrighetti, Florencia; Averbuj, Andrés; Bigatti, Gregorio; Braga, Ramiro; Carranza, Alvar; Christo, Susete Wambier; Côrtes, Mariana Osório; Costa, Paulo Márcio Santos; Cumplido, Mariano; Defeo, Omar; Ferreira, Augusto Luiz; Haimovici, Manuel; Leite, Tatiana Silva; Machado, Fabrizio Marcondes; Maia, Rafaela Camargo; Martins, Inês Xavier; Matthews-Cascon, Helena; Miranda, Marcel Sabino; Ortiz, Nicolás; Padula, Vinicius; Palomo, Maria Gabriela; Dias Passos, Flávio; Pastorino, Guido; Pedro, Natan Carvalho; Penchaszadeh, Pablo E.; Scarabino, Fabrizio; Signorelli, Javier H.; de Souza, Leonardo Santos; Spotorno, Paula; de Freitas Tallarico, Lenita; Urteaga, Diego; Van der Molen, Silvina; Teso, Valeria (2025). "Threats and challenges for the conservation of marine molluscs in the southwestern Atlantic". ''Aquatic Sciences''. '''87''' (3). [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00027-025-01189-9|10.1007/s00027-025-01189-9]].</cite></ref> === Conidae === * ''Conasprella jaspidea'', Jasper cone <ref name="Barrosoetal2025">{{Cite journal |last=Barroso |first=Cristiane Xerez |last2=de Arruda |first2=Eliane Pintor |last3=Arrighetti |first3=Florencia |last4=Averbuj |first4=Andrés |last5=Bigatti |first5=Gregorio |last6=Braga |first6=Ramiro |last7=Carranza |first7=Alvar |last8=Christo |first8=Susete Wambier |last9=Côrtes |first9=Mariana Osório |last10=Costa |first10=Paulo Márcio Santos |last11=Cumplido |first11=Mariano |last12=Defeo |first12=Omar |last13=Ferreira |first13=Augusto Luiz |last14=Haimovici |first14=Manuel |last15=Leite |first15=Tatiana Silva |date=2025 |title=Threats and challenges for the conservation of marine molluscs in the southwestern Atlantic |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=87 |issue=3 |doi=10.1007/s00027-025-01189-9}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="1" id="CITEREFBarrosode_ArrudaArrighettiAverbuj2025">Barroso, Cristiane Xerez; de Arruda, Eliane Pintor; Arrighetti, Florencia; Averbuj, Andrés; Bigatti, Gregorio; Braga, Ramiro; Carranza, Alvar; Christo, Susete Wambier; Côrtes, Mariana Osório; Costa, Paulo Márcio Santos; Cumplido, Mariano; Defeo, Omar; Ferreira, Augusto Luiz; Haimovici, Manuel; Leite, Tatiana Silva; Machado, Fabrizio Marcondes; Maia, Rafaela Camargo; Martins, Inês Xavier; Matthews-Cascon, Helena; Miranda, Marcel Sabino; Ortiz, Nicolás; Padula, Vinicius; Palomo, Maria Gabriela; Dias Passos, Flávio; Pastorino, Guido; Pedro, Natan Carvalho; Penchaszadeh, Pablo E.; Scarabino, Fabrizio; Signorelli, Javier H.; de Souza, Leonardo Santos; Spotorno, Paula; de Freitas Tallarico, Lenita; Urteaga, Diego; Van der Molen, Silvina; Teso, Valeria (2025). "Threats and challenges for the conservation of marine molluscs in the southwestern Atlantic". ''Aquatic Sciences''. '''87''' (3). [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00027-025-01189-9|10.1007/s00027-025-01189-9]].</cite></ref> * ''Conus ventricosus'', ƙwanƙolin Bahar Rum <ref name="Horiguchi1994b">{{Cite journal |last=Horiguchi |first=Toshihiro |last2=Shiraishi |first2=Hiroaki |last3=Shimizu |first3=Makoto |last4=Yamazaki |first4=Sunao |last5=Morita |first5=Masatoshi |date=1994 |title=Organotin compounds and their effects on aquatic organisms, focusing on imposex in gastropods |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/MGMC.1994.17.1-4.81/html |journal=Main Group Metal Chemistry |volume=17 |issue=1-4 |doi=10.1515/MGMC.1994.17.1-4.81 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="1" id="CITEREFHoriguchiShiraishiShimizuYamazaki1994">Horiguchi, Toshihiro; Shiraishi, Hiroaki; Shimizu, Makoto; Yamazaki, Sunao; Morita, Masatoshi (1994). [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/MGMC.1994.17.1-4.81/html "Organotin compounds and their effects on aquatic organisms, focusing on imposex in gastropods"]. ''Main Group Metal Chemistry''. '''17''' (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>4). [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1515/MGMC.1994.17.1-4.81|10.1515/MGMC.1994.17.1-4.81]]</span>.</cite></ref> === Fasciolariidae === * ''Leucozonia nassa''<ref name="Barrosoetal2025">{{Cite journal |last=Barroso |first=Cristiane Xerez |last2=de Arruda |first2=Eliane Pintor |last3=Arrighetti |first3=Florencia |last4=Averbuj |first4=Andrés |last5=Bigatti |first5=Gregorio |last6=Braga |first6=Ramiro |last7=Carranza |first7=Alvar |last8=Christo |first8=Susete Wambier |last9=Côrtes |first9=Mariana Osório |last10=Costa |first10=Paulo Márcio Santos |last11=Cumplido |first11=Mariano |last12=Defeo |first12=Omar |last13=Ferreira |first13=Augusto Luiz |last14=Haimovici |first14=Manuel |last15=Leite |first15=Tatiana Silva |date=2025 |title=Threats and challenges for the conservation of marine molluscs in the southwestern Atlantic |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=87 |issue=3 |doi=10.1007/s00027-025-01189-9}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="1" id="CITEREFBarrosode_ArrudaArrighettiAverbuj2025">Barroso, Cristiane Xerez; de Arruda, Eliane Pintor; Arrighetti, Florencia; Averbuj, Andrés; Bigatti, Gregorio; Braga, Ramiro; Carranza, Alvar; Christo, Susete Wambier; Côrtes, Mariana Osório; Costa, Paulo Márcio Santos; Cumplido, Mariano; Defeo, Omar; Ferreira, Augusto Luiz; Haimovici, Manuel; Leite, Tatiana Silva; Machado, Fabrizio Marcondes; Maia, Rafaela Camargo; Martins, Inês Xavier; Matthews-Cascon, Helena; Miranda, Marcel Sabino; Ortiz, Nicolás; Padula, Vinicius; Palomo, Maria Gabriela; Dias Passos, Flávio; Pastorino, Guido; Pedro, Natan Carvalho; Penchaszadeh, Pablo E.; Scarabino, Fabrizio; Signorelli, Javier H.; de Souza, Leonardo Santos; Spotorno, Paula; de Freitas Tallarico, Lenita; Urteaga, Diego; Van der Molen, Silvina; Teso, Valeria (2025). "Threats and challenges for the conservation of marine molluscs in the southwestern Atlantic". ''Aquatic Sciences''. '''87''' (3). [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00027-025-01189-9|10.1007/s00027-025-01189-9]].</cite></ref> * ''Taron dubius'' * ''Triplefusus giganteus'', conch na doki na Florida <ref name="Leal25">{{Cite journal |last=Leal |first=José H |last2=Hulse |first2=Carly |last3=D'Agostino |first3=Claire |last4=Fogelson |first4=Susan |date=2024 |title=First record of imposex in the horse conch, ''Triplofusus giganteus'' (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Fasciolariidae) |journal=Bulletin of Marine Science |volume=101 |issue=2 |pages=899–900 |doi=10.5343/bms.2024.0104}}</ref> === Littorinidae === * ''Littoraria angulifera'', da mangrove periwinkle <ref name="Costa13">{{Cite journal |last=Costa |first=M. B. |last2=Zamprogno |first2=G. C. |last3=Pedruzzi |first3=F. C. |last4=Dalbem |first4=G. B. |last5=Tognella |first5=M. M. P. |date=2013 |title=Assessing the Continuous Impact of Tributyltin from Antifouling Paints in a Brazilian Mangrove Area Using Intersex in Littoraria angulifera (Lamarck, 1822) as Biomarker |journal=International Journal of Oceanography |volume=2013 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2013/769415 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * ''Littorina sitkana''<ref name="Nohara99">{{Cite journal |last=Nohara |first=Masahiro |date=1999 |title=Variation and Abnormality of Genital System in Littorina sitkana Philippi (Mollusca, Gastropoda) in Northern Japan |journal=Zoological Science |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=827–838 |doi=10.2108/zsj.16.827 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Melongenidae === * ''Melongena melongena'', ƙwanƙolin kambin Caribbean * ''Pugilina tupiniquim''<ref name="Barrosoetal2025">{{Cite journal |last=Barroso |first=Cristiane Xerez |last2=de Arruda |first2=Eliane Pintor |last3=Arrighetti |first3=Florencia |last4=Averbuj |first4=Andrés |last5=Bigatti |first5=Gregorio |last6=Braga |first6=Ramiro |last7=Carranza |first7=Alvar |last8=Christo |first8=Susete Wambier |last9=Côrtes |first9=Mariana Osório |last10=Costa |first10=Paulo Márcio Santos |last11=Cumplido |first11=Mariano |last12=Defeo |first12=Omar |last13=Ferreira |first13=Augusto Luiz |last14=Haimovici |first14=Manuel |last15=Leite |first15=Tatiana Silva |date=2025 |title=Threats and challenges for the conservation of marine molluscs in the southwestern Atlantic |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=87 |issue=3 |doi=10.1007/s00027-025-01189-9}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="1" id="CITEREFBarrosode_ArrudaArrighettiAverbuj2025">Barroso, Cristiane Xerez; de Arruda, Eliane Pintor; Arrighetti, Florencia; Averbuj, Andrés; Bigatti, Gregorio; Braga, Ramiro; Carranza, Alvar; Christo, Susete Wambier; Côrtes, Mariana Osório; Costa, Paulo Márcio Santos; Cumplido, Mariano; Defeo, Omar; Ferreira, Augusto Luiz; Haimovici, Manuel; Leite, Tatiana Silva; Machado, Fabrizio Marcondes; Maia, Rafaela Camargo; Martins, Inês Xavier; Matthews-Cascon, Helena; Miranda, Marcel Sabino; Ortiz, Nicolás; Padula, Vinicius; Palomo, Maria Gabriela; Dias Passos, Flávio; Pastorino, Guido; Pedro, Natan Carvalho; Penchaszadeh, Pablo E.; Scarabino, Fabrizio; Signorelli, Javier H.; de Souza, Leonardo Santos; Spotorno, Paula; de Freitas Tallarico, Lenita; Urteaga, Diego; Van der Molen, Silvina; Teso, Valeria (2025). "Threats and challenges for the conservation of marine molluscs in the southwestern Atlantic". ''Aquatic Sciences''. '''87''' (3). [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00027-025-01189-9|10.1007/s00027-025-01189-9]].</cite></ref> === Muricidae ===   === Nassariidae === * ''Ilyanassa tsoho'' yayi, kwari na laka na gabas <ref name="Smith71">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Blakeman S. |date=1971 |title=Sexuality in the american mud snail, ''Nassarius obsoletus'' say |journal=Journal of Molluscan Studies |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=377–378 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a065117}}</ref> * ''Phrontis vibex'', nassa mai rauni <ref name="Barrosoetal2025">{{Cite journal |last=Barroso |first=Cristiane Xerez |last2=de Arruda |first2=Eliane Pintor |last3=Arrighetti |first3=Florencia |last4=Averbuj |first4=Andrés |last5=Bigatti |first5=Gregorio |last6=Braga |first6=Ramiro |last7=Carranza |first7=Alvar |last8=Christo |first8=Susete Wambier |last9=Côrtes |first9=Mariana Osório |last10=Costa |first10=Paulo Márcio Santos |last11=Cumplido |first11=Mariano |last12=Defeo |first12=Omar |last13=Ferreira |first13=Augusto Luiz |last14=Haimovici |first14=Manuel |last15=Leite |first15=Tatiana Silva |date=2025 |title=Threats and challenges for the conservation of marine molluscs in the southwestern Atlantic |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=87 |issue=3 |doi=10.1007/s00027-025-01189-9}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="1" id="CITEREFBarrosode_ArrudaArrighettiAverbuj2025">Barroso, Cristiane Xerez; de Arruda, Eliane Pintor; Arrighetti, Florencia; Averbuj, Andrés; Bigatti, Gregorio; Braga, Ramiro; Carranza, Alvar; Christo, Susete Wambier; Côrtes, Mariana Osório; Costa, Paulo Márcio Santos; Cumplido, Mariano; Defeo, Omar; Ferreira, Augusto Luiz; Haimovici, Manuel; Leite, Tatiana Silva; Machado, Fabrizio Marcondes; Maia, Rafaela Camargo; Martins, Inês Xavier; Matthews-Cascon, Helena; Miranda, Marcel Sabino; Ortiz, Nicolás; Padula, Vinicius; Palomo, Maria Gabriela; Dias Passos, Flávio; Pastorino, Guido; Pedro, Natan Carvalho; Penchaszadeh, Pablo E.; Scarabino, Fabrizio; Signorelli, Javier H.; de Souza, Leonardo Santos; Spotorno, Paula; de Freitas Tallarico, Lenita; Urteaga, Diego; Van der Molen, Silvina; Teso, Valeria (2025). "Threats and challenges for the conservation of marine molluscs in the southwestern Atlantic". ''Aquatic Sciences''. '''87''' (3). [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00027-025-01189-9|10.1007/s00027-025-01189-9]].</cite></ref> * ''Tritia reticulata'', kare mai laushi <ref name="Barroso2011">{{Cite journal |last=Barroso |first=Carlos M. |last2=Rato |first2=Milene |last3=Veríssimo |first3=Alfredo |last4=Sousa |first4=Ana |last5=Santos |first5=José António |last6=Coelho |first6=Sónia |last7=Gaspar |first7=Miguel B. |last8=Maia |first8=Francisco |last9=Galante-Oliveira |first9=Susana |date=2011 |title=Combined use of ''Nassarius reticulatus'' imposex and statolith age determination for tracking temporal evolution of TBT pollution in the NW Portuguese continental shelf |journal=Journal of Environmental Monitoring |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=3018–3025 |doi=10.1039/C1EM10508F |pmid=21987262}}</ref> === Strombidae === * Aliger gigas, sarauniya conch <ref name="Voss25">{{Cite journal |last=Voss |first=Jn |last2=Brown-Peterson |first2=Nj |last3=Delgado |first3=Ga |date=2025 |title=Revisiting the imposex queen conch ''Aliger gigas'' near Port Everglades, Florida: demographics, histopathology, and sediment contamination |journal=Endangered Species Research |volume=57 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.3354/esr01401 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="1" id="CITEREFVossBrown-PetersonDelgado2025">Voss, Jn; Brown-Peterson, Nj; Delgado, Ga (2025). [[doi:10.3354/esr01401|"Revisiting the imposex queen conch ''Aliger gigas'' near Port Everglades, Florida: demographics, histopathology, and sediment contamination"]]. ''Endangered Species Research''. '''57''': <span class="nowrap">1–</span>7. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3354/esr01401|10.3354/esr01401]]</span>.</cite></ref> * ''Laevistrombus canarium'', kare conch <ref name="CobImposex">{{Cite journal |last=Cob |first=Z. C. |last2=Arshad, A. |last3=Bujang, J. S. |last4=Ghaffar, M. A. |year=2011 |title=Description and evaluation of imposex in ''Strombus canarium'' Linnaeus, 1758 (Gastropoda, Strombidae): a potential bio-indicator of tributyltin pollution |url=http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/23629/1/Description%20and%20evaluation%20of%20imposex%20in%20Strombus%20canarium%20Linnaeus.pdf |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |volume=178 |issue=1–4 |pages=393–400 |bibcode=2011EMnAs.178..393C |doi=10.1007/s10661-010-1698-7 |pmid=20824325 |s2cid=207130813}}</ref> * ''Strombus pugilis'', yaƙi da conch === Volutidae === * ''Adelomelon ancilla''<ref name="Pencha2009">{{Cite journal |last=Penchaszadeh |first=Pablo E. |last2=Antelo |first2=Carlos Sánchez |last3=Zabala |first3=Soledad |last4=Bigatti |first4=Gregorio |date=2009 |title=Reproduction and imposex in the edible snail ''Adelomelon ancilla'' from northern Patagonia, Argentina |journal=Marine Biology |volume=156 |issue=9 |pages=1929–1939 |bibcode=2009MarBi.156.1929P |doi=10.1007/s00227-009-1225-y |hdl-access=free}}</ref> * ''Adelomelon beckii'', ƙuƙwalwar Beck <ref name="Barrosoetal2025">{{Cite journal |last=Barroso |first=Cristiane Xerez |last2=de Arruda |first2=Eliane Pintor |last3=Arrighetti |first3=Florencia |last4=Averbuj |first4=Andrés |last5=Bigatti |first5=Gregorio |last6=Braga |first6=Ramiro |last7=Carranza |first7=Alvar |last8=Christo |first8=Susete Wambier |last9=Côrtes |first9=Mariana Osório |last10=Costa |first10=Paulo Márcio Santos |last11=Cumplido |first11=Mariano |last12=Defeo |first12=Omar |last13=Ferreira |first13=Augusto Luiz |last14=Haimovici |first14=Manuel |last15=Leite |first15=Tatiana Silva |date=2025 |title=Threats and challenges for the conservation of marine molluscs in the southwestern Atlantic |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=87 |issue=3 |doi=10.1007/s00027-025-01189-9}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="1" id="CITEREFBarrosode_ArrudaArrighettiAverbuj2025">Barroso, Cristiane Xerez; de Arruda, Eliane Pintor; Arrighetti, Florencia; Averbuj, Andrés; Bigatti, Gregorio; Braga, Ramiro; Carranza, Alvar; Christo, Susete Wambier; Côrtes, Mariana Osório; Costa, Paulo Márcio Santos; Cumplido, Mariano; Defeo, Omar; Ferreira, Augusto Luiz; Haimovici, Manuel; Leite, Tatiana Silva; Machado, Fabrizio Marcondes; Maia, Rafaela Camargo; Martins, Inês Xavier; Matthews-Cascon, Helena; Miranda, Marcel Sabino; Ortiz, Nicolás; Padula, Vinicius; Palomo, Maria Gabriela; Dias Passos, Flávio; Pastorino, Guido; Pedro, Natan Carvalho; Penchaszadeh, Pablo E.; Scarabino, Fabrizio; Signorelli, Javier H.; de Souza, Leonardo Santos; Spotorno, Paula; de Freitas Tallarico, Lenita; Urteaga, Diego; Van der Molen, Silvina; Teso, Valeria (2025). "Threats and challenges for the conservation of marine molluscs in the southwestern Atlantic". ''Aquatic Sciences''. '''87''' (3). [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00027-025-01189-9|10.1007/s00027-025-01189-9]].</cite></ref> * ''Voluta ebraea'', volute na Ibrananci <ref name="Castro">{{Cite journal |last=Castro |first=Í. B. |display-authors=etal |year=2008 |title=Imposex in endemic volutid from Northeast Brazil (Mollusca: Gastropoda) |url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/babt/v51n5/a24v51n5.pdf |journal=Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology |location=Brazil |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=1065–1069 |doi=10.1590/s1516-89132008000500024 |issn=1516-8913 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Voluta musica, da music volute <ref name="Peralta14">{{Cite journal |last=Peralta |first=Ana Carolina |last2=Miloslavich |first2=Patricia |last3=Bigatti |first3=Gregorio |date=2014 |title=Imposex en ''Voluta musica'' (Caenogastropoda: Volutidae) en el Noreste de la Península de Araya, Venezuela |url=https://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?pid=S0034-77442014000100009&script=sci_arttext |journal=Revista de Biología Tropical |language=es |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=523–532 |issn=0034-7744}}</ref> * ''Odontocymbiola magellanica''<ref name="Barrosoetal2025" /> * ''Pachycymbiola brasiliana''<ref name="Barrosoetal2025" /> * ''Pachycymbiola ferussacii''<ref name="Barrosoetal2025" /> === Olividae === * ''Callianax biplicata'', mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan sama <ref name="Horiguchi1994b">{{Cite journal |last=Horiguchi |first=Toshihiro |last2=Shiraishi |first2=Hiroaki |last3=Shimizu |first3=Makoto |last4=Yamazaki |first4=Sunao |last5=Morita |first5=Masatoshi |date=1994 |title=Organotin compounds and their effects on aquatic organisms, focusing on imposex in gastropods |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/MGMC.1994.17.1-4.81/html |journal=Main Group Metal Chemistry |volume=17 |issue=1-4 |doi=10.1515/MGMC.1994.17.1-4.81 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="1" id="CITEREFHoriguchiShiraishiShimizuYamazaki1994">Horiguchi, Toshihiro; Shiraishi, Hiroaki; Shimizu, Makoto; Yamazaki, Sunao; Morita, Masatoshi (1994). [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/MGMC.1994.17.1-4.81/html "Organotin compounds and their effects on aquatic organisms, focusing on imposex in gastropods"]. ''Main Group Metal Chemistry''. '''17''' (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>4). [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1515/MGMC.1994.17.1-4.81|10.1515/MGMC.1994.17.1-4.81]]</span>.</cite></ref> * ''Olivancillaria deshayesiana''<ref name="Barrosoetal2025">{{Cite journal |last=Barroso |first=Cristiane Xerez |last2=de Arruda |first2=Eliane Pintor |last3=Arrighetti |first3=Florencia |last4=Averbuj |first4=Andrés |last5=Bigatti |first5=Gregorio |last6=Braga |first6=Ramiro |last7=Carranza |first7=Alvar |last8=Christo |first8=Susete Wambier |last9=Côrtes |first9=Mariana Osório |last10=Costa |first10=Paulo Márcio Santos |last11=Cumplido |first11=Mariano |last12=Defeo |first12=Omar |last13=Ferreira |first13=Augusto Luiz |last14=Haimovici |first14=Manuel |last15=Leite |first15=Tatiana Silva |date=2025 |title=Threats and challenges for the conservation of marine molluscs in the southwestern Atlantic |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=87 |issue=3 |doi=10.1007/s00027-025-01189-9}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="1" id="CITEREFBarrosode_ArrudaArrighettiAverbuj2025">Barroso, Cristiane Xerez; de Arruda, Eliane Pintor; Arrighetti, Florencia; Averbuj, Andrés; Bigatti, Gregorio; Braga, Ramiro; Carranza, Alvar; Christo, Susete Wambier; Côrtes, Mariana Osório; Costa, Paulo Márcio Santos; Cumplido, Mariano; Defeo, Omar; Ferreira, Augusto Luiz; Haimovici, Manuel; Leite, Tatiana Silva; Machado, Fabrizio Marcondes; Maia, Rafaela Camargo; Martins, Inês Xavier; Matthews-Cascon, Helena; Miranda, Marcel Sabino; Ortiz, Nicolás; Padula, Vinicius; Palomo, Maria Gabriela; Dias Passos, Flávio; Pastorino, Guido; Pedro, Natan Carvalho; Penchaszadeh, Pablo E.; Scarabino, Fabrizio; Signorelli, Javier H.; de Souza, Leonardo Santos; Spotorno, Paula; de Freitas Tallarico, Lenita; Urteaga, Diego; Van der Molen, Silvina; Teso, Valeria (2025). "Threats and challenges for the conservation of marine molluscs in the southwestern Atlantic". ''Aquatic Sciences''. '''87''' (3). [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00027-025-01189-9|10.1007/s00027-025-01189-9]].</cite></ref> * ''Olivancillaria vesica''<ref name="Caetano">{{Cite journal |last=Caetano |first=C. H. S. |last2=Absalão, R. S. |year=2002 |title=Imposex in ''Olivancillaria vesica vesica'' (Gmelin) (Gastropoda, Olividae) trom a Southeastern Brazilian sandy beach |url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbzool/v19s2/v19supl2a22.pdf |journal=Revista Brasileira de Zoologia |location=Brazil |publisher=Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=215–218 |doi=10.1590/S0101-81752002000600022 |issn=0101-8175 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * ''Minti na zaitun''<ref name="Barrosoetal2025" /> === Sauran iyalai === * ''Amalda australis'', itacen zaitun na kudanci * Babylonia areolata, wani kwari na teku na Babila <ref name="Zou25">{{Cite journal |last=Zou |first=Yu |last2=Liang |first2=Yuan |last3=Luo |first3=Xuan |last4=You |first4=Weiwei |last5=Shen |first5=Minghui |last6=Fu |first6=Jingqiang |last7=Ke |first7=Caihuan |date=2025 |title=Development of a sex-specific molecular marker reveals the ZW/ZZ sex-determination system in ''Babylonia areolata'' (link 1807) |journal=Aquaculture |volume=598 |pages=742044 |bibcode=2025Aquac.59842044Z |doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2024.742044}}</ref> * ''Bostrycapulus odites'', kwari mai tsalle-tsalle <ref name="Barrosoetal2025">{{Cite journal |last=Barroso |first=Cristiane Xerez |last2=de Arruda |first2=Eliane Pintor |last3=Arrighetti |first3=Florencia |last4=Averbuj |first4=Andrés |last5=Bigatti |first5=Gregorio |last6=Braga |first6=Ramiro |last7=Carranza |first7=Alvar |last8=Christo |first8=Susete Wambier |last9=Côrtes |first9=Mariana Osório |last10=Costa |first10=Paulo Márcio Santos |last11=Cumplido |first11=Mariano |last12=Defeo |first12=Omar |last13=Ferreira |first13=Augusto Luiz |last14=Haimovici |first14=Manuel |last15=Leite |first15=Tatiana Silva |date=2025 |title=Threats and challenges for the conservation of marine molluscs in the southwestern Atlantic |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=87 |issue=3 |doi=10.1007/s00027-025-01189-9}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="1" id="CITEREFBarrosode_ArrudaArrighettiAverbuj2025">Barroso, Cristiane Xerez; de Arruda, Eliane Pintor; Arrighetti, Florencia; Averbuj, Andrés; Bigatti, Gregorio; Braga, Ramiro; Carranza, Alvar; Christo, Susete Wambier; Côrtes, Mariana Osório; Costa, Paulo Márcio Santos; Cumplido, Mariano; Defeo, Omar; Ferreira, Augusto Luiz; Haimovici, Manuel; Leite, Tatiana Silva; Machado, Fabrizio Marcondes; Maia, Rafaela Camargo; Martins, Inês Xavier; Matthews-Cascon, Helena; Miranda, Marcel Sabino; Ortiz, Nicolás; Padula, Vinicius; Palomo, Maria Gabriela; Dias Passos, Flávio; Pastorino, Guido; Pedro, Natan Carvalho; Penchaszadeh, Pablo E.; Scarabino, Fabrizio; Signorelli, Javier H.; de Souza, Leonardo Santos; Spotorno, Paula; de Freitas Tallarico, Lenita; Urteaga, Diego; Van der Molen, Silvina; Teso, Valeria (2025). "Threats and challenges for the conservation of marine molluscs in the southwestern Atlantic". ''Aquatic Sciences''. '''87''' (3). [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00027-025-01189-9|10.1007/s00027-025-01189-9]].</cite></ref> * ''Hastula cinerea''<ref name="Barrosoetal2025" /> * ''[[Heleobia australis]]''<ref name="Neve2013">{{Cite journal |last=Neves |first=Raquel A. F. |last2=Valentin |first2=Jean Louis |last3=Figueiredo |first3=Gisela M. |date=2013 |title=First record of imposex in ''Heleobia australis'' (Caenogastropoda: Cochliopidae) |journal=Journal of Molluscan Studies |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=82–85 |doi=10.1093/mollus/eys034}}</ref> * ''Monoplex parthenopeus'', babban triton mai gashi <ref name="Barrosoetal2025" /> * Monodonta labio, saman harsashi mai hakora * ''Nerita exuvia'', nerite na fatar maciji * ''[[Prunum martini]]''<ref name="Barrosoetal2025" /> == Manazarta == 8j7f2u3n37lp1oiypxfp6qyiim0aca7 0 111565 822535 692891 2026-04-19T10:05:39Z BnHamid 12586 822535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Latvia_1998_CIA_map.jpg|thumb|Cikakken taswirar Latvia]] [[Laitfiya|Latvia]] tana kan gabar gabashin [[Tekun Baltic]] a matakin arewa maso yammacin ɓangaren tasowa na Gabashin Turai, tsakanin [[Istoniya|Estonia]] da [[Lithuania]]. Kimanin kashi 98% na ƙasar suna ƙarƙashin {{Convert|200|m|ft|0}} tsawo. Baya ga filayen bakin teku, zamanin kankara ya raba Latvia zuwa manyan yankuna uku: tsaunuka na Yamma da Gabas da tsaunuka masu tsawo na Tsakiya. Latvia tana da koguna sama da 12,000, 17 ne kawai daga cikinsu suka fi {{Convert|100|km|-1}} km (60 , kuma sama da 3,000 kananan tabkuna, mafi yawansu suna da eutrophic. Manyan koguna sun hada da Daugava, Lielupe, Gauja, Venta da Salaka. Yankunan daji sun rufe kusan 52% na ƙasar (Pine - 34%, Spruce - 18%, Birch - 30%). Baya ga peat, dolomite, da dutse mai laushi, albarkatun kasa ba su da yawa. Latvia tana da (313 na bakin tekun yashi, kuma tashar jiragen ruwa na Liepāja da Ventspils suna samar da muhimman tashar jiragen ruwan dumi ga bakin tekun Baltic. Latvia is a small country with a land size of {{Convert|64,559|km2|mi2}}. However, it is larger than many other European countries ([[Albaniya|Albania]], [[Beljik|Belgium]], [[Bosnia da Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Kroatiya|Croatia]], [[Cyprus]], [[Denmark]], [[Istoniya|Estonia]], [[Luksamburg|Luxembourg]], [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|North Macedonia]], [[Malta]], [[Montenegro]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], [[Slofakiya|Slovakia]], [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]] or [[Switzerland]]). Its strategic location has instigated many wars between rival powers on its territory. As recently as 1944, the [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|USSR]] granted Russia the Abrene region, which Latvia contested after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. == Yanayi na zahiri == Latvia ta ƙunshi murabba'in kilomita 64,589 kuma fadada ne na Gabashin Turai. Yankin da ke da faɗi bai bambanta da na maƙwabtanta ba.<ref name=":0" /> Iyakar Latvia kawai ita ce gabar Tekun Baltic, wanda ya kai kilomita 496. <ref name=":0" /> Makwabtanta sun hada da Lithuania a kudu (kilomita 453 na iyakar gama gari), Estonia a arewa (kilomiti 267), Rasha a gabas (kilomitara 217), da Belarus a kudu maso gabas (kimanin 141). <ref name=":0" /> Kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II, Latvia ta yi iyaka da gabashin Poland, amma sakamakon canje-canjen iyaka da Tarayyar Soviet ta yi, wannan yankin ya haɗa da Belarus.<ref name=":0" /> == Yanayin ƙasa == An kafa yanayin Latvia da yankunan da ke kusa da ita, har zuwa babban mataki, a lokacin Quaternary da zamanin kankara na Pleistocene, lokacin da ƙasa da tarkace suka tura su cikin tuddai da tuddai. Filayen da ke cike da tsaunuka sun rufe kashi 75% na yankin Latvia kuma suna samar da manyan yankuna don noma; kashi 25% na yankin yana cikin tsaunuka masu matsakaici.<ref name=":0" /> Kimanin kashi 27% na jimlar yankin ana nomawa, tare da tsakiyar {{Interlanguage link|Zemgale Plain|lv|Zemgales līdzenums}} kudu da Riga kasancewa mafi kyau da riba.<ref name=":0" /> Manyan yankuna uku, a cikin lardunan Kurzeme (yammacin Latvia), Vidzeme (tsakiyar Latvia, Vidzeme Upland da Aluksne Upland), da Latgale (gabascin Latvia), suna ba da kyakkyawan tsari na filayen da ke cike da gandun daji da tabkuna da koguna da yawa.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin wannan yanki, manyan glacial moraines, eskers, da drumlins sun iyakance ribar noma ta hanyar ragargaje filaye da gabatar da manyan matsalolin lalacewa.<ref name=":0" /> About 10% of Latvian territory consists of peat bogs, swamps, and marshes, some of which are covered by stunted forest growth. Forests are the outstanding feature of Latvia, claiming 42% of the territory.<ref name=":0" /> Over the past 100 years the amount of forest territories in Latvia has doubled, and the process is still ongoing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=30 December 2020 |title=Forest Industry |url=https://www.liaa.gov.lv/en/trade/industries/forest?utm_source=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F |access-date=24 March 2024 |website=investment and development agency of latvia |publisher=}}</ref> Forest territories are expanding naturally, as well as due to intentional afforestation of barren land and land that cannot be used for agricultural purposes.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> More than half of the forests consist of Scots pine or Norway spruce.<ref name=":0" /> Kusan dukkanin gandun daji a Latvia suna samuwa ga jama'a, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Forrest |first=James |date=23 January 2020 |title=The wood life: my four days immersed in Latvia's forests |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2020/jan/23/latvia-immersed-in-woods-forest-bathing-wellbeing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623085316/https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2020/jan/23/latvia-immersed-in-woods-forest-bathing-wellbeing |archive-date=23 June 2021 |access-date=4 June 2021 |website=The Guardian |quote=Forest foraging is almost a national sport in Latvia, with mushrooms, berries, herbs, leaves for tea and birch sap juice on the menu. With half of the nation’s forests state-owned, and favourable public access laws, filling your basket is completely legal. Families are even permitted to take one Christmas tree from the forest every December.}}</ref> sabili da haka daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi yaduwa na yawan jama'a shine tattara bilberries, cranberries, mushrooms, da sauran kyaututtuka na yanayin halitta. Dokokin Latvia game da gandun daji suna daga cikin mafi tsauri a Turai da ke tsara girbi na itace. Kowace shekara gandun daji suna samar da cubic mita miliyan 25 na katako, yayin da kusan cubic mita 12-13 kawai ake sarewa, saboda haka adadin tsofaffin gandun daji da tsofaffi suna ci gaba da ƙaruwa. Godiya ga adadi mai yawa na albarkatun gandun daji, Latvia tana da masana'antar sarrafa [[Katako|itace]] mai ci gaba sosai, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Woodworking |url=https://investinlatvia.org/en/key-sectors/sectors/woodworking#:~:text=Woodworking%20As%20Latvia%20is%20one%20of%20the%20greenest,essential%20role%20in%20creating%20rural%20and%20regional%20employment. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207205329/https://investinlatvia.org/en/key-sectors/sectors/woodworking#:~:text=Woodworking%20As%20Latvia%20is%20one%20of%20the%20greenest,essential%20role%20in%20creating%20rural%20and%20regional%20employment. |archive-date=7 December 2021 |access-date=22 March 2022 |ref=4}}</ref> saboda haka katako da kayayyakin itace suna daga cikin mahimman fitarwa na ƙasar. Kamfanonin sarrafa katako na Latvia sune mahimman 'yan wasa a kasuwannin Turai da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=GWMI |date=2023-11-27 |title=Interview: The current state of the Latvian wood industry |url=https://www.globalwoodmarketsinfo.com/interview-the-current-state-of-the-latvian-wood-industry/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Global Wood Markets Info |language=en-US}}</ref> Hanyar gargajiya ta Latvian game da gandun daji tare da ƙananan tsarin yankunan da aka yanke tare da cibiyar sadarwa ta yankunan gandun daji waɗanda suka ga tasirin ɗan adam kaɗan, da kuma fitowar mutane daga yankunan karkara zuwa birane sun sauƙaƙa fitowar bambancin halittu na musamman a cikin gandun daji wanda nau'in dabbobi da tsuntsaye na gida, waɗanda suka mutu ko kuma suna da wuya a wasu wurare a Turai. Dangane da binciken Asusun Kula da Lafiya na Duniya a cikin 1992, Latvia tana da adadi mai yawa na [[Ganshamo|baƙar fata]], ƙaramin gaggafa, Eurasian otter, European beaver, Eurasian lynx, da kuma launin Doki. Har ila yau a cikin adadi mai yawa akwai ja deer da Red deer (dukkanin 86,000), naman alade (32,000), elk (25,000) da ja fox (13,000). <ref name=":0" /> Halin da ke canzawa da sauri na yanayin yanayin glacial moraines da lowlands ya kuma ba da damar tsire-tsire masu tsayi, kamar itacen oak, su girma a cikin 'yan daruruwan mita na tsire-shuke na arewa, kamar auduga da Cloudberries. Wannan iri-iri da saurin canji a cikin yanayin halittu na halitta suna daga cikin siffofi na musamman na jamhuriya.<ref name=":0" /> Tsarin Soviet ya bar wani abu ga masu ilimin halitta. Yankin yammacin tekun Latvia yanki ne mai kula da iyaka.<ref name=":0" /> Kusan dukkanin gidaje da ke kusa da teku an rushe su ko kuma an kwashe su.<ref name=":0" /> A sakamakon haka, kimanin kilomita 300 na bakin teku da ba a inganta ba ne kawai da gandun daji na pine da spruce da kuma yashi na musamman na muhalli.<ref name=":0" /> Jaraba don samun riba mai sauri, duk da haka, na iya haifar da keta dokokin da a bayyane suka hana duk wani gini a cikin kilomita daya na teku.<ref name=":0" /> Wannan na iya haifar da ɗayan ragowar bakin teku na ƙarshe a Turai ya zama ba ya wanzu.<ref name=":0" /> Yankin bakin teku da ke kusa da cibiyoyin jama'a da ke kusa le Riga ya kasance babban abin da yawon bude ido ya fi mayar da hankali a zamanin Soviet. Jūrmala tana da wuraren kiwon lafiya da wuraren yawon bude ido da yawa, tsaunuka masu tsawo, rairayin bakin teku, da gine-gine na dā.<ref name=":0" /> Latvia tana da cibiyar sadarwa mai yawa na koguna, suna ba da gudummawa ga kyawawan gani da tattalin arzikin ƙasar. Kogin da ya fi girma shine Daugava, wanda ya kasance muhimmiyar hanya na dubban shekaru.<ref name=":0" /> Ƙabilun yankin da Vikings, Rashawa, da sauran Turawa sun yi amfani da shi don kasuwanci, yaƙi, da cin nasara.<ref name=":0" /> Tare da jimlar tsawon kilomita 1,020, Daugava (ko Zapadnaya Dvina a samansa) ya samo asali ne a cikin Valday Hills a cikin Tver' Oblast na Rasha, yana kewayawa ta arewacin Belarus, sannan yana iska ta Latvia na kilomita {{Convert|352|km|mi}} (219 kafin ya zubo cikin Tekun Riga.<ref name=":0" /> Yana da kimanin mita 180 a fadin lokacin da ya shiga Latvia, yana ƙaruwa zuwa tsakanin mita 650 zuwa 750 a Riga da buɗewa a cikin Tekun Baltic.<ref name=":0" /> Kogin yana ɗaukar matsakaita a kowace shekara na kilomita 21 cubic.] Jimlar zuriyarsa tsakanin Latvia na mita casa'in da takwas ya sa ya zama tushen samar da wutar lantarki mai ban sha'awa. Tashar wutar lantarki ta farko—Ķegums Hydro Power Plant—an gina ta ne a lokacin ‘yancin kai na Latvia. Dam na biyu - Pļaviņas Hydro Power Plant - ya tayar da zanga-zangar da ba a saba gani ba a cikin 1958. Yawancin mutanen Latvia sun yi adawa da ambaliya na wuraren tarihi da kuma wani kwazazzabo mai ban sha'awa na musamman tare da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire da siffofi na halitta, irin su Staburags, wani dutse mai kama da muhimmancin al'adu ga Lorelei a Jamus. An amince da gina madatsar ruwa a cikin 1959, duk da haka, bayan kawar da shugabanni masu sassaucin ra'ayi da na kasa a karkashin Eduard Berklavs da maye gurbinsu da masu ra'ayin Moscow, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da Arvīds Pelše ya jagoranta. Dam din na uku - Riga Hydroelectric Power Plant - wanda ke saman Riga, bai haifar da zanga-zangar ba saboda rashin fata na dalilin. Dam na hudu da aka yi niyya, a garin Daugavpils da ke gabar kogin Daugava, ya zama wurin da aka yi zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa a shekarar 1986-87 ta dubban daruruwan mutanen Latvia.[1] Ba a gina wannan madatsar ruwa ba, duk da makudan kudaden da aka riga aka zuba a cikin aikin. [[Fayil:Lielupe_Baltic_Sea_aerial.jpg|right|thumb|268x268px|Lielupe yana gudana cikin [[Tekun Baltic]] a cikin Tekun Riga, yayin da reshen Buļupe ke gudana zuwa Kogin Daugava zuwa yamma.]] Ƙananan koguna sun haɗa da Lielupe, a tsakiyar Latvia, tare da matsakaicin shekara-shekara na 3.6 cubic kilomita; Venta, a yamma, tare da 2.9 cubic kilomita); Gauja, a arewa maso gabas, tare da 2.5 cubic kilomita: da Aiviekste, a gabas, da 2.1 cubic kilomita. Rashin wutar lantarki mai yawa yana haifar da ruwan su, kodayake masu tsarawa yanzu suna tunanin sake kunna wasu tsofaffin madatsun ruwa da turbines da aka watsar.<ref name=":0" /> Gauja yana daya daga cikin koguna mafi kyau na Latvia, koguna masu tsabta kuma yana da babban wurin shakatawa na Gauja tare da bankunan biyu a matsayin daya daga cikin sanannun fasalulluka.<ref name=":0" /> Ruwan sanyi yana jan hankalin trout da salmon, kuma dutsen sandstone da yanayin gandun daji suna ƙara zama magnet ga masu yawon bude ido da ke sha'awar muhalli.<ref name=":0" /> Fiye da kashi 60% na yawan ruwa na shekara-shekara na koguna shida mafi girma na Latvia sun fito ne daga kasashe makwabta, galibi daga Belarus da Lithuania. Wadannan albarkatun da ke kusa da su suna haifar da buƙatu na hadin kai, musamman a cikin kula da gurɓataccen yanayi.<ref name=":0" /> An kawo haɗarin daga rashin hadin kai ga Latvians a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1990, lokacin da wani polymer complex a Navapolatsk, Belarus, ba da gangan ya zubar da tan 128 na cyanide derivatives cikin Kogin Daugava ba tare da gargadi ga masu amfani da ruwa a Latvia ba.<ref name=":0" /> Kasancewar kifaye da yawa ne kawai suka faɗakar da mazaunan Latvia game da haɗarin.<ref name=":0" /> == Yanayi == [[Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_LVA_1991–2020.svg|thumb|300x300px|Taswirar rarraba yanayi ta Köppen-Geiger a ƙuduri na kilomita 1 don Latvia 1991-2020]] A lokacin rani, sa'o'in hasken rana suna da tsawo kuma hunturu gajere. A watan Disamba har yanzu yana da duhu a karfe 9:00 na safe, kuma hasken rana ya ɓace kafin karfe 4:00 na yamma.<ref name=":0" /> Yanayin yanayi yana da kyau ta hanyar Gulf Stream da ke gudana a fadin Tekun Atlantika daga Mexico.<ref name=":0" /> Matsakaicin yanayin zafi a cikin hunturu yana da sauƙi, yana fitowa a cikin Janairu daga -1.7 ° C (28.9 ° F) a Liepāja, a bakin tekun yamma, zuwa -6.6 ° C (20.1 ° F) na kudu maso gabashin garin Daugavpils.<ref name=":0" /> Yanayin Yuli ya kasance daga {{Convert|17.4|°C}} ° C (63.3 ° F) a Liepāja zuwa {{Convert|17.6|°C}} ° C (67.7 ° F) na Daugavpils.<ref name=":0" /> Kusa da Latvia zuwa teku yana kawo matakan zafi da hazo, tare da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara millimeters (24.9 in) a Riga.<ref name=":0" /> A can, matsakaicin kwanaki 180 a kowace shekara suna da ruwan sama, kwana arba'in da hudu suna da hazo, kuma kwana saba'in da biyu ne kawai ke da rana. Ci gaba da rufe dusar ƙanƙara yana ɗaukar kwanaki tamanin da biyu, kuma lokacin da ba shi da sanyi yana ɗaukar kwanaki 177.<ref name=":0" /> Wannan hazo ya taimaka wajen samar da ruwa mai yawa ga koguna da tabkuna da yawa na Latvia, amma ya haifar da matsaloli da yawa. Babban bangare na ƙasar noma yana buƙatar magudanar ruwa.<ref name=":0" /> An kashe kudi da yawa don ayyukan inganta ƙasa waɗanda suka haɗa da shigar da bututun ruwa, daidaitawa da zurfafa raƙuman ruwa, tono ramin ruwa, da kuma gina madatsar ruwa.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, aikin magudanar ruwa ya sha kashi ɗaya bisa uku na duk saka hannun jari na noma a Latvia.<ref name=":0" /> Kodayake yana da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na 1% na yankin, Latvia tana da alhakin kashi 11% na duk ƙasar da aka zubar da ruwa a tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet.<ref name=":0" /> Wani ƙarin matsala da ke da alaƙa da hazo shine wahalar shuka da girbi na farko saboda filayen da ke cike da ruwa. Ruwan sama mai yawa yana faruwa, musamman a lokacin girbi a watan Agusta da Satumba, yana buƙatar saka hannun jari mai yawa a cikin tsarin bushewar hatsi da tsarin iska.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin 1992 Latvia ta sami lokacin rani mafi bushewa a tarihin yanayin da aka rubuta, amma ruwan sama mai tsanani a cikin bazara da ta gabata ya sa lalacewar amfanin gona ƙasa da yadda ake tsammani.<ref name=":0" /> Yanayin zafi ya kasance babban abin da ke jagorantar aikin gona na Latvia zuwa kiwon dabbobi da kiwon madara.<ref name=":0" /> Ko da mafi yawan amfanin gona, kamar sha'ir, oats, da dankali, ana shuka su ne don ciyar da dabbobi.<ref name=":0" /> == Albarkatun halitta == Latvia ba za ta iya ɗaukar albarkatun ƙasa masu kima ba.[1] Duk da haka, yawan kasancewar irin waɗannan abubuwa kamar dutsen farar ƙasa don siminti (mita biliyan 6 ko yadudduka biliyan 8), gypsum (mita cubic miliyan 165 ko yadi miliyan 216), yumbu mai inganci (mita cubic miliyan 375 ko yadudduka miliyan 490), dolomite (615 miliyan cubic mita ko 8000 yards), peat miliyan 8000. metric ton (tons 470,000,000; gajerun tan 530,000,000)), da kayan gini, gami da tsakuwa da yashi, suna biyan bukatun gida.[1] Kifi daga Tekun Baltic wani nau'in albarkatun fitarwa ne mai yuwuwa. Amber, ɗan shekara miliyan chunks na petrified Pine pitch, ana samun sau da yawa a rairayin bakin teku na Tekun Baltic kuma ana yawan buƙatar kayan ado.[1] Har ila yau, ya yi tasiri na alama a ƙasar, wanda ake kira Dzintarzeme, ko Amberland. Makomar na iya ɗaukar albarkatun da za su fi tamani idan aka gano rijiyoyin mai a yankin ruwan Latvia, kamar yadda wasu masana kimiyyar ƙasa suka yi hasashe. Latvia tana da Keɓantaccen Yankin Tattalin Arziki mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 28,452 (10,985 sq mi). == Yankin da iyakoki == '''Yankin:'''''jimillar:''{{Convert|64589|km2}}''ƙasa:''{{Convert|62249|km2}}''ruwa:''{{Convert|2340|km2}} Yankin ƙasa: ''jimillar:'': {{Convert|1382|km}} ''Kasashen iyaka:'': [[Belarus]] {{Convert|171|km}} , Estonia {{Convert|343|km}} , [[Lithuania]] {{Convert|576|km}} , Rasha {{Convert|292|km}} '''Yankin bakin teku:'''{{Convert|498|km}} '''Maritime claims:''' ''territorial sea:'' {{Convert|12|nmi|km mi|1}} ''exclusive economic zone:'' {{Convert|28,452|km2|mi2}} with {{Convert|200|nmi|km mi|1}} ''continental shelf:'' {{Convert|200|m}} depth or to the depth of exploitation * Arewa: (58°05′06′′N 25°11′57′′E / 58.085137°N 25.199203°E / 58. 085137; 25.199203) * Kudancin: (55°40′30′′N 26°35′50′′E / 55.674971°N 26.597213°E / 55. 674971; 26.59721. * Yamma: (56°21′14′′N 20°58′13′′E / 56.353933°N 20.970153°E / 56. 353933; 20.970-153) * Gabas: (56°16′37′′N 28°14′28′′E / 56.276911°N 28.241043°E / 56.476911; 28.241043) Matsakaicin tsawo: ''mafi ƙasƙanci:'' Tekun Baltic 0 m mafi girma: Gaizinkalns {{Convert|312|m}} == Albarkatarwa da amfani da ƙasa == '''Albarkatun halitta:''' peat, limestone, dolomite, amber, wutar lantarki, katako, ƙasar noma '''Amfani da ƙasa:''' ƙasa mai noma: 17.96% ''amfanin gona na dindindin:'' 0.11% wasu: 81.93% (2011) '''Irrigated land:''' {{Convert|8.3|km2}} ''note:'' land in Latvia is often too wet and in need of drainage not irrigation; approximately {{Convert|16000|km2}} or 85% of agricultural land has been improved by drainage (2007) '''Jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa:''' <sup>3</sup>.45 km3 (2011) &nbsp; == Damuwa da muhalli == '''Muhalli - batutuwan yanzu:''' Muhalli na Latvia ya amfana daga sauyawa zuwa masana'antun sabis bayan kasar ta sake samun 'yancin kai; manyan abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci a muhalli sune inganta ingancin ruwan sha da tsarin datti, gida, da kuma kula da sharar gida, gami da rage gurɓataccen iska; a cikin 2001, Latvia ta rufe babi na tattaunawar shiga EU kan muhalli da ke da cikakken aiwatar da umarnin muhalli na EU ta hanyar 2010 '''Muhalli - yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa:''' jam'iyya ga: Rashin Ruwan iska, Rashin Ruwar iska - Rashin Ru'ya mai guba, Biodiversity, Canjin Yanayi-Kyoto Protocol, Dabbobi masu haɗari, Rashin haɗari, [[Dokar teku|Dokar Tekun]], Kare Yankin Ozone, Rashin Jirgin Jirgin Jirgi, Wetlands da aka ''sanya hannu, amma ba a tabbatar da shi ba:'' babu wani yarjejeniyar da aka zaɓa ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 537pgqzhec5agl3u44mksivcstjdklr 0 112218 822244 694541 2026-04-18T16:19:26Z BnHamid 12586 822244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Future Generation Computer Systems wata mujallar kimiyya ce ta kowane wata da ke rufe dukkan fannoni na [[Injiniyan kwamfuta]]. [[Elsevier]] ne ya buga shi kuma [[Editor-in-chief|Babban edita]] shi ne Michela Taufer ([[University of Tennessee|Jami'ar Tennessee]]). A cewar Jaridar Citation Reports, mujallar tana da tasirin tasirin 2019 na 7.187. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ctob9ys7lrchnyf0qlqznpe6k0dqud2 0 112233 822509 732545 2026-04-19T09:52:58Z Birgediya 44139 822509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wannan jerin sunayen '''[[Last meal|Abincin karshe]]''' ne da aka rubuta daga fursunonin da ke cikin gidan yari kafin a kashe su. Wannan yana wakiltar abubuwan da aka nema, kamar yadda aka ruwaito, to amma ba a duk lokuta yana wakiltar abin da fursunoni ya samu ba. == Turai == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%" !Sunan !Laifi !Kasar !Shekara !Hanyar kisa !Abincin da aka nema |- |{{Sortname|Roger|Casement}} |Cin amana (samar da taimako daga Daular Jamus don Easter Rising) |Burtaniya |1916 |Ragewa |Gurasar sacramental. Casement ya tuba zuwa [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] kafin a kashe shi kuma ya bayyana cewa ya yi niyyar zuwa "mutuwa tare da jikin Allahna a matsayin abincin karshe".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-12-20 |title=Roger Casement |url=http://leargas.blogspot.ie/2010/12/roger-casement.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821115945/http://leargas.blogspot.ie/2010/12/roger-casement.html |archive-date=21 August 2016 |access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Ruth|Ellis}} |Kisan kai |Burtaniya |1955 |Ragewa |Kwai mai laushi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-22 |title=Albert Pierrepoint hanged Ruth Ellis but she was just one of more than 400 |url=https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/traitors-serial-killers-war-criminals-12215021 |access-date=4 January 2023}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Véronique|Frantz}} |Kisan kai |Faransa |1854 |Kashe kai ta hanyar guillotine |Cafe au lait da gurasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 7, 1854 |title=JURIDICTION ADMINISTRATIVE — Strasbourg |trans-title=ADMINISTRATIVE JURISDICTION — Strasbourg |url=https://www.retronews.fr/journal/le-droit/7-aout-1854/1837/3357297/3?from=%2Fsearch%23allTerms%3Dv%25C3%25A9ronique%2520frantz%26sort%3Ddate-asc%26publishedStart%3D1850-01-01%26publishedEnd%3D1859-12-31%26publishedBounds%3Dfrom%26indexedBounds%3Dfrom%26page%3D3%26searchIn%3Dall%26total%3D128&index=65 |publisher=Le Droit |language=fr |via=RetroNews}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Fritz|Haarmann}} |Kisan kai |Jamus |1925 |Kashe kai ta hanyar guillotine |Sigari mai tsada da kofin kofi na Brazil.<ref name="Southeast Missourian 15 Apr. 1925">{{Cite web |title=The Southeast Missourian – Google News Archive Search |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1893&dat=19250415&id=wiQrAAAAIBAJ&pg=4160,4483255 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010212720/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1893&dat=19250415&id=wiQrAAAAIBAJ&pg=4160%2C4483255 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |access-date=21 October 2020 |website=news.google.com}}</ref> |- |Karl Hopf |Kisan kai |Jamus |1914 |Kashe kai ta hanyar hatchet |Sausages, gurasa da giya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riebsamen |first=Hans |date=2021-09-19 |title=Frankfurter Giftmörder mit Doppelleben |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/rhein-main/frankfurt/neues-buch-ueber-frankfurter-giftmoerder-karl-hopf-17535591.html |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]]}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Mathias|Kneißl}} |Kisan kai da fashi |Jamus |1902 |Kashe kai ta hanyar guillotine |Gilashin [[giya]] guda shida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-02-22 |title=Räuber Mathias Kneißl bis heute eine bayerische Legende – Vor 100 Jahren hingerichtet – ... Vor der Hinrichtung sechs Glas Bier |url=https://www.onetz.de/deutschland-und-die-welt-r/kultur-de-welt/raeuber-mathias-kneissl-bis-heute-eine-bayerische-legende-vor-100-jahren-hingerichtet-vor-der-hinrichtung-sechs-glas-bier-d1156355.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121052202/https://www.onetz.de/deutschland-und-die-welt-r/kultur-de-welt/raeuber-mathias-kneissl-bis-heute-eine-bayerische-legende-vor-100-jahren-hingerichtet-vor-der-hinrichtung-sechs-glas-bier-d1156355.html |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=2020-08-07 |website=Der neue Tag (Weiden in der Oberpfalz) |language=de}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Peter|Kürten}} |Kisan kai da fyade |Jamus |1931 |Kashe kai ta hanyar guillotine |Wiener schnitzel, dankali da aka soya da kwalban farin ruwan inabi. Ya nemi taimako na biyu kuma ya karbe shi. |- |Louis na goma sha shida |Babban cin amana |Faransa |1793 |Kashe kai ta hanyar guillotine |Kyakkyawan kaza, wasu kek, naman sa da aka dafa da turnips. Ya kuma sami kayan zaki wanda ya kunshi fuka-fukan kaza guda biyu, kayan lambu, gilashin ruwan inabi guda biyu da aka yanke tare da ruwa, wani yanki na cake, da gilashin giya na Malaga. |- |{{Sortname|Charles|Peace}} |Kisan kai |Burtaniya |1879 |Ragewa |Kwayoyin da naman alade mai gishiri mai yawa. Ya nemi kofin ruwan sanyi amma an hana shi. |- |Bindigogi na Ion |Kisan kai |Jamhuriyar Socialist ta Romania |1987 |Yin harbi |Wani albasa mai suna omelette.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pistol ucis de puști. Povestea ultimului condamnat la moarte al lui Ceaușescu. A cerut omletă cu ceapă înainte de execuția din mai 1987 |url=https://www.antena3.ro/actualitate/inedit/pistol-ucis-de-pusti-povestea-ultimului-condamnat-la-moarte-al-lui-ceausescu-cererea-bizara-pe-care-502821.html |access-date=6 August 2024 |language=ro}}</ref> |- |Karl Ludwig Sand |Kisan kai |Jamus |1820 |Kashe kai da [[takobi]] |Gruel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wetzel |first=Holger |date=2011-11-05 |title=Das letzte Essen |url=https://www.thueringer-allgemeine.de/leben/vermischtes/das-letzte-essen-id218055833.html |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=[[Thüringer Allgemeine]] |language=de}}</ref> |- |Friedrich Schumann |Kisan kai |Jamus |1921 |Kashe kai ta hanyar hatchet |Frikadellen da Teltow sun juya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schnaibel |first=Marlies |date=2021-10-04 |title=Als ein Massenmörder am Falkenhager See sein Unwesen trieb |url=https://www.maz-online.de/lokales/havelland/falkensee/als-ein-massenmoerder-am-falkenhagener-see-sein-unwesen-trieb-OOWUTZNIDL7TC46TI4N6H7SPEE.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=[[Märkische Allgemeine]]}}</ref> |- |Adolf Seefeldt |Kisan kai |Nazi Jamus |1936 |Kashe kai ta hanyar guillotine |Kyakkyawan kaza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Unger |first=Benjamin |date=2021-05-23 |title="Onkel Tick-Tack" und die toten Jungen: Der Fall Adolf Seefeld |url=https://www.ndr.de/geschichte/koepfe/Serienmoerder-Adolf-Seefeld-wird-vor-85-Jahren-hingerichtet,seefeld126.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=[[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]}}</ref> |- |Shugabannin Goma na Nazi Jamus |Kowane wanda aka yanke masa hukunci na daya ko fiye daga cikin: (1) Kasancewa cikin wani shiri na kowa ko makirci don aiwatar da wani laifi game da zaman lafiya; (2) Shirya, farawa da yin yaƙe-yaƙe na tashin hankali da sauran laifuka game da zaman kai; (3) Kasancewa a cikin [[Laifin Yaƙi|Laifukan yaki]]; (4) Laifukan da aka yi wa bil'adama. |Jamusanci da aka mamaye |1946 |Ragewa |Sausage da yankan Sauti, tare da salatin dankali, baƙar fata da shayi. |} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%; " ! width="13%" |Sunan ! width="10%" |Laifi ! width="4%" |Shekara ! width="10%" |Hanyar kisa ! width="53%" |Abincin da aka nema |- |{{Sortname|Jack|Alderman}} |Kisan kai |2008 |Allurar kisa |Ya ƙi abinci na musamman kuma an ba shi abincin kurkuku na yau da kullun na ranar wanda ya kunshi kifi, wake, cole slaw, karoshi, cuku grits, buns, ruwan 'ya'yan itace, da cakulan cake.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jack Edward Alderman |url=http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/alderman1120.htm |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Clark Prosecutor}}</ref> Alderman da farko ya zaɓi kaza da aka soya, shrimps da kuma pin na cherry ko strawberry ice cream a matsayin abinci na ƙarshe, amma bai karɓa ba tun lokacin da aka dakatar da kisa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bigg |first=Matthew |date=2007-10-19 |title=Georgia death row inmate gets stay of execution |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-execution-idUSN1841509320071019 |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Reuters}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Andrew Howard|Brannan}} |Kisan kai |2015 |Allurar kisa |3 ƙwai a kan sauƙi, launin ruwan kasa, biscuits da soya, sausage, pecan waffles tare da strawberries, madara, ruwan apple da kofi. |- |{{Sortname|Christopher Allen|Burger|Murder of Roger Honeycutt}} |Kisan kai |1993 |Kashe wutar lantarki |Ruwa da gurasar da ba a yisti ba. |- |Robert Earl Butts Jr. |Kisan kai |2018 |Allurar kisa |Cuku na naman alade tare da cuku na Amurka da cheddar, nama na ribeye, kayan zaki na kaza guda shida, fries na Faransa, cuku da lemonade.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-27 |title=Convicted murderer requests bacon cheeseburger, steak for last meal |url=https://www.actionnewsjax.com/news/convicted-murderer-requests-bacon-cheeseburger-steak-for-last-meal/739773300/ |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=Action News Jax}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Robert Dale|Conklin|Murder of George Crooks}} |Kisan kai |2005 |Allurar kisa |Filet mignon steak da aka lullube a cikin naman alade; de-veined shrimp da aka dafa a cikin man shanu tare da lemun tsami; dankali da aka dafa cike da cream mai zaki, chives da naman alade, masara a kan cob; asparagus tare da Sauce na Holland; gurasar Faransa da cuku na akuya; cantaloupe; apple pie; vanilla bean ice cream da shayi. |- |{{Sortname|Troy Anthony|Davis|Troy Davis}} |Kisan kai |2011 |Allurar kisa |Ya ƙi abinci na musamman kuma an ba shi al'ada na abinci: grilled cheeseburgers, oven-browned dankali, burodi burodi, coleslaw, cookies da abin sha na inabi. |- |{{Sortname|Melbert Ray|Ford Jr.|Melbert Ford}} |Kisan kai |2010 |Allurar kisa |Kifi da aka dafa, shrimp, dankali da aka dafa da salatin, masara da aka dafa dafa, ice cream, cheesecake da soda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pittman |first=Amber |date=2010-06-06 |title=Ford denied clemency, will be executed Wednesday |url=http://www.covnews.com/news/article/12781/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612052211/http://www.covnews.com/news/article/12781/ |archive-date=2010-06-12 |access-date=2020-08-12 |website=Covnews}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Carlton Michael|Gary|Carlton Gary}} |Kisan kai |2018 |Allurar kisa |Ya ki cin abinci na musamman kuma ya nemi cin abinci na yau da kullun a kurkuku na ranar: hamburger da aka gasa, kare mai zafi, farin wake, coleslaw da abin sha na inabi. |- |{{Sortname|Kelly Renee|Gissendaner|Kelly Gissendaner}} |Kisan kai |2015 |Allurar kisa |Cuku ya tsoma tare da kwakwalwa, Texas nachos tare da nama na fajita da kuma abincin lemun tsami. A baya Gissendaner tana da gurasar masara, madara, Burger King Whoppers guda biyu, manyan umarni biyu na fries na Faransa, ice cream na vanilla, popcorn, lemonade da salatin tare da kwai da aka dafa, tumatir, kore peppers, albasa, karoshi, cuku da kuma Paul Newman buttermilk riguna kafin a kashe ta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-05 |title=Gissendaner requests last meal, less food than previous last meal |url=https://www.ajc.com/news/crime--law/gissendaner-requests-last-meal-less-food-than-previous-last-meal/L2my3i2WwWlJOva4uY3apN/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224213215/https://www.ajc.com/news/crime--law/gissendaner-requests-last-meal-less-food-than-previous-last-meal/L2my3i2WwWlJOva4uY3apN/ |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=2020-08-09 |website=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Warren Lee|Hill Jr.|Warren Hill (murderer)}} |Kisan kai |2015 |Allurar kisa |Ya ƙi abinci na musamman kuma an miƙa abincin abinci na ma'aikata, wanda ya ƙunshi burodi na makiyayi, dankali, jan wake, salatin kabewa, gurasar masara, kukis da 'ya'yan itace. |- |{{Sortname|Brandon Astor|Jones}} |Kisan kai |2016 |Allurar kisa |Ya ƙi zaɓin zaɓin abincinsa na ƙarshe, don haka an ba shi abinci na yau da kullun a kan menu a wannan rana na kaza da shinkafa, rutabaga, kayan lambu na turnip, fari mai bushewa, burodi, burodi da 'ya'yan itace. |- |{{Sortname|William Earl|Lynd}} |Kisan kai |2008 |Allurar kisa |Gurasar barbecue guda biyu tare da albasa mai laushi, dankali da aka yi da cream mai zaki, naman alade da cuku, da kuma babban madara. |- |Willie James Pye |Kisan kai |2024 |Allurar kisa |Sandwiches na kaza guda biyu, cuku biyu, fries na Faransa, jaka biyu na kwakwalwar dankali, da kuma sodas biyu na lemun tsami. |- |{{Sortname|Thomas Dean|Stevens|Murder of Roger Honeycutt}} |Kisan kai |1993 |Kashe wutar lantarki |Ya ki tayin abinci na ƙarshe na musamman, amma ya amince da karɓar abincin kurkuku na yau da kullun na spaghetti tare da soya na nama, wake mai kore, rolls, peach takalma da shayi mai sanyi. |- |{{Sortname|Marion|Wilson Jr.|Marion Wilson (murderer)}} |Kisan kai |2019 |Allurar kisa |Ɗaya daga cikin pizza mai matsakaici tare da komai, fuka-fuki 20 na buffalo, daya pint na man shanu pecan ice cream, wasu apple pie da ruwan inabi. |} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%; " ! width="13%" |Name ! width="10%" |Crime ! width="10%" |State ! width="4%" |Year ! width="10%" |Method of Execution ! width="53%" |Requested Meal |- |{{Sortname|Charles|Albanese}} |Serial murder |Illinois |1995 |Lethal injection |Prime rib, baked potato, garlic bread, coffee, Coca-Cola and pistachio ice cream. |- |{{Sortname|Lowell Lee|Andrews}} |Murder |Kansas |1962 |Hanging |Two fried chickens with sides of mashed potatoes, green beans and Pie a la Mode. |- |{{Sortname|John|Arnold|Murder of Betty Gardner}} |Murder |South Carolina |1998 |Lethal injection |A submarine sandwich, tossed salad, French fries and a vanilla milkshake, shared with his attorneys.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1998-03-06 |title=UPI Focus: Arnold executed in South Carolina |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1998/03/06/UPI-Focus-Arnold-executed-in-South-Carolina/4215889160400/ |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=United Press International}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Joe|Arridy}} |Falsely accused of rape and murder |Colorado |1939 |Gas chamber |Ice cream. |- |{{Sortname|Herman Dale|Ashworth|Herman Ashworth}} |Murder |Ohio |2005 |Lethal injection |Two cheeseburgers with lettuce and mayonnaise, french fries with ketchup, one Dr. Pepper and one Mountain Dew.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Provance |first=Jim |date=2005-09-28 |title=Ashworth is executed for 1996 beating death |url=https://www.toledoblade.com/local/2005/09/28/Ashworth-is-executed-for-1996-beating-death/stories/200509280039 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224213158/https://www.toledoblade.com/local/2005/09/28/Ashworth-is-executed-for-1996-beating-death/stories/200509280039 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=2020-08-15 |website=[[The Blade (Toledo, Ohio)|The Blade]]}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Billy|Bailey}} |Murder |Delaware |1996 |Hanging |Steak (well-done), a baked potato with sour cream and butter, buttered rolls, peas and vanilla ice cream.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Freudberg |first=Frank |date=1996-01-25 |title=Murderer hanged in Delaware |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/01/25/Murderer-hanged-in-Delaware/4428822546000/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224213202/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/01/25/Murderer-hanged-in-Delaware/4428822546000/ |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=[[United Press International]]}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Wesley Eugene|Baker|Wesley Baker}} |Murder |Maryland |2005 |Lethal injection |Breaded fish, pasta marinara, green beans, bread, orange fruit punch and milk (this was what was on the prison menu that day).<ref name="dme2005">{{Cite web |title=Last Meals on Death Row (2005) |url=http://www.deadmaneating.com/dme2005.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703000907/http://www.deadmaneating.com/dme2005.html |archive-date=3 July 2007 |access-date=11 August 2007 |website=Dead Man Eating}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Velma|Barfield}} |Murder |North Carolina |1984 |Lethal injection |Declined a special meal, having a bag of Cheez Doodles and a can of [[Coca-cola|Coca-Cola]] instead. |- |{{Sortname|George W.|Barrett}} |Murder |Federal government |1936 |Hanging |Requested "the largest steak in town", but did not eat it. After his death, a reporter who had been present for the execution spotted the steak in the jail kitchen and helped himself to it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Higgins |first=Will |date=2017-08-15 |title=This man was the last to be hung in Indianapolis, and someone else ate his last meal |url=https://eu.indystar.com/story/life/2017/08/15/uncle-george-murdered-fbi-agent-and-hangman-familys-fraught-legacy/488411001/ |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=[[The Indianapolis Star]]}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Martha|Beck|Raymond Fernandez and Martha Beck#Martha Beck}} |Serial murder |New York |1951 |Electrocution |Fried chicken, fried potatoes and salad.<ref name="Bol3-p86" /> |- |John A. Bennett |Rape and attempted murder |United States Army |1961 |Hanging |Shrimp with cocktail sauce, hot rolls, cake, peaches, milk and coffee.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Serrano |first=Richard A. |date=2000-09-10 |title=Pvt. John Bennett Is the Only U.S. Soldier Executed for Rape in Peacetime. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-sep-10-tm-18406-story.html |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> |- |Rodney Berget |Murder |South Dakota |2018 |Lethal injection |Pancakes, waffles, maple syrup and butter, breakfast sausages, scrambled eggs, french fries, Pepsi, and Cherry Nibs licorice. |- |{{Sortname|Brandon|Bernard}} |Murder |Federal government |2020 |Lethal injection |Meat lover's pizza and a brownie.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-11 |title=Trump Administration Executes Brandon Bernard After Jurors Plead For His Life |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/trump-administration-execute-brandon-bernard_n_5fd2a861c5b68256b113afb8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111053514/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/trump-administration-execute-brandon-bernard_n_5fd2a861c5b68256b113afb8 |archive-date=11 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-11 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Rainey|Bethea}} |Murder and rape |Kentucky |1936 |Hanging |Fried chicken, pork chops, mashed potatoes, pickles, cornbread, lemon pie, and ice cream. |- |Kenneth Biros |Murder and robbery |Ohio |2009 |Lethal injection |A cheese pizza, onion rings, fried mushrooms, potato chips, French onion dip, cherry pie, blueberry ice cream and one Dr. Pepper.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leckrone |first=Jim |date=2009-12-08 |title=Ohio executes inmate with untried injection method |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-execution-ohio-idUSTRE5B741Q20091208 |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Jesse|Bishop}} |Murder |Nevada |1979 |Gas chamber |Filet mignon, tossed salad with Thousand Island dressing, asparagus, baked potato with sour cream and an unspecified dessert. |- |{{Sortname|Gerald James|Bordelon|Gerald Bordelon}} |Murder |Louisiana |2010 |Lethal injection |Fried sac-a-lait fish, topped with crawfish étouffée, a peanut butter and apple jelly sandwich, and chocolate chip cookies. |- |{{Sortname|Alfred|Bourgeois}} |Murder |Federal government |2020 |Lethal injection |Seafood-stuffed mushrooms, a platter of fried shrimp, shrimp Alfredo pasta, six buttered biscuits and cheesecake. |- |Marion Bowman Jr. |Murder |South Carolina |2025 |Lethal injection |Chicken wings, chicken tenders, fried shrimp, fish, oysters, onion rings, banana pudding and German chocolate cake, pineapple juice and cranberry juice. |- |Earl Bramblett |Mass murder |Virginia |2003 |Electrocution |Declined a special meal and was given the regular prison meal of the day consisting of Sloppy joes, boiled potatoes, corn and chocolate cake. |- |James Briley |Murder, rape and robbery |Virginia |1985 |Electrocution |Fried shrimps with cocktail sauce and a lemon-lime soft drink. |- |Linwood Briley |Murder, rape and robbery |Virginia |1984 |Electrocution |Grilled tenderloin steak, a baked potato, green peas, a salad with french dressing, buttered rolls, cake, peaches, punch and milk.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1984-10-13 |title=Linwood |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97250404/linwood/ |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Daily Press}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Cal Coburn|Brown}} |Murder |Washington |2010 |Lethal injection |Combination meat pizza, apple pie, coffee, and milk. |- |{{Sortname|Russell Earl|Bucklew}} |Murder |Missouri |2019 |Lethal Injection |A Greek gyro, a smoked brisket sandwich, two orders of french fries, Coca-Cola and a banana split. Previously Bucklew had a t-bone steak, caesar salad, baked potato and apple pie a la mode, before his execution was stayed. |- |{{Sortname|Robert Anthony|Buell}} |Murder |Ohio |2002 |Lethal injection |A single, unpitted black olive.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gillespie |first=Charley |date=2002-09-24 |title=With Eyes Closed, Convicted Killer Is Executed |url=https://www.cleveland19.com/story/947368/with-eyes-closed-convicted-killer-is-executed |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=19 News |language=en |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> |- |Maurice Oscar Byrd |Mass murder |Missouri |1991 |Lethal injection |Lobster, steak, bacon, shrimp fried rice and chicken breast. |- |{{Sortname|Desmond Keith|Carter}} |Murder |North Carolina |2002 |Lethal injection |Declined a special meal, but had two cheeseburgers, a steak sandwich, and two cans of Coca-Cola from the prison canteen, for which he paid $4.20 from his prison account.<ref name="dme2002">{{Cite web |title=Last Meals on Death Row (2002) |url=http://www.deadmaneating.com/dme2002.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929003435/http://www.deadmaneating.com/dme2002.html |archive-date=29 September 2007 |access-date=11 August 2007 |website=Dead Man Eating}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Carroll|Cole}} |Serial murder |Nevada |1985 |Lethal injection |Jumbo shrimp, clam chowder, french fries, tossed salad with French dressing, cookies and candy.<ref name="rgj" /> |- |{{Sortname|Alton|Coleman}} |Murder spree |Ohio |2002 |Lethal injection |Well done filet mignon smothered with mushrooms, fried chicken breasts, biscuits and gravy, salad with French dressing, french fries, onion rings, broccoli with melted cheese, collard greens, cornbread, sweet potato pie with whipped cream and a cherry Coca-Cola. |- |{{Sortname|Christopher Leroy|Collings|Murder of Rowan Ford}} |Murder |Missouri |2024 |Lethal injection |A bacon cheeseburger, breaded mushrooms, tater tots and a chef salad. |- |{{Sortname|Joseph Edward|Corcoran|Joseph Corcoran}} |Murder |Indiana |2024 |Lethal injection |Ben &amp;amp; Jerry's ice cream. |- |{{Sortname|Richard|Cooey}} |Murder and rape |Ohio |2008 |Lethal injection |T-bone steak with A-1 sauce, 4 eggs over easy, hash browns, onion rings, french fries, buttered toast, a pint of rocky road ice cream, bear claw pastries and a Mountain Dew.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Richard Wade Cooey II #1124 |url=http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/cooey1124.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118060746/http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/cooey1124.htm |archive-date=18 November 2016 |access-date=13 May 2017 |website=clarkprosecutor.org}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Francis|Crowley}} |Murder |New York |1932 |Electrocution |Steak and onions, french fries, apple pie, ice cream and melted ice cream. |- |{{Sortname|Gary Lee|Davis}} |Murder |Colorado |1997 |Lethal injection |Chocolate and vanilla ice cream cups, shared with the prison superintendent and a manager. |- |{{Sortname|Carman L.|Deck|Deck v. Missouri}} |Murder |Missouri |2022 |Lethal injection |A ribeye steak, shrimps, asparagus, a salad with Italian dressing, cottage cheese and V8 juice.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Dorian |date=2022-05-03 |title=Missouri Man Whose Death Sentence Was Overturned, Then Restored Three Times To Be Executed |url=https://www.oxygen.com/crime-news/carman-deck-set-for-missouri-execution-zelma-james-long-murders |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=[[Oxygen (TV channel)|Oxygen]]}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|John|Deering|John Deering (murderer)}} |Murder |Utah |1938 |Firing squad |Pheasant. |- |{{Sortname|Westley Allan|Dodd}} |Serial murder and child molestation |Washington |1993 |Hanging |Broiled salmon and fried potatoes. |- |{{Sortname|James Homer|Elledge}} |Murder |Washington |2001 |Lethal injection |Eggs, bacon, waffles, sweet roll, cereal and orange juice. Elledge did not eat the dinner despite requesting it; his last meal was instead breakfast consisting of eggs, oatmeal, hash browns, toast, apple juice and coffee.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cornwall, Warren |last2=Haley, Jim |last3=North, Scott |date=2001-08-27 |title=Elledge's final day includes breakfast but no sunset |url=https://www.heraldnet.com/news/elledges-final-day-includes-breakfast-but-no-sunset/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203061958/https://www.heraldnet.com/news/elledges-final-day-includes-breakfast-but-no-sunset/ |archive-date=3 February 2020 |access-date=2020-08-12 |website=[[The Everett Herald]]}}</ref> |- |John Fautenberry |Serial killer |Ohio |2009 |Lethal injection |Two eggs sunny side up, fried potatoes, two slices of fried bologna, four slices of wheat bread, two slices of buttered wheat toast, four tomato slices, lettuce with mayonnaise, two 3 Musketeers bars and two packages of Reese's Peanut Butter Cups.<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Joseph Fautenberry |url=http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/fautenberry1170.htm |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Clark County Prosecutor}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Victor|Feguer}} |Murder |Federal government |1963 |Hanging |Requested a single olive with the [[Ɗan'ice|pit]] still in it. |- |{{Sortname|Samuel Russell|Flippen|Samuel Flippen}} |Murder |North Carolina |2006 |Lethal injection |Popcorn shrimp, hush puppies, french fries and a Coke. |- |{{Sortname|John Wayne|Gacy}} |Serial murder |Illinois |1994 |Lethal injection |A dozen deep-fried shrimp, a bucket of Kentucky Fried Chicken, french fries, a pound of strawberries, and a bottle of Diet Coke.<ref name="tw" /> |- |{{Sortname|Ronnie Lee|Gardner}} |Murder |Utah |2010 |Firing squad |Lobster tail, steak, apple pie with vanilla ice cream, and 7 Up. He also requested to watch <nowiki><i id="mwC9E">The Lord of the Rings</i></nowiki> film trilogy while he ate his meal. |- |{{Sortname|Juan Raul|Garza|Juan Garza}} |Murder and drug trafficking |Federal government |2001 |Lethal injection |Steak, french fries, onion rings, three slices of bread, and a soda. |- |Larry Gilbert |Murder |South Carolina |1998 |Lethal injection |Fish, cornbread, salad, french fries, pecan pie and tea. |- |{{Sortname|Gary|Gilmore}} |Murder |Utah |1977 |Firing squad |A hamburger, hard-boiled eggs, a baked potato, a few cups of coffee, and three shots of (contraband) Jack Daniel's whiskey.<ref name="tw">{{Cite web |last=Peck |first=John |date=5 January 2006 |title=Last Meals |url=http://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/last-meals/Content?oid=1082921 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629021753/http://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/last-meals/Content?oid=1082921 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |access-date=11 August 2007 |website=Tucson Weekly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramsland |first=Katherine |title=Gary Gilmore: Death Wish |url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/mass/gilmore/begin_7.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802214313/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/mass/gilmore/begin_7.html |archive-date=2 August 2008 |access-date=11 August 2007 |website=Crime Library}}</ref> |- |Jimmy L. Glass |Murder |Louisiana |1987 |Electrocution |A pepperoni pizza, a chef salad with blue cheese dressing, fresh peaches and cream, and two soft drinks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Watsky |first=Steven |date=1987-06-11 |title=The Supreme Court refused Thursday to halt the execution... |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/06/11/The-Supreme-Court-refused-Thursday-to-halt-the-execution/6589550382400/ |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=[[United Press International]]}}</ref> |- |Jack Gilbert Graham |Mass murder |Colorado |1957 |Gas chamber |Declined a special meal, but was given a meal consisting of steak, fried potatoes, tossed salad, fruit cocktail and ice cream by prison officials. Graham ate only the ice cream.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trembath |first=Brian K. |date=2020-10-28 |title=Mass murder in the sky: John Gilbert Graham and United Flight 629 |url=https://history.denverlibrary.org/news/mass-murder-sky-john-gilbert-graham-and-united-flight-629 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=[[Denver Public Library]]}}</ref> |- |J. D. Gleaton |Murder |South Carolina |1998 |Lethal injection |Cinnamon roll, banana pudding, cheese and orange juice.<ref name="The Greensboro News and Record" /> |- |Carl Austin Hall |Kidnapping |Federal government |1953 |Gas chamber |Fried chicken. |- |Leroy Hall Jr. |Murder |Tennessee |2019 |Electrocution |Philly cheesesteak, two orders of onion rings, a slice of cheesecake and a [[Pepsi]]. |- |{{Sortname|Edward Lee|Harper Jr.}} |Murder |Kentucky |1999 |Lethal injection |Three bacon, lettuce and tomato sandwiches, a bag of potato chips, a piece of pecan pie with vanilla ice cream and an RC Cola. |- |{{Sortname|Edward Ernest|Hartman|Edward Hartman}} |Murder |North Carolina |2003 |Lethal injection |A Greek salad, linguini with white clam sauce, cheesecake with cherry topping, garlic bread, and Coca-Cola.<ref name="dme2003">{{Cite web |title=Last Meals on Death Row (2003) |url=http://www.deadmaneating.com/dme2003.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703000751/http://www.deadmaneating.com/dme2003.html |archive-date=3 July 2007 |access-date=11 August 2007 |website=Dead Man Eating}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Bruno Richard|Hauptmann|Richard Hauptmann}} |Lindbergh kidnapping and murder |New Jersey |1936 |Electrocution |Celery, stuffed green [[Zaitun|olives]], roast chicken, french fried potatoes, buttered peas, [[Cherry|cherries]], and a slice of white cake.<ref name="tm" /> |- |Bonnie Brown Heady |Kidnapping |Federal government |1953 |Gas chamber |Fried chicken.<ref name=":4" /> |- |{{Sortname|Gary Michael|Heidnik|Gary M. Heidnik}} |Murder |Pennsylvania |1999 |Lethal injection |Two slices of cheese pizza and two cups of black coffee. |- |Brandon Hedrick |Murder |Virginia |2006 |Electrocution |Pizza with cheese, bacon and hamburger meat; French fries with ketchup; bacon; chocolate cake and apple pie. |- |Daryl Holton |Murder |Tennessee |2007 |Electrocution |Declined a special request, but ate the standard meal of the day consisting of riblets on a bun, mixed vegetables, baked beans, white cake with white icing and iced tea.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daryl Keith Holton |url=http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/holton1097.htm |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=Clark Prosecutor}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Mark|Hopkinson}} |Proxy murder |Wyoming |1992 |Lethal injection |Pizza, shared with his mother and other family members. He later asked for and received a fruit plate. |- |{{Sortname|Ralph|Hudson}} |Murder |New Jersey |1963 |Electrocution |Prime rib steak, ice cream and a cigar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krajicek |first=David J. |date=2012-12-22 |title=Wife killer Ralph Hudson is the last man to be executed in New Jersey |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/2012/12/22/wife-killer-ralph-hudson-is-the-last-man-to-be-executed-in-new-jersey/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=New York Daily News |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Billy Ray|Irick}} |Murder |Tennessee |2018 |Lethal injection |A 'super deluxe combo' meal consisting of a super deluxe burger, onion rings, and a Pepsi soda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boucher |first=Dave |last2=Allison |first2=Natalie |date=2018-08-10 |title=Billy Ray Irick has been served a deluxe burger combo for last meal before execution |url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/crime/2018/08/08/billy-ray-irick-tennessee-execution-paula-dyer-death-penalty-lethal-injection/937179002/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=The Tennessean |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Corey|Johnson|Corey Johnson (murderer)}} |Murder |Federal government |2021 |Lethal injection |Pizza, jelly-filled doughnuts, and a strawberry shake. Johnson did not receive the doughnuts despite ordering them, only the pizza and strawberry shake were served to him. |- |{{Sortname|Ernest Lee|Johnson}} |Murder |Missouri |2021 |Lethal injection |Two double bacon cheeseburgers, onion rings, two large strawberry milkshakes and a large pizza. |- |{{Sortname|Johnny Allen|Johnson|Murder of Casey Williamson}} |Murder |Missouri |2023 |Lethal injection |A bacon cheeseburger, curly fries and a strawberry shake. |- |{{Sortname|Shannon M.|Johnson|Shannon Johnson (murderer)}} |Murder |Delaware |2012 |Lethal injection |Chicken lo Mein, carrots, cake, wheat bread and margarine and iced tea. |- |{{Sortname|Richard Charles|Johnson|Murder of Bruce Smalls}} |Murder |South Carolina |2002 |Lethal injection |Fried shrimp, fried oysters, french fries, chocolate cake and iced tea. |- |{{Sortname|Louis|Jones Jr.}} |Murder |Federal government |2003 |Lethal injection |Whole peaches, plums and nectarines. |- |{{Sortname|John|Joubert|John Joubert (serial killer)}} |Serial murder |Nebraska |1996 |Electrocution |Cheese pizza with green pepper and onions, strawberry cheesecake, and Coca-Cola. |- |{{Sortname|Steven Timothy|Judy|Steven Judy}} |Mass murder |Indiana |1981 |Electrocution |Prime rib, lobster tails, potatoes with sour cream, chef salad with French dressing and a dinner roll. He also requested four cans of beer but they were denied. |- |Mir Aimal Kansi |Perpetrator of the CIA headquarters shooting |Virginia |2002 |Lethal injection |Fried rice, bananas, boiled eggs and wheat bread.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schwisow |first=Adrienne |date=2002-11-14 |title=Virginia Executes Pakistani Man |url=https://www.theintelligencer.com/news/article/Virginia-Executes-Pakistani-Man-10551474.php |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=[[Edwardsville Intelligencer]]}}</ref> |- |Marvallous Matthew Keene |Murder |Ohio |2009 |Lethal injection |Porterhouse steak with A-1 sauce, one pound of jumbo fried shrimp with cocktail sauce, French fries and onion rings, a tube of Pillsbury dinner rolls and butter, two plums, a mango, one pound of seedless white grapes, German chocolate cake, two bottles of [[Pepsi]] and two bottles of A&amp;amp;W Cream Soda. |- |{{Sortname|Barton Kay|Kirkham}} |Robbery and murder |Utah |1958 |Hanging |Pizzas and ice cream. |- |{{Sortname|Richard Albert|Leavitt|Murder of Danette Elg}} |Murder |Idaho |2012 |Lethal injection |Baked chicken, french fries, and milk. |- |{{Sortname|Teresa|Lewis}} |Proxy murder |Virginia |2010 |Lethal injection |Two fried chicken breasts, sweet peas with butter, a Dr Pepper and apple pie for dessert. |- |{{Sortname|Stanley Dewaine|Lingar|Stanley Lingar}} |Murder |Missouri |2001 |Lethal injection |Corned beef sandwiches and french fries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Ryan |date=7 February 2001 |title=Gay prisoner executed in Missouri |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=94160&page=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123064319/https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=94160&page=1 |archive-date=23 November 2014 |access-date=12 July 2020 |publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> |- |Thomas Edwin Loden Jr. |Murder |Mississippi |2022 |Lethal injection |Fried pork chops, fried okra, a baked sweet potato, Pillsbury Grands biscuits with butter and molasses, peach cobbler with French vanilla ice cream and a Lipton sweet tea. |- |{{Sortname|Daryl Linnie|Mack|Daryl Mack}} |Murder |Nevada |2006 |Lethal injection |Fish fillet sandwich, french fries and a soft drink.<ref name="rgj" /> |- |Mikal Mahdi |Murder |South Carolina |2025 |Firing squad |A ribeye steak cooked medium, mushroom risotto, broccoli, collard greens, cheesecake and sweet tea |- |Ernest Martin |Murder |Ohio |2003 |Lethal injection |A cheeseburger, french fries, apple pie and a Pepsi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ernest Martin |url=http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/martin859.htm |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Clark Prosecutor}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Dennis B.|McGuire|Execution of Dennis McGuire}} |Murder |Ohio |2014 |Lethal injection |Roast beef, fried chicken, a bagel with cream cheese, fried potatoes with onions, potato salad, butter pecan ice cream and a bottle of Coca-Cola. |- |{{Sortname|Duncan Peder|McKenzie Jr.|Duncan McKenzie (murderer)}} |Murder |Montana |1995 |Lethal injection |Tenderloin steak (medium), french fries, a tossed salad, orange sherbet and whole milk. |- |{{Sortname|Amber|McLaughlin}} |Murder and rape |Missouri |2023 |Lethal injection |A cheeseburger, french fries, a strawberry milkshake and peanut M&Ms. |- |{{Sortname|Harold I.|McQueen Jr.|Harold McQueen Jr.}} |Murder |Kentucky |1997 |Electrocution |Two cheesecakes, shared with his attorney. |- |{{Sortname|Timothy|McVeigh}} |Domestic terrorism and mass murder |Federal government |2001 |Lethal injection |Two pints of mint chocolate chip ice cream. |- |{{Sortname|Emeline|Meaker}} |Murder |Vermont |1883 |Hanging |Two boiled eggs, two slices of toast, a baked potato, a donut and a cup of coffee. |- |{{Sortname|David Earl|Miller|Murder of Lee Standifer}} |Murder |Tennessee |2018 |Electrocution |Fried chicken, mashed potatoes, biscuits and coffee. |- |{{Sortname|Carey Dean|Moore|Execution of Carey Dean Moore}} |Murder |Nebraska |2018 |Lethal injection |Pizza with bacon, beef, cheese and mushrooms, Pepsi, and strawberry cheesecake. |- |{{Sortname|Harry Charles|Moore}} |Murder |Oregon |1997 |Lethal injection |Two green apples, two red apples, a tray of fresh fruit and two 2-liter bottles of Coca-Cola. |- |Richard Bernard Moore |Murder |South Carolina |2024 |Lethal injection |A medium steak, fried catfish and shrimp, scalloped potatoes, green peas, broccoli with cheese, sweet potato pie, German chocolate cake and grape juice.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Jeffrey |date=2024-11-02 |title=South Carolina executes Richard Moore despite broadly supported plea to cut sentence to life |url=https://apnews.com/article/south-carolina-execution-richard-moore-clemency-e3e74f9309ec23eab220d93b7b0dfc29 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Richard Allen|Moran}} |Murder |Nevada |1996 |Lethal injection |Lasagna, chicken Parmesan, salad and ice cream.<ref name="rgj" /> |- |{{Sortname|Leon|Moser}} |Murder |Pennsylvania |1995 |Lethal injection |A large cheese pizza, cheese slices, cold cuts, pasta salad, iced cup cakes and a 2-liter bottle of Coca-Cola. |- |{{Sortname|John Allen|Muhammad}} |Murder |Virginia |2009 |Lethal injection |Chicken and several cakes. |- |{{Sortname|John B.|Nixon}} |Murder |Mississippi |2005 |Lethal injection |A T-bone steak (well done), buttered asparagus spears, a baked potato with sour cream, peach pie, vanilla ice cream and sweet tea.<ref>{{Cite web |title=John B. Nixon Sr. |url=http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/nixon1004.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017145953/http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/nixon1004.htm |archive-date=17 October 2018 |access-date=2020-08-12 |website=Clark Prosecutor}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Steven Howard|Oken|Steven Oken}} |Murder spree |Maryland |2004 |Lethal injection |A chicken patty with potatoes and gravy, green beans, marble cake, milk and fruit punch, the regular prison meal of the day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Steven Howard Oken |url=http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/oken915.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120073733/http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/oken915.htm |archive-date=20 January 2020 |access-date=2020-08-12 |website=Clark Prosecutor}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Freddie Eugene|Owens}} |Murder |South Carolina |2024 |Lethal injection |Two cheeseburgers, some french fries, a well-done ribeye steak, six chicken wings and two strawberry sodas as well as a slice of apple pie. |- |{{Sortname|Elijah|Page}} |Murder |South Dakota |2007 |Lethal injection |Steak (medium), jalapeño peppers with cream sauce, onion rings, a salad with cherry tomatoes, ham chunks, shredded cheese, bacon bits, and blue cheese and ranch dressing, coffee, lemon iced tea, and ice cream. |- |{{Sortname|Joseph Mitchell|Parsons}} |Murder |Utah |1999 |Lethal injection |Three Burger King Whoppers, two large orders of french fries, a chocolate shake, chocolate chip ice cream, and a package of grape Hubba Bubba bubblegum, to be shared with his brother and a cousin. |- |{{Sortname|Ronald Ray|Phillips|Ronald Phillips (murderer)}} |Murder and rape |Ohio |2017 |Lethal injection |A large cheese, bell pepper and mushroom pizza; strawberry cheesecake, a piece of unleavened bread, a bottle of Pepsi and grape juice.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zaranec |first=Erin |date=2017-07-26 |title=Who is Ronald Phillips? The man executed Wednesday for raping and killing a 3-year-old girl in 1993 |url=https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/local-news/akron-canton-news/ronald-phillips-executed-wednesday-marking-ohios-first-execution-in-three-years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026061858/https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/local-news/akron-canton-news/ronald-phillips-executed-wednesday-marking-ohios-first-execution-in-three-years |archive-date=26 October 2020 |access-date=2020-08-12 |website=News 5 Cleveland}}</ref> |- |Dalton Prejean |Murder |Louisiana |1990 |Electrocution |A seafood platter and an orange soda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Watsky |first=Steven |date=1990-05-18 |title=Cop-killer dies in Louisiana electric chair |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/05/18/Cop-killer-dies-in-Louisiana-electric-chair/6943643003200/ |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=[[United Press International]]}}</ref> |- |Gerhard Puff |Murder |Federal government |1954 |Electrocution |Fried chicken, sweet potatoes, asparagus tips, brussels sprouts, cranberry sauce, salad and strawberry shortcake.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gonnerman |first=Jennifer |date=2005-01-18 |title=The Last Executioner |url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2005/01/18/the-last-executioner/ |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=[[The Village Voice]] |archive-date=2014-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219094228/http://www.villagevoice.com/2005-01-18/news/the-last-executioner/full/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Paul Ezra|Rhoades}} |Murder spree |Idaho |2011 |Lethal injection |Hot dogs, sauerkraut, mustard, ketchup, onions, relish, baked beans, veggie sticks, ranch dressing, fruit with gelatin and strawberry ice cream cups.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2011 |title=Rhoades' Last Meal |url=https://www.idoc.idaho.gov/content/story/front_news/rhoades_last_meal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201205345/https://www.idoc.idaho.gov/content/story/front_news/rhoades_last_meal |archive-date=1 December 2021 |access-date=1 December 2021 |website=[[Idaho Department of Correction]]}}</ref> |- |Willie Francis |Murder |Louisiana |1947 |Electrocution |Fried Catfish and potatoes. |- |Benjamin Ritchie |Murder |Indiana |2025 |Lethal injection |"Tour of Italy" meal from Olive Garden, which includes fettuccine alfredo, lasagna, and chicken parmigiana. |- |Eric Robert |Murder |South Dakota |2012 |Lethal injection |Ice cream |- |{{Sortname|Michael Bruce|Ross}} |Serial murder |Connecticut |2005 |Lethal injection |Declined a special meal, but dined on the regular prison meal of the day: turkey à la king over rice, mixed vegetables, white bread, fruit, and a beverage.<ref name="CCP-MBR">{{Cite web |title=Michael Bruce Ross |url=http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/ross966.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120801221516/http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/ross966.htm |archive-date=1 August 2012 |access-date=7 January 2010 |publisher=Clark County Prosecutor}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Nicola|Sacco|Sacco and Vanzetti}} and {{Sortname|Bartolomeo|Vanzetti|Sacco and Vanzetti}} |Murder (case still open) |Massachusetts |1927 |Electrocution |Soup, meat, toast and tea. |- |{{Sortname|Joseph Carl|Shaw}} |Murder |South Carolina |1985 |Electrocution |Pizza and tossed salad. |- |{{Sortname|Brad Keith|Sigmon|Brad Sigmon}} |Murder |South Carolina |2025 |Firing squad |Kentucky Fried Chicken, green beans, mashed potatoes with gravy, biscuits, cheesecake and sweet tea. |- |{{Sortname|Perry Edward|Smith}} and {{Sortname|Richard Eugene|Hickock|Richard Hickock}} |Mass murder |Kansas |1965 |Hanging |Shrimp, french fries, garlic bread, ice cream, and strawberries with whipped cream.<ref name="tm" /> |- |Frank G. Spisak |Murder |Ohio |2011 |Lethal injection |Spaghetti with tomato sauce, a salad, chocolate cake and coffee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frank G. Spisak Jr. |url=http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/spisak1241.htm |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=Clark Prosecutor}}</ref> |- |Stephen Stanko |Murder |South Carolina |2025 |Lethal injection |Fried fish, fried shrimp, crab cakes, a baked potato, carrots, fried okra, cherry pie, banana pudding and sweet tea.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Myers |first=Amanda Lee |title=Stephen Stanko, who killed 2 and raped his girlfriend's 15-year-old daughter, is executed |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2025/06/13/stephen-stanko-execution-henry-turner-south-carolian/84193804007/ |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Charles|Starkweather}} |Murder |Nebraska |1959 |Electrocution |Declined the usual steak dinner, asking for assorted cold cuts instead. |- |{{Sortname|Brian David|Steckel|Brian Steckel}} |Murder |Delaware |2005 |Lethal injection |Cheesesteak, coleslaw, and a [[Pepsi|Pepsi-Cola]]. |- |{{Sortname|Raymond Lee|Stewart}} |Murder spree |Illinois |1996 |Lethal injection |Fried perch, potato salad, coleslaw, canned peaches and fruit juice. |- |{{Sortname|Nicholas Todd|Sutton}} |Serial murder |Tennessee |2020 |Electrocution |Fried pork chops, mashed potatoes with gravy and peach pie with vanilla ice cream. |- |{{Sortname|Joseph|Taborsky|Joseph "Mad Dog" Taborsky}} |Murder spree |Connecticut |1960 |Electrocution |Banana split, cherry soda, coffee with cream and sugar, and a pack of cigarettes. |- |{{Sortname|John Albert|Taylor}} |Murder |Utah |1996 |Firing squad |Antacid medicine, a cigarette, and pizzas "with everything." |- |{{Sortname|William Paul|Thompson}} |Serial murder |Nevada |1989 |Lethal injection |Four double bacon cheeseburgers, french fries and a large Coke.<ref name="rgj" /> |- |{{Sortname|Robert|Van Hook|Execution of Robert Van Hook}} |Murder |Ohio |2018 |Lethal injection |Double cheeseburgers, fries, strawberry cheesecake with whipped cream, a vanilla milkshake and grapefruit juice. |- |{{Sortname|Christopher|Vialva}} |Murder |Federal government |2020 |Lethal injection |Pizza hut. |- |{{Sortname|Charles|Walker|Charles Walker (murderer)}} |Murder |Illinois |1990 |Lethal injection |Fried wild rabbit, biscuits, and blackberry pie. |- |{{Sortname|Keith Eugene|Wells|Keith Wells}} |Murder |Idaho |1994 |Lethal injection |Whole lobster, well-done prime rib, fried potatoes, salad with tomatoes and onions and Italian dressing, two pints of ice cream, a half gallon of milk, a two-liter bottle of soda and two apple fritters. |- |Stephen Michael West |Murder |Tennessee |2019 |Electrocution |Philly cheesesteak and french fries. |- |{{Sortname|Dobie Gillis|Williams}} |Murder |Louisiana |1999 |Lethal injection |Twelve chocolate bars and some ice cream. |- |{{Sortname|Hernando|Williams|Murder of Linda Goldstone}} |Murder |Illinois |1997 |Lethal injection |Shrimp, french fries, strawberry cheesecake and soda. |- |Marcellus Williams |Murder |Missouri |2024 |Lethal injection |Chicken wings and tater tots.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alund |first=Natalie Neysa |date=2024-09-24 |title=Marcellus Williams executed in Missouri amid strong innocence claims: 'It is murder' |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2024/09/24/missouri-execution-marcellus-williams-lisha-gayle/75298897007/ |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> |- |Jimmy Wingo |Murder |Louisiana |1987 |Electrocution |A fried seafood platter with extra shrimp, french fries, and a Coke. |- |{{Sortname|Hastings Arthur|Wise}} |Mass murder |South Carolina |2005 |Lethal injection |Lobster tail, french fries, coleslaw, banana pudding and milk. |- |{{Sortname|Philip Ray|Workman|Philip Workman}} |Murder |Tennessee |2007 |Lethal injection |Declined a special meal for himself, but he asked for a large vegetarian pizza to be given to a homeless person in Nashville, Tennessee. This request was denied by the prison, but carried out by others across the country.<ref name="dme2007">{{Cite web |title=Last Meals on Death Row (2007) |url=http://www.deadmaneating.com/dmearch.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812065437/http://deadmaneating.com/dmearch.html |archive-date=12 August 2007 |access-date=12 August 2007 |website=Dead Man Eating}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Douglas Franklin|Wright}} |Serial murder |Oregon |1996 |Lethal injection |One honey bun. |- |{{Sortname|Matthew Eric|Wrinkles|Eric Wrinkles}} |Murder |Indiana |2009 |Lethal injection |Prime rib, a "loaded" baked potato, pork chops with steak fries, rolls and two salads with ranch dressing. |- |{{Sortname|Edmund|Zagorski}} |Murder |Tennessee |2018 |Electrocution |Pickled ham hocks and pig tails. |- |{{Sortname|Keith|Zettlemoyer}} |Murder |Pennsylvania |1995 |Lethal injection |Two cheeseburgers, fries, chocolate pudding and chocolate milk. |- |{{Sortname|William G.|Zuern Jr.|William G. Zuern Jr.}} |Murder |Ohio |2004 |Lethal injection |Mashed potatoes and gravy, lasagna, macaroni and cheese, corn, garlic bread, chocolate milk, and cherry cheesecake. |- |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Hukuncin Kisa|Hukuncin kisa]] * [[Rukunin Mutuwa]] * Bayani na ƙarshe * Abincin dare na ƙarshe * Addini da hukuncin kisa == Manazarta == m7utyyyg92fk0okzdssnuk769yb5uub 0 112548 822548 695500 2026-04-19T10:25:55Z BnHamid 12586 822548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wilma Louise Scott Heide''' (Fabrairu 26, 1921 - Mayu 8, 1985) marubuciya Ba'amurke ce, ma'aikaciyar jinya, kuma mai fafutukar zamantakewa. An haife shi a Ferndale, Pennsylvania, Heide ya sami horo a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya mai rijista a cikin ilimin tabin hankali a asibitin jihar Brooklyn. Ta fara aikinta a wani asibiti na tabin hankali a Torrance, Pennsylvania, inda ta sanya sauye-sauye don gyara cin zarafin ma'aikata da marasa lafiya. Ta sami digirinta na farko da na biyu a fannin ilimin zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Pittsburgh kuma ta shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin fafutuka da yawa a cikin birni. Ta kara shiga cikin harkar mata a shekarar 1967, lokacin da ta shiga [[National Organization for Women|kungiyar mata ta kasa]] (NOW) kuma ta zama memba ta kafa kungiyar [[Pittsburgh]] . Heide ya shiga cikin shari'ar ''[[The Pittsburgh Press|<nowiki/>'Yan Jarida na Pittsburgh]]'' wanda ya kawo karshen aikin jera tallace-tallace daban-daban da ake bukata ga maza da mata, wanda [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] ta yanke hukunci a 1973 a ''[[Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations]]'' . Ta kuma jagoranci zanga-zanga a yayin taron kwamitin [[United States Senate|majalisar dattijai na Amurka]] wanda aka amince da shi da sake fara sauraren kararraki kan [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|Kwaskwarima Daidaito]] (ERA). Heide ita ce shugabar NOW ta uku daga 1971 zuwa 1974, a lokacin ta girma kungiyar zuwa mambobi sama da 50,000, ta jagoranci yakin yaki da [[AT&T]] don nuna banbancin jima'i, kuma ta shawo kan wasu kungiyoyi da dama da su goyi bayan amincewa da ERA a bainar jama'a da majalisun jihohi suka yi. Ta kuma taimaka wajen gano wasu kungiyoyin mata da dama, wadanda suka hada da [[National Women's Political Caucus|kungiyar mata ta siyasa ta kasa]] da kungiyar mata ta karni na uku, kuma ita ce marubuciyar littafin ''Feminism for the Health of It'' . Ta samu digirin digirgir daga [[Union Institute & University|Kungiyar Kwalejojin Gwaji da Jami’o’i]] a shekarar 1976 kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a fannin nazarin mata a kwalejojin kasar nan a tsawon shekaru goma na karshen rayuwarta. Ta mutu a [[Norristown, Pennsylvania]], a cikin 1985 tana da shekaru 64. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Heide Wilma Louise Scott a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 1921, a Ferndale, Pennsylvania . {{Sfn|Ware|2004}} Mahaifinta shine William Robert Scott, ɗan birki na jirgin ƙasa kuma ƙwararren ƙwadago tare da Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, kuma mahaifiyarta ita ce Ada Catherine Scott ( née Long), malami kuma mataimakiyar shago. {{Sfn|McGowan|2000}} {{Sfn|Haney|1985}} Ita ce ta uku cikin 'ya'ya hudu da 'yan uwanta biyu, Ray Eugene da Harold Dwight, daga baya za su zama sanannun 'yan wasan wasanni na kasa. {{Sfn|Myers|2002}} Iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Connellsville, Pennsylvania, a cikin 1932. {{Sfn|Haney|1985}} {{Sfn|Griffith|2016}} Ta girma a cikin gidan gargajiya inda mahaifiyarta ta kasance mai gida kuma mahaifinta ya yi aiki don samar da iyali. {{Sfn|Haney|1985}} Heide ta girma Lutheran kuma tana halartar ƙungiyar matasa akai-akai, amma ta bar coci tun tana matashiya bayan ta san cewa ba za a iya naɗa mata ba . Ta kasance ƙwararrun ɗalibi a makarantar sakandare, kuma memba ce na Ƙungiyar Daraja ta Ƙasa da kuma aikin jarida na sakandare na girmama al'umma, Quill da Gungura . {{Sfn|McGowan|2000}} {{Sfn|Haney|1985}} Har ila yau, ta kasance mai ƙwazo a wasanni, ciki har da ƙwallon kwando, wasan tennis, ƙwallon ƙafa, da ƙwallon ƙafa, kuma ita ce kyaftin na ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta 'yan mata a babbar shekararta. Ta shiga cikin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwallon kwando na tsawon shekaru biyu da rabi, Fayette Shamrocks, inda ta sami isassun kuɗi don biyan kuɗinta kuma ana sa ran za ta buga wasanni biyu ko uku da yamma da ƙungiyoyin da suka ziyarta daga Pennsylvania, Ohio, da West Virginia. {{Sfn|Haney|1985}} Ta sauke karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Connellsville a watan Yuni 1938, {{Sfn|Myers|2002}} kuma ta sami gurbin karatu a Jami'ar Seton Hill, amma iyayenta sun ƙi ba ta izinin zuwa saboda ba su da ikon biyan kuɗin kwaleji ga duk yaran. {{Sfn|Ware|2004}} {{Sfn|McGowan|2000}} Maimakon haka, ta ci gaba da yin wasa tare da Fayette Shamrocks kuma ta zauna a gida, tana karɓar ayyuka marasa kyau a kantin sayar da kayayyaki ko sayar da kayayyaki gida-gida. {{Sfn|Haney|1985}} == Aikin jinya == A cikin 1940, Heide ta fara aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar asibiti na asibitin tunani na jihar a [[Torrance, Pennsylvania]], inda ta ji takaici da yanayin duka marasa lafiya da ma'aikata. Ta shiga kungiyar kwadago da wasu abokan aikinta guda biyu suka shirya tare da yi aiki da su tsawon shekaru biyu wajen inganta albashi da yanayin aiki a asibitin. {{Sfn|Haney|1985}} Heide ta yi fama da aikin, wanda ya yi tasiri ga lafiyar kwakwalwarta. Ta yi magana da ɗaya daga cikin abokan aikinta game da yadda wata mata ta yi niyyar kashe ta, wanda abokin aikinta ya gane a matsayin alama ce ta ƙara damuwa da damuwa. A sakamakon haka, an ƙarfafa ta ta bar aikin kuma ta tafi makarantar aikin jinya. {{Sfn|Haney|1985}} A cikin 1942, ta fara horo a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya mai rijista a asibitin jihar Brooklyn a Brooklyn, New York, kuma ta sami digiri a aikin jinya. {{Sfn|Ware|2004}} A lokacin karatunta, an ba ta damar saduwa da uwargidan shugaban kasa, [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], kuma sun yi magana na sa'a guda game da gwagwarmayar zamantakewa. {{Sfn|Haney|1985}} Bayan kammala karatun, Heide ta koma asibitin tunani inda ta yi aiki a baya. Yanayin bai inganta ba kuma ta fara aiki don rage yawan ma'aikatan zuwa sa'o'i arba'in a mako kuma ta yi wasu sauye-sauye don gyara halin da ake ciki na ma'aikata da marasa lafiya. Ta ki sanya hannu kan rahotannin da ba gaskiya ba ne da aka bai wa ma'aikatar jin dadin jama'a game da yadda ake kula da marasa lafiya kuma ta kai rahoton asibitin ga sashen saboda rashin bin ka'idoji. {{Sfn|Haney|1985}} Masu sa ido sun dauki Heide a matsayin rashin biyayya kuma a ƙarshe ta yi murabus cikin takaici, bayan an zarge ta da ƙarya a cikin abin kunya na tsabar kudi. {{Sfn|McGowan|2000}} {{Sfn|Haney|1985}} Ta yi rajista a [[University of Pittsburgh|Jami'ar Pittsburgh]] a 1948, tare da aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a [[Chatham University|Kwalejin Mata ta Pennsylvania]] . {{Sfn|McGowan|2000}} Heide ta sami digiri na digiri a fannin ilimin zamantakewa a cikin 1950 kuma an ba ta digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin zamantakewa da jinya a 1955. {{Sfn|Butler|1989}} {{Sfn|''The Daily Courier''|1974}} Ta sadu da Eugene Heide yayin da take karatu a can, kuma sun yi aure a watan Mayu 1951. {{Sfn|Ware|2004}} A wannan shekarar, ta koma [[Oswego, New York|Oswe,]] aikin jinya, zuwa makaranta. Yayin da take can, ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama mamban hukumar a [[YMCA|Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kirista]] (YMCA) na gida saboda babu wata [[YWCA|ƙungiyar Kiristocin Matasa ta Kirista]] (YWCA) a cikin garin. A lokacin bazara, ta kasance ma'aikaciyar jinya a sansanin 'yan mata a sansanin [[Girl Scouts of the USA|'yan mata]] a kudancin Pennsylvania kuma mai ba da shawara a Makarantar Koyar da Edith Macy don Shugabannin 'Yan Mata. {{Sfn|Haney|1985}} === Babin Pittsburgh na NOW === Heide ta samu labarin kungiyar mata ta kasa (NOW) a shekarar 1967, jim kadan bayan kafa kungiyar. A wannan shekarar, ta kafa kungiyar Pittsburgh kuma an zabe ta a matsayin shugabar kasa. {{Sfn|Ware|2004}} {{Sfn|Coughlin|1985}} Har ila yau, ta rike mukamai da dama a cikin reshen kungiyar na kasa a takaice, ta zama mai kula da Pennsylvania a watan Satumba 1967, memba na hukumar kasa a watan Nuwamba 1967, shugabar memba a taron shekara-shekara na 1967, kuma mai kula da membobin kungiyar na kasa a cikin Fabrairu 1968. {{Sfn|Ulbrich|2013}} {{Sfn|Haney|1985}} ya kasance shugaban hukumar ta kasa a watan Maris. 1970. {{Sfn|Griffith|2016}} == Daga baya rayuwa == Heide ta zaɓi kada ta sake tsayawa takara a karo na uku a matsayin shugabar NOW a watan Mayu 1974. {{Sfn|Haney|1985}} A maimakon haka ta zama shugabar hukumar ba da shawara ta ƙungiyar a 1974 da 1975, kafin ta bar ƙungiyar don mai da hankali kan digirinta na digiri. {{Sfn|Coughlin|1985}} {{Sfn|Haney|1985}} Bayan barin shugabancin, Heide ta mayar da hankalinta ga sauran kungiyoyi. A shekarar 1974, ta gana da ANA, inda ta kalubalance su da su kara taka rawa a siyasance, taron da daga baya aka tabbatar da kafa kungiyar ma’aikatan jinya don aiki da siyasa. {{Sfn|Dismore|2020b}} {{Sfn|Haney|1985}} {{Sfn|Barakso|2004}} taba taimakawa wajen kafa [[National Women's Political Caucus|Ƙungiyar Siyasa ta Mata ta Ƙasa]] a 1971 kuma ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dokokin har zuwa 1974 [[Corporation for Public Broadcasting|da]] kuma a kan Hukumar Ba da Shawarwari har zuwa 1977. Mujallar ''[[Social Policy (magazine)|Siyasa]]'' . {{Sfn|Coughlin|1985}} Ta kasance mai haɗin gwiwa na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙarni na Uku a cikin 1972, don mayar da martani ga buƙatun neman shawara game da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Amirka. {{Sfn|Griffith|2016}} {{Sfn|Haney|1985}} Ƙungiyar ta bukaci masu shirya shirye-shiryen su mai da hankali kan gaba maimakon abubuwan da suka faru a baya da kuma samar da mata da kananan kabilu, daga baya kuma ta rabu da Hukumar don kafa sabuwar kungiya da ta tsara Sanarwar Mahimmanci da Sanarwa na Dogara. An sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Dogara a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1976, kuma an gabatar da shi a hukumance a wani biki a Cibiyar Smithsonian a ranar Oktoba 3, 1977. {{Sfn|Haney|1985}} Heide ta samu Ph.D. a cikin ka'idar mata da manufofin jama'a a 1978 daga Ƙungiyar Gwaje-gwajen Kwalejoji da Jami'o'i . {{Sfn|Haney|1985}} An ba da takardar shaidar digirinta mai suna ''Feminism for the Health of It'', wanda aka buga a matsayin littafi jim kadan kafin mutuwarta. {{Sfn|Ware|2004}} {{Sfn|Haney|1985}} Ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara na rabin shekaru goma, ta fara aikin koyarwa a Kwalejin Wellesley da Jami'ar Massachusetts a 1974 kuma ta bar cibiyoyin a 1975 da 1976 bi da bi. Daga nan sai ta koma Kwalejin Goddard daga 1978 zuwa 1980, {{Sfn|Love|2006}} kafin ta zama darektan shirin nazarin mata a Jami'ar Jihar Sangamon da ke Springfield, Illinois, daga 1978 zuwa 1982. {{Sfn|McGowan|2000}} Ta koma Norristown, Pennsylvania, a wannan shekarar. {{Sfn|Haney|1985}} Ta mutu a can a Asibitin Zuciya mai alfarma tana da shekaru 64 daga [[Ciwon zuciya|bugun zuciya]] a ranar 8 ga Mayu, 1985. {{Sfn|Coughlin|1985}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1921]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q2iqrufrq1w4zx22tkp44cr0sgew2t5 0 112641 822300 695783 2026-04-18T16:35:57Z BnHamid 12586 822300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Somaliland]] ƙasa ce mai cin gashin kanta da ba a san ta ba a cikin Ƙarƙashin Afirka, a duniya ana ɗaukar ta a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Somaliya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Somalia/Somaliland: the differences and issues explained |url=https://www.actionaid.org.uk/about-us/where-we-work/somaliland/somalia-somaliland-differences-explained |access-date=2021-07-26 |website=www.actionaid.org.uk}}</ref> Somaliland tana cikin [[Gabashin Afirka|Yankin Gabashin Afirka]] tsakanin ma'auni da Tekun Aden . Kasar tana da yanki na kimanin kilomita 176,120 (68,000 sq . Yanayin yana da zafi kuma yana kama da hamada; yafi bushewa tare da wasu yankuna masu tsaka-tsaki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Somaliland |url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Geography+of+Somaliland |access-date=2021-09-05 |website=[[The Free Dictionary]] |publisher=Farlex}}</ref> == Yankunan ƙasa == [[Fayil:Somaliland_Map.svg|left|thumb|273x273px|Somaliland tare da ƙasashe masu iyaka]] A arewacin [[Somaliland]] shine Tekun Aden, wanda ke kan iyaka da [[Somaliland]] tare da iyakar teku kawai har zuwa iyakar teku da [[Yemen]]. A kusurwarta ta arewa maso yamma, Somaliland tana da iyaka da [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]]. [[Itofiya|Habasha]] tana da iyaka da kasar a yamma da kudu. [[Somaliya]], wacce ke da'awar ikon mallakar yankin Somaliland, tana gabas.<ref name="cfr">{{Cite web |title=Somaliland: The Horn of Africa's Breakaway State |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/somaliland-horn-africas-breakaway-state |access-date=2021-07-27 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Somaliland Country Profile: Key Facts At a Glance &#124; SomalilandBiz |url=http://www.somalilandbiz.com/country-profile/}}</ref> [[Fayil:Somaliland_Topography.png|left|thumb|Taswirar taswirar Somaliland]] Somaliland ta mamaye manyan yankuna uku ne. A arewa da arewa maso yamma, tare da Tekun Aden, akwai filayen bakin teku na yankin Guban. Filayen ƙananan yanki ne waɗanda, a matsakaici, tsayin mita 500 ne kawai sama da matakin teku. Karancin tsayin yankin ya sa ya yi zafi da bushewa, kuma ana samun ruwan sama kadan a duk shekara. Guban ya ƙunshi biranen tashar jiragen ruwa na Berbera da Zeylac. Tsaunukan tsaunuka suna da sanyi da rigar wuri a tsakiyar Somaliland wanda ke ɗauke da jerin jerin tsaunuka. A yamma akwai tsaunin Golis sannan daga gabas, tsaunukan Ogo. Ana samun mafi girman kololuwa akan Dutsen Shimbiris na kewayon Cal Madow, tare da tsayin mita 2,460 (8,070 ft). A gabas, an raba Haud da kwarin Ain da Nugal ta hanyar tsaunin Buur Dhaab.. Borama na ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen da ke cikin yankin tsaunuka. A kudu maso gabas, kusa da iyakar da Somaliya, yanki ne mai ƙasƙanci na kwari. Kwarin suna da zafi kuma sun bushe, kuma suna karɓar ƙananan ruwan sama a kowace shekara. Matsakaicin tsawo na yankin yana tsakanin mita 500 zuwa 1000 sama da matakin teku. Shahararrun biranen a yankin sun hada da Laascaanood, Taleex, da Xudun . == Yankunan Somaliland == Yankin yankunan [[Somaliland]] an tsara shi a cikin teburin da ke ƙasa. {| class="wikitable" !Matsayi !Sunan !Yankin |- |1 |Yankin Awdal |16,<sup>2</sup> km2&nbsp; |- |2 |Yankin Sahil |13,930 km<sup>2</sup>&nbsp; |- |3 |Yankin Maroodi Jeh |17,4<sup>2</sup> km2&nbsp; |- |4 |Yankin Togdheer |30,4<sup>2</sup> km2&nbsp; |- |5 |Yankin Sanaag |54,<sup>2</sup> km2&nbsp; |- |- |6 |Yankin Sool |39,<sup>2</sup> km2&nbsp; |- |} == Yanayi == [[Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_Somaliland_present.svg|right|thumb|Taswirar Somaliland na rarraba yanayi na Köppen. Yanayin tsaka-tsaki Yanayin tsaka<small> </small><small> </small><div class="legend"><small><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F10000; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact; forced-color-adjust:none;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;[[Arid climate|Yanayin zafi]]</small></div>]] Somaliland yana arewacin Equator kuma yana da yanayin bushe, tare da yawancin yankuna da aka sanya su a matsayin busasshiyar, tare da 'yan, ƙananan, yankuna a matsayin tsaka-tsaki. Yanayin zafi a cikin tsaunuka ya kasance daga kusan 20-24 ° C (68-75 ° F). A cikin ƙananan yankuna kamar kwari da filayen bakin teku, matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana cikin mafi girma na 28-35 ° C (82-95 ° F). Yawancin yankuna a Somaliland suna fuskantar matsakaicin inci 14.5 (370 a kowace shekara. Lokacin ruwan sama na farko shine a lokacin bazara, tare da na biyu, mafi iyakancewa, lokacin a ƙarshen fall. Yawancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana mai da hankali ne a yankunan tsaunuka da tsaunuka na ƙasar, waɗanda dukansu suna karɓar matsakaicin millimita 300-600 (12-24 in) a kowace shekara. Somaliland tana fuskantar yanayi sau hudu. Gu (spring) shine lokacin damina mafi tsayi, kuma yana daga ƙarshen Maris zuwa farkon Yuni. Yawan ruwan sama a wannan lokaci yakan yi daidai da ruwa mai yawa da karuwar kiwo. Xagaa (lokacin rani) busasshen iska ne, wanda yawanci yakan wuce daga Yuni zuwa Satumba. Deyr (fall) shine gajeriyar lokacin damina wanda ke rufe ƙarshen Satumba zuwa Nuwamba. Jiilal (hunturu) shi ne lokacin rani mai tsawo wanda ke gudana daga Disamba zuwa tsakiyar Maris. Jiilal shine lokacin mafi sanyi na shekara a Somaliland, amma har yanzu yana kawo yawan zafi..{{Weather box}} == Yankin bakin teku == [[Fayil:Political_locator_map_of_Somaliland.svg|left|thumb|Taswirar Somaliland tare da ruwan da aka yi ikirarin]] Somaliland tana da jimillar bakin tekun kilomita 850 (530 mi), tare da Tekun Aden. A cikin Fabrairun 2017, Somaliland ta ayyana Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Musamman mai nisan mil 200 (kilomita 320) da yankin Contiguous mai nisan mil 24 ban da yankin ruwan da ta yi iƙirari. Bangaren kasa da kasa, duk da haka, ana amincewa da ruwan a matsayin na [[Somaliya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-11 |title=Somaliland declares its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) |url=https://slforeign.wordpress.com/2017/02/11/somaliland-declares-its-exclusive-economic-zone-eez/ |access-date=2021-09-06 |website=[[WordPress]] |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somaliland)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of the Republic of Somaliland]]}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 820u5uqdeuxoq1tppokgg664jsqy2d2 0 112771 822507 696141 2026-04-19T09:52:25Z Birgediya 44139 822507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Plastic_sequestration2.jpg|alt=585g of plastic sequestered into an ecobrick. - Ecobrick and photo by Aang Hudaya, Bogor, Indonesia.|thumb|585g na filastik da aka kulle a cikin wani ecobrick. - Ecobrick da hoto na Aang Hudaya, Bogor, Indonesia.]] '''Tsayar da [[Plastic|filastik]]''' wata hanya ce ta sarrafa sharar filastik wanda ke tabbatar da filastic da aka yi amfani da shi daga masana'antu da kuma daga cikin muhalli a cikin tubalan gini da za a iya amfani da su ta hanyar tarwatsawa. Tsayar da filastik yana motsawa ta hanyar [[Kare Muhalli|Kare muhalli]] kuma an tsara shi akan tsarin duniya na tsayar da carbon. Fitowa daga gwagwarmayar garuruwa da al'ummomi a [[Global North and Global South|Kudancin Duniya]] don magance [[Gurbacewar Robobi|gurɓataccen filastik]], hanyoyin tarwatsa filastik suna da alaƙa da kasancewa a cikin gida, ba babban birni ba, ba masana'antu ba da ƙarancin fasaha. <ref name="Ecobricks.org Plastic Sequestration2">{{Cite web |title=Plastic Sequestration |url=https://www.ecobricks.org/sequest/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009054149/https://www.ecobricks.org/sequest/ |archive-date=2021-10-09 |access-date=2022-01-24 |website=Ecobricks.org}}</ref> An bayyana kwace filastik ta hanyar burin tabbatar da filastik daga muhalli da kuma daga tsarin masana'antu mai ƙarfi / carbon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Precious Plastic |url=https://onearmy.earth//project/precious-plastic |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=onearmy.earth |language=en}}</ref> Dangane da kawar da hanyoyin lalacewar sunadarai da na jiki da na [[Abiotic component|abiotic]] da na biotic, tsare filastik yana da niyyar cimma waɗannan burin, ta hanyar rage girman filastik na filastik.<ref name="Chamas Moon Zheng et al 20202">{{Cite journal |last=Chamas |first=Ali |last2=Moon |first2=Hyunjin |last3=Zheng |first3=Jiajia |last4=Qiu |first4=Yang |last5=Tabassum |first5=Tarnuma |last6=Jang |first6=Jun Hee |last7=Abu-Omar |first7=Mahdi |last8=Scott |first8=Susannah L. |last9=Suh |first9=Sangwon |date=9 March 2020 |title=Degradation Rates of Plastics in the Environment |journal=ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=3494–3511 |doi=10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06635 |s2cid=212404939 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana amfani da tubalan gini da ke fitowa daga kwace filastik a cikin aikace-aikacen da ke karewa daga lalacewa kuma suna kiyaye filastik daga matakai na masana'antu har abada, don haka hana hayakin carbon.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |last2= |first2= |title=Earth & Ecobrick Building |url=https://ecobricks.org/en/earth.php |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Ecobricks.org |language=en}}</ref> == Hanyar da ake amfani da ita == [[Fayil:Tanzania-precious-plastic-plank.jpg|alt=A man holding a board made from plastic in front of bags of PET bottles.|thumb|Don magance gurɓataccen filastik a Tanzania, na'urori masu sauƙi suna ba da damar samar da allon filastik da tubali.]] === Shirye-shiryen === Gabaɗaya, ƙwace filastik yana farawa ta hanyar raba filastik daga kwayoyin halitta da sauran kayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Precious Plastic Community |url=https://community.preciousplastic.com/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=community.preciousplastic.com |language=en}}</ref> Ana tsabtace filastik kuma a bushe shi kafin a tarwatsa shi da hannu a cikin tubalan da yawa - yawanci ta amfani da sanda ko latsawa. === Misalan === Misalan kwace filastik sun haɗa da ecobricks, cigbricks, ecobriks na teku, Ubuntu blox, musamman allon filastik da tubalan da aka yi, da wasu samfuran motsi na filastik mai daraja. Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su wajen kwace filastik sun bambanta da [[Wajen zubar da shara|zubar da shara]] da binne filastik. The Global Ecobrick Alliance, ya bayyana kwace filastik a matsayin wanda ba na masana'antu ba, manual, carbon-neutral compaction na amfani, tsabta da busassun filastik wanda ke samun yawa a kan 0.33g / ml da takamaiman raguwar ƙasa (SSDR <ref name="Chamas Moon Zheng et al 2020">{{Cite journal |last=Chamas |first=Ali |last2=Moon |first2=Hyunjin |last3=Zheng |first3=Jiajia |last4=Qiu |first4=Yang |last5=Tabassum |first5=Tarnuma |last6=Jang |first6=Jun Hee |last7=Abu-Omar |first7=Mahdi |last8=Scott |first8=Susannah L. |last9=Suh |first9=Sangwon |date=9 March 2020 |title=Degradation Rates of Plastics in the Environment |journal=ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=3494–3511 |doi=10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06635 |s2cid=212404939 |doi-access=free}}</ref>) a ƙasa da 0.1 μm shekara-1 . <ref name="Ecobricks.org Plastic Sequestration">{{Cite web |title=Plastic Sequestration |url=https://www.ecobricks.org/sequest/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009054149/https://www.ecobricks.org/sequest/ |archive-date=2021-10-09 |access-date=2022-01-24 |website=Ecobricks.org}}</ref> === Ginin Ginin Gida === [[Fayil:The_'Y_Hwb'_earthen_round_house,_built_using_cob_and_ecobricks_by_Incredible_Edible_Porthmadog,_North_Wales,_UK.jpg|thumb|Gidan zagaye na 'Y Hwb', wanda aka gina ta amfani da cob da ecobricks ta hanyar Incredible Edible Porthmadog, Arewacin Wales, Burtaniya.]] Gina tare da tubalan da suka haifar da tarwatsawa wani bangare ne na tsarin tsare filastik. Yawanci, ana amfani da Cob_ (kayan aiki) / adobe / ginin ƙasa don rufe tubalan gaba ɗaya. Aikace-aikacen gine-ginen ƙasa dole ne su kare daga duk nau'ikan lalacewar filastik (watau zafi, haske, friction, wuta, da dai sauransu). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Webb |first=Hayden |last2=Arnott |first2=Jaimys |last3=Crawford |first3=Russell |last4=Ivanova |first4=Elena |date=28 December 2012 |title=Plastic Degradation and Its Environmental Implications with Special Reference to Poly(ethylene terephthalate) |journal=Polymers |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.3390/polym5010001 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Hanyoyin ginin ƙasa suna tabbatar da cewa za a iya cire tubalan ba tare da lalacewa ba daga ginin lokacin da ya zo ƙarshen. Hanyoyin ginin ƙasa suma suna tabbatar da cewa tsarin gini ya kasance carbon-neutral.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-11 |title=Rumoer 78 Earth by RuMoer - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/rumoer/docs/issue78-2 |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=issuu.com |language=en}}</ref> == Ka'idar == An tsara manufar tsare filastik a matsayin sabis na muhalli wanda ke bin misalin duniya na tsare carbon a taron Bandung Spirit na shekara-shekara na 50 na Jami'ar Le Havre, a cikin takarda da Ani Himawati da Russell Maier suka gabatar. Gina kan wannan ra'ayi, Global Ecobrick Alliance ta haɓaka tsarin ka'idoji da ka'idojin don ƙuntata filastik don cire aikace-aikacen da ba [[Sabis ɗin yanayin halittu|Ayyukan muhalli]] ba ne, da kuma ƙarfafa hanyoyin ƙuntata da aikace-aikace waɗanda suke.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.ecobricks.org/en/about.php |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Ecobricks.org |language=en}}</ref> Ka'idodin kwace filastik sun dogara ne akan ka'idodin Ka'idojin Duniya, waɗanda ke tsara sigogi na gudummawar muhalli, bincike ta [[Cibiyar Shariar Muhalli ta Duniya|Cibiyar Shari'ar Muhalli ta Duniya]] game da tasirin carbon na Masana'antar filastik, da kimiyya na hana lalacewar polymer. # Wannan tsari yana tabbatar da filastik daga dukkan nau'ikan sinadarai da lalacewar jiki da kuma daga aikin masana'antu. # Abubuwan da aka fitar ba za a iya sake amfani da su ba, yayin da suke kula da aikace-aikacen da ke da nutsewar ƙasa na dogon lokaci. # Dole ne a gudanar da wannan tsari a matsayin kamfani mai zaman kansa, na duniya. # Shirin yana haifar da ƙwace ƙarin carbon da filastik fiye da yadda aka kara ta hanyar hayaki da maye gurbin filastik. # Tsarin da abubuwan da ya fitar suna tallafawa bambancin rayuwa. # Kamfanin yana bin sawu kuma yana bayyana duk tasirin filastik, carbon da biodiversity na tsarinsa. === Kimiyya === [[Fayil:Plastique_dégradé_UV_altitude.jpg|thumb|Rashin iska na farstik na baya-bayan nan (PVC) wanda aka fallasa ga iska, iska, hasken rana na ultraviolet da mummunan yanayi (Pyrenees) ]] Manufar kwace filastik ita ce ƙirƙirar yanayi don hana kuma lalacewar jiki da sinadarai na filastik (watau depolymerization, gyaran sinadarai, asarar taro ko mineralization zuwa CO<sub>2</sub> da H<sub>2</sub>) da kuma fitar da hayaki na aikin masana'antu. Rashin lalacewar polymer na filastik yana faruwa ta hanyoyi biyu: (i) na jiki, kamar fashewa, raguwa, da flaking, ko (ii) sunadarai, yana nufin canje-canje a matakin kwayoyin.<ref name="Chamas Moon Zheng et al 2020">{{Cite journal |last=Chamas |first=Ali |last2=Moon |first2=Hyunjin |last3=Zheng |first3=Jiajia |last4=Qiu |first4=Yang |last5=Tabassum |first5=Tarnuma |last6=Jang |first6=Jun Hee |last7=Abu-Omar |first7=Mahdi |last8=Scott |first8=Susannah L. |last9=Suh |first9=Sangwon |date=9 March 2020 |title=Degradation Rates of Plastics in the Environment |journal=ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=3494–3511 |doi=10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06635 |s2cid=212404939 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChamasMoonZhengQiu2020">Chamas, Ali; Moon, Hyunjin; Zheng, Jiajia; Qiu, Yang; Tabassum, Tarnuma; Jang, Jun Hee; Abu-Omar, Mahdi; Scott, Susannah L.; Suh, Sangwon (9 March 2020). [[doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06635|"Degradation Rates of Plastics in the Environment"]]. ''ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering''. '''8''' (9): <span class="nowrap">3494–</span>3511. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06635|10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06635]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212404939 212404939].</cite></ref> Rashin lalacewar sinadarai da na jiki yana faruwa ta hanyar hanyoyin halittu da abiotic. Hanyoyin kwace filastik dole ne su hana lalacewar sunadarai da na jiki, ta hanyar toshe biotic (aikin microbe) da abiotic (haske, zafi, acid, da dai sauransu) hanyoyin lalacewa da kuma hana sake sarrafa masana'antu.<ref name="Ecobricks.org Plastic Sequestration">{{Cite web |title=Plastic Sequestration |url=https://www.ecobricks.org/sequest/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009054149/https://www.ecobricks.org/sequest/ |archive-date=2021-10-09 |access-date=2022-01-24 |website=Ecobricks.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ecobricks.org/sequest/ "Plastic Sequestration"]. ''Ecobricks.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211009054149/https://www.ecobricks.org/sequest/ Archived] from the original on 2021-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-24</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ana fitar da shi lokacin da ake sarrafa filastik ta hanyar masana'antu (watau sake amfani, zubar da shara, ƙonewa) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d86qgl5kiidug4sfwjo5yejk36gr1mu 0 114873 822440 706462 2026-04-19T08:05:25Z Nura Bello 24854 822440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   A milkshake (wani lokacin ana kiransa kawai shake) abin sha ne mai dadi da aka yi ta hanyar hada [[madara]], ice cream, da dandano ko kayan zaki kamar butterscotch, caramel sauce, cakulan syrup, ko 'ya'yan itace syrup a cikin wani m, mai dadi, sanyi cakuda. Hakanan ana iya yin sa ta amfani da tushe da aka yi daga kayan da ba na madara ba, gami da madarar shuka kamar madarar almond, [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], ko madarar soya. Ana iya haɗa sinadaran bushe kamar 'ya'yan itace, kwayoyi, tsaba, zuma, ko [[Cookie|kukis]]. Milkshakes ya samo asali ne a Amurka a farkon karni na 20, kuma ya karu da shahara bayan gabatar da masu haɗakar lantarki a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka biyo baya. Sun zama wani bangare na al'adun matasa masu shahara, kamar yadda shagunan ice cream sun kasance wurin taro na al'adu ga matasa, kuma milkshakes ya zama alama ce ta rashin laifi na matasa. == Shirye-shiryen ==   Gidajen cin abinci masu cikakken sabis, shagunan ice cream, maɓuɓɓugar soda, da masu cin abinci yawanci su suna shirya girgizar a cikin na'urar shake. A gida, ana amfani da mahaɗin sau da yawa. Hakanan ana iya haɗa Milkshakes da hannu ta amfani da cokali. Ana iya yin Milkshakes daga kowane dandano na ice cream; ƙarin dandano, kamar syrup na cakulan, malt syrup, ko madara mai laushi, ana ƙara su sau da yawa kafin a gauraya su. Yawancin kantin sayar da abinci mai sauri ba sa girgiza daga sinadaran mutum; maimakon haka, suna amfani da injunan shake na atomatik waɗanda ke daskarewa kuma suna ba da cakuda shake na madara da aka riga aka yi wanda ya kunshi madara, wakili mai ɗanɗano, da wakili mai kauri. Wadannan suna kama da na'urorin ice cream masu taushi, amma suna ci gaba da girgiza a cikin abin sha. == Kalmomin == Magana game da bambancin tsakanin milkshake wanda ke amfani da ice cream da sauran nau'ikan madara mai ɗanɗano ya bambanta a yankin. Za'a iya kiran shake mai cike da ice cream a matsayin shake mai zurfi don rarrabe shi. A wasu sassan New England da gabashin Kanada, ana amfani da sunan FRAP (/fræp/ FRAP); a Rhode Island musamman, ana iya kiran su majalisun, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Seavey |first=Aimee |title=The Difference between a Milkshake and a Frappe |url=http://www.yankeemagazine.com/article/new-england-101/milk-shakes-frappes-cabinets |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611180108/http://www.yankeemagazine.com/article/new-england-101/milk-shakes-frappes-cabinets |archive-date=June 11, 2016 |access-date=June 2, 2016 |website=Yankee Magazine}}</ref> kamar yadda yake a cikin "ma'aikatar kofi".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Luchtel |first=Amanda |title=What Is a Milkshake? And How Is It Different from a Frappe or a Cabinet? {{!}} America's Test Kitchen |url=https://www.americastestkitchen.com/articles/7087-what-is-a-milkshake-and-how-is-it-different-from-a-frappe-or-a-cabinet |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=www.americastestkitchen.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cabinet |url=https://dare.wisc.edu/words/quarterly-updates/quarterly-update-12/cabinet/ |access-date=February 7, 2021 |website=Dictionary of American Regional English |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani shake mai dauke da madara mai laushi wani lokacin ana kiransa ''malt''. Ana amfani da kalmar ''kankare'' don musamman manyan madara waɗanda ba sa zubowa lokacin da aka juya su ƙasa, kamar waɗanda gidan cin abinci na Culver's ya bayar. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen akwai bukatun doka game da abin da za a iya kira "milkshake", kamar buƙatu don yawan adadin mai da madara marasa mai. Saboda haka, ya zama ruwan dare ga gidajen cin abinci su guji amfani da kalmar "milkshake" don komawa ga samfuran su, kamar kawai kiran su "shakes" maimakon "milkishakes". Gidajen cin Abinci mai sauri waɗanda ba sa nufin irin waɗannan samfuran su a matsayin "milkshakes" sun haɗa da Wendy's (wanda ke kiran samfurin su "Frosty"), Burger King, Dairy Queen, Del Taco, McDonald's, Shake Shack, da Sonic Drive-In.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2023 |title=Why You're Technically Not Able To Order A Milkshake At McDonald's |url=https://www.thedailymeal.com/1388708/order-milkshake-at-mcdonalds/ |website=Daily Meal}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Milkshakes_at_Mels_Diner.jpg|thumb|Strawberry da girgizar cakulan, kowannensu an rufe shi da cream, sprinkles, da maraschino cherryCherry maraschino]] === 1880s-1930s === Lokacin da aka fara amfani da kalmar milkshake a bugawa a 1885, <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Complete History of Milkshakes |url=https://icebergdriveinn.com/blogs/news/a-complete-history-of-milkshakes |access-date=30 June 2024 |website=Iceberg Drive Inn}}</ref> milkshake abin sha ne mai giya wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin "mai ƙarfi, mai lafiya irin abin sha, tare da ƙwai, whiskey, da dai sauransu, ya zama abin sha da kuma dandano". <ref name="stuart">Flexner, Stuart Berg (1982) ''Listening to America'', Simon & Schuster: New York, p. 178, {{ISBN|0671248952}}</ref> Koyaya, a shekara ta 1900, kalmar tana nufin "abin sha mai kyau da aka yi da cakulan, strawberry, ko vanilla syrup". A farkon shekarun 1900 mutane suna neman sabon abincin, sau da yawa tare da ice cream. A cikin shekarun 1930, milkshakes sanannen abin sha ne a shagunan malt, waɗanda suka kasance "maɓuɓɓugar soda ta musamman ta lokacin ... da ɗalibai ke amfani da ita azaman wurin taro ko wurin shakatawa".<ref name="stuart" /> Tarihin mai haɗakar lantarki, abin sha na madara, da milkshakes suna da alaƙa da juna. Kafin yaduwar masu haɗakar lantarki, abubuwan sha na milkshake sun fi kama da eggnog, ko kuma sun kasance cakuda da aka girgiza da hannu na kankara da madara, sukari, da dandano. Hamilton Beach ta gabatar da Cyclone Drink Mixer a cikin 1911, kuma an yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin maɓuɓɓugar soda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hamilton Beach Brands Holding Company: Our History |url=https://www.hamiltonbeachbrands.com/about-our-company/our-history/default.aspx |website=hamiltonbeachbrands.com}}</ref><ref name="ox">Anne Cooper Funderburg, "Milkshake", in Darra Goldstein, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets'', 2015, {{ISBN|0199313628}}, ''s.v.''</ref> Zane-zanen bakin tekun Hamilton, tare da motar a saman, ya kasance mafi yawan nau'in na'ura na milkshake. [ana binciken hujja] [citation need] A shekara ta 1922, Steven Poplawski ya ƙera na'ura mai haɗaɗɗiya ta ƙasa, wadda a wasu lokuta ake amfani da ita don yin milkshakes. Tare da ƙirƙirar blender, milkshakes sun fara ɗaukar nau'in su na zamani, bulala, iska, da kumfa. Amfani da madara mai laushi a cikin milkshakes ya shahara a Amurka ta hanyar kantin magani na Chicago Walgreens. Martin madara foda - cakuda madara mai narkewa, [[sha'ir]] mai narkewar, da garin alkama - William Horlick ne ya kirkireshi a cikin 1897 don amfani da shi azaman abin sha mai sauƙin narkewa ga mutane da yara masu nakasa, kuma azaman abincin [[jariri]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2011 |title=The History of Malted Milk Powder |url=http://www.kitchenlore.com/2011/07/history-of-malted-milk-powder.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011192130/http://www.kitchenlore.com/2011/07/history-of-malted-milk-powder.html |archive-date=October 11, 2011 |access-date=October 10, 2013 |website=Kitchen Lore}}</ref><ref name="Wisconsin Historical">{{Cite web |title=Wisconsin's Malted Milk Story – Online Exhibits – Wisconsin Historical Society |url=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/museum/exhibits/horlicks |access-date=June 1, 2017 |website=www.wisconsinhistory.org}}</ref> Koyaya, mutane masu lafiya ba da daɗewa ba sun fara shan abin sha da aka yi da madara mai laushi kawai don dandano, kuma abin sha mai laushi mai laushi wanda ke dauke da madara, syrup na cakulan, da foda na malt sun zama misali a maɓuɓɓugar soda.<ref name="Wisconsin Historical" /> A cikin 1922, ma'aikacin Walgreens Ivar "Pop" Coulson ya yi shake ta hanyar ƙara nau'ikan ice cream na vanilla guda biyu zuwa tsarin girke-girke na madara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Walgreen's history |url=http://www.walgreens.com/about/history/hist4.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501155205/http://www.walgreens.com/about/history/hist4.jsp |archive-date=May 1, 2008 |access-date=October 1, 2009 |publisher=Walgreens.com}}</ref> Wannan abu, a ƙarƙashin sunan "Horlick's Malted Milk", an nuna shi ta hanyar kantin magani na Walgreen a matsayin wani ɓangare na cakulan milkshake, wanda kansa ya zama sananne a matsayin "malted" ko "malt" kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun abubuwan sha na soda.&nbsp;&nbsp; Ayyukan sarrafa kansa na milkshakes sun samo asali ne a cikin shekarun 1930, bayan kirkirar firiji mai sanyaya ya ba da hanya mai aminci, abin dogaro na yin da rarraba ice cream ta atomatik. A cikin 1936, mai kirkiro Earl Prince ya yi amfani da ainihin ra'ayi a bayan na'urar ice cream mai sanyaya ta freon don haɓaka Multimixer, "mai haɗawa mai juyawa guda biyar wanda zai iya samar da milkshakes guda biyar a lokaci guda, duk ta atomatik, kuma ya rarraba su a lokacin da aka ja maɓallin zuwa jiran kofuna takarda".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Demirdjian |first=Z.S. |date=March 10, 2006 |title=Inexpensive Research in Marketing: Empowering the Technologically Challenged Entrepreneurs |url=https://www.businessperspectives.org/images/pdf/applications/publishing/templates/article/assets/1684/im_en_2006_01_Demirdjian.pdf |journal=Innovative Marketing |volume=2}}</ref> Labaran jaridu daga ƙarshen shekarun 1930 sun nuna cewa ana amfani da kalmar 'frosted' a wasu lokuta don komawa ga milkshakes, musamman waɗanda aka yi da ice cream. A cikin 1937, Denton Journal a Maryland ya bayyana cewa "Don girgizar 'gishiri', ƙara ɗanɗano na ice cream da kuka fi so. " A cikin 1939, Mansfield News a Ohio ya bayyana cewa ""A frosted be drink, in the vernacular, is something good to which ice cream. Misali mafi kyau shine free kofi -wannan zafi, mai ɗanɗano abin sha da aka yi sanyi da ice cream" &nbsp; === 1940s-1950s === A cikin shekarun 1950, shahararrun wuraren shan madara sune Woolworth's "5 & 10" lunch counters, diners, burger joints, da kuma magudanar soda. Wadannan cibiyoyin galibi suna nuna injin hada madara mai haske ko injin shake. Wadannan cibiyoyin sun yi milkshakes a Hamilton Beach ko irin wannan salon na masu hada abin sha, wanda ke da spindles da agitators wanda ke ninka iska cikin abin sha don "smooth, fluffy results" kuma ya ba su a cikin 12 + 1⁄2-US-fluid-ounce (370 tsawo tabarau tare da bulbous saman. Ma'aikatan maɓuɓɓugar Soda suna da nasu yaren, kamar su "Burn One All the Way" (kayan kwalliya da aka yi da ice cream), "Twist It, Choke It, and Make It Cackle" (kudan kwalliya da kwai), "Shake One in the Hay" (shake strawberry), da kuma "White Cow" (vanilla milkshake). A cikin shekarun 1950, wani mai sayar da na'urar shake mai suna Ray Kroc ya sayi haƙƙin mallaka ga mai yin shake na Multimixer na shekarun 1930 daga mai kirkiro Earl Prince, kuma ya ci gaba da amfani da na'urorin shake na atomatik don hanzarta samarwa a gidajen cin abinci na McDonald's.{{Convert|12+1/2|USoz|ml}} Milkshakes ya kuma zama sananne a wasu sassan duniya, gami da Ingila da Ostiraliya. A Ostiraliya, sandunan madara sun zama sanannun kuma ana ba da milkshakes da sauƙi kuma sau da yawa a cikin aluminum ko ko kofin ƙarfe wanda aka shirya su. Baya ga karin dandano na gargajiya, spearmint da milkshakes masu ɗanɗano sun zama sanannun a Ostiraliya. === Shekaru 2000 zuwa yanzu === [[Fayil:Strawberry-Mint_Liquid_Nitrogen_Shake_at_HBurger_in_Denver.jpg|thumb|An yi wannan milkshake ta amfani da ruwa nitrogen. Har yanzu ana iya ganin tururi yana tasowa a saman.]] A shekara ta 2006, Hukumar Binciken Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta haɓaka rage sukari, ƙarancin madara don shirye-shiryen abincin rana. Girgizar tana da rabin sukari kuma kashi 10% kawai na kitse na girgizar abinci mai sauri na kasuwanci. Makarantu suna buƙatar injin shake madara ko injin ice cream mai laushi don ba da madara. Har ila yau, milkshakes sun kara fiber da sauran abubuwan gina jiki da rage matakan lactose, wanda ya sa girgizar ta dace da wasu mutanen da ke fama da rashin haƙuri. Tallace-tallace na Amurka na milkshakes, malt, da floats sun karu da 11% a cikin 2006, a cewar kamfanin bincike na masana'antu NPD Group. Christopher Muller, darektan Cibiyar Gudanar da Gidan Gida da Multi-Unit a Jami'ar Orlando ta Tsakiya ta Florida ya ce "milkshakes yana tunatar da mu game da lokacin rani, matasa - da indulgence", kuma "suna tunatar da lokacin da ya wuce". Muller ya bayyana cewa milkshakes wani abu ne "mai fa'ida sosai" ga gidajen cin abinci, tunda abubuwan sha suna dauke da iska mai yawa. Kamfanin bincike na kasuwa Technomic ya bayyana cewa kusan kashi 75% na matsakaicin farashin gidan cin abinci na $ 3.38 a cikin 2006 riba ce. Wani zartarwa daga [[Sonic Drive-In]], jerin gidajen cin abinci na Amurka na shekarun 1950, ya kira girgiza "ɗaya daga cikin manyan wurarenmu, wuraren samar da kudaden shiga".<ref name="usa2" />&nbsp; Wani labarin 2016 ya bayyana cewa masu dafa abinci suna gwada sababbin ra'ayoyi tare da milkshakes don ci gaba da sha'awar abubuwan sha.<ref name="nrn.com">{{Cite web |date=July 18, 2016 |title=Sweetening the bottom line with milkshakes |url=http://beta.nrn.com/beverage-trends/sweetening-bottom-line-milkshakes |access-date=June 1, 2017}}</ref> Labarin ya lura cewa girgizar kofi mai ɗanɗano sananne ne "saboda yana da ɗanɗano da ɗanɗanyo". Wani yanayin shine amfani da nau'ikan madara daban-daban, kamar madarar almond, [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], madarar soya, ko madarar hemp.<ref name="nrn.com" /> == Amfani da zanga-zangar == {{Reflist}} A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, a lokacin da ake gina zaben majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Turai a Burtaniya, jefa shake-shake ya fito ne a matsayin wata dabara ta zanga-zanga, yawanci ana niyya ga 'yan siyasa na dama. Wannan motsi ya samo asali ne daga "milkshaking" na Tommy Robinson, tare da na biyu da aka jefa daga baya a wannan watan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2019 |title=All the people who have been milkshaked so far this year |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/milkshake-throwing-nigel-farage-tommy-robinson-carl-benjamin-sargon-a8922111.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/milkshake-throwing-nigel-farage-tommy-robinson-carl-benjamin-sargon-a8922111.html |archive-date=May 14, 2022 |website=The Independent}}</ref> 'Yan sanda na Burtaniya sun bukaci kamfanin Edinburgh McDonald's ya guji sayar da milkshakes a ranar 17 ga Mayu yayin ziyarar Nigel Farage. Wannan ya sa Burger King ya yi martani a shafin Twitter: "Muna sayar da milkshakes duk karshen mako. Yi nishaɗi. " Daga baya Hukumar Kula da Ka'idojin Talla ta Burtaniya ta dakatar da tweet din Burger King, saboda sun ji cewa "ya amince da halayyar da ta gabata kuma ya karfafa karin lokuta", kuma saboda haka tallace-tallace ne "marasa alhakin". A wani ziyara daban a Newcastle a ranar 20 ga Mayu, Farage ya jefa masa shake na biyar. Carl Benjamin yana da jimlar milkshakes guda huɗu da aka jefa masa a wannan makon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dalton |first=Jane |date=May 19, 2019 |title=Ukip's Carl Benjamin hit by milkshake in Salisbury in fourth attack this week |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/carl-benjamin-milkshake-salisbury-ukip-a8920846.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/carl-benjamin-milkshake-salisbury-ukip-a8920846.html |archive-date=May 14, 2022 |website=The Independent}}</ref> Ayyukan shaking sun yi kama da na egging a matsayin wani nau'i na zanga-zanga game da 'yan siyasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakelian |first=Anoosh |date=May 16, 2019 |title="Lactose Against Intolerance!" How milkshake became a tool of protest |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/05/lactose-against-intolerance-how-milkshake-became-tool-protest |website=The New Statesman}}</ref> == A cikin al'adun gargajiya == {{Ice cream}}Masu shirya fina-finai wani lokacin suna amfani da milkshakes a matsayin taƙaitaccen gani don jigogi na tsabtar, rashin laifi, da matasa marasa cin hanci, suna wakiltar su a matsayin 'sweetness da nagarta. <ref name="denofgeek.com">{{Cite web |date=August 21, 2012 |title=Celebrating milkshake in the movies |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/milkshake/22257/celebrating-milkshake-in-the-movies |access-date=June 1, 2017}}</ref> A cikin All About Eve, ta hanyar darektan Joseph L. Mankiewicz, halin Bette Davis ba shi da farin ciki don ganin mutumin da ke son yin wa mata mata mata mata mai shaye-shake, don haka halin Davis ya umarci Martini mai shaye, kuma "da-shake-shake". Hakazalika, halin da Steve Buscemi ke takawa a cikin ''Ghost World'' an yi masa ba'a ta wata yarinya matashiya saboda ya ba da umarnin "mace-mace vanilla milkshake"; a ''Manhattan'', ta hanyar darektan Woody Allen, darektan ya jawo hankali ga bambancin shekaru tsakanin halin da yake da shekaru 42 (shi ma yana aiki a matsayin jagora) da budurwarsa matashiyar ta hanyar shan madara. A cikin fim din ''Lolita'' a shekara ta 1997, wata yarinya matashiya ta sha shake yayin da take tare da mutumin da ke tsakiyar shekaru (sabon saurayin mahaifiyarta) wanda ke sha'awar ta.<ref name="denofgeek.com" /><ref name="denofgeek.com" /> Ana nuna haruffa daga Archie Comics sau da yawa suna shan madara. Jerin talabijin na ''Riverdale'', wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo, yana nuna haruffa a cikin gidan cin abinci na gida na 1950, Pop's Chock'lit Shoppe; don inganta wasan kwaikwayon, simintin sun raba madara yayin bayyanar a kan The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . <ref name="swartz1">{{Cite web |last=Swartz |first=Suzie |date=April 24, 2018 |title=American Nostalgia on a Bun |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2018/04/fast-food-nostalgia/558686/ |access-date=May 10, 2018 |website=www.theatlantic.com |publisher=The Atlantic}}</ref> Master Shake, daya daga cikin manyan haruffa daga jerin shirye-shiryen Amurka na Aqua Teen Hunger Force (wanda aka fi sani da wasu sunayen sarauta), shine mai girman mutum. A cikin Kelis '2003 hit single "Milkshake" sunan abin sha an sake maimaita shi a cikin waƙar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Observer |date=2004-12-11 |title=From glam to grime, the year in music |url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/dec/12/popandrock2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917102112/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/dec/12/popandrock2 |archive-date=2014-09-17 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Milkshakes suna nunawa sosai a cikin bidiyon bidiyon waƙar, wanda ke nuna haruffa da ke cinye su a cikin gidan cin abinci. Kalmar Milkshake Duck, wacce aka kirkira a kan Twitter a cikin 2017, tana nufin mutumin da ya fara zama sananne a kafofin sada zumunta, kawai don ya zama abin kunya yayin da wasu masu amfani suka yi amfani da kasancewarsu ta yanar gizo kuma suka sami maganganu masu banƙyama ko tarihin da ba shi da kyau. == Dubi kuma == {{Milk navbox}} * Girgizar lafiya * Keventers Milkshake - alamar madara ta Indiya * Shake Shack - jerin gidan cin abinci mai sauri na Amurka da ke jaddada girgizar ƙasa * Mai laushi * Frosty (kayan zuma mai daskarewa) * McDonald's ice cream na na'ura - na'urar da aka yi amfani da ita don yin ice cream da girgiza a McDonald's * Faloodeh - ruwan zuma ko ice cream. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Ice cream}} * {{Commons category-inline|Milkshakes}} {{Milk navbox}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7m7b6q4s77pdfjve1nruqrb8upd0f0y 822441 822440 2026-04-19T08:07:23Z Nura Bello 24854 822441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   A milkshake (wani lokacin ana kiransa kawai shake) abin sha ne mai dadi da aka yi ta hanyar hada [[madara]], ice cream, da dandano ko kayan zaki kamar butterscotch, caramel sauce, cakulan syrup, ko 'ya'yan itace syrup a cikin wani m, mai dadi, sanyi cakuda. Hakanan ana iya yin sa ta amfani da tushe da aka yi daga kayan da ba na madara ba, gami da madarar shuka kamar madarar almond, [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], ko madarar soya. Ana iya haɗa sinadaran bushe kamar 'ya'yan itace, kwayoyi, tsaba, zuma, ko [[Cookie|kukis]]. Milkshakes ya samo asali ne a Amurka a farkon karni na 20, kuma ya karu da shahara bayan gabatar da masu haɗakar lantarki a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka biyo baya. Sun zama wani bangare na al'adun matasa masu shahara, kamar yadda shagunan ice cream sun kasance wurin taro na al'adu ga matasa, kuma milkshakes ya zama alama ce ta rashin laifi na matasa. == Shirye-shiryen ==   Gidajen cin abinci masu cikakken sabis, shagunan ice cream, maɓuɓɓugar soda, da masu cin abinci yawanci su suna shirya girgizar a cikin na'urar shake. A gida, ana amfani da mahaɗin sau da yawa. Hakanan ana iya haɗa Milkshakes da hannu ta amfani da cokali. Ana iya yin Milkshakes daga kowane dandano na ice cream; ƙarin dandano, kamar syrup na cakulan, malt syrup, ko madara mai laushi, ana ƙara su sau da yawa kafin a gauraya su. Yawancin kantin sayar da abinci mai sauri ba sa girgiza daga sinadaran mutum; maimakon haka, suna amfani da injunan shake na atomatik waɗanda ke daskarewa kuma suna ba da cakuda shake na madara da aka riga aka yi wanda ya kunshi madara, wakili mai ɗanɗano, da wakili mai kauri. Wadannan suna kama da na'urorin ice cream masu taushi, amma suna ci gaba da girgiza a cikin abin sha. == Kalmomin == Magana game da bambancin tsakanin milkshake wanda ke amfani da ice cream da sauran nau'ikan madara mai ɗanɗano ya bambanta a yankin. Za'a iya kiran shake mai cike da ice cream a matsayin shake mai zurfi don rarrabe shi. A wasu sassan New England da gabashin Kanada, ana amfani da sunan FRAP (/fræp/ FRAP); a Rhode Island musamman, ana iya kiran su majalisun, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Seavey |first=Aimee |title=The Difference between a Milkshake and a Frappe |url=http://www.yankeemagazine.com/article/new-england-101/milk-shakes-frappes-cabinets |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611180108/http://www.yankeemagazine.com/article/new-england-101/milk-shakes-frappes-cabinets |archive-date=June 11, 2016 |access-date=June 2, 2016 |website=Yankee Magazine}}</ref> kamar yadda yake a cikin "ma'aikatar kofi".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Luchtel |first=Amanda |title=What Is a Milkshake? And How Is It Different from a Frappe or a Cabinet? {{!}} America's Test Kitchen |url=https://www.americastestkitchen.com/articles/7087-what-is-a-milkshake-and-how-is-it-different-from-a-frappe-or-a-cabinet |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=www.americastestkitchen.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cabinet |url=https://dare.wisc.edu/words/quarterly-updates/quarterly-update-12/cabinet/ |access-date=February 7, 2021 |website=Dictionary of American Regional English |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani shake mai dauke da madara mai laushi wani lokacin ana kiransa ''malt''. Ana amfani da kalmar ''kankare'' don musamman manyan madara waɗanda ba sa zubowa lokacin da aka juya su ƙasa, kamar waɗanda gidan cin abinci na Culver's ya bayar. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen akwai bukatun doka game da abin da za a iya kira "milkshake", kamar buƙatu don yawan adadin mai da madara marasa mai. Saboda haka, ya zama ruwan dare ga gidajen cin abinci su guji amfani da kalmar "milkshake" don komawa ga samfuran su, kamar kawai kiran su "shakes" maimakon "milkishakes". Gidajen cin Abinci mai sauri waɗanda ba sa nufin irin waɗannan samfuran su a matsayin "milkshakes" sun haɗa da Wendy's (wanda ke kiran samfurin su "Frosty"), Burger King, Dairy Queen, Del Taco, McDonald's, Shake Shack, da Sonic Drive-In.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2023 |title=Why You're Technically Not Able To Order A Milkshake At McDonald's |url=https://www.thedailymeal.com/1388708/order-milkshake-at-mcdonalds/ |website=Daily Meal}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Milkshakes_at_Mels_Diner.jpg|thumb|Strawberry da girgizar cakulan, kowannensu an rufe shi da cream, sprinkles, da maraschino cherryCherry maraschino]] === 1880s-1930s === Lokacin da aka fara amfani da kalmar milkshake a bugawa a shekarar 1885, <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Complete History of Milkshakes |url=https://icebergdriveinn.com/blogs/news/a-complete-history-of-milkshakes |access-date=30 June 2024 |website=Iceberg Drive Inn}}</ref> milkshake abin sha ne mai giya wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin "mai ƙarfi, mai lafiya irin abin sha, tare da ƙwai, whiskey, da dai sauransu, ya zama abin sha da kuma dandano". <ref name="stuart">Flexner, Stuart Berg (1982) ''Listening to America'', Simon & Schuster: New York, p. 178, {{ISBN|0671248952}}</ref> Koyaya, a shekara ta 1900, kalmar tana nufin "abin sha mai kyau da aka yi da cakulan, strawberry, ko vanilla syrup". A farkon shekarun 1900 mutane suna neman sabon abincin, sau da yawa tare da ice cream. A cikin shekarun 1930, milkshakes sanannen abin sha ne a shagunan malt, waɗanda suka kasance "maɓuɓɓugar soda ta musamman ta lokacin ... da ɗalibai ke amfani da ita azaman wurin taro ko wurin shakatawa".<ref name="stuart" /> Tarihin mai haɗakar lantarki, abin sha na madara, da milkshakes suna da alaƙa da juna. Kafin yaduwar masu haɗakar lantarki, abubuwan sha na milkshake sun fi kama da eggnog, ko kuma sun kasance cakuda da aka girgiza da hannu na kankara da madara, sukari, da dandano. Hamilton Beach ta gabatar da Cyclone Drink Mixer a cikin 1911, kuma an yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin maɓuɓɓugar soda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hamilton Beach Brands Holding Company: Our History |url=https://www.hamiltonbeachbrands.com/about-our-company/our-history/default.aspx |website=hamiltonbeachbrands.com}}</ref><ref name="ox">Anne Cooper Funderburg, "Milkshake", in Darra Goldstein, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets'', 2015, {{ISBN|0199313628}}, ''s.v.''</ref> Zane-zanen bakin tekun Hamilton, tare da motar a saman, ya kasance mafi yawan nau'in na'ura na milkshake. [ana binciken hujja] [citation need] A shekara ta 1922, Steven Poplawski ya ƙera na'ura mai haɗaɗɗiya ta ƙasa, wadda a wasu lokuta ake amfani da ita don yin milkshakes. Tare da ƙirƙirar blender, milkshakes sun fara ɗaukar nau'in su na zamani, bulala, iska, da kumfa. Amfani da madara mai laushi a cikin milkshakes ya shahara a Amurka ta hanyar kantin magani na Chicago Walgreens. Martin madara foda - cakuda madara mai narkewa, [[sha'ir]] mai narkewar, da garin alkama - William Horlick ne ya kirkireshi a cikin 1897 don amfani da shi azaman abin sha mai sauƙin narkewa ga mutane da yara masu nakasa, kuma azaman abincin [[jariri]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2011 |title=The History of Malted Milk Powder |url=http://www.kitchenlore.com/2011/07/history-of-malted-milk-powder.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011192130/http://www.kitchenlore.com/2011/07/history-of-malted-milk-powder.html |archive-date=October 11, 2011 |access-date=October 10, 2013 |website=Kitchen Lore}}</ref><ref name="Wisconsin Historical">{{Cite web |title=Wisconsin's Malted Milk Story – Online Exhibits – Wisconsin Historical Society |url=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/museum/exhibits/horlicks |access-date=June 1, 2017 |website=www.wisconsinhistory.org}}</ref> Koyaya, mutane masu lafiya ba da daɗewa ba sun fara shan abin sha da aka yi da madara mai laushi kawai don dandano, kuma abin sha mai laushi mai laushi wanda ke dauke da madara, syrup na cakulan, da foda na malt sun zama misali a maɓuɓɓugar soda.<ref name="Wisconsin Historical" /> A cikin 1922, ma'aikacin Walgreens Ivar "Pop" Coulson ya yi shake ta hanyar ƙara nau'ikan ice cream na vanilla guda biyu zuwa tsarin girke-girke na madara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Walgreen's history |url=http://www.walgreens.com/about/history/hist4.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501155205/http://www.walgreens.com/about/history/hist4.jsp |archive-date=May 1, 2008 |access-date=October 1, 2009 |publisher=Walgreens.com}}</ref> Wannan abu, a ƙarƙashin sunan "Horlick's Malted Milk", an nuna shi ta hanyar kantin magani na Walgreen a matsayin wani ɓangare na cakulan milkshake, wanda kansa ya zama sananne a matsayin "malted" ko "malt" kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun abubuwan sha na soda.&nbsp;&nbsp; Ayyukan sarrafa kansa na milkshakes sun samo asali ne a cikin shekarun 1930, bayan kirkirar firiji mai sanyaya ya ba da hanya mai aminci, abin dogaro na yin da rarraba ice cream ta atomatik. A cikin 1936, mai kirkiro Earl Prince ya yi amfani da ainihin ra'ayi a bayan na'urar ice cream mai sanyaya ta freon don haɓaka Multimixer, "mai haɗawa mai juyawa guda biyar wanda zai iya samar da milkshakes guda biyar a lokaci guda, duk ta atomatik, kuma ya rarraba su a lokacin da aka ja maɓallin zuwa jiran kofuna takarda".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Demirdjian |first=Z.S. |date=March 10, 2006 |title=Inexpensive Research in Marketing: Empowering the Technologically Challenged Entrepreneurs |url=https://www.businessperspectives.org/images/pdf/applications/publishing/templates/article/assets/1684/im_en_2006_01_Demirdjian.pdf |journal=Innovative Marketing |volume=2}}</ref> Labaran jaridu daga ƙarshen shekarun 1930 sun nuna cewa ana amfani da kalmar 'frosted' a wasu lokuta don komawa ga milkshakes, musamman waɗanda aka yi da ice cream. A cikin 1937, Denton Journal a Maryland ya bayyana cewa "Don girgizar 'gishiri', ƙara ɗanɗano na ice cream da kuka fi so. " A cikin 1939, Mansfield News a Ohio ya bayyana cewa ""A frosted be drink, in the vernacular, is something good to which ice cream. Misali mafi kyau shine free kofi -wannan zafi, mai ɗanɗano abin sha da aka yi sanyi da ice cream" &nbsp; === 1940s-1950s === A cikin shekarun 1950, shahararrun wuraren shan madara sune Woolworth's "5 & 10" lunch counters, diners, burger joints, da kuma magudanar soda. Wadannan cibiyoyin galibi suna nuna injin hada madara mai haske ko injin shake. Wadannan cibiyoyin sun yi milkshakes a Hamilton Beach ko irin wannan salon na masu hada abin sha, wanda ke da spindles da agitators wanda ke ninka iska cikin abin sha don "smooth, fluffy results" kuma ya ba su a cikin 12 + 1⁄2-US-fluid-ounce (370 tsawo tabarau tare da bulbous saman. Ma'aikatan maɓuɓɓugar Soda suna da nasu yaren, kamar su "Burn One All the Way" (kayan kwalliya da aka yi da ice cream), "Twist It, Choke It, and Make It Cackle" (kudan kwalliya da kwai), "Shake One in the Hay" (shake strawberry), da kuma "White Cow" (vanilla milkshake). A cikin shekarun 1950, wani mai sayar da na'urar shake mai suna Ray Kroc ya sayi haƙƙin mallaka ga mai yin shake na Multimixer na shekarun 1930 daga mai kirkiro Earl Prince, kuma ya ci gaba da amfani da na'urorin shake na atomatik don hanzarta samarwa a gidajen cin abinci na McDonald's.{{Convert|12+1/2|USoz|ml}} Milkshakes ya kuma zama sananne a wasu sassan duniya, gami da Ingila da Ostiraliya. A Ostiraliya, sandunan madara sun zama sanannun kuma ana ba da milkshakes da sauƙi kuma sau da yawa a cikin aluminum ko ko kofin ƙarfe wanda aka shirya su. Baya ga karin dandano na gargajiya, spearmint da milkshakes masu ɗanɗano sun zama sanannun a Ostiraliya. === Shekaru 2000 zuwa yanzu === [[Fayil:Strawberry-Mint_Liquid_Nitrogen_Shake_at_HBurger_in_Denver.jpg|thumb|An yi wannan milkshake ta amfani da ruwa nitrogen. Har yanzu ana iya ganin tururi yana tasowa a saman.]] A shekara ta 2006, Hukumar Binciken Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta haɓaka rage sukari, ƙarancin madara don shirye-shiryen abincin rana. Girgizar tana da rabin sukari kuma kashi 10% kawai na kitse na girgizar abinci mai sauri na kasuwanci. Makarantu suna buƙatar injin shake madara ko injin ice cream mai laushi don ba da madara. Har ila yau, milkshakes sun kara fiber da sauran abubuwan gina jiki da rage matakan lactose, wanda ya sa girgizar ta dace da wasu mutanen da ke fama da rashin haƙuri. Tallace-tallace na Amurka na milkshakes, malt, da floats sun karu da 11% a cikin 2006, a cewar kamfanin bincike na masana'antu NPD Group. Christopher Muller, darektan Cibiyar Gudanar da Gidan Gida da Multi-Unit a Jami'ar Orlando ta Tsakiya ta Florida ya ce "milkshakes yana tunatar da mu game da lokacin rani, matasa - da indulgence", kuma "suna tunatar da lokacin da ya wuce". Muller ya bayyana cewa milkshakes wani abu ne "mai fa'ida sosai" ga gidajen cin abinci, tunda abubuwan sha suna dauke da iska mai yawa. Kamfanin bincike na kasuwa Technomic ya bayyana cewa kusan kashi 75% na matsakaicin farashin gidan cin abinci na $ 3.38 a cikin 2006 riba ce. Wani zartarwa daga [[Sonic Drive-In]], jerin gidajen cin abinci na Amurka na shekarun 1950, ya kira girgiza "ɗaya daga cikin manyan wurarenmu, wuraren samar da kudaden shiga".<ref name="usa2" />&nbsp; Wani labarin 2016 ya bayyana cewa masu dafa abinci suna gwada sababbin ra'ayoyi tare da milkshakes don ci gaba da sha'awar abubuwan sha.<ref name="nrn.com">{{Cite web |date=July 18, 2016 |title=Sweetening the bottom line with milkshakes |url=http://beta.nrn.com/beverage-trends/sweetening-bottom-line-milkshakes |access-date=June 1, 2017}}</ref> Labarin ya lura cewa girgizar kofi mai ɗanɗano sananne ne "saboda yana da ɗanɗano da ɗanɗanyo". Wani yanayin shine amfani da nau'ikan madara daban-daban, kamar madarar almond, [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], madarar soya, ko madarar hemp.<ref name="nrn.com" /> == Amfani da zanga-zangar == {{Reflist}} A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, a lokacin da ake gina zaben majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Turai a Burtaniya, jefa shake-shake ya fito ne a matsayin wata dabara ta zanga-zanga, yawanci ana niyya ga 'yan siyasa na dama. Wannan motsi ya samo asali ne daga "milkshaking" na Tommy Robinson, tare da na biyu da aka jefa daga baya a wannan watan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2019 |title=All the people who have been milkshaked so far this year |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/milkshake-throwing-nigel-farage-tommy-robinson-carl-benjamin-sargon-a8922111.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/milkshake-throwing-nigel-farage-tommy-robinson-carl-benjamin-sargon-a8922111.html |archive-date=May 14, 2022 |website=The Independent}}</ref> 'Yan sanda na Burtaniya sun bukaci kamfanin Edinburgh McDonald's ya guji sayar da milkshakes a ranar 17 ga Mayu yayin ziyarar Nigel Farage. Wannan ya sa Burger King ya yi martani a shafin Twitter: "Muna sayar da milkshakes duk karshen mako. Yi nishaɗi. " Daga baya Hukumar Kula da Ka'idojin Talla ta Burtaniya ta dakatar da tweet din Burger King, saboda sun ji cewa "ya amince da halayyar da ta gabata kuma ya karfafa karin lokuta", kuma saboda haka tallace-tallace ne "marasa alhakin". A wani ziyara daban a Newcastle a ranar 20 ga Mayu, Farage ya jefa masa shake na biyar. Carl Benjamin yana da jimlar milkshakes guda huɗu da aka jefa masa a wannan makon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dalton |first=Jane |date=May 19, 2019 |title=Ukip's Carl Benjamin hit by milkshake in Salisbury in fourth attack this week |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/carl-benjamin-milkshake-salisbury-ukip-a8920846.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/carl-benjamin-milkshake-salisbury-ukip-a8920846.html |archive-date=May 14, 2022 |website=The Independent}}</ref> Ayyukan shaking sun yi kama da na egging a matsayin wani nau'i na zanga-zanga game da 'yan siyasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakelian |first=Anoosh |date=May 16, 2019 |title="Lactose Against Intolerance!" How milkshake became a tool of protest |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/05/lactose-against-intolerance-how-milkshake-became-tool-protest |website=The New Statesman}}</ref> == A cikin al'adun gargajiya == {{Ice cream}}Masu shirya fina-finai wani lokacin suna amfani da milkshakes a matsayin taƙaitaccen gani don jigogi na tsabtar, rashin laifi, da matasa marasa cin hanci, suna wakiltar su a matsayin 'sweetness da nagarta. <ref name="denofgeek.com">{{Cite web |date=August 21, 2012 |title=Celebrating milkshake in the movies |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/milkshake/22257/celebrating-milkshake-in-the-movies |access-date=June 1, 2017}}</ref> A cikin All About Eve, ta hanyar darektan Joseph L. Mankiewicz, halin Bette Davis ba shi da farin ciki don ganin mutumin da ke son yin wa mata mata mata mata mai shaye-shake, don haka halin Davis ya umarci Martini mai shaye, kuma "da-shake-shake". Hakazalika, halin da Steve Buscemi ke takawa a cikin ''Ghost World'' an yi masa ba'a ta wata yarinya matashiya saboda ya ba da umarnin "mace-mace vanilla milkshake"; a ''Manhattan'', ta hanyar darektan Woody Allen, darektan ya jawo hankali ga bambancin shekaru tsakanin halin da yake da shekaru 42 (shi ma yana aiki a matsayin jagora) da budurwarsa matashiyar ta hanyar shan madara. A cikin fim din ''Lolita'' a shekara ta 1997, wata yarinya matashiya ta sha shake yayin da take tare da mutumin da ke tsakiyar shekaru (sabon saurayin mahaifiyarta) wanda ke sha'awar ta.<ref name="denofgeek.com" /><ref name="denofgeek.com" /> Ana nuna haruffa daga Archie Comics sau da yawa suna shan madara. Jerin talabijin na ''Riverdale'', wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo, yana nuna haruffa a cikin gidan cin abinci na gida na 1950, Pop's Chock'lit Shoppe; don inganta wasan kwaikwayon, simintin sun raba madara yayin bayyanar a kan The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . <ref name="swartz1">{{Cite web |last=Swartz |first=Suzie |date=April 24, 2018 |title=American Nostalgia on a Bun |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2018/04/fast-food-nostalgia/558686/ |access-date=May 10, 2018 |website=www.theatlantic.com |publisher=The Atlantic}}</ref> Master Shake, daya daga cikin manyan haruffa daga jerin shirye-shiryen Amurka na Aqua Teen Hunger Force (wanda aka fi sani da wasu sunayen sarauta), shine mai girman mutum. A cikin Kelis '2003 hit single "Milkshake" sunan abin sha an sake maimaita shi a cikin waƙar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Observer |date=2004-12-11 |title=From glam to grime, the year in music |url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/dec/12/popandrock2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917102112/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/dec/12/popandrock2 |archive-date=2014-09-17 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Milkshakes suna nunawa sosai a cikin bidiyon bidiyon waƙar, wanda ke nuna haruffa da ke cinye su a cikin gidan cin abinci. Kalmar Milkshake Duck, wacce aka kirkira a kan Twitter a cikin 2017, tana nufin mutumin da ya fara zama sananne a kafofin sada zumunta, kawai don ya zama abin kunya yayin da wasu masu amfani suka yi amfani da kasancewarsu ta yanar gizo kuma suka sami maganganu masu banƙyama ko tarihin da ba shi da kyau. == Dubi kuma == {{Milk navbox}} * Girgizar lafiya * Keventers Milkshake - alamar madara ta Indiya * Shake Shack - jerin gidan cin abinci mai sauri na Amurka da ke jaddada girgizar ƙasa * Mai laushi * Frosty (kayan zuma mai daskarewa) * McDonald's ice cream na na'ura - na'urar da aka yi amfani da ita don yin ice cream da girgiza a McDonald's * Faloodeh - ruwan zuma ko ice cream. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Ice cream}} * {{Commons category-inline|Milkshakes}} {{Milk navbox}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bxztx6dgt5w9zwp3s2kz41vzo6auifq 822442 822441 2026-04-19T08:09:30Z Nura Bello 24854 822442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   A milkshake (wani lokacin ana kiransa kawai shake) abin sha ne mai dadi da aka yi ta hanyar hada [[madara]], ice cream, da dandano ko kayan zaki kamar butterscotch, caramel sauce, cakulan syrup, ko 'ya'yan itace syrup a cikin wani m, mai dadi, sanyi cakuda. Hakanan ana iya yin sa ta amfani da tushe da aka yi daga kayan da ba na madara ba, gami da madarar shuka kamar madarar almond, [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], ko madarar soya. Ana iya haɗa sinadaran bushe kamar 'ya'yan itace, kwayoyi, tsaba, zuma, ko [[Cookie|kukis]]. Milkshakes ya samo asali ne a Amurka a farkon karni na 20, kuma ya karu da shahara bayan gabatar da masu haɗakar lantarki a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka biyo baya. Sun zama wani bangare na al'adun matasa masu shahara, kamar yadda shagunan ice cream sun kasance wurin taro na al'adu ga matasa, kuma milkshakes ya zama alama ce ta rashin laifi na matasa. == Shirye-shiryen ==   Gidajen cin abinci masu cikakken sabis, shagunan ice cream, maɓuɓɓugar soda, da masu cin abinci yawanci su suna shirya girgizar a cikin na'urar shake. A gida, ana amfani da mahaɗin sau da yawa. Hakanan ana iya haɗa Milkshakes da hannu ta amfani da cokali. Ana iya yin Milkshakes daga kowane dandano na ice cream; ƙarin dandano, kamar syrup na cakulan, malt syrup, ko madara mai laushi, ana ƙara su sau da yawa kafin a gauraya su. Yawancin kantin sayar da abinci mai sauri ba sa girgiza daga sinadaran mutum; maimakon haka, suna amfani da injunan shake na atomatik waɗanda ke daskarewa kuma suna ba da cakuda shake na madara da aka riga aka yi wanda ya kunshi madara, wakili mai ɗanɗano, da wakili mai kauri. Wadannan suna kama da na'urorin ice cream masu taushi, amma suna ci gaba da girgiza a cikin abin sha. == Kalmomin == Magana game da bambancin tsakanin milkshake wanda ke amfani da ice cream da sauran nau'ikan madara mai ɗanɗano ya bambanta a yankin. Za'a iya kiran shake mai cike da ice cream a matsayin shake mai zurfi don rarrabe shi. A wasu sassan New England da gabashin Kanada, ana amfani da sunan FRAP (/fræp/ FRAP); a Rhode Island musamman, ana iya kiran su majalisun, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Seavey |first=Aimee |title=The Difference between a Milkshake and a Frappe |url=http://www.yankeemagazine.com/article/new-england-101/milk-shakes-frappes-cabinets |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611180108/http://www.yankeemagazine.com/article/new-england-101/milk-shakes-frappes-cabinets |archive-date=June 11, 2016 |access-date=June 2, 2016 |website=Yankee Magazine}}</ref> kamar yadda yake a cikin "ma'aikatar kofi".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Luchtel |first=Amanda |title=What Is a Milkshake? And How Is It Different from a Frappe or a Cabinet? {{!}} America's Test Kitchen |url=https://www.americastestkitchen.com/articles/7087-what-is-a-milkshake-and-how-is-it-different-from-a-frappe-or-a-cabinet |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=www.americastestkitchen.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cabinet |url=https://dare.wisc.edu/words/quarterly-updates/quarterly-update-12/cabinet/ |access-date=February 7, 2021 |website=Dictionary of American Regional English |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani shake mai dauke da madara mai laushi wani lokacin ana kiransa ''malt''. Ana amfani da kalmar ''kankare'' don musamman manyan madara waɗanda ba sa zubowa lokacin da aka juya su ƙasa, kamar waɗanda gidan cin abinci na Culver's ya bayar. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen akwai bukatun doka game da abin da za a iya kira "milkshake", kamar buƙatu don yawan adadin mai da madara marasa mai. Saboda haka, ya zama ruwan dare ga gidajen cin abinci su guji amfani da kalmar "milkshake" don komawa ga samfuran su, kamar kawai kiran su "shakes" maimakon "milkishakes". Gidajen cin Abinci mai sauri waɗanda ba sa nufin irin waɗannan samfuran su a matsayin "milkshakes" sun haɗa da Wendy's (wanda ke kiran samfurin su "Frosty"), Burger King, Dairy Queen, Del Taco, McDonald's, Shake Shack, da Sonic Drive-In.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2023 |title=Why You're Technically Not Able To Order A Milkshake At McDonald's |url=https://www.thedailymeal.com/1388708/order-milkshake-at-mcdonalds/ |website=Daily Meal}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Milkshakes_at_Mels_Diner.jpg|thumb|Strawberry da girgizar cakulan, kowannensu an rufe shi da cream, sprinkles, da maraschino cherryCherry maraschino]] === 1880s-1930s === Lokacin da aka fara amfani da kalmar milkshake a bugawa a shekarar 1885, <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Complete History of Milkshakes |url=https://icebergdriveinn.com/blogs/news/a-complete-history-of-milkshakes |access-date=30 June 2024 |website=Iceberg Drive Inn}}</ref> milkshake abin sha ne mai giya wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin "mai ƙarfi, mai lafiya irin abin sha, tare da ƙwai, whiskey, da dai sauransu, ya zama abin sha da kuma dandano". <ref name="stuart">Flexner, Stuart Berg (1982) ''Listening to America'', Simon & Schuster: New York, p. 178, {{ISBN|0671248952}}</ref> Koyaya, a shekara ta 1900, kalmar tana nufin "abin sha mai kyau da aka yi da cakulan, strawberry, ko vanilla syrup". A farkon shekarun 1900 mutane suna neman sabon abincin, sau da yawa tare da ice cream. A cikin shekarun 1930, milkshakes sanannen abin sha ne a shagunan malt, waɗanda suka kasance "maɓuɓɓugar soda ta musamman ta lokacin ... da ɗalibai ke amfani da ita azaman wurin taro ko wurin shakatawa".<ref name="stuart" /> Tarihin mai haɗakar lantarki, abin sha na madara, da milkshakes suna da alaƙa da juna. Kafin yaduwar masu haɗakar lantarki, abubuwan sha na milkshake sun fi kama da eggnog, ko kuma sun kasance cakuda da aka girgiza da hannu na kankara da madara, sukari, da dandano. Hamilton Beach ta gabatar da Cyclone Drink Mixer a cikin 1911, kuma an yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin maɓuɓɓugar soda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hamilton Beach Brands Holding Company: Our History |url=https://www.hamiltonbeachbrands.com/about-our-company/our-history/default.aspx |website=hamiltonbeachbrands.com}}</ref><ref name="ox">Anne Cooper Funderburg, "Milkshake", in Darra Goldstein, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets'', 2015, {{ISBN|0199313628}}, ''s.v.''</ref> Zane-zanen bakin tekun Hamilton, tare da motar a saman, ya kasance mafi yawan nau'in na'ura na milkshake. [ana binciken hujja] [citation need] A shekara ta 1922, Steven Poplawski ya ƙera na'ura mai haɗaɗɗiya ta ƙasa, wadda a wasu lokuta ake amfani da ita don yin milkshakes. Tare da ƙirƙirar blender, milkshakes sun fara ɗaukar nau'in su na zamani, bulala, iska, da kumfa. Amfani da madara mai laushi a cikin milkshakes ya shahara a Amurka ta hanyar kantin magani na Chicago Walgreens. Martin madara foda - cakuda madara mai narkewa, [[sha'ir]] mai narkewar, da garin alkama - William Horlick ne ya kirkireshi a cikin 1897 don amfani da shi azaman abin sha mai sauƙin narkewa ga mutane da yara masu nakasa, kuma azaman abincin [[jariri]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2011 |title=The History of Malted Milk Powder |url=http://www.kitchenlore.com/2011/07/history-of-malted-milk-powder.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011192130/http://www.kitchenlore.com/2011/07/history-of-malted-milk-powder.html |archive-date=October 11, 2011 |access-date=October 10, 2013 |website=Kitchen Lore}}</ref><ref name="Wisconsin Historical">{{Cite web |title=Wisconsin's Malted Milk Story – Online Exhibits – Wisconsin Historical Society |url=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/museum/exhibits/horlicks |access-date=June 1, 2017 |website=www.wisconsinhistory.org}}</ref> Koyaya, mutane masu lafiya ba da daɗewa ba sun fara shan abin sha da aka yi da madara mai laushi kawai don dandano, kuma abin sha mai laushi mai laushi wanda ke dauke da madara, syrup na cakulan, da foda na malt sun zama misali a maɓuɓɓugar soda.<ref name="Wisconsin Historical" /> A cikin 1922, ma'aikacin Walgreens Ivar "Pop" Coulson ya yi shake ta hanyar ƙara nau'ikan ice cream na vanilla guda biyu zuwa tsarin girke-girke na madara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Walgreen's history |url=http://www.walgreens.com/about/history/hist4.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501155205/http://www.walgreens.com/about/history/hist4.jsp |archive-date=May 1, 2008 |access-date=October 1, 2009 |publisher=Walgreens.com}}</ref> Wannan abu, a ƙarƙashin sunan "Horlick's Malted Milk", an nuna shi ta hanyar kantin magani na Walgreen a matsayin wani ɓangare na cakulan milkshake, wanda kansa ya zama sananne a matsayin "malted" ko "malt" kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun abubuwan sha na soda.&nbsp;&nbsp; Ayyukan sarrafa kansa na milkshakes sun samo asali ne a cikin shekarun 1930, bayan kirkirar firiji mai sanyaya ya ba da hanya mai aminci, abin dogaro na yin da rarraba ice cream ta atomatik. A cikin 1936, mai kirkiro Earl Prince ya yi amfani da ainihin ra'ayi a bayan na'urar ice cream mai sanyaya ta freon don haɓaka Multimixer, "mai haɗawa mai juyawa guda biyar wanda zai iya samar da milkshakes guda biyar a lokaci guda, duk ta atomatik, kuma ya rarraba su a lokacin da aka ja maɓallin zuwa jiran kofuna takarda".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Demirdjian |first=Z.S. |date=March 10, 2006 |title=Inexpensive Research in Marketing: Empowering the Technologically Challenged Entrepreneurs |url=https://www.businessperspectives.org/images/pdf/applications/publishing/templates/article/assets/1684/im_en_2006_01_Demirdjian.pdf |journal=Innovative Marketing |volume=2}}</ref> Labaran jaridu daga ƙarshen shekarun 1930 sun nuna cewa ana amfani da kalmar 'frosted' a wasu lokuta don komawa ga milkshakes, musamman waɗanda aka yi da ice cream. A cikin 1937, Denton Journal a Maryland ya bayyana cewa "Don girgizar 'gishiri', ƙara ɗanɗano na ice cream da kuka fi so. " A cikin 1939, Mansfield News a Ohio ya bayyana cewa ""A frosted be drink, in the vernacular, is something good to which ice cream. Misali mafi kyau shine free kofi -wannan zafi, mai ɗanɗano abin sha da aka yi sanyi da ice cream" &nbsp; === 1940s-1950s === A cikin shekarun 1950, shahararrun wuraren shan madara sune Woolworth's "5 & 10" lunch counters, diners, burger joints, da kuma magudanar soda. Wadannan cibiyoyin galibi suna nuna injin hada madara mai haske ko injin shake. Wadannan cibiyoyin sun yi milkshakes a Hamilton Beach ko irin wannan salon na masu hada abin sha, wanda ke da spindles da agitators wanda ke ninka iska cikin abin sha don "smooth, fluffy results" kuma ya ba su a cikin 12 + 1⁄2-US-fluid-ounce (370 tsawo tabarau tare da bulbous saman. Ma'aikatan maɓuɓɓugar Soda suna da nasu yaren, kamar su "Burn One All the Way" (kayan kwalliya da aka yi da ice cream), "Twist It, Choke It, and Make It Cackle" (kudan kwalliya da kwai), "Shake One in the Hay" (shake strawberry), da kuma "White Cow" (vanilla milkshake). A cikin shekarun 1950, wani mai sayar da na'urar shake mai suna Ray Kroc ya sayi haƙƙin mallaka ga mai yin shake na Multimixer na shekarun 1930 daga mai kirkiro Earl Prince, kuma ya ci gaba da amfani da na'urorin shake na atomatik don hanzarta samarwa a gidajen cin abinci na McDonald's.{{Convert|12+1/2|USoz|ml}} Milkshakes ya kuma zama sananne a wasu sassan duniya, gami da Ingila da Ostiraliya. A Ostiraliya, sandunan madara sun zama sanannun kuma ana ba da milkshakes da sauƙi kuma sau da yawa a cikin aluminum ko ko kofin ƙarfe wanda aka shirya su. Baya ga karin dandano na gargajiya, spearmint da milkshakes masu ɗanɗano sun zama sanannun a Ostiraliya. === Shekaru 2000 zuwa yanzu === [[Fayil:Strawberry-Mint_Liquid_Nitrogen_Shake_at_HBurger_in_Denver.jpg|thumb|An yi wannan milkshake ta amfani da ruwa nitrogen. Har yanzu ana iya ganin tururi yana tasowa a saman.]] A shekara ta 2006, Hukumar Binciken Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta haɓaka rage sukari, ƙarancin madara don shirye-shiryen abincin rana. Girgizar tana da rabin sukari kuma kashi 10% kawai na kitse na girgizar abinci mai sauri na kasuwanci. Makarantu suna buƙatar injin shake madara ko injin ice cream mai laushi don ba da madara. Har ila yau, milkshakes sun kara fiber da sauran abubuwan gina jiki da rage matakan lactose, wanda ya sa girgizar ta dace da wasu mutanen da ke fama da rashin haƙuri. Tallace-tallace na Amurka na milkshakes, malt, da floats sun karu da 11% a cikin shekarun 2006, a cewar kamfanin bincike na masana'antu NPD Group. Christopher Muller, darektan Cibiyar Gudanar da Gidan Gida da Multi-Unit a Jami'ar Orlando ta Tsakiya ta Florida ya ce "milkshakes yana tunatar da mu game da lokacin rani, matasa - da indulgence", kuma "suna tunatar da lokacin da ya wuce". Muller ya bayyana cewa milkshakes wani abu ne "mai fa'ida sosai" ga gidajen cin abinci, tunda abubuwan sha suna dauke da iska mai yawa. Kamfanin bincike na kasuwa Technomic ya bayyana cewa kusan kashi 75% na matsakaicin farashin gidan cin abinci na $ 3.38 a cikin 2006 riba ce. Wani zartarwa daga [[Sonic Drive-In]], jerin gidajen cin abinci na Amurka na shekarun 1950, ya kira girgiza "ɗaya daga cikin manyan wurarenmu, wuraren samar da kudaden shiga".<ref name="usa2" />&nbsp; Wani labarin 2016 ya bayyana cewa masu dafa abinci suna gwada sababbin ra'ayoyi tare da milkshakes don ci gaba da sha'awar abubuwan sha.<ref name="nrn.com">{{Cite web |date=July 18, 2016 |title=Sweetening the bottom line with milkshakes |url=http://beta.nrn.com/beverage-trends/sweetening-bottom-line-milkshakes |access-date=June 1, 2017}}</ref> Labarin ya lura cewa girgizar kofi mai ɗanɗano sananne ne "saboda yana da ɗanɗano da ɗanɗanyo". Wani yanayin shine amfani da nau'ikan madara daban-daban, kamar madarar almond, [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], madarar soya, ko madarar hemp.<ref name="nrn.com" /> == Amfani da zanga-zangar == {{Reflist}} A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, a lokacin da ake gina zaben majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Turai a Burtaniya, jefa shake-shake ya fito ne a matsayin wata dabara ta zanga-zanga, yawanci ana niyya ga 'yan siyasa na dama. Wannan motsi ya samo asali ne daga "milkshaking" na Tommy Robinson, tare da na biyu da aka jefa daga baya a wannan watan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2019 |title=All the people who have been milkshaked so far this year |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/milkshake-throwing-nigel-farage-tommy-robinson-carl-benjamin-sargon-a8922111.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/milkshake-throwing-nigel-farage-tommy-robinson-carl-benjamin-sargon-a8922111.html |archive-date=May 14, 2022 |website=The Independent}}</ref> 'Yan sanda na Burtaniya sun bukaci kamfanin Edinburgh McDonald's ya guji sayar da milkshakes a ranar 17 ga Mayu yayin ziyarar Nigel Farage. Wannan ya sa Burger King ya yi martani a shafin Twitter: "Muna sayar da milkshakes duk karshen mako. Yi nishaɗi. " Daga baya Hukumar Kula da Ka'idojin Talla ta Burtaniya ta dakatar da tweet din Burger King, saboda sun ji cewa "ya amince da halayyar da ta gabata kuma ya karfafa karin lokuta", kuma saboda haka tallace-tallace ne "marasa alhakin". A wani ziyara daban a Newcastle a ranar 20 ga Mayu, Farage ya jefa masa shake na biyar. Carl Benjamin yana da jimlar milkshakes guda huɗu da aka jefa masa a wannan makon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dalton |first=Jane |date=May 19, 2019 |title=Ukip's Carl Benjamin hit by milkshake in Salisbury in fourth attack this week |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/carl-benjamin-milkshake-salisbury-ukip-a8920846.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/carl-benjamin-milkshake-salisbury-ukip-a8920846.html |archive-date=May 14, 2022 |website=The Independent}}</ref> Ayyukan shaking sun yi kama da na egging a matsayin wani nau'i na zanga-zanga game da 'yan siyasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakelian |first=Anoosh |date=May 16, 2019 |title="Lactose Against Intolerance!" How milkshake became a tool of protest |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/05/lactose-against-intolerance-how-milkshake-became-tool-protest |website=The New Statesman}}</ref> == A cikin al'adun gargajiya == {{Ice cream}}Masu shirya fina-finai wani lokacin suna amfani da milkshakes a matsayin taƙaitaccen gani don jigogi na tsabtar, rashin laifi, da matasa marasa cin hanci, suna wakiltar su a matsayin 'sweetness da nagarta. <ref name="denofgeek.com">{{Cite web |date=August 21, 2012 |title=Celebrating milkshake in the movies |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/milkshake/22257/celebrating-milkshake-in-the-movies |access-date=June 1, 2017}}</ref> A cikin All About Eve, ta hanyar darektan Joseph L. Mankiewicz, halin Bette Davis ba shi da farin ciki don ganin mutumin da ke son yin wa mata mata mata mata mai shaye-shake, don haka halin Davis ya umarci Martini mai shaye, kuma "da-shake-shake". Hakazalika, halin da Steve Buscemi ke takawa a cikin ''Ghost World'' an yi masa ba'a ta wata yarinya matashiya saboda ya ba da umarnin "mace-mace vanilla milkshake"; a ''Manhattan'', ta hanyar darektan Woody Allen, darektan ya jawo hankali ga bambancin shekaru tsakanin halin da yake da shekaru 42 (shi ma yana aiki a matsayin jagora) da budurwarsa matashiyar ta hanyar shan madara. A cikin fim din ''Lolita'' a shekara ta 1997, wata yarinya matashiya ta sha shake yayin da take tare da mutumin da ke tsakiyar shekaru (sabon saurayin mahaifiyarta) wanda ke sha'awar ta.<ref name="denofgeek.com" /><ref name="denofgeek.com" /> Ana nuna haruffa daga Archie Comics sau da yawa suna shan madara. Jerin talabijin na ''Riverdale'', wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo, yana nuna haruffa a cikin gidan cin abinci na gida na 1950, Pop's Chock'lit Shoppe; don inganta wasan kwaikwayon, simintin sun raba madara yayin bayyanar a kan The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . <ref name="swartz1">{{Cite web |last=Swartz |first=Suzie |date=April 24, 2018 |title=American Nostalgia on a Bun |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2018/04/fast-food-nostalgia/558686/ |access-date=May 10, 2018 |website=www.theatlantic.com |publisher=The Atlantic}}</ref> Master Shake, daya daga cikin manyan haruffa daga jerin shirye-shiryen Amurka na Aqua Teen Hunger Force (wanda aka fi sani da wasu sunayen sarauta), shine mai girman mutum. A cikin Kelis '2003 hit single "Milkshake" sunan abin sha an sake maimaita shi a cikin waƙar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Observer |date=2004-12-11 |title=From glam to grime, the year in music |url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/dec/12/popandrock2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917102112/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/dec/12/popandrock2 |archive-date=2014-09-17 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Milkshakes suna nunawa sosai a cikin bidiyon bidiyon waƙar, wanda ke nuna haruffa da ke cinye su a cikin gidan cin abinci. Kalmar Milkshake Duck, wacce aka kirkira a kan Twitter a cikin 2017, tana nufin mutumin da ya fara zama sananne a kafofin sada zumunta, kawai don ya zama abin kunya yayin da wasu masu amfani suka yi amfani da kasancewarsu ta yanar gizo kuma suka sami maganganu masu banƙyama ko tarihin da ba shi da kyau. == Dubi kuma == {{Milk navbox}} * Girgizar lafiya * Keventers Milkshake - alamar madara ta Indiya * Shake Shack - jerin gidan cin abinci mai sauri na Amurka da ke jaddada girgizar ƙasa * Mai laushi * Frosty (kayan zuma mai daskarewa) * McDonald's ice cream na na'ura - na'urar da aka yi amfani da ita don yin ice cream da girgiza a McDonald's * Faloodeh - ruwan zuma ko ice cream. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Ice cream}} * {{Commons category-inline|Milkshakes}} {{Milk navbox}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ju07ktpwpsht7tjpuk5of4yt3gtdg5p 822450 822442 2026-04-19T08:39:17Z Nura Bello 24854 822450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   A milkshake (wani lokacin ana kiransa kawai shake) abin sha ne mai dadi da aka yi ta hanyar hada [[madara]], ice cream, da dandano ko kayan zaki kamar butterscotch, caramel sauce, cakulan syrup, ko 'ya'yan itace syrup a cikin wani m, mai dadi, sanyi cakuda. Hakanan ana iya yin sa ta amfani da tushe da aka yi daga kayan da ba na madara ba, gami da madarar shuka kamar madarar almond, [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], ko madarar soya. Ana iya haɗa sinadaran bushe kamar 'ya'yan itace, kwayoyi, tsaba, zuma, ko [[Cookie|kukis]]. Milkshakes ya samo asali ne a Amurka a farkon karni na 20, kuma ya karu da shahara bayan gabatar da masu haɗakar lantarki a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka biyo baya. Sun zama wani bangare na al'adun matasa masu shahara, kamar yadda shagunan ice cream sun kasance wurin taro na al'adu ga matasa, kuma milkshakes ya zama alama ce ta rashin laifi na matasa. == Shirye-shiryen ==   Gidajen cin abinci masu cikakken sabis, shagunan ice cream, maɓuɓɓugar soda, da masu cin abinci yawanci su suna shirya girgizar a cikin na'urar shake. A gida, ana amfani da mahaɗin sau da yawa. Hakanan ana iya haɗa Milkshakes da hannu ta amfani da cokali. Ana iya yin Milkshakes daga kowane dandano na ice cream; ƙarin dandano, kamar syrup na cakulan, malt syrup, ko madara mai laushi, ana ƙara su sau da yawa kafin a gauraya su. Yawancin kantin sayar da abinci mai sauri ba sa girgiza daga sinadaran mutum; maimakon haka, suna amfani da injunan shake na atomatik waɗanda ke daskarewa kuma suna ba da cakuda shake na madara da aka riga aka yi wanda ya kunshi madara, wakili mai ɗanɗano, da wakili mai kauri. Wadannan suna kama da na'urorin ice cream masu taushi, amma suna ci gaba da girgiza a cikin abin sha. == Kalmomin == Magana game da bambancin tsakanin milkshake wanda ke amfani da ice cream da sauran nau'ikan madara mai ɗanɗano ya bambanta a yankin. Za'a iya kiran shake mai cike da ice cream a matsayin shake mai zurfi don rarrabe shi. A wasu sassan New England da gabashin Kanada, ana amfani da sunan FRAP (/fræp/ FRAP); a Rhode Island musamman, ana iya kiran su majalisun, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Seavey |first=Aimee |title=The Difference between a Milkshake and a Frappe |url=http://www.yankeemagazine.com/article/new-england-101/milk-shakes-frappes-cabinets |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611180108/http://www.yankeemagazine.com/article/new-england-101/milk-shakes-frappes-cabinets |archive-date=June 11, 2016 |access-date=June 2, 2016 |website=Yankee Magazine}}</ref> kamar yadda yake a cikin "ma'aikatar kofi".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Luchtel |first=Amanda |title=What Is a Milkshake? And How Is It Different from a Frappe or a Cabinet? {{!}} America's Test Kitchen |url=https://www.americastestkitchen.com/articles/7087-what-is-a-milkshake-and-how-is-it-different-from-a-frappe-or-a-cabinet |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=www.americastestkitchen.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cabinet |url=https://dare.wisc.edu/words/quarterly-updates/quarterly-update-12/cabinet/ |access-date=February 7, 2021 |website=Dictionary of American Regional English |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani shake mai dauke da madara mai laushi wani lokacin ana kiransa ''malt''. Ana amfani da kalmar ''kankare'' don musamman manyan madara waɗanda ba sa zubowa lokacin da aka juya su ƙasa, kamar waɗanda gidan cin abinci na Culver's ya bayar. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen akwai bukatun doka game da abin da za a iya kira "milkshake", kamar buƙatu don yawan adadin mai da madara marasa mai. Saboda haka, ya zama ruwan dare ga gidajen cin abinci su guji amfani da kalmar "milkshake" don komawa ga samfuran su, kamar kawai kiran su "shakes" maimakon "milkishakes". Gidajen cin Abinci mai sauri waɗanda ba sa nufin irin waɗannan samfuran su a matsayin "milkshakes" sun haɗa da Wendy's (wanda ke kiran samfurin su "Frosty"), Burger King, Dairy Queen, Del Taco, McDonald's, Shake Shack, da Sonic Drive-In.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2023 |title=Why You're Technically Not Able To Order A Milkshake At McDonald's |url=https://www.thedailymeal.com/1388708/order-milkshake-at-mcdonalds/ |website=Daily Meal}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Milkshakes_at_Mels_Diner.jpg|thumb|Strawberry da girgizar cakulan, kowannensu an rufe shi da cream, sprinkles, da maraschino cherryCherry maraschino]] === 1880s-1930s === Lokacin da aka fara amfani da kalmar milkshake a bugawa a shekarar 1885, <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Complete History of Milkshakes |url=https://icebergdriveinn.com/blogs/news/a-complete-history-of-milkshakes |access-date=30 June 2024 |website=Iceberg Drive Inn}}</ref> milkshake abin sha ne mai giya wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin "mai ƙarfi, mai lafiya irin abin sha, tare da ƙwai, whiskey, da dai sauransu, ya zama abin sha da kuma dandano". <ref name="stuart">Flexner, Stuart Berg (1982) ''Listening to America'', Simon & Schuster: New York, p. 178, {{ISBN|0671248952}}</ref> Koyaya, a shekara ta 1900, kalmar tana nufin "abin sha mai kyau da aka yi da cakulan, strawberry, ko vanilla syrup". A farkon shekarun 1900 mutane suna neman sabon abincin, sau da yawa tare da ice cream. A cikin shekarun 1930, milkshakes sanannen abin sha ne a shagunan malt, waɗanda suka kasance "maɓuɓɓugar soda ta musamman ta lokacin ... da ɗalibai ke amfani da ita azaman wurin taro ko wurin shakatawa".<ref name="stuart" /> Tarihin mai haɗakar lantarki, abin sha na madara, da milkshakes suna da alaƙa da juna. Kafin yaduwar masu haɗakar lantarki, abubuwan sha na milkshake sun fi kama da eggnog, ko kuma sun kasance cakuda da aka girgiza da hannu na kankara da madara, sukari, da dandano. Hamilton Beach ta gabatar da Cyclone Drink Mixer a cikin 1911, kuma an yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin maɓuɓɓugar soda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hamilton Beach Brands Holding Company: Our History |url=https://www.hamiltonbeachbrands.com/about-our-company/our-history/default.aspx |website=hamiltonbeachbrands.com}}</ref><ref name="ox">Anne Cooper Funderburg, "Milkshake", in Darra Goldstein, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets'', 2015, {{ISBN|0199313628}}, ''s.v.''</ref> Zane-zanen bakin tekun Hamilton, tare da motar a saman, ya kasance mafi yawan nau'in na'ura na milkshake. [ana binciken hujja] [citation need] A shekara ta 1922, Steven Poplawski ya ƙera na'ura mai haɗaɗɗiya ta ƙasa, wadda a wasu lokuta ake amfani da ita don yin milkshakes. Tare da ƙirƙirar blender, milkshakes sun fara ɗaukar nau'in su na zamani, bulala, iska, da kumfa. Amfani da madara mai laushi a cikin milkshakes ya shahara a Amurka ta hanyar kantin magani na Chicago Walgreens. Martin madara foda - cakuda madara mai narkewa, [[sha'ir]] mai narkewar, da garin alkama - William Horlick ne ya kirkireshi a cikin 1897 don amfani da shi azaman abin sha mai sauƙin narkewa ga mutane da yara masu nakasa, kuma azaman abincin [[jariri]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2011 |title=The History of Malted Milk Powder |url=http://www.kitchenlore.com/2011/07/history-of-malted-milk-powder.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011192130/http://www.kitchenlore.com/2011/07/history-of-malted-milk-powder.html |archive-date=October 11, 2011 |access-date=October 10, 2013 |website=Kitchen Lore}}</ref><ref name="Wisconsin Historical">{{Cite web |title=Wisconsin's Malted Milk Story – Online Exhibits – Wisconsin Historical Society |url=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/museum/exhibits/horlicks |access-date=June 1, 2017 |website=www.wisconsinhistory.org}}</ref> Koyaya, mutane masu lafiya ba da daɗewa ba sun fara shan abin sha da aka yi da madara mai laushi kawai don dandano, kuma abin sha mai laushi mai laushi wanda ke dauke da madara, syrup na cakulan, da foda na malt sun zama misali a maɓuɓɓugar soda.<ref name="Wisconsin Historical" /> A cikin 1922, ma'aikacin Walgreens Ivar "Pop" Coulson ya yi shake ta hanyar ƙara nau'ikan ice cream na vanilla guda biyu zuwa tsarin girke-girke na madara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Walgreen's history |url=http://www.walgreens.com/about/history/hist4.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501155205/http://www.walgreens.com/about/history/hist4.jsp |archive-date=May 1, 2008 |access-date=October 1, 2009 |publisher=Walgreens.com}}</ref> Wannan abu, a ƙarƙashin sunan "Horlick's Malted Milk", an nuna shi ta hanyar kantin magani na Walgreen a matsayin wani ɓangare na cakulan milkshake, wanda kansa ya zama sananne a matsayin "malted" ko "malt" kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun abubuwan sha na soda.&nbsp;&nbsp; Ayyukan sarrafa kansa na milkshakes sun samo asali ne a cikin shekarun 1930, bayan kirkirar firiji mai sanyaya ya ba da hanya mai aminci, abin dogaro na yin da rarraba ice cream ta atomatik. A cikin 1936, mai kirkiro Earl Prince ya yi amfani da ainihin ra'ayi a bayan na'urar ice cream mai sanyaya ta freon don haɓaka Multimixer, "mai haɗawa mai juyawa guda biyar wanda zai iya samar da milkshakes guda biyar a lokaci guda, duk ta atomatik, kuma ya rarraba su a lokacin da aka ja maɓallin zuwa jiran kofuna takarda".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Demirdjian |first=Z.S. |date=March 10, 2006 |title=Inexpensive Research in Marketing: Empowering the Technologically Challenged Entrepreneurs |url=https://www.businessperspectives.org/images/pdf/applications/publishing/templates/article/assets/1684/im_en_2006_01_Demirdjian.pdf |journal=Innovative Marketing |volume=2}}</ref> Labaran jaridu daga ƙarshen shekarun 1930 sun nuna cewa ana amfani da kalmar 'frosted' a wasu lokuta don komawa ga milkshakes, musamman waɗanda aka yi da ice cream. A cikin 1937, Denton Journal a Maryland ya bayyana cewa "Don girgizar 'gishiri', ƙara ɗanɗano na ice cream da kuka fi so. " A cikin 1939, Mansfield News a Ohio ya bayyana cewa ""A frosted be drink, in the vernacular, is something good to which ice cream. Misali mafi kyau shine free kofi -wannan zafi, mai ɗanɗano abin sha da aka yi sanyi da ice cream" &nbsp; === 1940s-1950s === A cikin shekarun 1950, shahararrun wuraren shan madara sune Woolworth's "5 & 10" lunch counters, diners, burger joints, da kuma magudanar soda. Wadannan cibiyoyin galibi suna nuna injin hada madara mai haske ko injin shake. Wadannan cibiyoyin sun yi milkshakes a Hamilton Beach ko irin wannan salon na masu hada abin sha, wanda ke da spindles da agitators wanda ke ninka iska cikin abin sha don "smooth, fluffy results" kuma ya ba su a cikin 12 + 1⁄2-US-fluid-ounce (370 tsawo tabarau tare da bulbous saman. Ma'aikatan maɓuɓɓugar Soda suna da nasu yaren, kamar su "Burn One All the Way" (kayan kwalliya da aka yi da ice cream), "Twist It, Choke It, and Make It Cackle" (kudan kwalliya da kwai), "Shake One in the Hay" (shake strawberry), da kuma "White Cow" (vanilla milkshake). A cikin shekarun 1950, wani mai sayar da na'urar shake mai suna Ray Kroc ya sayi haƙƙin mallaka ga mai yin shake na Multimixer na shekarun 1930 daga mai kirkiro Earl Prince, kuma ya ci gaba da amfani da na'urorin shake na atomatik don hanzarta samarwa a gidajen cin abinci na McDonald's.{{Convert|12+1/2|USoz|ml}} Milkshakes ya kuma zama sananne a wasu sassan duniya, gami da Ingila da Ostiraliya. A Ostiraliya, sandunan madara sun zama sanannun kuma ana ba da milkshakes da sauƙi kuma sau da yawa a cikin aluminum ko ko kofin ƙarfe wanda aka shirya su. Baya ga karin dandano na gargajiya, spearmint da milkshakes masu ɗanɗano sun zama sanannun a Ostiraliya. === Shekaru 2000 zuwa yanzu === [[Fayil:Strawberry-Mint_Liquid_Nitrogen_Shake_at_HBurger_in_Denver.jpg|thumb|An yi wannan milkshake ta amfani da ruwa nitrogen. Har yanzu ana iya ganin tururi yana tasowa a saman.]] A shekara ta 2006, Hukumar Binciken Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta haɓaka rage sukari, ƙarancin madara don shirye-shiryen abincin rana. Girgizar tana da rabin sukari kuma kashi 10% kawai na kitse na girgizar abinci mai sauri na kasuwanci. Makarantu suna buƙatar injin shake madara ko injin ice cream mai laushi don ba da madara. Har ila yau, milkshakes sun kara fiber da sauran abubuwan gina jiki da rage matakan lactose, wanda ya sa girgizar ta dace da wasu mutanen da ke fama da rashin haƙuri. Tallace-tallace na Amurka na milkshakes, malt, da floats sun karu da 11% a cikin shekarun 2006, a cewar kamfanin bincike na masana'antu NPD Group. Christopher Muller, darektan Cibiyar Gudanar da Gidan Gida da Multi-Unit a Jami'ar Orlando ta Tsakiya ta Florida ya ce "milkshakes yana tunatar da mu game da lokacin rani, matasa - da indulgence", kuma "suna tunatar da lokacin da ya wuce". Muller ya bayyana cewa milkshakes wani abu ne "mai fa'ida sosai" ga gidajen cin abinci, tunda abubuwan sha suna dauke da iska mai yawa. Kamfanin bincike na kasuwa Technomic ya bayyana cewa kusan kashi 75% na matsakaicin farashin gidan cin abinci na $ 3.38 a cikin 2006 riba ce. Wani zartarwa daga [[Sonic Drive-In]], jerin gidajen cin abinci na Amurka na shekarun 1950, ya kira girgiza "ɗaya daga cikin manyan wurarenmu, wuraren samar da kudaden shiga".<ref name="usa2" />&nbsp; Wani labarin 2016 ya bayyana cewa masu dafa abinci suna gwada sababbin ra'ayoyi tare da milkshakes don ci gaba da sha'awar abubuwan sha.<ref name="nrn.com">{{Cite web |date=July 18, 2016 |title=Sweetening the bottom line with milkshakes |url=http://beta.nrn.com/beverage-trends/sweetening-bottom-line-milkshakes |access-date=June 1, 2017}}</ref> Labarin ya lura cewa girgizar kofi mai ɗanɗano sananne ne "saboda yana da ɗanɗano da ɗanɗanyo". Wani yanayin shine amfani da nau'ikan madara daban-daban, kamar madarar almond, [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], madarar soya, ko madarar hemp.<ref name="nrn.com" /> == Amfani da zanga-zangar == {{Reflist}} A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, a lokacin da ake gina zaben majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Turai a Burtaniya, jefa shake-shake ya fito ne a matsayin wata dabara ta zanga-zanga, yawanci ana niyya ga 'yan siyasa na dama. Wannan motsi ya samo asali ne daga "milkshaking" na Tommy Robinson, tare da na biyu da aka jefa daga baya a wannan watan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2019 |title=All the people who have been milkshaked so far this year |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/milkshake-throwing-nigel-farage-tommy-robinson-carl-benjamin-sargon-a8922111.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/milkshake-throwing-nigel-farage-tommy-robinson-carl-benjamin-sargon-a8922111.html |archive-date=May 14, 2022 |website=The Independent}}</ref> 'Yan sanda na Burtaniya sun bukaci kamfanin Edinburgh McDonald's ya guji sayar da milkshakes a ranar 17 ga Mayu yayin ziyarar Nigel Farage. Wannan ya sa Burger King ya yi martani a shafin Twitter: "Muna sayar da milkshakes duk karshen mako. Yi nishaɗi. " Daga baya Hukumar Kula da Ka'idojin Talla ta Burtaniya ta dakatar da tweet din Burger King, saboda sun ji cewa "ya amince da halayyar da ta gabata kuma ya karfafa karin lokuta", kuma saboda haka tallace-tallace ne "marasa alhakin". A wani ziyara daban a Newcastle a ranar 20 ga Mayu, Farage ya jefa masa shake na biyar. Carl Benjamin yana da jimlar milkshakes guda huɗu da aka jefa masa a wannan makon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dalton |first=Jane |date=May 19, 2019 |title=Ukip's Carl Benjamin hit by milkshake in Salisbury in fourth attack this week |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/carl-benjamin-milkshake-salisbury-ukip-a8920846.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/carl-benjamin-milkshake-salisbury-ukip-a8920846.html |archive-date=May 14, 2022 |website=The Independent}}</ref> Ayyukan shaking sun yi kama da na egging a matsayin wani nau'i na zanga-zanga game da 'yan siyasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakelian |first=Anoosh |date=May 16, 2019 |title="Lactose Against Intolerance!" How milkshake became a tool of protest |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/05/lactose-against-intolerance-how-milkshake-became-tool-protest |website=The New Statesman}}</ref> == A cikin al'adun gargajiya == {{Ice cream}}Masu shirya fina-finai wani lokacin suna amfani da milkshakes a matsayin taƙaitaccen gani don jigogi na tsabtar, rashin laifi, da matasa marasa cin hanci, suna wakiltar su a matsayin 'sweetness da nagarta. <ref name="denofgeek.com">{{Cite web |date=August 21, 2012 |title=Celebrating milkshake in the movies |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/milkshake/22257/celebrating-milkshake-in-the-movies |access-date=June 1, 2017}}</ref> A cikin All About Eve, ta hanyar darektan Joseph L. Mankiewicz, halin Bette Davis ba shi da farin ciki don ganin mutumin da ke son yin wa mata mata mata mata mai shaye-shake, don haka halin Davis ya umarci Martini mai shaye, kuma "da-shake-shake". Hakazalika, halin da Steve Buscemi ke takawa a cikin ''Ghost World'' an yi masa ba'a ta wata yarinya matashiya saboda ya ba da umarnin "mace-mace vanilla milkshake"; a ''Manhattan'', ta hanyar darektan Woody Allen, darektan ya jawo hankali ga bambancin shekaru tsakanin halin da yake da shekaru 42 (shi ma yana aiki a matsayin jagora) da budurwarsa matashiyar ta hanyar shan madara. A cikin fim din ''Lolita'' a shekara ta 1997, wata yarinya matashiya ta sha shake yayin da take tare da mutumin da ke tsakiyar shekaru (sabon saurayin mahaifiyarta) wanda ke sha'awar ta.<ref name="denofgeek.com" /><ref name="denofgeek.com" /> Ana nuna haruffa daga Archie Comics sau da yawa suna shan madara. Jerin talabijin na ''Riverdale'', wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo, yana nuna haruffa a cikin gidan cin abinci na gida na 1950, Pop's Chock'lit Shoppe; don inganta wasan kwaikwayon, simintin sun raba madara yayin bayyanar a kan The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . <ref name="swartz1">{{Cite web |last=Swartz |first=Suzie |date=April 24, 2018 |title=American Nostalgia on a Bun |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2018/04/fast-food-nostalgia/558686/ |access-date=May 10, 2018 |website=www.theatlantic.com |publisher=The Atlantic}}</ref> Master Shake, daya daga cikin manyan haruffa daga jerin shirye-shiryen Amurka na Aqua Teen Hunger Force (wanda aka fi sani da wasu sunayen sarauta), shine mai girman mutum. A cikin Kelis '2003 hit single "Milkshake" sunan abin sha an sake maimaita shi a cikin waƙar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Observer |date=2004-12-11 |title=From glam to grime, the year in music |url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/dec/12/popandrock2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917102112/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/dec/12/popandrock2 |archive-date=2014-09-17 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Milkshakes suna nunawa sosai a cikin bidiyon bidiyon waƙar, wanda ke nuna haruffa da ke cinye su a cikin gidan cin abinci. Kalmar Milkshake Duck, wacce aka kirkira a kan Twitter a cikin shekarun 2017, tana nufin mutumin da ya fara zama sananne a kafofin sada zumunta, kawai don ya zama abin kunya yayin da wasu masu amfani suka yi amfani da kasancewarsu ta yanar gizo kuma suka sami maganganu masu banƙyama ko tarihin da ba shi da kyau. == Dubi kuma == {{Milk navbox}} * Girgizar lafiya * Keventers Milkshake - alamar madara ta Indiya * Shake Shack - jerin gidan cin abinci mai sauri na Amurka da ke jaddada girgizar ƙasa * Mai laushi * Frosty (kayan zuma mai daskarewa) * McDonald's ice cream na na'ura - na'urar da aka yi amfani da ita don yin ice cream da girgiza a McDonald's * Faloodeh - ruwan zuma ko ice cream. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Ice cream}} * {{Commons category-inline|Milkshakes}} {{Milk navbox}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hpkjwwsej7bf455pbsbqk7rtlzr8b89 822452 822450 2026-04-19T08:45:48Z Musa Vacho77 9881 Gyara 822452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Milkshake (wani lokacin ana kiransa kawai shake) abin sha ne mai dadi da aka yi ta hanyar hada [[madara]], ice cream, da dandano ko kayan zaki kamar butterscotch, caramel sauce, cakulan syrup, ko 'ya'yan itace syrup a cikin wani m, mai dadi, sanyi cakuda. Hakanan ana iya yin sa ta amfani da tushe da aka yi daga kayan da ba na madara ba, gami da madarar shuka kamar madarar almond, [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], ko madarar soya. Ana iya haɗa sinadaran bushe kamar 'ya'yan itace, kwayoyi, tsaba, zuma, ko [[Cookie|kukis]]. Milkshakes ya samo asali ne a Amurka a farkon karni na 20, kuma ya karu da shahara bayan gabatar da masu haɗakar lantarki a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka biyo baya. Sun zama wani bangare na al'adun matasa masu shahara, kamar yadda shagunan ice cream sun kasance wurin taro na al'adu ga matasa, kuma milkshakes ya zama alama ce ta rashin laifi na matasa. == Shirye-shiryen ==   Gidajen cin abinci masu cikakken sabis, shagunan ice cream, maɓuɓɓugar soda, da masu cin abinci yawanci su suna shirya girgizar a cikin na'urar shake. A gida, ana amfani da mahaɗin sau da yawa. Hakanan ana iya haɗa Milkshakes da hannu ta amfani da cokali. Ana iya yin Milkshakes daga kowane dandano na ice cream; ƙarin dandano, kamar syrup na cakulan, malt syrup, ko madara mai laushi, ana ƙara su sau da yawa kafin a gauraya su. Yawancin kantin sayar da abinci mai sauri ba sa girgiza daga sinadaran mutum; maimakon haka, suna amfani da injunan shake na atomatik waɗanda ke daskarewa kuma suna ba da cakuda shake na madara da aka riga aka yi wanda ya kunshi madara, wakili mai ɗanɗano, da wakili mai kauri. Wadannan suna kama da na'urorin ice cream masu taushi, amma suna ci gaba da girgiza a cikin abin sha. == Kalmomin == Magana game da bambancin tsakanin milkshake wanda ke amfani da ice cream da sauran nau'ikan madara mai ɗanɗano ya bambanta a yankin. Za'a iya kiran shake mai cike da ice cream a matsayin shake mai zurfi don rarrabe shi. A wasu sassan New England da gabashin Kanada, ana amfani da sunan FRAP (/fræp/ FRAP); a Rhode Island musamman, ana iya kiran su majalisun, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Seavey |first=Aimee |title=The Difference between a Milkshake and a Frappe |url=http://www.yankeemagazine.com/article/new-england-101/milk-shakes-frappes-cabinets |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611180108/http://www.yankeemagazine.com/article/new-england-101/milk-shakes-frappes-cabinets |archive-date=June 11, 2016 |access-date=June 2, 2016 |website=Yankee Magazine}}</ref> kamar yadda yake a cikin "ma'aikatar kofi".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Luchtel |first=Amanda |title=What Is a Milkshake? And How Is It Different from a Frappe or a Cabinet? {{!}} America's Test Kitchen |url=https://www.americastestkitchen.com/articles/7087-what-is-a-milkshake-and-how-is-it-different-from-a-frappe-or-a-cabinet |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=www.americastestkitchen.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cabinet |url=https://dare.wisc.edu/words/quarterly-updates/quarterly-update-12/cabinet/ |access-date=February 7, 2021 |website=Dictionary of American Regional English |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani shake mai dauke da madara mai laushi wani lokacin ana kiransa ''malt''. Ana amfani da kalmar ''kankare'' don musamman manyan madara waɗanda ba sa zubowa lokacin da aka juya su ƙasa, kamar waɗanda gidan cin abinci na Culver's ya bayar. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen akwai bukatun doka game da abin da za a iya kira "milkshake", kamar buƙatu don yawan adadin mai da madara marasa mai. Saboda haka, ya zama ruwan dare ga gidajen cin abinci su guji amfani da kalmar "milkshake" don komawa ga samfuran su, kamar kawai kiran su "shakes" maimakon "milkishakes". Gidajen cin Abinci mai sauri waɗanda ba sa nufin irin waɗannan samfuran su a matsayin "milkshakes" sun haɗa da Wendy's (wanda ke kiran samfurin su "Frosty"), Burger King, Dairy Queen, Del Taco, McDonald's, Shake Shack, da Sonic Drive-In.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2023 |title=Why You're Technically Not Able To Order A Milkshake At McDonald's |url=https://www.thedailymeal.com/1388708/order-milkshake-at-mcdonalds/ |website=Daily Meal}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Milkshakes_at_Mels_Diner.jpg|thumb|Strawberry da girgizar cakulan, kowannensu an rufe shi da cream, sprinkles, da maraschino cherryCherry maraschino]] === 1880s-1930s === Lokacin da aka fara amfani da kalmar milkshake a bugawa a shekarar 1885, <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Complete History of Milkshakes |url=https://icebergdriveinn.com/blogs/news/a-complete-history-of-milkshakes |access-date=30 June 2024 |website=Iceberg Drive Inn}}</ref> milkshake abin sha ne mai giya wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin "mai ƙarfi, mai lafiya irin abin sha, tare da ƙwai, whiskey, da dai sauransu, ya zama abin sha da kuma dandano". <ref name="stuart">Flexner, Stuart Berg (1982) ''Listening to America'', Simon & Schuster: New York, p. 178, {{ISBN|0671248952}}</ref> Koyaya, a shekara ta 1900, kalmar tana nufin "abin sha mai kyau da aka yi da cakulan, strawberry, ko vanilla syrup". A farkon shekarun 1900 mutane suna neman sabon abincin, sau da yawa tare da ice cream. A cikin shekarun 1930, milkshakes sanannen abin sha ne a shagunan malt, waɗanda suka kasance "maɓuɓɓugar soda ta musamman ta lokacin ... da ɗalibai ke amfani da ita azaman wurin taro ko wurin shakatawa".<ref name="stuart" /> Tarihin mai haɗakar lantarki, abin sha na madara, da milkshakes suna da alaƙa da juna. Kafin yaduwar masu haɗakar lantarki, abubuwan sha na milkshake sun fi kama da eggnog, ko kuma sun kasance cakuda da aka girgiza da hannu na kankara da madara, sukari, da dandano. Hamilton Beach ta gabatar da Cyclone Drink Mixer a cikin 1911, kuma an yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin maɓuɓɓugar soda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hamilton Beach Brands Holding Company: Our History |url=https://www.hamiltonbeachbrands.com/about-our-company/our-history/default.aspx |website=hamiltonbeachbrands.com}}</ref><ref name="ox">Anne Cooper Funderburg, "Milkshake", in Darra Goldstein, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets'', 2015, {{ISBN|0199313628}}, ''s.v.''</ref> Zane-zanen bakin tekun Hamilton, tare da motar a saman, ya kasance mafi yawan nau'in na'ura na milkshake. [ana binciken hujja] [citation need] A shekara ta 1922, Steven Poplawski ya ƙera na'ura mai haɗaɗɗiya ta ƙasa, wadda a wasu lokuta ake amfani da ita don yin milkshakes. Tare da ƙirƙirar blender, milkshakes sun fara ɗaukar nau'in su na zamani, bulala, iska, da kumfa. Amfani da madara mai laushi a cikin milkshakes ya shahara a Amurka ta hanyar kantin magani na Chicago Walgreens. Martin madara foda - cakuda madara mai narkewa, [[sha'ir]] mai narkewar, da garin alkama - William Horlick ne ya kirkireshi a cikin 1897 don amfani da shi azaman abin sha mai sauƙin narkewa ga mutane da yara masu nakasa, kuma azaman abincin [[jariri]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2011 |title=The History of Malted Milk Powder |url=http://www.kitchenlore.com/2011/07/history-of-malted-milk-powder.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011192130/http://www.kitchenlore.com/2011/07/history-of-malted-milk-powder.html |archive-date=October 11, 2011 |access-date=October 10, 2013 |website=Kitchen Lore}}</ref><ref name="Wisconsin Historical">{{Cite web |title=Wisconsin's Malted Milk Story – Online Exhibits – Wisconsin Historical Society |url=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/museum/exhibits/horlicks |access-date=June 1, 2017 |website=www.wisconsinhistory.org}}</ref> Koyaya, mutane masu lafiya ba da daɗewa ba sun fara shan abin sha da aka yi da madara mai laushi kawai don dandano, kuma abin sha mai laushi mai laushi wanda ke dauke da madara, syrup na cakulan, da foda na malt sun zama misali a maɓuɓɓugar soda.<ref name="Wisconsin Historical" /> A cikin 1922, ma'aikacin Walgreens Ivar "Pop" Coulson ya yi shake ta hanyar ƙara nau'ikan ice cream na vanilla guda biyu zuwa tsarin girke-girke na madara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Walgreen's history |url=http://www.walgreens.com/about/history/hist4.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501155205/http://www.walgreens.com/about/history/hist4.jsp |archive-date=May 1, 2008 |access-date=October 1, 2009 |publisher=Walgreens.com}}</ref> Wannan abu, a ƙarƙashin sunan "Horlick's Malted Milk", an nuna shi ta hanyar kantin magani na Walgreen a matsayin wani ɓangare na cakulan milkshake, wanda kansa ya zama sananne a matsayin "malted" ko "malt" kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun abubuwan sha na soda.&nbsp;&nbsp; Ayyukan sarrafa kansa na milkshakes sun samo asali ne a cikin shekarun 1930, bayan kirkirar firiji mai sanyaya ya ba da hanya mai aminci, abin dogaro na yin da rarraba ice cream ta atomatik. A cikin 1936, mai kirkiro Earl Prince ya yi amfani da ainihin ra'ayi a bayan na'urar ice cream mai sanyaya ta freon don haɓaka Multimixer, "mai haɗawa mai juyawa guda biyar wanda zai iya samar da milkshakes guda biyar a lokaci guda, duk ta atomatik, kuma ya rarraba su a lokacin da aka ja maɓallin zuwa jiran kofuna takarda".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Demirdjian |first=Z.S. |date=March 10, 2006 |title=Inexpensive Research in Marketing: Empowering the Technologically Challenged Entrepreneurs |url=https://www.businessperspectives.org/images/pdf/applications/publishing/templates/article/assets/1684/im_en_2006_01_Demirdjian.pdf |journal=Innovative Marketing |volume=2}}</ref> Labaran jaridu daga ƙarshen shekarun 1930 sun nuna cewa ana amfani da kalmar 'frosted' a wasu lokuta don komawa ga milkshakes, musamman waɗanda aka yi da ice cream. A cikin 1937, Denton Journal a Maryland ya bayyana cewa "Don girgizar 'gishiri', ƙara ɗanɗano na ice cream da kuka fi so. " A cikin 1939, Mansfield News a Ohio ya bayyana cewa ""A frosted be drink, in the vernacular, is something good to which ice cream. Misali mafi kyau shine free kofi -wannan zafi, mai ɗanɗano abin sha da aka yi sanyi da ice cream" &nbsp; === 1940s-1950s === A cikin shekarun 1950, shahararrun wuraren shan madara sune Woolworth's "5 & 10" lunch counters, diners, burger joints, da kuma magudanar soda. Wadannan cibiyoyin galibi suna nuna injin hada madara mai haske ko injin shake. Wadannan cibiyoyin sun yi milkshakes a Hamilton Beach ko irin wannan salon na masu hada abin sha, wanda ke da spindles da agitators wanda ke ninka iska cikin abin sha don "smooth, fluffy results" kuma ya ba su a cikin 12 + 1⁄2-US-fluid-ounce (370 tsawo tabarau tare da bulbous saman. Ma'aikatan maɓuɓɓugar Soda suna da nasu yaren, kamar su "Burn One All the Way" (kayan kwalliya da aka yi da ice cream), "Twist It, Choke It, and Make It Cackle" (kudan kwalliya da kwai), "Shake One in the Hay" (shake strawberry), da kuma "White Cow" (vanilla milkshake). A cikin shekarun 1950, wani mai sayar da na'urar shake mai suna Ray Kroc ya sayi haƙƙin mallaka ga mai yin shake na Multimixer na shekarun 1930 daga mai kirkiro Earl Prince, kuma ya ci gaba da amfani da na'urorin shake na atomatik don hanzarta samarwa a gidajen cin abinci na McDonald's.{{Convert|12+1/2|USoz|ml}} Milkshakes ya kuma zama sananne a wasu sassan duniya, gami da Ingila da Ostiraliya. A Ostiraliya, sandunan madara sun zama sanannun kuma ana ba da milkshakes da sauƙi kuma sau da yawa a cikin aluminum ko ko kofin ƙarfe wanda aka shirya su. Baya ga karin dandano na gargajiya, spearmint da milkshakes masu ɗanɗano sun zama sanannun a Ostiraliya. === Shekaru 2000 zuwa yanzu === [[Fayil:Strawberry-Mint_Liquid_Nitrogen_Shake_at_HBurger_in_Denver.jpg|thumb|An yi wannan milkshake ta amfani da ruwa nitrogen. Har yanzu ana iya ganin tururi yana tasowa a saman.]] A shekara ta 2006, Hukumar Binciken Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta haɓaka rage sukari, ƙarancin madara don shirye-shiryen abincin rana. Girgizar tana da rabin sukari kuma kashi 10% kawai na kitse na girgizar abinci mai sauri na kasuwanci. Makarantu suna buƙatar injin shake madara ko injin ice cream mai laushi don ba da madara. Har ila yau, milkshakes sun kara fiber da sauran abubuwan gina jiki da rage matakan lactose, wanda ya sa girgizar ta dace da wasu mutanen da ke fama da rashin haƙuri. Tallace-tallace na Amurka na milkshakes, malt, da floats sun karu da 11% a cikin shekarun 2006, a cewar kamfanin bincike na masana'antu NPD Group. Christopher Muller, darektan Cibiyar Gudanar da Gidan Gida da Multi-Unit a Jami'ar Orlando ta Tsakiya ta Florida ya ce "milkshakes yana tunatar da mu game da lokacin rani, matasa - da indulgence", kuma "suna tunatar da lokacin da ya wuce". Muller ya bayyana cewa milkshakes wani abu ne "mai fa'ida sosai" ga gidajen cin abinci, tunda abubuwan sha suna dauke da iska mai yawa. Kamfanin bincike na kasuwa Technomic ya bayyana cewa kusan kashi 75% na matsakaicin farashin gidan cin abinci na $ 3.38 a cikin 2006 riba ce. Wani zartarwa daga [[Sonic Drive-In]], jerin gidajen cin abinci na Amurka na shekarun 1950, ya kira girgiza "ɗaya daga cikin manyan wurarenmu, wuraren samar da kudaden shiga".<ref name="usa2" />&nbsp; Wani labarin 2016 ya bayyana cewa masu dafa abinci suna gwada sababbin ra'ayoyi tare da milkshakes don ci gaba da sha'awar abubuwan sha.<ref name="nrn.com">{{Cite web |date=July 18, 2016 |title=Sweetening the bottom line with milkshakes |url=http://beta.nrn.com/beverage-trends/sweetening-bottom-line-milkshakes |access-date=June 1, 2017}}</ref> Labarin ya lura cewa girgizar kofi mai ɗanɗano sananne ne "saboda yana da ɗanɗano da ɗanɗanyo". Wani yanayin shine amfani da nau'ikan madara daban-daban, kamar madarar almond, [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], madarar soya, ko madarar hemp.<ref name="nrn.com" /> == Amfani da zanga-zangar == {{Reflist}} A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, a lokacin da ake gina zaben majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Turai a Burtaniya, jefa shake-shake ya fito ne a matsayin wata dabara ta zanga-zanga, yawanci ana niyya ga 'yan siyasa na dama. Wannan motsi ya samo asali ne daga "milkshaking" na Tommy Robinson, tare da na biyu da aka jefa daga baya a wannan watan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2019 |title=All the people who have been milkshaked so far this year |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/milkshake-throwing-nigel-farage-tommy-robinson-carl-benjamin-sargon-a8922111.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/milkshake-throwing-nigel-farage-tommy-robinson-carl-benjamin-sargon-a8922111.html |archive-date=May 14, 2022 |website=The Independent}}</ref> 'Yan sanda na Burtaniya sun bukaci kamfanin Edinburgh McDonald's ya guji sayar da milkshakes a ranar 17 ga Mayu yayin ziyarar Nigel Farage. Wannan ya sa Burger King ya yi martani a shafin Twitter: "Muna sayar da milkshakes duk karshen mako. Yi nishaɗi. " Daga baya Hukumar Kula da Ka'idojin Talla ta Burtaniya ta dakatar da tweet din Burger King, saboda sun ji cewa "ya amince da halayyar da ta gabata kuma ya karfafa karin lokuta", kuma saboda haka tallace-tallace ne "marasa alhakin". A wani ziyara daban a Newcastle a ranar 20 ga Mayu, Farage ya jefa masa shake na biyar. Carl Benjamin yana da jimlar milkshakes guda huɗu da aka jefa masa a wannan makon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dalton |first=Jane |date=May 19, 2019 |title=Ukip's Carl Benjamin hit by milkshake in Salisbury in fourth attack this week |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/carl-benjamin-milkshake-salisbury-ukip-a8920846.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/carl-benjamin-milkshake-salisbury-ukip-a8920846.html |archive-date=May 14, 2022 |website=The Independent}}</ref> Ayyukan shaking sun yi kama da na egging a matsayin wani nau'i na zanga-zanga game da 'yan siyasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakelian |first=Anoosh |date=May 16, 2019 |title="Lactose Against Intolerance!" How milkshake became a tool of protest |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/05/lactose-against-intolerance-how-milkshake-became-tool-protest |website=The New Statesman}}</ref> == A cikin al'adun gargajiya == {{Ice cream}}Masu shirya fina-finai wani lokacin suna amfani da milkshakes a matsayin taƙaitaccen gani don jigogi na tsabtar, rashin laifi, da matasa marasa cin hanci, suna wakiltar su a matsayin 'sweetness da nagarta. <ref name="denofgeek.com">{{Cite web |date=August 21, 2012 |title=Celebrating milkshake in the movies |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/milkshake/22257/celebrating-milkshake-in-the-movies |access-date=June 1, 2017}}</ref> A cikin All About Eve, ta hanyar darektan Joseph L. Mankiewicz, halin Bette Davis ba shi da farin ciki don ganin mutumin da ke son yin wa mata mata mata mata mai shaye-shake, don haka halin Davis ya umarci Martini mai shaye, kuma "da-shake-shake". Hakazalika, halin da Steve Buscemi ke takawa a cikin ''Ghost World'' an yi masa ba'a ta wata yarinya matashiya saboda ya ba da umarnin "mace-mace vanilla milkshake"; a ''Manhattan'', ta hanyar darektan Woody Allen, darektan ya jawo hankali ga bambancin shekaru tsakanin halin da yake da shekaru 42 (shi ma yana aiki a matsayin jagora) da budurwarsa matashiyar ta hanyar shan madara. A cikin fim din ''Lolita'' a shekara ta 1997, wata yarinya matashiya ta sha shake yayin da take tare da mutumin da ke tsakiyar shekaru (sabon saurayin mahaifiyarta) wanda ke sha'awar ta.<ref name="denofgeek.com" /><ref name="denofgeek.com" /> Ana nuna haruffa daga Archie Comics sau da yawa suna shan madara. Jerin talabijin na ''Riverdale'', wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo, yana nuna haruffa a cikin gidan cin abinci na gida na 1950, Pop's Chock'lit Shoppe; don inganta wasan kwaikwayon, simintin sun raba madara yayin bayyanar a kan The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . <ref name="swartz1">{{Cite web |last=Swartz |first=Suzie |date=April 24, 2018 |title=American Nostalgia on a Bun |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2018/04/fast-food-nostalgia/558686/ |access-date=May 10, 2018 |website=www.theatlantic.com |publisher=The Atlantic}}</ref> Master Shake, daya daga cikin manyan haruffa daga jerin shirye-shiryen Amurka na Aqua Teen Hunger Force (wanda aka fi sani da wasu sunayen sarauta), shine mai girman mutum. A cikin Kelis '2003 hit single "Milkshake" sunan abin sha an sake maimaita shi a cikin waƙar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Observer |date=2004-12-11 |title=From glam to grime, the year in music |url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/dec/12/popandrock2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917102112/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/dec/12/popandrock2 |archive-date=2014-09-17 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Milkshakes suna nunawa sosai a cikin bidiyon bidiyon waƙar, wanda ke nuna haruffa da ke cinye su a cikin gidan cin abinci. Kalmar Milkshake Duck, wacce aka kirkira a kan Twitter a cikin shekarun 2017, tana nufin mutumin da ya fara zama sananne a kafofin sada zumunta, kawai don ya zama abin kunya yayin da wasu masu amfani suka yi amfani da kasancewarsu ta yanar gizo kuma suka sami maganganu masu banƙyama ko tarihin da ba shi da kyau. == Dubi kuma == {{Milk navbox}} * Girgizar lafiya * Keventers Milkshake - alamar madara ta Indiya * Shake Shack - jerin gidan cin abinci mai sauri na Amurka da ke jaddada girgizar ƙasa * Mai laushi * Frosty (kayan zuma mai daskarewa) * McDonald's ice cream na na'ura - na'urar da aka yi amfani da ita don yin ice cream da girgiza a McDonald's * Faloodeh - ruwan zuma ko ice cream. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Ice cream}} * {{Commons category-inline|Milkshakes}} {{Milk navbox}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] al39zgcwpx8zni9ojawzpvlzk8gs8uf 822453 822452 2026-04-19T08:46:43Z Musa Vacho77 9881 Gyara 822453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Milkshake''' (wani lokacin ana kiransa kawai shake) abin sha ne mai dadi da aka yi ta hanyar hada [[madara]], ice cream, da dandano ko kayan zaki kamar butterscotch, caramel sauce, cakulan syrup, ko 'ya'yan itace syrup a cikin wani m, mai dadi, sanyi cakuda. Hakanan ana iya yin sa ta amfani da tushe da aka yi daga kayan da ba na madara ba, gami da madarar shuka kamar madarar almond, [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], ko madarar soya. Ana iya haɗa sinadaran bushe kamar 'ya'yan itace, kwayoyi, tsaba, zuma, ko [[Cookie|kukis]]. Milkshakes ya samo asali ne a Amurka a farkon karni na 20, kuma ya karu da shahara bayan gabatar da masu haɗakar lantarki a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka biyo baya. Sun zama wani bangare na al'adun matasa masu shahara, kamar yadda shagunan ice cream sun kasance wurin taro na al'adu ga matasa, kuma milkshakes ya zama alama ce ta rashin laifi na matasa. == Shirye-shiryen ==   Gidajen cin abinci masu cikakken sabis, shagunan ice cream, maɓuɓɓugar soda, da masu cin abinci yawanci su suna shirya girgizar a cikin na'urar shake. A gida, ana amfani da mahaɗin sau da yawa. Hakanan ana iya haɗa Milkshakes da hannu ta amfani da cokali. Ana iya yin Milkshakes daga kowane dandano na ice cream; ƙarin dandano, kamar syrup na cakulan, malt syrup, ko madara mai laushi, ana ƙara su sau da yawa kafin a gauraya su. Yawancin kantin sayar da abinci mai sauri ba sa girgiza daga sinadaran mutum; maimakon haka, suna amfani da injunan shake na atomatik waɗanda ke daskarewa kuma suna ba da cakuda shake na madara da aka riga aka yi wanda ya kunshi madara, wakili mai ɗanɗano, da wakili mai kauri. Wadannan suna kama da na'urorin ice cream masu taushi, amma suna ci gaba da girgiza a cikin abin sha. == Kalmomin == Magana game da bambancin tsakanin milkshake wanda ke amfani da ice cream da sauran nau'ikan madara mai ɗanɗano ya bambanta a yankin. Za'a iya kiran shake mai cike da ice cream a matsayin shake mai zurfi don rarrabe shi. A wasu sassan New England da gabashin Kanada, ana amfani da sunan FRAP (/fræp/ FRAP); a Rhode Island musamman, ana iya kiran su majalisun, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Seavey |first=Aimee |title=The Difference between a Milkshake and a Frappe |url=http://www.yankeemagazine.com/article/new-england-101/milk-shakes-frappes-cabinets |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611180108/http://www.yankeemagazine.com/article/new-england-101/milk-shakes-frappes-cabinets |archive-date=June 11, 2016 |access-date=June 2, 2016 |website=Yankee Magazine}}</ref> kamar yadda yake a cikin "ma'aikatar kofi".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Luchtel |first=Amanda |title=What Is a Milkshake? And How Is It Different from a Frappe or a Cabinet? {{!}} America's Test Kitchen |url=https://www.americastestkitchen.com/articles/7087-what-is-a-milkshake-and-how-is-it-different-from-a-frappe-or-a-cabinet |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=www.americastestkitchen.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cabinet |url=https://dare.wisc.edu/words/quarterly-updates/quarterly-update-12/cabinet/ |access-date=February 7, 2021 |website=Dictionary of American Regional English |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani shake mai dauke da madara mai laushi wani lokacin ana kiransa ''malt''. Ana amfani da kalmar ''kankare'' don musamman manyan madara waɗanda ba sa zubowa lokacin da aka juya su ƙasa, kamar waɗanda gidan cin abinci na Culver's ya bayar. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen akwai bukatun doka game da abin da za a iya kira "milkshake", kamar buƙatu don yawan adadin mai da madara marasa mai. Saboda haka, ya zama ruwan dare ga gidajen cin abinci su guji amfani da kalmar "milkshake" don komawa ga samfuran su, kamar kawai kiran su "shakes" maimakon "milkishakes". Gidajen cin Abinci mai sauri waɗanda ba sa nufin irin waɗannan samfuran su a matsayin "milkshakes" sun haɗa da Wendy's (wanda ke kiran samfurin su "Frosty"), Burger King, Dairy Queen, Del Taco, McDonald's, Shake Shack, da Sonic Drive-In.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2023 |title=Why You're Technically Not Able To Order A Milkshake At McDonald's |url=https://www.thedailymeal.com/1388708/order-milkshake-at-mcdonalds/ |website=Daily Meal}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Milkshakes_at_Mels_Diner.jpg|thumb|Strawberry da girgizar cakulan, kowannensu an rufe shi da cream, sprinkles, da maraschino cherryCherry maraschino]] === 1880s-1930s === Lokacin da aka fara amfani da kalmar milkshake a bugawa a shekarar 1885, <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Complete History of Milkshakes |url=https://icebergdriveinn.com/blogs/news/a-complete-history-of-milkshakes |access-date=30 June 2024 |website=Iceberg Drive Inn}}</ref> milkshake abin sha ne mai giya wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin "mai ƙarfi, mai lafiya irin abin sha, tare da ƙwai, whiskey, da dai sauransu, ya zama abin sha da kuma dandano". <ref name="stuart">Flexner, Stuart Berg (1982) ''Listening to America'', Simon & Schuster: New York, p. 178, {{ISBN|0671248952}}</ref> Koyaya, a shekara ta 1900, kalmar tana nufin "abin sha mai kyau da aka yi da cakulan, strawberry, ko vanilla syrup". A farkon shekarun 1900 mutane suna neman sabon abincin, sau da yawa tare da ice cream. A cikin shekarun 1930, milkshakes sanannen abin sha ne a shagunan malt, waɗanda suka kasance "maɓuɓɓugar soda ta musamman ta lokacin ... da ɗalibai ke amfani da ita azaman wurin taro ko wurin shakatawa".<ref name="stuart" /> Tarihin mai haɗakar lantarki, abin sha na madara, da milkshakes suna da alaƙa da juna. Kafin yaduwar masu haɗakar lantarki, abubuwan sha na milkshake sun fi kama da eggnog, ko kuma sun kasance cakuda da aka girgiza da hannu na kankara da madara, sukari, da dandano. Hamilton Beach ta gabatar da Cyclone Drink Mixer a cikin 1911, kuma an yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin maɓuɓɓugar soda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hamilton Beach Brands Holding Company: Our History |url=https://www.hamiltonbeachbrands.com/about-our-company/our-history/default.aspx |website=hamiltonbeachbrands.com}}</ref><ref name="ox">Anne Cooper Funderburg, "Milkshake", in Darra Goldstein, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets'', 2015, {{ISBN|0199313628}}, ''s.v.''</ref> Zane-zanen bakin tekun Hamilton, tare da motar a saman, ya kasance mafi yawan nau'in na'ura na milkshake. [ana binciken hujja] [citation need] A shekara ta 1922, Steven Poplawski ya ƙera na'ura mai haɗaɗɗiya ta ƙasa, wadda a wasu lokuta ake amfani da ita don yin milkshakes. Tare da ƙirƙirar blender, milkshakes sun fara ɗaukar nau'in su na zamani, bulala, iska, da kumfa. Amfani da madara mai laushi a cikin milkshakes ya shahara a Amurka ta hanyar kantin magani na Chicago Walgreens. Martin madara foda - cakuda madara mai narkewa, [[sha'ir]] mai narkewar, da garin alkama - William Horlick ne ya kirkireshi a cikin 1897 don amfani da shi azaman abin sha mai sauƙin narkewa ga mutane da yara masu nakasa, kuma azaman abincin [[jariri]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2011 |title=The History of Malted Milk Powder |url=http://www.kitchenlore.com/2011/07/history-of-malted-milk-powder.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011192130/http://www.kitchenlore.com/2011/07/history-of-malted-milk-powder.html |archive-date=October 11, 2011 |access-date=October 10, 2013 |website=Kitchen Lore}}</ref><ref name="Wisconsin Historical">{{Cite web |title=Wisconsin's Malted Milk Story – Online Exhibits – Wisconsin Historical Society |url=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/museum/exhibits/horlicks |access-date=June 1, 2017 |website=www.wisconsinhistory.org}}</ref> Koyaya, mutane masu lafiya ba da daɗewa ba sun fara shan abin sha da aka yi da madara mai laushi kawai don dandano, kuma abin sha mai laushi mai laushi wanda ke dauke da madara, syrup na cakulan, da foda na malt sun zama misali a maɓuɓɓugar soda.<ref name="Wisconsin Historical" /> A cikin 1922, ma'aikacin Walgreens Ivar "Pop" Coulson ya yi shake ta hanyar ƙara nau'ikan ice cream na vanilla guda biyu zuwa tsarin girke-girke na madara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Walgreen's history |url=http://www.walgreens.com/about/history/hist4.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501155205/http://www.walgreens.com/about/history/hist4.jsp |archive-date=May 1, 2008 |access-date=October 1, 2009 |publisher=Walgreens.com}}</ref> Wannan abu, a ƙarƙashin sunan "Horlick's Malted Milk", an nuna shi ta hanyar kantin magani na Walgreen a matsayin wani ɓangare na cakulan milkshake, wanda kansa ya zama sananne a matsayin "malted" ko "malt" kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun abubuwan sha na soda.&nbsp;&nbsp; Ayyukan sarrafa kansa na milkshakes sun samo asali ne a cikin shekarun 1930, bayan kirkirar firiji mai sanyaya ya ba da hanya mai aminci, abin dogaro na yin da rarraba ice cream ta atomatik. A cikin 1936, mai kirkiro Earl Prince ya yi amfani da ainihin ra'ayi a bayan na'urar ice cream mai sanyaya ta freon don haɓaka Multimixer, "mai haɗawa mai juyawa guda biyar wanda zai iya samar da milkshakes guda biyar a lokaci guda, duk ta atomatik, kuma ya rarraba su a lokacin da aka ja maɓallin zuwa jiran kofuna takarda".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Demirdjian |first=Z.S. |date=March 10, 2006 |title=Inexpensive Research in Marketing: Empowering the Technologically Challenged Entrepreneurs |url=https://www.businessperspectives.org/images/pdf/applications/publishing/templates/article/assets/1684/im_en_2006_01_Demirdjian.pdf |journal=Innovative Marketing |volume=2}}</ref> Labaran jaridu daga ƙarshen shekarun 1930 sun nuna cewa ana amfani da kalmar 'frosted' a wasu lokuta don komawa ga milkshakes, musamman waɗanda aka yi da ice cream. A cikin 1937, Denton Journal a Maryland ya bayyana cewa "Don girgizar 'gishiri', ƙara ɗanɗano na ice cream da kuka fi so. " A cikin 1939, Mansfield News a Ohio ya bayyana cewa ""A frosted be drink, in the vernacular, is something good to which ice cream. Misali mafi kyau shine free kofi -wannan zafi, mai ɗanɗano abin sha da aka yi sanyi da ice cream" &nbsp; === 1940s-1950s === A cikin shekarun 1950, shahararrun wuraren shan madara sune Woolworth's "5 & 10" lunch counters, diners, burger joints, da kuma magudanar soda. Wadannan cibiyoyin galibi suna nuna injin hada madara mai haske ko injin shake. Wadannan cibiyoyin sun yi milkshakes a Hamilton Beach ko irin wannan salon na masu hada abin sha, wanda ke da spindles da agitators wanda ke ninka iska cikin abin sha don "smooth, fluffy results" kuma ya ba su a cikin 12 + 1⁄2-US-fluid-ounce (370 tsawo tabarau tare da bulbous saman. Ma'aikatan maɓuɓɓugar Soda suna da nasu yaren, kamar su "Burn One All the Way" (kayan kwalliya da aka yi da ice cream), "Twist It, Choke It, and Make It Cackle" (kudan kwalliya da kwai), "Shake One in the Hay" (shake strawberry), da kuma "White Cow" (vanilla milkshake). A cikin shekarun 1950, wani mai sayar da na'urar shake mai suna Ray Kroc ya sayi haƙƙin mallaka ga mai yin shake na Multimixer na shekarun 1930 daga mai kirkiro Earl Prince, kuma ya ci gaba da amfani da na'urorin shake na atomatik don hanzarta samarwa a gidajen cin abinci na McDonald's.{{Convert|12+1/2|USoz|ml}} Milkshakes ya kuma zama sananne a wasu sassan duniya, gami da Ingila da Ostiraliya. A Ostiraliya, sandunan madara sun zama sanannun kuma ana ba da milkshakes da sauƙi kuma sau da yawa a cikin aluminum ko ko kofin ƙarfe wanda aka shirya su. Baya ga karin dandano na gargajiya, spearmint da milkshakes masu ɗanɗano sun zama sanannun a Ostiraliya. === Shekaru 2000 zuwa yanzu === [[Fayil:Strawberry-Mint_Liquid_Nitrogen_Shake_at_HBurger_in_Denver.jpg|thumb|An yi wannan milkshake ta amfani da ruwa nitrogen. Har yanzu ana iya ganin tururi yana tasowa a saman.]] A shekara ta 2006, Hukumar Binciken Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta haɓaka rage sukari, ƙarancin madara don shirye-shiryen abincin rana. Girgizar tana da rabin sukari kuma kashi 10% kawai na kitse na girgizar abinci mai sauri na kasuwanci. Makarantu suna buƙatar injin shake madara ko injin ice cream mai laushi don ba da madara. Har ila yau, milkshakes sun kara fiber da sauran abubuwan gina jiki da rage matakan lactose, wanda ya sa girgizar ta dace da wasu mutanen da ke fama da rashin haƙuri. Tallace-tallace na Amurka na milkshakes, malt, da floats sun karu da 11% a cikin shekarun 2006, a cewar kamfanin bincike na masana'antu NPD Group. Christopher Muller, darektan Cibiyar Gudanar da Gidan Gida da Multi-Unit a Jami'ar Orlando ta Tsakiya ta Florida ya ce "milkshakes yana tunatar da mu game da lokacin rani, matasa - da indulgence", kuma "suna tunatar da lokacin da ya wuce". Muller ya bayyana cewa milkshakes wani abu ne "mai fa'ida sosai" ga gidajen cin abinci, tunda abubuwan sha suna dauke da iska mai yawa. Kamfanin bincike na kasuwa Technomic ya bayyana cewa kusan kashi 75% na matsakaicin farashin gidan cin abinci na $ 3.38 a cikin 2006 riba ce. Wani zartarwa daga [[Sonic Drive-In]], jerin gidajen cin abinci na Amurka na shekarun 1950, ya kira girgiza "ɗaya daga cikin manyan wurarenmu, wuraren samar da kudaden shiga".<ref name="usa2" />&nbsp; Wani labarin 2016 ya bayyana cewa masu dafa abinci suna gwada sababbin ra'ayoyi tare da milkshakes don ci gaba da sha'awar abubuwan sha.<ref name="nrn.com">{{Cite web |date=July 18, 2016 |title=Sweetening the bottom line with milkshakes |url=http://beta.nrn.com/beverage-trends/sweetening-bottom-line-milkshakes |access-date=June 1, 2017}}</ref> Labarin ya lura cewa girgizar kofi mai ɗanɗano sananne ne "saboda yana da ɗanɗano da ɗanɗanyo". Wani yanayin shine amfani da nau'ikan madara daban-daban, kamar madarar almond, [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]], madarar soya, ko madarar hemp.<ref name="nrn.com" /> == Amfani da zanga-zangar == {{Reflist}} A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, a lokacin da ake gina zaben majalisar dokokin Tarayyar Turai a Burtaniya, jefa shake-shake ya fito ne a matsayin wata dabara ta zanga-zanga, yawanci ana niyya ga 'yan siyasa na dama. Wannan motsi ya samo asali ne daga "milkshaking" na Tommy Robinson, tare da na biyu da aka jefa daga baya a wannan watan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2019 |title=All the people who have been milkshaked so far this year |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/milkshake-throwing-nigel-farage-tommy-robinson-carl-benjamin-sargon-a8922111.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/milkshake-throwing-nigel-farage-tommy-robinson-carl-benjamin-sargon-a8922111.html |archive-date=May 14, 2022 |website=The Independent}}</ref> 'Yan sanda na Burtaniya sun bukaci kamfanin Edinburgh McDonald's ya guji sayar da milkshakes a ranar 17 ga Mayu yayin ziyarar Nigel Farage. Wannan ya sa Burger King ya yi martani a shafin Twitter: "Muna sayar da milkshakes duk karshen mako. Yi nishaɗi. " Daga baya Hukumar Kula da Ka'idojin Talla ta Burtaniya ta dakatar da tweet din Burger King, saboda sun ji cewa "ya amince da halayyar da ta gabata kuma ya karfafa karin lokuta", kuma saboda haka tallace-tallace ne "marasa alhakin". A wani ziyara daban a Newcastle a ranar 20 ga Mayu, Farage ya jefa masa shake na biyar. Carl Benjamin yana da jimlar milkshakes guda huɗu da aka jefa masa a wannan makon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dalton |first=Jane |date=May 19, 2019 |title=Ukip's Carl Benjamin hit by milkshake in Salisbury in fourth attack this week |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/carl-benjamin-milkshake-salisbury-ukip-a8920846.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/carl-benjamin-milkshake-salisbury-ukip-a8920846.html |archive-date=May 14, 2022 |website=The Independent}}</ref> Ayyukan shaking sun yi kama da na egging a matsayin wani nau'i na zanga-zanga game da 'yan siyasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakelian |first=Anoosh |date=May 16, 2019 |title="Lactose Against Intolerance!" How milkshake became a tool of protest |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/05/lactose-against-intolerance-how-milkshake-became-tool-protest |website=The New Statesman}}</ref> == A cikin al'adun gargajiya == {{Ice cream}}Masu shirya fina-finai wani lokacin suna amfani da milkshakes a matsayin taƙaitaccen gani don jigogi na tsabtar, rashin laifi, da matasa marasa cin hanci, suna wakiltar su a matsayin 'sweetness da nagarta. <ref name="denofgeek.com">{{Cite web |date=August 21, 2012 |title=Celebrating milkshake in the movies |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/milkshake/22257/celebrating-milkshake-in-the-movies |access-date=June 1, 2017}}</ref> A cikin All About Eve, ta hanyar darektan Joseph L. Mankiewicz, halin Bette Davis ba shi da farin ciki don ganin mutumin da ke son yin wa mata mata mata mata mai shaye-shake, don haka halin Davis ya umarci Martini mai shaye, kuma "da-shake-shake". Hakazalika, halin da Steve Buscemi ke takawa a cikin ''Ghost World'' an yi masa ba'a ta wata yarinya matashiya saboda ya ba da umarnin "mace-mace vanilla milkshake"; a ''Manhattan'', ta hanyar darektan Woody Allen, darektan ya jawo hankali ga bambancin shekaru tsakanin halin da yake da shekaru 42 (shi ma yana aiki a matsayin jagora) da budurwarsa matashiyar ta hanyar shan madara. A cikin fim din ''Lolita'' a shekara ta 1997, wata yarinya matashiya ta sha shake yayin da take tare da mutumin da ke tsakiyar shekaru (sabon saurayin mahaifiyarta) wanda ke sha'awar ta.<ref name="denofgeek.com" /><ref name="denofgeek.com" /> Ana nuna haruffa daga Archie Comics sau da yawa suna shan madara. Jerin talabijin na ''Riverdale'', wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo, yana nuna haruffa a cikin gidan cin abinci na gida na 1950, Pop's Chock'lit Shoppe; don inganta wasan kwaikwayon, simintin sun raba madara yayin bayyanar a kan The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . <ref name="swartz1">{{Cite web |last=Swartz |first=Suzie |date=April 24, 2018 |title=American Nostalgia on a Bun |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2018/04/fast-food-nostalgia/558686/ |access-date=May 10, 2018 |website=www.theatlantic.com |publisher=The Atlantic}}</ref> Master Shake, daya daga cikin manyan haruffa daga jerin shirye-shiryen Amurka na Aqua Teen Hunger Force (wanda aka fi sani da wasu sunayen sarauta), shine mai girman mutum. A cikin Kelis '2003 hit single "Milkshake" sunan abin sha an sake maimaita shi a cikin waƙar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Observer |date=2004-12-11 |title=From glam to grime, the year in music |url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/dec/12/popandrock2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917102112/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/dec/12/popandrock2 |archive-date=2014-09-17 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Milkshakes suna nunawa sosai a cikin bidiyon bidiyon waƙar, wanda ke nuna haruffa da ke cinye su a cikin gidan cin abinci. Kalmar Milkshake Duck, wacce aka kirkira a kan Twitter a cikin shekarun 2017, tana nufin mutumin da ya fara zama sananne a kafofin sada zumunta, kawai don ya zama abin kunya yayin da wasu masu amfani suka yi amfani da kasancewarsu ta yanar gizo kuma suka sami maganganu masu banƙyama ko tarihin da ba shi da kyau. == Dubi kuma == {{Milk navbox}} * Girgizar lafiya * Keventers Milkshake - alamar madara ta Indiya * Shake Shack - jerin gidan cin abinci mai sauri na Amurka da ke jaddada girgizar ƙasa * Mai laushi * Frosty (kayan zuma mai daskarewa) * McDonald's ice cream na na'ura - na'urar da aka yi amfani da ita don yin ice cream da girgiza a McDonald's * Faloodeh - ruwan zuma ko ice cream. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Ice cream}} * {{Commons category-inline|Milkshakes}} {{Milk navbox}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p05hhl755s9fy068r3wtmeljf6l8brs 0 115008 822438 718569 2026-04-19T07:56:17Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Wurin da yake */ 822438 wikitext text/x-wiki Masarautar '''Argungu''', wacce kuma aka sani da '''Masarautar Kebbi''' [[Jerin jihohin gargajiya na Najeriya|gidane na tarihi]] dayake a garin [[Argungu]] a cikin Jihar [[Kebbi]], Najeriya. Itace tayi gadon tsohuwar masarautar [[Hausawa|Hausa]] a Jihar Kebbi.<ref name="wstates">{{Cite web |title=Traditional States of Nigeria |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_native.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=WorldStatesmen.org}}</ref>Masarautar na ɗaya daga cikin masarautu huɗu a jihar Kebbi, Sauran sune; [[Gwandu|Masarautar Gwandu]], [[Masarautar Yauri]] da kuma [[Zuru|Masarautar Zuru]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> == Wurin da yake == Masarautar Kebbi tana arewa maso yammacin jihar Kebbi a Yanzu. A lokutan da suka gabata ya kai kudu da babban birnin [[Birnin Kebbi]], wanda yanzu shine babban birnin Gwandu Emirate da kuma Jihar Kebbi kanta. Yankin yafi zama [[Gandun daji na Sudan|Savanna na Sudan]], gandun daji mai budewa tare da bishiyoyi da suka warwatse. Yankin da ke cikin [[Kogin Rima]] ya haɗu da shi, wanda ke cike da ambaliyar ruwa. Akwai lokacin rigar tsakanin Mayu da Satumba, tare da ruwan sama kadan a cikin sauran shekara. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine kimanin 800mm. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana kaiwa 26 ° C, daga 21 ° C a cikin hunturu zuwa 40 ° C tsakanin Afrilu da Yuni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Physical Setting |url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/links/kebbiadv.asp?blurb=300 |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Online Nigeria}}</ref> Mazauna Kebbi sun ƙunshi Kabbawa, da wani rukuni na Hausa.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Tarihi ==   === Asalin === Kebbi a al'adance ana ɗaukarsa na jihohin &#x3C;&#x20;[[Hausa Bakwai|Banza Bakwai]] an [[Hausa Bakwai|Ƙasar Hausa]]. A cewar sanannen tarihi na Hausa, mulkin Kebbi yana ɗaya daga cikin Banza Bakwai ("babai bakwai") ko jihohi bakwai "marasa izini". Shugabannin wadannan jihohin ya kamata su gano zuriyarsu ga Ƙwaraƙwarar mahaifin da ya kafa Hausa, Bayajidda, saboda haka kalmar banza ("marasa izini"). Nassoshi na daɗaɗɗu na tarihi sun nuna lokacin da yankin ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Songhay a lokacin mulkin Sunni Ali (1464-1492). A cikin littafin Ta’rīkh al-Südän na Al-Sa’di, inda aka ce a shekarar 1516-7 Kanta Kuta, mai mulkin Leka, ya yi tawaye ga Dendi-fari (“gwamnan gabas gabas”), gwamnan lardin da ya kafa daular Songhay ta karshe kuma ya kafa daula. Dalilin ballewar Kebbi daga Songhay shi ne kin baiwa Kanta kasonsa na ganimar da aka samu a wani balaguro da suka yi da Masarautar. A cikin shekara ta 1517-8, Songhay ya yi ƙoƙari ya sake kafa ikonsa a kan Kebbi, amma bai yi nasara ba. Kuta ya ci nasara, mai yiwuwa a 1523-4 Muhammad Kanta kuma a ƙarƙashinsa ne Kebbi ta zama babbar ƙasa a Sudan ta Tsakiya . Sudan. A zamanin Songhay Askia Muhammad Bunkan, Kanta ya sami damar cin nasara a kan Songhay, sojojin Askia sun warwatse 'pell-mell' kuma Muhammad Bunkan ya yi sa'a ya tsere da rayuwarsa. Ta'rīkh al-Südän na Al-Sa'di, wanda ya rubuta wannan al'amari, ya ce babu wata Askia da ta sake yin yunƙurin kai hari a Kebbi. A wannan lokacin Sun kare, wanda har yanzu katangar ganuwar ta kasance babban birnin masarautar. [3] Kebbi ya zama babban iko a yankin, yana kare hare-haren [[Daular Songhai|Songhay]], yana fadada cikin ƙasashen [[Masarautar Yauri|Yauri]] da [[Masarautar Bida|Nupe]] zuwa kudu kuma yana kayar da yunkurin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Daular Bornu]] don mamayewa da mamaye jihohin Hausa. Koyaya, bayan mutuwar Kanta a shekara ta 1556 jihohin Hausa sun daina biyan haraji, kuma ɗansa da magajinsa Ahmadu ba su yi ƙoƙari su tilasta batun ba. A ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha shida Kebbi ya zama ƙaramar masarauta. === Yaki da 'yan Jihadi na Fulani === A lokacin [[Jihadin Danfodio|Jihad na Fulani]], a cikin 1808 [[Abdullahi dan Fodio]] (c. 1766-1828), ƙaramin ɗan'uwan [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shaihu Usman dan Fodio]], ya ci sojojin Kebbi. Ya zama mai mulkin Gwandu Emirate, wanda ya mamaye arewa maso gabashin Khalifancin [[Sokoto (birni)|Sokoto]] . An kori [[Sarkin Kebbi]], Muhammadu Hodi, daga babban birninsa kuma an maye gurbinsa da mai mulkin tsana, Usuman Masa. Koyaya, Kebbawa sun ci gaba da tsayayya, kuma Abdullahi bai iya kammala nasarar ba. Muhammadu Hodi ya ci gaba da yaƙi a kwarin [[Kogin Zamfara|Zamfara]], kuma magajinsa Karari a Argungu da Zazzagawa . A kan mutuwar Karari a 1831, dansa [[Yakubu Nabame]] ya mika wuya, kuma ya zauna shekaru 16 a gudun hijira a Sokoto har sai Sultan Aliyu Babba ya ba shi damar komawa Argungu a matsayin mai bin Khalifanci.<ref name="johnston" /> A cikin 1849 Yakubu ya yi watsi da amincinsa kuma ya ayyana kansa Sarkin Kebbi . Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe, ciki har da wani lokaci da sojojin Sokoto suka kewaye Argungu, Sultan Aliyu na Sokoto ya amince da 'yancin kai na Masarautar Kebbi da ke Argungu. Koyaya gwamnatin Sokoto ta mallaki siyasar Kebbi yadda ya kamata kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin jihar tsana. Kebbi yanzu ya kafa rikici tsakanin Sokoto da Gwandu, kuma yaƙe-yaƙe na lokaci-lokaci ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru hamsin masu zuwa. A shekara ta 1859 an kashe ɗan'uwan Yakubu kuma magajinsa Yusufu Mainasara a yaƙi a cikin busassun ambaliyar [[Kogin Rima]]. A cikin 1860 an kashe Sarkin Gwandu, Haliru, a yaƙi a Karakara . A cikin 1867 Fulani sun amince da 'yancin Kebbi a cikin yarjejeniya ta musamman. A shekara ta 1875 yaƙin ya sake tashi lokacin da mutanen Fanna a cikin kwarin Rima suka yanke shawarar canja wurin biyayya ga Gwandu. Sarkin Kebbi Sama'ila ya sami nasarori da yawa a kan Gwandu tsakanin 1883 da 1903, tare da wasu matsaloli masu tsanani, har sai da aka kafa mulkin mallaka na [[Birtaniya]] na Arewacin Najeriya a ƙarshe ya kawo karshen fada. === Zamanin mulkin mallaka === A ranar 5 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1890 Birtaniya da Faransanci sun kammala yarjejeniya don raba Yammacin Afirka tsakanin masu mulkin mallaka biyu. A karkashin wannan yarjejeniya, Burtaniya za ta sami dukkan yankuna har zuwa ciki har da Khalifancin Sokoto, yayin da Faransanci za su dauki ƙasashen zuwa arewa. Ba a tuntubi mutanen yankin ba. An ba Faransanci Parfait-Louis Monteil alhakin balaguro don gano iyakokin arewacin Khalifancin Sokoto. Da ya isa Argungu a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1891, ya gano cewa masarautar ta kasance mai zaman kanta daga Sokoto, kodayake Sokoto za ta ci nasara a watan Maris na shekara ta 1792 kuma ta tilasta ta sake zama ƙasa mai biyayya. Monteil kuma ya sami ƙarancin shaidar kasancewar da [[Kamfanin Royal Niger]] na Burtaniya ya yi a yankin, ban da wasu wuraren kasuwanci a Gwandu. Lokacin da Turawan Burtaniya suka ji labarin rahoton Monteil, sannan suka ji cewa Faransanci sun ɗaga tutarsu a Argungu, sai suka aika da sojoji zuwa Argungu a shekara ta 1898, inda ba su sami kasancewar Faransanci ba. Birtaniya ta kafa dindindin a Argungu a cikin 1902 don samar da kariya ga sojojin Faransa da ke tsallaka yankin Burtaniya ta yarjejeniya, sannan kuma don kare hukumar iyaka da ke iyakance iyakar tsakanin yankunan Faransa da Burtaniya. Da jin labarin cewa Sultan na Sokoto yana tara sojojinsa, an tura wannan rundunar da sauransu zuwa Sokoto inda bayan wasu fada suka sami nasara. Sarkin Sama ya yi maraba da Burtaniya saboda dalilai na siyasa, tunda a karkashin tsarin mulkin kai tsaye na Burtaniya ya sami damar sake dawowa da karfafa ikonsa. A shekara ta 1908, ikon Burtaniya ba shi da wata tambaya. A wani [[durbar]] da aka gudanar a 1908 ga gwamnan mulkin mallaka [[Frederick Lugard]], sarakunan Kebbi da Gwandu da Sultan na Sokoto sun fito da karfi, tare da nuna mahayan da raƙuma dubu goma sha biyar. Emirs sun ba Lugard ponies goma sha shida a matsayin haraji, kuma sun durƙusa a gabansa. Birtaniya ta kafa tsarin inda aka ba da manyan hukumomin gudanarwa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Jami'an Gundumar. Ba a nemi aikin Argungu ba. Sauro sun kasance masu muni sosai har D.O. ya yi barci a cikin wani gidan sauro da aka gina musamman.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Anthony Kirk-Greene}}</ref> == Masarautar a yau == === Bikin kamun kifi === Bikin Kifi na shekara-shekara na Argungu yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan al'adu a arewacin Najeriya. Bikin yana da dogon tarihi. An fara shirya shi ne lokacin da Sultan na Sokoto, Hassan Dan Mu'azu, ya ziyarci Masarautar Argungu a 1934, kuma an gudanar da shi don nuna ikon kamun kifi na Kabawas ta hanyar Sarkin Muhammed Sama. Har zuwa shekarun 1960 bikin ya kasance al'amarin gida, amma a cikin 1972 Shugaban Gwamnatin Najeriya, Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] da takwaransa daga [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Hamani Diori]] sun halarta. Saboda dalilai na siyasa, bikin ya rasa goyon baya kuma ba a gudanar da bikin ba daga 1999 har zuwa 2004. Yanzu an farfado da bikin kuma yana zama babban abin jan hankali ga masu yawon bude ido.<ref>{{Cite web |last=INUWA BWALA |date=3 March 2004 |title=Reviving a heritage |url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/mar/03/0077.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Daily Champion |archive-date=4 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604032328/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/mar/03/0077.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, bikin da aka sake masa suna Argungu International and Cultural Festival ya hada da babban durbar tare da dawakai 500 da aka yi wa ado da kyau da mahayan su, da kuma raƙuma 120 da aka yi musu ado da kyau, karkashin jagorancin mai ɗaukar tutar Masarautar Argungu da kuma hada da mahalarta daga wasu kabilun da yawa. Kifi mafi girma ya auna kilo 55, kuma an gabatar da kyaututtuka don wannan kamawa a wani bikin da Shugaba [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]], matarsa, gwamnoni shida da sarakuna na gargajiya da yawa suka halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saka Ibrahim |date=29 March 2009 |title=Argungu Fishing Festival - Morning After |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200903300166.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> Bikin na 2009 ya hada da wasanni na ruwa, harbi da gasa, taron mota, wasan kwaikwayo na ƙungiyoyin rawa daga [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Mali]], [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Benin]], gwagwarmaya da wasannin dambe, da baje kolin noma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayo Okulaja |title=The lowdown on Argungu |url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/5393252-147/story.csp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112230/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/5393252-147/story.csp |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=Next}}</ref> Muhimmancin bikin ga tattalin arziki ya sa gwamnati ta adana kifin kifi ta hanyar hana amfani da taru da taru.&nbsp; === Shirin ban ruwa === An yi tunanin aikin Zauro polder a cikin 1969 kuma an jinkirta shi, amma kamar ana iya fara shi a cikin 2009. Aikin zai ban ruwa kadada 10,572 na gonaki a cikin ambaliyar Kogin Rima tsakanin [[Argungu]] da [[Birnin Kebbi]]. Amfanin gona zai hada da shinkafa, masara, alkama, sha'ir da kayan lambu kamar wake, albasa, tumatir, dankali mai zaki da dankali na Irish. Dam din zai kuma amfana da masana'antar kamun kifi, mai mahimmanci a jihar. Aikin ya yi alkawarin fa'idodi masu mahimmanci amma yana da rikici, tunda zai canza tsarin amfani da ƙasa, ya kawar da wasu al'ummomi kuma ya mamaye shafin bikin kamun kifi na shekara-shekara. An jajjefe Sarkin Argungu a cikin zanga-zangar kan aikin.<ref name="Omoniyi">{{Cite web |last=Tosin Omoniyi |date=20 December 2009 |title=A Dam of Controversy |url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1636&Itemid=47 |access-date=9 October 2010 |website=Newswatch}}</ref> === Gidan kayan gargajiya === A watan Yunin 2009 Masarautar Argungu ta gabatar da wata shawara ga Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Tarihi da Tarihi ta Kasa don ba da tarihin Surame jerin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Tarihin Duniya]]. Surame ita ce babban birnin farko na Masarautar Kebbi, wanda Mohammadu Kanta Kotal ya kafa. Sanata [[Umaru Argungu|Umaru Abubakar Argungu]] ya kuma nemi taimako don sanya Gidan Tarihi na Kanta ba kawai abin tunawa na kasa ba amma tushen al'adu na tarihi don Jerin Tarihin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohammed S. Shehu |date=18 June 2009 |title=Argungu Emirate Presents Site For World Heritage Listing |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200906180120.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Daily Trust}}</ref> Ginin gidan kayan gargajiya, kusa da babban kasuwa an gina shi ne a 1831 ta Yakubu Nabame kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin fadar Sarkin har zuwa 1942, lokacin da Birtaniya ta gina sabon fadar gudanarwa a lokacin mulkin Muhammed Sani. A ranar 1 ga Yulin 1958, an buɗe shi a matsayin gidan kayan gargajiya, yana ba da haske game da tarihin rikice-rikice na [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]]. Gidan kayan gargajiya yana da sanannen tarin makamai, wanda ya kunshi kwarjayi, mashi, takobi, itace, duwatsu, baka da kibiyoyi, bindigogi na gida har ma da drum a kan nuni. An kuma san gidan kayan gargajiya a matsayin wurin da ake binne matattu sarakuna na karamar hukuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayo Okulaja |title=The charm of Argungu Museum |url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/Travel/5396182-147/story.csp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721135557/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/Travel/5396182-147/story.csp |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=8 October 2010 |publisher=Next}}</ref> == Masu mulki == Shugabannin masarautar Hausa kafin a shiga cikin Khalifancin Sokoto: {| class="wikitable" |+Babban mulkin Hausa wanda ya dogara da Surame da Birnin Kebbi !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !Sunan !Farawar Sarauta !Ƙarshen Sarautar |- !1 |[[Kanta Kotal|Muhammadu Kantu Kotal]] | align="center" |1516 | align="center" |1561 |- !2 |Ahmadu I | align="center" |1561 | align="center" |1596 |- !3 |Dauda | align="center" |1596 | align="center" |1619 |- !4 |Ibrahimu I | align="center" |1619 | align="center" |1621 |- !5 |Suleimanu na I | align="center" |1621 | align="center" |1636 |- !6 |Muhammadu | align="center" |1636 | align="center" |1649 |- !7 |Maliki dan Ibrahimu | align="center" |1649 | align="center" |1662 |- !8 |Umarau Ciwa | align="center" |1662 | align="center" |1674 |- !9 |Muhammadu Kaye | align="center" |1674 | align="center" |1676 |- !10 |Ibrahimu na II | align="center" |1676 | align="center" |1684 |- !11 |Muhammadu na Sifawa | align="center" |1684 | align="center" |1686 |- !12 |Ahmadu dan Amaru | align="center" |1686 | align="center" |1696 |- !13 |Tomo | align="center" |1696 | align="center" |1700 |- !14 |Muhammadu dan Giwa | align="center" |1700 | align="center" |1717 |- !15 |Samaila | align="center" |1717 | align="center" |1750 |- !16 |Muhammadu dan Tagande | align="center" |1750 | align="center" |1754 |- !17 |Abdullahi Toga | align="center" |1754 | align="center" |1775 |- !18 |Suleimanu na II | align="center" |1775 | align="center" |1803 |- !19 |Abubakar Ukar | colspan="2" align="center" |1803 |- !20 |Muhammadu Fodi | align="center" |1803 | align="center" |1826 |- !21 |Samaila na II | align="center" |1826 | align="center" |1827 |} Shugabannin Masarautar Hausa da aka kafa a Argungu: {| class="wikitable" |+Jihar da ta maye gurbin Hausa bisa ga Argungu !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !Sunan !Farawar Sarauta !Ƙarshen Sarautar !Bayani |- !21 |Samaila (ko Karari) | align="center" |1827 | align="center" |1831 |jagorantar tsayayya mai tsanani a kan [[Gwandu]]. An kashe shi a Galewa |- !22 |[[Yakubu Nabame]] <small> (a gudun hijira daga 1831 zuwa 1849) </small> | align="center" |1831 | align="center" |1854 |ɗan Samaila. Ya kama garuruwa da yawa kafin a kashe shi da kibiya a Kibiari |- !23 |Yusufu Mainasara | align="center" |1854 | align="center" |1859 |ɗan Samaila. Haliru, Sarkin Gwandu ne ya kashe shi |- !24 |Muhammadu Ba ne | align="center" |1859 | align="center" |1860 |ɗan Yakubu. Ya rama mutuwar kawunsa kafin a kashe shi |- !25 |Abdullahi Toga | align="center" |1860 | align="center" |1883 |ɗan Samaila |- !26 |Samaila II (ko Sama) | align="center" |1883 | align="center" |Satumba 1915 <ref name="wstates"/> |ɗan Yakubu. Wani babban jarumi wanda aka sani da ya ƙone garuruwan Fulani 90 |- !27 |Suleimana | align="center" |1915 | align="center" |1920 |ɗan Yakubu |- !28 |Muhammadu Sama | align="center" |1920 | align="center" |1934 |ɗan Samaila II |- !29 |Muhammadu Sani | align="center" |1934 | align="center" |1942 |ɗan Muhammadu Sama |- !30 |Samaila na Uku | align="center" |1942 | align="center" |1953 |zuriyar Muhammadu Dan Giwa (r. 1700-1717), Sarkin Kebbi |- !31 |Muhammadu Shefe | align="center" |1953 | align="center" |Oktoba 1959 <ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Samaila III. Ya yi murabus bayan rashin jituwa da majalisarsa |- !32 |Muhammadu Mera | align="center" |1959 | align="center" |1996<ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Muhammadu Sani |- !33 |Samaila IV CON <ref name="wstates" /> | align="center" |1996<ref name="wstates" /> | align="center" |Mai mulki <ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Muhammadu Mera |} === Itacen iyali === {{Chart top}} {{Tree chart/start|align=center}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03||A04|||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||,|-|-|^|-|.||`|-|v|-|-|-|.||`|-|.|||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03||A04||A05|||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||)|-|-|-|.|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||!||||`|-|-|-|-|.||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02|||||||A03||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||)|-|-|-|.|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||||!|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||A02||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||,|-|-|^|-|-|.||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||A02||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||!||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||!||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart/end}} {{Chart bottom}} * Harris, P. G.: Sokoto Provincial Gazetteer, Sokoto 1938 [Cyclostyled]. * Hogben, S. J. da [[Anthony Kirk-Greene|A. H. M. Kirk-Greene]]: Daular Larabawa ta Arewacin Najeriya, London 1966. * Johnston, H. A. S., The Fulani Empire of Sokoto, Oxford 1967 (shafi na 187-195). * &nbsp; == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fch16l52c8682m90x96sne50giaa1ts 822439 822438 2026-04-19T07:59:34Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Asalin */ 822439 wikitext text/x-wiki Masarautar '''Argungu''', wacce kuma aka sani da '''Masarautar Kebbi''' [[Jerin jihohin gargajiya na Najeriya|gidane na tarihi]] dayake a garin [[Argungu]] a cikin Jihar [[Kebbi]], Najeriya. Itace tayi gadon tsohuwar masarautar [[Hausawa|Hausa]] a Jihar Kebbi.<ref name="wstates">{{Cite web |title=Traditional States of Nigeria |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_native.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=WorldStatesmen.org}}</ref>Masarautar na ɗaya daga cikin masarautu huɗu a jihar Kebbi, Sauran sune; [[Gwandu|Masarautar Gwandu]], [[Masarautar Yauri]] da kuma [[Zuru|Masarautar Zuru]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> == Wurin da yake == Masarautar Kebbi tana arewa maso yammacin jihar Kebbi a Yanzu. A lokutan da suka gabata ya kai kudu da babban birnin [[Birnin Kebbi]], wanda yanzu shine babban birnin Gwandu Emirate da kuma Jihar Kebbi kanta. Yankin yafi zama [[Gandun daji na Sudan|Savanna na Sudan]], gandun daji mai budewa tare da bishiyoyi da suka warwatse. Yankin da ke cikin [[Kogin Rima]] ya haɗu da shi, wanda ke cike da ambaliyar ruwa. Akwai lokacin rigar tsakanin Mayu da Satumba, tare da ruwan sama kadan a cikin sauran shekara. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine kimanin 800mm. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana kaiwa 26 ° C, daga 21 ° C a cikin hunturu zuwa 40 ° C tsakanin Afrilu da Yuni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Physical Setting |url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/links/kebbiadv.asp?blurb=300 |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Online Nigeria}}</ref> Mazauna Kebbi sun ƙunshi Kabbawa, da wani rukuni na Hausa.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Tarihi ==   === Asalin === Kebbi a al'adance ana ɗaukarta ta jihohin &#x3C;&#x20;[[Hausa Bakwai|Banza Bakwai]] an [[Hausa Bakwai|Ƙasar Hausa]]. A cewar sanannen tarihi na Hausa, mulkin Kebbi yana ɗaya daga cikin Banza Bakwai ("babai bakwai") ko jihohi bakwai "marasa izini". Shugabannin wadannan jihohin ya kamata su gano zuriyarsu ga Ƙwaraƙwarar mahaifin da ya kafa Hausa, Bayajidda, saboda haka kalmar banza ("marasa izini"). Nassoshi na daɗaɗɗu na tarihi sun nuna lokacin da yankin ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Songhay a lokacin mulkin Sunni Ali (1464-1492). A cikin littafin Ta’rīkh al-Südän na Al-Sa’di, inda aka ce a shekarar 1516-7 Kanta Kuta, mai mulkin Leka, ya yi tawaye ga Dendi-fari (“gwamnan gabas gabas”), gwamnan lardin da ya kafa daular Songhay ta karshe kuma ya kafa daula. Dalilin ballewar Kebbi daga Songhay shi ne kin baiwa Kanta kasonsa na ganimar da aka samu a wani balaguro da suka yi da Masarautar. A cikin shekara ta 1517-8, Songhay ya yi ƙoƙari ya sake kafa ikonsa a kan Kebbi, amma bai yi nasara ba. Kuta ya ci nasara, mai yiwuwa a 1523-4 Muhammad Kanta kuma a ƙarƙashinsa ne Kebbi ta zama babbar ƙasa a Sudan ta Tsakiya . Sudan. A zamanin Songhay Askia Muhammad Bunkan, Kanta ya sami damar cin nasara a kan Songhay, sojojin Askia sun warwatse 'pell-mell' kuma Muhammad Bunkan ya yi sa'a ya tsere da rayuwarsa. Ta'rīkh al-Südän na Al-Sa'di, wanda ya rubuta wannan al'amari, ya ce babu wata Askia da ta sake yin yunƙurin kai hari a Kebbi. A wannan lokacin Sun kare, wanda har yanzu katangar ganuwar ta kasance babban birnin masarautar. [3] Kebbi ya zama babban iko a yankin, yana kare hare-haren [[Daular Songhai|Songhay]], yana fadada cikin ƙasashen [[Masarautar Yauri|Yauri]] da [[Masarautar Bida|Nupe]] zuwa kudu kuma yana kayar da yunkurin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Daular Bornu]] don mamayewa da mamaye jihohin Hausa. Koyaya, bayan mutuwar Kanta a shekara ta 1556 jihohin Hausa sun daina biyan haraji, kuma ɗansa da magajinsa Ahmadu ba su yi ƙoƙari su tilasta batun ba. A ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha shida Kebbi ya zama ƙaramar masarauta. === Yaki da 'yan Jihadi na Fulani === A lokacin [[Jihadin Danfodio|Jihad na Fulani]], a cikin 1808 [[Abdullahi dan Fodio]] (c. 1766-1828), ƙaramin ɗan'uwan [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shaihu Usman dan Fodio]], ya ci sojojin Kebbi. Ya zama mai mulkin Gwandu Emirate, wanda ya mamaye arewa maso gabashin Khalifancin [[Sokoto (birni)|Sokoto]] . An kori [[Sarkin Kebbi]], Muhammadu Hodi, daga babban birninsa kuma an maye gurbinsa da mai mulkin tsana, Usuman Masa. Koyaya, Kebbawa sun ci gaba da tsayayya, kuma Abdullahi bai iya kammala nasarar ba. Muhammadu Hodi ya ci gaba da yaƙi a kwarin [[Kogin Zamfara|Zamfara]], kuma magajinsa Karari a Argungu da Zazzagawa . A kan mutuwar Karari a 1831, dansa [[Yakubu Nabame]] ya mika wuya, kuma ya zauna shekaru 16 a gudun hijira a Sokoto har sai Sultan Aliyu Babba ya ba shi damar komawa Argungu a matsayin mai bin Khalifanci.<ref name="johnston" /> A cikin 1849 Yakubu ya yi watsi da amincinsa kuma ya ayyana kansa Sarkin Kebbi . Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe, ciki har da wani lokaci da sojojin Sokoto suka kewaye Argungu, Sultan Aliyu na Sokoto ya amince da 'yancin kai na Masarautar Kebbi da ke Argungu. Koyaya gwamnatin Sokoto ta mallaki siyasar Kebbi yadda ya kamata kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin jihar tsana. Kebbi yanzu ya kafa rikici tsakanin Sokoto da Gwandu, kuma yaƙe-yaƙe na lokaci-lokaci ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru hamsin masu zuwa. A shekara ta 1859 an kashe ɗan'uwan Yakubu kuma magajinsa Yusufu Mainasara a yaƙi a cikin busassun ambaliyar [[Kogin Rima]]. A cikin 1860 an kashe Sarkin Gwandu, Haliru, a yaƙi a Karakara . A cikin 1867 Fulani sun amince da 'yancin Kebbi a cikin yarjejeniya ta musamman. A shekara ta 1875 yaƙin ya sake tashi lokacin da mutanen Fanna a cikin kwarin Rima suka yanke shawarar canja wurin biyayya ga Gwandu. Sarkin Kebbi Sama'ila ya sami nasarori da yawa a kan Gwandu tsakanin 1883 da 1903, tare da wasu matsaloli masu tsanani, har sai da aka kafa mulkin mallaka na [[Birtaniya]] na Arewacin Najeriya a ƙarshe ya kawo karshen fada. === Zamanin mulkin mallaka === A ranar 5 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1890 Birtaniya da Faransanci sun kammala yarjejeniya don raba Yammacin Afirka tsakanin masu mulkin mallaka biyu. A karkashin wannan yarjejeniya, Burtaniya za ta sami dukkan yankuna har zuwa ciki har da Khalifancin Sokoto, yayin da Faransanci za su dauki ƙasashen zuwa arewa. Ba a tuntubi mutanen yankin ba. An ba Faransanci Parfait-Louis Monteil alhakin balaguro don gano iyakokin arewacin Khalifancin Sokoto. Da ya isa Argungu a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1891, ya gano cewa masarautar ta kasance mai zaman kanta daga Sokoto, kodayake Sokoto za ta ci nasara a watan Maris na shekara ta 1792 kuma ta tilasta ta sake zama ƙasa mai biyayya. Monteil kuma ya sami ƙarancin shaidar kasancewar da [[Kamfanin Royal Niger]] na Burtaniya ya yi a yankin, ban da wasu wuraren kasuwanci a Gwandu. Lokacin da Turawan Burtaniya suka ji labarin rahoton Monteil, sannan suka ji cewa Faransanci sun ɗaga tutarsu a Argungu, sai suka aika da sojoji zuwa Argungu a shekara ta 1898, inda ba su sami kasancewar Faransanci ba. Birtaniya ta kafa dindindin a Argungu a cikin 1902 don samar da kariya ga sojojin Faransa da ke tsallaka yankin Burtaniya ta yarjejeniya, sannan kuma don kare hukumar iyaka da ke iyakance iyakar tsakanin yankunan Faransa da Burtaniya. Da jin labarin cewa Sultan na Sokoto yana tara sojojinsa, an tura wannan rundunar da sauransu zuwa Sokoto inda bayan wasu fada suka sami nasara. Sarkin Sama ya yi maraba da Burtaniya saboda dalilai na siyasa, tunda a karkashin tsarin mulkin kai tsaye na Burtaniya ya sami damar sake dawowa da karfafa ikonsa. A shekara ta 1908, ikon Burtaniya ba shi da wata tambaya. A wani [[durbar]] da aka gudanar a 1908 ga gwamnan mulkin mallaka [[Frederick Lugard]], sarakunan Kebbi da Gwandu da Sultan na Sokoto sun fito da karfi, tare da nuna mahayan da raƙuma dubu goma sha biyar. Emirs sun ba Lugard ponies goma sha shida a matsayin haraji, kuma sun durƙusa a gabansa. Birtaniya ta kafa tsarin inda aka ba da manyan hukumomin gudanarwa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Jami'an Gundumar. Ba a nemi aikin Argungu ba. Sauro sun kasance masu muni sosai har D.O. ya yi barci a cikin wani gidan sauro da aka gina musamman.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Anthony Kirk-Greene}}</ref> == Masarautar a yau == === Bikin kamun kifi === Bikin Kifi na shekara-shekara na Argungu yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan al'adu a arewacin Najeriya. Bikin yana da dogon tarihi. An fara shirya shi ne lokacin da Sultan na Sokoto, Hassan Dan Mu'azu, ya ziyarci Masarautar Argungu a 1934, kuma an gudanar da shi don nuna ikon kamun kifi na Kabawas ta hanyar Sarkin Muhammed Sama. Har zuwa shekarun 1960 bikin ya kasance al'amarin gida, amma a cikin 1972 Shugaban Gwamnatin Najeriya, Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] da takwaransa daga [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Hamani Diori]] sun halarta. Saboda dalilai na siyasa, bikin ya rasa goyon baya kuma ba a gudanar da bikin ba daga 1999 har zuwa 2004. Yanzu an farfado da bikin kuma yana zama babban abin jan hankali ga masu yawon bude ido.<ref>{{Cite web |last=INUWA BWALA |date=3 March 2004 |title=Reviving a heritage |url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/mar/03/0077.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Daily Champion |archive-date=4 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604032328/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/mar/03/0077.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, bikin da aka sake masa suna Argungu International and Cultural Festival ya hada da babban durbar tare da dawakai 500 da aka yi wa ado da kyau da mahayan su, da kuma raƙuma 120 da aka yi musu ado da kyau, karkashin jagorancin mai ɗaukar tutar Masarautar Argungu da kuma hada da mahalarta daga wasu kabilun da yawa. Kifi mafi girma ya auna kilo 55, kuma an gabatar da kyaututtuka don wannan kamawa a wani bikin da Shugaba [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]], matarsa, gwamnoni shida da sarakuna na gargajiya da yawa suka halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saka Ibrahim |date=29 March 2009 |title=Argungu Fishing Festival - Morning After |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200903300166.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> Bikin na 2009 ya hada da wasanni na ruwa, harbi da gasa, taron mota, wasan kwaikwayo na ƙungiyoyin rawa daga [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Mali]], [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Benin]], gwagwarmaya da wasannin dambe, da baje kolin noma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayo Okulaja |title=The lowdown on Argungu |url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/5393252-147/story.csp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112230/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/5393252-147/story.csp |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=Next}}</ref> Muhimmancin bikin ga tattalin arziki ya sa gwamnati ta adana kifin kifi ta hanyar hana amfani da taru da taru.&nbsp; === Shirin ban ruwa === An yi tunanin aikin Zauro polder a cikin 1969 kuma an jinkirta shi, amma kamar ana iya fara shi a cikin 2009. Aikin zai ban ruwa kadada 10,572 na gonaki a cikin ambaliyar Kogin Rima tsakanin [[Argungu]] da [[Birnin Kebbi]]. Amfanin gona zai hada da shinkafa, masara, alkama, sha'ir da kayan lambu kamar wake, albasa, tumatir, dankali mai zaki da dankali na Irish. Dam din zai kuma amfana da masana'antar kamun kifi, mai mahimmanci a jihar. Aikin ya yi alkawarin fa'idodi masu mahimmanci amma yana da rikici, tunda zai canza tsarin amfani da ƙasa, ya kawar da wasu al'ummomi kuma ya mamaye shafin bikin kamun kifi na shekara-shekara. An jajjefe Sarkin Argungu a cikin zanga-zangar kan aikin.<ref name="Omoniyi">{{Cite web |last=Tosin Omoniyi |date=20 December 2009 |title=A Dam of Controversy |url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1636&Itemid=47 |access-date=9 October 2010 |website=Newswatch}}</ref> === Gidan kayan gargajiya === A watan Yunin 2009 Masarautar Argungu ta gabatar da wata shawara ga Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Tarihi da Tarihi ta Kasa don ba da tarihin Surame jerin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Tarihin Duniya]]. Surame ita ce babban birnin farko na Masarautar Kebbi, wanda Mohammadu Kanta Kotal ya kafa. Sanata [[Umaru Argungu|Umaru Abubakar Argungu]] ya kuma nemi taimako don sanya Gidan Tarihi na Kanta ba kawai abin tunawa na kasa ba amma tushen al'adu na tarihi don Jerin Tarihin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohammed S. Shehu |date=18 June 2009 |title=Argungu Emirate Presents Site For World Heritage Listing |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200906180120.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Daily Trust}}</ref> Ginin gidan kayan gargajiya, kusa da babban kasuwa an gina shi ne a 1831 ta Yakubu Nabame kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin fadar Sarkin har zuwa 1942, lokacin da Birtaniya ta gina sabon fadar gudanarwa a lokacin mulkin Muhammed Sani. A ranar 1 ga Yulin 1958, an buɗe shi a matsayin gidan kayan gargajiya, yana ba da haske game da tarihin rikice-rikice na [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]]. Gidan kayan gargajiya yana da sanannen tarin makamai, wanda ya kunshi kwarjayi, mashi, takobi, itace, duwatsu, baka da kibiyoyi, bindigogi na gida har ma da drum a kan nuni. An kuma san gidan kayan gargajiya a matsayin wurin da ake binne matattu sarakuna na karamar hukuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayo Okulaja |title=The charm of Argungu Museum |url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/Travel/5396182-147/story.csp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721135557/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/Travel/5396182-147/story.csp |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=8 October 2010 |publisher=Next}}</ref> == Masu mulki == Shugabannin masarautar Hausa kafin a shiga cikin Khalifancin Sokoto: {| class="wikitable" |+Babban mulkin Hausa wanda ya dogara da Surame da Birnin Kebbi !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !Sunan !Farawar Sarauta !Ƙarshen Sarautar |- !1 |[[Kanta Kotal|Muhammadu Kantu Kotal]] | align="center" |1516 | align="center" |1561 |- !2 |Ahmadu I | align="center" |1561 | align="center" |1596 |- !3 |Dauda | align="center" |1596 | align="center" |1619 |- !4 |Ibrahimu I | align="center" |1619 | align="center" |1621 |- !5 |Suleimanu na I | align="center" |1621 | align="center" |1636 |- !6 |Muhammadu | align="center" |1636 | align="center" |1649 |- !7 |Maliki dan Ibrahimu | align="center" |1649 | align="center" |1662 |- !8 |Umarau Ciwa | align="center" |1662 | align="center" |1674 |- !9 |Muhammadu Kaye | align="center" |1674 | align="center" |1676 |- !10 |Ibrahimu na II | align="center" |1676 | align="center" |1684 |- !11 |Muhammadu na Sifawa | align="center" |1684 | align="center" |1686 |- !12 |Ahmadu dan Amaru | align="center" |1686 | align="center" |1696 |- !13 |Tomo | align="center" |1696 | align="center" |1700 |- !14 |Muhammadu dan Giwa | align="center" |1700 | align="center" |1717 |- !15 |Samaila | align="center" |1717 | align="center" |1750 |- !16 |Muhammadu dan Tagande | align="center" |1750 | align="center" |1754 |- !17 |Abdullahi Toga | align="center" |1754 | align="center" |1775 |- !18 |Suleimanu na II | align="center" |1775 | align="center" |1803 |- !19 |Abubakar Ukar | colspan="2" align="center" |1803 |- !20 |Muhammadu Fodi | align="center" |1803 | align="center" |1826 |- !21 |Samaila na II | align="center" |1826 | align="center" |1827 |} Shugabannin Masarautar Hausa da aka kafa a Argungu: {| class="wikitable" |+Jihar da ta maye gurbin Hausa bisa ga Argungu !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !Sunan !Farawar Sarauta !Ƙarshen Sarautar !Bayani |- !21 |Samaila (ko Karari) | align="center" |1827 | align="center" |1831 |jagorantar tsayayya mai tsanani a kan [[Gwandu]]. An kashe shi a Galewa |- !22 |[[Yakubu Nabame]] <small> (a gudun hijira daga 1831 zuwa 1849) </small> | align="center" |1831 | align="center" |1854 |ɗan Samaila. Ya kama garuruwa da yawa kafin a kashe shi da kibiya a Kibiari |- !23 |Yusufu Mainasara | align="center" |1854 | align="center" |1859 |ɗan Samaila. Haliru, Sarkin Gwandu ne ya kashe shi |- !24 |Muhammadu Ba ne | align="center" |1859 | align="center" |1860 |ɗan Yakubu. Ya rama mutuwar kawunsa kafin a kashe shi |- !25 |Abdullahi Toga | align="center" |1860 | align="center" |1883 |ɗan Samaila |- !26 |Samaila II (ko Sama) | align="center" |1883 | align="center" |Satumba 1915 <ref name="wstates"/> |ɗan Yakubu. Wani babban jarumi wanda aka sani da ya ƙone garuruwan Fulani 90 |- !27 |Suleimana | align="center" |1915 | align="center" |1920 |ɗan Yakubu |- !28 |Muhammadu Sama | align="center" |1920 | align="center" |1934 |ɗan Samaila II |- !29 |Muhammadu Sani | align="center" |1934 | align="center" |1942 |ɗan Muhammadu Sama |- !30 |Samaila na Uku | align="center" |1942 | align="center" |1953 |zuriyar Muhammadu Dan Giwa (r. 1700-1717), Sarkin Kebbi |- !31 |Muhammadu Shefe | align="center" |1953 | align="center" |Oktoba 1959 <ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Samaila III. Ya yi murabus bayan rashin jituwa da majalisarsa |- !32 |Muhammadu Mera | align="center" |1959 | align="center" |1996<ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Muhammadu Sani |- !33 |Samaila IV CON <ref name="wstates" /> | align="center" |1996<ref name="wstates" /> | align="center" |Mai mulki <ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Muhammadu Mera |} === Itacen iyali === {{Chart top}} {{Tree chart/start|align=center}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03||A04|||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||,|-|-|^|-|.||`|-|v|-|-|-|.||`|-|.|||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03||A04||A05|||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||)|-|-|-|.|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||!||||`|-|-|-|-|.||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02|||||||A03||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||)|-|-|-|.|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||||!|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||A02||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||,|-|-|^|-|-|.||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||A02||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||!||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||!||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart/end}} {{Chart bottom}} * Harris, P. G.: Sokoto Provincial Gazetteer, Sokoto 1938 [Cyclostyled]. * Hogben, S. J. da [[Anthony Kirk-Greene|A. H. M. Kirk-Greene]]: Daular Larabawa ta Arewacin Najeriya, London 1966. * Johnston, H. A. S., The Fulani Empire of Sokoto, Oxford 1967 (shafi na 187-195). * &nbsp; == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1ypiklawo1azeu718l0j6nhemzcuflw 822443 822439 2026-04-19T08:11:09Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Yaki da 'yan Jihadi na Fulani */ 822443 wikitext text/x-wiki Masarautar '''Argungu''', wacce kuma aka sani da '''Masarautar Kebbi''' [[Jerin jihohin gargajiya na Najeriya|gidane na tarihi]] dayake a garin [[Argungu]] a cikin Jihar [[Kebbi]], Najeriya. Itace tayi gadon tsohuwar masarautar [[Hausawa|Hausa]] a Jihar Kebbi.<ref name="wstates">{{Cite web |title=Traditional States of Nigeria |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_native.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=WorldStatesmen.org}}</ref>Masarautar na ɗaya daga cikin masarautu huɗu a jihar Kebbi, Sauran sune; [[Gwandu|Masarautar Gwandu]], [[Masarautar Yauri]] da kuma [[Zuru|Masarautar Zuru]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> == Wurin da yake == Masarautar Kebbi tana arewa maso yammacin jihar Kebbi a Yanzu. A lokutan da suka gabata ya kai kudu da babban birnin [[Birnin Kebbi]], wanda yanzu shine babban birnin Gwandu Emirate da kuma Jihar Kebbi kanta. Yankin yafi zama [[Gandun daji na Sudan|Savanna na Sudan]], gandun daji mai budewa tare da bishiyoyi da suka warwatse. Yankin da ke cikin [[Kogin Rima]] ya haɗu da shi, wanda ke cike da ambaliyar ruwa. Akwai lokacin rigar tsakanin Mayu da Satumba, tare da ruwan sama kadan a cikin sauran shekara. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine kimanin 800mm. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana kaiwa 26 ° C, daga 21 ° C a cikin hunturu zuwa 40 ° C tsakanin Afrilu da Yuni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Physical Setting |url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/links/kebbiadv.asp?blurb=300 |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Online Nigeria}}</ref> Mazauna Kebbi sun ƙunshi Kabbawa, da wani rukuni na Hausa.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Tarihi ==   === Asalin === Kebbi a al'adance ana ɗaukarta ta jihohin &#x3C;&#x20;[[Hausa Bakwai|Banza Bakwai]] an [[Hausa Bakwai|Ƙasar Hausa]]. A cewar sanannen tarihi na Hausa, mulkin Kebbi yana ɗaya daga cikin Banza Bakwai ("babai bakwai") ko jihohi bakwai "marasa izini". Shugabannin wadannan jihohin ya kamata su gano zuriyarsu ga Ƙwaraƙwarar mahaifin da ya kafa Hausa, Bayajidda, saboda haka kalmar banza ("marasa izini"). Nassoshi na daɗaɗɗu na tarihi sun nuna lokacin da yankin ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Songhay a lokacin mulkin Sunni Ali (1464-1492). A cikin littafin Ta’rīkh al-Südän na Al-Sa’di, inda aka ce a shekarar 1516-7 Kanta Kuta, mai mulkin Leka, ya yi tawaye ga Dendi-fari (“gwamnan gabas gabas”), gwamnan lardin da ya kafa daular Songhay ta karshe kuma ya kafa daula. Dalilin ballewar Kebbi daga Songhay shi ne kin baiwa Kanta kasonsa na ganimar da aka samu a wani balaguro da suka yi da Masarautar. A cikin shekara ta 1517-8, Songhay ya yi ƙoƙari ya sake kafa ikonsa a kan Kebbi, amma bai yi nasara ba. Kuta ya ci nasara, mai yiwuwa a 1523-4 Muhammad Kanta kuma a ƙarƙashinsa ne Kebbi ta zama babbar ƙasa a Sudan ta Tsakiya . Sudan. A zamanin Songhay Askia Muhammad Bunkan, Kanta ya sami damar cin nasara a kan Songhay, sojojin Askia sun warwatse 'pell-mell' kuma Muhammad Bunkan ya yi sa'a ya tsere da rayuwarsa. Ta'rīkh al-Südän na Al-Sa'di, wanda ya rubuta wannan al'amari, ya ce babu wata Askia da ta sake yin yunƙurin kai hari a Kebbi. A wannan lokacin Sun kare, wanda har yanzu katangar ganuwar ta kasance babban birnin masarautar. [3] Kebbi ya zama babban iko a yankin, yana kare hare-haren [[Daular Songhai|Songhay]], yana fadada cikin ƙasashen [[Masarautar Yauri|Yauri]] da [[Masarautar Bida|Nupe]] zuwa kudu kuma yana kayar da yunkurin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Daular Bornu]] don mamayewa da mamaye jihohin Hausa. Koyaya, bayan mutuwar Kanta a shekara ta 1556 jihohin Hausa sun daina biyan haraji, kuma ɗansa da magajinsa Ahmadu ba su yi ƙoƙari su tilasta batun ba. A ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha shida Kebbi ya zama ƙaramar masarauta. === Yaki da 'yan Jihadi na Fulani === A lokacin [[Jihadin Danfodio|Jihadi na Fulani]], a cikin 1808 [[Abdullahi dan Fodio]] (c. 1766-1828), ƙaramin ɗan'uwan [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shaihu Usman dan Fodio]], ya ci sojojin Kebbi. Ya zama mai mulkin Gwandu Emirate, wanda ya mamaye arewa maso gabashin Khalifancin [[Sokoto (birni)|Sokoto]] . An kori [[Sarkin Kebbi]], Muhammadu Hodi, daga babban birninsa kuma an maye gurbinsa da mai mulkin tsana, Usuman Masa. Koyaya, Kebbawa sun ci gaba da tsayayya, kuma Abdullahi bai iya kammala nasarar ba. Muhammadu Hodi ya ci gaba da yaƙi a kwarin [[Kogin Zamfara|Zamfara]], kuma magajinsa Karari a Argungu da Zazzagawa . A kan mutuwar Karari a 1831, dansa [[Yakubu Nabame]] ya mika wuya, kuma ya zauna shekaru 16 a gudun hijira a Sokoto har sai Sultan Aliyu Babba ya ba shi damar komawa Argungu a matsayin mai bin Khalifanci.<ref name="johnston" /> A cikin 1849 Yakubu ya yi watsi da amincinsa kuma ya ayyana kansa Sarkin Kebbi . Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe, ciki har da wani lokaci da sojojin Sokoto suka kewaye Argungu, Sultan Aliyu na Sokoto ya amince da 'yancin kai na Masarautar Kebbi da ke Argungu. Koyaya gwamnatin Sokoto ta mallaki siyasar Kebbi yadda ya kamata kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin jihar tsana. Kebbi yanzu ya kafa rikici tsakanin Sokoto da Gwandu, kuma yaƙe-yaƙe na lokaci-lokaci ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru hamsin masu zuwa. A shekara ta 1859 an kashe ɗan'uwan Yakubu kuma magajinsa Yusufu Mainasara a yaƙi a cikin busassun ambaliyar [[Kogin Rima]]. A cikin 1860 an kashe Sarkin Gwandu, Haliru, a yaƙi a Karakara . A cikin 1867 Fulani sun amince da 'yancin Kebbi a cikin yarjejeniya ta musamman. A shekara ta 1875 yaƙin ya sake tashi lokacin da mutanen Fanna a cikin kwarin Rima suka yanke shawarar canja wurin biyayya ga Gwandu. Sarkin Kebbi Sama'ila ya sami nasarori da yawa a kan Gwandu tsakanin 1883 da 1903, tare da wasu matsaloli masu tsanani, har sai da aka kafa mulkin mallaka na [[Birtaniya]] na Arewacin Najeriya a ƙarshe ya kawo karshen fada. === Zamanin mulkin mallaka === A ranar 5 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1890 Birtaniya da Faransanci sun kammala yarjejeniya don raba Yammacin Afirka tsakanin masu mulkin mallaka biyu. A karkashin wannan yarjejeniya, Burtaniya za ta sami dukkan yankuna har zuwa ciki har da Khalifancin Sokoto, yayin da Faransanci za su dauki ƙasashen zuwa arewa. Ba a tuntubi mutanen yankin ba. An ba Faransanci Parfait-Louis Monteil alhakin balaguro don gano iyakokin arewacin Khalifancin Sokoto. Da ya isa Argungu a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1891, ya gano cewa masarautar ta kasance mai zaman kanta daga Sokoto, kodayake Sokoto za ta ci nasara a watan Maris na shekara ta 1792 kuma ta tilasta ta sake zama ƙasa mai biyayya. Monteil kuma ya sami ƙarancin shaidar kasancewar da [[Kamfanin Royal Niger]] na Burtaniya ya yi a yankin, ban da wasu wuraren kasuwanci a Gwandu. Lokacin da Turawan Burtaniya suka ji labarin rahoton Monteil, sannan suka ji cewa Faransanci sun ɗaga tutarsu a Argungu, sai suka aika da sojoji zuwa Argungu a shekara ta 1898, inda ba su sami kasancewar Faransanci ba. Birtaniya ta kafa dindindin a Argungu a cikin 1902 don samar da kariya ga sojojin Faransa da ke tsallaka yankin Burtaniya ta yarjejeniya, sannan kuma don kare hukumar iyaka da ke iyakance iyakar tsakanin yankunan Faransa da Burtaniya. Da jin labarin cewa Sultan na Sokoto yana tara sojojinsa, an tura wannan rundunar da sauransu zuwa Sokoto inda bayan wasu fada suka sami nasara. Sarkin Sama ya yi maraba da Burtaniya saboda dalilai na siyasa, tunda a karkashin tsarin mulkin kai tsaye na Burtaniya ya sami damar sake dawowa da karfafa ikonsa. A shekara ta 1908, ikon Burtaniya ba shi da wata tambaya. A wani [[durbar]] da aka gudanar a 1908 ga gwamnan mulkin mallaka [[Frederick Lugard]], sarakunan Kebbi da Gwandu da Sultan na Sokoto sun fito da karfi, tare da nuna mahayan da raƙuma dubu goma sha biyar. Emirs sun ba Lugard ponies goma sha shida a matsayin haraji, kuma sun durƙusa a gabansa. Birtaniya ta kafa tsarin inda aka ba da manyan hukumomin gudanarwa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Jami'an Gundumar. Ba a nemi aikin Argungu ba. Sauro sun kasance masu muni sosai har D.O. ya yi barci a cikin wani gidan sauro da aka gina musamman.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Anthony Kirk-Greene}}</ref> == Masarautar a yau == === Bikin kamun kifi === Bikin Kifi na shekara-shekara na Argungu yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan al'adu a arewacin Najeriya. Bikin yana da dogon tarihi. An fara shirya shi ne lokacin da Sultan na Sokoto, Hassan Dan Mu'azu, ya ziyarci Masarautar Argungu a 1934, kuma an gudanar da shi don nuna ikon kamun kifi na Kabawas ta hanyar Sarkin Muhammed Sama. Har zuwa shekarun 1960 bikin ya kasance al'amarin gida, amma a cikin 1972 Shugaban Gwamnatin Najeriya, Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] da takwaransa daga [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Hamani Diori]] sun halarta. Saboda dalilai na siyasa, bikin ya rasa goyon baya kuma ba a gudanar da bikin ba daga 1999 har zuwa 2004. Yanzu an farfado da bikin kuma yana zama babban abin jan hankali ga masu yawon bude ido.<ref>{{Cite web |last=INUWA BWALA |date=3 March 2004 |title=Reviving a heritage |url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/mar/03/0077.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Daily Champion |archive-date=4 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604032328/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/mar/03/0077.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, bikin da aka sake masa suna Argungu International and Cultural Festival ya hada da babban durbar tare da dawakai 500 da aka yi wa ado da kyau da mahayan su, da kuma raƙuma 120 da aka yi musu ado da kyau, karkashin jagorancin mai ɗaukar tutar Masarautar Argungu da kuma hada da mahalarta daga wasu kabilun da yawa. Kifi mafi girma ya auna kilo 55, kuma an gabatar da kyaututtuka don wannan kamawa a wani bikin da Shugaba [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]], matarsa, gwamnoni shida da sarakuna na gargajiya da yawa suka halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saka Ibrahim |date=29 March 2009 |title=Argungu Fishing Festival - Morning After |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200903300166.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> Bikin na 2009 ya hada da wasanni na ruwa, harbi da gasa, taron mota, wasan kwaikwayo na ƙungiyoyin rawa daga [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Mali]], [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Benin]], gwagwarmaya da wasannin dambe, da baje kolin noma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayo Okulaja |title=The lowdown on Argungu |url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/5393252-147/story.csp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112230/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/5393252-147/story.csp |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=Next}}</ref> Muhimmancin bikin ga tattalin arziki ya sa gwamnati ta adana kifin kifi ta hanyar hana amfani da taru da taru.&nbsp; === Shirin ban ruwa === An yi tunanin aikin Zauro polder a cikin 1969 kuma an jinkirta shi, amma kamar ana iya fara shi a cikin 2009. Aikin zai ban ruwa kadada 10,572 na gonaki a cikin ambaliyar Kogin Rima tsakanin [[Argungu]] da [[Birnin Kebbi]]. Amfanin gona zai hada da shinkafa, masara, alkama, sha'ir da kayan lambu kamar wake, albasa, tumatir, dankali mai zaki da dankali na Irish. Dam din zai kuma amfana da masana'antar kamun kifi, mai mahimmanci a jihar. Aikin ya yi alkawarin fa'idodi masu mahimmanci amma yana da rikici, tunda zai canza tsarin amfani da ƙasa, ya kawar da wasu al'ummomi kuma ya mamaye shafin bikin kamun kifi na shekara-shekara. An jajjefe Sarkin Argungu a cikin zanga-zangar kan aikin.<ref name="Omoniyi">{{Cite web |last=Tosin Omoniyi |date=20 December 2009 |title=A Dam of Controversy |url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1636&Itemid=47 |access-date=9 October 2010 |website=Newswatch}}</ref> === Gidan kayan gargajiya === A watan Yunin 2009 Masarautar Argungu ta gabatar da wata shawara ga Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Tarihi da Tarihi ta Kasa don ba da tarihin Surame jerin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Tarihin Duniya]]. Surame ita ce babban birnin farko na Masarautar Kebbi, wanda Mohammadu Kanta Kotal ya kafa. Sanata [[Umaru Argungu|Umaru Abubakar Argungu]] ya kuma nemi taimako don sanya Gidan Tarihi na Kanta ba kawai abin tunawa na kasa ba amma tushen al'adu na tarihi don Jerin Tarihin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohammed S. Shehu |date=18 June 2009 |title=Argungu Emirate Presents Site For World Heritage Listing |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200906180120.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Daily Trust}}</ref> Ginin gidan kayan gargajiya, kusa da babban kasuwa an gina shi ne a 1831 ta Yakubu Nabame kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin fadar Sarkin har zuwa 1942, lokacin da Birtaniya ta gina sabon fadar gudanarwa a lokacin mulkin Muhammed Sani. A ranar 1 ga Yulin 1958, an buɗe shi a matsayin gidan kayan gargajiya, yana ba da haske game da tarihin rikice-rikice na [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]]. Gidan kayan gargajiya yana da sanannen tarin makamai, wanda ya kunshi kwarjayi, mashi, takobi, itace, duwatsu, baka da kibiyoyi, bindigogi na gida har ma da drum a kan nuni. An kuma san gidan kayan gargajiya a matsayin wurin da ake binne matattu sarakuna na karamar hukuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayo Okulaja |title=The charm of Argungu Museum |url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/Travel/5396182-147/story.csp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721135557/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/Travel/5396182-147/story.csp |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=8 October 2010 |publisher=Next}}</ref> == Masu mulki == Shugabannin masarautar Hausa kafin a shiga cikin Khalifancin Sokoto: {| class="wikitable" |+Babban mulkin Hausa wanda ya dogara da Surame da Birnin Kebbi !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !Sunan !Farawar Sarauta !Ƙarshen Sarautar |- !1 |[[Kanta Kotal|Muhammadu Kantu Kotal]] | align="center" |1516 | align="center" |1561 |- !2 |Ahmadu I | align="center" |1561 | align="center" |1596 |- !3 |Dauda | align="center" |1596 | align="center" |1619 |- !4 |Ibrahimu I | align="center" |1619 | align="center" |1621 |- !5 |Suleimanu na I | align="center" |1621 | align="center" |1636 |- !6 |Muhammadu | align="center" |1636 | align="center" |1649 |- !7 |Maliki dan Ibrahimu | align="center" |1649 | align="center" |1662 |- !8 |Umarau Ciwa | align="center" |1662 | align="center" |1674 |- !9 |Muhammadu Kaye | align="center" |1674 | align="center" |1676 |- !10 |Ibrahimu na II | align="center" |1676 | align="center" |1684 |- !11 |Muhammadu na Sifawa | align="center" |1684 | align="center" |1686 |- !12 |Ahmadu dan Amaru | align="center" |1686 | align="center" |1696 |- !13 |Tomo | align="center" |1696 | align="center" |1700 |- !14 |Muhammadu dan Giwa | align="center" |1700 | align="center" |1717 |- !15 |Samaila | align="center" |1717 | align="center" |1750 |- !16 |Muhammadu dan Tagande | align="center" |1750 | align="center" |1754 |- !17 |Abdullahi Toga | align="center" |1754 | align="center" |1775 |- !18 |Suleimanu na II | align="center" |1775 | align="center" |1803 |- !19 |Abubakar Ukar | colspan="2" align="center" |1803 |- !20 |Muhammadu Fodi | align="center" |1803 | align="center" |1826 |- !21 |Samaila na II | align="center" |1826 | align="center" |1827 |} Shugabannin Masarautar Hausa da aka kafa a Argungu: {| class="wikitable" |+Jihar da ta maye gurbin Hausa bisa ga Argungu !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !Sunan !Farawar Sarauta !Ƙarshen Sarautar !Bayani |- !21 |Samaila (ko Karari) | align="center" |1827 | align="center" |1831 |jagorantar tsayayya mai tsanani a kan [[Gwandu]]. An kashe shi a Galewa |- !22 |[[Yakubu Nabame]] <small> (a gudun hijira daga 1831 zuwa 1849) </small> | align="center" |1831 | align="center" |1854 |ɗan Samaila. Ya kama garuruwa da yawa kafin a kashe shi da kibiya a Kibiari |- !23 |Yusufu Mainasara | align="center" |1854 | align="center" |1859 |ɗan Samaila. Haliru, Sarkin Gwandu ne ya kashe shi |- !24 |Muhammadu Ba ne | align="center" |1859 | align="center" |1860 |ɗan Yakubu. Ya rama mutuwar kawunsa kafin a kashe shi |- !25 |Abdullahi Toga | align="center" |1860 | align="center" |1883 |ɗan Samaila |- !26 |Samaila II (ko Sama) | align="center" |1883 | align="center" |Satumba 1915 <ref name="wstates"/> |ɗan Yakubu. Wani babban jarumi wanda aka sani da ya ƙone garuruwan Fulani 90 |- !27 |Suleimana | align="center" |1915 | align="center" |1920 |ɗan Yakubu |- !28 |Muhammadu Sama | align="center" |1920 | align="center" |1934 |ɗan Samaila II |- !29 |Muhammadu Sani | align="center" |1934 | align="center" |1942 |ɗan Muhammadu Sama |- !30 |Samaila na Uku | align="center" |1942 | align="center" |1953 |zuriyar Muhammadu Dan Giwa (r. 1700-1717), Sarkin Kebbi |- !31 |Muhammadu Shefe | align="center" |1953 | align="center" |Oktoba 1959 <ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Samaila III. Ya yi murabus bayan rashin jituwa da majalisarsa |- !32 |Muhammadu Mera | align="center" |1959 | align="center" |1996<ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Muhammadu Sani |- !33 |Samaila IV CON <ref name="wstates" /> | align="center" |1996<ref name="wstates" /> | align="center" |Mai mulki <ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Muhammadu Mera |} === Itacen iyali === {{Chart top}} {{Tree chart/start|align=center}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03||A04|||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||,|-|-|^|-|.||`|-|v|-|-|-|.||`|-|.|||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03||A04||A05|||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||)|-|-|-|.|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||!||||`|-|-|-|-|.||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02|||||||A03||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||)|-|-|-|.|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||||!|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||A02||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||,|-|-|^|-|-|.||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||A02||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||!||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||!||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart/end}} {{Chart bottom}} * Harris, P. G.: Sokoto Provincial Gazetteer, Sokoto 1938 [Cyclostyled]. * Hogben, S. J. da [[Anthony Kirk-Greene|A. H. M. Kirk-Greene]]: Daular Larabawa ta Arewacin Najeriya, London 1966. * Johnston, H. A. S., The Fulani Empire of Sokoto, Oxford 1967 (shafi na 187-195). * &nbsp; == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t87q66mj0xcpflmibanyl2u9jw0kd80 822444 822443 2026-04-19T08:13:13Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Yaki da 'yan Jihadi na Fulani */ 822444 wikitext text/x-wiki Masarautar '''Argungu''', wacce kuma aka sani da '''Masarautar Kebbi''' [[Jerin jihohin gargajiya na Najeriya|gidane na tarihi]] dayake a garin [[Argungu]] a cikin Jihar [[Kebbi]], Najeriya. Itace tayi gadon tsohuwar masarautar [[Hausawa|Hausa]] a Jihar Kebbi.<ref name="wstates">{{Cite web |title=Traditional States of Nigeria |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_native.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=WorldStatesmen.org}}</ref>Masarautar na ɗaya daga cikin masarautu huɗu a jihar Kebbi, Sauran sune; [[Gwandu|Masarautar Gwandu]], [[Masarautar Yauri]] da kuma [[Zuru|Masarautar Zuru]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> == Wurin da yake == Masarautar Kebbi tana arewa maso yammacin jihar Kebbi a Yanzu. A lokutan da suka gabata ya kai kudu da babban birnin [[Birnin Kebbi]], wanda yanzu shine babban birnin Gwandu Emirate da kuma Jihar Kebbi kanta. Yankin yafi zama [[Gandun daji na Sudan|Savanna na Sudan]], gandun daji mai budewa tare da bishiyoyi da suka warwatse. Yankin da ke cikin [[Kogin Rima]] ya haɗu da shi, wanda ke cike da ambaliyar ruwa. Akwai lokacin rigar tsakanin Mayu da Satumba, tare da ruwan sama kadan a cikin sauran shekara. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine kimanin 800mm. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana kaiwa 26 ° C, daga 21 ° C a cikin hunturu zuwa 40 ° C tsakanin Afrilu da Yuni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Physical Setting |url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/links/kebbiadv.asp?blurb=300 |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Online Nigeria}}</ref> Mazauna Kebbi sun ƙunshi Kabbawa, da wani rukuni na Hausa.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Tarihi ==   === Asalin === Kebbi a al'adance ana ɗaukarta ta jihohin &#x3C;&#x20;[[Hausa Bakwai|Banza Bakwai]] an [[Hausa Bakwai|Ƙasar Hausa]]. A cewar sanannen tarihi na Hausa, mulkin Kebbi yana ɗaya daga cikin Banza Bakwai ("babai bakwai") ko jihohi bakwai "marasa izini". Shugabannin wadannan jihohin ya kamata su gano zuriyarsu ga Ƙwaraƙwarar mahaifin da ya kafa Hausa, Bayajidda, saboda haka kalmar banza ("marasa izini"). Nassoshi na daɗaɗɗu na tarihi sun nuna lokacin da yankin ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Songhay a lokacin mulkin Sunni Ali (1464-1492). A cikin littafin Ta’rīkh al-Südän na Al-Sa’di, inda aka ce a shekarar 1516-7 Kanta Kuta, mai mulkin Leka, ya yi tawaye ga Dendi-fari (“gwamnan gabas gabas”), gwamnan lardin da ya kafa daular Songhay ta karshe kuma ya kafa daula. Dalilin ballewar Kebbi daga Songhay shi ne kin baiwa Kanta kasonsa na ganimar da aka samu a wani balaguro da suka yi da Masarautar. A cikin shekara ta 1517-8, Songhay ya yi ƙoƙari ya sake kafa ikonsa a kan Kebbi, amma bai yi nasara ba. Kuta ya ci nasara, mai yiwuwa a 1523-4 Muhammad Kanta kuma a ƙarƙashinsa ne Kebbi ta zama babbar ƙasa a Sudan ta Tsakiya . Sudan. A zamanin Songhay Askia Muhammad Bunkan, Kanta ya sami damar cin nasara a kan Songhay, sojojin Askia sun warwatse 'pell-mell' kuma Muhammad Bunkan ya yi sa'a ya tsere da rayuwarsa. Ta'rīkh al-Südän na Al-Sa'di, wanda ya rubuta wannan al'amari, ya ce babu wata Askia da ta sake yin yunƙurin kai hari a Kebbi. A wannan lokacin Sun kare, wanda har yanzu katangar ganuwar ta kasance babban birnin masarautar. [3] Kebbi ya zama babban iko a yankin, yana kare hare-haren [[Daular Songhai|Songhay]], yana fadada cikin ƙasashen [[Masarautar Yauri|Yauri]] da [[Masarautar Bida|Nupe]] zuwa kudu kuma yana kayar da yunkurin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Daular Bornu]] don mamayewa da mamaye jihohin Hausa. Koyaya, bayan mutuwar Kanta a shekara ta 1556 jihohin Hausa sun daina biyan haraji, kuma ɗansa da magajinsa Ahmadu ba su yi ƙoƙari su tilasta batun ba. A ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha shida Kebbi ya zama ƙaramar masarauta. === Yaki da 'yan Jihadi na Fulani === A lokacin [[Jihadin Danfodio|Jihadi na Fulani]], a cikin 1808 [[Abdullahi dan Fodio]] (c. 1766-1828), ƙaramin ɗan'uwan [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Usman dan Fodio]], ya ci sojojin Kebbi. Yaama mai mulkin Gwandu Emirate, wanda ya mamaye arewa maso gabashin Khalifancin [[Sokoto (birni)|Sokoto]] . An kori [[Sarkin Kebbi]], Muhammadu Hodi, daga babban birninsa kuma an maye gurbinsa da mai mulkin tsana, Usuman Masa. Koyaya, Kebbawa sun ci gaba da tsayayya, kuma Abdullahi bai iya kammala nasarar ba. Muhammadu Hodi ya ci gaba da yaƙi a kwarin [[Kogin Zamfara|Zamfara]], kuma magajinsa Karari a Argungu da Zazzagawa . A kan mutuwar Karari a 1831, dansa [[Yakubu Nabame]] ya mika wuya, kuma ya zauna shekaru 16 a gudun hijira a Sokoto har sai Sultan Aliyu Babba ya ba shi damar komawa Argungu a matsayin mai bin Khalifanci.<ref name="johnston" /> A cikin 1849 Yakubu ya yi watsi da amincinsa kuma ya ayyana kansa Sarkin Kebbi . Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe, ciki har da wani lokaci da sojojin Sokoto suka kewaye Argungu, Sultan Aliyu na Sokoto ya amince da 'yancin kai na Masarautar Kebbi da ke Argungu. Koyaya gwamnatin Sokoto ta mallaki siyasar Kebbi yadda ya kamata kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin jihar tsana. Kebbi yanzu ya kafa rikici tsakanin Sokoto da Gwandu, kuma yaƙe-yaƙe na lokaci-lokaci ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru hamsin masu zuwa. A shekara ta 1859 an kashe ɗan'uwan Yakubu kuma magajinsa Yusufu Mainasara a yaƙi a cikin busassun ambaliyar [[Kogin Rima]]. A cikin 1860 an kashe Sarkin Gwandu, Haliru, a yaƙi a Karakara . A cikin 1867 Fulani sun amince da 'yancin Kebbi a cikin yarjejeniya ta musamman. A shekara ta 1875 yaƙin ya sake tashi lokacin da mutanen Fanna a cikin kwarin Rima suka yanke shawarar canja wurin biyayya ga Gwandu. Sarkin Kebbi Sama'ila ya sami nasarori da yawa a kan Gwandu tsakanin 1883 da 1903, tare da wasu matsaloli masu tsanani, har sai da aka kafa mulkin mallaka na [[Birtaniya]] na Arewacin Najeriya a ƙarshe ya kawo karshen fada. === Zamanin mulkin mallaka === A ranar 5 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1890 Birtaniya da Faransanci sun kammala yarjejeniya don raba Yammacin Afirka tsakanin masu mulkin mallaka biyu. A karkashin wannan yarjejeniya, Burtaniya za ta sami dukkan yankuna har zuwa ciki har da Khalifancin Sokoto, yayin da Faransanci za su dauki ƙasashen zuwa arewa. Ba a tuntubi mutanen yankin ba. An ba Faransanci Parfait-Louis Monteil alhakin balaguro don gano iyakokin arewacin Khalifancin Sokoto. Da ya isa Argungu a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1891, ya gano cewa masarautar ta kasance mai zaman kanta daga Sokoto, kodayake Sokoto za ta ci nasara a watan Maris na shekara ta 1792 kuma ta tilasta ta sake zama ƙasa mai biyayya. Monteil kuma ya sami ƙarancin shaidar kasancewar da [[Kamfanin Royal Niger]] na Burtaniya ya yi a yankin, ban da wasu wuraren kasuwanci a Gwandu. Lokacin da Turawan Burtaniya suka ji labarin rahoton Monteil, sannan suka ji cewa Faransanci sun ɗaga tutarsu a Argungu, sai suka aika da sojoji zuwa Argungu a shekara ta 1898, inda ba su sami kasancewar Faransanci ba. Birtaniya ta kafa dindindin a Argungu a cikin 1902 don samar da kariya ga sojojin Faransa da ke tsallaka yankin Burtaniya ta yarjejeniya, sannan kuma don kare hukumar iyaka da ke iyakance iyakar tsakanin yankunan Faransa da Burtaniya. Da jin labarin cewa Sultan na Sokoto yana tara sojojinsa, an tura wannan rundunar da sauransu zuwa Sokoto inda bayan wasu fada suka sami nasara. Sarkin Sama ya yi maraba da Burtaniya saboda dalilai na siyasa, tunda a karkashin tsarin mulkin kai tsaye na Burtaniya ya sami damar sake dawowa da karfafa ikonsa. A shekara ta 1908, ikon Burtaniya ba shi da wata tambaya. A wani [[durbar]] da aka gudanar a 1908 ga gwamnan mulkin mallaka [[Frederick Lugard]], sarakunan Kebbi da Gwandu da Sultan na Sokoto sun fito da karfi, tare da nuna mahayan da raƙuma dubu goma sha biyar. Emirs sun ba Lugard ponies goma sha shida a matsayin haraji, kuma sun durƙusa a gabansa. Birtaniya ta kafa tsarin inda aka ba da manyan hukumomin gudanarwa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Jami'an Gundumar. Ba a nemi aikin Argungu ba. Sauro sun kasance masu muni sosai har D.O. ya yi barci a cikin wani gidan sauro da aka gina musamman.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Anthony Kirk-Greene}}</ref> == Masarautar a yau == === Bikin kamun kifi === Bikin Kifi na shekara-shekara na Argungu yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan al'adu a arewacin Najeriya. Bikin yana da dogon tarihi. An fara shirya shi ne lokacin da Sultan na Sokoto, Hassan Dan Mu'azu, ya ziyarci Masarautar Argungu a 1934, kuma an gudanar da shi don nuna ikon kamun kifi na Kabawas ta hanyar Sarkin Muhammed Sama. Har zuwa shekarun 1960 bikin ya kasance al'amarin gida, amma a cikin 1972 Shugaban Gwamnatin Najeriya, Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] da takwaransa daga [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Hamani Diori]] sun halarta. Saboda dalilai na siyasa, bikin ya rasa goyon baya kuma ba a gudanar da bikin ba daga 1999 har zuwa 2004. Yanzu an farfado da bikin kuma yana zama babban abin jan hankali ga masu yawon bude ido.<ref>{{Cite web |last=INUWA BWALA |date=3 March 2004 |title=Reviving a heritage |url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/mar/03/0077.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Daily Champion |archive-date=4 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604032328/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/mar/03/0077.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, bikin da aka sake masa suna Argungu International and Cultural Festival ya hada da babban durbar tare da dawakai 500 da aka yi wa ado da kyau da mahayan su, da kuma raƙuma 120 da aka yi musu ado da kyau, karkashin jagorancin mai ɗaukar tutar Masarautar Argungu da kuma hada da mahalarta daga wasu kabilun da yawa. Kifi mafi girma ya auna kilo 55, kuma an gabatar da kyaututtuka don wannan kamawa a wani bikin da Shugaba [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]], matarsa, gwamnoni shida da sarakuna na gargajiya da yawa suka halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saka Ibrahim |date=29 March 2009 |title=Argungu Fishing Festival - Morning After |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200903300166.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> Bikin na 2009 ya hada da wasanni na ruwa, harbi da gasa, taron mota, wasan kwaikwayo na ƙungiyoyin rawa daga [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Mali]], [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Benin]], gwagwarmaya da wasannin dambe, da baje kolin noma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayo Okulaja |title=The lowdown on Argungu |url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/5393252-147/story.csp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112230/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/5393252-147/story.csp |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=Next}}</ref> Muhimmancin bikin ga tattalin arziki ya sa gwamnati ta adana kifin kifi ta hanyar hana amfani da taru da taru.&nbsp; === Shirin ban ruwa === An yi tunanin aikin Zauro polder a cikin 1969 kuma an jinkirta shi, amma kamar ana iya fara shi a cikin 2009. Aikin zai ban ruwa kadada 10,572 na gonaki a cikin ambaliyar Kogin Rima tsakanin [[Argungu]] da [[Birnin Kebbi]]. Amfanin gona zai hada da shinkafa, masara, alkama, sha'ir da kayan lambu kamar wake, albasa, tumatir, dankali mai zaki da dankali na Irish. Dam din zai kuma amfana da masana'antar kamun kifi, mai mahimmanci a jihar. Aikin ya yi alkawarin fa'idodi masu mahimmanci amma yana da rikici, tunda zai canza tsarin amfani da ƙasa, ya kawar da wasu al'ummomi kuma ya mamaye shafin bikin kamun kifi na shekara-shekara. An jajjefe Sarkin Argungu a cikin zanga-zangar kan aikin.<ref name="Omoniyi">{{Cite web |last=Tosin Omoniyi |date=20 December 2009 |title=A Dam of Controversy |url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1636&Itemid=47 |access-date=9 October 2010 |website=Newswatch}}</ref> === Gidan kayan gargajiya === A watan Yunin 2009 Masarautar Argungu ta gabatar da wata shawara ga Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Tarihi da Tarihi ta Kasa don ba da tarihin Surame jerin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Tarihin Duniya]]. Surame ita ce babban birnin farko na Masarautar Kebbi, wanda Mohammadu Kanta Kotal ya kafa. Sanata [[Umaru Argungu|Umaru Abubakar Argungu]] ya kuma nemi taimako don sanya Gidan Tarihi na Kanta ba kawai abin tunawa na kasa ba amma tushen al'adu na tarihi don Jerin Tarihin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohammed S. Shehu |date=18 June 2009 |title=Argungu Emirate Presents Site For World Heritage Listing |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200906180120.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Daily Trust}}</ref> Ginin gidan kayan gargajiya, kusa da babban kasuwa an gina shi ne a 1831 ta Yakubu Nabame kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin fadar Sarkin har zuwa 1942, lokacin da Birtaniya ta gina sabon fadar gudanarwa a lokacin mulkin Muhammed Sani. A ranar 1 ga Yulin 1958, an buɗe shi a matsayin gidan kayan gargajiya, yana ba da haske game da tarihin rikice-rikice na [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]]. Gidan kayan gargajiya yana da sanannen tarin makamai, wanda ya kunshi kwarjayi, mashi, takobi, itace, duwatsu, baka da kibiyoyi, bindigogi na gida har ma da drum a kan nuni. An kuma san gidan kayan gargajiya a matsayin wurin da ake binne matattu sarakuna na karamar hukuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayo Okulaja |title=The charm of Argungu Museum |url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/Travel/5396182-147/story.csp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721135557/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/Travel/5396182-147/story.csp |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=8 October 2010 |publisher=Next}}</ref> == Masu mulki == Shugabannin masarautar Hausa kafin a shiga cikin Khalifancin Sokoto: {| class="wikitable" |+Babban mulkin Hausa wanda ya dogara da Surame da Birnin Kebbi !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !Sunan !Farawar Sarauta !Ƙarshen Sarautar |- !1 |[[Kanta Kotal|Muhammadu Kantu Kotal]] | align="center" |1516 | align="center" |1561 |- !2 |Ahmadu I | align="center" |1561 | align="center" |1596 |- !3 |Dauda | align="center" |1596 | align="center" |1619 |- !4 |Ibrahimu I | align="center" |1619 | align="center" |1621 |- !5 |Suleimanu na I | align="center" |1621 | align="center" |1636 |- !6 |Muhammadu | align="center" |1636 | align="center" |1649 |- !7 |Maliki dan Ibrahimu | align="center" |1649 | align="center" |1662 |- !8 |Umarau Ciwa | align="center" |1662 | align="center" |1674 |- !9 |Muhammadu Kaye | align="center" |1674 | align="center" |1676 |- !10 |Ibrahimu na II | align="center" |1676 | align="center" |1684 |- !11 |Muhammadu na Sifawa | align="center" |1684 | align="center" |1686 |- !12 |Ahmadu dan Amaru | align="center" |1686 | align="center" |1696 |- !13 |Tomo | align="center" |1696 | align="center" |1700 |- !14 |Muhammadu dan Giwa | align="center" |1700 | align="center" |1717 |- !15 |Samaila | align="center" |1717 | align="center" |1750 |- !16 |Muhammadu dan Tagande | align="center" |1750 | align="center" |1754 |- !17 |Abdullahi Toga | align="center" |1754 | align="center" |1775 |- !18 |Suleimanu na II | align="center" |1775 | align="center" |1803 |- !19 |Abubakar Ukar | colspan="2" align="center" |1803 |- !20 |Muhammadu Fodi | align="center" |1803 | align="center" |1826 |- !21 |Samaila na II | align="center" |1826 | align="center" |1827 |} Shugabannin Masarautar Hausa da aka kafa a Argungu: {| class="wikitable" |+Jihar da ta maye gurbin Hausa bisa ga Argungu !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !Sunan !Farawar Sarauta !Ƙarshen Sarautar !Bayani |- !21 |Samaila (ko Karari) | align="center" |1827 | align="center" |1831 |jagorantar tsayayya mai tsanani a kan [[Gwandu]]. An kashe shi a Galewa |- !22 |[[Yakubu Nabame]] <small> (a gudun hijira daga 1831 zuwa 1849) </small> | align="center" |1831 | align="center" |1854 |ɗan Samaila. Ya kama garuruwa da yawa kafin a kashe shi da kibiya a Kibiari |- !23 |Yusufu Mainasara | align="center" |1854 | align="center" |1859 |ɗan Samaila. Haliru, Sarkin Gwandu ne ya kashe shi |- !24 |Muhammadu Ba ne | align="center" |1859 | align="center" |1860 |ɗan Yakubu. Ya rama mutuwar kawunsa kafin a kashe shi |- !25 |Abdullahi Toga | align="center" |1860 | align="center" |1883 |ɗan Samaila |- !26 |Samaila II (ko Sama) | align="center" |1883 | align="center" |Satumba 1915 <ref name="wstates"/> |ɗan Yakubu. Wani babban jarumi wanda aka sani da ya ƙone garuruwan Fulani 90 |- !27 |Suleimana | align="center" |1915 | align="center" |1920 |ɗan Yakubu |- !28 |Muhammadu Sama | align="center" |1920 | align="center" |1934 |ɗan Samaila II |- !29 |Muhammadu Sani | align="center" |1934 | align="center" |1942 |ɗan Muhammadu Sama |- !30 |Samaila na Uku | align="center" |1942 | align="center" |1953 |zuriyar Muhammadu Dan Giwa (r. 1700-1717), Sarkin Kebbi |- !31 |Muhammadu Shefe | align="center" |1953 | align="center" |Oktoba 1959 <ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Samaila III. Ya yi murabus bayan rashin jituwa da majalisarsa |- !32 |Muhammadu Mera | align="center" |1959 | align="center" |1996<ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Muhammadu Sani |- !33 |Samaila IV CON <ref name="wstates" /> | align="center" |1996<ref name="wstates" /> | align="center" |Mai mulki <ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Muhammadu Mera |} === Itacen iyali === {{Chart top}} {{Tree chart/start|align=center}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03||A04|||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||,|-|-|^|-|.||`|-|v|-|-|-|.||`|-|.|||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03||A04||A05|||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||)|-|-|-|.|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||!||||`|-|-|-|-|.||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02|||||||A03||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||)|-|-|-|.|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||||!|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||A02||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||,|-|-|^|-|-|.||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||A02||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||!||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||!||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart/end}} {{Chart bottom}} * Harris, P. G.: Sokoto Provincial Gazetteer, Sokoto 1938 [Cyclostyled]. * Hogben, S. J. da [[Anthony Kirk-Greene|A. H. M. Kirk-Greene]]: Daular Larabawa ta Arewacin Najeriya, London 1966. * Johnston, H. A. S., The Fulani Empire of Sokoto, Oxford 1967 (shafi na 187-195). * &nbsp; == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] keao49vtuwlctg9q6u3z5ifhf70bgdu 822445 822444 2026-04-19T08:17:08Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Yaki da 'yan Jihadi na Fulani */ 822445 wikitext text/x-wiki Masarautar '''Argungu''', wacce kuma aka sani da '''Masarautar Kebbi''' [[Jerin jihohin gargajiya na Najeriya|gidane na tarihi]] dayake a garin [[Argungu]] a cikin Jihar [[Kebbi]], Najeriya. Itace tayi gadon tsohuwar masarautar [[Hausawa|Hausa]] a Jihar Kebbi.<ref name="wstates">{{Cite web |title=Traditional States of Nigeria |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_native.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=WorldStatesmen.org}}</ref>Masarautar na ɗaya daga cikin masarautu huɗu a jihar Kebbi, Sauran sune; [[Gwandu|Masarautar Gwandu]], [[Masarautar Yauri]] da kuma [[Zuru|Masarautar Zuru]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> == Wurin da yake == Masarautar Kebbi tana arewa maso yammacin jihar Kebbi a Yanzu. A lokutan da suka gabata ya kai kudu da babban birnin [[Birnin Kebbi]], wanda yanzu shine babban birnin Gwandu Emirate da kuma Jihar Kebbi kanta. Yankin yafi zama [[Gandun daji na Sudan|Savanna na Sudan]], gandun daji mai budewa tare da bishiyoyi da suka warwatse. Yankin da ke cikin [[Kogin Rima]] ya haɗu da shi, wanda ke cike da ambaliyar ruwa. Akwai lokacin rigar tsakanin Mayu da Satumba, tare da ruwan sama kadan a cikin sauran shekara. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine kimanin 800mm. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana kaiwa 26 ° C, daga 21 ° C a cikin hunturu zuwa 40 ° C tsakanin Afrilu da Yuni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Physical Setting |url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/links/kebbiadv.asp?blurb=300 |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Online Nigeria}}</ref> Mazauna Kebbi sun ƙunshi Kabbawa, da wani rukuni na Hausa.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Tarihi ==   === Asalin === Kebbi a al'adance ana ɗaukarta ta jihohin &#x3C;&#x20;[[Hausa Bakwai|Banza Bakwai]] an [[Hausa Bakwai|Ƙasar Hausa]]. A cewar sanannen tarihi na Hausa, mulkin Kebbi yana ɗaya daga cikin Banza Bakwai ("babai bakwai") ko jihohi bakwai "marasa izini". Shugabannin wadannan jihohin ya kamata su gano zuriyarsu ga Ƙwaraƙwarar mahaifin da ya kafa Hausa, Bayajidda, saboda haka kalmar banza ("marasa izini"). Nassoshi na daɗaɗɗu na tarihi sun nuna lokacin da yankin ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Songhay a lokacin mulkin Sunni Ali (1464-1492). A cikin littafin Ta’rīkh al-Südän na Al-Sa’di, inda aka ce a shekarar 1516-7 Kanta Kuta, mai mulkin Leka, ya yi tawaye ga Dendi-fari (“gwamnan gabas gabas”), gwamnan lardin da ya kafa daular Songhay ta karshe kuma ya kafa daula. Dalilin ballewar Kebbi daga Songhay shi ne kin baiwa Kanta kasonsa na ganimar da aka samu a wani balaguro da suka yi da Masarautar. A cikin shekara ta 1517-8, Songhay ya yi ƙoƙari ya sake kafa ikonsa a kan Kebbi, amma bai yi nasara ba. Kuta ya ci nasara, mai yiwuwa a 1523-4 Muhammad Kanta kuma a ƙarƙashinsa ne Kebbi ta zama babbar ƙasa a Sudan ta Tsakiya . Sudan. A zamanin Songhay Askia Muhammad Bunkan, Kanta ya sami damar cin nasara a kan Songhay, sojojin Askia sun warwatse 'pell-mell' kuma Muhammad Bunkan ya yi sa'a ya tsere da rayuwarsa. Ta'rīkh al-Südän na Al-Sa'di, wanda ya rubuta wannan al'amari, ya ce babu wata Askia da ta sake yin yunƙurin kai hari a Kebbi. A wannan lokacin Sun kare, wanda har yanzu katangar ganuwar ta kasance babban birnin masarautar. [3] Kebbi ya zama babban iko a yankin, yana kare hare-haren [[Daular Songhai|Songhay]], yana fadada cikin ƙasashen [[Masarautar Yauri|Yauri]] da [[Masarautar Bida|Nupe]] zuwa kudu kuma yana kayar da yunkurin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Daular Bornu]] don mamayewa da mamaye jihohin Hausa. Koyaya, bayan mutuwar Kanta a shekara ta 1556 jihohin Hausa sun daina biyan haraji, kuma ɗansa da magajinsa Ahmadu ba su yi ƙoƙari su tilasta batun ba. A ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha shida Kebbi ya zama ƙaramar masarauta. === Yaki da 'yan Jihadi na Fulani === A lokacin [[Jihadin Danfodio|Jihadi na Fulani]], a cikin 1808 [[Abdullahi dan Fodio]] (c. 1766-1828), ƙaramin ɗan'uwan [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Usman dan Fodio]], ya ci sojojin Kebbi. Yaama mai mulkin Gwandu Emirate, wanda ya mamaye arewa maso gabashin Khalifancin [[Sokoto (birni)|Sokoto]] . An kori [[Sarkin Kebbi]], Muhammadu Hodi, daga babban birninsa kuma an maye gurbinsa da mai mulkin tsana, Usuman Masa. Koyaya, Kabbawa sun ci gaba da tsayayya, kuma Abdullahi bai iya kammala nasarar ba. Muhammadu Hodi ya ci gaba da yaƙi a kwarin [[Kogin Zamfara|Zamfara]], kuma magajinsa Karari a Argungu da Zazzagawa . A kan mutuwar Karari a 1831, dansa [[Yakubu Nabame]] ya mika wuya, kuma ya zauna shekaru 16 a gudun hijira a Sokoto har sai Sultan Aliyu Babba ya ba shi damar komawa Argungu a matsayin mai bin Khalifanci.<ref name="johnston" /> A cikin 1849 Yakubu ya yi watsi da amincinsa kuma ya ayyana kansa Sarkin Kebbi . Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe, ciki har da wani lokaci da sojojin Sokoto suka kewaye Argungu, Sultan Aliyu na Sokoto ya amince da 'yancin kai na Masarautar Kebbi da ke Argungu. Koyaya gwamnatin Sokoto ta mallaki siyasar Kebbi yadda ya kamata kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin jihar tsana. Kebbi yanzu ya kafa rikici tsakanin Sokoto da Gwandu, kuma yaƙe-yaƙe na lokaci-lokaci ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru hamsin masu zuwa. A shekara ta 1859 an kashe ɗan'uwan Yakubu kuma magajinsa Yusufu Mainasara a yaƙi a cikin busassun ambaliyar [[Kogin Rima]]. A cikin 1860 an kashe Sarkin Gwandu, Haliru, a yaƙi a Karakara . A cikin 1867 Fulani sun amince da 'yancin Kebbi a cikin yarjejeniya ta musamman. A shekara ta 1875 yaƙin ya sake tashi lokacin da mutanen Fanna a cikin kwarin Rima suka yanke shawarar canja wurin biyayya ga Gwandu. Sarkin Kebbi Sama'ila ya sami nasarori da yawa a kan Gwandu tsakanin 1883 da 1903, tare da wasu matsaloli masu tsanani, har sai da aka kafa mulkin mallaka na [[Birtaniya]] na Arewacin Najeriya a ƙarshe ya kawo karshen fada. === Zamanin mulkin mallaka === A ranar 5 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1890 Birtaniya da Faransanci sun kammala yarjejeniya don raba Yammacin Afirka tsakanin masu mulkin mallaka biyu. A karkashin wannan yarjejeniya, Burtaniya za ta sami dukkan yankuna har zuwa ciki har da Khalifancin Sokoto, yayin da Faransanci za su dauki ƙasashen zuwa arewa. Ba a tuntubi mutanen yankin ba. An ba Faransanci Parfait-Louis Monteil alhakin balaguro don gano iyakokin arewacin Khalifancin Sokoto. Da ya isa Argungu a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1891, ya gano cewa masarautar ta kasance mai zaman kanta daga Sokoto, kodayake Sokoto za ta ci nasara a watan Maris na shekara ta 1792 kuma ta tilasta ta sake zama ƙasa mai biyayya. Monteil kuma ya sami ƙarancin shaidar kasancewar da [[Kamfanin Royal Niger]] na Burtaniya ya yi a yankin, ban da wasu wuraren kasuwanci a Gwandu. Lokacin da Turawan Burtaniya suka ji labarin rahoton Monteil, sannan suka ji cewa Faransanci sun ɗaga tutarsu a Argungu, sai suka aika da sojoji zuwa Argungu a shekara ta 1898, inda ba su sami kasancewar Faransanci ba. Birtaniya ta kafa dindindin a Argungu a cikin 1902 don samar da kariya ga sojojin Faransa da ke tsallaka yankin Burtaniya ta yarjejeniya, sannan kuma don kare hukumar iyaka da ke iyakance iyakar tsakanin yankunan Faransa da Burtaniya. Da jin labarin cewa Sultan na Sokoto yana tara sojojinsa, an tura wannan rundunar da sauransu zuwa Sokoto inda bayan wasu fada suka sami nasara. Sarkin Sama ya yi maraba da Burtaniya saboda dalilai na siyasa, tunda a karkashin tsarin mulkin kai tsaye na Burtaniya ya sami damar sake dawowa da karfafa ikonsa. A shekara ta 1908, ikon Burtaniya ba shi da wata tambaya. A wani [[durbar]] da aka gudanar a 1908 ga gwamnan mulkin mallaka [[Frederick Lugard]], sarakunan Kebbi da Gwandu da Sultan na Sokoto sun fito da karfi, tare da nuna mahayan da raƙuma dubu goma sha biyar. Emirs sun ba Lugard ponies goma sha shida a matsayin haraji, kuma sun durƙusa a gabansa. Birtaniya ta kafa tsarin inda aka ba da manyan hukumomin gudanarwa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Jami'an Gundumar. Ba a nemi aikin Argungu ba. Sauro sun kasance masu muni sosai har D.O. ya yi barci a cikin wani gidan sauro da aka gina musamman.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Anthony Kirk-Greene}}</ref> == Masarautar a yau == === Bikin kamun kifi === Bikin Kifi na shekara-shekara na Argungu yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan al'adu a arewacin Najeriya. Bikin yana da dogon tarihi. An fara shirya shi ne lokacin da Sultan na Sokoto, Hassan Dan Mu'azu, ya ziyarci Masarautar Argungu a 1934, kuma an gudanar da shi don nuna ikon kamun kifi na Kabawas ta hanyar Sarkin Muhammed Sama. Har zuwa shekarun 1960 bikin ya kasance al'amarin gida, amma a cikin 1972 Shugaban Gwamnatin Najeriya, Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] da takwaransa daga [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Hamani Diori]] sun halarta. Saboda dalilai na siyasa, bikin ya rasa goyon baya kuma ba a gudanar da bikin ba daga 1999 har zuwa 2004. Yanzu an farfado da bikin kuma yana zama babban abin jan hankali ga masu yawon bude ido.<ref>{{Cite web |last=INUWA BWALA |date=3 March 2004 |title=Reviving a heritage |url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/mar/03/0077.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Daily Champion |archive-date=4 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604032328/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/mar/03/0077.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, bikin da aka sake masa suna Argungu International and Cultural Festival ya hada da babban durbar tare da dawakai 500 da aka yi wa ado da kyau da mahayan su, da kuma raƙuma 120 da aka yi musu ado da kyau, karkashin jagorancin mai ɗaukar tutar Masarautar Argungu da kuma hada da mahalarta daga wasu kabilun da yawa. Kifi mafi girma ya auna kilo 55, kuma an gabatar da kyaututtuka don wannan kamawa a wani bikin da Shugaba [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]], matarsa, gwamnoni shida da sarakuna na gargajiya da yawa suka halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saka Ibrahim |date=29 March 2009 |title=Argungu Fishing Festival - Morning After |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200903300166.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> Bikin na 2009 ya hada da wasanni na ruwa, harbi da gasa, taron mota, wasan kwaikwayo na ƙungiyoyin rawa daga [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Mali]], [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Benin]], gwagwarmaya da wasannin dambe, da baje kolin noma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayo Okulaja |title=The lowdown on Argungu |url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/5393252-147/story.csp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112230/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/5393252-147/story.csp |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=Next}}</ref> Muhimmancin bikin ga tattalin arziki ya sa gwamnati ta adana kifin kifi ta hanyar hana amfani da taru da taru.&nbsp; === Shirin ban ruwa === An yi tunanin aikin Zauro polder a cikin 1969 kuma an jinkirta shi, amma kamar ana iya fara shi a cikin 2009. Aikin zai ban ruwa kadada 10,572 na gonaki a cikin ambaliyar Kogin Rima tsakanin [[Argungu]] da [[Birnin Kebbi]]. Amfanin gona zai hada da shinkafa, masara, alkama, sha'ir da kayan lambu kamar wake, albasa, tumatir, dankali mai zaki da dankali na Irish. Dam din zai kuma amfana da masana'antar kamun kifi, mai mahimmanci a jihar. Aikin ya yi alkawarin fa'idodi masu mahimmanci amma yana da rikici, tunda zai canza tsarin amfani da ƙasa, ya kawar da wasu al'ummomi kuma ya mamaye shafin bikin kamun kifi na shekara-shekara. An jajjefe Sarkin Argungu a cikin zanga-zangar kan aikin.<ref name="Omoniyi">{{Cite web |last=Tosin Omoniyi |date=20 December 2009 |title=A Dam of Controversy |url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1636&Itemid=47 |access-date=9 October 2010 |website=Newswatch}}</ref> === Gidan kayan gargajiya === A watan Yunin 2009 Masarautar Argungu ta gabatar da wata shawara ga Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Tarihi da Tarihi ta Kasa don ba da tarihin Surame jerin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Tarihin Duniya]]. Surame ita ce babban birnin farko na Masarautar Kebbi, wanda Mohammadu Kanta Kotal ya kafa. Sanata [[Umaru Argungu|Umaru Abubakar Argungu]] ya kuma nemi taimako don sanya Gidan Tarihi na Kanta ba kawai abin tunawa na kasa ba amma tushen al'adu na tarihi don Jerin Tarihin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohammed S. Shehu |date=18 June 2009 |title=Argungu Emirate Presents Site For World Heritage Listing |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200906180120.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Daily Trust}}</ref> Ginin gidan kayan gargajiya, kusa da babban kasuwa an gina shi ne a 1831 ta Yakubu Nabame kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin fadar Sarkin har zuwa 1942, lokacin da Birtaniya ta gina sabon fadar gudanarwa a lokacin mulkin Muhammed Sani. A ranar 1 ga Yulin 1958, an buɗe shi a matsayin gidan kayan gargajiya, yana ba da haske game da tarihin rikice-rikice na [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]]. Gidan kayan gargajiya yana da sanannen tarin makamai, wanda ya kunshi kwarjayi, mashi, takobi, itace, duwatsu, baka da kibiyoyi, bindigogi na gida har ma da drum a kan nuni. An kuma san gidan kayan gargajiya a matsayin wurin da ake binne matattu sarakuna na karamar hukuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayo Okulaja |title=The charm of Argungu Museum |url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/Travel/5396182-147/story.csp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721135557/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/Travel/5396182-147/story.csp |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=8 October 2010 |publisher=Next}}</ref> == Masu mulki == Shugabannin masarautar Hausa kafin a shiga cikin Khalifancin Sokoto: {| class="wikitable" |+Babban mulkin Hausa wanda ya dogara da Surame da Birnin Kebbi !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !Sunan !Farawar Sarauta !Ƙarshen Sarautar |- !1 |[[Kanta Kotal|Muhammadu Kantu Kotal]] | align="center" |1516 | align="center" |1561 |- !2 |Ahmadu I | align="center" |1561 | align="center" |1596 |- !3 |Dauda | align="center" |1596 | align="center" |1619 |- !4 |Ibrahimu I | align="center" |1619 | align="center" |1621 |- !5 |Suleimanu na I | align="center" |1621 | align="center" |1636 |- !6 |Muhammadu | align="center" |1636 | align="center" |1649 |- !7 |Maliki dan Ibrahimu | align="center" |1649 | align="center" |1662 |- !8 |Umarau Ciwa | align="center" |1662 | align="center" |1674 |- !9 |Muhammadu Kaye | align="center" |1674 | align="center" |1676 |- !10 |Ibrahimu na II | align="center" |1676 | align="center" |1684 |- !11 |Muhammadu na Sifawa | align="center" |1684 | align="center" |1686 |- !12 |Ahmadu dan Amaru | align="center" |1686 | align="center" |1696 |- !13 |Tomo | align="center" |1696 | align="center" |1700 |- !14 |Muhammadu dan Giwa | align="center" |1700 | align="center" |1717 |- !15 |Samaila | align="center" |1717 | align="center" |1750 |- !16 |Muhammadu dan Tagande | align="center" |1750 | align="center" |1754 |- !17 |Abdullahi Toga | align="center" |1754 | align="center" |1775 |- !18 |Suleimanu na II | align="center" |1775 | align="center" |1803 |- !19 |Abubakar Ukar | colspan="2" align="center" |1803 |- !20 |Muhammadu Fodi | align="center" |1803 | align="center" |1826 |- !21 |Samaila na II | align="center" |1826 | align="center" |1827 |} Shugabannin Masarautar Hausa da aka kafa a Argungu: {| class="wikitable" |+Jihar da ta maye gurbin Hausa bisa ga Argungu !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !Sunan !Farawar Sarauta !Ƙarshen Sarautar !Bayani |- !21 |Samaila (ko Karari) | align="center" |1827 | align="center" |1831 |jagorantar tsayayya mai tsanani a kan [[Gwandu]]. An kashe shi a Galewa |- !22 |[[Yakubu Nabame]] <small> (a gudun hijira daga 1831 zuwa 1849) </small> | align="center" |1831 | align="center" |1854 |ɗan Samaila. Ya kama garuruwa da yawa kafin a kashe shi da kibiya a Kibiari |- !23 |Yusufu Mainasara | align="center" |1854 | align="center" |1859 |ɗan Samaila. Haliru, Sarkin Gwandu ne ya kashe shi |- !24 |Muhammadu Ba ne | align="center" |1859 | align="center" |1860 |ɗan Yakubu. Ya rama mutuwar kawunsa kafin a kashe shi |- !25 |Abdullahi Toga | align="center" |1860 | align="center" |1883 |ɗan Samaila |- !26 |Samaila II (ko Sama) | align="center" |1883 | align="center" |Satumba 1915 <ref name="wstates"/> |ɗan Yakubu. Wani babban jarumi wanda aka sani da ya ƙone garuruwan Fulani 90 |- !27 |Suleimana | align="center" |1915 | align="center" |1920 |ɗan Yakubu |- !28 |Muhammadu Sama | align="center" |1920 | align="center" |1934 |ɗan Samaila II |- !29 |Muhammadu Sani | align="center" |1934 | align="center" |1942 |ɗan Muhammadu Sama |- !30 |Samaila na Uku | align="center" |1942 | align="center" |1953 |zuriyar Muhammadu Dan Giwa (r. 1700-1717), Sarkin Kebbi |- !31 |Muhammadu Shefe | align="center" |1953 | align="center" |Oktoba 1959 <ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Samaila III. Ya yi murabus bayan rashin jituwa da majalisarsa |- !32 |Muhammadu Mera | align="center" |1959 | align="center" |1996<ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Muhammadu Sani |- !33 |Samaila IV CON <ref name="wstates" /> | align="center" |1996<ref name="wstates" /> | align="center" |Mai mulki <ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Muhammadu Mera |} === Itacen iyali === {{Chart top}} {{Tree chart/start|align=center}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03||A04|||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||,|-|-|^|-|.||`|-|v|-|-|-|.||`|-|.|||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03||A04||A05|||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||)|-|-|-|.|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||!||||`|-|-|-|-|.||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02|||||||A03||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||)|-|-|-|.|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||||!|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||A02||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||,|-|-|^|-|-|.||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||A02||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||!||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||!||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart/end}} {{Chart bottom}} * Harris, P. G.: Sokoto Provincial Gazetteer, Sokoto 1938 [Cyclostyled]. * Hogben, S. J. da [[Anthony Kirk-Greene|A. H. M. Kirk-Greene]]: Daular Larabawa ta Arewacin Najeriya, London 1966. * Johnston, H. A. S., The Fulani Empire of Sokoto, Oxford 1967 (shafi na 187-195). * &nbsp; == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pk121ecfke5hveoyv2kle162xvpr5uz 822446 822445 2026-04-19T08:19:40Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Yaki da 'yan Jihadi na Fulani */ 822446 wikitext text/x-wiki Masarautar '''Argungu''', wacce kuma aka sani da '''Masarautar Kebbi''' [[Jerin jihohin gargajiya na Najeriya|gidane na tarihi]] dayake a garin [[Argungu]] a cikin Jihar [[Kebbi]], Najeriya. Itace tayi gadon tsohuwar masarautar [[Hausawa|Hausa]] a Jihar Kebbi.<ref name="wstates">{{Cite web |title=Traditional States of Nigeria |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_native.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=WorldStatesmen.org}}</ref>Masarautar na ɗaya daga cikin masarautu huɗu a jihar Kebbi, Sauran sune; [[Gwandu|Masarautar Gwandu]], [[Masarautar Yauri]] da kuma [[Zuru|Masarautar Zuru]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> == Wurin da yake == Masarautar Kebbi tana arewa maso yammacin jihar Kebbi a Yanzu. A lokutan da suka gabata ya kai kudu da babban birnin [[Birnin Kebbi]], wanda yanzu shine babban birnin Gwandu Emirate da kuma Jihar Kebbi kanta. Yankin yafi zama [[Gandun daji na Sudan|Savanna na Sudan]], gandun daji mai budewa tare da bishiyoyi da suka warwatse. Yankin da ke cikin [[Kogin Rima]] ya haɗu da shi, wanda ke cike da ambaliyar ruwa. Akwai lokacin rigar tsakanin Mayu da Satumba, tare da ruwan sama kadan a cikin sauran shekara. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine kimanin 800mm. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana kaiwa 26 ° C, daga 21 ° C a cikin hunturu zuwa 40 ° C tsakanin Afrilu da Yuni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Physical Setting |url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/links/kebbiadv.asp?blurb=300 |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Online Nigeria}}</ref> Mazauna Kebbi sun ƙunshi Kabbawa, da wani rukuni na Hausa.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Tarihi ==   === Asalin === Kebbi a al'adance ana ɗaukarta ta jihohin &#x3C;&#x20;[[Hausa Bakwai|Banza Bakwai]] an [[Hausa Bakwai|Ƙasar Hausa]]. A cewar sanannen tarihi na Hausa, mulkin Kebbi yana ɗaya daga cikin Banza Bakwai ("babai bakwai") ko jihohi bakwai "marasa izini". Shugabannin wadannan jihohin ya kamata su gano zuriyarsu ga Ƙwaraƙwarar mahaifin da ya kafa Hausa, Bayajidda, saboda haka kalmar banza ("marasa izini"). Nassoshi na daɗaɗɗu na tarihi sun nuna lokacin da yankin ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Songhay a lokacin mulkin Sunni Ali (1464-1492). A cikin littafin Ta’rīkh al-Südän na Al-Sa’di, inda aka ce a shekarar 1516-7 Kanta Kuta, mai mulkin Leka, ya yi tawaye ga Dendi-fari (“gwamnan gabas gabas”), gwamnan lardin da ya kafa daular Songhay ta karshe kuma ya kafa daula. Dalilin ballewar Kebbi daga Songhay shi ne kin baiwa Kanta kasonsa na ganimar da aka samu a wani balaguro da suka yi da Masarautar. A cikin shekara ta 1517-8, Songhay ya yi ƙoƙari ya sake kafa ikonsa a kan Kebbi, amma bai yi nasara ba. Kuta ya ci nasara, mai yiwuwa a 1523-4 Muhammad Kanta kuma a ƙarƙashinsa ne Kebbi ta zama babbar ƙasa a Sudan ta Tsakiya . Sudan. A zamanin Songhay Askia Muhammad Bunkan, Kanta ya sami damar cin nasara a kan Songhay, sojojin Askia sun warwatse 'pell-mell' kuma Muhammad Bunkan ya yi sa'a ya tsere da rayuwarsa. Ta'rīkh al-Südän na Al-Sa'di, wanda ya rubuta wannan al'amari, ya ce babu wata Askia da ta sake yin yunƙurin kai hari a Kebbi. A wannan lokacin Sun kare, wanda har yanzu katangar ganuwar ta kasance babban birnin masarautar. [3] Kebbi ya zama babban iko a yankin, yana kare hare-haren [[Daular Songhai|Songhay]], yana fadada cikin ƙasashen [[Masarautar Yauri|Yauri]] da [[Masarautar Bida|Nupe]] zuwa kudu kuma yana kayar da yunkurin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Daular Bornu]] don mamayewa da mamaye jihohin Hausa. Koyaya, bayan mutuwar Kanta a shekara ta 1556 jihohin Hausa sun daina biyan haraji, kuma ɗansa da magajinsa Ahmadu ba su yi ƙoƙari su tilasta batun ba. A ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha shida Kebbi ya zama ƙaramar masarauta. === Yaki da 'yan Jihadi na Fulani === A lokacin [[Jihadin Danfodio|Jihadi na Fulani]], a cikin 1808 [[Abdullahi dan Fodio]] (c. 1766-1828), ƙaramin ɗan'uwan [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Usman dan Fodio]], ya ci sojojin Kebbi. Yaama mai mulkin Gwandu Emirate, wanda ya mamaye arewa maso gabashin Khalifancin [[Sokoto (birni)|Sokoto]] . An kori [[Sarkin Kebbi]], Muhammadu Hodi, daga babban birninsa kuma an maye gurbinsa da mai mulkin tsana, Usuman Masa. Koyaya, Kabbawa sun ci gaba da tsayayya, kuma Abdullahi bai iya kammala nasarar ba. Muhammadu Hodi ya ci gaba da yaƙi a kwarin [[Kogin Zamfara|Zamfara]], kuma magajinsa Karari a Arugungu da Zazzagawa . A kan mutuwar Karari a 1831, dansa [[Yakubu Nabame]] ya mika wuya, kuma ya zauna shekaru 16 a gudun hijira a Sokoto har sai Sultan Aliyu Babba ya ba shi damar komawa Argungu a matsayin mai bin Khalifanci.<ref name="johnston" /> A cikin 1849 Yakubu ya yi watsi da amincinsa kuma ya ayyana kansa Sarkin Kebbi . Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe, ciki har da wani lokaci da sojojin Sokoto suka kewaye Argungu, Sultan Aliyu na Sokoto ya amince da 'yancin kai na Masarautar Kebbi da ke Argungu. Koyaya gwamnatin Sokoto ta mallaki siyasar Kebbi yadda ya kamata kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin jihar tsana. Kebbi yanzu ya kafa rikici tsakanin Sokoto da Gwandu, kuma yaƙe-yaƙe na lokaci-lokaci ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru hamsin masu zuwa. A shekara ta 1859 an kashe ɗan'uwan Yakubu kuma magajinsa Yusufu Mainasara a yaƙi a cikin busassun ambaliyar [[Kogin Rima]]. A cikin 1860 an kashe Sarkin Gwandu, Haliru, a yaƙi a Karakara . A cikin 1867 Fulani sun amince da 'yancin Kebbi a cikin yarjejeniya ta musamman. A shekara ta 1875 yaƙin ya sake tashi lokacin da mutanen Fanna a cikin kwarin Rima suka yanke shawarar canja wurin biyayya ga Gwandu. Sarkin Kebbi Sama'ila ya sami nasarori da yawa a kan Gwandu tsakanin 1883 da 1903, tare da wasu matsaloli masu tsanani, har sai da aka kafa mulkin mallaka na [[Birtaniya]] na Arewacin Najeriya a ƙarshe ya kawo karshen fada. === Zamanin mulkin mallaka === A ranar 5 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1890 Birtaniya da Faransanci sun kammala yarjejeniya don raba Yammacin Afirka tsakanin masu mulkin mallaka biyu. A karkashin wannan yarjejeniya, Burtaniya za ta sami dukkan yankuna har zuwa ciki har da Khalifancin Sokoto, yayin da Faransanci za su dauki ƙasashen zuwa arewa. Ba a tuntubi mutanen yankin ba. An ba Faransanci Parfait-Louis Monteil alhakin balaguro don gano iyakokin arewacin Khalifancin Sokoto. Da ya isa Argungu a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1891, ya gano cewa masarautar ta kasance mai zaman kanta daga Sokoto, kodayake Sokoto za ta ci nasara a watan Maris na shekara ta 1792 kuma ta tilasta ta sake zama ƙasa mai biyayya. Monteil kuma ya sami ƙarancin shaidar kasancewar da [[Kamfanin Royal Niger]] na Burtaniya ya yi a yankin, ban da wasu wuraren kasuwanci a Gwandu. Lokacin da Turawan Burtaniya suka ji labarin rahoton Monteil, sannan suka ji cewa Faransanci sun ɗaga tutarsu a Argungu, sai suka aika da sojoji zuwa Argungu a shekara ta 1898, inda ba su sami kasancewar Faransanci ba. Birtaniya ta kafa dindindin a Argungu a cikin 1902 don samar da kariya ga sojojin Faransa da ke tsallaka yankin Burtaniya ta yarjejeniya, sannan kuma don kare hukumar iyaka da ke iyakance iyakar tsakanin yankunan Faransa da Burtaniya. Da jin labarin cewa Sultan na Sokoto yana tara sojojinsa, an tura wannan rundunar da sauransu zuwa Sokoto inda bayan wasu fada suka sami nasara. Sarkin Sama ya yi maraba da Burtaniya saboda dalilai na siyasa, tunda a karkashin tsarin mulkin kai tsaye na Burtaniya ya sami damar sake dawowa da karfafa ikonsa. A shekara ta 1908, ikon Burtaniya ba shi da wata tambaya. A wani [[durbar]] da aka gudanar a 1908 ga gwamnan mulkin mallaka [[Frederick Lugard]], sarakunan Kebbi da Gwandu da Sultan na Sokoto sun fito da karfi, tare da nuna mahayan da raƙuma dubu goma sha biyar. Emirs sun ba Lugard ponies goma sha shida a matsayin haraji, kuma sun durƙusa a gabansa. Birtaniya ta kafa tsarin inda aka ba da manyan hukumomin gudanarwa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Jami'an Gundumar. Ba a nemi aikin Argungu ba. Sauro sun kasance masu muni sosai har D.O. ya yi barci a cikin wani gidan sauro da aka gina musamman.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Anthony Kirk-Greene}}</ref> == Masarautar a yau == === Bikin kamun kifi === Bikin Kifi na shekara-shekara na Argungu yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan al'adu a arewacin Najeriya. Bikin yana da dogon tarihi. An fara shirya shi ne lokacin da Sultan na Sokoto, Hassan Dan Mu'azu, ya ziyarci Masarautar Argungu a 1934, kuma an gudanar da shi don nuna ikon kamun kifi na Kabawas ta hanyar Sarkin Muhammed Sama. Har zuwa shekarun 1960 bikin ya kasance al'amarin gida, amma a cikin 1972 Shugaban Gwamnatin Najeriya, Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] da takwaransa daga [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Hamani Diori]] sun halarta. Saboda dalilai na siyasa, bikin ya rasa goyon baya kuma ba a gudanar da bikin ba daga 1999 har zuwa 2004. Yanzu an farfado da bikin kuma yana zama babban abin jan hankali ga masu yawon bude ido.<ref>{{Cite web |last=INUWA BWALA |date=3 March 2004 |title=Reviving a heritage |url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/mar/03/0077.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Daily Champion |archive-date=4 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604032328/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/mar/03/0077.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, bikin da aka sake masa suna Argungu International and Cultural Festival ya hada da babban durbar tare da dawakai 500 da aka yi wa ado da kyau da mahayan su, da kuma raƙuma 120 da aka yi musu ado da kyau, karkashin jagorancin mai ɗaukar tutar Masarautar Argungu da kuma hada da mahalarta daga wasu kabilun da yawa. Kifi mafi girma ya auna kilo 55, kuma an gabatar da kyaututtuka don wannan kamawa a wani bikin da Shugaba [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]], matarsa, gwamnoni shida da sarakuna na gargajiya da yawa suka halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saka Ibrahim |date=29 March 2009 |title=Argungu Fishing Festival - Morning After |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200903300166.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> Bikin na 2009 ya hada da wasanni na ruwa, harbi da gasa, taron mota, wasan kwaikwayo na ƙungiyoyin rawa daga [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Mali]], [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Benin]], gwagwarmaya da wasannin dambe, da baje kolin noma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayo Okulaja |title=The lowdown on Argungu |url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/5393252-147/story.csp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112230/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/5393252-147/story.csp |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=Next}}</ref> Muhimmancin bikin ga tattalin arziki ya sa gwamnati ta adana kifin kifi ta hanyar hana amfani da taru da taru.&nbsp; === Shirin ban ruwa === An yi tunanin aikin Zauro polder a cikin 1969 kuma an jinkirta shi, amma kamar ana iya fara shi a cikin 2009. Aikin zai ban ruwa kadada 10,572 na gonaki a cikin ambaliyar Kogin Rima tsakanin [[Argungu]] da [[Birnin Kebbi]]. Amfanin gona zai hada da shinkafa, masara, alkama, sha'ir da kayan lambu kamar wake, albasa, tumatir, dankali mai zaki da dankali na Irish. Dam din zai kuma amfana da masana'antar kamun kifi, mai mahimmanci a jihar. Aikin ya yi alkawarin fa'idodi masu mahimmanci amma yana da rikici, tunda zai canza tsarin amfani da ƙasa, ya kawar da wasu al'ummomi kuma ya mamaye shafin bikin kamun kifi na shekara-shekara. An jajjefe Sarkin Argungu a cikin zanga-zangar kan aikin.<ref name="Omoniyi">{{Cite web |last=Tosin Omoniyi |date=20 December 2009 |title=A Dam of Controversy |url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1636&Itemid=47 |access-date=9 October 2010 |website=Newswatch}}</ref> === Gidan kayan gargajiya === A watan Yunin 2009 Masarautar Argungu ta gabatar da wata shawara ga Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Tarihi da Tarihi ta Kasa don ba da tarihin Surame jerin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Tarihin Duniya]]. Surame ita ce babban birnin farko na Masarautar Kebbi, wanda Mohammadu Kanta Kotal ya kafa. Sanata [[Umaru Argungu|Umaru Abubakar Argungu]] ya kuma nemi taimako don sanya Gidan Tarihi na Kanta ba kawai abin tunawa na kasa ba amma tushen al'adu na tarihi don Jerin Tarihin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohammed S. Shehu |date=18 June 2009 |title=Argungu Emirate Presents Site For World Heritage Listing |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200906180120.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Daily Trust}}</ref> Ginin gidan kayan gargajiya, kusa da babban kasuwa an gina shi ne a 1831 ta Yakubu Nabame kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin fadar Sarkin har zuwa 1942, lokacin da Birtaniya ta gina sabon fadar gudanarwa a lokacin mulkin Muhammed Sani. A ranar 1 ga Yulin 1958, an buɗe shi a matsayin gidan kayan gargajiya, yana ba da haske game da tarihin rikice-rikice na [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]]. Gidan kayan gargajiya yana da sanannen tarin makamai, wanda ya kunshi kwarjayi, mashi, takobi, itace, duwatsu, baka da kibiyoyi, bindigogi na gida har ma da drum a kan nuni. An kuma san gidan kayan gargajiya a matsayin wurin da ake binne matattu sarakuna na karamar hukuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayo Okulaja |title=The charm of Argungu Museum |url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/Travel/5396182-147/story.csp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721135557/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/Travel/5396182-147/story.csp |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=8 October 2010 |publisher=Next}}</ref> == Masu mulki == Shugabannin masarautar Hausa kafin a shiga cikin Khalifancin Sokoto: {| class="wikitable" |+Babban mulkin Hausa wanda ya dogara da Surame da Birnin Kebbi !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !Sunan !Farawar Sarauta !Ƙarshen Sarautar |- !1 |[[Kanta Kotal|Muhammadu Kantu Kotal]] | align="center" |1516 | align="center" |1561 |- !2 |Ahmadu I | align="center" |1561 | align="center" |1596 |- !3 |Dauda | align="center" |1596 | align="center" |1619 |- !4 |Ibrahimu I | align="center" |1619 | align="center" |1621 |- !5 |Suleimanu na I | align="center" |1621 | align="center" |1636 |- !6 |Muhammadu | align="center" |1636 | align="center" |1649 |- !7 |Maliki dan Ibrahimu | align="center" |1649 | align="center" |1662 |- !8 |Umarau Ciwa | align="center" |1662 | align="center" |1674 |- !9 |Muhammadu Kaye | align="center" |1674 | align="center" |1676 |- !10 |Ibrahimu na II | align="center" |1676 | align="center" |1684 |- !11 |Muhammadu na Sifawa | align="center" |1684 | align="center" |1686 |- !12 |Ahmadu dan Amaru | align="center" |1686 | align="center" |1696 |- !13 |Tomo | align="center" |1696 | align="center" |1700 |- !14 |Muhammadu dan Giwa | align="center" |1700 | align="center" |1717 |- !15 |Samaila | align="center" |1717 | align="center" |1750 |- !16 |Muhammadu dan Tagande | align="center" |1750 | align="center" |1754 |- !17 |Abdullahi Toga | align="center" |1754 | align="center" |1775 |- !18 |Suleimanu na II | align="center" |1775 | align="center" |1803 |- !19 |Abubakar Ukar | colspan="2" align="center" |1803 |- !20 |Muhammadu Fodi | align="center" |1803 | align="center" |1826 |- !21 |Samaila na II | align="center" |1826 | align="center" |1827 |} Shugabannin Masarautar Hausa da aka kafa a Argungu: {| class="wikitable" |+Jihar da ta maye gurbin Hausa bisa ga Argungu !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !Sunan !Farawar Sarauta !Ƙarshen Sarautar !Bayani |- !21 |Samaila (ko Karari) | align="center" |1827 | align="center" |1831 |jagorantar tsayayya mai tsanani a kan [[Gwandu]]. An kashe shi a Galewa |- !22 |[[Yakubu Nabame]] <small> (a gudun hijira daga 1831 zuwa 1849) </small> | align="center" |1831 | align="center" |1854 |ɗan Samaila. Ya kama garuruwa da yawa kafin a kashe shi da kibiya a Kibiari |- !23 |Yusufu Mainasara | align="center" |1854 | align="center" |1859 |ɗan Samaila. Haliru, Sarkin Gwandu ne ya kashe shi |- !24 |Muhammadu Ba ne | align="center" |1859 | align="center" |1860 |ɗan Yakubu. Ya rama mutuwar kawunsa kafin a kashe shi |- !25 |Abdullahi Toga | align="center" |1860 | align="center" |1883 |ɗan Samaila |- !26 |Samaila II (ko Sama) | align="center" |1883 | align="center" |Satumba 1915 <ref name="wstates"/> |ɗan Yakubu. Wani babban jarumi wanda aka sani da ya ƙone garuruwan Fulani 90 |- !27 |Suleimana | align="center" |1915 | align="center" |1920 |ɗan Yakubu |- !28 |Muhammadu Sama | align="center" |1920 | align="center" |1934 |ɗan Samaila II |- !29 |Muhammadu Sani | align="center" |1934 | align="center" |1942 |ɗan Muhammadu Sama |- !30 |Samaila na Uku | align="center" |1942 | align="center" |1953 |zuriyar Muhammadu Dan Giwa (r. 1700-1717), Sarkin Kebbi |- !31 |Muhammadu Shefe | align="center" |1953 | align="center" |Oktoba 1959 <ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Samaila III. Ya yi murabus bayan rashin jituwa da majalisarsa |- !32 |Muhammadu Mera | align="center" |1959 | align="center" |1996<ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Muhammadu Sani |- !33 |Samaila IV CON <ref name="wstates" /> | align="center" |1996<ref name="wstates" /> | align="center" |Mai mulki <ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Muhammadu Mera |} === Itacen iyali === {{Chart top}} {{Tree chart/start|align=center}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03||A04|||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||,|-|-|^|-|.||`|-|v|-|-|-|.||`|-|.|||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03||A04||A05|||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||)|-|-|-|.|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||!||||`|-|-|-|-|.||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02|||||||A03||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||)|-|-|-|.|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||||!|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||A02||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||,|-|-|^|-|-|.||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||A02||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||!||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||!||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart/end}} {{Chart bottom}} * Harris, P. G.: Sokoto Provincial Gazetteer, Sokoto 1938 [Cyclostyled]. * Hogben, S. J. da [[Anthony Kirk-Greene|A. H. M. Kirk-Greene]]: Daular Larabawa ta Arewacin Najeriya, London 1966. * Johnston, H. A. S., The Fulani Empire of Sokoto, Oxford 1967 (shafi na 187-195). * &nbsp; == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9cyxk1pirxtqj4j8sbdt28ngk1kd8ea 822447 822446 2026-04-19T08:21:35Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Yaki da 'yan Jihadi na Fulani */ 822447 wikitext text/x-wiki Masarautar '''Argungu''', wacce kuma aka sani da '''Masarautar Kebbi''' [[Jerin jihohin gargajiya na Najeriya|gidane na tarihi]] dayake a garin [[Argungu]] a cikin Jihar [[Kebbi]], Najeriya. Itace tayi gadon tsohuwar masarautar [[Hausawa|Hausa]] a Jihar Kebbi.<ref name="wstates">{{Cite web |title=Traditional States of Nigeria |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_native.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=WorldStatesmen.org}}</ref>Masarautar na ɗaya daga cikin masarautu huɗu a jihar Kebbi, Sauran sune; [[Gwandu|Masarautar Gwandu]], [[Masarautar Yauri]] da kuma [[Zuru|Masarautar Zuru]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> == Wurin da yake == Masarautar Kebbi tana arewa maso yammacin jihar Kebbi a Yanzu. A lokutan da suka gabata ya kai kudu da babban birnin [[Birnin Kebbi]], wanda yanzu shine babban birnin Gwandu Emirate da kuma Jihar Kebbi kanta. Yankin yafi zama [[Gandun daji na Sudan|Savanna na Sudan]], gandun daji mai budewa tare da bishiyoyi da suka warwatse. Yankin da ke cikin [[Kogin Rima]] ya haɗu da shi, wanda ke cike da ambaliyar ruwa. Akwai lokacin rigar tsakanin Mayu da Satumba, tare da ruwan sama kadan a cikin sauran shekara. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine kimanin 800mm. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana kaiwa 26 ° C, daga 21 ° C a cikin hunturu zuwa 40 ° C tsakanin Afrilu da Yuni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Physical Setting |url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/links/kebbiadv.asp?blurb=300 |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Online Nigeria}}</ref> Mazauna Kebbi sun ƙunshi Kabbawa, da wani rukuni na Hausa.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Tarihi ==   === Asalin === Kebbi a al'adance ana ɗaukarta ta jihohin &#x3C;&#x20;[[Hausa Bakwai|Banza Bakwai]] an [[Hausa Bakwai|Ƙasar Hausa]]. A cewar sanannen tarihi na Hausa, mulkin Kebbi yana ɗaya daga cikin Banza Bakwai ("babai bakwai") ko jihohi bakwai "marasa izini". Shugabannin wadannan jihohin ya kamata su gano zuriyarsu ga Ƙwaraƙwarar mahaifin da ya kafa Hausa, Bayajidda, saboda haka kalmar banza ("marasa izini"). Nassoshi na daɗaɗɗu na tarihi sun nuna lokacin da yankin ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Songhay a lokacin mulkin Sunni Ali (1464-1492). A cikin littafin Ta’rīkh al-Südän na Al-Sa’di, inda aka ce a shekarar 1516-7 Kanta Kuta, mai mulkin Leka, ya yi tawaye ga Dendi-fari (“gwamnan gabas gabas”), gwamnan lardin da ya kafa daular Songhay ta karshe kuma ya kafa daula. Dalilin ballewar Kebbi daga Songhay shi ne kin baiwa Kanta kasonsa na ganimar da aka samu a wani balaguro da suka yi da Masarautar. A cikin shekara ta 1517-8, Songhay ya yi ƙoƙari ya sake kafa ikonsa a kan Kebbi, amma bai yi nasara ba. Kuta ya ci nasara, mai yiwuwa a 1523-4 Muhammad Kanta kuma a ƙarƙashinsa ne Kebbi ta zama babbar ƙasa a Sudan ta Tsakiya . Sudan. A zamanin Songhay Askia Muhammad Bunkan, Kanta ya sami damar cin nasara a kan Songhay, sojojin Askia sun warwatse 'pell-mell' kuma Muhammad Bunkan ya yi sa'a ya tsere da rayuwarsa. Ta'rīkh al-Südän na Al-Sa'di, wanda ya rubuta wannan al'amari, ya ce babu wata Askia da ta sake yin yunƙurin kai hari a Kebbi. A wannan lokacin Sun kare, wanda har yanzu katangar ganuwar ta kasance babban birnin masarautar. [3] Kebbi ya zama babban iko a yankin, yana kare hare-haren [[Daular Songhai|Songhay]], yana fadada cikin ƙasashen [[Masarautar Yauri|Yauri]] da [[Masarautar Bida|Nupe]] zuwa kudu kuma yana kayar da yunkurin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Daular Bornu]] don mamayewa da mamaye jihohin Hausa. Koyaya, bayan mutuwar Kanta a shekara ta 1556 jihohin Hausa sun daina biyan haraji, kuma ɗansa da magajinsa Ahmadu ba su yi ƙoƙari su tilasta batun ba. A ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha shida Kebbi ya zama ƙaramar masarauta. === Yaki da 'yan Jihadi na Fulani === A lokacin [[Jihadin Danfodio|Jihadi na Fulani]], a cikin 1808 [[Abdullahi dan Fodio]] (c. 1766-1828), ƙaramin ɗan'uwan [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Usman dan Fodio]], ya ci sojojin Kebbi. Yaama mai mulkin Gwandu Emirate, wanda ya mamaye arewa maso gabashin Khalifancin [[Sokoto (birni)|Sokoto]] . An kori [[Sarkin Kebbi]], Muhammadu Hodi, daga babban birninsa kuma an maye gurbinsa da mai mulkin tsana, Usuman Masa. Koyaya, Kabbawa sun ci gaba da tsayayya, kuma Abdullahi bai iya kammala nasarar ba. Muhammadu Hodi ya ci gaba da yaƙi a kwarin [[Kogin Zamfara|Zamfara]], kuma magajinsa Karari a Arugungu da Zazzagawa . A kan mutuwar Karari a 1831, dansa [[Yakubu Nabame]] ya mika wuya, kuma ya zauna shekaru 16 a gudun hijira a Sokoto har sai Sultan Aliyu Babba ya ba shi damar komawa Arugungu a matsayin mai bin Khalifanci.<ref name="johnston" /> A cikin 1849 Yakubu ya yi watsi da amincinsa kuma ya ayyana kansa Sarkin Kebbi . Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe, ciki har da wani lokaci da sojojin Sokoto suka kewaye Argungu, Sultan Aliyu na Sokoto ya amince da 'yancin kai na Masarautar Kebbi da ke Argungu. Koyaya gwamnatin Sokoto ta mallaki siyasar Kebbi yadda ya kamata kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin jihar tsana. Kebbi yanzu ya kafa rikici tsakanin Sokoto da Gwandu, kuma yaƙe-yaƙe na lokaci-lokaci ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru hamsin masu zuwa. A shekara ta 1859 an kashe ɗan'uwan Yakubu kuma magajinsa Yusufu Mainasara a yaƙi a cikin busassun ambaliyar [[Kogin Rima]]. A cikin 1860 an kashe Sarkin Gwandu, Haliru, a yaƙi a Karakara . A cikin 1867 Fulani sun amince da 'yancin Kebbi a cikin yarjejeniya ta musamman. A shekara ta 1875 yaƙin ya sake tashi lokacin da mutanen Fanna a cikin kwarin Rima suka yanke shawarar canja wurin biyayya ga Gwandu. Sarkin Kebbi Sama'ila ya sami nasarori da yawa a kan Gwandu tsakanin 1883 da 1903, tare da wasu matsaloli masu tsanani, har sai da aka kafa mulkin mallaka na [[Birtaniya]] na Arewacin Najeriya a ƙarshe ya kawo karshen fada. === Zamanin mulkin mallaka === A ranar 5 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1890 Birtaniya da Faransanci sun kammala yarjejeniya don raba Yammacin Afirka tsakanin masu mulkin mallaka biyu. A karkashin wannan yarjejeniya, Burtaniya za ta sami dukkan yankuna har zuwa ciki har da Khalifancin Sokoto, yayin da Faransanci za su dauki ƙasashen zuwa arewa. Ba a tuntubi mutanen yankin ba. An ba Faransanci Parfait-Louis Monteil alhakin balaguro don gano iyakokin arewacin Khalifancin Sokoto. Da ya isa Argungu a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1891, ya gano cewa masarautar ta kasance mai zaman kanta daga Sokoto, kodayake Sokoto za ta ci nasara a watan Maris na shekara ta 1792 kuma ta tilasta ta sake zama ƙasa mai biyayya. Monteil kuma ya sami ƙarancin shaidar kasancewar da [[Kamfanin Royal Niger]] na Burtaniya ya yi a yankin, ban da wasu wuraren kasuwanci a Gwandu. Lokacin da Turawan Burtaniya suka ji labarin rahoton Monteil, sannan suka ji cewa Faransanci sun ɗaga tutarsu a Argungu, sai suka aika da sojoji zuwa Argungu a shekara ta 1898, inda ba su sami kasancewar Faransanci ba. Birtaniya ta kafa dindindin a Argungu a cikin 1902 don samar da kariya ga sojojin Faransa da ke tsallaka yankin Burtaniya ta yarjejeniya, sannan kuma don kare hukumar iyaka da ke iyakance iyakar tsakanin yankunan Faransa da Burtaniya. Da jin labarin cewa Sultan na Sokoto yana tara sojojinsa, an tura wannan rundunar da sauransu zuwa Sokoto inda bayan wasu fada suka sami nasara. Sarkin Sama ya yi maraba da Burtaniya saboda dalilai na siyasa, tunda a karkashin tsarin mulkin kai tsaye na Burtaniya ya sami damar sake dawowa da karfafa ikonsa. A shekara ta 1908, ikon Burtaniya ba shi da wata tambaya. A wani [[durbar]] da aka gudanar a 1908 ga gwamnan mulkin mallaka [[Frederick Lugard]], sarakunan Kebbi da Gwandu da Sultan na Sokoto sun fito da karfi, tare da nuna mahayan da raƙuma dubu goma sha biyar. Emirs sun ba Lugard ponies goma sha shida a matsayin haraji, kuma sun durƙusa a gabansa. Birtaniya ta kafa tsarin inda aka ba da manyan hukumomin gudanarwa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Jami'an Gundumar. Ba a nemi aikin Argungu ba. Sauro sun kasance masu muni sosai har D.O. ya yi barci a cikin wani gidan sauro da aka gina musamman.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Anthony Kirk-Greene}}</ref> == Masarautar a yau == === Bikin kamun kifi === Bikin Kifi na shekara-shekara na Argungu yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan al'adu a arewacin Najeriya. Bikin yana da dogon tarihi. An fara shirya shi ne lokacin da Sultan na Sokoto, Hassan Dan Mu'azu, ya ziyarci Masarautar Argungu a 1934, kuma an gudanar da shi don nuna ikon kamun kifi na Kabawas ta hanyar Sarkin Muhammed Sama. Har zuwa shekarun 1960 bikin ya kasance al'amarin gida, amma a cikin 1972 Shugaban Gwamnatin Najeriya, Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] da takwaransa daga [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Hamani Diori]] sun halarta. Saboda dalilai na siyasa, bikin ya rasa goyon baya kuma ba a gudanar da bikin ba daga 1999 har zuwa 2004. Yanzu an farfado da bikin kuma yana zama babban abin jan hankali ga masu yawon bude ido.<ref>{{Cite web |last=INUWA BWALA |date=3 March 2004 |title=Reviving a heritage |url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/mar/03/0077.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Daily Champion |archive-date=4 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604032328/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/mar/03/0077.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, bikin da aka sake masa suna Argungu International and Cultural Festival ya hada da babban durbar tare da dawakai 500 da aka yi wa ado da kyau da mahayan su, da kuma raƙuma 120 da aka yi musu ado da kyau, karkashin jagorancin mai ɗaukar tutar Masarautar Argungu da kuma hada da mahalarta daga wasu kabilun da yawa. Kifi mafi girma ya auna kilo 55, kuma an gabatar da kyaututtuka don wannan kamawa a wani bikin da Shugaba [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]], matarsa, gwamnoni shida da sarakuna na gargajiya da yawa suka halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saka Ibrahim |date=29 March 2009 |title=Argungu Fishing Festival - Morning After |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200903300166.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> Bikin na 2009 ya hada da wasanni na ruwa, harbi da gasa, taron mota, wasan kwaikwayo na ƙungiyoyin rawa daga [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Mali]], [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Benin]], gwagwarmaya da wasannin dambe, da baje kolin noma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayo Okulaja |title=The lowdown on Argungu |url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/5393252-147/story.csp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112230/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/5393252-147/story.csp |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=Next}}</ref> Muhimmancin bikin ga tattalin arziki ya sa gwamnati ta adana kifin kifi ta hanyar hana amfani da taru da taru.&nbsp; === Shirin ban ruwa === An yi tunanin aikin Zauro polder a cikin 1969 kuma an jinkirta shi, amma kamar ana iya fara shi a cikin 2009. Aikin zai ban ruwa kadada 10,572 na gonaki a cikin ambaliyar Kogin Rima tsakanin [[Argungu]] da [[Birnin Kebbi]]. Amfanin gona zai hada da shinkafa, masara, alkama, sha'ir da kayan lambu kamar wake, albasa, tumatir, dankali mai zaki da dankali na Irish. Dam din zai kuma amfana da masana'antar kamun kifi, mai mahimmanci a jihar. Aikin ya yi alkawarin fa'idodi masu mahimmanci amma yana da rikici, tunda zai canza tsarin amfani da ƙasa, ya kawar da wasu al'ummomi kuma ya mamaye shafin bikin kamun kifi na shekara-shekara. An jajjefe Sarkin Argungu a cikin zanga-zangar kan aikin.<ref name="Omoniyi">{{Cite web |last=Tosin Omoniyi |date=20 December 2009 |title=A Dam of Controversy |url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1636&Itemid=47 |access-date=9 October 2010 |website=Newswatch}}</ref> === Gidan kayan gargajiya === A watan Yunin 2009 Masarautar Argungu ta gabatar da wata shawara ga Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Tarihi da Tarihi ta Kasa don ba da tarihin Surame jerin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Tarihin Duniya]]. Surame ita ce babban birnin farko na Masarautar Kebbi, wanda Mohammadu Kanta Kotal ya kafa. Sanata [[Umaru Argungu|Umaru Abubakar Argungu]] ya kuma nemi taimako don sanya Gidan Tarihi na Kanta ba kawai abin tunawa na kasa ba amma tushen al'adu na tarihi don Jerin Tarihin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohammed S. Shehu |date=18 June 2009 |title=Argungu Emirate Presents Site For World Heritage Listing |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200906180120.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Daily Trust}}</ref> Ginin gidan kayan gargajiya, kusa da babban kasuwa an gina shi ne a 1831 ta Yakubu Nabame kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin fadar Sarkin har zuwa 1942, lokacin da Birtaniya ta gina sabon fadar gudanarwa a lokacin mulkin Muhammed Sani. A ranar 1 ga Yulin 1958, an buɗe shi a matsayin gidan kayan gargajiya, yana ba da haske game da tarihin rikice-rikice na [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]]. Gidan kayan gargajiya yana da sanannen tarin makamai, wanda ya kunshi kwarjayi, mashi, takobi, itace, duwatsu, baka da kibiyoyi, bindigogi na gida har ma da drum a kan nuni. An kuma san gidan kayan gargajiya a matsayin wurin da ake binne matattu sarakuna na karamar hukuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayo Okulaja |title=The charm of Argungu Museum |url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/Travel/5396182-147/story.csp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721135557/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/Travel/5396182-147/story.csp |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=8 October 2010 |publisher=Next}}</ref> == Masu mulki == Shugabannin masarautar Hausa kafin a shiga cikin Khalifancin Sokoto: {| class="wikitable" |+Babban mulkin Hausa wanda ya dogara da Surame da Birnin Kebbi !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !Sunan !Farawar Sarauta !Ƙarshen Sarautar |- !1 |[[Kanta Kotal|Muhammadu Kantu Kotal]] | align="center" |1516 | align="center" |1561 |- !2 |Ahmadu I | align="center" |1561 | align="center" |1596 |- !3 |Dauda | align="center" |1596 | align="center" |1619 |- !4 |Ibrahimu I | align="center" |1619 | align="center" |1621 |- !5 |Suleimanu na I | align="center" |1621 | align="center" |1636 |- !6 |Muhammadu | align="center" |1636 | align="center" |1649 |- !7 |Maliki dan Ibrahimu | align="center" |1649 | align="center" |1662 |- !8 |Umarau Ciwa | align="center" |1662 | align="center" |1674 |- !9 |Muhammadu Kaye | align="center" |1674 | align="center" |1676 |- !10 |Ibrahimu na II | align="center" |1676 | align="center" |1684 |- !11 |Muhammadu na Sifawa | align="center" |1684 | align="center" |1686 |- !12 |Ahmadu dan Amaru | align="center" |1686 | align="center" |1696 |- !13 |Tomo | align="center" |1696 | align="center" |1700 |- !14 |Muhammadu dan Giwa | align="center" |1700 | align="center" |1717 |- !15 |Samaila | align="center" |1717 | align="center" |1750 |- !16 |Muhammadu dan Tagande | align="center" |1750 | align="center" |1754 |- !17 |Abdullahi Toga | align="center" |1754 | align="center" |1775 |- !18 |Suleimanu na II | align="center" |1775 | align="center" |1803 |- !19 |Abubakar Ukar | colspan="2" align="center" |1803 |- !20 |Muhammadu Fodi | align="center" |1803 | align="center" |1826 |- !21 |Samaila na II | align="center" |1826 | align="center" |1827 |} Shugabannin Masarautar Hausa da aka kafa a Argungu: {| class="wikitable" |+Jihar da ta maye gurbin Hausa bisa ga Argungu !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !Sunan !Farawar Sarauta !Ƙarshen Sarautar !Bayani |- !21 |Samaila (ko Karari) | align="center" |1827 | align="center" |1831 |jagorantar tsayayya mai tsanani a kan [[Gwandu]]. An kashe shi a Galewa |- !22 |[[Yakubu Nabame]] <small> (a gudun hijira daga 1831 zuwa 1849) </small> | align="center" |1831 | align="center" |1854 |ɗan Samaila. Ya kama garuruwa da yawa kafin a kashe shi da kibiya a Kibiari |- !23 |Yusufu Mainasara | align="center" |1854 | align="center" |1859 |ɗan Samaila. Haliru, Sarkin Gwandu ne ya kashe shi |- !24 |Muhammadu Ba ne | align="center" |1859 | align="center" |1860 |ɗan Yakubu. Ya rama mutuwar kawunsa kafin a kashe shi |- !25 |Abdullahi Toga | align="center" |1860 | align="center" |1883 |ɗan Samaila |- !26 |Samaila II (ko Sama) | align="center" |1883 | align="center" |Satumba 1915 <ref name="wstates"/> |ɗan Yakubu. Wani babban jarumi wanda aka sani da ya ƙone garuruwan Fulani 90 |- !27 |Suleimana | align="center" |1915 | align="center" |1920 |ɗan Yakubu |- !28 |Muhammadu Sama | align="center" |1920 | align="center" |1934 |ɗan Samaila II |- !29 |Muhammadu Sani | align="center" |1934 | align="center" |1942 |ɗan Muhammadu Sama |- !30 |Samaila na Uku | align="center" |1942 | align="center" |1953 |zuriyar Muhammadu Dan Giwa (r. 1700-1717), Sarkin Kebbi |- !31 |Muhammadu Shefe | align="center" |1953 | align="center" |Oktoba 1959 <ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Samaila III. Ya yi murabus bayan rashin jituwa da majalisarsa |- !32 |Muhammadu Mera | align="center" |1959 | align="center" |1996<ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Muhammadu Sani |- !33 |Samaila IV CON <ref name="wstates" /> | align="center" |1996<ref name="wstates" /> | align="center" |Mai mulki <ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Muhammadu Mera |} === Itacen iyali === {{Chart top}} {{Tree chart/start|align=center}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03||A04|||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||,|-|-|^|-|.||`|-|v|-|-|-|.||`|-|.|||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03||A04||A05|||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||)|-|-|-|.|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||!||||`|-|-|-|-|.||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02|||||||A03||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||)|-|-|-|.|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||||!|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||A02||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||,|-|-|^|-|-|.||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||A02||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||!||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||!||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart/end}} {{Chart bottom}} * Harris, P. G.: Sokoto Provincial Gazetteer, Sokoto 1938 [Cyclostyled]. * Hogben, S. J. da [[Anthony Kirk-Greene|A. H. M. Kirk-Greene]]: Daular Larabawa ta Arewacin Najeriya, London 1966. * Johnston, H. A. S., The Fulani Empire of Sokoto, Oxford 1967 (shafi na 187-195). * &nbsp; == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tqzmjbv1bscce4zrduyqk15daip9gqe 822459 822447 2026-04-19T09:13:01Z Musa Vacho77 9881 822459 wikitext text/x-wiki Masarautar '''Masarautar Argungu''', wacce kuma aka sani da '''Masarautar Kebbi''' [[Jerin jihohin gargajiya na Najeriya|gidane na tarihi]] dayake a garin [[Argungu]] a cikin Jihar [[Kebbi]], Najeriya. Itace tayi gadon tsohuwar masarautar [[Hausawa|Hausa]] a Jihar Kebbi.<ref name="wstates">{{Cite web |title=Traditional States of Nigeria |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_native.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=WorldStatesmen.org}}</ref>Masarautar na ɗaya daga cikin masarautu huɗu a jihar Kebbi, Sauran sune; [[Gwandu|Masarautar Gwandu]], [[Masarautar Yauri]] da kuma [[Zuru|Masarautar Zuru]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> == Wurin da yake == Masarautar Kebbi tana arewa maso yammacin jihar Kebbi a Yanzu. A lokutan da suka gabata ya kai kudu da babban birnin [[Birnin Kebbi]], wanda yanzu shine babban birnin Gwandu Emirate da kuma Jihar Kebbi kanta. Yankin yafi zama [[Gandun daji na Sudan|Savanna na Sudan]], gandun daji mai budewa tare da bishiyoyi da suka warwatse. Yankin da ke cikin [[Kogin Rima]] ya haɗu da shi, wanda ke cike da ambaliyar ruwa. Akwai lokacin rigar tsakanin Mayu da Satumba, tare da ruwan sama kadan a cikin sauran shekara. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine kimanin 800mm. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana kaiwa 26 ° C, daga 21 ° C a cikin hunturu zuwa 40 ° C tsakanin Afrilu da Yuni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Physical Setting |url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/links/kebbiadv.asp?blurb=300 |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Online Nigeria}}</ref> Mazauna Kebbi sun ƙunshi Kabbawa, da wani rukuni na Hausa.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Tarihi ==   === Asalin === Kebbi a al'adance ana ɗaukarta ta jihohin &#x3C;&#x20;[[Hausa Bakwai|Banza Bakwai]] an [[Hausa Bakwai|Ƙasar Hausa]]. A cewar sanannen tarihi na Hausa, mulkin Kebbi yana ɗaya daga cikin Banza Bakwai ("babai bakwai") ko jihohi bakwai "marasa izini". Shugabannin wadannan jihohin ya kamata su gano zuriyarsu ga Ƙwaraƙwarar mahaifin da ya kafa Hausa, Bayajidda, saboda haka kalmar banza ("marasa izini"). Nassoshi na daɗaɗɗu na tarihi sun nuna lokacin da yankin ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Songhay a lokacin mulkin Sunni Ali (1464-1492). A cikin littafin Ta’rīkh al-Südän na Al-Sa’di, inda aka ce a shekarar 1516-7 Kanta Kuta, mai mulkin Leka, ya yi tawaye ga Dendi-fari (“gwamnan gabas gabas”), gwamnan lardin da ya kafa daular Songhay ta karshe kuma ya kafa daula. Dalilin ballewar Kebbi daga Songhay shi ne kin baiwa Kanta kasonsa na ganimar da aka samu a wani balaguro da suka yi da Masarautar. A cikin shekara ta 1517-8, Songhay ya yi ƙoƙari ya sake kafa ikonsa a kan Kebbi, amma bai yi nasara ba. Kuta ya ci nasara, mai yiwuwa a 1523-4 Muhammad Kanta kuma a ƙarƙashinsa ne Kebbi ta zama babbar ƙasa a Sudan ta Tsakiya . Sudan. A zamanin Songhay Askia Muhammad Bunkan, Kanta ya sami damar cin nasara a kan Songhay, sojojin Askia sun warwatse 'pell-mell' kuma Muhammad Bunkan ya yi sa'a ya tsere da rayuwarsa. Ta'rīkh al-Südän na Al-Sa'di, wanda ya rubuta wannan al'amari, ya ce babu wata Askia da ta sake yin yunƙurin kai hari a Kebbi. A wannan lokacin Sun kare, wanda har yanzu katangar ganuwar ta kasance babban birnin masarautar. [3] Kebbi ya zama babban iko a yankin, yana kare hare-haren [[Daular Songhai|Songhay]], yana fadada cikin ƙasashen [[Masarautar Yauri|Yauri]] da [[Masarautar Bida|Nupe]] zuwa kudu kuma yana kayar da yunkurin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Daular Bornu]] don mamayewa da mamaye jihohin Hausa. Koyaya, bayan mutuwar Kanta a shekara ta 1556 jihohin Hausa sun daina biyan haraji, kuma ɗansa da magajinsa Ahmadu ba su yi ƙoƙari su tilasta batun ba. A ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha shida Kebbi ya zama ƙaramar masarauta. === Yaki da 'yan Jihadi na Fulani === A lokacin [[Jihadin Danfodio|Jihadi na Fulani]], a cikin 1808 [[Abdullahi dan Fodio]] (c. 1766-1828), ƙaramin ɗan'uwan [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Usman dan Fodio]], ya ci sojojin Kebbi. Yaama mai mulkin Gwandu Emirate, wanda ya mamaye arewa maso gabashin Khalifancin [[Sokoto (birni)|Sokoto]] . An kori [[Sarkin Kebbi]], Muhammadu Hodi, daga babban birninsa kuma an maye gurbinsa da mai mulkin tsana, Usuman Masa. Koyaya, Kabbawa sun ci gaba da tsayayya, kuma Abdullahi bai iya kammala nasarar ba. Muhammadu Hodi ya ci gaba da yaƙi a kwarin [[Kogin Zamfara|Zamfara]], kuma magajinsa Karari a Arugungu da Zazzagawa . A kan mutuwar Karari a 1831, dansa [[Yakubu Nabame]] ya mika wuya, kuma ya zauna shekaru 16 a gudun hijira a Sokoto har sai Sultan Aliyu Babba ya ba shi damar komawa Arugungu a matsayin mai bin Khalifanci.<ref name="johnston" /> A cikin 1849 Yakubu ya yi watsi da amincinsa kuma ya ayyana kansa Sarkin Kebbi . Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe, ciki har da wani lokaci da sojojin Sokoto suka kewaye Argungu, Sultan Aliyu na Sokoto ya amince da 'yancin kai na Masarautar Kebbi da ke Argungu. Koyaya gwamnatin Sokoto ta mallaki siyasar Kebbi yadda ya kamata kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin jihar tsana. Kebbi yanzu ya kafa rikici tsakanin Sokoto da Gwandu, kuma yaƙe-yaƙe na lokaci-lokaci ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru hamsin masu zuwa. A shekara ta 1859 an kashe ɗan'uwan Yakubu kuma magajinsa Yusufu Mainasara a yaƙi a cikin busassun ambaliyar [[Kogin Rima]]. A cikin 1860 an kashe Sarkin Gwandu, Haliru, a yaƙi a Karakara . A cikin 1867 Fulani sun amince da 'yancin Kebbi a cikin yarjejeniya ta musamman. A shekara ta 1875 yaƙin ya sake tashi lokacin da mutanen Fanna a cikin kwarin Rima suka yanke shawarar canja wurin biyayya ga Gwandu. Sarkin Kebbi Sama'ila ya sami nasarori da yawa a kan Gwandu tsakanin 1883 da 1903, tare da wasu matsaloli masu tsanani, har sai da aka kafa mulkin mallaka na [[Birtaniya]] na Arewacin Najeriya a ƙarshe ya kawo karshen fada. === Zamanin mulkin mallaka === A ranar 5 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1890 Birtaniya da Faransanci sun kammala yarjejeniya don raba Yammacin Afirka tsakanin masu mulkin mallaka biyu. A karkashin wannan yarjejeniya, Burtaniya za ta sami dukkan yankuna har zuwa ciki har da Khalifancin Sokoto, yayin da Faransanci za su dauki ƙasashen zuwa arewa. Ba a tuntubi mutanen yankin ba. An ba Faransanci Parfait-Louis Monteil alhakin balaguro don gano iyakokin arewacin Khalifancin Sokoto. Da ya isa Argungu a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1891, ya gano cewa masarautar ta kasance mai zaman kanta daga Sokoto, kodayake Sokoto za ta ci nasara a watan Maris na shekara ta 1792 kuma ta tilasta ta sake zama ƙasa mai biyayya. Monteil kuma ya sami ƙarancin shaidar kasancewar da [[Kamfanin Royal Niger]] na Burtaniya ya yi a yankin, ban da wasu wuraren kasuwanci a Gwandu. Lokacin da Turawan Burtaniya suka ji labarin rahoton Monteil, sannan suka ji cewa Faransanci sun ɗaga tutarsu a Argungu, sai suka aika da sojoji zuwa Argungu a shekara ta 1898, inda ba su sami kasancewar Faransanci ba. Birtaniya ta kafa dindindin a Argungu a cikin 1902 don samar da kariya ga sojojin Faransa da ke tsallaka yankin Burtaniya ta yarjejeniya, sannan kuma don kare hukumar iyaka da ke iyakance iyakar tsakanin yankunan Faransa da Burtaniya. Da jin labarin cewa Sultan na Sokoto yana tara sojojinsa, an tura wannan rundunar da sauransu zuwa Sokoto inda bayan wasu fada suka sami nasara. Sarkin Sama ya yi maraba da Burtaniya saboda dalilai na siyasa, tunda a karkashin tsarin mulkin kai tsaye na Burtaniya ya sami damar sake dawowa da karfafa ikonsa. A shekara ta 1908, ikon Burtaniya ba shi da wata tambaya. A wani [[durbar]] da aka gudanar a 1908 ga gwamnan mulkin mallaka [[Frederick Lugard]], sarakunan Kebbi da Gwandu da Sultan na Sokoto sun fito da karfi, tare da nuna mahayan da raƙuma dubu goma sha biyar. Emirs sun ba Lugard ponies goma sha shida a matsayin haraji, kuma sun durƙusa a gabansa. Birtaniya ta kafa tsarin inda aka ba da manyan hukumomin gudanarwa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Jami'an Gundumar. Ba a nemi aikin Argungu ba. Sauro sun kasance masu muni sosai har D.O. ya yi barci a cikin wani gidan sauro da aka gina musamman.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Anthony Kirk-Greene}}</ref> == Masarautar a yau == === Bikin kamun kifi === Bikin Kifi na shekara-shekara na Argungu yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan al'adu a arewacin Najeriya. Bikin yana da dogon tarihi. An fara shirya shi ne lokacin da Sultan na Sokoto, Hassan Dan Mu'azu, ya ziyarci Masarautar Argungu a 1934, kuma an gudanar da shi don nuna ikon kamun kifi na Kabawas ta hanyar Sarkin Muhammed Sama. Har zuwa shekarun 1960 bikin ya kasance al'amarin gida, amma a cikin 1972 Shugaban Gwamnatin Najeriya, Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] da takwaransa daga [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Hamani Diori]] sun halarta. Saboda dalilai na siyasa, bikin ya rasa goyon baya kuma ba a gudanar da bikin ba daga 1999 har zuwa 2004. Yanzu an farfado da bikin kuma yana zama babban abin jan hankali ga masu yawon bude ido.<ref>{{Cite web |last=INUWA BWALA |date=3 March 2004 |title=Reviving a heritage |url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/mar/03/0077.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Daily Champion |archive-date=4 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604032328/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/mar/03/0077.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, bikin da aka sake masa suna Argungu International and Cultural Festival ya hada da babban durbar tare da dawakai 500 da aka yi wa ado da kyau da mahayan su, da kuma raƙuma 120 da aka yi musu ado da kyau, karkashin jagorancin mai ɗaukar tutar Masarautar Argungu da kuma hada da mahalarta daga wasu kabilun da yawa. Kifi mafi girma ya auna kilo 55, kuma an gabatar da kyaututtuka don wannan kamawa a wani bikin da Shugaba [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]], matarsa, gwamnoni shida da sarakuna na gargajiya da yawa suka halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saka Ibrahim |date=29 March 2009 |title=Argungu Fishing Festival - Morning After |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200903300166.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> Bikin na 2009 ya hada da wasanni na ruwa, harbi da gasa, taron mota, wasan kwaikwayo na ƙungiyoyin rawa daga [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Mali]], [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Benin]], gwagwarmaya da wasannin dambe, da baje kolin noma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayo Okulaja |title=The lowdown on Argungu |url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/5393252-147/story.csp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112230/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/5393252-147/story.csp |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=Next}}</ref> Muhimmancin bikin ga tattalin arziki ya sa gwamnati ta adana kifin kifi ta hanyar hana amfani da taru da taru.&nbsp; === Shirin ban ruwa === An yi tunanin aikin Zauro polder a cikin 1969 kuma an jinkirta shi, amma kamar ana iya fara shi a cikin 2009. Aikin zai ban ruwa kadada 10,572 na gonaki a cikin ambaliyar Kogin Rima tsakanin [[Argungu]] da [[Birnin Kebbi]]. Amfanin gona zai hada da shinkafa, masara, alkama, sha'ir da kayan lambu kamar wake, albasa, tumatir, dankali mai zaki da dankali na Irish. Dam din zai kuma amfana da masana'antar kamun kifi, mai mahimmanci a jihar. Aikin ya yi alkawarin fa'idodi masu mahimmanci amma yana da rikici, tunda zai canza tsarin amfani da ƙasa, ya kawar da wasu al'ummomi kuma ya mamaye shafin bikin kamun kifi na shekara-shekara. An jajjefe Sarkin Argungu a cikin zanga-zangar kan aikin.<ref name="Omoniyi">{{Cite web |last=Tosin Omoniyi |date=20 December 2009 |title=A Dam of Controversy |url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1636&Itemid=47 |access-date=9 October 2010 |website=Newswatch}}</ref> === Gidan kayan gargajiya === A watan Yunin 2009 Masarautar Argungu ta gabatar da wata shawara ga Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Tarihi da Tarihi ta Kasa don ba da tarihin Surame jerin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Tarihin Duniya]]. Surame ita ce babban birnin farko na Masarautar Kebbi, wanda Mohammadu Kanta Kotal ya kafa. Sanata [[Umaru Argungu|Umaru Abubakar Argungu]] ya kuma nemi taimako don sanya Gidan Tarihi na Kanta ba kawai abin tunawa na kasa ba amma tushen al'adu na tarihi don Jerin Tarihin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohammed S. Shehu |date=18 June 2009 |title=Argungu Emirate Presents Site For World Heritage Listing |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200906180120.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Daily Trust}}</ref> Ginin gidan kayan gargajiya, kusa da babban kasuwa an gina shi ne a 1831 ta Yakubu Nabame kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin fadar Sarkin har zuwa 1942, lokacin da Birtaniya ta gina sabon fadar gudanarwa a lokacin mulkin Muhammed Sani. A ranar 1 ga Yulin 1958, an buɗe shi a matsayin gidan kayan gargajiya, yana ba da haske game da tarihin rikice-rikice na [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]]. Gidan kayan gargajiya yana da sanannen tarin makamai, wanda ya kunshi kwarjayi, mashi, takobi, itace, duwatsu, baka da kibiyoyi, bindigogi na gida har ma da drum a kan nuni. An kuma san gidan kayan gargajiya a matsayin wurin da ake binne matattu sarakuna na karamar hukuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayo Okulaja |title=The charm of Argungu Museum |url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/Travel/5396182-147/story.csp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721135557/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/Travel/5396182-147/story.csp |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=8 October 2010 |publisher=Next}}</ref> == Masu mulki == Shugabannin masarautar Hausa kafin a shiga cikin Khalifancin Sokoto: {| class="wikitable" |+Babban mulkin Hausa wanda ya dogara da Surame da Birnin Kebbi !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !Sunan !Farawar Sarauta !Ƙarshen Sarautar |- !1 |[[Kanta Kotal|Muhammadu Kantu Kotal]] | align="center" |1516 | align="center" |1561 |- !2 |Ahmadu I | align="center" |1561 | align="center" |1596 |- !3 |Dauda | align="center" |1596 | align="center" |1619 |- !4 |Ibrahimu I | align="center" |1619 | align="center" |1621 |- !5 |Suleimanu na I | align="center" |1621 | align="center" |1636 |- !6 |Muhammadu | align="center" |1636 | align="center" |1649 |- !7 |Maliki dan Ibrahimu | align="center" |1649 | align="center" |1662 |- !8 |Umarau Ciwa | align="center" |1662 | align="center" |1674 |- !9 |Muhammadu Kaye | align="center" |1674 | align="center" |1676 |- !10 |Ibrahimu na II | align="center" |1676 | align="center" |1684 |- !11 |Muhammadu na Sifawa | align="center" |1684 | align="center" |1686 |- !12 |Ahmadu dan Amaru | align="center" |1686 | align="center" |1696 |- !13 |Tomo | align="center" |1696 | align="center" |1700 |- !14 |Muhammadu dan Giwa | align="center" |1700 | align="center" |1717 |- !15 |Samaila | align="center" |1717 | align="center" |1750 |- !16 |Muhammadu dan Tagande | align="center" |1750 | align="center" |1754 |- !17 |Abdullahi Toga | align="center" |1754 | align="center" |1775 |- !18 |Suleimanu na II | align="center" |1775 | align="center" |1803 |- !19 |Abubakar Ukar | colspan="2" align="center" |1803 |- !20 |Muhammadu Fodi | align="center" |1803 | align="center" |1826 |- !21 |Samaila na II | align="center" |1826 | align="center" |1827 |} Shugabannin Masarautar Hausa da aka kafa a Argungu: {| class="wikitable" |+Jihar da ta maye gurbin Hausa bisa ga Argungu !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !Sunan !Farawar Sarauta !Ƙarshen Sarautar !Bayani |- !21 |Samaila (ko Karari) | align="center" |1827 | align="center" |1831 |jagorantar tsayayya mai tsanani a kan [[Gwandu]]. An kashe shi a Galewa |- !22 |[[Yakubu Nabame]] <small> (a gudun hijira daga 1831 zuwa 1849) </small> | align="center" |1831 | align="center" |1854 |ɗan Samaila. Ya kama garuruwa da yawa kafin a kashe shi da kibiya a Kibiari |- !23 |Yusufu Mainasara | align="center" |1854 | align="center" |1859 |ɗan Samaila. Haliru, Sarkin Gwandu ne ya kashe shi |- !24 |Muhammadu Ba ne | align="center" |1859 | align="center" |1860 |ɗan Yakubu. Ya rama mutuwar kawunsa kafin a kashe shi |- !25 |Abdullahi Toga | align="center" |1860 | align="center" |1883 |ɗan Samaila |- !26 |Samaila II (ko Sama) | align="center" |1883 | align="center" |Satumba 1915 <ref name="wstates"/> |ɗan Yakubu. Wani babban jarumi wanda aka sani da ya ƙone garuruwan Fulani 90 |- !27 |Suleimana | align="center" |1915 | align="center" |1920 |ɗan Yakubu |- !28 |Muhammadu Sama | align="center" |1920 | align="center" |1934 |ɗan Samaila II |- !29 |Muhammadu Sani | align="center" |1934 | align="center" |1942 |ɗan Muhammadu Sama |- !30 |Samaila na Uku | align="center" |1942 | align="center" |1953 |zuriyar Muhammadu Dan Giwa (r. 1700-1717), Sarkin Kebbi |- !31 |Muhammadu Shefe | align="center" |1953 | align="center" |Oktoba 1959 <ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Samaila III. Ya yi murabus bayan rashin jituwa da majalisarsa |- !32 |Muhammadu Mera | align="center" |1959 | align="center" |1996<ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Muhammadu Sani |- !33 |Samaila IV CON <ref name="wstates" /> | align="center" |1996<ref name="wstates" /> | align="center" |Mai mulki <ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Muhammadu Mera |} === Itacen iyali === {{Chart top}} {{Tree chart/start|align=center}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03||A04|||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||,|-|-|^|-|.||`|-|v|-|-|-|.||`|-|.|||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03||A04||A05|||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||)|-|-|-|.|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||!||||`|-|-|-|-|.||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02|||||||A03||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||)|-|-|-|.|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||||!|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||A02||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||,|-|-|^|-|-|.||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||A02||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||!||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||!||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart/end}} {{Chart bottom}} * Harris, P. G.: Sokoto Provincial Gazetteer, Sokoto 1938 [Cyclostyled]. * Hogben, S. J. da [[Anthony Kirk-Greene|A. H. M. Kirk-Greene]]: Daular Larabawa ta Arewacin Najeriya, London 1966. * Johnston, H. A. S., The Fulani Empire of Sokoto, Oxford 1967 (shafi na 187-195). * &nbsp; == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] knmlta9prdci2xx8u48gmpnj5qfc7fo 822460 822459 2026-04-19T09:13:26Z Musa Vacho77 9881 Gyara 822460 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Masarautar Argungu''', wacce kuma aka sani da '''Masarautar Kebbi''' [[Jerin jihohin gargajiya na Najeriya|gidane na tarihi]] dayake a garin [[Argungu]] a cikin Jihar [[Kebbi]], Najeriya. Itace tayi gadon tsohuwar masarautar [[Hausawa|Hausa]] a Jihar Kebbi.<ref name="wstates">{{Cite web |title=Traditional States of Nigeria |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_native.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=WorldStatesmen.org}}</ref>Masarautar na ɗaya daga cikin masarautu huɗu a jihar Kebbi, Sauran sune; [[Gwandu|Masarautar Gwandu]], [[Masarautar Yauri]] da kuma [[Zuru|Masarautar Zuru]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> == Wurin da yake == Masarautar Kebbi tana arewa maso yammacin jihar Kebbi a Yanzu. A lokutan da suka gabata ya kai kudu da babban birnin [[Birnin Kebbi]], wanda yanzu shine babban birnin Gwandu Emirate da kuma Jihar Kebbi kanta. Yankin yafi zama [[Gandun daji na Sudan|Savanna na Sudan]], gandun daji mai budewa tare da bishiyoyi da suka warwatse. Yankin da ke cikin [[Kogin Rima]] ya haɗu da shi, wanda ke cike da ambaliyar ruwa. Akwai lokacin rigar tsakanin Mayu da Satumba, tare da ruwan sama kadan a cikin sauran shekara. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine kimanin 800mm. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana kaiwa 26 ° C, daga 21 ° C a cikin hunturu zuwa 40 ° C tsakanin Afrilu da Yuni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Physical Setting |url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/links/kebbiadv.asp?blurb=300 |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Online Nigeria}}</ref> Mazauna Kebbi sun ƙunshi Kabbawa, da wani rukuni na Hausa.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Tarihi ==   === Asalin === Kebbi a al'adance ana ɗaukarta ta jihohin &#x3C;&#x20;[[Hausa Bakwai|Banza Bakwai]] an [[Hausa Bakwai|Ƙasar Hausa]]. A cewar sanannen tarihi na Hausa, mulkin Kebbi yana ɗaya daga cikin Banza Bakwai ("babai bakwai") ko jihohi bakwai "marasa izini". Shugabannin wadannan jihohin ya kamata su gano zuriyarsu ga Ƙwaraƙwarar mahaifin da ya kafa Hausa, Bayajidda, saboda haka kalmar banza ("marasa izini"). Nassoshi na daɗaɗɗu na tarihi sun nuna lokacin da yankin ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Songhay a lokacin mulkin Sunni Ali (1464-1492). A cikin littafin Ta’rīkh al-Südän na Al-Sa’di, inda aka ce a shekarar 1516-7 Kanta Kuta, mai mulkin Leka, ya yi tawaye ga Dendi-fari (“gwamnan gabas gabas”), gwamnan lardin da ya kafa daular Songhay ta karshe kuma ya kafa daula. Dalilin ballewar Kebbi daga Songhay shi ne kin baiwa Kanta kasonsa na ganimar da aka samu a wani balaguro da suka yi da Masarautar. A cikin shekara ta 1517-8, Songhay ya yi ƙoƙari ya sake kafa ikonsa a kan Kebbi, amma bai yi nasara ba. Kuta ya ci nasara, mai yiwuwa a 1523-4 Muhammad Kanta kuma a ƙarƙashinsa ne Kebbi ta zama babbar ƙasa a Sudan ta Tsakiya . Sudan. A zamanin Songhay Askia Muhammad Bunkan, Kanta ya sami damar cin nasara a kan Songhay, sojojin Askia sun warwatse 'pell-mell' kuma Muhammad Bunkan ya yi sa'a ya tsere da rayuwarsa. Ta'rīkh al-Südän na Al-Sa'di, wanda ya rubuta wannan al'amari, ya ce babu wata Askia da ta sake yin yunƙurin kai hari a Kebbi. A wannan lokacin Sun kare, wanda har yanzu katangar ganuwar ta kasance babban birnin masarautar. [3] Kebbi ya zama babban iko a yankin, yana kare hare-haren [[Daular Songhai|Songhay]], yana fadada cikin ƙasashen [[Masarautar Yauri|Yauri]] da [[Masarautar Bida|Nupe]] zuwa kudu kuma yana kayar da yunkurin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Daular Bornu]] don mamayewa da mamaye jihohin Hausa. Koyaya, bayan mutuwar Kanta a shekara ta 1556 jihohin Hausa sun daina biyan haraji, kuma ɗansa da magajinsa Ahmadu ba su yi ƙoƙari su tilasta batun ba. A ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha shida Kebbi ya zama ƙaramar masarauta. === Yaki da 'yan Jihadi na Fulani === A lokacin [[Jihadin Danfodio|Jihadi na Fulani]], a cikin 1808 [[Abdullahi dan Fodio]] (c. 1766-1828), ƙaramin ɗan'uwan [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Usman dan Fodio]], ya ci sojojin Kebbi. Yaama mai mulkin Gwandu Emirate, wanda ya mamaye arewa maso gabashin Khalifancin [[Sokoto (birni)|Sokoto]] . An kori [[Sarkin Kebbi]], Muhammadu Hodi, daga babban birninsa kuma an maye gurbinsa da mai mulkin tsana, Usuman Masa. Koyaya, Kabbawa sun ci gaba da tsayayya, kuma Abdullahi bai iya kammala nasarar ba. Muhammadu Hodi ya ci gaba da yaƙi a kwarin [[Kogin Zamfara|Zamfara]], kuma magajinsa Karari a Arugungu da Zazzagawa . A kan mutuwar Karari a 1831, dansa [[Yakubu Nabame]] ya mika wuya, kuma ya zauna shekaru 16 a gudun hijira a Sokoto har sai Sultan Aliyu Babba ya ba shi damar komawa Arugungu a matsayin mai bin Khalifanci.<ref name="johnston" /> A cikin 1849 Yakubu ya yi watsi da amincinsa kuma ya ayyana kansa Sarkin Kebbi . Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe, ciki har da wani lokaci da sojojin Sokoto suka kewaye Argungu, Sultan Aliyu na Sokoto ya amince da 'yancin kai na Masarautar Kebbi da ke Argungu. Koyaya gwamnatin Sokoto ta mallaki siyasar Kebbi yadda ya kamata kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin jihar tsana. Kebbi yanzu ya kafa rikici tsakanin Sokoto da Gwandu, kuma yaƙe-yaƙe na lokaci-lokaci ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru hamsin masu zuwa. A shekara ta 1859 an kashe ɗan'uwan Yakubu kuma magajinsa Yusufu Mainasara a yaƙi a cikin busassun ambaliyar [[Kogin Rima]]. A cikin 1860 an kashe Sarkin Gwandu, Haliru, a yaƙi a Karakara . A cikin 1867 Fulani sun amince da 'yancin Kebbi a cikin yarjejeniya ta musamman. A shekara ta 1875 yaƙin ya sake tashi lokacin da mutanen Fanna a cikin kwarin Rima suka yanke shawarar canja wurin biyayya ga Gwandu. Sarkin Kebbi Sama'ila ya sami nasarori da yawa a kan Gwandu tsakanin 1883 da 1903, tare da wasu matsaloli masu tsanani, har sai da aka kafa mulkin mallaka na [[Birtaniya]] na Arewacin Najeriya a ƙarshe ya kawo karshen fada. === Zamanin mulkin mallaka === A ranar 5 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1890 Birtaniya da Faransanci sun kammala yarjejeniya don raba Yammacin Afirka tsakanin masu mulkin mallaka biyu. A karkashin wannan yarjejeniya, Burtaniya za ta sami dukkan yankuna har zuwa ciki har da Khalifancin Sokoto, yayin da Faransanci za su dauki ƙasashen zuwa arewa. Ba a tuntubi mutanen yankin ba. An ba Faransanci Parfait-Louis Monteil alhakin balaguro don gano iyakokin arewacin Khalifancin Sokoto. Da ya isa Argungu a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1891, ya gano cewa masarautar ta kasance mai zaman kanta daga Sokoto, kodayake Sokoto za ta ci nasara a watan Maris na shekara ta 1792 kuma ta tilasta ta sake zama ƙasa mai biyayya. Monteil kuma ya sami ƙarancin shaidar kasancewar da [[Kamfanin Royal Niger]] na Burtaniya ya yi a yankin, ban da wasu wuraren kasuwanci a Gwandu. Lokacin da Turawan Burtaniya suka ji labarin rahoton Monteil, sannan suka ji cewa Faransanci sun ɗaga tutarsu a Argungu, sai suka aika da sojoji zuwa Argungu a shekara ta 1898, inda ba su sami kasancewar Faransanci ba. Birtaniya ta kafa dindindin a Argungu a cikin 1902 don samar da kariya ga sojojin Faransa da ke tsallaka yankin Burtaniya ta yarjejeniya, sannan kuma don kare hukumar iyaka da ke iyakance iyakar tsakanin yankunan Faransa da Burtaniya. Da jin labarin cewa Sultan na Sokoto yana tara sojojinsa, an tura wannan rundunar da sauransu zuwa Sokoto inda bayan wasu fada suka sami nasara. Sarkin Sama ya yi maraba da Burtaniya saboda dalilai na siyasa, tunda a karkashin tsarin mulkin kai tsaye na Burtaniya ya sami damar sake dawowa da karfafa ikonsa. A shekara ta 1908, ikon Burtaniya ba shi da wata tambaya. A wani [[durbar]] da aka gudanar a 1908 ga gwamnan mulkin mallaka [[Frederick Lugard]], sarakunan Kebbi da Gwandu da Sultan na Sokoto sun fito da karfi, tare da nuna mahayan da raƙuma dubu goma sha biyar. Emirs sun ba Lugard ponies goma sha shida a matsayin haraji, kuma sun durƙusa a gabansa. Birtaniya ta kafa tsarin inda aka ba da manyan hukumomin gudanarwa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Jami'an Gundumar. Ba a nemi aikin Argungu ba. Sauro sun kasance masu muni sosai har D.O. ya yi barci a cikin wani gidan sauro da aka gina musamman.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Anthony Kirk-Greene}}</ref> == Masarautar a yau == === Bikin kamun kifi === Bikin Kifi na shekara-shekara na Argungu yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan al'adu a arewacin Najeriya. Bikin yana da dogon tarihi. An fara shirya shi ne lokacin da Sultan na Sokoto, Hassan Dan Mu'azu, ya ziyarci Masarautar Argungu a 1934, kuma an gudanar da shi don nuna ikon kamun kifi na Kabawas ta hanyar Sarkin Muhammed Sama. Har zuwa shekarun 1960 bikin ya kasance al'amarin gida, amma a cikin 1972 Shugaban Gwamnatin Najeriya, Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] da takwaransa daga [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Hamani Diori]] sun halarta. Saboda dalilai na siyasa, bikin ya rasa goyon baya kuma ba a gudanar da bikin ba daga 1999 har zuwa 2004. Yanzu an farfado da bikin kuma yana zama babban abin jan hankali ga masu yawon bude ido.<ref>{{Cite web |last=INUWA BWALA |date=3 March 2004 |title=Reviving a heritage |url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/mar/03/0077.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Daily Champion |archive-date=4 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604032328/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/mar/03/0077.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, bikin da aka sake masa suna Argungu International and Cultural Festival ya hada da babban durbar tare da dawakai 500 da aka yi wa ado da kyau da mahayan su, da kuma raƙuma 120 da aka yi musu ado da kyau, karkashin jagorancin mai ɗaukar tutar Masarautar Argungu da kuma hada da mahalarta daga wasu kabilun da yawa. Kifi mafi girma ya auna kilo 55, kuma an gabatar da kyaututtuka don wannan kamawa a wani bikin da Shugaba [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]], matarsa, gwamnoni shida da sarakuna na gargajiya da yawa suka halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saka Ibrahim |date=29 March 2009 |title=Argungu Fishing Festival - Morning After |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200903300166.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> Bikin na 2009 ya hada da wasanni na ruwa, harbi da gasa, taron mota, wasan kwaikwayo na ƙungiyoyin rawa daga [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Mali]], [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Benin]], gwagwarmaya da wasannin dambe, da baje kolin noma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayo Okulaja |title=The lowdown on Argungu |url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/5393252-147/story.csp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112230/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/5393252-147/story.csp |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=Next}}</ref> Muhimmancin bikin ga tattalin arziki ya sa gwamnati ta adana kifin kifi ta hanyar hana amfani da taru da taru.&nbsp; === Shirin ban ruwa === An yi tunanin aikin Zauro polder a cikin 1969 kuma an jinkirta shi, amma kamar ana iya fara shi a cikin 2009. Aikin zai ban ruwa kadada 10,572 na gonaki a cikin ambaliyar Kogin Rima tsakanin [[Argungu]] da [[Birnin Kebbi]]. Amfanin gona zai hada da shinkafa, masara, alkama, sha'ir da kayan lambu kamar wake, albasa, tumatir, dankali mai zaki da dankali na Irish. Dam din zai kuma amfana da masana'antar kamun kifi, mai mahimmanci a jihar. Aikin ya yi alkawarin fa'idodi masu mahimmanci amma yana da rikici, tunda zai canza tsarin amfani da ƙasa, ya kawar da wasu al'ummomi kuma ya mamaye shafin bikin kamun kifi na shekara-shekara. An jajjefe Sarkin Argungu a cikin zanga-zangar kan aikin.<ref name="Omoniyi">{{Cite web |last=Tosin Omoniyi |date=20 December 2009 |title=A Dam of Controversy |url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1636&Itemid=47 |access-date=9 October 2010 |website=Newswatch}}</ref> === Gidan kayan gargajiya === A watan Yunin 2009 Masarautar Argungu ta gabatar da wata shawara ga Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Tarihi da Tarihi ta Kasa don ba da tarihin Surame jerin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Tarihin Duniya]]. Surame ita ce babban birnin farko na Masarautar Kebbi, wanda Mohammadu Kanta Kotal ya kafa. Sanata [[Umaru Argungu|Umaru Abubakar Argungu]] ya kuma nemi taimako don sanya Gidan Tarihi na Kanta ba kawai abin tunawa na kasa ba amma tushen al'adu na tarihi don Jerin Tarihin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohammed S. Shehu |date=18 June 2009 |title=Argungu Emirate Presents Site For World Heritage Listing |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200906180120.html |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=Daily Trust}}</ref> Ginin gidan kayan gargajiya, kusa da babban kasuwa an gina shi ne a 1831 ta Yakubu Nabame kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin fadar Sarkin har zuwa 1942, lokacin da Birtaniya ta gina sabon fadar gudanarwa a lokacin mulkin Muhammed Sani. A ranar 1 ga Yulin 1958, an buɗe shi a matsayin gidan kayan gargajiya, yana ba da haske game da tarihin rikice-rikice na [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]]. Gidan kayan gargajiya yana da sanannen tarin makamai, wanda ya kunshi kwarjayi, mashi, takobi, itace, duwatsu, baka da kibiyoyi, bindigogi na gida har ma da drum a kan nuni. An kuma san gidan kayan gargajiya a matsayin wurin da ake binne matattu sarakuna na karamar hukuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayo Okulaja |title=The charm of Argungu Museum |url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/Travel/5396182-147/story.csp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721135557/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/Travel/5396182-147/story.csp |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=8 October 2010 |publisher=Next}}</ref> == Masu mulki == Shugabannin masarautar Hausa kafin a shiga cikin Khalifancin Sokoto: {| class="wikitable" |+Babban mulkin Hausa wanda ya dogara da Surame da Birnin Kebbi !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !Sunan !Farawar Sarauta !Ƙarshen Sarautar |- !1 |[[Kanta Kotal|Muhammadu Kantu Kotal]] | align="center" |1516 | align="center" |1561 |- !2 |Ahmadu I | align="center" |1561 | align="center" |1596 |- !3 |Dauda | align="center" |1596 | align="center" |1619 |- !4 |Ibrahimu I | align="center" |1619 | align="center" |1621 |- !5 |Suleimanu na I | align="center" |1621 | align="center" |1636 |- !6 |Muhammadu | align="center" |1636 | align="center" |1649 |- !7 |Maliki dan Ibrahimu | align="center" |1649 | align="center" |1662 |- !8 |Umarau Ciwa | align="center" |1662 | align="center" |1674 |- !9 |Muhammadu Kaye | align="center" |1674 | align="center" |1676 |- !10 |Ibrahimu na II | align="center" |1676 | align="center" |1684 |- !11 |Muhammadu na Sifawa | align="center" |1684 | align="center" |1686 |- !12 |Ahmadu dan Amaru | align="center" |1686 | align="center" |1696 |- !13 |Tomo | align="center" |1696 | align="center" |1700 |- !14 |Muhammadu dan Giwa | align="center" |1700 | align="center" |1717 |- !15 |Samaila | align="center" |1717 | align="center" |1750 |- !16 |Muhammadu dan Tagande | align="center" |1750 | align="center" |1754 |- !17 |Abdullahi Toga | align="center" |1754 | align="center" |1775 |- !18 |Suleimanu na II | align="center" |1775 | align="center" |1803 |- !19 |Abubakar Ukar | colspan="2" align="center" |1803 |- !20 |Muhammadu Fodi | align="center" |1803 | align="center" |1826 |- !21 |Samaila na II | align="center" |1826 | align="center" |1827 |} Shugabannin Masarautar Hausa da aka kafa a Argungu: {| class="wikitable" |+Jihar da ta maye gurbin Hausa bisa ga Argungu !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !Sunan !Farawar Sarauta !Ƙarshen Sarautar !Bayani |- !21 |Samaila (ko Karari) | align="center" |1827 | align="center" |1831 |jagorantar tsayayya mai tsanani a kan [[Gwandu]]. An kashe shi a Galewa |- !22 |[[Yakubu Nabame]] <small> (a gudun hijira daga 1831 zuwa 1849) </small> | align="center" |1831 | align="center" |1854 |ɗan Samaila. Ya kama garuruwa da yawa kafin a kashe shi da kibiya a Kibiari |- !23 |Yusufu Mainasara | align="center" |1854 | align="center" |1859 |ɗan Samaila. Haliru, Sarkin Gwandu ne ya kashe shi |- !24 |Muhammadu Ba ne | align="center" |1859 | align="center" |1860 |ɗan Yakubu. Ya rama mutuwar kawunsa kafin a kashe shi |- !25 |Abdullahi Toga | align="center" |1860 | align="center" |1883 |ɗan Samaila |- !26 |Samaila II (ko Sama) | align="center" |1883 | align="center" |Satumba 1915 <ref name="wstates"/> |ɗan Yakubu. Wani babban jarumi wanda aka sani da ya ƙone garuruwan Fulani 90 |- !27 |Suleimana | align="center" |1915 | align="center" |1920 |ɗan Yakubu |- !28 |Muhammadu Sama | align="center" |1920 | align="center" |1934 |ɗan Samaila II |- !29 |Muhammadu Sani | align="center" |1934 | align="center" |1942 |ɗan Muhammadu Sama |- !30 |Samaila na Uku | align="center" |1942 | align="center" |1953 |zuriyar Muhammadu Dan Giwa (r. 1700-1717), Sarkin Kebbi |- !31 |Muhammadu Shefe | align="center" |1953 | align="center" |Oktoba 1959 <ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Samaila III. Ya yi murabus bayan rashin jituwa da majalisarsa |- !32 |Muhammadu Mera | align="center" |1959 | align="center" |1996<ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Muhammadu Sani |- !33 |Samaila IV CON <ref name="wstates" /> | align="center" |1996<ref name="wstates" /> | align="center" |Mai mulki <ref name="wstates" /> |ɗan Muhammadu Mera |} === Itacen iyali === {{Chart top}} {{Tree chart/start|align=center}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03||A04|||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||,|-|-|^|-|.||`|-|v|-|-|-|.||`|-|.|||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03||A04||A05|||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||)|-|-|-|.|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||!||||`|-|-|-|-|.||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02|||||||A03||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||!|||||)|-|-|-|.|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||A01|||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||||!|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||A02||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|||||!||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||A04||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||,|-|-|^|-|-|.||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||A02||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||!||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||!||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart/end}} {{Chart bottom}} * Harris, P. G.: Sokoto Provincial Gazetteer, Sokoto 1938 [Cyclostyled]. * Hogben, S. J. da [[Anthony Kirk-Greene|A. H. M. Kirk-Greene]]: Daular Larabawa ta Arewacin Najeriya, London 1966. * Johnston, H. A. S., The Fulani Empire of Sokoto, Oxford 1967 (shafi na 187-195). * &nbsp; == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qi436kiilvi6rnpr14i7gafn0hst76y 0 115402 822519 709140 2026-04-19T09:55:48Z Birgediya 44139 822519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gidan shakatawa tsari ne wanda aka tsara don daidaita zafin jiki da danshi na muhalli a ciki. Akwai nau'ikan '''greenhouse''' daban-daban, amma dukansu suna da manyan wuraren da aka rufe da kayan bayyane waɗanda ke barin hasken rana ya wuce kuma ya toshe shi azaman zafi. Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su a cikin ɗakunan zamani don ganuwa da rufin su ne filastik mai tsayi da aka yi da polycarbonate, fim din filastik da aka yi na polyethylene, ko bangarorin gilashi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2017 |title=How To Choose A Glazing Material For A Year Round Greenhouse |url=https://ceresgs.com/how-to-choose-a-glazing-material-for-a-year-round-greenhouse/ |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=April 4, 2023 |website=Ceres Greenhouse Solutions}}</ref> Lokacin da aka fallasa ciki na greenhouse ga hasken rana, zafin jiki yana ƙaruwa, yana ba da mahalli mai kariya ga tsire-tsire su girma har ma a yanayin sanyi. Ana amfani da kalmomin '''greenhouse''', gilashin gilashi, da hothouse sau da yawa don komawa ga gine-ginen da aka yi amfani da su don noma shuke-shuke. Takamaiman kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita ta dogara da kayan aiki da tsarin dumama da aka yi aiki a cikin ginin. A zamanin yau, ana gina ɗakunan ɗakunan ɗakuna tare da kayan aiki iri-iri, kamar itace da filastik na polyethylene.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=September 3, 2015 |title=Way Back When: A History Of The English Glasshouse |url=https://hartley-botanic.co.uk/magazine/a-history-of-the-english-glasshouse/ |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=April 4, 2023 |website=Hartley Botanic}}</ref> '''Gidan gilashi''', a gefe guda, wani nau'i ne na gargajiya wanda aka yi da bangarorin gilashi ne kawai wanda ke ba da damar haske ya shiga. Kalmar hothouse tana nuna cewa greenhouse yana da zafi na wucin gadi. Koyaya, ana iya rarraba tsarin zafi da wanda ba a ɗora shi ba a matsayin ɗakunan ajiya. [[Fayil:TomateJungpflanzenAnzuchtNiederlande.jpg|thumb|Matasa shuke-shuke na tumatir don dasa su a cikin wani masana'antu mai girman gaske a Westland, NetherlandsYammacin Yammacin]] Greenhouses na iya kasancewa a cikin girman daga ƙananan sheds zuwa gine-ginen masana'antu da manyan gidajen gilashi. Mafi ƙanƙanta misali shine ƙaramin greenhouse da aka sani da Tsarin sanyi, yawanci ana amfani dashi a gida, yayin da manyan greenhouses na kasuwanci sune manyan wuraren samar da fasaha don kayan lambu, furanni ko kuma 'ya'yan itatuwa. Gidan gilashi yana cike da kayan aiki ciki har da shigarwar tantancewa, dumama, sanyaya, da hasken wuta, kuma kwamfuta na iya sarrafa shi don inganta yanayin don ci gaban shuka. Ana amfani da dabaru daban-daban don sarrafa yanayin girma, gami da zafin iska, zafi na dangi da rashi na matsin tururi, don samar da yanayi mafi kyau don noma takamaiman amfanin gona. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Bachman_greenhouse.jpg|thumb|Cucumbers reached to the ceiling in a greenhouse in Richfield, Minnesota, where market gardeners grew a wide variety of produce for sale in Minneapolis, {{Circa|1910}}]] [[Fayil:Orangerie_du_château_de_Versailles_le_11_septembre_2015_-_90.jpg|thumb|Versailles Orangerie a Fadar Versailles, Faransa.]] === Daular Romawa === Kafin ci gaban greenhouses, ayyukan noma sun ƙuntata ga yanayin yanayi. Dangane da yankin yanayi na al'ummomi, mutane sun iyakance ga zaɓaɓɓun nau'o'in jinsuna da lokacin shekara wanda za su iya shuka shuke-shuke. Duk da haka a kusa da 30 AZ, Daular Romawa ta gina yunkurin farko da aka rubuta na yanayin wucin gadi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Crumpacker |first=Mark |date=June 27, 2019 |title=A Look Back At The Amazing History Of Greenhouses |url=https://medium.com/@MarkCrumpacker/a-look-back-at-the-amazing-history-of-greenhouses-adf301162a7b |access-date=April 4, 2023 |website=Medium}}</ref> Saboda rashin lafiya na sarki Tiberius, likitocin sarauta sun ba da shawarar cewa sarki ya ci kumara daya a rana.<ref name=":1" /> Cucumbers, duk da haka, tsire-tsire ne masu laushi kuma ba sa girma cikin sauƙi a duk shekara. Sabili da haka, Romawa sun tsara wani yanayi na wucin gadi, kamar greenhouse, don samun cucumbers ga sarki duk shekara. Ana dasa cucumbers a cikin kekuna masu ƙafa waɗanda aka sanya su a cikin rana kowace rana, sannan aka ɗauke su ciki don kiyaye su da dumi da dare. Ana adana cucumbers a ƙarƙashin firam ko a cikin gidajen cucumber da aka rufe da ko dai zane mai da aka sani da ''specularia'' ko tare da takalma na selenite (a.k.a. ''lapis specularis''), bisa ga bayanin Pliny the Elder. === Koriya ta ƙarni na 15 === Babban ci gaba na gaba a cikin ƙirar greenhouse ya fito ne daga Koriya a karni na 15 a lokacin daular [[Joseon]]. A cikin 1450s, Soon ui Jeon ya bayyana gidan zafi na farko a cikin rubutun da ake kira ''Sangayorok'' . <ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Yoon |first=Sang Jun |last2=Woudstra |first2=Jan |date=Summer 2007 |title=Advanced Horticultural Techniques in Korea: The Earliest Documented Greenhouses |journal=Garden History |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=68–84 |jstor=25472355}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba ui Jeon ya zama likita ga dangin sarauta, kuma ''Sangayorok'' an yi niyyar samar da muhimmiyar ilimin noma da aikin gida.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Yoon |first=Sang Jun |last2=Woudstra |first2=Jan |date=Summer 2007 |title=Advanced Horticultural Techniques in Korea: The Earliest Documented Greenhouses |journal=Garden History |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=68–84 |jstor=25472355}}</ref> A cikin sashin fasahar noma, nan da nan ui Jeon ya rubuta yadda za a gina greenhouse wanda ya iya noma kayan lambu da sauran tsire-tsire a cikin hunturu.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Yoon |first=Sang Jun |last2=Woudstra |first2=Jan |date=Summer 2007 |title=Advanced Horticultural Techniques in Korea: The Earliest Documented Greenhouses |journal=Garden History |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=68–84 |jstor=25472355}}</ref> Tsarin Koriya ya kara tsarin ''[[ondol]]'' ga tsarin.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Yoon |first=Sang Jun |last2=Woudstra |first2=Jan |date=Summer 2007 |title=Advanced Horticultural Techniques in Korea: The Earliest Documented Greenhouses |journal=Garden History |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=68–84 |jstor=25472355}}</ref> ''ondol'' tsarin dumama ne na Koriya da ake amfani da shi a cikin gida, wanda ke gudanar da bututun bututu daga tushen zafi a ƙarƙashin bene.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Yoon |first=Sang Jun |last2=Woudstra |first2=Jan |date=Summer 2007 |title=Advanced Horticultural Techniques in Korea: The Earliest Documented Greenhouses |journal=Garden History |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=68–84 |jstor=25472355}}</ref> Baya ga ''ondol'', an kuma dumama tukunyar da aka cika da ruwa don ƙirƙirar tururi da ƙara yawan zafin jiki da danshi a cikin greenhouse.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Yoon |first=Sang Jun |last2=Woudstra |first2=Jan |date=Summer 2007 |title=Advanced Horticultural Techniques in Korea: The Earliest Documented Greenhouses |journal=Garden History |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=68–84 |jstor=25472355}}</ref> Wadannan greenhouses na Koriya sune greenhouses masu aiki na farko da ke sarrafa zafin jiki, maimakon kawai dogaro da makamashi daga rana.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=September 3, 2015 |title=Way Back When: A History Of The English Glasshouse |url=https://hartley-botanic.co.uk/magazine/a-history-of-the-english-glasshouse/ |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=April 4, 2023 |website=Hartley Botanic}}</ref> Zane har yanzu ya haɗa da hanyoyin dumama, kamar windows na ''[[Korean paper|hanji]]'' masu haske don kama haske da bangon [[Cob (material)|cob]] don riƙe zafi, amma murhu ya ba da ƙarin iko akan yanayin wucin gadi.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Yoon |first=Sang Jun |last2=Woudstra |first2=Jan |date=Summer 2007 |title=Advanced Horticultural Techniques in Korea: The Earliest Documented Greenhouses |journal=Garden History |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=68–84 |jstor=25472355}}</ref> Annals of the Joseon Dynasty sun tabbatar da cewa an gina gine-ginen da suka hada da ''ondol'' don samar da zafi ga bishiyoyin [[Mandarin orange|Orange na Mandarin]] a lokacin hunturu na 1438.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Yoon |first=Sang Jun |last2=Woudstra |first2=Jan |date=Summer 2007 |title=Advanced Horticultural Techniques in Korea: The Earliest Documented Greenhouses |journal=Garden History |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=68–84 |jstor=25472355}}</ref> === Karni na 17 === Ma'anar greenhouses kuma ta bayyana a [[Holand|Netherlands]] sannan [[Ingila]] a karni na 17, tare da tsire-tsire. Wasu daga cikin wadannan yunkurin farko sun buƙaci aiki mai yawa don rufewa da dare ko don yin sanyi. Akwai matsaloli masu tsanani tare da samar da isasshen zafi da daidaitattun zafi a cikin waɗannan ɗakunan farko. An kammala gidan 'stove' na farko (mai zafi) a Burtaniya a Chelsea Physic Garden a shekara ta 1681. A yau, [[Holand|Netherlands]] tana da manyan gidaje masu yawa a duniya, wasu daga cikinsu suna da girma sosai har suna iya samar da miliyoyin kayan lambu a kowace shekara. Gwaje-gwaje tare da ƙirar greenhouse ya ci gaba a cikin karni na 17 a Turai, yayin da fasaha ta samar da gilashi mafi kyau da dabarun gini suka inganta. Gidan greenhouse a Fadar Versailles misali ne na girman su da cikakkun bayanai; ya fi mita 150 (490 tsawo, mita 13 (43 fadi, da mita 14 (46 tsaunuka. === Karni na 18 === Andrew Faneuil, wani attajiri dan kasuwa na Boston, ya gina gidan greenhouse na farko na Amurka a cikin shekara ta 1737. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Greenhouse Manual |url=https://www.usbg.gov/sites/default/files/usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf |publisher=US Botanical Garden}}</ref> [[Fayil:Washington's_greenhouse.jpg|thumb|Sake gina gidan George Washington a Dutsen Vernon]] Lokacin da ya dawo Dutsen Vernon bayan yakin, [[George Washington]] ya koyi game da gidan da aka gina a gidan Carroll na Dutsen Clare (Maryland) . Margaret Tilghman Carroll ce ta tsara shi, mai kula da lambu mai ƙwazo wanda ke noma itatuwan citrus a cikin wannan orange.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Margaret Tilghman Carroll &#124; TCLF |url=https://www.tclf.org/pioneer/margaret-tilghman-carroll |website=www.tclf.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 1784 Washington ta rubuta ta neman cikakkun bayanai game da ƙirar ɗakinta, kuma ta bi. Washington ta rubuta cewa: == Manazarta == phuf1xi24jnuy1crzlmnhkzvhlk7ch0 0 116890 822252 716325 2026-04-18T16:21:28Z Mangal Rabiu 44091 822252 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kyautar Red Maple''' kyauta ce a cikin Ontario Library Association (OLA) Forest of Reading Awards . Kyautar Red Maple tana murna da [[Fiction (Almara)|fiction]] (tun daga shekara ta 1998) da wadanda ba fiction ba (kowace shekara tun daga shekara ta 2005) littattafan Kanada don maki 7-8 (shekaru 12-14) a kowace shekara. Daga cikin littattafai goma da aka zaba a kowane rukuni dole ne dalibai su karanta akalla biyar don jefa kuri'a ga wanda suka fi so. Littafin da ya fi shahara a duk ɗakunan karatu, makarantu, kungiyoyi, da sauransu ne suka zaɓi wanda ya ci nasara. == Tarihi == Shekaru biyar bayan an kirkiro lambar yabo ta Silver Birch ta asali lambar yabo don maki 7-9, an kirkiro kyautar Red Maple. A shekara ta 2005 an kirkiro wani rukuni na Red Maple Award wanda ba na almara ba. Yana gudana a duk shekarun da ba su da yawa. Ya zuwa yanzun kuma, an sami kyaututtuka 22 a cikin almara da 8 a cikin wadanda ba almara ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Red Maple Archive |url=http://www.accessola.org/web/Documents/OLA/Forest/Archives/2017/03%20-%20Red%20Maple%20Archive%202017.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608160038/http://www.accessola.org/web/Documents/OLA/Forest/Archives/2017/03%20-%20Red%20Maple%20Archive%202017.pdf |archive-date=8 June 2017 |access-date=19 June 2017 |publisher=Access Ontario Library Association (OLA)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Red Maple Award: Available Years |url=https://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/books-video-music/books/award-winners/award-summary.jsp?listId=12WSwRIVbBkHB4SrvEHrmE5iTcMdnjyZGbppS0le8NMg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330070756/https://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/books-video-music/books/award-winners/award-summary.jsp?listId=12WSwRIVbBkHB4SrvEHrmE5iTcMdnjyZGbppS0le8NMg |archive-date=30 March 2019 |access-date=29 March 2019 |publisher=Toronto Public Library}}</ref> Marubutan bakwai ne kawai suka lashe kyautar fiye da sau ɗaya: Eric Walters (2001, 2007 Fiction, 2008, 2015 Fiction) tare da huɗu, Susin Neilsen (2010, 2014, 2020) da Kenneth Oppel (2005 Fiction, 2006, 2012) tare da uku kowannensu, da Gayle Friesen (1999, 2003), Wesley King (2013 Fiction, 2019 Fiction), Norah McClintock (2004, 2009 Fiction), da Andreas Schroeder (2005 Non-fiction, 2007 ba fiction) tare le biyu kowannensu. Friesen shine na farko da ya lashe kyautar sau biyu, yayin da Walters shine na farko wanda ya lashe sau uku da hudu. Kenneth Oppel shine na farko da ya lashe baya-baya a 2005 da 2006, sannan Eric Walters ya biyo baya a 2007 da 2008. Andreas Schroeder shine na farko da ya lashe baya-baya a cikin wadanda ba na fiction ba a 2005 da 2007. Carol Matas ita ce ta farko da ta lashe kyautar almara, yayin da Andreas Schroeder ita ce ta fara lashe kyautar da ba ta almara ba. == Wadanda aka girmama a almara == === Shekaru na 1990 === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Wadanda suka lashe kyautar da kuma wadanda suka kammala, 1998-1999 <ref name="Research Guides">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Research Guides: Forest of Reading®, 7 to 12 Programs: Red Maple Winners & Nominees, 1998-2023 |url=https://guides.library.queensu.ca/is-forest/red-maple |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516163804/https://guides.library.queensu.ca/is-forest/red-maple |archive-date=16 May 2023 |access-date=2023-05-25 |publisher=[[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]] Library |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ontario Library Assn">{{Cite web |last=Ontario Library Association |title=Red Maple Award™ Winners and Nominees 1998–2021 |url=https://forestofreading.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/05-Red-Maple-Archive-2021.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513202801/https://forestofreading.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/05-Red-Maple-Archive-2021.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2023 |access-date=13 May 2023 |publisher=Forest of Reading}}</ref> !Shekara !Mawallafin !Taken !Sakamakon |- style="background:#cddeff" ! rowspan="10" |1998 |Carol Matas |''Bayan Yaƙin'' |Wanda ya ci nasara |- |Don Aker |''Baƙo a Bay'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |Martha Attema |''Haske a cikin Dunes'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |Maureen Bayless |''Babu Adireshin da aka gyara'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |Mitzi Dale |''Menene Talata?'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |Brian Doyle |''Uncle Ronald'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |Sarah Ellis |''Bayan Bayan Bayan'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |Linda Holeman |''Waƙar Alkawari'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |Paul Kropp |''Moonkid da Prometheus'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |Norah McClintock |{{Sort|Body in the Basement|''The Body in the Basement''}} |Wanda ya kammala |- style="background:#cddeff" ! rowspan="10" |1999 |Gayle Friesen |''Yarinyar Janey'' |Wanda ya ci nasara |- |William Bell |''Zack'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |Margaret Buffie |''Mala'iku sun juya baya'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |Linda Holeman |''Tsuntsaye na Rahama'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |Norah McClintock |''Zunubi na Uba'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |Janet McNaughton |''Yi ko Kashe bazara'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |Kit Pearson |''Farkawa da Mafarki'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |Eric Walters |''Yaƙin Eagles'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |Mary Woodbury |''Sararin samaniya na Brad'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |Tim Wynne-Jones |''Stephen Fair'' |Wanda ya kammala |} === Shekaru na 2000 === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Award winners and finalists, 2000-2009<ref name="Research Guides">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Research Guides: Forest of Reading®, 7 to 12 Programs: Red Maple Winners & Nominees, 1998-2023 |url=https://guides.library.queensu.ca/is-forest/red-maple |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516163804/https://guides.library.queensu.ca/is-forest/red-maple |archive-date=16 May 2023 |access-date=2023-05-25 |publisher=[[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]] Library |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://guides.library.queensu.ca/is-forest/red-maple "Research Guides: Forest of Reading®, 7 to 12 Programs: Red Maple Winners & Nominees, 1998-2023"]. [[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]] Library. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230516163804/https://guides.library.queensu.ca/is-forest/red-maple Archived] from the original on 16 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Ontario Library Assn">{{Cite web |last=Ontario Library Association |title=Red Maple Award™ Winners and Nominees 1998–2021 |url=https://forestofreading.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/05-Red-Maple-Archive-2021.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513202801/https://forestofreading.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/05-Red-Maple-Archive-2021.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2023 |access-date=13 May 2023 |publisher=Forest of Reading}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOntario_Library_Association">Ontario Library Association. [https://forestofreading.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/05-Red-Maple-Archive-2021.pdf "Red Maple Award™ Winners and Nominees 1998–2021"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Forest of Reading. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230513202801/https://forestofreading.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/05-Red-Maple-Archive-2021.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> !Year !Author !Title !Result |- style="background:#cddeff" ! rowspan="10" |2000 |{{Sortname|last=Horrocks|first=Anita}} |''What They Don't Know'' |Winner |- |{{Sortname|last=Boraks-Nemetz|first=Lillian}} |''{{Sort|Sunflower Diary|The Sunflower Diary}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Hughes|first=Monica}} |''{{Sort|Story Box|The Story Box}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Huser|first=Glen}} |''Touch of the Clown'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Khan|first=Rukhsana}} |''Dahling, If You Luv Me Would You Please Smile'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=McClintock|first=Norah}} |''Password: Murder'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Moore|first=Ishbel}} |''Daughter'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Nolubitsky|first=Katherine}} |''Alone At Ninety Foot'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Oppel|first=Kenneth}} |''Sunwing'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Peacock|first=Shane}} |''{{Sort|Mystery of Ireland's Eye|The Mystery of Ireland's Eye}}'' |Finalist |- style="background:#cddeff" ! rowspan="10" |2001 |{{Sortname|last=Walters|first=Eric}} |''Rebound'' |Winner |- |{{Sortname|last=Ellis|first=Deborah}} |''{{Sort|Breadwinner|[[The Breadwinner (novel)|The Breadwinner]]}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Friesen|first=Gayle}} |''Men of Stone'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Holeman|first=Linda}} |''Raspberry House Blues'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Hughes|first=Monica}} |''Storm Warning'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Lawrence|first=Iain}} |''{{Sort|Wreckers|The Wreckers}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=McClintock|first=Norah}} |''Over the Edge'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=McKay|first=Sharon}} |''Charlie Wilcox'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=McNaughton|first=Janet}} |''{{Sort|Secret Under My Skin|The Secret Under My Skin}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Wynne-Jones|first=Tim}} |''{{Sort|Boy in the Burning House|[[The Boy in the Burning House]]}}'' |Finalist |- style="background:#cddeff" ! rowspan="10" |2002 |{{Sortname|last=Kacer|first=Kathy}} |''Clara's War'' |Winner |- |{{Sortname|last=Bell|first=William}} |''Stones'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Bradford|first=Karleen}} |''Whisperings of Magic'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Dorion|first=Betty Fitzpatrick}} |''Whose Side Are You On?'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Harrison|first=Troon}} |''{{Sort|Bushel of Light|A Bushel of Light}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Peacock|first=Shane}} |''Bone Beds of the Badlands'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Slade|first=Arthur}} |''Dust'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Stenhouse|first=Ted}} |''Across the Steel River'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Trottier|first=Maxine}} |''By the Standing Stone'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Walters|first=Eric}} |''Bully Boys'' |Finalist |- style="background:#cddeff" ! rowspan="10" |2003 |{{Sortname|last=Friesen|first=Gayle}} |''Losing Forever'' |Winner |- |{{Sortname|last=Chan|first=Gillian}} |''{{Sort|Carved Box|The Carved Box}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Haworth-Attard|first=Barbara}} |''Irish Chain'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Heneghan|first=James}} |''Flood'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Mills|first=J.C.}} |''{{Sort|Goodfellow Chronicles: The Sacred Seal|The Goodfellow Chronicles: The Sacred Seal}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Oppel|first=Kenneth}} |''Firewing'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Sherrard|first=Valerie}} |''Out of the Ashes: A Shelby Belgarden Mystery'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Stewart|first=Sharon}} |''City of the Dead'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Tullson|first=Diane}} |''Saving Jasey'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Wilson|first=Budge}} |''Fractures'' |Finalist |- style="background:#cddeff" ! rowspan="10" |2004 |{{Sortname|last=McClintock|first=Norah}} |''Hit and Run'' |Winner |- |{{Sortname|last=Ellis|first=Deborah}} |''Parvana's Journey'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Foon|first=Dennis}} |''{{Sort|Dirt Eaters|The Dirt Eaters}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Johnston|first=Julie}} |''In Spite of Killer Bees'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Lawrence|first=Iain}} |''{{Sort|Buccaneers|The Buccaneers}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=McBay|first=Bruce}} and James Heneghan |''Waiting for Sarah'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=McKay|first=Sharon}} |''Charlie Wilcox's Great War'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=McNaughton|first=Janet}} |''An Earthly Knight'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Taylor|first=Cora}} |''On Wings of a Dragon'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Walters|first=Eric}} |''Run'' |Finalist |- style="background:#cddeff" ! rowspan="10" |2005 |{{Sortname|last=Oppel|first=Kenneth}} |''Airborn'' |Winner |- |{{Sortname|last=Ellis|first=Deborah}} |''{{Sort|Heaven Shop|The Heaven Shop}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Huser|first=Glen}} |''Stitches'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Linden|first=Dianne}} |''Peacekeepers'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Martini|first=Clem}} |''{{Sort|Mob|The Mob}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=McClintock|first=Norah}} |''Dead and Gone'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=McNicoll|first=Sylvia}} |''{{Sort|Different Kind of Beauty|A Different Kind of Beauty}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Skrypuch|first=Marsha Forchuk}} |''Nobody's Child'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Trottier|first=Maxine}} |''Sister to the Wolf'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Wood|first=Maggie L.}} |''{{Sort|Princess Pawn|The Princess Pawn}}'' |Finalist |- style="background:#cddeff" ! rowspan="10" |2006 |{{Sortname|last=Oppel|first=Kenneth}} |''Skybreaker'' |Winner |- |{{Sortname|last=Cumyn|first=Alan}} |''After Sylvia'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Fitch|first=Sheree}} |''Gravesavers'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Gilmore|first=Rachna}} |''Sower Of Tales'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Halvorson|first=Marilyn}} |''Blood Brothers'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Henighan|first=Tom}} |''Mercury Man'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Jordan|first=Rosa}} |''Lost Goat Lane'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Lawrence|first=Iain}} |''Convicts'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Paperny|first=Myra}} |''Greenies'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Scrimger|first=Richard}} |''From Charlie's Point of View'' |Finalist |- style="background:#cddeff" ! rowspan="10" |2007 |{{Sortname|last=Walters|first=Eric}} |''We All Fall Down'' |Winner |- |{{Sortname|last=Dyer|first=Hadley}} |''Johnny Kellock Died Today'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Friesen|first=Gayle}} |''{{Sort|Isabel Factor|The Isabel Factor}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Hunter|first=Bernice Thurman}} |''{{Sort|Girls They Left Behind|The Girls They Left Behind}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Korman|first=Gordon}} |''Born to Rock'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Martini|first=Clem}} |''{{Sort|Plague. Feather and Bone: The Crow Chronicles|The Plague. Feather and Bone: The Crow Chronicles}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=McClintock|first=Norah}} |''Not a Trace Series: A Chloe and Levesque Mystery'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=McNaughton|first=Janet}} |''{{Sort|Raintree Rebellion|The Raintree Rebellion}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Slade|first=Arthur}} |''Megiddo's Shadow'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Wilson|first=John}} |''Red Goodwin'' |Finalist |- style="background:#cddeff" ! rowspan="10" |2008 |{{Sortname|last=Walters|first=Eric}} |''Safe as Houses'' |Winner |- |{{Sortname|last=Aubin|first=Henry T.}} |''{{Sort|Rise of the Golden Cobra|The Rise of the Golden Cobra}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Dinsdale|first=Christopher}} |''Stolen Away'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Gilkerson|first=William}} |''Pirate's Passage'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Huser|first=Glen}} |''Skinnybones and the Wrinkle Queen'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Lawrence|first=Iain}} |''Gemini Summer'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Oppel|first=Kenneth}} |''Darkwing'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Sherrard|first=Valerie}} |''Sarah's Legacy'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Skelton|first=Matthew}} |''Endymion Spring'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Wilson|first=John}} |''Where Soldiers Lie'' |Finalist |- style="background:#cddeff" ! rowspan="10" |2009 |{{Sortname|last=McClintock|first=Norah}} |''Out of the Cold'' |Winner |- |{{Sortname|last=Baxter|first=Jean Rae}} |''Way Lies North'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Bayle|first=B.J.}} |''Perilous Passage'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Curtis|first=Christopher Paul}} |''Elijah of Buxton'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Heneghan|first=James}} |''Payback'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Lawrence|first=Iain}} |''{{Sort|Castaways|The Castaways}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Luiken|first=Nicole}} |''Frost'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Pearson|first=Kit}} |''{{Sort|Perfect Gentle Knight|A Perfect Gentle Knight}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Pignat|first=Caroline}} |''Egghead'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Prinz|first=Yvonne}} |''Not Fair, Clare'' |Finalist |} === Shekaru na 2010 === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Award winners and finalists, 2010-2019<ref name="Research Guides">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Research Guides: Forest of Reading®, 7 to 12 Programs: Red Maple Winners & Nominees, 1998-2023 |url=https://guides.library.queensu.ca/is-forest/red-maple |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516163804/https://guides.library.queensu.ca/is-forest/red-maple |archive-date=16 May 2023 |access-date=2023-05-25 |publisher=[[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]] Library |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://guides.library.queensu.ca/is-forest/red-maple "Research Guides: Forest of Reading®, 7 to 12 Programs: Red Maple Winners & Nominees, 1998-2023"]. [[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]] Library. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230516163804/https://guides.library.queensu.ca/is-forest/red-maple Archived] from the original on 16 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Ontario Library Assn">{{Cite web |last=Ontario Library Association |title=Red Maple Award™ Winners and Nominees 1998–2021 |url=https://forestofreading.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/05-Red-Maple-Archive-2021.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513202801/https://forestofreading.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/05-Red-Maple-Archive-2021.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2023 |access-date=13 May 2023 |publisher=Forest of Reading}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOntario_Library_Association">Ontario Library Association. [https://forestofreading.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/05-Red-Maple-Archive-2021.pdf "Red Maple Award™ Winners and Nominees 1998–2021"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Forest of Reading. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230513202801/https://forestofreading.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/05-Red-Maple-Archive-2021.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> !Year !Author !Title !Result |- style="background:#cddeff" ! rowspan="10" |2010 |{{Sortname|last=Nielsen|first=Susin}} |''Word Nerd'' |Winner |- |{{Sortname|last=Carter|first=Anne Laurel}} |''{{Sort|Shepard's Granddaughter|The Shepard's Granddaughter}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Ellis|first=Deborah}} |''Lunch with Lenin and Other Stories'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Hutchins|first=Hazel}} |''After'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=McKay|first=Sharon E.}} |''War Brothers'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Oppel|first=Kenneth}} |''Starclimber'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Pignat|first=Caroline}} |''Greener Grass'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Roy|first=Philip}} |''Submarine Outlaw'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Schmidt|first=René}} |''Leaving Fletchville'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Turner|first=Max}} |''Night Runner'' |Finalist |- style="background:#cddeff" ! rowspan="10" |2011 |{{Sortname|last=Grant|first=Vicki}} |''Not Suitable for Family Viewing'' |Winner |- |{{Sortname|last=Armstrong|first=Kelley}} |''{{Sort|Summoning|The Summoning}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Bell|first=William}} |''Only in the Movies'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Cohen|first=Marina}} |''Ghost Ride'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Cooper|first=Afua}} |''My Name is Henry Bibb'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Griggs|first=Terry}} |''Nieve'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Haworth-Attard|first=Barbara}} |''Haunted'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Korman|first=Gordon}} |''POP'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Lee|first=Y.S.}} |''{{Sort|Agency: A Spy in the House|The Agency: A Spy in the House}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Walters|first=Eric}} |''Wounded'' |Finalist |- style="background:#cddeff" ! rowspan="10" |2012 |{{Sortname|last=Oppel|first=Kenneth}} |''Half Brother'' |Winner |- |{{Sortname|last=Bell|first=William}} |''Fanatics'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Bowman|first=Patrick}} |''Torn from Troy'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Ellis|first=Deborah}} |''No Safe Place'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Harvey|first=Alyxandra}} |''Haunting Violet'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=MacLean|first=Jill}} |''Home Truths'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=McKay|first=Sharon E.}} and [[Rafal Gerszak]] |''Thunder Over Kandahar'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Nielsen|first=Susin}} |''Dear George Clooney Please Marry My Mom'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Walters|first=Eric}} |''Fly Boy'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Weston|first=Robert Paul}} |''Dust City'' |Finalist |- style="background:#cddeff" ! rowspan="10" |2013 |{{Sortname|last=King|first=Wesley}} |''{{Sort|Vindico|The Vindico}}'' |Winner |- |{{Sortname|last=McNicoll|first=Sylvia}} |''crush. candy. corpse.'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Narsimhan|first=Mahtab}} |''{{Sort|Tiffin|The Tiffin}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Nason|first=Riel}} |''{{Sort|Town That Drowned|The Town That Drowned}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Oppel|first=Kenneth}} |''This Dark Endeavour'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Peacock|first=Shane}} |''{{Sort|Dragon Turn|The Dragon Turn}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Sherrard|first=Valerie}} |''Testify'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Van Diepen|first=Allison}} |''{{Sort|Vampire Stalker|The Vampire Stalker}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Walters|first=Eric}} |''End of Days'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Withers|first=Pam}} |''First Descent'' |Finalist |- style="background:#cddeff" ! rowspan="10" |2014 |{{Sortname|last=Nielsen|first=Susin}} |''{{Sort|Reluctant Journal of Henry K. Larsen|[[The Reluctant Journal of Henry K. Larsen]]}}'' |Winner |- |{{Sortname|last=Armstrong|first=K. L.}} and [[M. A. Marr]] |''Loki's Wolves: The Blackwell Pages'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Brouwer|first=Sigmund}} |''Devil's Pass'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=d'Entremont|first=Cynthia}} |''Oak Island Revenge'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Ellis|first=Deborah}} |''My Name is Parvana'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Levy|first=Joanne}} |''Small Medium at Large'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Oppel|first=Kenneth}} |''Such Wicked Intent'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Sherrard|first=Valerie}} |''Counting Back from Nine'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Staunton|first=Ted}} |''Jump Cut'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Walters|first=Eric}} |''Between Heaven and Earth'' |Finalist |- style="background:#cddeff" ! rowspan="10" |2015 |{{Sortname|last=Walters|first=Eric}} |''Rule of Three'' |Winner |- |{{Sortname|last=Brouwer|first=Sigmund}} |''Dead Man's Switch'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Dowdling|first=Philippa}} |''{{Sort|Strange Gift of Gwendolyn Golden|The Strange Gift of Gwendolyn Golden}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Ellis|first=Sarah}} |''Outside In'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Guest|first=Jacqueline}} |''{{Sort|Comic Book War|The Comic Book War}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Keating|first=Jess}} |''How to Outrun a Crocodile When Your Shoes Are Untied'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Oppel|first=Kenneth}} |''{{Sort|Boundless|The Boundless}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Pignat|first=Caroline}} |''Unspeakable'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Scrimger|first=Richard}} |''Zomboy'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=VanSickle|first=Vikki}} |''Summer Days, Starry Nights'' |Finalist |- style="background:#cddeff" ! rowspan="10" |2016 |{{Sortname|last=Stratton|first=Allan}} |''{{Sort|Dogs|The Dogs}}'' |Winner |- |{{Sortname|last=Bass|first=Karen}} |''Uncertain Soldier'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Ellis|first=Deborah}} |''{{Sort|Cat at the Wall|The Cat at the Wall}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Juby|first=Susan}} |''{{Sort|Truth Commission|The Truth Commission}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=McKay|first=Sharon E.}} |''Prison Boy'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Nicholson|first=Lorna Schultz}} |''Fragile Bones: Harrison and Anna'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Nielsen|first=Susin}} |''We Are All Made of Molecules'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Pignat|first=Caroline}} |''{{Sort|Gospel Truth|The Gospel Truth}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Sher|first=Emil}} and David Wyman |''Young Man with Camera: A Novel with Photographs'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Walters|first=Eric}} |''Walking Home'' |Finalist |- style="background:#cddeff" ! rowspan="10" |2017 |{{Sortname|last=Pignat|first=Caroline}} |''Shooter'' |Winner |- |{{Sortname|last=Armstrong|first=Kelley}} |''{{Sort|Unquiet Past|The Unquiet Past}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Bass|first=Karen}} |''{{Sort|Hill|The Hill}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Nicholson|first=Lorna Schultz}} |''Born With: Erika and Gianni'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Scrimger|first=Richard}} |''Lucky Jonah'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Slade|first=Arthur}} |''Flickers'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Sylvester|first=Kevin}} |''MiNRS'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Toten|first=Teresa}} |''Shattered Glass'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Tromly|first=Stephanie}} |''Trouble is a Friend of Mine'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Viva|first=Frank}} |''Sea Change'' |Finalist |- style="background:#cddeff" ! rowspan="10" |2018 |{{Sortname|last=VanSickle|first=Vikki}} |''{{Sort|Winnowing|The Winnowing}}'' |Winner |- |{{Sortname|last=Dance|first=Jennifer}} |''Hawk'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Downie|first=Gord}} and Jeff Lemire |''Secret Path'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Grant|first=Vicki}} |''Short for Chameleon'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=King|first=Wesley}} |''Laura Monster Crusher'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Nicholson|first=Lorna Schultz}} |''Bent Not Broken: Madeline and Justin'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Pulsen|first=David A.}} |''And Then the Sky Exploded'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Skuy|first=David}} |''Run'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Stratton|first=Allan}} |''{{Sort|Way Back Home|The Way Back Home}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Sutherland|first=Joel A.}} |''Summer's End'' |Finalist |- style="background:#cddeff" ! rowspan="10" |2019 |{{Sortname|last=King|first=Wesley}} |''{{Sort|World Below|A World Below}}'' |Winner |- |{{Sortname|last=Ciccarelli|first=Kristen}} |''{{Sort|Last Namsara|The Last Namsara}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Latimer|first=E.}} |''{{Sort|Strange and Deadly Portraits of Bryony Gray|The Strange and Deadly Portraits of Bryony Gray}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Mills|first=Jean}} |''Skating Over Thin Ice'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Nelson|first=Colleen}} |''Sadia'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Nicholson|first=Lorna Schultz}} |''{{Sort|Time to Run: Stuart & Sam|A Time to Run: Stuart & Sam}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Sands|first=Kevin}} |''{{Sort|Assassin's Curse|The Assassin's Curse}}'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Skrypuch|first=Marsha Forchuk}} |''Don't Tell the Enemy'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Walters|first=Eric}} |''Fourth Dimension'' |Finalist |- |{{Sortname|last=Withers|first=Pam}} |''Tracker's Canyon'' |Finalist |} === Shekaru na 2020 === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Wadanda suka lashe kyautar da kuma wadanda suka kammala, 2020-yanzu <ref name="Research Guides">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Research Guides: Forest of Reading®, 7 to 12 Programs: Red Maple Winners & Nominees, 1998-2023 |url=https://guides.library.queensu.ca/is-forest/red-maple |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516163804/https://guides.library.queensu.ca/is-forest/red-maple |archive-date=16 May 2023 |access-date=2023-05-25 |publisher=[[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]] Library |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://guides.library.queensu.ca/is-forest/red-maple "Research Guides: Forest of Reading®, 7 to 12 Programs: Red Maple Winners & Nominees, 1998-2023"]. [[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]] Library. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230516163804/https://guides.library.queensu.ca/is-forest/red-maple Archived] from the original on 16 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Ontario Library Assn">{{Cite web |last=Ontario Library Association |title=Red Maple Award™ Winners and Nominees 1998–2021 |url=https://forestofreading.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/05-Red-Maple-Archive-2021.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513202801/https://forestofreading.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/05-Red-Maple-Archive-2021.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2023 |access-date=13 May 2023 |publisher=Forest of Reading}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOntario_Library_Association">Ontario Library Association. [https://forestofreading.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/05-Red-Maple-Archive-2021.pdf "Red Maple Award™ Winners and Nominees 1998–2021"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Forest of Reading. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230513202801/https://forestofreading.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/05-Red-Maple-Archive-2021.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> !Shekara !Mawallafin !Taken !Sakamakon |- style="background:#cddeff" ! rowspan="10" |2020<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Emma |date=2020-06-16 |title=2020 Forest of Reading® Winners Announced at Virtual Edition of the Forest of Reading Festival |url=http://bookcentre.ca/news/2020-forest-reading-winners-announced-virtual-edition-forest-reading-festival |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131195030/https://bookcentre.ca/news/2020-forest-reading-winners-announced-virtual-edition-forest-reading-festival |archive-date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=[[Canadian Children's Book Centre]] |language=en-US}}</ref> |{{Sortname|last=Nielsen|first=Susin}} |''Babu Adireshin da aka gyara'' |Wanda ya ci nasara |- |{{Sortname|last=Chmakova|first=Svetlana}} |''Kashewa'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Deen|first=Natasha}} |''A cikin Maɓallin Nira Ghandi'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Korman|first=Gordon}} |''{{Sort|Unteachables|The Unteachables}}'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Maclear|first=Kyo}} da [[Byron Eggenschwiler]] |''Ayyuka'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Sands|first=Kevin}} |''Kira na Wraith'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Spillett|first=Tasha}} da [[Natasha Donovan]] |''Rayuwa a Birnin'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Tran-Davies|first=Nhung N.}} |''{{Sort|Grain of Rice|A Grain of Rice}}'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Weymouth|first=Laura E.}} |''{{Sort|Light Between Worlds|The Light Between Worlds}}'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Withers|first=Pam}} |''Tsayawa'' |Wanda ya kammala |- style="background:#cddeff" ! rowspan="10" |2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Emma |date=2021-05-18 |title=2021 Forest of Reading® Winners Announced at Virtual Edition of the Forest of Reading Awards |url=http://bookcentre.ca/news/2021-forest-reading-winners-announced-virtual-edition-forest-reading-awards |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202114951/http://bookcentre.ca/news/2021-forest-reading-winners-announced-virtual-edition-forest-reading-awards |archive-date=2 December 2022 |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=[[Canadian Children's Book Centre]] |language=en-US}}</ref> |{{Sortname|last=Oppel|first=Kenneth}} |''Fure'' |Wanda ya ci nasara |- |{{Sortname|last=Camlot|first=Heather}} |''{{Sort|Other Side|The Other Side}}'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Jonnie|first=Brianna}}, [[Nahanni Shingoose]], da [[Neal Shannacappo]] |''Idan Na ɓace'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Killbourne|first=Christina}} |''Tashar jiragen ruwa mai aminci'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=King|first=Wesley}} |''Sara da Neman Al'ada'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Saeed|first=Jamal}} da [[Sharon E. McKay]] |''Yara Spring'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Sherrard|first=Valerie}} |''{{Sort|Rise and Fall of Derek Cowell|The Rise and Fall of Derek Cowell}}'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Slade|first=Arthur}} |''Mai kisan Dragon'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Walters|first=Eric}} da [[Kathy Kacer]] |''Ƙarƙashin da aka Kashe'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Weymouth|first=Laura E.}} |''{{Sort|Treason of Thorns|A Treason of Thorns}}'' |Wanda ya kammala |- style="background:#cddeff" ! rowspan="10" |2022 |{{Sortname|last=Walters|first=Eric}} |''{{Sort|King of Jam Sandwiches|[[The King of Jam Sandwiches]]}}''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Check out the 2022 Forest of Reading winners! |url=https://www.kfpl.ca/news-and-reviews/kids/2022/05/24/check-out-the-2022-forest-of-reading-winners |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513202801/https://www.kfpl.ca/news-and-reviews/kids/2022/05/24/check-out-the-2022-forest-of-reading-winners |archive-date=13 May 2023 |access-date=2023-05-13 |publisher=[[Kingston Frontenac Public Library]]}}</ref> |Wanda ya ci nasara |- |{{Sortname|last=Dowding|first=Philippa}} |''Wutar wuta'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Hansen|first=Regina M.}} |''{{Sort|Coming Storm|The Coming Storm}}'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Korman|first=Gordon}} |''Haɗi'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Miller-Schroeder|first=Patricia}} |''<nowiki/>'Yan'uwa mata na Wolf'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Nanua|first=Sarena}} da [[Sasha Nanua]] |''<nowiki/>'Yan'uwa mata na Macijin'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Nielsen|first=Susin}} |''Abubuwa Masu Girma'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Sherrard|first=Valerie}} |''Magana ta tsuntsaye'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Spillett|first=Tasha}} da [[Natasha Donovan]] |''Daga Tushen'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Stemp|first=Heather}} |''A karkashin Fuka-fukan Amelia'' |Wanda ya kammala |- ! rowspan="11" |2023 |- style="background:#cddeff" |{{Sortname|last=Sands|first=Kevin}} |''Yaran Fox'' |Wanda ya ci nasara |- |{{Sortname|last=Adams|first=Leisl}} |''Batter na sarauta'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Coccia|first=Paul}} da [[Eric Walters]] |''A kan Layin'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Kacer|first=Kathy}} |''A karkashin gadar ƙarfe'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Kinew|first=Wab}} |''Yin Tafiya a Duniya Biyu'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Levy|first=Joanne}} |''Ya yi nadama saboda asararku'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Lucas|first=Chad}} |''Bari Monster ya fita'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=McIsaac|first=Meghan}} |''{{Sort|Bear House|The Bear House}}'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Toten|first=Teresa}} |''Kwanaki Takwas'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Weber|first=Lori}} |''{{Sort|Ribbon Leaf|The Ribbon Leaf}}'' |Wanda ya kammala |- ! rowspan="11" |2024 |- style="background:#cddeff" |{{Sortname|last=Korman|first=Gordon}} |''Ginin Ginin'' |Wanda ya ci nasara |- |{{Sortname|last=Bow|first=Erin}} |''Simon Sort of Says'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Dimaline|first=Cherie}} |''A cikin Hasken Budewa: A Secret Garden Remix'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Florence|first=Melanie}} da {{Sortname|last=Scrimger|first=Richard}} |''Tsuntsu na kaka da mai gudu'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Hill|first=Lawrence}} |''Beatrice da Croc Harry'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Johnston|first=E.K.}} |''Dungeons & Dragons: Daraja tsakanin ɓarayi: Kira na Druid'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Rosen|first=Suri}} |''Kwandon Taurari'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Sands|first=Kevin}} |''Masu neman Fox: 'Yan fashi na Inuwa'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Shammas|first=Nadia}} da {{Sortname|last=Alfageeh|first=Sara}} |''Squire'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Varga|first=Andrew}} |''Sarkin Saxon na Ƙarshe: Littafin Jumping in Time'' |Wanda ya kammala |- ! rowspan="10" |2025 |{{Sortname|last=Ellis|first=Deborah}} |''Masu fita waje'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=John-Kehewin|first=Wanda}} |''Rashin Bege a Fata'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Kilbourne|first=Christina}} |''Kwanaki 40 a Hicksville'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Phạm|first=Thọ}} da {{Sortname|last=McTavish|first=Sandra}} |''Yaƙin Cricket'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Richardson|first=Jael}} |''Yau Ni'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Szpirglas|first=Jeff}} |''Littafin Murya 01'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Shah|first=Wali}} da {{Sortname|last=Walters|first=Eric}} |''Ka kira ni Al'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Slattery|first=Brian}} |''Tserewa zuwa Ponti'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Smith (author)|first=Heather}} |''Tig'' |Wanda ya kammala |- |{{Sortname|last=Vriesen|first=Giselle}} |''Me ya sa muke wasa da wuta'' |Wanda ya kammala |} == Wadanda ba na almara ba == {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Wadanda suka lashe kyautar da kuma wadanda suka kammala <ref name="Research Guides">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Research Guides: Forest of Reading®, 7 to 12 Programs: Red Maple Winners & Nominees, 1998-2023 |url=https://guides.library.queensu.ca/is-forest/red-maple |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516163804/https://guides.library.queensu.ca/is-forest/red-maple |archive-date=16 May 2023 |access-date=2023-05-25 |publisher=[[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]] Library |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://guides.library.queensu.ca/is-forest/red-maple "Research Guides: Forest of Reading®, 7 to 12 Programs: Red Maple Winners & Nominees, 1998-2023"]. [[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]] Library. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230516163804/https://guides.library.queensu.ca/is-forest/red-maple Archived] from the original on 16 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Ontario Library Assn">{{Cite web |last=Ontario Library Association |title=Red Maple Award™ Winners and Nominees 1998–2021 |url=https://forestofreading.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/05-Red-Maple-Archive-2021.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513202801/https://forestofreading.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/05-Red-Maple-Archive-2021.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2023 |access-date=13 May 2023 |publisher=Forest of Reading}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOntario_Library_Association">Ontario Library Association. [https://forestofreading.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/05-Red-Maple-Archive-2021.pdf "Red Maple Award™ Winners and Nominees 1998–2021"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Forest of Reading. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230513202801/https://forestofreading.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/05-Red-Maple-Archive-2021.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> !Shekara !Mawallafin !Taken |- !2005 |{{Sortname|last=Schroeder|first=Andreas}} |''Yaudara!'' |- !2007 |{{Sortname|last=Schroeder|first=Andreas}} |''<nowiki/>'Yan fashi! : Labarai Goma na Fashi mai ban mamaki, Capers na ban dariya da kuma tserewa mai ban tsoro'' |- !2009 |{{Sortname|last=MacLeod|first=Elizabeth}} |''Kisan Sarauta'' |- !2011 |{{Sortname|last=Kamara|first=Mariatu}} |''Cinyewar Mango'' |- !2013 |{{Sortname|last=Swan|first=Bill}} |''Adalci na Gaskiya: Goma sha huɗu kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa'' |- !2015 |{{Sortname|last=Arato|first=Rona}} |''{{Sort|Last Train: A Holocaust Story|The Last Train: A Holocaust Story}}'' |- !2017 |{{Sortname|last=Chikwanine|first=Michel}}, [[Jessica Dee Humphreys]], da Claudia Dávila |''Yara Soja: Lokacin da ake amfani da yara maza da mata a Yaƙi'' |- !2019 |{{Sortname|last=Lee|first=Sungju}} da [[Susan McClelland]] |''Kowane Falling Star: Labarin Gaskiya na Yadda Na Tsere da Koriya ta Arewa'' |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == n20iphb29rxb8w4ecrsap6n8bx509v5 0 117894 822544 722301 2026-04-19T10:18:15Z BnHamid 12586 822544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Obesity-waist_circumference.svg|thumb|Girman kai da kugu]] Kiba a Najeriya wani kalubale ne da ke kunno kai a fannin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, wanda ke haifar da saurin bunkasar birane, sauye-sauyen rayuwa, da dabi'un abinci. Yayin da rashin abinci mai gina jiki a tarihi ya kasance babban abin da ke damun lafiya a ƙasar, matsalar kiba da kiba sun ƙaru sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Wannan sauye-sauye yana da tasiri sosai ta hanyar ci gaban tattalin arziki, haɓaka birane, da tsarin abinci na yamma.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Chukwuonye |first=Innocent Ijezie |last2=Ohagwu |first2=Kenneth Arinze |last3=Ogah |first3=Okechukwu Samuel |last4=John |first4=Collins |last5=Oviasu |first5=Efosa |last6=Anyabolu |first6=Ernest Ndukaife |last7=Ezeani |first7=Ignatius Ugochukwu |last8=Iloh |first8=Gabriel Uche Paschal |last9=Chukwuonye |first9=Miracle Erinma |last10=Raphael |first10=Caleb Ogechi |last11=Onwuchekwa |first11=Uwa |last12=Okafor |first12=Umezurike Hughes |last13=Oladele |first13=Clement |last14=Obi |first14=Emmanuel Chukwuebuka |last15=Okwuonu |first15=Chimezie Godswill |date=2022 |title=Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Nigeria: Systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies |journal=PLOS Global Public Health |volume=2 |issue=6 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgph.0000515 |issn=2767-3375 |pmc=10021772 |pmid=36962450 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www.ecsdev.org/images/V2N2/ekpenyong%20141-164.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018220616/http://www.ecsdev.org/images/V2N2/ekpenyong%20141-164.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-18}}</ref> == Yaduwar == Yawan kiba a Najeriya ya karu, musamman a birane. A cewar [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO), yaduwar kiba da kiba tsakanin manya a Najeriya ya karu sosai. Bincike ya nuna cewa kusan kashi 20-35% na manya na Najeriya suna da kiba, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adeloye |first=Davies |last2=Ige-Elegbede |first2=Janet O. |last3=Ezejimofor |first3=Martinsixtus |last4=Owolabi |first4=Eyitayo O. |last5=Ezeigwe |first5=Nnenna |last6=Omoyele |first6=Chiamaka |last7=Mpazanje |first7=Rex G. |last8=Dewan |first8=Mary T. |last9=Agogo |first9=Emmanuel |last10=Gadanya |first10=Muktar A. |last11=Alemu |first11=Wondimagegnehu |last12=Harhay |first12=Michael O. |last13=Auta |first13=Asa |last14=Adebiyi |first14=Akindele O. |date=December 2021 |title=Estimating the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Nigeria in 2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Annals of Medicine |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=495–507 |doi=10.1080/07853890.2021.1897665 |issn=1365-2060 |pmc=8018557 |pmid=33783281}}</ref> tare da yawan kiba tsakanin 8-22%, dangane da jinsi da matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Mata suna da yawan kiba idan aka kwatanta da maza, musamman a cikin birane.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Chukwuonye |first=Innocent Ijezie |last2=Ohagwu |first2=Kenneth Arinze |last3=Ogah |first3=Okechukwu Samuel |last4=John |first4=Collins |last5=Oviasu |first5=Efosa |last6=Anyabolu |first6=Ernest Ndukaife |last7=Ezeani |first7=Ignatius Ugochukwu |last8=Iloh |first8=Gabriel Uche Paschal |last9=Chukwuonye |first9=Miracle Erinma |last10=Raphael |first10=Caleb Ogechi |last11=Onwuchekwa |first11=Uwa |last12=Okafor |first12=Umezurike Hughes |last13=Oladele |first13=Clement |last14=Obi |first14=Emmanuel Chukwuebuka |last15=Okwuonu |first15=Chimezie Godswill |date=2022 |title=Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Nigeria: Systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies |journal=PLOS Global Public Health |volume=2 |issue=6 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgph.0000515 |issn=2767-3375 |pmc=10021772 |pmid=36962450 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohammed |first=Hadiza |date=2022-01-26 |title=How e Consign Me? Obesity, a Growing Concern in Nigeria |url=https://articles.nigeriahealthwatch.com/how-e-consign-me-obesity-a-growing-concern-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Nigeria Health Watch |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Dalilan da suka haifar == === Canjin abinci === Yawan cin abinci da aka sarrafa, da abubuwan sha, da abinci masu saurin kitse da sinadarin Carbohydrate sun taimaka wajen haifar da kiba a Najeriya. Mutane da yawa, musamman a cikin birane, sun dogara da abinci mai sauri saboda dacewa da araha. Wadannan abinci sau da yawa suna da yawa a cikin kitse marasa lafiya, sukari, da adadin kuzari yayin da basu da mahimman abubuwan gina jiki. Haɓaka dabi'ar cin abinci irin na yammacin duniya, wanda duniya ta yi tasiri da haɓakar tattalin arziƙin, ya kuma haifar da raguwar abinci na gargajiya waɗanda ke da wadataccen fiber, kayan lambu, da sinadarai masu raɗaɗi. Wannan canji a cikin tsarin cin abinci ya haifar da yawan abincin caloric ba tare da haɓaka daidai ba a cikin motsa jiki, yana haifar da kiba da kiba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petrikova |first=Ivica |last2=Bhattacharjee |first2=Ranjana |last3=Fraser |first3=Paul D. |date=2023-01-17 |title=The 'Nigerian Diet' and Its Evolution: Review of the Existing Literature and Household Survey Data |journal=Foods |volume=12 |issue=3 |page=443 |doi=10.3390/foods12030443 |issn=2304-8158 |pmc=9914143 |pmid=36765972 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reardon |first=Thomas |last2=Tschirley |first2=David |last3=Liverpool-Tasie |first3=Lenis Saweda O. |last4=Awokuse |first4=Titus |last5=Fanzo |first5=Jessica |last6=Minten |first6=Bart |last7=Vos |first7=Rob |last8=Dolislager |first8=Michael |last9=Sauer |first9=Christine |last10=Dhar |first10=Rahul |last11=Vargas |first11=Carolina |last12=Lartey |first12=Anna |last13=Raza |first13=Ahmed |last14=Popkin |first14=Barry M. |date=2021-03-01 |title=The processed food revolution in African food systems and the double burden of malnutrition |journal=Global Food Security |volume=28 |bibcode=2021GlFS...2800466R |doi=10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100466 |issn=2211-9124 |pmc=8049356 |pmid=33868911}}</ref> Yawan cin abinci da aka sarrafa, da abubuwan sha, da abinci masu saurin kitse da sinadarin Carbohydrate sun taimaka wajen haifar da kiba a Najeriya. Mutane da yawa, musamman a cikin birane, sun dogara da abinci mai sauri saboda dacewa da araha. Wadannan abinci sau da yawa suna da yawa a cikin kitse marasa lafiya, sukari, da adadin kuzari yayin da basu da mahimman abubuwan gina jiki. Haɓaka dabi'ar cin abinci irin na yammacin duniya, wanda duniya ta yi tasiri da haɓakar tattalin arziƙin, ya kuma haifar da raguwar abinci na gargajiya waɗanda ke da wadataccen fiber, kayan lambu, da sinadarai masu raɗaɗi. Wannan canji a cikin tsarin cin abinci ya haifar da yawan abincin caloric ba tare da haɓaka daidai ba a cikin motsa jiki, yana haifar da kiba da kiba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Rachel |last2=Kelly |first2=Bridget |last3=Yeatman |first3=Heather |last4=Boyland |first4=Emma |date=2019-04-18 |title=Food Marketing Influences Children's Attitudes, Preferences and Consumption: A Systematic Critical Review |journal=Nutrients |volume=11 |issue=4 |page=875 |doi=10.3390/nu11040875 |issn=2072-6643 |pmc=6520952 |pmid=31003489 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Hanyar rayuwa mai zaman kanta === Bugu da ƙari, dabarun tallan tallace-tallace na kamfanonin abinci na duniya sun taka rawa wajen inganta halayen cin abinci mara kyau. Tallace-tallacen da ake yi wa manya da yara suna ƙarfafa cin abinci da aka sarrafa da kuma abubuwan sha masu daɗi, wanda ke ƙara tsananta matsalar kiba. Bugu da kari, arziƙin abincin da aka sarrafa idan aka kwatanta da mafi kyawun hanyoyin lafiya, kamar sabbin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari, yana sauƙaƙa wa mutane su zaɓi zaɓi mara kyau. Ba tare da sauye-sauyen abinci ba, karuwar kiba zai ci gaba da haifar da babban kalubale ga lafiyar al'umma a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Iwuala |first=Sandra Omozehio |last2=Ayankogbe |first2=Olayinka Olufunmi |last3=Olatona |first3=FolukeAdenike |last4=Olamoyegun |first4=Michael Adeyemi |last5=OkparaIgwe |first5=Ukandu |last6=Sabir |first6=Anas Ahmad |last7=Fasanmade |first7=Olufemi Adetola |date=2015-01-09 |title=Obesity among health service providers in Nigeria: danger to long term health worker retention? |url=https://panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/22/1/full/ |journal=The Pan African Medical Journal |language=English |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=1 |doi=10.11604/pamj.2015.22.1.5586 |issn=1937-8688 |pmc=4643157 |pmid=26600902}}</ref> Bayan wurin aiki, ayyukan nishaɗi kuma sun canza, suna ƙara rage matakan motsa jiki. A da, yara da manya suna yin wasanni a waje da kuma aikin motsa jiki, amma a yau, mutane da yawa sun fi son nishaɗin cikin gida, kamar kallon talabijin ko wasan bidiyo. Wuraren jama'a da ke ƙarfafa motsa jiki, kamar wuraren shakatawa da wuraren shakatawa, ba su da iyaka a yawancin biranen Najeriya, wanda ke sa mutane su iya yin motsa jiki akai-akai. Ba tare da yunƙurin hankali ba don haɓaka motsa jiki da rage halayen zaman jama'a, ƙila adadin kiba zai ci gaba da hauhawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Iwuala |first=Sandra Omozehio |last2=Ayankogbe |first2=Olayinka Olufunmi |last3=Olatona |first3=Foluke Adenike |last4=Olamoyegun |first4=Michael Adeyemi |last5=OkparaIgwe |first5=Ukandu |last6=Sabir |first6=Anas Ahmad |last7=Fasanmade |first7=Olufemi Adetola |date=2015 |title=Obesity among health service providers in Nigeria: danger to long term health worker retention? |journal=The Pan African Medical Journal |volume=22 |page=1 |doi=10.11604/pamj.2015.22.1.5586 |issn=1937-8688 |pmc=4643157 |pmid=26600902}}</ref> [[Fayil:Obesity_rate_(WHO,_2022).png|thumb|Yawan kiba (WHO, 2022) ]] === Birane da ci gaban tattalin arziki === Bunkasa birane da ci gaban tattalin arziki ya baiwa ‘yan Najeriya da dama guraben ayyukan yi da inganta rayuwar jama’a, amma kuma sun taimaka wajen karuwar kiba. Mazauna birni galibi suna samun sauƙin samun abinci mai kalori saboda samuwar manyan kantuna, gidajen abinci, da kantunan abinci mai sauri. Ba kamar mazauna karkara ba, inda mutane ke yin noma da sauran ayyukan motsa jiki, mazauna birane sun fi samun guraben ayyukan yi da salon rayuwa. Wannan hadewar cin abinci mai yawan kuzari da rage yawan motsa jiki ya haifar da barkewar cutar kiba a yawancin biranen Najeriya. Bugu da ƙari, haɓakar birane ya haifar da ƙarin dogaro ga tsarin sufuri kamar bas, babura, da motoci masu zaman kansu, wanda ya rage yawan masu tafiya a kowace rana. A cikin yankunan karkara, tafiya mai nisa don aiki, makaranta, ko ayyukan kasuwa yana ba da gudummawa don kiyaye nauyin lafiya, amma a cikin birane, dacewa ya maye gurbin motsa jiki. Bugu da ƙari, tsadar rayuwa a birane sau da yawa yana sa abinci mai lafiya ya fi tsada fiye da yadda ake sarrafa su, yana sa mutane da yawa su zaɓi abinci maras gina jiki, mai yawan kuzari. Magance waɗannan ƙalubalen na buƙatar manufofin da ke haɓaka ingantattun muhallin birane, kamar haɓaka wuraren shakatawa, titin titi, da cibiyoyin motsa jiki masu isa. === Ra'ayoyin al'adu === A wasu al'ummomin Najeriya, kiba yana da alaƙa da wadata, lafiya, da kuma babban matsayi na zamantakewa. A tarihi, ana ganin cikakken jiki a matsayin alamar wadata da wadata, musamman a yankunan da ake fama da karancin abinci. A cikin al'adu da yawa, girman girman jiki har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa kyakkyawa, yana jagorantar wasu mutane don samun kiba da gangan. Wannan hasashe yana hana mutane yin aiki da dabarun sarrafa nauyi, koda lokacin da suka fuskanci haɗarin lafiya da ke da alaƙa da kiba. Bugu da ƙari, tsammanin al'umma da matsin lamba na iyali na iya yin wahala ga ɗaiɗaikun su ɗauki ingantacciyar rayuwa. Wasu mutane na iya jin kunyar shiga ƙoƙarin rage nauyi saboda ya saba wa ka'idodin al'adu waɗanda ke danganta bakin ciki da talauci ko rashin lafiya. Sakamakon haka, kamfen na kula da lafiyar jama'a da nufin magance kiba dole ne su mai da hankali kan canza waɗannan hasashe na al'adu. Ilimantar da al'ummomi game da haɗarin kiwon lafiya na kiba da haɓaka haɓakar jiki ta hanyar da ke ƙarfafa dacewa da walwala, maimakon kiba kawai, yana da mahimmanci wajen magance matsalar kiba. [abubuwan da ake bukata] === Halitta === Wasu mutane suna da dabi'ar dabi'a ga kiba, wanda abubuwan muhalli na iya tsanantawa. Abubuwan Halittu suna tasiri metabolism, ajiyar mai, da ikon jiki don daidaita nauyi. Mutanen da ke da tarihin iyali na kiba suna iya samun kiba cikin sauƙi, musamman idan aka fallasa su ga cin abinci mara kyau da salon rayuwa. Duk da haka, yayin da kwayoyin halitta ke taka rawa, ba wai kawai suke ƙayyade nauyin mutum ba. Zaɓuɓɓukan rayuwa irin su abinci, motsa jiki, da matakin ayyuka gabaɗaya na iya taimakawa rage tasirin tsinkayar kwayoyin halitta. Wasu mutane suna da dabi'ar dabi'a ga kiba, wanda abubuwan muhalli na iya tsanantawa. Abubuwan Halittu suna tasiri metabolism, ajiyar mai, da ikon jiki don daidaita nauyi. Mutanen da ke da tarihin iyali na kiba suna iya samun kiba cikin sauƙi, musamman idan aka fallasa su ga cin abinci mara kyau da salon rayuwa. Duk da haka, yayin da kwayoyin halitta ke taka rawa, ba wai kawai suke ƙayyade nauyin mutum ba. Zaɓuɓɓukan rayuwa irin su abinci, motsa jiki, da matakin ayyuka gabaɗaya na iya taimakawa rage tasirin tsinkayar kwayoyin halitta. === Rashin sani === Yawancin 'yan Najeriya ba su san haɗarin kiwon lafiya da ke tattare da kiba ba, wanda ke haifar da rashin abinci da salon rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assessment of Dietary Knowledge, Practices and Control in Type 2 Diabetes in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/njm/article/view/37137/25726 |website=www.ajol.info}}</ref> Akwai iyakantaccen ilimin jama'a game da haɗarin cututtukan da suka shafi kiba, kamar ciwon sukari, hauhawar jini, da cututtukar zuciya. A sakamakon haka, mutane da yawa ba sa ganin gaggawa na kiyaye nauyi mai lafiya. Rashin ilimin abinci mai gina jiki yana nufin cewa mutane suna ci gaba da cin abinci mai yawan adadin kuzari ba tare da fahimtar tasirin su na dogon lokaci akan kiwon lafiya ba. Bugu da ƙari, rashin yaduwar shirye-shiryen rigakafin kiba ya ba da gudummawa ga batun. Ba kamar ƙasashen da suka ci gaba ba inda yaƙin neman zaɓe na kiwon lafiya ke jaddada kula da nauyi, Najeriya tana da ƙarancin ayyukan jama'a da ke mai da hankali kan wayar da kan kiba. Mutane da yawa ba su da damar samun ingantacciyar jagora akan daidaitaccen abinci da kuma motsa jiki. Don magance wannan matsala, dole ne gwamnati, masu ba da kiwon lafiya, da shugabannin al'umma su yi aiki tare don ilimantar da jama'a game da rigakafin kiba da karfafa zabin salon rayuwa. == Sakamakon kiwon lafiya == Girman kiba yana haifar da haɗarin kiwon lafiya, yana ba da gudummawa ga karuwar cututtukan da ba su yaduwa ba (NCDs) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Noncommunicable diseases |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases#:~:text=Noncommunicable%20diseases%20(NCDs),%20including,74%25%20of%20all%20deaths%20worldwide. |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> a duk duniya, gami da [[Najeriya]]. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi damuwa shine haɗin kai mai ƙarfi tare da cututtukan zuciya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cardiovascular diseases |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases#:~:text=Cardiovascular%20diseases%20(CVDs)%20are%20the,heart%20disease%20and%20other%20conditions. |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cardiovascular Disease: Types, Causes & Symptoms |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21493-cardiovascular-disease |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323051057/https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21493-cardiovascular-disease |archive-date=2025-03-23 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en}}</ref> kamar hawan jini <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hypertension |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension#:~:text=Hypertension%20(high%20blood%20pressure)%20is,get%20your%20blood%20pressure%20checked. |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-29 |title=Hypertension: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241381-overview}}</ref> da cututsin zuciya, dukansu biyu na iya haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani kamar bugun zuciya ko gazawar zuciya. Girman kiba shine babban dalilin ciwon sukari na nau'in 2, yanayin da ke karuwa a Najeriya saboda sauye-sauyen salon rayuwa da halaye na abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Griffin |first=Luke |date=2016-07-11 |title=Differences Between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes |url=https://diabetesresearchconnection.org/differences-type-1-type-2-diabetes/?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjwy46_BhDOARIsAIvmcwP-HWJaHrgSWTGY3IFFxDpLTEPGTa9L22U7G2Nefzjev5Z9eH25bJcaAii8EALw_wcB |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Diabetes Research Connection |language=en-US}}</ref> Matsayi mai girma na cholesterol da hauhawar jini, sau da yawa ana ganin su a cikin masu kiba, suma suna ƙara haɗarin bugun jini, wanda zai iya haifar da nakasa na dogon lokaci ko mutuwa. Bugu da ƙari, kiba an haɗa shi da wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji, gami da ciwon nono da ciwon daji na colorectal, yana ƙara nauyin cutar. Rashin numfashi irin su apnea na bacci da asma sun fi yawa a tsakanin masu kiba, saboda yawan nauyi na iya ƙuntata iska da kuma lalata aikin huhu. Baya ga lafiyar jiki, kiba na iya samun mummunar tasirin tunani, yana ba da gudummawa ga matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa kamar baƙin ciki da ƙarancin girman kai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarwer |first=David B. |last2=Polonsky |first2=Heather M. |date=September 2016 |title=The Psychosocial Burden of Obesity |journal=Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=677–688 |doi=10.1016/j.ecl.2016.04.016 |issn=1558-4410 |pmc=6052856 |pmid=27519139}}</ref> Idan aka ba da waɗannan haɗarin, magance kiba ta hanyar gyare-gyaren salon rayuwa, gami da daidaitaccen abinci da motsa jiki na yau da kullun, yana da mahimmanci don hana waɗannan yanayin da ke barazana ga rayuwa da inganta lafiyar gaba ɗaya. == Bayanan da aka ambata == kaw7d7rktpeqkstowq0nsb3tpd0xdy4 0 118497 822357 818721 2026-04-18T18:38:34Z Gwadabawa1 44111 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 822357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Tsarin darajar aikin gona shine haɗin kaya da ayyuka (sashin darajar) da ake buƙata don samfurin aikin gona don motsawa daga mai samarwa zuwa mabukaci na ƙarshe. An yi amfani da manufar tun farkon karni, da farko daga waɗanda ke aiki a ci gaban [[noma]] a Kasashe masu tasowa, kodayake babu ma'anar kalmar da aka yarda da ita a duniya. [[Fayil:Typical-value-Chain.png|right|thumb|340x340px|Bayyanawa na sarkar darajar]] Kalmar darajar ta fara shahara ne a cikin wani littafi da Michael Porter ya buga a shekarar 1985, wanda ya yi amfani da shi don kwatanta yadda kamfanoni zasu iya cimma abin da ya kira "amfanin gasa" ta hanyar ƙara darajar a cikin ƙungiyar su. Daga baya, an karɓi kalmar don dalilai na ci gaban noma <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaplinsky, R. |last2=Morris, M. |title=A Handbook for Value Chain Analysis |url=http://www.value-chains.org/dyn/bds/docs/395/Handbook%20for%20Value%20Chain%20Analysis.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301073327/http://www.value-chains.org/dyn/bds/docs/395/Handbook%20for%20Value%20Chain%20Analysis.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014 |publisher=IDRC}}</ref> kuma yanzu ya zama abin sha'awa sosai tsakanin waɗanda ke aiki a wannan fagen, tare da yawancin kungiyoyin agaji na biyu da na ƙasashe da yawa suna amfani da shi don jagorantar sa hannun ci gaban su. A cikin zuciyar ma'anar sarkar darajar noma shine ra'ayin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da aka haɗa tare da sarkar samarwa da isar da kayayyaki ga masu amfani ta hanyar jerin ayyukan.<ref name="Riisgaard">{{Cite web |last=Henriksen, L. |last2=L. Riisgaard |last3=S. Ponte |last4=F. Hartwich |last5=P. Kormawa |title=Agro-Food Value Chain Interventions in Asia: A review and analysis of case studies. Working Paper |url=http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Publications/Pub_free/WorkingPaper_VC_AsiaFinal.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301042030/http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Publications/Pub_free/WorkingPaper_VC_AsiaFinal.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014 |publisher=UNIDO}}</ref> Koyaya, wannan sarkar "ta tsaye" ba za ta iya aiki a warewa ba kuma wani muhimmin bangare na tsarin sarkar darajar shi ne cewa yana la'akari da tasirin "horizontal" a kan sarkar, kamar shigarwa da samar da kuɗi, tallafin tsawo da yanayin da ke ba da damar gaba ɗaya. An sami hanyar da amfani, musamman daga masu ba da gudummawa, saboda ya haifar da la'akari da duk waɗannan abubuwan da ke tasiri ga ikon manoma don samun damar kasuwanni da riba, wanda ke haifar da manyan hanyoyin shiga tsakani. Ana amfani da shi don inganta sarƙoƙi da ke akwai da kuma masu ba da gudummawa don gano damar kasuwa ga ƙananan manoma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Editorial: Adding Value, by Michael Hailu, ‘’Spore’’ No 157 |url=http://spore.cta.int/en/component/content/article?id=3173:2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226160104/http://spore.cta.int/en/component/content/article?id=3173:2020 |archive-date=2021-02-26 |access-date=2014-02-25}}</ref> == Ma'anar == Babu ma'anar da aka yarda da ita game da abin da ke nufi da sarkar ƙimar noma. Lalle ne, wasu hukumomi suna amfani da kalmar ba tare da samun ma'anar aiki ko ma'anoni ba kuma kawai sake bayyana ayyukan da ke gudana a matsayin aikin "daraja" lokacin da kalmar ta shiga cikin vogue. Ma'anar da aka buga sun haɗa da Bankin Ƙungiya "kalmar "'value chain"" ta bayyana cikakken ayyukan ƙara ƙimar da ake buƙata don kawo samfurin ko sabis ta hanyar matakai daban-daban na samarwa, gami da sayen albarkatun kasa da sauran abubuwan shigarwa", UNIDO's "masu wasan kwaikwayo da aka haɗa tare da sarkar samarwa, canzawa da kawo kayayyaki da aiyuka ga masu amfani da ƙarshen ta hanyar jerin ayyukan", <ref>{{Cite web |last=Webber, C. M. |last2=P. Labaste |title=Building competitiveness in Africa's agriculture: A guide to value chain concepts and applications. |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTARD/Resources/Building_Competitiveness_in_Africa_Ag.pdf |access-date=25 February 2014 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> da CIAT's "cibiyar sadarwa ta dabarun tsakanin ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci da Ciyawa.<ref name="Riisgaard, L and S. Ponte">{{Cite web |last=Riisgaard, L |last2=S. Ponte |title=Pro-poor value chain development: 25 guiding questions for designing and implementing agroindustry projects. |url=http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Services/Agro-Industries/Pro-poor_value_chain_development_2011.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031035120/http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Services/Agro-Industries/Pro-poor_value_chain_development_2011.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2014 |access-date=25 February 2014 |publisher=UNIDO}}</ref><ref name="Lundy, M., M. V. Gottret, C. Ostertag, R. Best, and S. Ferris">{{Cite web |last=Lundy, M. |last2=M. V. Gottret |last3=C. Ostertag |last4=R. Best |last5=S. Ferris |title=Participatory market chain analysis for smallholder producers |url=http://webapp.ciat.cgiar.org/agroempresas/ingles/good_practice_guide_4.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225234337/http://webapp.ciat.cgiar.org/agroempresas/ingles/good_practice_guide_4.htm |archive-date=2009-12-25 |publisher=CIAT}}</ref> Ba tare da ma'anar duniya ba, ana amfani da kalmar "sarkar darajar" yanzu don nunawa ga nau'ikan sarkar, gami da: * Kasuwar kayayyaki ta kasa da kasa, ko kuma ta yanki. Misalan na iya haɗawa da "sashin darajar auduga na duniya", "sashin ƙimar masara na kudancin Afirka" ko "sashin farashin kofi na [[Brazil]]"; * Kasuwar kayayyaki ta ƙasa ko ta gida ko tsarin talla kamar "sashin darajar [[tumatir]] na Ghana" ko ""sashin darafar tumatir na Accra"; * Tsarin samarwa, wanda zai iya rufe duka biyun da ke sama; * Wani tsawo samar da kayayyaki ko tashar tallace-tallace, wanda ya kunshi duk ayyukan da ake buƙata don samar da samfurin, gami da bayanai / faɗaɗa, tsarawa, shigarwa da kuɗi. Wataƙila ita ce mafi yawan amfani da kalmar sarkar darajar; * Wani sarkar sadaukarwa da aka tsara don biyan bukatun daya ko iyakantaccen adadin masu siye. Wannan amfani, wanda ya fi aminci ga ra'ayin Porter, yana jaddada cewa an tsara sarkar darajar don kama darajar ga duk 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar aiwatar da ayyukan don biyan bukatun masu amfani ko na wani mai siyarwa, mai sarrafawa ko kamfanin sabis na abinci wanda ke samar da waɗannan masu amfani. An sanya jaddadawa sosai a kan buƙata a matsayin tushen darajar. == Hanyoyin sarkar darajar == Masu ba da gudummawa da sauransu da ke tallafawa ci gaban noma, kamar su FAO, Bankin Ƙungiya, GIZ, DFID, ILO, IIED da UNIDO, sun samar da takardu da yawa da aka tsara don taimakawa ma'aikatan su da sauransu don kimanta sarkar darajar don yanke shawara kan abubuwan da suka fi dacewa don sabunta sarkar da ke akwai ko inganta sabbin.<ref name="Riisgaard, L and S. Ponte"/><ref name="Lundy, M., M. V. Gottret, C. Ostertag, R. Best, and S. Ferris"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Springer-Heinze |first=A. |title=Valuelinks: The methodology of value chain promotion. |url=http://www2.gtz.de/wbf/lred/library/detail.asp?number=3721 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301193637/http://www2.gtz.de/wbf/lred/library/detail.asp?number=3721 |archive-date=1 March 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014 |publisher=GIZ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DFID |title=The operational guide for the making markets work for the poor (M4P) |url=http://www.setoolbelt.org/resources/1836 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116220202/http://www.setoolbelt.org/resources/1836 |archive-date=2018-11-16 |access-date=2014-02-25 |publisher=DFID}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vermeulen, S. |last2=J. Woodhill |last3=F. Proctor |last4=R. Delnoye |title=Chain-wide learning for inclusive agrifood market development |url=http://www.regoverningmarkets.org/en/articles/global/chain_wide_learning_guide_for_inclusive_agrifood_market_development_a_guide.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006002859/http://www.regoverningmarkets.org/en/articles/global/chain_wide_learning_guide_for_inclusive_agrifood_market_development_a_guide.html |archive-date=6 October 2008 |access-date=25 February 2014 |publisher=IIED}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Herr, M. L. |last2=T. J. Muzira |title=Value chain development for decent work. |url=http://www.ilo.org/empent/areas/value-chain-development-vcd/WCMS_115490/lang--en/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513123705/http://www.ilo.org/empent/areas/value-chain-development-vcd/WCMS_115490/lang--en/index.htm |archive-date=13 May 2013 |access-date=25 February 2014 |publisher=ILO}}</ref> Koyaya, an fassara aikace-aikacen nazarin sarkar darajar daban-daban ta ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, tare da yiwuwar tasirin tasirin ci gaban su. Yaduwar jagororin ya faru ne a cikin wani yanayi inda mahimman abubuwan da suka shafi ra'ayi da hanyoyin bincike da ci gaba har yanzu suna tasowa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=J. Donovan |last2=M. Cunha |last3=S. Franzel |last4=A. Gyau |last5=D. Mithöfer |title=Guides for value chain development: A comparative review |url=http://publications.cta.int/media/publications/downloads/1746_PDF.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002182010/http://publications.cta.int/media/publications/downloads/1746_PDF.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014 |publisher=CTA and ICRAF}}</ref> Yawancin waɗannan jagororin sun haɗa da ba kawai cikakkun hanyoyin da ke buƙatar masana su gudanar da bincike ba har ma suna amfani da cikakkun hanyoyin ilimi.<ref name="Riisgaard"/> Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan hanyar shine kwatanta wannan sarkar darajar a tsawon lokaci (bincike na kwatankwacin ko kwamitin) don tantance canje-canje a cikin haya, shugabanci, ingantaccen tsarin da tsarin ma'aikata. == Haɗakar da manoma zuwa kasuwanni == Babban sashi na aikin ci gaban sarkar darajar ya damu da hanyoyin haɗa masu samarwa zuwa kamfanoni, sabili da haka cikin sarkar darajoji.<ref name="Shepherd">{{Cite web |last=Shepherd, Andrew |title=Approaches to linking producers to markets |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/3c8d3a02-4425-418a-8520-bcb7a1c70d5c/content |access-date=11 September 2025 |publisher=FAO}}</ref> Duk da yake akwai misalai na cikakkun sarkar darajar da ba su haɗa da ƙananan masu mallakar ba (misali [[Unilever]] tana aiki da wuraren shayi da wuraren sarrafa shayi a [[Kenya]] sannan ta haɗu da kuma shirya shayi a Turai kafin sayar da shi a matsayin Lipton, Brooke Bond ko PG Tips), babban ɓangaren darajar noma sun haɗa da tallace-tallace ga kamfanoni daga manoma masu zaman kansu. Irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen galibi sun haɗa da aikin gona na kwangila wanda manomi ya yi alkawarin samar da adadin amfanin gona ko kayan dabbobi, bisa ga ƙa'idodin inganci da bukatun isar da mai siye, sau da yawa a farashin da aka kafa a gaba. Kamfanoni sau da yawa sun yarda su tallafa wa manomi ta hanyar samar da shigarwa, shirye-shiryen ƙasa, shawarwarin tsawaitawa da jigilar kayan zuwa gidansu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eaton, C |last2=Shepherd, A |title=Contract farming: Partnerships for Growth |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/y0937e/y0937e00.pdf |access-date=25 February 2014 |publisher=FAO}}</ref> == Sashin darajar hadawa == Aiki don inganta haɗin kasuwa a kasashe masu tasowa galibi ya dogara ne akan manufar "ƙididdigar ƙima", wanda yawanci ke mai da hankali kan gano hanyoyin da za a iya haɗa ƙananan manoma cikin sarkar da ke akwai ko sabbin ƙimar ko kuma za su iya cire ƙima mafi girma daga sarkar, ko dai ta hanyar ƙara inganci ko kuma ta hanyar aiwatar da ƙarin ayyuka tare da sarkar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haggblade, S. |last2=Theriault, V. |last3=Staatz,J. |last4=Dembele, N. |last5=Diallo, B. |title=A conceptual framework for promoting inclusive agricultural value chains |url=http://fsg.afre.msu.edu/IFAD-WA/conceptual_framework.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810130142/http://fsg.afre.msu.edu/IFAD-WA/conceptual_framework.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2013 |access-date=25 February 2014 |publisher=Michigan State University and IFAD}}</ref> A cikin wallafe-wallafe daban-daban a kan batun ma'anar "haɗewa" sau da yawa ba daidai ba ne saboda sau da yawa babu tabbas ko manufar ci gaba ita ce ta haɗa da dukkan manoma ko kuma wadanda suka fi dacewa da damar. Littattafai masu tasowa a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata suna ƙara ambaton darajar samar da alhakin ko abin da ake kira "sadarwar wadata mai dorewa". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kaplinsky |first=Raphael |year=2000 |title=Globalisation and unequalisation: what can be learned from value chain analysis? |journal=Journal of Development Studies |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=117–146 |doi=10.1080/713600071 |s2cid=154941945}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gereffi; Kaplinsky |first=Raphael; Gary |year=2001 |title=Introduction: Globalisation, value chains and development. |url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/8560/1/fulltext.pdf |journal=IDS Bulletin |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1111/j.1759-5436.2001.mp32003001.x}}</ref> == Ci gaba a cikin sarkar darajar noma == Matsayin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu wajen cimma dorewa an kara gane shi tun lokacin da aka buga Our Common Future (Brundtland Report) a cikin 1987 ta Hukumar Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci Gaban. Kwanan nan, rawar da sarkar darajar ke takawa ta zama sananne sosai kuma kasuwancin suna fitowa a matsayin babban abin da ke haifar da dorewa. Kevin Dooley, Babban Masanin Kimiyya na Ci gaba, ya yi jayayya cewa irin waɗannan hanyoyin da ke cikin kasuwa sune hanya mafi inganci da tasiri don haifar da karɓar ayyukan ɗorewa. Duk da haka, akwai damuwa game da ko sarkar darajar da gaske tana motsa dorewa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lyon |first=Thomas P. |last2=Maxwell |first2=John W. |year=2011 |title=Greenwash: Corporate environmental disclosure under threat of audit. |journal=Journal of Economics & Management Strategy |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=3–41 |doi=10.1111/j.1530-9134.2010.00282.x |s2cid=2593420}}</ref> ko kawai wanke kore. Wadannan ra'ayoyin kuma ana iya fadada su ko fahimta a matsayin ƙarfin iko. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata ko haka, nau'ikan shugabanci sun fito ne inda kasuwanci, jama'a da masu wasan kwaikwayo na jama'a suka yi hulɗa, kuma waɗannan hanyoyin masu ruwa da tsaki da yawa suna da'awar sababbin ra'ayoyi na halattacce har ma da yiwuwar dorewa. [1]  Masana ciki har da Michael Schmidt (Dean da Shugaban Sashen, Jami'ar Brandenburg da Daniele Giovannucci (Shugaban Kwamitin Binciken Ci gaba) sun yi la'akari da cewa shaidar tana fitowa akan abin da ke sa sarkar darajar ta ci gaba. Har ila yau, akwai shaidar cewa ana iya auna sarkar darajar duniya da ke da tasiri a kan muhalli da al'ummomin da suke aiki kamar manoma da masu samarwa yadda ya kamata. Bankin Duniya kuma yana tallafawa hangen nesa cewa GVCs na iya zama mai mahimmanci don ci gaba mai ɗorewa kuma yana ba da misalai da bayanai da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trading for Development in the Age of Global Value Chains |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/32437/211457ov.pdf |website=[[Open Knowledge Repository]]}}</ref> == Kudin sarkar ƙimar noma == Kudin sarkar kayan aikin gona yana damuwa da kwararar kudade zuwa da kuma cikin sarkar darajar don biyan bukatun masu wasan sarkar don kudi, don tabbatar da tallace-tallace, don siyan shigarwa ko samarwa, ko don inganta inganci. Binciken yiwuwar samun kudi na sarkar darajar ya haɗa da tsarin cikakke don nazarin sarkar, waɗanda ke aiki a ciki, da haɗin su. Wadannan alaƙa suna ba da damar samun kuɗi ta hanyar sarkar. Misali, ana iya ba da gudummawa ga manoma kuma ana iya biyan kuɗin kai tsaye lokacin da aka isar da samfurin, ba tare da buƙatar manoma su karɓi rance daga banki ko makamancin haka ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FAO |title=Value chain finance |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/ags/agricultural-finance-and-investment/value-chain-finance/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108030256/http://www.fao.org/ag/ags/agricultural-finance-and-investment/value-chain-finance/en/ |archive-date=8 November 2013 |access-date=25 February 2014}}</ref> Wannan ya zama ruwan dare a karkashin shirye-shiryen noma na kwangila. Nau'o'in tsabar kudi sun haɗa da samar da kudade ta hanyar dillali da masu ba da kuɗi ko bashi wanda kamfanin talla ko kamfanin jagora ya bayar. Sauran kayan aikin kudi na kasuwanci sun haɗa da kudaden karɓa inda bankin ke ci gaba da kudade game da sanya kayan karɓa na gaba daga mai siye, da kuma ƙaddamar da abin da kasuwanci ke sayar da asusun da za a iya karɓa a ragi. Har ila yau, faɗuwa a ƙarƙashin kuɗin sarkar kuɗi shine jinginar dukiya, kamar bisa ga takardun ajiya, da rage haɗari, kamar kwangila na gaba, makomar da inshora.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller, C. |last2=Jones, L. |title=Agricultural Value Chain Finance: Tools and Lessons |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/017/i0846e/i0846e.pdf |access-date=25 February 2014 |publisher=FAO and Practical Action}}</ref> == Amfani da ICTs a cikin sarkar darajar == Fasahar Bayanai da Sadarwa, ko ICTs, sun zama muhimmiyar kayan aiki wajen inganta ingancin darajar aikin gona. An sami fadadawa cikin sauri a cikin amfani da fasahar wayar hannu, musamman. Farashin ayyukan ICT yana fadowa kuma fasahar tana zama mafi araha ga mutane da yawa a kasashe masu tasowa. Aikace-aikacen na iya tallafawa manoma kai tsaye ta hanyar saƙonnin SMS. Misalan sun haɗa da {{Not a typo|iCow}}, wanda aka haɓaka a Kenya, wanda ke ba da bayani game da lokacin daukar ciki, game da insemination na wucin gadi na shanu, da kuma yadda za a kula da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is iCOW? |url=http://icow.co.ke/ |access-date=11 March 2014}}</ref> Aikace-aikacen irin su M-Pesa na iya tallafawa samun damar yin amfani da sabis na biyan kuɗi na hannu don yawancin waɗanda ba su da bankuna, don haka sauƙaƙe ma'amaloli a cikin sarkar darajar. An haɓaka wasu aikace-aikace don inganta samar da inshorar amfanin gona ta hanyar dillalan shigarwa, alal misali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Innovative insurance by mobile |url=http://www.new-ag.info/en/developments/devItem.php?a=1956 |access-date=11 March 2014 |publisher=New Internationalist |archive-date=11 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311193331/http://www.new-ag.info/en/developments/devItem.php?a=1956 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana kuma amfani da ICTs don ƙarfafa ikon jami'an fadada aikin gona da ma'aikatan filin NGO don isa ga manoma tare da bayanai masu dacewa da daidaito kuma, a lokaci guda, taimakawa kama bayanai daga filin. Shirin Ma'aikacin Ilimi na Al'umma (CKW) na Gidauniyar Grameen ƙaramin misali ne.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Community knowledge worker |url=http://www.grameenfoundation.org/what-we-do/agriculture/community-knowledge-worker |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311195535/http://www.grameenfoundation.org/what-we-do/agriculture/community-knowledge-worker |archive-date=11 March 2014 |access-date=11 March 2014 |publisher=Grameen Foundation}}</ref> Ana horar da wakilan manoma don amfani da aikace-aikacen ICT a kan wayar salula don samar da bayanan noma da tallafin tsawo. Sauran kokarin sun hada da Lutheran World Relief's Mobile Farmer da kuma kokarin da aka samu daga Bill da Melinda Gates Foundation a Afirka. Yawancin Bayanan farashin kasuwa yanzu ana isar da su ga manoma ta hanyar SMS. Bugu da ƙari tare da sarkar, fasahohi suna ba da dama mai yawa don haɓaka ganowa, wanda ya dace musamman yayin da takaddun shaida ke girma cikin mahimmanci. Inda ya cancanta masu fitarwa da yawa yanzu zasu iya gano kayan aiki ga kowane manoma kuma su dauki matakan da suka dace don magance matsalolin. A ƙarshe, tsarin kamar ''{{Not a typo|eRails}}'', wanda Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa ya inganta, suna tallafawa masu binciken noma ta hanyar tattara bayanai da bincike da kuma samun dama ga wallafe-wallafen bincike na zamani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The African Portal on Agriculture |url=http://www.erails.net/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313062536/http://www.erails.net/ |archive-date=13 March 2014 |access-date=11 March 2014}}</ref> == Sabuntawa na sarkar darajar == Ana ci gaba da inganta sarkar darajar noma. Baya ga ICTs, sababbin abubuwa sun faru a matakin sayarwa ta hanyar, alal misali, sabis na isar da abinci a kan layi; da kuma samarwa, sarrafawa, da rarraba, kamar ta hanyar amfani da drones na noma da aikin gona, ingantaccen gudanar da sarkar samarwa, da kuma gano abinci. A sakamakon ƙididdigar bayanai, manoma yanzu suna iya samun bayanai akan ƙasa, yanayi, ban ruwa, kwari da cututtuka, da farashin kasuwa. Kasuwancin isar da abinci suna amfani da bayanai don kara wayar da kan jama'a game da abubuwan da abokan ciniki suka fi so, kuma ana iya amfani da bayanai wajen rage asarar abinci da sharar gida.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ayamgaa |first=Matthew |last2=Kassahuna |first2=Ayalew |last3=Tekinerdogana |first3=Bedir |last4=Rambaldi |first4=Giacomo |date=2021 |title=Developing a policy framework for adoption and management of drones for agriculture in Africa |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2020.1858047 |journal=Technology, Analysis and Strategic Management |volume=3 |issue=8 |access-date=13 September 2025}}</ref> Ga ƙananan masu fama, duk da haka, kirkire-kirkire na iya haifar da manyan ƙalubale. Hakazalika, ƙananan masana'antun noma sun kasance masu jinkiri don karɓar sarrafa kansa da ƙira idan aka kwatanta da manyan kamfanoni da kamfanoni masu yawa. Digitalization na aikin gona yana da tsada, kuma yana buƙatar wadatar ƙwarewar da ta dace, don haka ƙananan manoma a cikin tattalin arzikin da ke tasowa a halin yanzu suna amfani da irin waɗannan fasahohi ko, idan sun yi, sun kasa amfani da cikakken damar su. Kodayake ƙananan kamfanoni sun haɓaka don yin aikin gona na bayanai ga ƙananan masu mallakar, suna gwagwarmaya don samun kuɗin ayyukansu, waɗanda galibi ana tallafawa da masu ba da gudummawa kuma ana ba da su ga manoma a ƙarami ko babu farashi. A gefe guda, manyan manoma yawanci masu amfani da fasahar dijital ne. Wannan yana da tasirin fadada gibin inganci tsakanin manyan gonaki ko shuke-shuke da kananan manoma, wanda ke haifar da karuwar rashin daidaito a cikin tsarin abinci. Innovation a matakin karamin mai shi ne ke aiki mafi kyau lokacin da yanayin manufofi ke fa'ida ci gaban sarkar darajar kuma sarkar tana ba da babbar damar ƙara darajar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Horton |first=Douglas |last2=Devaux |first2=André |last3=Bernet |first3=Thomas |last4=Ordinola |first4=Miguel |last5=Thiele |first5=Graham |date=17 May 2022 |title=Inclusive innovation in agricultural value chains: lessons from use of a systems approach in diverse settings |url=https://orgprints.org/44287/1/horton-etal-2022-Innovation_and_Development-Volxx-p1-23.pdf |journal=Innovation and Development |access-date=13 September 2025}}</ref> == Yanayi mai ba da damar == Kamar yadda yake tare da duk ci gaban noma, abubuwa biyu sun bayyana suna da mahimmanci don ci gaban sarkar darajar nasara: ƙirƙirar yanayin da ya dace don noma da saka hannun jari a cikin kayan jama'a na karkara. Yanayi mai ba da damar yana nufin zaman lafiya da tsari na jama'a, kwanciyar hankali na tattalin arziki, hauhawar farashi a ƙarƙashin iko, farashin musayar da ya danganci tushen kasuwa maimakon rabon kuɗin waje na gwamnati, haraji mai yiwuwa wanda aka sake sakawa a cikin kayan jama'a da haƙƙin mallaka. Akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa da ci gaban noma tare da saka hannun jari a cikin ban ruwa, ababen more rayuwa na sufuri da sauran fasahohi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiggins |first=Steve |title=African agriculture in a changing global context: lessons learned |url=http://brusselsbriefings.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/br33_steve_wiggins.pdf |access-date=16 March 2014 |publisher=CTA}}</ref> Gwamnatoci suna da alhakin samar da kayayyaki da ayyuka masu mahimmanci, ababen more rayuwa, kamar hanyoyin karkara, da bincike da fadada aikin gona. Ci gaban sarkar darajar sau da yawa yana ƙuntata ta hanyar cin hanci da rashawa, a matakin da ya fi girma da kuma hanyoyin da aka samu a kasashe da yawa, musamman a Afirka. Matakai da yawa don inganta sarkar darajar suna buƙatar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ma'aikatu daban-daban, kuma wannan na iya zama da wahala a cimma. == Dubi kuma ==   * Kasuwancin noma * Tallace-tallace na noma * Bambancin noma * Yarjejeniyar noma * Tsarin darajar == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7w6m3k0qadw2i6s6o8t8qi3ckxp8ffo 0 120827 822487 736795 2026-04-19T09:44:48Z Birgediya 44139 822487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Speciesbox|image=Corylus avellana.jpg|image_caption=Leaves and nuts|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Shaw, K. |author2=Roy, S. |author3=Wilson, B. |date=2014 |title=''Corylus avellana'' |volume=2014 |article-number=e.T63521A3125935 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T63521A3125935.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>|genus=Corylus|species=avellana|authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]|range_map=Corylus avellana range.svg|range_map_caption=Distribution map}} '''''Corylus avellana''''', '''Hazel na yau da kullun''', nau'in shuka ne mai fure a cikin iyalin birch Betulaceae . Shrubs yawanci suna girma mita 3-8 (10-26 feet) tsawo. Kwayar tana da zagaye, sabanin kwayar Filbert mai tsawo. Hazel na yau da kullun asalinsa ne a [[Turai]] da [[Yammacin Asiya]]. Ana noma nau'in ne saboda kwayoyinta. Sunan 'hazelnut' ya shafi kwayoyin kowane nau'in a cikin jinsin ''Corylus'', amma a cikin yanayin kasuwanci yawanci yana bayyana ''C. avellana&nbsp;''. Wannan hazelnut ko cob nut, ƙwayoyin iri, ana iya cinyewa kuma ana amfani da shi ba tare da an dafa shi ba, an gasa shi, ko kuma an niƙa shi cikin mai. A tarihi, itacen ya kasance muhimmin bangare na shinge da aka yi amfani da shi azaman iyakokin filin a cikin ƙasa na [[Ingila]]. An kuma shuka itacen a matsayin coppice, tare da sandunan da aka yi amfani da su don ginin wattle-and-daub da shinge na noma. == Bayyanawa == Common hazel is typically a shrub reaching {{Convert|3–8|m}} tall, but can reach {{Convert|15|m}}. The leaves are deciduous, rounded, {{Convert|6–12|cm}} long and across, softly hairy on both surfaces, and with a double-serrate margin. The flowers are produced very early in spring, before the leaves, and are monoecious with single-sex wind-pollinated catkins. Male catkins are pale yellow and 5–12&nbsp;cm long, while female flowers are very small and largely concealed in the buds with only the bright red {{Convert|1–3|mm}} long styles visible. The [['ya'yan itace|fruit]] is a nut, produced in clusters of one to five together, each nut held in a short leafy involucre ("husk") which encloses about three-quarters of the nut. The nut is roughly spherical to oval, {{Convert|15–20|mm}} long and {{Convert|12–20|mm}} broad (larger, up to 25&nbsp;mm long, in some cultivated selections), yellow-brown with a pale scar at the base. The nut falls out of the involucre when ripe, about 7–8 months after pollination. Ana rarrabe shi da sauƙi daga filbert mai alaƙa da juna (''Corylus maxima'') ta hanyar ɗan gajeren involucre; a cikin filbert an rufe kwai gaba ɗaya ta hanyar kwai mai kama da kwai.   == Tarihin lissafi == Sunan kimiyya avellana ya samo asali ne daga garin Avella a [[Italiya]], kuma Linnaeus ne ya zaba shi daga littafin Leonhart Fuchs De historia stirpium commentarii insignes (1542), inda aka bayyana nau'in a matsayin "''Avellana nux sylvestris''" ("nox na daji na Avella"). Wannan sunan an ɗauke shi ne daga littafin Pliny the Elder na ƙarni na farko A.D. encyclopedia Naturalis Historia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=LacusCurtius • Pliny the Elder's Natural History — Book 23 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/23*.html |website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref> == Rarraba == ''Corylus avellana'' yana faruwa ne daga Ireland da Tsibirin Burtaniya a kudu zuwa Iberia, [[Italiya]], [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]], [[Turkiyya]] da [[Cyprus]], arewa zuwa tsakiyar Scandinavia, da gabas zuwa tsakiyar Dutsen Ural, Caucasus, da arewa maso yammacin [[Iran]]. == Muhalli == Ganyen suna ba da abinci ga dabbobi da yawa, gami da Lepidoptera kamar ƙwaro mai ɗauke da shari'a ''Coleophora anatipennella'' . An gano caterpillars na asu mai ɓoyewa ''Alabonia geoffrella'' suna cin abinci a cikin rassan hazel na yau da kullun. 'Ya'yan itace suna iya zama mafi mahimmancin abincin dabba, duka ga invertebrates da suka dace don kewaye da harsashi (yawanci ta hanyar ovipositing a cikin furanni mata, wanda kuma ke ba da kariya ga zuriya) da kuma ga vertebrates waɗanda ke sarrafawa don buɗe su (kamar Squirrels da corvids). Dukansu suna dauke da kwari daga masu shuka hazelnut. Tushen ''C. avellana'' kuma ana amfani da su a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin fungus na ectomycorrhizal kamar ''Laccaria laccata'' (Mai yaudara), ''Russula ochroleuca'' (Ochre Brittlegill) da Paxillus involutus (Brown Rollrim), waɗanda sune mafi yawan rikodin mycorrhicial fungi a Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harley |first=J.L. |last2=Harley |first2=E.L. |date=1987 |title=A checklist of mycorrhiza in the British flora. |journal=New Phytologist |volume=105 |pages=1–102 |bibcode=1987NewPh.105S...1H |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb00674.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin Bahar Rum, ana samun Black Truffle (''Tuber melanosporum'') a kan tushen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santelices |first=R. |last2=Palfner |first2=G. |date=2010 |title=Controlled rhizogenesis and mycorrhization of hazelnut (''Corylus avellana'' L.) cuttings with Black truffle (''tuber melanosporum'' Vitt.). |journal=Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=204–212 |doi=10.4067/S0718-58392010000200003 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Shuka == [[Fayil:Hazelnut_in_blossom.jpg|thumb|''Corylus avellana'' 'Contorta']] Akwai nau'ikan hazel da yawa, har zuwa nau'ikan 400 (a cikin 2011) na C. avellana an sanya musu suna.[1] Jerin nau'ikan sun hada da Barcelona, Butler, Casina, Clark Cosford, Daviana, Delle Langhe, Ingila, Ennis, Fillbert, Halls Giant, Jemtegaard, Kent Cob, Lewis, Tokolyi, Tonda Gentile, Tonda di Giffoni, [2] Tonda Romana, Wanliss Pride, da Willamette. [3] Har ila yau, ya haɗa da nau'ikan hazelnuts na Poland: Kataloński da Webba Cenny . [4] Wasu daga cikin wadannan ana shuka su ne don takamaiman halaye na kwai ciki har da girman kwai mai girma, da kuma kayan 'ya'yan itace na farko da na baya, yayin da wasu ana shuka a matsayin masu shuka shuka. Yawancin hazelnuts na kasuwanci suna yaduwa daga tsiro. Wasu nau'ikan suna da asalin hazel da filbert na yau da kullun. Wadannan kayan ado masu zuwa sun sami lambar yabo ta Royal Horticultural Society of Garden Merit: * 'Contorta' <ref>{{Cite web |title=''Corylus avellana'' 'Contorta' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/97648/Corylus-avellana-Contorta/Details |access-date=27 September 2020 |publisher=RHS}}</ref> (corkscrew hazel, sandar tafiya ta Harry Lauder) Wannan iri-iri yana da rassan da ke girma a cikin curves da spirals ba kamar sauran nau'ikan hazel da ganye masu laushi ba. Tsawon kyawawan kyawawan kyaututtuka na yau da kullun ne. An gano shi a cikin shinge a 1863 a Gloucestershire a kan Frocester Court Estate kuma masu mallakar gidaje kamar Henry Reynolds-Moreton, 3rd Earl of Ducie da masanin lambu Edward Augustus Bowles sun shahara. Yanzu ya shahara a lambunan Burtaniya.<ref name="RHS2025">{{Cite journal |last=Armitage |first=James |date=2025 |title=Corylus avellana 'Contorta' |journal=The Garden |volume=150 |issue=1 |pages=50–54}}</ref> * 'Red Majestic' <ref>{{Cite web |title=''Corylus avellana'' 'Red Majestic' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/172191/Corylus-avellana-Red-Majestic-(PBR)/Details |access-date=27 September 2020 |publisher=RHS}}</ref> Wannan nau'in ja-purple leaved an haife shi ne daga 'Contorta' don haka kuma yana da shimfiɗa, al'ada mai laushi.<ref name="RHS2025">{{Cite journal |last=Armitage |first=James |date=2025 |title=Corylus avellana 'Contorta' |journal=The Garden |volume=150 |issue=1 |pages=50–54}}</ref> == Amfani da shi == A cewar New Sunset Western Garden Book, hazelnut na Turai yana daga cikin tsire-tsire masu tsire-shuke da aka fi girma don samar da kwai na kasuwanci. Wannan [[Katako|itace]] ya zama ruwan dare a yawancin gandun daji na Turai. Yana da kwai muhimmin bangare na shinge wanda ya kasance iyakokin filin gargajiya a cikin lowland [[Ingila]]. An shuka itacen ne a al'ada a matsayin coppice, sandunan da aka yanke kuma aka yi amfani da su don ginin wattle-and-daub da shinge na noma. === Hazelnuts === [[Fayil:Hazelnuts_(Corylus_avellana)_-_whole_with_kernels.jpg|thumb|Hazelnuts]] {{Reflist|2}} Hazelnuts suna da wadataccen furotin da kitse mara cikawa. Har ila yau, suna dauke da Manganese, jan ƙarfe, bitamin E, thiamine, da Magnesium. Ana shuka hazel na yau da kullun don kwayoyinta a cikin gonakin kasuwanci a [[Turai]], [[Turkiyya]], [[Iran]] da Caucasus. Sunan "hazelnut" ya shafi kwayoyin kowane nau'in nau'in ''Corylus''. Wannan hazelnut ko cobnut, ƙwayoyin iri, ana iya cinyewa kuma ana amfani da su ba tare da an gasa su ba, ko kuma an niƙa su cikin mai. Iri yana da fata mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan hoda wanda ke da ɗanɗano [[Dandano|mai zafi]] kuma wani lokacin ana cire shi kafin dafa abinci. Babban mai samar da hazelnuts, da babban gefe, shine Turkiyya, musamman Lardin Giresun. Samar da hazelnut na Turkiyya na tan 625,000 yana da kusan kashi 75% na samar da duniya. ==== Biochemistry ==== == Dubi kuma == * ''Gevuina avellana'' (Chilean hazelnut, ko Gevuina hazelnut) == Manazarta == {{Nuts}} == Haɗin na waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Corylus avellana|''Corylus avellana''}} * [http://www.euforgen.org/species/corylus-avellana/ ''Corylus avellana''] - bayanai, raka'a na kiyaye kwayoyin halitta da albarkatun da suka danganci. Shirin Bayanan Kwayoyin daji na Turai (EUFORGEN) {{Taxonbar|from=Q124969}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] djbnlhhsdxaj83l9z4irmfsp122yof8 822494 822487 2026-04-19T09:47:59Z Birgediya 44139 822494 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Speciesbox|image=Corylus avellana.jpg|image_caption=Leaves and nuts|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Shaw, K. |author2=Roy, S. |author3=Wilson, B. |date=2014 |title=''Corylus avellana'' |volume=2014 |article-number=e.T63521A3125935 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T63521A3125935.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>|genus=Corylus|species=avellana|authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]|range_map=Corylus avellana range.svg|range_map_caption=Distribution map}} '''''Corylus avellana''''', '''Hazel na yau da kullun''', nau'in shuka ne mai fure a cikin iyalin birch Betulaceae . Shrubs yawanci suna girma mita 3-8 (10-26 feet) tsawo. Kwayar tana da zagaye, sabanin kwayar Filbert mai tsawo. Hazel na yau da kullun asalinsa ne a [[Turai]] da [[Yammacin Asiya]]. Ana noma nau'in ne saboda kwayoyinta. Sunan 'hazelnut' ya shafi kwayoyin kowane nau'in a cikin jinsin ''Corylus'', amma a cikin yanayin kasuwanci yawanci yana bayyana ''C. avellana&nbsp;''. Wannan hazelnut ko cob nut, ƙwayoyin iri, ana iya cinyewa kuma ana amfani da shi ba tare da an dafa shi ba, an gasa shi, ko kuma an niƙa shi cikin mai. A tarihi, itacen ya kasance muhimmin bangare na shinge da aka yi amfani da shi azaman iyakokin filin a cikin ƙasa na [[Ingila]]. An kuma shuka itacen a matsayin coppice, tare da sandunan da aka yi amfani da su don ginin wattle-and-daub da shinge na noma. == Bayyanawa == Common hazel is typically a shrub reaching {{Convert|3–8|m}} tall, but can reach {{Convert|15|m}}. The leaves are deciduous, rounded, {{Convert|6–12|cm}} long and across, softly hairy on both surfaces, and with a double-serrate margin. The flowers are produced very early in spring, before the leaves, and are monoecious with single-sex wind-pollinated catkins. Male catkins are pale yellow and 5–12&nbsp;cm long, while female flowers are very small and largely concealed in the buds with only the bright red {{Convert|1–3|mm}} long styles visible. The [['ya'yan itace|fruit]] is a nut, produced in clusters of one to five together, each nut held in a short leafy involucre ("husk") which encloses about three-quarters of the nut. The nut is roughly spherical to oval, {{Convert|15–20|mm}} long and {{Convert|12–20|mm}} broad (larger, up to 25&nbsp;mm long, in some cultivated selections), yellow-brown with a pale scar at the base. The nut falls out of the involucre when ripe, about 7–8 months after pollination. Ana rarrabe shi da sauƙi daga filbert mai alaƙa da juna (''Corylus maxima'') ta hanyar ɗan gajeren involucre; a cikin filbert an rufe kwai gaba ɗaya ta hanyar kwai mai kama da kwai.   == Tarihin lissafi == Sunan kimiyya avellana ya samo asali ne daga garin Avella a [[Italiya]], kuma Linnaeus ne ya zaba shi daga littafin Leonhart Fuchs De historia stirpium commentarii insignes (1542), inda aka bayyana nau'in a matsayin "''Avellana nux sylvestris''" ("nox na daji na Avella"). Wannan sunan an ɗauke shi ne daga littafin Pliny the Elder na ƙarni na farko A.D. encyclopedia Naturalis Historia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=LacusCurtius • Pliny the Elder's Natural History — Book 23 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/23*.html |website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref> == Rarraba == ''Corylus avellana'' yana faruwa ne daga Ireland da Tsibirin Burtaniya a kudu zuwa Iberia, [[Italiya]], [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]], [[Turkiyya]] da [[Cyprus]], arewa zuwa tsakiyar Scandinavia, da gabas zuwa tsakiyar Dutsen Ural, Caucasus, da arewa maso yammacin [[Iran]]. == Muhalli == Ganyen suna ba da abinci ga dabbobi da yawa, gami da Lepidoptera kamar ƙwaro mai ɗauke da shari'a ''Coleophora anatipennella'' . An gano caterpillars na asu mai ɓoyewa ''Alabonia geoffrella'' suna cin abinci a cikin rassan hazel na yau da kullun. 'Ya'yan itace suna iya zama mafi mahimmancin abincin dabba, duka ga invertebrates da suka dace don kewaye da harsashi (yawanci ta hanyar ovipositing a cikin furanni mata, wanda kuma ke ba da kariya ga zuriya) da kuma ga vertebrates waɗanda ke sarrafawa don buɗe su (kamar Squirrels da corvids). Dukansu suna dauke da kwari daga masu shuka hazelnut. Tushen ''C. avellana'' kuma ana amfani da su a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin fungus na ectomycorrhizal kamar ''Laccaria laccata'' (Mai yaudara), ''Russula ochroleuca'' (Ochre Brittlegill) da Paxillus involutus (Brown Rollrim), waɗanda sune mafi yawan rikodin mycorrhicial fungi a Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harley |first=J.L. |last2=Harley |first2=E.L. |date=1987 |title=A checklist of mycorrhiza in the British flora. |journal=New Phytologist |volume=105 |pages=1–102 |bibcode=1987NewPh.105S...1H |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb00674.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin Bahar Rum, ana samun Black Truffle (''Tuber melanosporum'') a kan tushen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santelices |first=R. |last2=Palfner |first2=G. |date=2010 |title=Controlled rhizogenesis and mycorrhization of hazelnut (''Corylus avellana'' L.) cuttings with Black truffle (''tuber melanosporum'' Vitt.). |journal=Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=204–212 |doi=10.4067/S0718-58392010000200003 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Shuka == [[Fayil:Hazelnut_in_blossom.jpg|thumb|''Corylus avellana'' 'Contorta']] Akwai nau'ikan hazel da yawa, har zuwa nau'ikan 400 (a cikin 2011) na C. avellana an sanya musu suna.[1] Jerin nau'ikan sun hada da Barcelona, Butler, Casina, Clark Cosford, Daviana, Delle Langhe, Ingila, Ennis, Fillbert, Halls Giant, Jemtegaard, Kent Cob, Lewis, Tokolyi, Tonda Gentile, Tonda di Giffoni, [2] Tonda Romana, Wanliss Pride, da Willamette. [3] Har ila yau, ya haɗa da nau'ikan hazelnuts na Poland: Kataloński da Webba Cenny . [4] Wasu daga cikin wadannan ana shuka su ne don takamaiman halaye na kwai ciki har da girman kwai mai girma, da kuma kayan 'ya'yan itace na farko da na baya, yayin da wasu ana shuka a matsayin masu shuka shuka. Yawancin hazelnuts na kasuwanci suna yaduwa daga tsiro. Wasu nau'ikan suna da asalin hazel da filbert na yau da kullun. Wadannan kayan ado masu zuwa sun sami lambar yabo ta Royal Horticultural Society of Garden Merit: * 'Contorta' <ref>{{Cite web |title=''Corylus avellana'' 'Contorta' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/97648/Corylus-avellana-Contorta/Details |access-date=27 September 2020 |publisher=RHS}}</ref> (corkscrew hazel, sandar tafiya ta Harry Lauder) Wannan iri-iri yana da rassan da ke girma a cikin curves da spirals ba kamar sauran nau'ikan hazel da ganye masu laushi ba. Tsawon kyawawan kyawawan kyaututtuka na yau da kullun ne. An gano shi a cikin shinge a 1863 a Gloucestershire a kan Frocester Court Estate kuma masu mallakar gidaje kamar Henry Reynolds-Moreton, 3rd Earl of Ducie da masanin lambu Edward Augustus Bowles sun shahara. Yanzu ya shahara a lambunan Burtaniya.<ref name="RHS2025">{{Cite journal |last=Armitage |first=James |date=2025 |title=Corylus avellana 'Contorta' |journal=The Garden |volume=150 |issue=1 |pages=50–54}}</ref> * 'Red Majestic' <ref>{{Cite web |title=''Corylus avellana'' 'Red Majestic' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/172191/Corylus-avellana-Red-Majestic-(PBR)/Details |access-date=27 September 2020 |publisher=RHS}}</ref> Wannan nau'in ja-purple leaved an haife shi ne daga 'Contorta' don haka kuma yana da shimfiɗa, al'ada mai laushi.<ref name="RHS2025">{{Cite journal |last=Armitage |first=James |date=2025 |title=Corylus avellana 'Contorta' |journal=The Garden |volume=150 |issue=1 |pages=50–54}}</ref> == Amfani da shi == A cewar New Sunset Western Garden Book, hazelnut na Turai yana daga cikin tsire-tsire masu tsire-shuke da aka fi girma don samar da kwai na kasuwanci. Wannan [[Katako|itace]] ya zama ruwan dare a yawancin gandun daji na Turai. Yana da kwai muhimmin bangare na shinge wanda ya kasance iyakokin filin gargajiya a cikin lowland [[Ingila]]. An kuma shuka itacen ne a al'ada a matsayin coppice, sandunan da aka yanke kuma aka yi amfani da su don ginin wattle-and-daub da shinge na noma. === Hazelnuts === [[Fayil:Hazelnuts_(Corylus_avellana)_-_whole_with_kernels.jpg|thumb|Hazelnuts]] {{Reflist|2}} Hazelnuts suna da wadataccen furotin da kitse mara cikawa. Har ila yau, suna dauke da Manganese, jan ƙarfe, bitamin E, thiamine, da Magnesium. Ana shuka hazel na yau da kullun don kwayoyinta a cikin gonakin kasuwanci a [[Turai]], [[Turkiyya]], [[Iran]] da Caucasus. Sunan "hazelnut" ya shafi kwayoyin kowane nau'in nau'in ''Corylus''. Wannan hazelnut ko cobnut, ƙwayoyin iri, ana iya cinyewa kuma ana amfani da su ba tare da an gasa su ba, ko kuma an niƙa su cikin mai. Iri yana da fata mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan hoda wanda ke da ɗanɗano [[Dandano|mai zafi]] kuma wani lokacin ana cire shi kafin dafa abinci. Babban mai samar da hazelnuts, da babban gefe, shine Turkiyya, musamman Lardin Giresun. Samar da hazelnut na Turkiyya na tan 625,000 yana da kusan kashi 75% na samar da duniya. ==== Biochemistry ==== == Dubi kuma == * ''Gevuina avellana'' (Chilean hazelnut, ko Gevuina hazelnut) == Manazarta == {{Nuts}} == Haɗin na waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Corylus avellana|''Corylus avellana''}} * [http://www.euforgen.org/species/corylus-avellana/ ''Corylus avellana''] - bayanai, raka'a na kiyaye kwayoyin halitta da albarkatun da suka danganci. Shirin Bayanan Kwayoyin daji na Turai (EUFORGEN) {{Taxonbar|from=Q124969}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] drgq2wkzg57u9lejze4ivf47lf2ku25 0 120993 822431 817515 2026-04-19T06:12:55Z Ziv 32466 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:Duplicate|Duplicate]]: [[File:Commute patterns.png]] → [[File:USCommutePatternsTimeCommute.png]] Exact or scaled-down duplicate: [[c::File:USCommutePatternsTimeCommute.png]] 822431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Tsarin sufuri na birnin New York cibiyar sadarwa ce ta hadadden tsarin ababen more rayuwa. Birnin New York, kasancewar birni mafi yawan jama'a a Amurka, yana da tsarin sufuri wanda ya haɗa da ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma da kuma tsarin jirgin karkashin kasa mafi girma a duniya; Ramin abin hawa na farko a duniya da injina; da kuma hanyar tram ta iska. Birnin New York gida ne ga tsarin bas mai yawa a cikin kowane gundumomi biyar; tsarin jirgin ruwa na birni da na Jihar Staten; da yawan tasi masu rawaya da tasisin boro a duk fadin birnin. Motoci masu zaman kansu ba su da amfani idan aka kwatanta da sauran biranen da ke sauran Amurka. Tsarin filin jirgin sama na yankin birnin New York, wanda ya hada da John F. Kennedy International Airport da LaGuardia Airport a Queens da Newark Liberty Airport a Arewacin Jersey, Stewart Airport a Orange County, New York, da wasu ƙananan wurare, yana daya daga cikin mafi girma a duniya. Tashar jiragen ruwa na New York da [[New Jersey]], wanda ya hada da magudanan ruwa na yankin babban birnin New York, na daya daga cikin manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Amurka. Akwai tsarin layin dogo guda uku, tsarin saurin tafiya na PATH zuwa New Jersey, da jiragen ruwa daban-daban tsakanin Manhattan da New Jersey. Yawancin tsarin bas daban-daban suna aiki zuwa gundumar Westchester, gundumar Nassau, da New Jersey. Don motoci masu zaman kansu, tsarin manyan hanyoyin mota da wuraren shakatawa suna haɗa birnin New York tare da kewayenta. == Tarihi == === Tarihi === [[Fayil:Grid_1811.jpg|thumb|Shirin grid na 1807 na Manhattan]] [[Fayil:NYC_subway_map_small.png|thumb|Taswirar 2004 na tsarin jirgin kasa na fasinjoji na [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]]]] Tarihin tsarin sufuri na birnin New York ya fara ne da tashar jiragen ruwa na New [[Amsterdam]] na Holland. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta kula da hanyoyi da dama; wasu an gina su ne a kan tsoffin hanyoyin Lenape, wasu kuma a matsayin hanyoyin haɗin gwiwar "masu tafiya" zuwa garuruwan da ke kewaye da su, kuma wani ma a shekarar 1658 ya shirya shi daga umarnin Petrus Stuyvesant, a cewar Burrow, et al.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=et al.}}</ref> Karni na 19 ya kawo canje-canje ga tsarin jigilar tsarin: kafa grid na titin Manhattan ta hanyar Tsarin Kwamishinonin na 1811, da kuma wata hanyar da ba a taɓa ganin irin ta ba tsakanin biranen New York da Brooklyn na wancan lokacin ta hanyar gadar Brooklyn, a cikin 1883. Juyin juya halin masana'antu na biyu ya canza birni a asali; ababen more rayuwa na tashar jiragen ruwa sun girma cikin sauri bayan kammala 1825 na Erie Canal wanda birnin New York ya zama mafi mahimmancin haɗin kai tsakanin duk Turai da cikin Amurka. An gabatar da manyan jiragen kasa da sufuri na karkashin kasa, wadanda aka fi sani da 'El Trains' da 'Tubways', tsakanin 1867 zuwa 1904. Motoci masu zaman kansu na yau da kullun sun kawo ƙarin canji a cikin birni a kusa da 1930, musamman Ramin Holland na 1927. Tare da samun mahimmancin motoci, haɓakar Robert Moses daga baya ya zama mahimmanci don ƙirƙirar hanyoyin zamani na New York. Musa shi ne ya gina dukkan mil 416 (kilomita 669) na wurin shakatawa, da sauran muhimman hanyoyi, da manyan gadoji bakwai. === Amfani da zirga-zirgar jama'a da mallakar mota === [[Fayil:USCommutePatternsTimeCommute.png|alt=Major US City Commute Patterns 2023|thumb|Kashi na ma'aikata da ke amfani da sufuri na jama'a don tafiyarsu da kuma matsakaicin lokacin tafiye-tafiye ga manyan biranen [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], gami da [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], tun daga 2023]] Birnin New York ya bambanta da sauran biranen Amurka saboda ƙananan mallakar motoci da kuma amfani da Sufuri na jama'a. Birnin New York yana da, ya zuwa yanzu, mafi girman yawan amfani da sufuri na jama'a na kowane birni na Amurka, tare da kashi 55.6% na ma'aikatan da ke tafiya zuwa aiki ta wannan hanyar a cikin 2023. Kimanin daya daga cikin masu amfani da zirga-zirga a Amurka da kashi biyu bisa uku na mahayan jirgin kasa na kasar suna zaune a Birnin New York ko yankunan da ke kusa da ita. Koyaya, Birnin New York kuma yana da mafi tsawo matsakaicin lokacin tafiye-tafiye ga masu tafiya (minti 42.5) tsakanin manyan biranen Amurka.<ref name="U.S. Census Bureau ACS 2023" /> New York ita ce birni ɗaya tilo a cikin Amurka inda fiye da rabin duk gidaje ba su mallaki mota ba (Rashin mallakar Manhattan ya fi girma, kusan kashi 75%; a ƙasa, ƙimar shine 8%). Koyaya, cikakken alkaluman mallakar mota har yanzu suna da yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran birane: a cikin 2019, 55% na gidaje ba masu mota bane, wanda ke nuna cewa kashi 45% na gidaje sun mallaki mota. === Batutuwan muhalli da zamantakewa === [[Fayil:R160_interor_crowds.JPG|thumb|Jama'a a cikin Jirgin karkashin kasa na F a karshen mako da rana]] Matsakaicin babban adadin amfani da zirga-zirgar jama'a na birnin New York ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin biranen da suka fi ƙarfin kuzari a cikin Amurka. Amfani da man fetur a cikin birni a yau yana kan matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙasa a cikin 1920s. Yawan amfani da zirga-zirga a birnin New York ya ceci galan biliyan 1.8 (6,800,000 m3) na mai a 2006 da dala biliyan 4.6 na farashin mai. New York ta ceci rabin duk man da aka ajiye ta hanyar wucewa a cikin ƙasa baki ɗaya. Rage yawan man da aka yi amfani da shi ya nuna cewa tan miliyan 11.8 na carbon dioxide an kiyaye shi daga iska.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2008 |title=A Better Way to Go: Meeting America's 21st Century Transportation Challenges with Modern Public Transit |url=http://www.uspirg.org/uploads/2q/fV/2qfVu2ZrflTk-TnRQEDdDw/A-Better-Way-to-Go-vUSPIRG.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516180756/http://www.uspirg.org/uploads/2q/fV/2qfVu2ZrflTk-TnRQEDdDw/A-Better-Way-to-Go-vUSPIRG.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2008 |access-date=April 23, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Public Interest Research Group}}</ref> Cibiyar Brookings ta kasance yankin metro na birnin New York a matsayin yankin metro na Amurka tare da mafi ƙarancin sawun carbon da ke da alaƙa da jigilar jama'a kuma a matsayin na huɗu mafi ƙasƙanci gaba ɗaya ta kowane mutum a cikin 2005 a cikin manyan yankuna 100 mafi girma na Amurka, wanda Honolulu, [[Los Angeles]] da Portland suka fi girma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marilyn A. Brown |date=May 29, 2008 |title=Shrinking the Carbon Footprint of Metropolitan America |url=http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2008/05_carbon_footprint_sarzynski.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509085957/http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2008/05_carbon_footprint_sarzynski.aspx |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |access-date=January 7, 2015 |website=The Brookings Institution}}</ref> Tsarin sufuri na birni, da yawan jama'a da ya sa ya yiwu, suma suna da wasu tasirin. Masana kimiyya a Jami'ar Columbia sun bincika bayanai daga manya 13,102 a cikin gundumomi biyar na birnin kuma sun gano alaƙa tsakanin ginin da aka gina a New York da lafiyar jama'a. New Yorkers da ke zaune a cikin jama'a, wuraren abokantaka na masu tafiya a ƙasa suna da ƙarancin matakan jigon jiki (BMI) sosai idan aka kwatanta da sauran 'yan New York. Halaye guda uku na yanayin birni - zama a wurare masu gauraye na zama da kasuwanci, zama kusa da tashar bas da tashar jirgin karkashin kasa da zama a wuraren da yawan jama'a - an gano suna da alaƙa da matakan BMI.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Living Near Shops, Subways Linked to Lower BMI in New York City |url=http://www.emaxhealth.com/69/9642.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501115044/http://www.emaxhealth.com/69/9642.html |archive-date=May 1, 2015 |access-date=January 7, 2015 |publisher=Emaxhealth.com}}</ref> Duk da karfin makamashin da ake samu sakamakon yawan amfani da ababen hawa, ana ganin titunan birnin na da hadari ga masu tafiya a kafa da masu keke. Ya zuwa 2019, akwai a matsakaita 225,000 hadarurruka, 61,000 raunuka, da 200+ mutuwar saboda motoci a kowace shekara a birnin New York.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuntzman |first=Gersh |date=July 18, 2019 |title=Think Cars Will Always Dominate Because 'New York's Not Holland'? Well, Neither Was Holland! |url=https://nyc.streetsblog.org/2019/07/18/think-cars-will-always-dominate-because-new-yorks-not-holland-well-neither-was-holland/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104022732/https://nyc.streetsblog.org/2019/07/18/think-cars-will-always-dominate-because-new-yorks-not-holland-well-neither-was-holland/ |archive-date=November 4, 2019 |access-date=November 4, 2019 |website=StreetsBlog NYC}}</ref> Kimanin kashi 75% na sararin titin birni an sadaukar da shi don motsa motoci da manyan motoci cikin sauri da ajiye waɗannan motocin, yayin da sauran kashi 25% na titin an bar su don masu tafiya a ƙasa, kekuna, da kantuna. === Tafiya === [[Fayil:Verrazano_bridge_NY.jpg|thumb|Ginin Verrazzano-Narrows ya mamaye The Narrows, yana haɗa Brooklyn da Staten Island.]] Daga cikin duk mutanen da suka yi tafiya zuwa aiki a Birnin New York a cikin 2021, 32% suna amfani da jirgin karkashin kasa, 30% tuki kadai, 12% suna ɗaukar bas, 10% tafiya zuwa aiki, 4% tafiya ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa, 5.6% mota, 3.1% suna amfani da taksi, 1.7% suna hawa keke zuwa aiki, da 0.4% tafiya ta jirgin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Table B08406. Sex of Workers by Means of Transportation to Work for Workplace Geography – Universe: Workers 16 Years and Over |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=B08406&g=160XX00US3651000&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B08406 |access-date=August 14, 2023 |website=2021 American Community Survey |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Kashi 54% na gidaje a Birnin New York ba su da mota, kuma sun dogara da sufuri na jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Table B08201. Household Size by Vehicles Available – Universe: Households |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTGeoSearchByListServlet?ds_name=ACS_2004_EST_G00_&_lang=en&_ts=170243153266 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200211183704/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTGeoSearchByListServlet?ds_name=ACS_2004_EST_G00_&_lang=en&_ts=170243153266 |archive-date=February 11, 2020 |website=2009 American Community Survey |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> Yayin da al'adun mota suka fi yawa a yawancin biranen Amurka, ana amfani da zirga-zirgar jama'a sosai a cikin birnin New York. Titin jirgin karkashin kasa sanannen wuri ne da 'yan siyasa ke haduwa da masu kada kuri'a a lokacin zabe sannan kuma babban wurin mawaka ne. Kowace mako, fiye da mawaƙa da ƙungiyoyi 100 waɗanda suka fito daga na gargajiya zuwa Cajun, bluegrass, Afirka, Kudancin Amurka da nau'ikan jazz, suna ba da wasanni sama da 150 na Canja wurin New York a ƙarƙashin shirin Music Under New York, 'yan dozin daga cikinsu suna cikin tsarin jirgin ƙasa. Mutane miliyan 3.7 ne suka yi aiki a Birnin New York; Manhattan ita ce babbar cibiyar daukar ma'aikata tare da kashi 56% na dukkan ayyukan.<ref name="census-commuting">{{Cite web |title=County-To-County Worker Flow Files |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/commuting.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925180713/https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/commuting.html |archive-date=September 25, 2018 |access-date=December 11, 2017 |website=Census 2000 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Daga cikin wadanda ke aiki a Manhattan, kashi 30% na tafiya daga cikin Manhattan, yayin da 17% suka fito daga Queens, 16% daga Brooklyn, 8% daga Bronx, da 2.5% daga Staten Island. Wani 4.5% na tafiya zuwa Manhattan daga Nassau County da 2% daga Suffolk County a Long Island, yayin da 4% ke tafiya daga Westchester County. 5% na zirga-zirga daga yankunan Bergen da Hudson a cikin New Jersey. <ref name="census-commuting" /> Wasu matafiya sun fito daga gundumar Fairfield a Connecticut. Wasu 'yan New York suna juyawa zuwa bayan gari: 3% tafiya zuwa gundumar Nassau, 1.5% zuwa gundumar Westchester, 0.7% zuwa gundumar Hudson, 0.6% zuwa gundumar Bergen, 0.5% zuwa gundumar Suffolk, da ƙananan kaso zuwa wasu wurare a cikin babban birni.<ref name="census-commuting" /> A matsakaita, New Yorkers suna ciyar da sa'a 1 da mintuna 27 a kowace rana don yin balaguro tare da jigilar jama'a. Daga cikin waɗannan, 31% suna hawa sama da sa'o'i 2 kowace rana. Matsakaicin adadin lokacin da mutane ke jira a tasha ko tasha don jigilar jama'a shine mintuna 15, amma kashi 23% na mahayan suna jiran matsakaicin sama da mintuna 20. Matsakaicin tazarar mutane yawanci ke hawa a cikin tafiya ɗaya tare da jigilar jama'a shine kilomita 9.5 (5.9 mi). ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 8tuemlfjmdr0u0upm7hktm3m6jvhprf 0 120999 822253 737601 2026-04-18T16:21:37Z BnHamid 12586 822253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Daga shekara ta 2005 zuwa shekara ta 2009, irin Birnin New York sun gano wani abu mai ban mamaki mai ɗanɗano wanda aka samar da syrup a cikin iska, wanda daga baya tushen gizo na gida da kuma The New York Times suka ruwaito.{{R|Johnson 2010}} An gano tushen ƙarshe ya zama masana'antar Frutarom Industries Ltd. a makwabciyar New Jersey, wanda ke sarrafa tsaba na fenugreek, wanda aka saba amfani dashi a cikin maye gurbin syrup. An cutar da suka faru a cikin wani shirin shirin na 30 Rock na 2007 mai taken "Wani don Kadan". == Tarihi == Shafin yanar gizon ''Gothamist'' ne ya fara bayar da rahoton wari a farkon shekara ta 2005 kuma ya ci gaba da raguwa har zuwa farkon shekara ta 2009. <ref name="Dobkin 2005">{{Cite web |last=Dobkin |first=Jacob |date=Oct 28, 2005 |title=Maple Sugar Smell Mystery! |url=https://gothamist.com/news/maple-sugar-smell-mystery |access-date=6 December 2023 |website=Gothamist}}</ref> Wasu mazauna birnin New York na fargabar warin mai dadi wani nau'i ne na yakin sinadarai. A ƙarshe an gano ƙamshin zuwa tushensa, masana'antar Frutarom Industries Ltd. da ke arewacin New Jersey, wanda ke sarrafa tsaba na fenugreek, wanda aka saba amfani dashi a madadin maple syrup. An samo wannan tushe ta hanyar haɗin kai tsakanin 'yan ƙasar New York City, tsarin 311 na birnin, Ofishin Gudanar da Gaggawa na Birnin New York, Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta Birnin New York, da ƙungiyar aiki wanda ya tattara da kuma nazarin bayanan yanayi.<ref name="Chung 2019">{{Cite web |last=Chung |first=Jen |date=5 Feb 2019 |title=Happy 10-Year Anniversary Of NYC Finding The Alleged Source Of The Mysterious Maple Syrup Smell |url=https://gothamist.com/news/happy-10-year-anniversary-of-nyc-finding-the-alleged-source-of-the-mysterious-maple-syrup-smell |access-date=6 December 2023 |website=Gothamist}}</ref> == Al'adun gargajiya == An ambaci abubuwan da suka faru ba tare da suna ba a cikin 30 Rock Season 2, Episode 6 ("Wani don Ƙauna"), wanda aka watsa a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2007. <ref name="Chung 2007">{{Cite web |last=Chung |first=Jen |date=November 16, 2007 |title=As Seen on TV: The Maple Syrup Smell on 30 Rock |url=http://gothamist.com/news/as-seen-on-tv-the-maple-syrup-smell-on-30-rock |access-date=6 December 2023 |website=Gothamist}}</ref> Lamarin ya fara ne da haruffa da yawa (Liz, Tracy da Jack) masu kamshin maple syrup. Jack Donaghy ya kwatanta warin da wani makami mai suna "Northrax" wanda ake zaton Amurka ta sayar wa Saudiyya a shekarun 1980, wanda yake wari kamar maple syrup. Wannan ya kai ga babban shirin shirin, wanda Liz ke zargin sabon makwabcin Gabas ta Tsakiya (Fred Armisen) dan ta'adda ne.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (December 2023)">non-primary source needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Ƙarin karantawa == *   * {{Cite web |last=Coscarelli |first=Joe |date=18 September 2013 |title=The Amazing Maple Syrup Smell Strikes Back in NYC |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2013/09/maple-syrup-smell-strikes-back-in-nyc.html |website=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}} * {{Cite web |last=Horn |first=Jason |date=12 Oct 2020 |title=Sotolon: The Molecule That Smells Like Pancakes, Fall, and a NYC Mystery |url=https://www.seriouseats.com/sotolon-flavor-molecule |website=Serious Eats}} * {{Cite web |last=Lindeman |first=Scarlett |date=14 June 2010 |title=The Mystery of the Maple Syrup Smell |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2010/06/the-mystery-of-the-maple-syrup-smell/57980/ |url-access=limited |website=The Atlantic}} * {{Cite web |last=Matson |first=John |date=February 5, 2009 |title=Mystery of NYC maple syrup smell solved! |url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/news-blog/mystery-of-nyc-maple-syrup-smell-so-2009-02-05/ |website=Scientific American}} ozxrppmd3jd8zpbcekdmef4mccrocxy 822254 822253 2026-04-18T16:22:05Z BnHamid 12586 822254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Daga shekara ta 2005 zuwa shekara ta 2009, irin Birnin New York sun gano wani abu mai ban mamaki mai ɗanɗano wanda aka samar da syrup a cikin iska, wanda daga baya tushen gizo na gida da kuma The New York Times suka ruwaito.{{R|Johnson 2010}} An gano tushen ƙarshe ya zama masana'antar Frutarom Industries Ltd. a makwabciyar New Jersey, wanda ke sarrafa tsaba na fenugreek, wanda aka saba amfani dashi a cikin maye gurbin syrup. An cutar da suka faru a cikin wani shirin shirin na 30 Rock na 2007 mai taken "Wani don Kadan". == Tarihi == Shafin yanar gizon ''Gothamist'' ne ya fara bayar da rahoton wari a farkon shekara ta 2005 kuma ya ci gaba da raguwa har zuwa farkon shekara ta 2009. <ref name="Dobkin 2005">{{Cite web |last=Dobkin |first=Jacob |date=Oct 28, 2005 |title=Maple Sugar Smell Mystery! |url=https://gothamist.com/news/maple-sugar-smell-mystery |access-date=6 December 2023 |website=Gothamist}}</ref> Wasu mazauna birnin New York na fargabar warin mai dadi wani nau'i ne na yakin sinadarai. A ƙarshe an gano ƙamshin zuwa tushensa, masana'antar Frutarom Industries Ltd. da ke arewacin New Jersey, wanda ke sarrafa tsaba na fenugreek, wanda aka saba amfani dashi a madadin maple syrup. An samo wannan tushe ta hanyar haɗin kai tsakanin 'yan ƙasar New York City, tsarin 311 na birnin, Ofishin Gudanar da Gaggawa na Birnin New York, Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta Birnin New York, da ƙungiyar aiki wanda ya tattara da kuma nazarin bayanan yanayi.<ref name="Chung 2019">{{Cite web |last=Chung |first=Jen |date=5 Feb 2019 |title=Happy 10-Year Anniversary Of NYC Finding The Alleged Source Of The Mysterious Maple Syrup Smell |url=https://gothamist.com/news/happy-10-year-anniversary-of-nyc-finding-the-alleged-source-of-the-mysterious-maple-syrup-smell |access-date=6 December 2023 |website=Gothamist}}</ref> == Al'adun gargajiya == An ambaci abubuwan da suka faru ba tare da suna ba a cikin 30 Rock Season 2, Episode 6 ("Wani don Ƙauna"), wanda aka watsa a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2007. <ref name="Chung 2007">{{Cite web |last=Chung |first=Jen |date=November 16, 2007 |title=As Seen on TV: The Maple Syrup Smell on 30 Rock |url=http://gothamist.com/news/as-seen-on-tv-the-maple-syrup-smell-on-30-rock |access-date=6 December 2023 |website=Gothamist}}</ref> Lamarin ya fara ne da haruffa da yawa (Liz, Tracy da Jack) masu kamshin maple syrup. Jack Donaghy ya kwatanta warin da wani makami mai suna "Northrax" wanda ake zaton Amurka ta sayar wa Saudiyya a shekarun 1980, wanda yake wari kamar maple syrup. Wannan ya kai ga babban shirin shirin, wanda Liz ke zargin sabon makwabcin Gabas ta Tsakiya (Fred Armisen) dan ta'adda ne. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa ==  * {{Cite web |last=Coscarelli |first=Joe |date=18 September 2013 |title=The Amazing Maple Syrup Smell Strikes Back in NYC |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2013/09/maple-syrup-smell-strikes-back-in-nyc.html |website=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}} * {{Cite web |last=Horn |first=Jason |date=12 Oct 2020 |title=Sotolon: The Molecule That Smells Like Pancakes, Fall, and a NYC Mystery |url=https://www.seriouseats.com/sotolon-flavor-molecule |website=Serious Eats}} * {{Cite web |last=Lindeman |first=Scarlett |date=14 June 2010 |title=The Mystery of the Maple Syrup Smell |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2010/06/the-mystery-of-the-maple-syrup-smell/57980/ |url-access=limited |website=The Atlantic}} * {{Cite web |last=Matson |first=John |date=February 5, 2009 |title=Mystery of NYC maple syrup smell solved! |url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/news-blog/mystery-of-nyc-maple-syrup-smell-so-2009-02-05/ |website=Scientific American}} csp89n3ec4kvhltzuawhyjtkfkq1zb7 0 121137 822527 738660 2026-04-19T09:58:49Z BnHamid 12586 822527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Hadari na radon wani lamari ne na tsawon rana na karuwar maida hankali ga radon na yanayi saboda motsi na iska. A Antarctica da Kudancin Tekun, sau da yawa suna faruwa ne saboda isowar iska ta nahiyar daga Kudancin Amurka da Afirka kuma an kirkiro manufar don bayyana karuwar radon kwatsam a can. A dabi'a, radon yana ƙaruwa a cikin maida hankali sau uku a cikin iska ta Antarctic a cikin watanni na rani na Disamba da Janairu. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 6ssqtd1z5ctbcggvwpcfpyc8wzxvh81 0 121202 822522 738832 2026-04-19T09:56:58Z BnHamid 12586 822522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Rarrabawar sadarwa a cikin kimiyyar yanayi tana nufin yanayin yanayi wanda ke da alaƙa da juna a nesa mai nisa (yawanci dubban kilomita). Mafi mahimmancin haɗin kai shine wanda ke haɗa matsin lamba a Tahiti da Darwin, Ostiraliya, wanda ke bayyana [[El Niño-Kudancin Oscillation|Kudancin Oscillation]]. Wani sanannen haɗin kai yana danganta matsin lamba na teku a kan [[Ayislan|Iceland]] tare da wanda ke kan Azores, wanda ke bayyana [[Tsinkaye na Arewacin Atlantic|Arewacin Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lamb |first=Peter J. |last2=Peppler |first2=Randy A. |date=1987-10-01 |title=North Atlantic Oscillation: Concept and an Application |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=68 |issue=10 |pages=1218–1225 |bibcode=1987BAMS...68.1218L |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1987)068<1218:NAOCAA>2.0.CO;2 |issn=1520-0477 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == Masanin yanayin yanayi na Burtaniya Sir Gilbert Walker ne ya fara lura da haɗin kai a ƙarshen karni na 19, ta hanyar lissafin daidaituwa tsakanin jerin lokuta na Matsin yanayi, zafin jiki da ruwan sama. Sun yi aiki a matsayin ginin gini don fahimtar [[Canjin yanayi da canji|Canjin yanayi]], ta hanyar nuna cewa ƙarshen ba kawai bazuwar ba ne. Lalle ne, kalmar El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) wata sanarwa ce da ke nuna cewa abin da ya faru ya haifar da bambancin wurare da yawa a lokaci guda. Daga baya an lura cewa haɗin kai ya faru a duk faɗin Arewacin Amurka, kamar yadda Tsarin haɗin kai na Pacific-North American ya nuna. A cikin shekarun 1980s, ingantaccen lura ya ba da damar gano haɗin kai a mafi girma a duk faɗin troposphere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wallace |first=John M. |last2=Gutzler |first2=David S. |year=1981 |title=Teleconnections in the Geopotential Height Field during the Northern Hemisphere Winter |journal=Monthly Weather Review |volume=109 |issue=4 |pages=784 |bibcode=1981MWRv..109..784W |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1981)109<0784:TITGHF>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A lokaci guda, ka'idar ta fito ne cewa ana iya fahimtar irin waɗannan alamu ta hanyar warwatsewar raƙuman Ruwa na Rossby saboda yanayin ƙirar duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoskins |first=Brian J. |last2=Karoly |first2=David J. |year=1981 |title=The Steady Linear Response of a Spherical Atmosphere to Thermal and Orographic Forcing |journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=1179 |bibcode=1981JAtS...38.1179H |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038<1179:TSLROA>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan wani lokacin ana kiransa "model-model".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trenberth |first=Kevin E. |last2=Branstator |first2=Grant W. |last3=Karoly |first3=David |last4=Kumar |first4=Arun |last5=Lau |first5=Ngar-Cheung |last6=Ropelewski |first6=Chester |year=1998 |title=Progress during TOGA in understanding and modeling global teleconnections associated with tropical sea surface temperatures |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=103 |issue=C7 |pages=14291–14324 |bibcode=1998JGR...10314291T |doi=10.1029/97JC01444 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ka'idar == An fara fahimtar haɗin kai a cikin wurare masu zafi na Pacific saboda godiya ga ƙididdigar ƙididdigat na A.E. Gill <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gill |first=A. E. |year=1980 |title=Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulation |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=106 |issue=449 |pages=447–462 |bibcode=1980QJRMS.106..447G |doi=10.1002/qj.49710644905}}</ref> kuma daga baya ta hanyar samfuran da suka fi rikitarwa. Gina a kan "model-model", yawancin ka'idar farko ta haɗin kai sun shafi barotropic, tsarin layi na kwararar yanayi game da yanayin ma'ana na yau da kullun. Koyaya, ba da daɗewa ba aka soke samfurin lokacin da aka gano cewa ainihin tsarin haɗin kai kusan ba su da hankali ga wurin tilasta, a cikin saɓani kai tsaye da tsinkayen da wannan hoto mai sauƙi ya bayar. Simmons da abokan aiki [1] sun nuna cewa idan an tsara yanayin da ya fi dacewa, zai zama mara daidaituwa, yana haifar da irin wannan tsari ba tare da la'akari da wurin tilasta ba, daidai da abubuwan lura. Wannan "modal" dukiya ta zama kayan tarihi na barotropicity na samfurin, kodayake ya bayyana don dalilai masu mahimmanci a cikin samfuran da suka fi dacewa. Ayyukan kwanan nan sun nuna cewa yawancin haɗin kai daga wurare masu zafi zuwa extratropics za a iya fahimtar daidaito mai ban mamaki ta hanyar yaduwar layi, raƙuman duniya a kan yanayin yanayi mai canzawa na yanayi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Held |first=Isaac M. |last2=Ting |first2=Mingfang |last3=Wang |first3=Hailan |year=2002 |title=Northern Winter Stationary Waves: Theory and Modeling |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=15 |issue=16 |pages=2125 |bibcode=2002JCli...15.2125H |citeseerx=10.1.1.140.5658 |doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2125:NWSWTA>2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Saboda alamu suna ci gaba da kasancewa a tsawon lokaci kuma suna da ɗan "ƙuntata" ga siffofin ƙasa kamar tsaunuka, ana kiran waɗannan raƙuman ruwa masu tsayawa. Wani tsari na haɗin kai tsakanin tekuna masu zafi da yankuna na tsakiya yana da daidaituwa tare da da'irorin latitude (watau "zonal") da kuma tsakanin hemispheres, ba kamar tsarin raƙuman ruwa ba. Ya dogara da hulɗar tsakanin rikice-rikice na ɗan lokaci da matsakaicin yanayin da ke ƙarfafa juna (watau ba layi ba). An nuna shi don bayyana wasu fannoni na ENSO teleconnections a cikin zafin jiki <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seager |first=Richard |last2=Harnik |first2=Nili |last3=Kushnir |first3=Yochanan |last4=Robinson |first4=Walter |last5=Miller |first5=Jennifer |year=2003 |title=Mechanisms of Hemispherically Symmetric Climate Variability* |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=16 |issue=18 |pages=2960 |bibcode=2003JCli...16.2960S |doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<2960:MOHSCV>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da ruwan sama. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seager |first=R. |last2=Harnik |first2=N. |last3=Robinson |first3=W. A. |last4=Kushnir |first4=Y. |last5=Ting |first5=M. |last6=Huang |first6=H.-P. |last7=Velez |first7=J. |year=2005 |title=Mechanisms of ENSO-forcing of hemispherically symmetric precipitation variability |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=131 |issue=608 |pages=1501 |bibcode=2005QJRMS.131.1501S |doi=10.1256/qj.04.96 |s2cid=16702649}}</ref> Sauran marubutan sun ba da shawarar, kuma, alaƙa tsakanin alamu da yawa na haɗin kai da abubuwan canjin yanayi na gida.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramadan |first=H. H. |last2=Ramamurthy |first2=A. S. |last3=Beighley |first3=R. E. |year=2011 |title=Inter-annual temperature and precipitation variations over the Litani Basin in response to atmospheric circulation patterns |journal=Theoretical and Applied Climatology |volume=108 |issue=3–4 |pages=563 |bibcode=2012ThApC.108..563R |doi=10.1007/s00704-011-0554-1 |s2cid=122209745}}</ref> == Aikace-aikacen == Since tropical sea surface temperatures are predictable up to two years ahead of time,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Dake |last2=Cane |first2=Mark A. |last3=Kaplan |first3=Alexey |last4=Zebiak |first4=Stephen E. |last5=Huang |first5=Daji |year=2004 |title=Predictability of El Niño over the past 148 years |journal=Nature |volume=428 |issue=6984 |pages=733–6 |bibcode=2004Natur.428..733C |doi=10.1038/nature02439 |pmid=15085127 |s2cid=4372358}}</ref> knowledge of teleconnection patterns gives some amount of predictability in remote locations with an outlook sometimes as long as a few seasons. For instance, predicting [[El Niño-Kudancin Oscillation|El Niño]] enables prediction of North American rainfall, snowfall, droughts or temperature patterns with a few weeks to months lead time. In Sir Gilbert Walker's time, a strong El Niño usually meant a weaker Indian monsoon, but this anticorrelation has weakened in the 1980s and 1990s, for controversial reasons.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2014}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> For Western Europe, knowledge of the [[Tsinkaye na Arewacin Atlantic|NAO]] can aid the predictability of patterns of temperature and precipitation. For instance, wintertime NAO+ is associated with stronger westerlies and increased precipitation over Northern Europe, whereas NAO- often corresponds to dry and cold periods over Northern Europe and increased storminess over Southern Europe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wanner |first=Heinz |last2=Brönnimann |first2=Stefan |last3=Casty |first3=Carlo |last4=Gyalistras |first4=Dimitrios |last5=Luterbacher |first5=Jürg |last6=Schmutz |first6=Christoph |last7=Stephenson |first7=David B. |last8=Xoplaki |first8=Eleni |date=2001-07-01 |title=North Atlantic Oscillation – Concepts And Studies |url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014217317898 |journal=Surveys in Geophysics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=321–381 |bibcode=2001SGeo...22..321W |doi=10.1023/A:1014217317898 |issn=1573-0956 |s2cid=17661504 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) {{!}} National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/nao/ |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=www.ncei.noaa.gov}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Kyakkyawan zafi na stratosphere == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sih2ziqjywizfd1hjf0svql68rnphxu 0 121411 822533 740213 2026-04-19T10:04:22Z BnHamid 12586 822533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An kafa Kamfen ɗin Ceton Aramoana a cikin 1974 don adawa da wani tsari na aluminum a Aramoana da ke [[New Zealand]]. A ƙarshen shekarun 1970s an gabatar da Aramoana a matsayin shafin yanar gizon babban Aluminium smelter ta ƙungiyar Fletcher-Challenge ta New Zealand, CSR Limited ta Australia da kamfanin Swiss Alusuisse . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Crean |first=Mike |date=14 February 2007 |title=Spirit of peace at Aramoana |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/thepress/3961960a21056.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105014457/http://www.stuff.co.nz/thepress/3961960a21056.html |archive-date=2009-01-05 |access-date=2009-02-21 |publisher=[[The Press]]}}</ref> <ref name="Otago">{{Cite web |year=1981 |title=Otago Harbour Board Vesting, Reclamation and Empowering Act 1981 |url=http://legislation.govt.nz/act/local/1981/0009/latest/DLM75393.html |access-date=2009-02-21 |publisher=New Zealand Government}}</ref><ref name="FarquharGreenPolitics">{{Cite web |last=Farquhar |first=R.M. |year=2006 |title=Green Politics and the Reformation of Liberal Democratic Institutions |url=http://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/bitstream/10092/944/1/thesis_fulltext.pdf |access-date=2009-02-21 |publisher=University of Canterbury |page=168}}</ref> An riga an yi aiki da aluminum smelter a Tiwai Point lokacin da aka gabatar da smelter a Aramoana. == Tarihi == Tun daga lokacin da aka kafa ta, Hukumar Harbour ta Otago ta ba ta don ayyukan tashar jiragen ruwa, filin da ke arewacin kofar Otago Harbour. Wannan ya haɗa da dutsen dutse don gina tawadar da ke kare ƙofar; ƙauyen, asalin ma'aikatan gidaje a kan tawadar, kuma daga baya an ba da hayar don gidajen hutu; babban yanki na gishiri gishiri; da kuma gefen busasshiyar ƙasa an yi hayar don rashin kiwo. Bayan an buɗe Comalco Aluminum Smelter a Tiwai Point na Bluff a cikin 1971, abubuwan Otago sun nemi irin wannan aikin a cikin 1974 akan ƙasar OHB a Aramoana. Ba a kafa shi da kyau ba, kuma an janye shi ta fuskar adawa mai sauƙi. Wannan 'yan adawar ta kasance a faɗake ga duk wani aiki da ba a saba gani ba a ƙasar OHB, kuma lokacin da aka ga masu bincike a kan gidajen kwana a lokacin rani na 1979-80 abubuwan kiyayewa sun fara tsara abin da ya zama Gangamin Save Aramoana. A lokacin an haɗa wurin a cikin Tsarin Gundumar Waikouaiti, ƙarƙashin tanadin shiyya-shiyya na haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ƙasƙanci wanda wani mai tsarawa/masan tattalin arziƙi tare da yaƙin neman zaɓe ya kai kotu don yanke hukunci game da haƙƙinsu. Wannan yana da tasirin sanya dukkan aikin ƙaramar shari'a, don haka ya kasa ci gaba. An kashe dala 50.00 don shigar da wannan matakin a gaban kotu, kuma lokacin da aka bayyana cewa aikin ba zai iya yin shuru ba bisa ka'idojin da ake da su, duk yakin neman zaben da kuma adawa da wannan na'urar an tura shi cikin fage na jama'a. Gwamnati, tana da sha'awar yin amfani da smelter don tabbatar da madatsar ruwa ta Clyde a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirinta na "Think Big", ta zartar da Dokar Raya Kasa. Waikouaiti, yanzu haɗe da Taieri ya zama Silverpeaks, ya fito da tsarin gundumarsa tare da ingantaccen tanadin doka don amfani da ƙasar masana'antu, musamman mai smelter, a Aramoana. Masu tsara kamfen sun yi yaƙi da waɗannan tanade-tanaden a matakin kansila da kuma zuwa Kotun Tsare-tsare a matsayin ɗaukaka mai lamba No. 733/82, wanda kotun ta amince da hukuncin C51/83 J.Todd da Careys Bay Assn. v Majalisar karamar hukumar Silver Peaks. Kotun ta ba da umarnin cewa "... duk abubuwan da suka shafi ci gaban masana'antu a Aramoana dole ne a share su ...". Yayin da ake fafatawa da tsare-tsare da fadace-fadacen shari'a, fage mafi fa'ida ya ga yadda yakin ke ci gaba da zama a fagen jama'a : ayyana 'yancin kai na Aramoana ya ba wa wannan ƙungiya damar fitar da tambarin mai tattarawa. tare da aikin fasaha na asali wanda manyan masu fasaha na New Zealand suka bayar don manufar, kuma waɗannan sun tara kusan NZ $ 500,000 a cikin sharuɗɗan 1982. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya sami kuɗi sosai. Yawancin masu fasaha na New Zealand sun shiga cikin yakin ta wasu hanyoyi, musamman Ralph Hotere, wanda ya samar da jerin zane-zane na Aramoana don mayar da martani ga batun smelter. Yaƙin neman zaɓe na jama'a ya kuma tabbatar da cewa Gwamnati ba za ta iya fuskantar mummunar haɗarin siyasa ba na saukar da dokar ba da ƙarfi ta musamman don tilasta wa mai aikin tuƙi, kamar yadda ta yi da Babban Dam na Clyde. Ruwan ruwa ya juya baya ga Think Big, kuma an bar mai narke ya nutse ba tare da an gano shi ba. Pechiney ya tafi, Alusuisse ya tafi neman wurin da ya fi dacewa a Zaire, kuma Aramoana ya ga ƙauyen ya zama madaidaici kuma ana kallon gishirin gishiri a matsayin wurin ajiya. == Jihar Aramoana mai zaman kanta ==   Shirin na fasa kwaurin ya yi kira da a lalata kauyukan Aramoana da Te Ngaru, sannan kuma ya yi barazana ga wani yanki na namun daji. Dangane da mayar da martani mazauna yankin sun ba da sanarwar ballewarsu daga New Zealand a ranar 23 ga Disamba 1980, sun kafa "poston iyaka" da "jakadancin tafiya", fasfo bugu, takaddun zama ɗan ƙasa da tambarin aikawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=Jo |date=2009-01-29 |title=Art Seen: Sculpture garden |url=http://www.odt.co.nz/entertainment/arts/41092/art-seen-sculpture-garden?page=0%2C1 |access-date=2009-02-22 |website=[[Otago Daily Times]]}}</ref> da kuma yin amfani da sakamakon tallan da aka samu don gina kamfen na ƙasa na ƙasa don adawa da mai fasa ƙuri'a. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya ja hankalin masu fasaha irin su Ralph Hotere, da masu kiyayewa da masu binciken al'adun gargajiya irin su Peter Entwisle. Gwamnatin New Zealand ta amince da kungiyar, <ref name="Otago">{{Cite web |year=1981 |title=Otago Harbour Board Vesting, Reclamation and Empowering Act 1981 |url=http://legislation.govt.nz/act/local/1981/0009/latest/DLM75393.html |access-date=2009-02-21 |publisher=New Zealand Government}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://legislation.govt.nz/act/local/1981/0009/latest/DLM75393.html "Otago Harbour Board Vesting, Reclamation and Empowering Act 1981"]. New Zealand Government. 1981<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> wanda da farko ya ba da shawarar tallafawa Farashin wutar lantarki da ake buƙata don aikin mashaya, wanda ya haifar da fargabar cewa yawancin mutanen New Zealand za su fuskanci hauhawar farashin wutar lantarki a cikin dogon lokaci. Koyaya, kamfen ɗin da magoya bayan jihar masu zaman kansu suka yi ya tilasta wa gwamnati koma baya, yana mai da hankali kan yiwuwar tattalin arzikin aikin. Wannan ci gaban ya haɗu da raguwar farashin aluminum a kasuwannin kayayyaki na duniya, daga ƙarshe ya haifar da janyewar Alusuisse daga ƙungiyar a watan Oktoba, 1981. <ref name="FarquharGreenPolitics">{{Cite web |last=Farquhar |first=R.M. |year=2006 |title=Green Politics and the Reformation of Liberal Democratic Institutions |url=http://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/bitstream/10092/944/1/thesis_fulltext.pdf |access-date=2009-02-21 |publisher=University of Canterbury |page=168}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFarquhar2006">Farquhar, R.M. (2006). [http://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/bitstream/10092/944/1/thesis_fulltext.pdf "Green Politics and the Reformation of Liberal Democratic Institutions"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Canterbury. p.&nbsp;168<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> Sauran abokan hulɗa sun kasa samun ƙarin kuɗin saka hannun jari, kuma a ƙarshe sun watsar da aikin, suna shirya hanyar sake dawowa cikin zaman lafiya na Jihar Aramoana mai zaman kanta zuwa New Zealand. Har yanzu ana tunawa da shawarar a matsayin batun rarrabuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Constantine |first=Ellie |date=December 13, 2011 |title=Aramoana: pathway to the sea |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/lifestyle/travel/aramoana-pathway-sea |access-date=September 18, 2020 |publisher=[[Otago Daily Times]]}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Muhalli na New Zealand * Jerin ƙananan ƙasashe {{Clear}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *  {{cite thesis|last=Findlay|first=Angela|title='Vive Aramoana': the Save Aramoana Campaign, 1974-1983|publisher=University of Otago|type=MA|place=Dunedin|year=2004|url=https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10523/5479/FindlayAngela2004MA.pdf}} ta3qp2pkdg2inzaj9uab8gpis0iwlhk 0 121492 822361 745512 2026-04-18T18:40:14Z Inusa Birnin Tudu 44112 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 822361 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:E_waste_bin.jpg|thumb|Bin cike da E Waste da aka dauka a Computer Recycling Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand (2019) ]] [[Fayil:Electronic_waste_stockpile,_Christchurch,_New_Zealand.JPG|right|thumb|Wani tarin sharar lantarki a Christchurch (2004).]] Sharar lantarki a New Zealand [[Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli|Batun muhalli]] ne da al'umma da gwamnati ke magance shi. E-sharar gida ita ce kogin sharar guba mai saurin girma a cikin New Zealand. Kowace shekara, ya zuwa na 2017, New Zealand na samar da kusan tan 99,000 (kg 20.1 a kowace mutum) na sharar lantarki, wanda tan 97,000 ake zubar da su a wuraren sharar ƙasa. New Zealand tana samar da mafi girman kundila na e-sharar gida a duniya yayin da take cikin mafi ƙanƙanta ƙimar sake amfani da su. An kiyasta cewa nan da 2030, New Zealand za ta samar da 28.7kg na e-sharar gida ga kowane mutum ba tare da sake yin amfani da su ba ko 27.1kg tare da dabarun sake amfani da su. A baya, akwai shirye-shiryen dawowa da kudade guda biyu da Gwamnati ta tallafawa: tarin e-Day, da kuma yakin neman dawo da TV. Ayyukan Sake amfani da sharar gida da hukumomi suka bayar sun bambanta da majalisa tare da wasu suna ba da sabis na sake amfani kyauta, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Buller District Council, New Zealand » E-waste collection |url=https://bullerdc.govt.nz/district-council/a-z-services/recycling-refuse-in-buller/e-waste-collection/ |access-date=2021-10-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> yayin da wasu majalisun ke ba da sabis mai biyan kuɗi ko dogaro da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Blake |first=Vicktoria |last2=Farrelly |first2=Trisia |author-link2=Trisia Farrelly |last3=Hannon |first3=Jonathon |year=2019 |title=Is Voluntary Product Stewardship for E-Waste Working in New Zealand? A Whangarei Case Study |journal=Sustainability |volume=11 |issue=11 |page=3063 |bibcode=2019Sust...11.3063B |doi=10.3390/su11113063 |doi-access=free}}</ref> New Zealand ita ce kawai ƙasa a cikin OECD ba tare da tsarin sharar gida na ƙasa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donovan |first=Emile |date=2020-02-16 |title=The Detail: New Zealand's e-waste problem |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/the-detail/119542951/the-detail-new-zealands-ewaste-problem |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=Stuff |language=en}}</ref> Yayin da New Zealand tana da ƙa'idodin AS/NZS don ayyukan sake amfani da e-sharar gida, waɗannan ba dole ba ne. Shirye-shiryen sake amfani da sharar e-sharar da gwamnati ke jagoranta a tarihi sun samu cikas saboda rashin bayanai. A cikin 2020, an ayyana e-sharar gida a matsayin fifikon sharar da ke buƙatar kulawar samfur na tilas. == Tarihi == A cikin 2017 Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya (ITU) ta lura cewa New Zealand da Ostiraliya sun samar da mafi girman adadin e-washe ga kowane mutum a duniya yayin da suke cikin mafi ƙarancin rubuce-rubuce na sake amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2017 |title=UN-backed body 'right' to single out New Zealand as an e-waste laggard |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/industries/99848483/unbacked-body-singles-out-new-zealand-as-an-ewaste-laggard}}</ref> Duk da yake kimantawa sun bambanta bisa ga hanyar, rahoton [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] na 2020 ya kiyasta New Zealand don samar da 19.2kg na sharar gida ga kowane mutum. Wannan yana sama da matsakaicin OECD na 17.1kg kuma fiye da sau 2.5 sama da matsakaiciyar duniya na 7.3kg. An kiyasta kashi 2% na sharar gida da aka samar za a karkatar da su daga zubar da shara. Kimanin 23.9kg na sabbin kayan lantarki ga kowane mutum ana sanya su a kasuwar New Zealand a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics |url=https://globalewaste.org/statistics/ |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=E-Waste |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani rahoto da aka fitar ga ma'aikatar muhalli, ya kiyasta cewa New Zealand za ta samar da 28.7 kilogiram na e-sharar kan kowane mutum nan da shekarar 2030 ba tare da sake amfani da shi ba da 27.1kg tare da sake amfani da su. Mafi girman tushen da aka annabta na sharar gida a cikin 2030 ba tare da sake amfani da su ba sune manyan kayan aikin gida (10.1kg), fasahar bayanai da kayan sadarwa (7.1 kg), kayan lantarki da lantarki (3.8kg), kayan masarufi (3.6kg) da ƙananan kayan gida (3.1kg). <ref name=":1" /> [Littafi na 1] === Amsar jama'a === Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2006 ya nuna cewa kashi biyu bisa uku na wadanda suka amsa sun yarda su biya kudin zubar da sharar lantarki cikin aminci kamar talabijin da kwamfutoci. Sauran ba su son biyan wani abu ko kuma ba su da tabbas. Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa kashi 85 cikin 100 sun yarda su kai kayayyaki zuwa wurin tarawa unguwanni. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a ranar eDay a shekara ta 2008, ya gano cewa kashi 26% na masu amsa sun halarci taron sake yin amfani da su saboda suna buƙatar sararin da tsoffin na'urorinsu suka ɗauka. Binciken shari'a na gidaje 249 na Whangarei da aka gudanar a cikin 2018, ya gano cewa mahalarta sun rabu da wanda zai zargi da matsalar sharar lantarki. Ƙananan adadin iyalai da aka bincika sun yi imanin cewa masu amfani ba su da laifi. Kashi 57 cikin 100 na masu amsa sun kimanta tsarin kasa na yanzu game da sharar gida a matsayin matalauta ko mummunan gaske.<ref name=":2"/> Binciken Abokin Ciniki NZ NZ na 2019 ya gano cewa kashi 63% na mutanen New Zealand da aka bincika sun yi iƙirarin damuwa game da sharar gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Consumer issues survey |url=https://www.consumer.org.nz/articles/consumer-issues-survey |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=Consumer NZ |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220114100/https://www.consumer.org.nz/articles/consumer-issues-survey |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fayil:EDay_Dunedin_2008_2911215656_babb075ccd_o.jpg|right|thumb|Electronic waste being collected during eDay in Dunedin, 2008]] A baya, an sami wasu shirye-shiryen sake amfani da su na wucin gadi da niyya waɗanda gwamnatin New Zealand ke tallafawa ciki har da eDay da shirin mayar da TV. Babu irin wannan shirye-shiryen gwamnatin kasa da ke gudana a halin yanzu, duk da haka akwai wasu tsare-tsare na [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]], al'ummomi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. === eDay ===   eDay wani shirin tattara kayayyaki ne na kasa da kasa don sharar lantarki wanda ya gudana daga 2006 zuwa 2010 a wurare 53 daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-03 |title=Tonnes of eDay waste in storage |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/4510086/Tonnes-of-eDay-waste-in-storage |access-date=2021-10-21 |website=Stuff |language=en}}</ref> An tattara kimanin tan 3200 na sharar lantarki kuma an sake amfani da su. Tunanin 1000 da aka tattara a shekara ta 2008 ya yi daidai da kusan 10% na na'urorin lantarki da na lantarki da aka shigo da su a cikin shekara guda kuma kasa da 5% na sharar lantarki na tarihi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoeveler |first=Jennifer-Ann |date=1 January 2009 |title=International Approaches to dealing with electronic waste |journal=New Zealand Journal of Environmental Law |volume=13 |pages=117–160 |via=HeinOnline}}</ref> Ba a gudanar da taron a cikin 2011 ko kuma a kowace shekara mai zuwa ba, saboda gwamnati ta daina samar da kudade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Media Q&As: New Zealand faces an ewaste crisis, says new report |url=https://www.eday.org.nz/template/media_questions__answers.pdf |access-date=2 Nov 2025 |website=eday.org.nz}}</ref> === CR E-Rays === Ya zuwa 2020 mai amfani da washe na E-waste Computer Recycling Ltd yana sauƙaƙe 'CR E-Days' da aka shirya a wurare daban-daban na al'umma a [[Auckland]] a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Where to drop off e-waste in Auckland suburbs |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/aucklander/news/where-to-drop-off-e-waste-in-auckland-suburbs/DKDWDPXJ5FHYGJMODNUP4ACGOY/ |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref> Wadannan sune abubuwan da suka faru na sake amfani da sharar lantarki, suna bawa baƙi damar saukewa da sake amfani da tsoffin, ba a so ko fasahar lantarki ko kayan aikin lantarki. Saboda shiga cikin al'umma a cikin CR E-Days, Computer Recycling ya sami damar tattarawa da karkatar da fiye da kilo 300,000 na sharar lantarki da aka watsar da shi in ba haka ba an ƙaddara shi don zubar da shara. == Shari'a == New Zealand ba ta da manufofi na kasa, ka'idoji ko dokoki don sharar gida kamar yadda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana saboda rashin ka'idojin alhakin samarwa a cikin ka'idoyon sharar gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Electronic Waste / E-Waste / WEEE |url=https://www.complianceandrisks.com/topics/electronic-waste-e-waste/ |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=Compliance & Risks |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana cikin kashi 60% na ƙasashe da ba a rufe su da irin wannan manufofin ba, duk da haka, ita ce kawai ƙasa a cikin OECD. Jama'ar New Zealand suna daga cikin 'yan tsiraru (29%) na yawan mutanen duniya da ba a rufe su da manufofin alhakin samarwa ba.<ref name=":3" /> Akwai, duk da haka, manufofi da yawa na sharar gida da ke aiki wanda ke tasiri ga tsarawa da zubar da sharar gida. aoxdvqbza1akuc0smlh0cf6n80awkt0 0 122004 822540 742243 2026-04-19T10:15:18Z BnHamid 12586 822540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Assala Mostafa Hatem Nasri''' ( Arabic ; an haife shi 15 ga Mayu 1969), wanda aka fi sani da '''Assala''' ( Arabic ), mawaƙin Siriya ne. == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == An haifi Assala ne a Damascus, Siriya ga dangin Larabawa na tsakiya. Mostafa Nasri, mahaifin Assala, ya kasance mawaki da mawaƙa. Assala ta fara aikinta na kiɗa ta hanyar yin waƙoƙin kishin ƙasa, na addini, da na yara lokacin da take 'yar shekara goma sha huɗu. Ta raira waƙar taken "Qessas Al Sho'oub" (قصص الشعوب), na wasan kwaikwayo na zane-zane, Hekayat Alamiyah. A shekara ta 1984, Mostafa Nasri ya mutu bayan ya sha wahala daga zubar da jini na ciki wanda hatsarin mota ya haifar. Tana da shekaru 15 ta taimaka wajen kula da 'yan uwanta Aman, Ayham, Reem da Anas tare da mahaifiyarta Aziza Al-Babelli . Aikin wakar kasuwanci na Assala ya fara halarta a cikin 1991 tare da waƙar Masar ta buga ''Law Ta'rafou'' (Larabci na Masar: لو تعرفو). Kundin yana da waƙoƙin Masarawa 4 a cikin salon ''wasan operatic Classic na Masarawa'' . Kundin ya kasance mai saurin bugawa a [[Misra|Masar]] a wancan lokacin tare da wakoki masu ratsa zuciya kamar "Ya Sabra Yana" da "Samehtak Ketir". Ta yi sauri ta tabbatar da kasancewarta a cikin duniyar Larabawa masana'antar da ke ci gaba da mamaye mawaƙa kamar Angham, Najwa Karam da Latifa . Tun farkon yakin basasar Siriya a shekara ta 2011 Assala Nasri ta yi ikirarin goyon bayanta ga al'ummar Siriya da kuma jajircewarta na yaki da [[Bashar al-Assad]] . Matsayinta na yakin basasa na jin kai ne, inda take son kawo karshen rikicin saboda fararen hula na Syria. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2016 |title=شاهد.. أصالة تكشف دورها في الثورة السورية |url=https://m.alwafd.news/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%81%D9%86/1030925-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF-%D8%A3%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9 |website=alwafd.news |language=ar}}</ref> Ta sami ƙwarewar farko ta rubutawa a cikin rubutun waƙa ɗaya, wanda aka saki a cikin 2011. Don sadaukar da kai a cikin rikici, Assala ya rera waka a ranar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya a matsayin sabon jakada na "Peace Building through Music." Duk da haka, an soki Assala saboda matsayinta, saboda [[Hafez al-Assad]] ya ba da izinin jinyar ta daga [[Polio|cutar shan inna]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2011 |title=رغدة تذكر أصالة بعلاج حافظ الأسد لقدمها من الشلل |url=https://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2011/12/10/226719.html |website=alwatanvoice.com |language=ar}}</ref> An kama ta ne a ranar Litinin, 26 ga watan Yuni, 2017 a filin jirgin sama na Beirut bisa umarnin jami'an Lebanon da ke goyon bayan [[Bashar al-Assad]] kan laifin hada kai da Isra'ila. Kwanan nan ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|Falasdinu]] . An tsare ta a gidan kurkuku, sannan aka sake ta cikin sauri, saboda rashin sheda, amma wasu kafafen yada labarai na Syria ba su taba gyara ikirarin da suka yi na cewa an kama ta da shan kwayoyi ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2011 |title=رغدة تذكر أصالة بعلاج حافظ الأسد لقدمها من الشلل |url=https://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2011/12/10/226719.html |website=alwatanvoice.com |language=ar}}</ref> A cikin 2019, Assala ya yi "Dama Inda Ina Zaton Kasancewa" a matsayin Waƙar Waƙar 2019 na Musamman na Wasannin bazara na Duniya a [[Abu Dhabi (birni)|Abu Dhabi]], [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] tare da haɗin gwiwar Ryan Tedder, Avril Lavigne, Luis Fonsi, Hussain Al Jassmi da Tamer Hosny . <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2016 |title=شاهد.. أصالة تكشف دورها في الثورة السورية |url=https://m.alwafd.news/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%81%D9%86/1030925-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF-%D8%A3%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9 |website=alwafd.news |language=ar}}</ref> == Talabijin == Assala ta karbi bakuncin shirin talabijin mai suna ''Soula'' ( Arabic ), a Al Hayat TV da Dubai TV . Nunin ya gabatar da [[Mawaƙi|mawakan]] baki kamar sun ziyarci Assala a gidanta da ke [[Kairo|birnin Alkahira]] [[Misra|na kasar Masar]] . Assala ya kasance alkali a kwamitin ''Saudi Idol'' a karon farko a shekarar 2022, tare da Aseel Abu Bakr, Ahlam, da Majid Al Mohandis . == Rayuwa ta sirri == Asalin auren farko da Ayman Al Dahabi. An haifi ‘yarta ta farko, Sham a shekarar 1992, da danta na farko, Khaled, a shekarar 1998. Ta rabu a 2005 bayan fiye da shekaru 15 da aure. Bayan rabuwar ta, ta sami kulawar 'ya'yanta guda biyu. Auren ta na biyu shine daraktan Bafalasdine-Masar, Tarek Alarian, a ranar 26 ga Maris 2006. Tana da ciki tare da ɗan Alarian a farkon 2007, amma ta sami ɓarna a cikin rabin rabin ciki. A watan Mayun 2011, ta haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu, Adam da Ali, ta hanyar IVF . A cikin 2017, an kama Assala a Lebanon saboda zargin sa da kwayoyi a filin jirgin sama. A cikin wani sakon Instagram mai kwanan wata 6 ga Janairu 2020, Assala ta sanar da rabuwar ta da mijinta Tarek Alarian. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2011 |title=رغدة تذكر أصالة بعلاج حافظ الأسد لقدمها من الشلل |url=https://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2011/12/10/226719.html |website=alwatanvoice.com |language=ar}}</ref> A halin yanzu Assala tana zaune a Alkahira tare da 'ya'yanta hudu. A cikin Satumba 2021, ta auri Faeq Hassan, <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2016 |title=شاهد.. أصالة تكشف دورها في الثورة السورية |url=https://m.alwafd.news/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%81%D9%86/1030925-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF-%D8%A3%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9 |website=alwafd.news |language=ar}}</ref> ɗan ƙasar Iraqi wanda ke zaune a [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabiya]] kuma yana aiki a matsayin manajan kasuwanci na mawaƙin [[Iraƙi|Iraqi]] - [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] Majid Al Mohandis . <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2011 |title=رغدة تذكر أصالة بعلاج حافظ الأسد لقدمها من الشلل |url=https://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2011/12/10/226719.html |website=alwatanvoice.com |language=ar}}</ref> Assala [[Mabiya Sunnah|musulmin sunni ne]] . Sarkin Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa ya ba ta takardar zama ‘yar kasa ta kasar Bahrain kwanaki kadan bayan ta gabatar da wani wasan kwaikwayo na operetta na ''soyayya da aminci'' na murnar zagayowar ranar ‘yancin kasar Bahrain. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2016 |title=شاهد.. أصالة تكشف دورها في الثورة السورية |url=https://m.alwafd.news/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%81%D9%86/1030925-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF-%D8%A3%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9 |website=alwafd.news |language=ar}}</ref> == Hotuna == === Albums na Studio === == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin Haɗi na Waje== {{Commons category}} * {{YouTube|user=AssalaOfficial}} * {{Instagram}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] chllv0wejyqda56b4e4m5gt9ikd6y76 0 122812 822265 745620 2026-04-18T16:25:27Z BnHamid 12586 822265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tanya Denise Jackson''' (Oktoba 22, 1970 - {{Circa}} Yuni 25, 1997), wanda aka fi sani da "'''Peaches'''", "'''The''' Girl with the Peach Tattoo" ko kuma Jane Doe No. 3, ta kasance wanda ba a san shi ba wanda aka gano jikinsa a ranar 28 ga Yuni, 1997, a Lakeview, New York, kusa da Hempstead Lake State Park. Ta kasance ba a san ta ba har zuwa 2025, kuma har yanzu ba a gano kwanyar ta ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Long Island's Unidentified Murder Victims |url=http://archive.longislandpress.com/2010/07/01/long-islands-unidentified-murder-victims/ |access-date=15 October 2014 |website=Long Island Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-23 |title=Nassau County police reveal ID of Gilgo Beach victim 'Peaches' and her toddler |url=https://abc7ny.com/post/gilgo-beach-murders-nassau-county-police-reveal-id-victim-peaches-toddler/16230218/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=ABC7 New York |language=en}}</ref> Jackson tana da tattoo a kan ƙirjinta na hagu wanda ke nuna siffar zuciya tare da ciwo da aka cire daga ciki da saukowa biyu da ke fadowa daga ainihinsa, wanda ya haifar da laƙabi. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2016, an gano ƙarin gawarwakin da aka samu a Long Island a shekara ta 2011 a matsayin na Jackson, tare da gawar 'yarta, wanda aka gano a shekara ta 2025 a matsayin '''Tatiana Marie Dykes''' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-23 |title=Police reveal ID of Gilgo Beach victim 'Peaches' and her toddler |url=https://6abc.com/post/gilgo-beach-murders-nassau-county-police-reveal-id-victim-peaches-toddler-tanya-tatiana/16230830/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=6abc Philadelphia |language=en}}</ref> Saboda wurin da gawar ta kasance, kisan Jackson da Dykes an haɗa su da Mai kisan gilla na Long Island a matsayin wadanda za su iya fama da su. Koyaya, 'yan sanda ba su yarda da wannan ba, kuma an tuhumi Andrew Dykes, mahaifin 'yarta Tatiana, da kisan Tanya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Maia |title=Florida Man Charged in Murder of Woman Found Near Gilgo Beach |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/12/06/nyregion/gilgo-beach-murder-charges-peaches-andrew-dykes.html |access-date=7 December 2025 |website=New York Times}}</ref> == Tarihin shari'a == [[File:Peaches_tattoo.jpg|thumb|Tattoo]] A ranar 28 ga Yuni, 1997, wani mutum da 'yarsa sun gano gawar da aka raba don yawo a wani yanki mai itatuwa na Hempstead Lake State Park, [[Lakeview, New York]]. An yanke kai, hannaye biyu, da ƙafafu biyu (a ƙasa da gwiwa) kuma har yanzu ba a same su ba. An samo jikin a gefen yammacin Lake Drive, kimanin yadudduka 200 a arewacin Peninsula Boulevard ta McDonald Pond. An same ta a cikin akwati na Rubbermaid tare da jan tawul da jakar furanni. Ba tare da wata hanyar da za ta kai ga asalin matar ba, 'yan sanda sun buga hoto na kimanin tattoo mai inci biyu a cikin mujallar tattoo ta ƙasa, da fatan samun mai zane wanda ya yi aikin. Sun sami kira daga Steve Cullen, mai zane-zane a [[Connecticut]] wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya tuna ya ba da tattoo ga mace. Cullen ya ce ya tuna da abokin ciniki a matsayin budurwa baƙar fata, kimanin shekaru 18 ko 19, wanda ke tare da mata biyu, mahaifiyarta da dan uwanta. A lokacin zaman, ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa ta gaya masa cewa ta fito ne daga ko dai Bronx ko Long Island kuma tana cikin Connecticut saboda tana da matsala tare da saurayinta a lokacin. Wataƙila matar tana da wasu tattoos a hannunta ko ƙananan ƙafafun da mai kisan bai so a same su ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Long Island's Unidentified Murder Victims |url=http://archive.longislandpress.com/2010/07/01/long-islands-unidentified-murder-victims/ |access-date=15 October 2014 |website=Long Island Press}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Disamba, 2016, ''Long Island Press'' ta ruwaito cewa hukumomin yankin sun gano ragowar kwarangwal (wanda ake kira "Jane Doe 3") da aka samu a Jones Beach State Park a 2011 a matsayin na "Peaches". An kuma sami ragowar yaro a cikin 2011, gabashin Cedar Beach, tare da gwajin DNA wanda ke gano Jane Doe 3 - ko "Peaches" - a matsayin mahaifiyarsa. A sakamakon waɗannan binciken, an haɗa Peaches da mai kisan gilla na Long Island a matsayin wanda zai iya zama wanda aka kashe a farkon lokacin. == Bayyanawa == A ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 2022, Ma'aikatar 'yan sanda ta wayar hannu ta sanar a shafinta na [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] cewa [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|FBI]] na neman dangi da abokai na Elijah "Lige" Howell / Howard (1927-1963). Howard ya zauna a Prichard, Alabama, tare da matarsa Carrie kuma ya mutu a Mobile, Alabama, a 1963 yayin da yake zaune tare da Ms. Lillie Mae Wiggins Packer . FBI ta yi imanin cewa danginsa na iya taimakawa wajen gano Peaches da ɗanta. A ranar 5 ga Disamba, 2025, an kama Andrew Dykes na [[Florida]]" id="mwdw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa, Florida saboda kisan Tanya da jiran mika shi. Shi ne mahaifin Tatiana Dykes . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Long Island's Unidentified Murder Victims |url=http://archive.longislandpress.com/2010/07/01/long-islands-unidentified-murder-victims/ |access-date=15 October 2014 |website=Long Island Press}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka danganci == === "Cherries" === [[File:605UFNY.jpg|thumb|Tattoo da "Cherries" suka sa]] == Dubi kuma == * Kashe-kashen da aka yi a Gilgo Beach * Jerin shari'o'in mutanen da suka ɓace: 1990s * Jerin kisan da ba a warware su ba (1980-1999) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] baxqwauf8hapocg5rysfneq8tne903v 0 123056 822543 813795 2026-04-19T10:17:40Z BnHamid 12586 822543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An haifi Strzyzowski a ranar 3 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1994. Ta kasance ma'aikaciyar gudanarwa a cibiyar kiwon lafiya kuma mai mallakar cafeteria.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Desaparición de Cecilia: Su familia vinculó las últimas horas con su pareja pero el entorno de Sena lo niega |url=https://www.diariochaco.com/639979-desaparicion-de-cecilia-su-familia-vinculo-las-ultimas-horas-con-su-pareja-pero-el-entorno-de-sena-lo-niega |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Diario Chaco |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite web |date=14 July 2023 |title=Allanaron la cafetería de Cecilia Strzyzowski: la hipótesis que vincula al lugar con el posible móvil económico del femicidio |url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2023/07/14/allanamiento-en-el-gato-negro-el-cafe-de-cecilia-strzyzowski-encontraron-una-foto-de-marcela-acuna-amamantando-a-cesar-sena/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715023509/https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2023/07/14/allanamiento-en-el-gato-negro-el-cafe-de-cecilia-strzyzowski-encontraron-una-foto-de-marcela-acuna-amamantando-a-cesar-sena/ |archive-date=2023-07-15 |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> Ta zauna a gidan kawunta tare da abokin tarayya, César Sena mai shekaru 19. A cewar shaidar Gloria Romero, mahaifiyar Strzyzowski da mai shigar da kara a cikin batun bacewarta, dangantakar da ke tsakanin su biyu ta fara ne a watan Disamba na shekarar 2021 ta hanyar aikace-aikacen soyayya Tinder. Koyaya, matsaloli sun taso a cikin dangantakar, musamman saboda juriya ta mahaifiyar César ga dangantakarta. Bugu da kari, an ambaci yiwuwar tilasta ikon da César ya yi a kan ƙungiyoyin Cecilia ta hanyar [[WhatsApp]] da kuma mallakar makamai da César, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa ana tsananta masa ta siyasa.<ref name=":12" /> A ranar 16 ga Satumban shekara ta 2022, Cecilia da César sun yi aure, amma bayan kwana huɗu sun fara aiwatar da saki, wanda ake zargin mahaifiyar César ce ta rinjaye shi, wanda bai goyi bayan dangantakar ba. Matasan ma'aurata sun ba da katunan gayyata don bikin aure da za a gudanar a ranar 23 ga watan Disamba, kodayake dokar saki ta fito kwana biyu kafin kuma an jinkirta bikin har abada. Mahaifiyar Cecilia ba ta san wannan kisan aure ba a lokacin da ta ɓace.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-28 |title=Los detalles detrás del festejo que no fue: César y Cecilia habían repartido tarjetas para celebrar su casamiento |url=https://www.diariochaco.com/640837-los-detalles-detras-del-festejo-que-no-fue-cesar-y-cecilia-habian-repartido-tarjetas-para-celebrar-su-casamiento- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820220711/https://www.diariochaco.com/640837-los-detalles-detras-del-festejo-que-no-fue-cesar-y-cecilia-habian-repartido-tarjetas-para-celebrar-su-casamiento- |archive-date=2023-08-20 |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=Diario Chaco |language=es}}</ref> Cecilia da Cesar sun ci gaba da dangantakarsu, duk da haka, kuma ana ganinsu tare a kai a kai.<ref name=":33">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Tenso cruce de versiones, un "matrimonio" y una joven desaparecida: continúa la búsqueda de Cecilia Strzyzowski |url=https://www.diariotag.com/155581-tenso-cruce-de-versiones-un-matrimonio-y-una-joven-desaparecida-continua-la-busqueda-de-cecilia-strzyzowski |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621183823/https://www.diariotag.com/155581-tenso-cruce-de-versiones-un-matrimonio-y-una-joven-desaparecida-continua-la-busqueda-de-cecilia-strzyzowski |archive-date=2023-06-21 |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Diario TAG |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":63">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-09 |title=Nueva movilización por Cecilia Strzyzowski: "Dónde está o qué hicieron con mi hija" |url=https://www.diariochaco.com/640087-nueva-movilizacion-por-cecilia-strzyzowski-donde-esta-o-que-hicieron-con-mi-hija- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622133921/https://www.diariochaco.com/640087-nueva-movilizacion-por-cecilia-strzyzowski-donde-esta-o-que-hicieron-con-mi-hija- |archive-date=2023-06-22 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=Diario Chaco |language=es}}</ref> Mahaifiyar Cecilia ta bayyana cewa a gare ta, César kyakkyawar aboki ce, kuma ta nuna mamaki ga sigar da ta koya daga abokiyar Cecilia, wacce ta yi zargin cewa a ranar 3 ga Mayu 2023, César ta kai wa Cecilia hari.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2023 |title=Detectaron que el clan Sena tiene registrados 15 vehículos dentro de su patrimonio |url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2023/07/07/detectaron-que-el-clan-sena-tiene-registrados-15-vehiculos-dentro-de-su-patrimonio/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719232756/https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2023/07/07/detectaron-que-el-clan-sena-tiene-registrados-15-vehiculos-dentro-de-su-patrimonio/ |archive-date=2023-07-19 |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> A cewar wannan sanarwa, César Sena ya sami magani kuma ya buge mahaifiyarsa a wani lokaci. Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Cecilia - wanda ya kuma yi mata magani na ƙarshe kwana biyu kafin bacewarta - ya tabbatar da nau'ikan tashin hankali na jinsi kuma cewa ya sha magungunan psychotropic.<ref name=":31">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-12 |title=La psicóloga que atendía a Cecilia confirmó hechos de violencia y que César se medicaba |url=https://www.diarionorte.com/233819-la-psicologa-que-atendia-a-cecilia-confirmo-hechos-de-violencia-y-que-cesar-se-medicaba- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713110240/https://www.diarionorte.com/233819-la-psicologa-que-atendia-a-cecilia-confirmo-hechos-de-violencia-y-que-cesar-se-medicaba- |archive-date=2023-07-13 |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=Norte Chaco |language=es-AR}}</ref> César Sena ɗan Emericano Sena ne da Marcela Acuña, iyali mai ƙwarewa sosai a cikin zamantakewa da siyasa, kasancewar shugabannin da ke da alaƙa da gwamnatin Lardin Chaco, wanda ke nunawa a aiwatar da ayyukan jama'a, gudanar da shirye-shiryen ayyukan zamantakewa da isar da gidaje ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi kamar "Fundación Doctor Saul Acuña", "Fundacion Emerciano Sena" da "Cooperativa de Trabajo Emerenciano Limitada". A cikin shekarar 2023, sun sami canja wurin Pesos na Argentina miliyan 141 daga gwamnatin lardin. <ref name=":25">{{Cite web |date=26 June 2023 |title=La Justicia recibió el primer informe oficial sobre el patrimonio de los Sena: qué bienes declararon |url=https://www.infobae.com/judiciales/2023/06/26/la-justicia-recibio-el-primer-informe-oficial-sobre-el-patrimonio-de-los-sena-que-bienes-declararon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719232755/https://www.infobae.com/judiciales/2023/06/26/la-justicia-recibio-el-primer-informe-oficial-sobre-el-patrimonio-de-los-sena-que-bienes-declararon/ |archive-date=2023-07-19 |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> <ref name="Sin_nombre-20231105112123">{{Cite web |date=30 June 2023 |title=El gobierno de Capitanich ratificó ante la Justicia que este año le transfirió más de $141 millones al clan Sena |url=https://www.infobae.com/judiciales/2023/06/30/el-gobierno-de-capitanich-ratifico-ante-la-justicia-que-este-ano-le-transfirio-mas-de-141-millones-al-clan-sena/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719232754/https://www.infobae.com/judiciales/2023/06/30/el-gobierno-de-capitanich-ratifico-ante-la-justicia-que-este-ano-le-transfirio-mas-de-141-millones-al-clan-sena/ |archive-date=2023-07-19 |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2023 |title=Detectaron que el clan Sena tiene registrados 15 vehículos dentro de su patrimonio |url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2023/07/07/detectaron-que-el-clan-sena-tiene-registrados-15-vehiculos-dentro-de-su-patrimonio/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719232756/https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2023/07/07/detectaron-que-el-clan-sena-tiene-registrados-15-vehiculos-dentro-de-su-patrimonio/ |archive-date=2023-07-19 |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> Har ila yau, suna da babban darajar kuɗi da kadarori da yawa waɗanda a halin yanzu ke ƙarƙashin bincike don kauce wa kadarorin kuɗi.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-16 |title=Caso Cecilia Strzyzowski: investigan a los Sena por lavado de activos luego de hallar $ 6.000.000 en su casa {{!}} Vía Resistencia |url=https://viapais.com.ar/resistencia/caso-cecilia-strzyzowski-investigan-a-los-sena-por-lavado-de-activos-luego-de-hallar-6000000-en-su-casa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708232748/https://viapais.com.ar/resistencia/caso-cecilia-strzyzowski-investigan-a-los-sena-por-lavado-de-activos-luego-de-hallar-6000000-en-su-casa/ |archive-date=2023-07-08 |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=Vía País |language=es}}</ref> Daga cikin kadarorinsa akwai yankuna biyu da ke cikin Colonia Benitez, kilomita 10 daga birnin Resistencia, wanda darajarsa ta kai dala dubu 130. A daya daga cikin wadannan makircin shine gidan iyali inda ake zaton kisan Cecilia Strzyzowski ya faru.<ref name=":25" /> Kasancewar Emerenciano Sena a matsayin shugaban zamantakewa ya faru ne a cikin '90s lokacin da ya kafa Movement of Unemployed Workers (MTD) tare da shugaban Ramón "Tito" López . Daga baya, bayan rushewar MTD, Emericano ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da {{Interlanguage link|Sergio Schoklender|es}} da Hebe na Bonafini, mai mallakar hadin gwiwar Sueños Compartidos, don gina gidaje a kan ƙasar da aka mamaye. Koyaya, saboda matsalolin shari'a da na kuɗi, aikin ya gaza. A cikin 2020, gwamnatin ƙasa ta yanke shawarar canja wurin waɗannan ƙasashe zuwa gwamnatin Chaco, wanda daga baya ya canja su zuwa Emerenciano. A shekara ta 2009, an kirkiro Gidauniyar Saúl Andrés Acuña don aiwatar da ayyukan Emerenciano da Marcela Acuña . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2023 |title=Detectaron que el clan Sena tiene registrados 15 vehículos dentro de su patrimonio |url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2023/07/07/detectaron-que-el-clan-sena-tiene-registrados-15-vehiculos-dentro-de-su-patrimonio/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719232756/https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2023/07/07/detectaron-que-el-clan-sena-tiene-registrados-15-vehiculos-dentro-de-su-patrimonio/ |archive-date=2023-07-19 |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> A cikin Zaɓen lardin Argentina na shekarar 2023 a Chaco, Emerenciano Sena, Gustavo Obregón, Marcela Acuña da Fabiana Gonzáles sun kasance cikin jerin sunayen Jam'iyyar Socialists Party (PSU) a cikin jerin sunayensu na Frente de Todos . Emerciano da Gustavo za su kasance 'yan takara na wakilai, tare da Marcela Acuña a matsayin magajin gari da Fabian Gonzales a matsayin wakilin birnin Resistencia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2023 |title=Detectaron que el clan Sena tiene registrados 15 vehículos dentro de su patrimonio |url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2023/07/07/detectaron-que-el-clan-sena-tiene-registrados-15-vehiculos-dentro-de-su-patrimonio/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719232756/https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2023/07/07/detectaron-que-el-clan-sena-tiene-registrados-15-vehiculos-dentro-de-su-patrimonio/ |archive-date=2023-07-19 |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> Koyaya, saboda abin kunya da ya shafi bacewar da kuma ƙin yarda da jama'a, Chaco Front ta yanke shawarar soke aikace-aikacen don tsayawa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=12 June 2023 |title=La desaparición de la nuera de un polémico piquetero de Chaco salpica la política y compromete las PASO del próximo domingo |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/06/12/la-desaparicion-de-la-nuera-de-un-polemico-piquetero-de-chaco-salpica-la-politica-y-compromete-las-paso-del-proximo-domingo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719232756/https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/06/12/la-desaparicion-de-la-nuera-de-un-polemico-piquetero-de-chaco-salpica-la-politica-y-compromete-las-paso-del-proximo-domingo/ |archive-date=2023-07-19 |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> == Bayani game da bacewar == A ranar 1 ga Yunin shekara ta 2023, Cecilia ta yi kiran bidiyo tare da mahaifiyarta Gloria Romero Ruwa ta gaya mata cewa za ta yi tafiya zuwa Ushuaia tare da abokin aikinta César Sena . Dalilin da aka bayyana shi ne don damar aiki.<ref name=":022">{{Cite web |date=14 June 2023 |title=Un supuesto viaje, "rasguños" y su última charla por WhatsApp: paso a paso, cómo fue la misteriosa desaparición de Cecilia Strzyzowski |url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2023/06/14/un-supuesto-viaje-rasgunos-y-su-ultima-charla-por-whatsapp-paso-a-paso-como-fue-la-misteriosa-desaparicion-de-cecilia-strzyzowski/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618211810/https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2023/06/14/un-supuesto-viaje-rasgunos-y-su-ultima-charla-por-whatsapp-paso-a-paso-como-fue-la-misteriosa-desaparicion-de-cecilia-strzyzowski/ |archive-date=2023-06-18 |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> Likitan ilimin halayyar Cecilia ya tabbatar da damar aiki a matsayin dalilin tafiyar.<ref name=":31">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-12 |title=La psicóloga que atendía a Cecilia confirmó hechos de violencia y que César se medicaba |url=https://www.diarionorte.com/233819-la-psicologa-que-atendia-a-cecilia-confirmo-hechos-de-violencia-y-que-cesar-se-medicaba- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713110240/https://www.diarionorte.com/233819-la-psicologa-que-atendia-a-cecilia-confirmo-hechos-de-violencia-y-que-cesar-se-medicaba- |archive-date=2023-07-13 |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=Norte Chaco |language=es-AR}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.diarionorte.com/233819-la-psicologa-que-atendia-a-cecilia-confirmo-hechos-de-violencia-y-que-cesar-se-medicaba- "La psicóloga que atendía a Cecilia confirmó hechos de violencia y que César se medicaba"]. ''Norte Chaco'' (in Spanish). 12 July 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230713110240/https://www.diarionorte.com/233819-la-psicologa-que-atendia-a-cecilia-confirmo-hechos-de-violencia-y-que-cesar-se-medicaba- Archived] from the original on 13 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> A wannan rana aka ga Cecilia ta bar gidan kawunta a Resistencia tare da César Sena. A wannan lokacin, tana sanye da sutura mai launin toka, jaket mai launin toka mai duhu, da takalma masu launin toka tare da cikakkun bayanai. Hakazalika, Sena ta ɗauki jakar jan baya mara amfani. A cewar wani dangi na Cecilia, ta firgita a wannan lokacin kuma lokacin da aka tambaye ta game da rashin kaya, ya amsa cewa zai "saya tufafi a [[Buenos Aires]]".<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-08 |title=Habló la abuela de Cecilia Strzyzowski, la última que vio a la joven: "César subió su valija a la camioneta" |url=https://www.diariochaco.com/640014-hablo-la-abuela-de-cecilia-strzyzowski-la-ultima-que-vio-a-la-joven-cesar-subio-su-valija-a-la-camioneta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621183826/https://www.diariochaco.com/640014-hablo-la-abuela-de-cecilia-strzyzowski-la-ultima-que-vio-a-la-joven-cesar-subio-su-valija-a-la-camioneta |archive-date=2023-06-21 |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Diario Chaco |language=es}}</ref> A cikin Resistencia matsakaicin zafin jiki a watan Yuni ya kasance 15 ° C kuma a Ushuaia ya kasance 2 ° C. A cewar mahaifiyarta ya kamata su ɗauki jirgin sama zuwa [[Buenos Aires]] daga Corrientes don yin tafiya.<ref name=":110">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Desaparición de Cecilia: su familia vinculó las últimas horas con su pareja pero el entorno de Sena lo niega |url=https://www.diariochaco.com/639979-desaparicion-de-cecilia-su-familia-vinculo-las-ultimas-horas-con-su-pareja-pero-el-entorno-de-sena-lo-niega |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621124946/https://www.diariochaco.com/639979-desaparicion-de-cecilia-su-familia-vinculo-las-ultimas-horas-con-su-pareja-pero-el-entorno-de-sena-lo-niega |archive-date=2023-06-21 |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Diario Chaco |language=es}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Strzyzowski da Sena sun bar tare a cikin fararen [[Toyota Hilux]] pickup truck. Koyaya, ba a bayyana ainihin cikakkun bayanai game da inda yake da kuma yanayin da ke kewaye da ɓacewarsa ba. A ranar 5 ga Yuni, mutane biyu da ba a san su ba da suna nuna kansu a matsayin jami'an bincike sun kusanci dangin Cecilia kuma sun ba da bayanai daga wani maƙwabci a unguwar Emerenciano wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa wani abu ya faru da ita.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Desaparición de Cecilia: Su familia vinculó las últimas horas con su pareja pero el entorno de Sena lo niega |url=https://www.diariochaco.com/639979-desaparicion-de-cecilia-su-familia-vinculo-las-ultimas-horas-con-su-pareja-pero-el-entorno-de-sena-lo-niega |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Diario Chaco |language=es}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.diariochaco.com/639979-desaparicion-de-cecilia-su-familia-vinculo-las-ultimas-horas-con-su-pareja-pero-el-entorno-de-sena-lo-niega "Desaparición de Cecilia: Su familia vinculó las últimas horas con su pareja pero el entorno de Sena lo niega"]. ''Diario Chaco'' (in Spanish). 7 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2023 |title=Caso Cecilia Strzyzowski: el misterio de los visitantes anónimos que disparó la denuncia y que los investigadores no logran develar |url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2023/07/06/caso-cecilia-strzyzowski-el-misterio-de-los-visitantes-anonimos-que-disparo-la-denuncia-y-que-los-investigadores-no-logran-develar/ |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref><ref name=":022">{{Cite web |date=14 June 2023 |title=Un supuesto viaje, "rasguños" y su última charla por WhatsApp: paso a paso, cómo fue la misteriosa desaparición de Cecilia Strzyzowski |url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2023/06/14/un-supuesto-viaje-rasgunos-y-su-ultima-charla-por-whatsapp-paso-a-paso-como-fue-la-misteriosa-desaparicion-de-cecilia-strzyzowski/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618211810/https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2023/06/14/un-supuesto-viaje-rasgunos-y-su-ultima-charla-por-whatsapp-paso-a-paso-como-fue-la-misteriosa-desaparicion-de-cecilia-strzyzowski/ |archive-date=2023-06-18 |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2023/06/14/un-supuesto-viaje-rasgunos-y-su-ultima-charla-por-whatsapp-paso-a-paso-como-fue-la-misteriosa-desaparicion-de-cecilia-strzyzowski/ "Un supuesto viaje, "rasguños" y su última charla por WhatsApp: paso a paso, cómo fue la misteriosa desaparición de Cecilia Strzyzowski"]. ''infobae'' (in European Spanish). 14 June 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230618211810/https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2023/06/14/un-supuesto-viaje-rasgunos-y-su-ultima-charla-por-whatsapp-paso-a-paso-como-fue-la-misteriosa-desaparicion-de-cecilia-strzyzowski/ Archived] from the original on 18 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es)]]</ref> Duk da yunkurin da iyalin suka yi na sadarwa da Cecilia ta tarho, sun sami saƙonnin da aka rubuta ne kawai a matsayin martani cewa an karya wayarta ta wayar salula. Bayan sun nemi saƙon murya, sun sami tsohuwar sauti, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin damuwa. Daga baya, mahaifiyar Cecilia Mercedes, ta yi magana da sakonni tare da César, wanda ya bayyana cewa tana Ushuaia tare da Cecilia, amma ya fita tare da ƙaunatacciyarta. Daga baya, an karya sadarwa gaba ɗaya kuma ba a sake yin hulɗa ba.<ref name=":26">{{Cite web |title=Cecilia Strzyzowski: el supuesto viaje a Ushuaia con trabajo y casa, clave para acusar a Sena y Acuña |url=https://www.ambito.com/informacion-general/cecilia-strzyzowski-el-supuesto-viaje-ushuaia-trabajo-y-casa-clave-acusar-sena-y-acuna-n5757824 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708232752/https://www.ambito.com/informacion-general/cecilia-strzyzowski-el-supuesto-viaje-ushuaia-trabajo-y-casa-clave-acusar-sena-y-acuna-n5757824 |archive-date=2023-07-08 |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=www.ambito.com}}</ref> Kashegari, kyamarar tsaro ta kama Cecilia ta shiga gidan Sena da karfe 9:15, to amma ba a rubuta tafiyarta ba.<ref name=":022">{{Cite web |date=14 June 2023 |title=Un supuesto viaje, "rasguños" y su última charla por WhatsApp: paso a paso, cómo fue la misteriosa desaparición de Cecilia Strzyzowski |url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2023/06/14/un-supuesto-viaje-rasgunos-y-su-ultima-charla-por-whatsapp-paso-a-paso-como-fue-la-misteriosa-desaparicion-de-cecilia-strzyzowski/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618211810/https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2023/06/14/un-supuesto-viaje-rasgunos-y-su-ultima-charla-por-whatsapp-paso-a-paso-como-fue-la-misteriosa-desaparicion-de-cecilia-strzyzowski/ |archive-date=2023-06-18 |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2023/06/14/un-supuesto-viaje-rasgunos-y-su-ultima-charla-por-whatsapp-paso-a-paso-como-fue-la-misteriosa-desaparicion-de-cecilia-strzyzowski/ "Un supuesto viaje, "rasguños" y su última charla por WhatsApp: paso a paso, cómo fue la misteriosa desaparición de Cecilia Strzyzowski"]. ''infobae'' (in European Spanish). 14 June 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230618211810/https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2023/06/14/un-supuesto-viaje-rasgunos-y-su-ultima-charla-por-whatsapp-paso-a-paso-como-fue-la-misteriosa-desaparicion-de-cecilia-strzyzowski/ Archived] from the original on 18 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es)]]</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-12 |title=La última vez que se vio a Cecilia fue entrando a la casa de los Sena |url=https://www.diarionorte.com/232429-la-ultima-vez-que-se-vio-a-cecilia-fue-entrando-a-la-casa-de-los-sena |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621124946/https://www.diarionorte.com/232429-la-ultima-vez-que-se-vio-a-cecilia-fue-entrando-a-la-casa-de-los-sena |archive-date=2023-06-21 |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Norte Chaco |language=es-AR}}</ref> An kunna siginar wayar Cecilia a karo na karshe a wani filin kusa da yankin Tres Horquetas kusa da Resistencia.<ref name=":2" /> Masu bincike ba su iya samun shaidar wanzuwar abin da ake zargi da tafiya ba, suna zargin cewa Sena ta yaudari Cecilia da mahaifiyarta, Gloria Romero, don aikata laifin.<ref name=":26">{{Cite web |title=Cecilia Strzyzowski: el supuesto viaje a Ushuaia con trabajo y casa, clave para acusar a Sena y Acuña |url=https://www.ambito.com/informacion-general/cecilia-strzyzowski-el-supuesto-viaje-ushuaia-trabajo-y-casa-clave-acusar-sena-y-acuna-n5757824 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708232752/https://www.ambito.com/informacion-general/cecilia-strzyzowski-el-supuesto-viaje-ushuaia-trabajo-y-casa-clave-acusar-sena-y-acuna-n5757824 |archive-date=2023-07-08 |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=www.ambito.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ambito.com/informacion-general/cecilia-strzyzowski-el-supuesto-viaje-ushuaia-trabajo-y-casa-clave-acusar-sena-y-acuna-n5757824 "Cecilia Strzyzowski: el supuesto viaje a Ushuaia con trabajo y casa, clave para acusar a Sena y Acuña"]. ''www.ambito.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230708232752/https://www.ambito.com/informacion-general/cecilia-strzyzowski-el-supuesto-viaje-ushuaia-trabajo-y-casa-clave-acusar-sena-y-acuna-n5757824 Archived] from the original on 8 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2023 |title=Detectaron que el clan Sena tiene registrados 15 vehículos dentro de su patrimonio |url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2023/07/07/detectaron-que-el-clan-sena-tiene-registrados-15-vehiculos-dentro-de-su-patrimonio/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719232756/https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2023/07/07/detectaron-que-el-clan-sena-tiene-registrados-15-vehiculos-dentro-de-su-patrimonio/ |archive-date=2023-07-19 |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> == Bincike == Tun daga ranar 6 ga Yuni, ranar da aka ruwaito bacewar, Ofishin Mai gabatar da kara nan da nan ya kunna yarjejeniyar neman mutane da kisan mata. Bugu da kari, ta shiga tsakani a cikin Sashen leken asiri na laifuka (Bincike don Masu Rashin Ko Sashen Masu Rashin), Sashen Bincike (Sashen Kisan kai da Kisan kai), Sashen bincike mai rikitarwa (Sashen Cybercrime), Yaki da Cinikin Dan Adam; Sashen Bishara mai rikitar da Rashin; Sashen Labarai; Yarjejeniyar 'Yan Sashen' yan sanda; Sashen Gudanarwa (Sashin Bincike). Har ila yau, buƙatun rahotanni masu dacewa daga haɗin ƙasa, kamfanonin tarho, [[WhatsApp]], [[Instagram]] da [[Fezbuk|Facebook]]. A ranar 8 ga Yuni, Tsarin Lardin Ma'aikatar Tsaro da Adalci na Chaco tare da Tsarin Binciken Mutum na Tarayya suna aiki don bincika Cecilia.<ref name=":253">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-10 |title=Conmoción en Chaco: por un presunto femicidio detuvieron a una familia de piqueteros aliados de Jorge Capitanich |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/conmocion-en-chaco-por-un-presunto-femicidio-detuvieron-a-una-familia-de-piqueteros-aliados-de-jorge-nid10062023/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704154821/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/conmocion-en-chaco-por-un-presunto-femicidio-detuvieron-a-una-familia-de-piqueteros-aliados-de-jorge-nid10062023/ |archive-date=2023-07-04 |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=LA NACIÓN |language=es}}</ref> A bangarenta, Sakatariyar 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jima'i na lardin, Silvana Pérez, ta nemi a gudanar da binciken tare da hangen nesa na jinsi, ta aika da sanarwa ga Ma'aikatar Mata, Jima'a da Bambanci ta tarayya. An faɗakar da 'Yan sanda na Tarayyar Argentina,' 'Yan sanda na Tsaro na Filin Jirgin Sama, 'yan sanda ta kasa ta Argentina da kuma yankin Sojan Ruwa na Argentina, don a iya gudanar da sarrafawa a wuraren da ke kan hanya, filayen jirgin sama, tashar bas, iyakokin lardin da na kasa da kasa, don gano inda suke. A wannan rana, an nemi a buɗe wayar salula da aka sace ta Cecilia kuma an shigar da rahotanni da aka nema a cikin Telecom Personal da Flow. A ranar 12 ga watan Yuni, ofishin mai gabatar da kara ya kirkiro wata takamaiman ƙungiyar masu gabatar da kara don bincika bacewar, wanda ya kunshi Jorge Fernando Gómez da Nelia Velázquez. <ref name=":172">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-13 |title=Caso Cecilia: 4 de los 7 detenidos comenzaron a declarar en la Fiscalía y serían acusados de homicidio agravado |url=https://www.diariochaco.com/640242-caso-cecilia-4-de-los-7-detenidos-comenzaron-a-declarar-en-la-fiscalia-y-serian-acusados-de-homicidio-agravado |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629212017/https://www.diariochaco.com/640242-caso-cecilia-4-de-los-7-detenidos-comenzaron-a-declarar-en-la-fiscalia-y-serian-acusados-de-homicidio-agravado |archive-date=2023-06-29 |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Diario Chaco |language=es}}</ref> === Binciken kisan mata === An kira César Sena don yin shaida a ranar 6 ga Yuni a kotu. Lokacin da ya isa, yana da gogewa a wuyansa, wani abu da kyamarorin 'yan jarida da ke rufe labarai suka kama.[undefined] Mai gabatar da kara ya ci gaba da cewa yanayin hannunsa zai dace da wani yunkuri ga wanda aka azabtar.[2] Bayan ya ba da shaida a matsayin shaida, masu gabatar da kara sun gano saɓani a cikin shaidarsa, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa mai gabatar da kara Jorge Cáceres Olivera ya nemi ya bincika gidan Senas. Bayan binciken, 'yan sanda sun sami sautin nama, wuka, harsashi, tabo na jini da raguwar ƙashi. Kwanaki biyu bayan haka, Olivera ta nemi a rarraba bacewar Cecilia a matsayin kisan mata. Bugu da ƙari, ɗaya daga cikin ra'ayoyin da mai gabatar da kara ya goyi bayan shi ne cewa za a kunna wayar salula ta Cecilia a karo na ƙarshe a ɗayan gonakin alade a cikin gidan Sena.[1] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tpog69khtj8td0vr5c68gxzp0mw7shx 0 123251 822276 747797 2026-04-18T16:29:15Z BnHamid 12586 822276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A ranar 21 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, '''Zhu Haiyang''' (朱海洋), dalibi mai digiri na biyu daga Ningbo, [[Sin|China]], ya fille wani dalibi mai karatun digiri, '''Yang Xin''', a Virginia Tech.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2009 |title=Man pleads guilty in Va. Tech decapitation |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna34510604 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2009 |title=Graphic testimony heard in Va. beheading case |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna31003973 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Killer decapitates Va. Tech student, police say - CNN.com |url=https://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/01/22/virginia.tech.death/index.html |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.cnn.com}}</ref><ref name=":322">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2010 |title=Man Who Beheaded Classmate Gets Life in Prison |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/man-who-beheaded-classmate-gets-life-in-prison/ |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Man pleads guilty to killing Virginia Tech student - CNN.com |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/12/21/virginia.tech.death/index.html |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.cnn.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2010 |title=Student who decapitated classmate is sentenced |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna36649228 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201014021/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna36649228 |archive-date=December 1, 2021 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> Zhu ta tambayi Yang; duk da haka, Yang ta riga ta sami saurayi wanda ta yi niyyar aure. Bayan ya koyi game da wannan, Zhu ya kai hari ga Yang kuma ya fille mata kai.<ref name=":322">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2010 |title=Man Who Beheaded Classmate Gets Life in Prison |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/man-who-beheaded-classmate-gets-life-in-prison/ |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga nan aka yanke wa Zhu hukuncin rai da rai a kurkuku saboda kisan kai.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2010 |title=Student who decapitated classmate is sentenced |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna36649228 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201014021/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna36649228 |archive-date=December 1, 2021 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == Zhu Haiyang tana da shekaru 25 kuma Yang Xin tana da shekaru 22 a lokacin mutuwarta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2009 |title=Man pleads guilty in Va. Tech decapitation |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna34510604 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, Yang Xin, daga [[Beijing]], ya isa Virginia Tech a Blacksburg don yin karatu don digiri na biyu a lissafi.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2009 |title=Graphic testimony heard in Va. beheading case |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna31003973 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> Yang ya tafi taron zamantakewa tare da wasu dalibai na kasa da kasa kuma ya zauna kuma ya fara yin abokai.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web |date=2015-03-25 |title=Virginia Tech Student Decapitated With Kitchen Knife by Attacker She Knew |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/virginia-tech-student-decapitated-with-kitchen-knife-by-attacker-she-knew |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=Associated Press |language=en-US}}</ref> An bayyana ta a matsayin "mace budurwa mai dadi".<ref name=":62" /> === Zhu Haiyang === Zhu ya fito ne daga Ningbo, kasar Sin. Ya bi PhD a fannin noma da tattalin arziki a Virginia Tech, tun daga watan Agustan shekara ta 2008. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2009 |title=Man pleads guilty in Va. Tech decapitation |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna34510604 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Killer decapitates Va. Tech student, police say - CNN.com |url=https://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/01/22/virginia.tech.death/index.html |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.cnn.com}}</ref> Zhu da farko yana taimaka wa Yang daidaitawa da rayuwar harabar.<ref name=":322">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2010 |title=Man Who Beheaded Classmate Gets Life in Prison |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/man-who-beheaded-classmate-gets-life-in-prison/ |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Zhu ya ƙaunaci Yang har ma ya rubuta wasikar soyayya (wanda aka samu a cikin ɗakinsa) yana nuna zurfin ƙaunarsa ga ita.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2009 |title=Man pleads guilty in Va. Tech decapitation |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna34510604 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> Ya bayyana cewa Yang Xin kyakkyawa ce kuma Zhu zai yaba mata har abada. Zhu ya kuma nemi Yang ta zama budurwarsa.<ref name=":1" /> Amma a safiyar Janairu 20, 2009, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2009 |title=Man pleads guilty in Va. Tech decapitation |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna34510604 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> Yang ta ki amincewa da Zhu saboda Yang ta [[Baiko|riƙo]] ta sami saurayi da take shirin yin aure. <ref name=":322">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2010 |title=Man Who Beheaded Classmate Gets Life in Prison |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/man-who-beheaded-classmate-gets-life-in-prison/ |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin wata wasika mai taken "Will", Zhu ya ce ya yi baƙin ciki da ƙin Yang kuma amaryar Yang ba za ta iya kwatanta da asalin Zhu da ilimi ba. Zhu ya kuma rubuta cewa Yang ya kamata ya ga cewa Zhu zai kasance mafi kyawun mijinta.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Man pleads guilty to killing Virginia Tech student - CNN.com |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/12/21/virginia.tech.death/index.html |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.cnn.com |language=en}}</ref> === 2007 Virginia Tech harbi === Bayan harbi mai yawa, harabar ta shigar da tsarin faɗakarwa don sanar da ɗalibai nan da nan maimakon jinkirta sa'o'i biyu.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web |date=2015-03-25 |title=Virginia Tech Student Decapitated With Kitchen Knife by Attacker She Knew |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/virginia-tech-student-decapitated-with-kitchen-knife-by-attacker-she-knew |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=Associated Press |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, daren da Zhu ya fille kan Yang, bayan an kama Zhu, tsarin tsaro na makaranta ya sanar da masu biyan kuɗi 30,000 a cikin rabin sa'a.<ref name=":62" /> An gudanar da azuzuwan kamar yadda aka saba a rana mai zuwa (Alhamis) a fadin harabar.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web |date=2015-03-25 |title=Virginia Tech Student Decapitated With Kitchen Knife by Attacker She Knew |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/virginia-tech-student-decapitated-with-kitchen-knife-by-attacker-she-knew |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=Associated Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Jami'ar ta ba da shawara ga ɗalibai da malamai. Jami'ai sun kuma tuntubi iyalan wadanda aka kashe a harbi na 2007 da kuma dangin Yang Xin.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web |date=2015-03-25 |title=Virginia Tech Student Decapitated With Kitchen Knife by Attacker She Knew |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/virginia-tech-student-decapitated-with-kitchen-knife-by-attacker-she-knew |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=Associated Press |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kisan kai == A ranar 21 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, da safe a ranar Laraba, Zhu ya sayi wuka mai inci 8 wanda ya yi amfani da shi don kashe Yang tare da guduma da wasu wuƙaƙe biyu. Bayan sayen makamai, Zhu ya kira Yang sau goma sha biyu.<ref name=":322">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2010 |title=Man Who Beheaded Classmate Gets Life in Prison |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/man-who-beheaded-classmate-gets-life-in-prison/ |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> On January 21, around 7:00 PM Wednesday night, Zhu attacked Yang with a knife and decapitated her while the two were having coffee at the Au Bon Pain restaurant at the Graduate Life Center.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Killer decapitates Va. Tech student, police say - CNN.com |url=https://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/01/22/virginia.tech.death/index.html |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.cnn.com}}</ref><ref name=":322">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2010 |title=Man Who Beheaded Classmate Gets Life in Prison |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/man-who-beheaded-classmate-gets-life-in-prison/ |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Yang tana da raunuka da yawa a hannayenta da hannayenta yayin da take ƙoƙarin yaƙi da Zhu. A ƙarshe, Yang ta faɗi kuma Zhu ta yanke kanta. Lokacin da 'yan sanda suka isa, Zhu ya cika da jini kuma yana riƙe da kan Yang.<ref name=":322">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2010 |title=Man Who Beheaded Classmate Gets Life in Prison |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/man-who-beheaded-classmate-gets-life-in-prison/ |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Man pleads guilty to killing Virginia Tech student - CNN.com |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/12/21/virginia.tech.death/index.html |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.cnn.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2010 |title=Student who decapitated classmate is sentenced |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna36649228 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201014021/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna36649228 |archive-date=December 1, 2021 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Killer decapitates Va. Tech student, police say - CNN.com |url=https://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/01/22/virginia.tech.death/index.html |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.cnn.com}}</ref> == Sakamakon haka == === Binciken 'yan sanda === Nicole Irvine, daga sashen 'yan sanda na Virginia Tech ta ce ta ga jikin Yang yana kwance a ƙasa kuma Zhu yana tafiya zuwa gare ta tare da kan Yang a hannunsa. Lokacin da 'yan sanda suka umarci Zhu ya sanya hannunsa a cikin iska, sai ya sauke kansa a ƙasa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2009 |title=Graphic testimony heard in Va. beheading case |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna31003973 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> Irvine ya sami wuka a kan teburin cafe, kuma Zhu ya gaya mata cewa yana da guduma da ƙarin wuƙaƙe a cikin jakarsa.<ref name=":3" /> Corey Cox, ma'aikacin cafe wanda ya ga harin, ya ce Zhu ya buge Yang kuma ya yanke kanta da wuka. Zhu yana kan Yang, kuma yayin da yake yanke kanta, Zhu yana kallon Yang tare da kallon "blank, ƙuduri" a fuskarsa. Cox ya ɓoye a bayan tebur kuma ya kira 911 yayin da manajansa da sauran abokan ciniki suka tsere daga shagon.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2009 |title=Graphic testimony heard in Va. beheading case |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna31003973 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> Sauran ma'aikatan cafe guda bakwai sun sanar da 'yan sanda cewa Zhu da Yang ba sa jayayya kafin harin.<ref name=":322">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2010 |title=Man Who Beheaded Classmate Gets Life in Prison |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/man-who-beheaded-classmate-gets-life-in-prison/ |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2009 |title=Graphic testimony heard in Va. beheading case |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna31003973 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> Masu bincike sun nemi su bincika wayar Zhu, kwamfuta, da litattafan yau da kullun don samun alamun harin.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web |date=2015-03-25 |title=Virginia Tech Student Decapitated With Kitchen Knife by Attacker She Knew |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/virginia-tech-student-decapitated-with-kitchen-knife-by-attacker-she-knew |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=Associated Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Kim Beisecker, darektan Cibiyar Kasa da Kasa ta Cranwell, ya ce Zhu ya sadu da Yang kwanan nan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2009 |title=Man pleads guilty in Va. Tech decapitation |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna34510604 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> An lissafa Zhu a matsayin daya daga cikin lambobin sadarwa na gaggawa na Ms. Yang. Mai gidan Zhu, Will Segar, ya ce Zhu ya nuna halin ban mamaki da rikici. Misali, Zhu ya yi hayar wani gida tare da wasu mutane biyu kuma ya ki ya kara zafi a cikin gidan, wanda ya sa bututun ya daskare kuma ya fashe. Segar sa'an nan shigar da thermostat, amma Zhu ya rufe mai dumama.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2009 |title=Man pleads guilty in Va. Tech decapitation |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna34510604 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> Virginia Tech tana da tsarin sanarwar tsaro wanda aka kafa bayan harbe-harbe na 2007. A daren Laraba, lokacin da Zhu ya fille kan Yang, wannan tsarin ya aika da sanarwa ta gaggawa kusan 60,000 ga masu biyan kuɗi 30,000 a cikin rabin sa'a. Darakta na Ofishin Maidowa da Tallafawa a Virginia Tech ya ce kwarewar ta kasance "mai rauni" bayan harbi na 2007. [1] Masu gabatar da kara sun bayyana Zhu a matsayin "mai damuwa" da kuma "mai lalata".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2009 |title=Man pleads guilty in Va. Tech decapitation |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna34510604 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> Yayinda aka tsare Zhu a kurkukun Montgomery County, an kuma kimanta shi a [[Asibitin Cututtukan Zuciya|asibitin mahaukaci]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2009 |title=Graphic testimony heard in Va. beheading case |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna31003973 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> A watan Afrilu, 2010, Alkalin da ke Montgomery Robert Turk ya yanke wa Zhu Haiyang hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai ba tare da izini ba.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2009 |title=Man pleads guilty in Va. Tech decapitation |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna34510604 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":322">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2010 |title=Man Who Beheaded Classmate Gets Life in Prison |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/man-who-beheaded-classmate-gets-life-in-prison/ |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Lauyan Brad Finch ya bayyana kisan Zhu a matsayin "mai tsanani" kuma ya yi farin ciki cewa Turk ya yanke wa Zhu hukuncin rai da rai a kurkuku.<ref name=":322">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2010 |title=Man Who Beheaded Classmate Gets Life in Prison |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/man-who-beheaded-classmate-gets-life-in-prison/ |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A kurkuku, Zhu ya rubuta wasika yana cewa Yang ya ƙi shi "ya tilasta" ya kashe ta saboda Zhu yana ƙaunarta sosai.<ref name=":322">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2010 |title=Man Who Beheaded Classmate Gets Life in Prison |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/man-who-beheaded-classmate-gets-life-in-prison/ |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Halin da aka yi == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f96njoou5txcw3tpkaqmcmwgpne1pi9 0 123294 822270 747902 2026-04-18T16:27:18Z BnHamid 12586 822270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Guddu Rangeela fim ne na baƙar fata na Indiya, wanda Subhash Kapoor ya jagoranta.[1][2] Tauraruwar Arshad Warsi, Amit Sadh da Ronit Roy a matsayin jagora.[3][4] Fox Star Studios ne ya gabatar da fim din kuma Sangeeta Ahir ne ya samar da shi. Guddu Rangeela ya haɗa da Shari'ar kisan gilla ta Manoj-Babli a aiki labarin.[5][6] Fim din ya sami ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa a lokacin da aka saki shi kuma babban gazawar kasuwanci ne a ofishin akwatin.[7][8] == Makirci == An kafa shi a Arewacin Indiya, Guddu Rangeela labari ne game da 'yan uwan biyu da ke ƙoƙarin samun iyaka a cikin yankin da ke cike da aikata laifuka. Rangeela ([[Arshad Warsi]]) da Guddu (Amit Sadh) mawaƙa ne na ƙungiyar mawaƙa da rana kuma masu ba da labari da dare, suna samun biyan kuɗi daga bayanan da aka ba wa 'yan fashi na gida game da iyalai masu arziki a garin, wanda ya kawo musu hanya mai sauƙi da aminci don rayuwa ba tare da samun hannayensu datti a cikin ciniki ba. Kodayake 'yan uwan juna ne, dukansu biyu ba su da kama da juna. Soyayya, ƙiyayya, dangantakar su biyu ana ganin ta hanyar yanayi masu ban dariya da yawa, waɗanda aka sadu da su da kuma hanyoyin da suke amfani da su na ceton fatarsu a kowane lokaci. Bayan sun sha wahala a baya mai ban tsoro a hannun shugaban kungiyar ya zama dan siyasa Billu Pahalwan (Ronit Roy); mai adawa da labarin; dukansu biyu suna cikin hankali a cikin yakin shari'a na shekaru 10 da aka yi da shi ta hanyar Gupta, mai ba da shawara mai gaskiya da ke fada a madadin su. Duk da yake Guddu wanda ba na al'ada ba ne kuma mai saurin motsawa yana da burin girma daga hannunsu zuwa hanyar rayuwa ta hanyar aiwatar da ganimar da kansu, Rangeela mai adalci da balaga ya raina ra'ayin shiga cikin duhu na dokar birni. Kamar kudi, mata ma guba ce ta Guddu, wanda ake ganinsa sau da yawa yana kwarkwasa kuma ba tare da ƙoƙari ba yana janyewa daya dare. Rangeela akasin haka bai ci gaba daga bala'in da ya cinye ƙaunarsa Babli (Shriswara) shekaru da suka gabata ba. Babban ka'idar Rangeela koyaushe ita ce ta hambarar da magajinsa Billo, don haka ya kawar da rashin adalci da zalunci da ya faru shekaru da suka gabata. Sa'ad da ya isa, irin wannan damar ta zo ta buga. Sun sace Baby (Aditi Rao Hydari) suna neman samun sauki 1 miliyan kudi a cikin tsari. A cikin tsari ya sami kansa yana fuskantar mugun Billo mai zalunci. Abin da ya biyo baya labari ne mai rikitarwa na fansa da biyan kuɗi. Wani burin, wani shiri, wani satar mutane da kuma labarin To-and-Fro na nasara da cin nasara wanda ya kai ga wani gagarumin ƙarshe.&nbsp; == Masu ba da labari == * [[Arshad Warsi]] a matsayin Rangeela * Amit Sadh a matsayin Guddu * Ronit Roy a matsayin Billu Pahalwan, babban abokin gaba * Aditi Rao Hydari a matsayin jariri * Sandeep Goyat a matsayin Chottey * Shriswara a matsayin BabliJ * Dibyendu Bhattacharya a matsayin Bangali * Brijendra Kala * Achint Kaur a matsayin CM * Amit Sial a matsayin Sufetocin 'yan sanda Ajay Singh * Rajiv Gupta a matsayin Sufeto Gulab Singh * Virendra Saxena a matsayin lauya * Vishal O Sharma * Naushad Abbas a matsayin mai fashi na gaske * Yashpal Sharma a matsayin Rakshak Bhai * Aparshakti Khurana a matsayin Sufeto Laathi * Omi Vaidya a matsayin Anthony == Karɓar baƙi == == Sauti ==   Amit Trivedi ne ya kirkiro waƙoƙin ''Guddu Rangeela'' yayin da Irshad Kamil ya rubuta kalmomin. An saki na farko "Mata Ka Email" a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2015. An saki cikakken kundin sauti a ranar 19 ga Yuni 2015. ''Sony Music India'' & Zee Music Company ne suka sami haƙƙin kiɗa don fim ɗin. {{Reflist|30em}} == Manazarta == {{Subhash Kapoor}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title}} * Guddu RangeelaaBollywood Hungama  [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r6omhg8ofnczafku8xa6cbv3qpowlh3 0 123395 822250 748222 2026-04-18T16:21:00Z BnHamid 12586 822250 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sharon Louise Carr''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1979), wanda aka fi sani da "The Devil's Daughter", mace ce ta Belize wacce, a watan Yunin 1992, tana da shekaru 12, ta kashe Katie Rackliff mai shekaru 18 ba tare da sanarwa ba yayin da ta koma gida daga wani kulob din dare a Camberley, Surrey, Ingila. Kisan da farko bai warware ba har zuwa Yuni 1994, lokacin da Carr ya kai hari kuma ya soke wani dalibi a Collingwood College Comprehensive School ba tare da wani dalili ba sannan ya yi alfahari da kisan Rackliff ga abokai da dangi da kuma a cikin rubuce-rubucen da aka yi a kurkuku. An same ta da laifin kisan a shekarar 1997, wanda ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa saboda shekarunta da kuma zalunci na kisan. An umarce ta da ta yi akalla shekaru 14 a kurkuku amma ta kasance a kurkuku bayan wannan mafi ƙarancin farashi ya ƙare saboda halinta na rikici a kurkuku. Wani fursuna mai iyaka, ta ci gaba da kai hari akai-akai da ƙoƙarin kashe ma'aikatan da sauran fursunoni kuma a kai a kai ta bayyana sha'awarta ta kashe wasu. == Tarihi == An haifi Carr a Belize a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1979 kuma mahaifiyarta da mahaifinta ne suka tashe ta. Tana ɗaya daga cikin yara huɗu kuma ta girma cikin talauci mai yawa. Ba ta taɓa sanin mahaifinta na zahiri ba.<ref name="Guardian1" /> Bayan sun koma Ingila a 1986, iyalin suka zauna a Camberley, Surrey . <ref name="Independent1" /><ref name="Guardian1" /> Ba da daɗewa ba auren iyayenta ya ƙare bayan wani mummunan tashin hankali na gida wanda mahaifiyar Sharon ta zuba kitse mai tafasa a kan mahaifin Sharon. Wannan lamari ya sa aka kwantar da ma'auratan a asibiti tare da konewa, kuma an tuhumi mahaifiyar Sharon da hari.<ref name="Guardian1" /> A makaranta, malamai sun fara bayyana Sharon a matsayin mai ladabi da taimako. Abokai sun ce yarinya ce mai jin daɗi wacce ta fi son yin tarayya da tsofaffin yara maza kuma a wasu lokuta tana nuna hasken tashin hankali. Daga baya, ta zama mafi munin hali, ta zama mai rikici da neman kulawa, kuma tana da matsalolin da suka shafi iko.<ref name="Independent1" /><ref name="Guardian1" /> A cikin 1990, babban malaminta a makarantar Cordwallis Junior School a Camberley ta tuntubi ma'aikatan zamantakewa game da halinta.<ref name="Guardian1" /> An sanya Sharon a cikin kulawa ta ɗan lokaci, amma ta koma gida bayan wata ɗaya kawai.<ref name="Independent1" /> A lokacin da ta fara makarantar sakandare, mahaifiyarta tana da sabon abokin tarayya wanda ya riga ya sami 'ya'ya mata biyu.<ref name="Guardian1" /> == Kisan Katie Rackliff == A farkon sa'o'i na 7 Yuni 1992, Carr ya yi wa mai horar da gashi mai shekaru 18 Katie "Kate" Rackliff rauni yayin da ya koma gida daga gidan wasan dare na Ragamuffins a Camberley. Carr ya yi wa Rackliff wuka - wanda baƙo ne a gare ta - sau 32 tare da wuka mai inci shida da rabi ta haƙarƙarin ta, a cikin zuciyarta da kuma cikin farji da hanci.<ref name="Guardian1" /> An sace wasu kayan ado na Rackliff.<ref name="casemine">{{Cite web |date=11 March 2020 |title=Carr, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Justice [2020] |url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/uk/5e6f684d2c94e038e9f35f1e |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=casemine |publisher=England and Wales High Court (Administrative Court) |format=Legal application for Judicial Review}}</ref> Carr da wasu abokan hulɗa sun ɗauki jikin Rackliff kuma suka kore ta zuwa Farnborough, inda aka ja ta a kan hanya sannan aka zubar da ita ta bangon makabarta.<ref name="Guardian1" /> Wani rukuni na yara maza sun sami gawar daga baya a wannan safiya.<ref name="Guardian1" /> Lokacin da 'yan sanda suka binciki kisan, sun lura da zaluncin harin. Wasu daga cikin wuka da Rackliff ya sha wahala sun wuce kai tsaye ta jikinta.<ref name="Independent1" /> An lalata gabobinta na jima'i, kuma jami'an sun gano cewa an cire tufafinta, amma babu wata alamar cin zarafin jima'i.<ref name="Independent1" /> Saboda yanayin da tsananin raunin da aka samu da kuma gaskiyar cewa harin ya bayyana yana da sha'awar jima'i, 'yan sanda sun yi imanin cewa mai kai hari ya zama namiji.<ref name="University">{{Cite web |last=Washington-Dyer |first=Karen |title=Criminals: Are They Born or Made? |url=https://glyndwr.ac.uk/blog/posts/criminals-are-they-born-or-made----wrexham-glyndwr-university/ |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=Wrexham Glyndwr University |publisher=Lecturer of criminology}}</ref><ref name="Crime+ Investigation" /> A wani bangare saboda wannan, ainihin mai kisan kai bai san shi ba, kuma shari'ar da farko ba a warware ta ba.<ref name="University" /><ref name="Crime+ Investigation">{{Cite web |title=BRITAIN'S YOUNGEST KILLERS |url=https://www.crimeandinvestigation.co.uk/article/britain%25E2%2580%2599s-youngest-female-killers |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=Crime+ Investigation}}</ref><ref name="casemine">{{Cite web |date=11 March 2020 |title=Carr, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Justice [2020] |url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/uk/5e6f684d2c94e038e9f35f1e |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=casemine |publisher=England and Wales High Court (Administrative Court) |format=Legal application for Judicial Review}}</ref> == Saki na ɗalibi == Tare da Carr ba a kama ta ba, ta koma makaranta amma an cire ta sau biyu a farkon 1994. A ranar 7 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1994, ranar tunawa da kisan Rackliff, Carr ya kai hari kan wani dalibi mai shekaru 13 da wuka, ba tare da wani dalili ba, a cikin bayan gida a Collingwood College Comprehensive School.<ref name="Guardian1" /> Carr ya soke wanda aka azabtar a baya, wanda ya haifar da bugun huhu; an dakatar da harin lokacin da dalibai biyar suka shiga bayan gida kuma suka shiga tsakani.<ref name="Jo" /> Wanda aka azabtar ya ce Carr yana murmushi kuma ya bayyana da farin ciki yayin harin.<ref name="Jo" /> Carr ba ta dawo gida a wannan rana ba kuma an same ta a filin makaranta washegari; <ref name="Guardian1" /> bayan an kama ta, sai ta gaya wa jami'an cewa tana jin daɗin wuka cats kuma ta fille kan kare. === Kurkuku na farko da kuma ci gaba da kai hare-hare === Bayan kamawa, an tura Carr zuwa cibiyar kimantawa ta kiwon lafiya, inda ta yi ƙoƙari ta maƙure ma'aikata biyu. An tuhume ta da laifuka biyu na ainihin rauni na jiki saboda wannan ban da cajin da aka yi wa harin a Kwalejin Collingwood . <ref name="Independent1" /> An same ta a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1994 kuma an yanke mata hukuncin tsare ta "a yardar Sarauniya". <ref name="Independent1" /> Da farko an tsare ta a cikin sassan asibiti daban-daban amma ta ci gaba da kai hari kan wasu mata a kai a kai, don haka aka tura ta zuwa sashin yara maza a Cibiyar Tsaro ta Aycliffe.<ref name="casemine">{{Cite web |date=11 March 2020 |title=Carr, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Justice [2020] |url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/uk/5e6f684d2c94e038e9f35f1e |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=casemine |publisher=England and Wales High Court (Administrative Court) |format=Legal application for Judicial Review}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 1995, an tura ta zuwa Cibiyar matasa masu laifi ta Bullwood Hall a Essex, inda aka yi tunanin cewa za a iya sarrafa halayenta na tashin hankali da jima'i.<ref name="casemine" /> === Confession ga kisan Rackliff === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan canja wurin ta zuwa Bullwood Hall, ma'aikatan sun gano cewa Carr tana magana game da kisan Katie Rackliff ga abokai da dangi a tarho da kuma cikin rubutunta. Ta kuma yarda da kai hari kan wani jami'in kurkuku wanda ta ce tana da 'rush' kuma ta yi magana game da shi ga wani jami'i na gwaji.<ref name="Independent1" /> Ma'aikatan sun faɗakar da 'yan sanda, wadanda suka kwace rubuce-rubucen Carr da zane-zane.<ref name="Independent1" /> An gano litattafan ta sun ƙunshi cikakkun bayanai game da farin cikin jima'i a tunanin mutuwar Rackliff, kuma Carr ta kuma yi sharhi cewa ta ji "kishirwa" wanda aka azabtar kuma ta yi tsokaci game da shaidan da dakarun da suka motsa ta. Ɗaya daga cikin sassan ya karanta "Idan kawai zan iya sake kashe ku [...] Na yi alkawarin zan sa ku sha wahala a wannan lokacin, ku yi fushi. " Halin jima'i na kisan ya nuna shi a baya ta hanyar yankan jikin Rackliff. <ref name="Guardian1" /><ref name="casemine">{{Cite web |date=11 March 2020 |title=Carr, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Justice [2020] |url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/uk/5e6f684d2c94e038e9f35f1e |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=casemine |publisher=England and Wales High Court (Administrative Court) |format=Legal application for Judicial Review}}</ref> Carr ya kuma rubuta "Na yi rantsuwa cewa an haife ni a matsayin mai kisan kai", kuma a cikin wata wasika ga aboki, ya rubuta "Ni mai kisan gilla ne. Kasuwanci yana da kyau. " <ref name="Independent1" /> Ta kuma zana hotuna na wuka da ke ciki.<ref name="Guardian1" /> Masu bincike sun tambayi Carr game da kisan, kuma ta furta kisan, ta yarda cewa ta yi wa Rackliff wuka akai-akai.<ref name="Independent1" /> Ta bayyana wani rauni kuma ta ba da cikakkun bayanai da 'yan sanda suka yi da gangan, ma'ana cewa tana da ilimin da mai kisan ne kawai zai samu.<ref name="Independent1" /> Carr ya kuma san cewa an sace mundaye daga Rackliff, wanda 'yan sanda ba su bayyana ba.<ref name="Independent1" /> Carr ta taimaka wa 'yan sanda su yi fim game da sake fasalin kisan wanda ta aikata kisan kuma, lokacin da aka tambaye ta game da harin, ta yi dariya akai-akai game da cikakkun bayanai.<ref name="Guardian1" />{{Spaces}} 'Yan sanda sun gano cewa Carr tana da dogon tarihin zalunci ga dabbobi, bayan da ta taɓa yanke kan kare da cokali, kuma ta kammala cewa mai yiwuwa tana da wani nau'i na rikicewar hankali. Carr ta ci gaba da rubuta alfaharinta game da kisan har ma bayan 'yan sanda suka yi mata tambayoyi, kuma a watan Janairun 1996 ta ba da ƙarin jerin ikirari ga jami'an kurkuku cewa tana da 'rush'. A ranar cika shekaru huɗu da kisan a ranar 7 ga Yuni 1996, ta rubuta a cikin littafinta: "Godiya ga Katie Rackliff. Shekaru huɗu da suka gabata a yau".<ref name="Independent1" /> === Shari'ar kisan kai === An tuhumi Carr da kisan Rackliff a watan Mayu 1996. Abokan hulɗarta ba su fuskanci shari'a ba. A ranar 25 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1997, bayan shari'ar wata daya a Kotun Crown ta Winchester, an yanke Carr hukuncin kisa.<ref name="Independent1" /> Kotun ta yi shawarwari na tsawon sa'o'i biyar kafin ta kai ga yanke hukunci, ta zaɓi ta yanke mata hukunci saboda kisan kai ba kisan kai.<ref name="Guardian1" /> Hukuncin ya nuna cewa Carr ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta a Burtaniya, tun da yake tana da shekaru 12 kawai a lokacin kisan (Mary Bell, wacce aka yanke mata hukunci tana da shekaru 11 dangane da kisan yara maza biyu a shekarar 1968, an yanke mata hukunci da kisan kai maimakon kisan kai). <ref name="Independent1" /> Lokacin da yake yanke wa Carr hukunci, Mista Mai Shari'a Baker ya ce: "A bayyane yake cewa kuna da dalilin jima'i don wannan kisan kuma a bayyane yake daga hanyar da ka lalata jikinta da kuma shigar da takardu a cikin littafinka, wannan kisan, kamar yadda ka sanya shi, ya kunna ka. A ganina kuna budurwa ce mai haɗari sosai. " Carr tana murmushi yayin da ta bar tashar bayan da aka yanke mata hukunci.<ref name="Guardian1" /> Ta sami mafi ƙarancin farashi na shekaru 14 a kurkuku bayan shari'arta. Masanin ilimin halayyar masu aikata laifuka Gordon Tressler ya lura da yanayin da ba a saba gani ba na shari'ar, yana cewa: "Wannan lamari ne mai wuyar fahimta. Mutum na iya samun abubuwan da suka faru na kananan yara ke kashe wasu kananan yara, amma a wannan yanayin yaro ne ke kashe wani wanda ya kusan babba. " An sanya Carr alama "The Devil's Daughter" a cikin manema labarai. Kafofin yada labarai sun bayar da rahoto sosai game da hukuncin da aka yi wa irin wannan matashi mai kisan kai, suna nuna sha'awarta game da mutuwa da tashin hankali. == Kurkuku da ci gaba da hare-hare == Following her murder conviction, Carr was held in HM Prison Holloway.<ref name="casemine">{{Cite web |date=11 March 2020 |title=Carr, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Justice [2020] |url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/uk/5e6f684d2c94e038e9f35f1e |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=casemine |publisher=England and Wales High Court (Administrative Court) |format=Legal application for Judicial Review}}</ref> She was later transferred to Broadmoor Hospital in 1998.<ref name="casemine" /> While in Broadmoor, she continued to assault staff and other residents and admitted wanting to kill a fellow inmate by slitting her throat. On occasions, she also claimed to believe that she was a [[Kadangare|lizard]] and tried to cut herself to attempt to find out whether she was still human.<ref name="SurreyLive" /> A shekara ta 2004, an ruwaito cewa tawagar kare Carr na kalubalantar mafi karancin farashin shekaru 14 da kuma hukuncin da aka yanke mata, tare da Carr na son a maye gurbin hukuncin kisan kai da wanda aka yanke mata da kisan kai saboda rage alhakin. Koyaya, an yi watsi da roko.<ref name="SurreyLive" /><ref name="casemine">{{Cite web |date=11 March 2020 |title=Carr, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Justice [2020] |url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/uk/5e6f684d2c94e038e9f35f1e |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=casemine |publisher=England and Wales High Court (Administrative Court) |format=Legal application for Judicial Review}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g5ik937ymvvtp2rua3qyqswdpe9f395 822251 822250 2026-04-18T16:21:17Z BnHamid 12586 822251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sharon Louise Carr''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1979), wanda aka fi sani da "The Devil's Daughter", mace ce ta Belize wacce, a watan Yunin 1992, tana da shekaru 12, ta kashe Katie Rackliff mai shekaru 18 ba tare da sanarwa ba yayin da ta koma gida daga wani kulob din dare a Camberley, Surrey, Ingila. Kisan da farko bai warware ba har zuwa Yuni 1994, lokacin da Carr ya kai hari kuma ya soke wani dalibi a Collingwood College Comprehensive School ba tare da wani dalili ba sannan ya yi alfahari da kisan Rackliff ga abokai da dangi da kuma a cikin rubuce-rubucen da aka yi a kurkuku. An same ta da laifin kisan a shekarar 1997, wanda ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa saboda shekarunta da kuma zalunci na kisan. An umarce ta da ta yi akalla shekaru 14 a kurkuku amma ta kasance a kurkuku bayan wannan mafi ƙarancin farashi ya ƙare saboda halinta na rikici a kurkuku. Wani fursuna mai iyaka, ta ci gaba da kai hari akai-akai da ƙoƙarin kashe ma'aikatan da sauran fursunoni kuma a kai a kai ta bayyana sha'awarta ta kashe wasu. == Tarihi == An haifi Carr a Belize a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1979 kuma mahaifiyarta da mahaifinta ne suka tashe ta. Tana ɗaya daga cikin yara huɗu kuma ta girma cikin talauci mai yawa. Ba ta taɓa sanin mahaifinta na zahiri ba.<ref name="Guardian1" /> Bayan sun koma Ingila a 1986, iyalin suka zauna a Camberley, Surrey . <ref name="Independent1" /><ref name="Guardian1" /> Ba da daɗewa ba auren iyayenta ya ƙare bayan wani mummunan tashin hankali na gida wanda mahaifiyar Sharon ta zuba kitse mai tafasa a kan mahaifin Sharon. Wannan lamari ya sa aka kwantar da ma'auratan a asibiti tare da konewa, kuma an tuhumi mahaifiyar Sharon da hari.<ref name="Guardian1" /> A makaranta, malamai sun fara bayyana Sharon a matsayin mai ladabi da taimako. Abokai sun ce yarinya ce mai jin daɗi wacce ta fi son yin tarayya da tsofaffin yara maza kuma a wasu lokuta tana nuna hasken tashin hankali. Daga baya, ta zama mafi munin hali, ta zama mai rikici da neman kulawa, kuma tana da matsalolin da suka shafi iko.<ref name="Independent1" /><ref name="Guardian1" /> A cikin 1990, babban malaminta a makarantar Cordwallis Junior School a Camberley ta tuntubi ma'aikatan zamantakewa game da halinta.<ref name="Guardian1" /> An sanya Sharon a cikin kulawa ta ɗan lokaci, amma ta koma gida bayan wata ɗaya kawai.<ref name="Independent1" /> A lokacin da ta fara makarantar sakandare, mahaifiyarta tana da sabon abokin tarayya wanda ya riga ya sami 'ya'ya mata biyu.<ref name="Guardian1" /> == Kisan Katie Rackliff == A farkon sa'o'i na 7 Yuni 1992, Carr ya yi wa mai horar da gashi mai shekaru 18 Katie "Kate" Rackliff rauni yayin da ya koma gida daga gidan wasan dare na Ragamuffins a Camberley. Carr ya yi wa Rackliff wuka - wanda baƙo ne a gare ta - sau 32 tare da wuka mai inci shida da rabi ta haƙarƙarin ta, a cikin zuciyarta da kuma cikin farji da hanci.<ref name="Guardian1" /> An sace wasu kayan ado na Rackliff.<ref name="casemine">{{Cite web |date=11 March 2020 |title=Carr, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Justice [2020] |url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/uk/5e6f684d2c94e038e9f35f1e |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=casemine |publisher=England and Wales High Court (Administrative Court) |format=Legal application for Judicial Review}}</ref> Carr da wasu abokan hulɗa sun ɗauki jikin Rackliff kuma suka kore ta zuwa Farnborough, inda aka ja ta a kan hanya sannan aka zubar da ita ta bangon makabarta.<ref name="Guardian1" /> Wani rukuni na yara maza sun sami gawar daga baya a wannan safiya.<ref name="Guardian1" /> Lokacin da 'yan sanda suka binciki kisan, sun lura da zaluncin harin. Wasu daga cikin wuka da Rackliff ya sha wahala sun wuce kai tsaye ta jikinta.<ref name="Independent1" /> An lalata gabobinta na jima'i, kuma jami'an sun gano cewa an cire tufafinta, amma babu wata alamar cin zarafin jima'i.<ref name="Independent1" /> Saboda yanayin da tsananin raunin da aka samu da kuma gaskiyar cewa harin ya bayyana yana da sha'awar jima'i, 'yan sanda sun yi imanin cewa mai kai hari ya zama namiji.<ref name="University">{{Cite web |last=Washington-Dyer |first=Karen |title=Criminals: Are They Born or Made? |url=https://glyndwr.ac.uk/blog/posts/criminals-are-they-born-or-made----wrexham-glyndwr-university/ |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=Wrexham Glyndwr University |publisher=Lecturer of criminology}}</ref><ref name="Crime+ Investigation" /> A wani bangare saboda wannan, ainihin mai kisan kai bai san shi ba, kuma shari'ar da farko ba a warware ta ba.<ref name="University" /><ref name="Crime+ Investigation">{{Cite web |title=BRITAIN'S YOUNGEST KILLERS |url=https://www.crimeandinvestigation.co.uk/article/britain%25E2%2580%2599s-youngest-female-killers |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=Crime+ Investigation}}</ref><ref name="casemine">{{Cite web |date=11 March 2020 |title=Carr, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Justice [2020] |url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/uk/5e6f684d2c94e038e9f35f1e |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=casemine |publisher=England and Wales High Court (Administrative Court) |format=Legal application for Judicial Review}}</ref> == Saki na ɗalibi == Tare da Carr ba a kama ta ba, ta koma makaranta amma an cire ta sau biyu a farkon 1994. A ranar 7 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1994, ranar tunawa da kisan Rackliff, Carr ya kai hari kan wani dalibi mai shekaru 13 da wuka, ba tare da wani dalili ba, a cikin bayan gida a Collingwood College Comprehensive School.<ref name="Guardian1" /> Carr ya soke wanda aka azabtar a baya, wanda ya haifar da bugun huhu; an dakatar da harin lokacin da dalibai biyar suka shiga bayan gida kuma suka shiga tsakani.<ref name="Jo" /> Wanda aka azabtar ya ce Carr yana murmushi kuma ya bayyana da farin ciki yayin harin.<ref name="Jo" /> Carr ba ta dawo gida a wannan rana ba kuma an same ta a filin makaranta washegari; <ref name="Guardian1" /> bayan an kama ta, sai ta gaya wa jami'an cewa tana jin daɗin wuka cats kuma ta fille kan kare. === Kurkuku na farko da kuma ci gaba da kai hare-hare === Bayan kamawa, an tura Carr zuwa cibiyar kimantawa ta kiwon lafiya, inda ta yi ƙoƙari ta maƙure ma'aikata biyu. An tuhume ta da laifuka biyu na ainihin rauni na jiki saboda wannan ban da cajin da aka yi wa harin a Kwalejin Collingwood . <ref name="Independent1" /> An same ta a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1994 kuma an yanke mata hukuncin tsare ta "a yardar Sarauniya". <ref name="Independent1" /> Da farko an tsare ta a cikin sassan asibiti daban-daban amma ta ci gaba da kai hari kan wasu mata a kai a kai, don haka aka tura ta zuwa sashin yara maza a Cibiyar Tsaro ta Aycliffe.<ref name="casemine">{{Cite web |date=11 March 2020 |title=Carr, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Justice [2020] |url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/uk/5e6f684d2c94e038e9f35f1e |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=casemine |publisher=England and Wales High Court (Administrative Court) |format=Legal application for Judicial Review}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 1995, an tura ta zuwa Cibiyar matasa masu laifi ta Bullwood Hall a Essex, inda aka yi tunanin cewa za a iya sarrafa halayenta na tashin hankali da jima'i.<ref name="casemine" /> === Confession ga kisan Rackliff === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan canja wurin ta zuwa Bullwood Hall, ma'aikatan sun gano cewa Carr tana magana game da kisan Katie Rackliff ga abokai da dangi a tarho da kuma cikin rubutunta. Ta kuma yarda da kai hari kan wani jami'in kurkuku wanda ta ce tana da 'rush' kuma ta yi magana game da shi ga wani jami'i na gwaji.<ref name="Independent1" /> Ma'aikatan sun faɗakar da 'yan sanda, wadanda suka kwace rubuce-rubucen Carr da zane-zane.<ref name="Independent1" /> An gano litattafan ta sun ƙunshi cikakkun bayanai game da farin cikin jima'i a tunanin mutuwar Rackliff, kuma Carr ta kuma yi sharhi cewa ta ji "kishirwa" wanda aka azabtar kuma ta yi tsokaci game da shaidan da dakarun da suka motsa ta. Ɗaya daga cikin sassan ya karanta "Idan kawai zan iya sake kashe ku [...] Na yi alkawarin zan sa ku sha wahala a wannan lokacin, ku yi fushi. " Halin jima'i na kisan ya nuna shi a baya ta hanyar yankan jikin Rackliff. <ref name="Guardian1" /><ref name="casemine">{{Cite web |date=11 March 2020 |title=Carr, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Justice [2020] |url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/uk/5e6f684d2c94e038e9f35f1e |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=casemine |publisher=England and Wales High Court (Administrative Court) |format=Legal application for Judicial Review}}</ref> Carr ya kuma rubuta "Na yi rantsuwa cewa an haife ni a matsayin mai kisan kai", kuma a cikin wata wasika ga aboki, ya rubuta "Ni mai kisan gilla ne. Kasuwanci yana da kyau. " <ref name="Independent1" /> Ta kuma zana hotuna na wuka da ke ciki.<ref name="Guardian1" /> Masu bincike sun tambayi Carr game da kisan, kuma ta furta kisan, ta yarda cewa ta yi wa Rackliff wuka akai-akai.<ref name="Independent1" /> Ta bayyana wani rauni kuma ta ba da cikakkun bayanai da 'yan sanda suka yi da gangan, ma'ana cewa tana da ilimin da mai kisan ne kawai zai samu.<ref name="Independent1" /> Carr ya kuma san cewa an sace mundaye daga Rackliff, wanda 'yan sanda ba su bayyana ba.<ref name="Independent1" /> Carr ta taimaka wa 'yan sanda su yi fim game da sake fasalin kisan wanda ta aikata kisan kuma, lokacin da aka tambaye ta game da harin, ta yi dariya akai-akai game da cikakkun bayanai.<ref name="Guardian1" />{{Spaces}} 'Yan sanda sun gano cewa Carr tana da dogon tarihin zalunci ga dabbobi, bayan da ta taɓa yanke kan kare da cokali, kuma ta kammala cewa mai yiwuwa tana da wani nau'i na rikicewar hankali. Carr ta ci gaba da rubuta alfaharinta game da kisan har ma bayan 'yan sanda suka yi mata tambayoyi, kuma a watan Janairun 1996 ta ba da ƙarin jerin ikirari ga jami'an kurkuku cewa tana da 'rush'. A ranar cika shekaru huɗu da kisan a ranar 7 ga Yuni 1996, ta rubuta a cikin littafinta: "Godiya ga Katie Rackliff. Shekaru huɗu da suka gabata a yau".<ref name="Independent1" /> === Shari'ar kisan kai === An tuhumi Carr da kisan Rackliff a watan Mayu 1996. Abokan hulɗarta ba su fuskanci shari'a ba. A ranar 25 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1997, bayan shari'ar wata daya a Kotun Crown ta Winchester, an yanke Carr hukuncin kisa.<ref name="Independent1" /> Kotun ta yi shawarwari na tsawon sa'o'i biyar kafin ta kai ga yanke hukunci, ta zaɓi ta yanke mata hukunci saboda kisan kai ba kisan kai.<ref name="Guardian1" /> Hukuncin ya nuna cewa Carr ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta a Burtaniya, tun da yake tana da shekaru 12 kawai a lokacin kisan (Mary Bell, wacce aka yanke mata hukunci tana da shekaru 11 dangane da kisan yara maza biyu a shekarar 1968, an yanke mata hukunci da kisan kai maimakon kisan kai). <ref name="Independent1" /> Lokacin da yake yanke wa Carr hukunci, Mista Mai Shari'a Baker ya ce: "A bayyane yake cewa kuna da dalilin jima'i don wannan kisan kuma a bayyane yake daga hanyar da ka lalata jikinta da kuma shigar da takardu a cikin littafinka, wannan kisan, kamar yadda ka sanya shi, ya kunna ka. A ganina kuna budurwa ce mai haɗari sosai. " Carr tana murmushi yayin da ta bar tashar bayan da aka yanke mata hukunci.<ref name="Guardian1" /> Ta sami mafi ƙarancin farashi na shekaru 14 a kurkuku bayan shari'arta. Masanin ilimin halayyar masu aikata laifuka Gordon Tressler ya lura da yanayin da ba a saba gani ba na shari'ar, yana cewa: "Wannan lamari ne mai wuyar fahimta. Mutum na iya samun abubuwan da suka faru na kananan yara ke kashe wasu kananan yara, amma a wannan yanayin yaro ne ke kashe wani wanda ya kusan babba. " An sanya Carr alama "The Devil's Daughter" a cikin manema labarai. Kafofin yada labarai sun bayar da rahoto sosai game da hukuncin da aka yi wa irin wannan matashi mai kisan kai, suna nuna sha'awarta game da mutuwa da tashin hankali. == Kurkuku da ci gaba da hare-hare == Following her murder conviction, Carr was held in HM Prison Holloway.<ref name="casemine">{{Cite web |date=11 March 2020 |title=Carr, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Justice [2020] |url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/uk/5e6f684d2c94e038e9f35f1e |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=casemine |publisher=England and Wales High Court (Administrative Court) |format=Legal application for Judicial Review}}</ref> She was later transferred to Broadmoor Hospital in 1998.<ref name="casemine" /> While in Broadmoor, she continued to assault staff and other residents and admitted wanting to kill a fellow inmate by slitting her throat. On occasions, she also claimed to believe that she was a [[Kadangare|lizard]] and tried to cut herself to attempt to find out whether she was still human.<ref name="SurreyLive" /> A shekara ta 2004, an ruwaito cewa tawagar kare Carr na kalubalantar mafi karancin farashin shekaru 14 da kuma hukuncin da aka yanke mata, tare da Carr na son a maye gurbin hukuncin kisan kai da wanda aka yanke mata da kisan kai saboda rage alhakin. Koyaya, an yi watsi da roko.<ref name="SurreyLive" /><ref name="casemine">{{Cite web |date=11 March 2020 |title=Carr, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Justice [2020] |url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/uk/5e6f684d2c94e038e9f35f1e |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=casemine |publisher=England and Wales High Court (Administrative Court) |format=Legal application for Judicial Review}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gzfq9hc9ktgymz66gkj13v02coeb70e 0 123633 822238 749103 2026-04-18T16:17:27Z BnHamid 12586 822238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jane Dodson''' (''fl.'' 1683) mace ce ta Ingila wacce aka tuhume ta da maita. Wataƙila ita ce mutum na ƙarshe da aka tuhume shi da maita a birnin London. An gurfanar da ita a gaban Old Bailey a London wanda ake zargi da haifar da rashin lafiya na Mary Palmer da mutuwar wani mutum ta hanyar amfani da "Hellish Arts da Inchantations daban-daban", wato sihiri. An wanke ta daga tuhumar saboda ba za a iya tabbatar da zarge-zargen ba, kuma saboda ita mutum ne mai suna mai kyau. Ba ita ce mutum na karshe da aka tuhume ta da maita a Ingila ba, amma ita ce mutum ta karshe da aka zargi da laifin a birnin London. == Dubi kuma == * Joan Peterson * Alice Molland == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} thq0camyfuv10dlmykixs4f0fahtw7h 0 123634 822467 749104 2026-04-19T09:37:36Z BnHamid 12586 822467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:John_Cotta;_A_true_discovery_of_the_Empericke,_title_page_Wellcome_M0012985.jpg|right|thumb|426x426px|''"Binciken Gaskiya na Empericke tare da Fugitive Physition da Quacksalver, waɗanda ke nuna Banners a kan Posts. "'' Shafin Title, wanda aka buga 1617]] '''John Cotta''' (1575-1650) likita ne a Ingila kuma marubucin littattafai da sauran matani kan magani da maita. == Rayuwa == Ya kasance ɗan asalin Coventry, kuma an yi imanin cewa mahaifiyarsa Susannah Winthrop ce, kawun John Winthrop. A shekara ta 1590 an shigar da shi a matsayin masanin Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge, kuma shekaru biyar bayan haka, bayan ya sami digiri na BA, ya koma Kwalejin Corpus Christi inda, a shekara mai zuwa, ya ci gaba zuwa digiri na MA. Ya sami digiri na MD a shekara ta 1603, sannan ya zauna a Northampton, inda, ta hanyar tallafawa da tasirin Sir William Tate, ya sami babban aikin sana'a.{{Sfn|Chisholm|1911}} == Ayyuka == Cotta ya rubuta da yawa game da Likitoci masu banƙyama, kuma ya fallasa da yawa a cikin littafinsa Ignorant Practisers of Physicke (1612). Ya sanya gardamar Galenist ta gargajiya, don sakamakon cewa kwarewar kadai tana da ƙarancin ƙima ga likitoci. Tare da abokin aikinsa na likita James Hart daga Northampton, ya yi jayayya game da batun ilimin magani (al'adar zamani ta farko da ta fito daga Galen) da kuma buƙatar digiri na jami'a don amfani da ita. Ya yi imani da mugayen ruhohi, Masu sihiri da sihiri. Ya fara littafinsa The Triall of Witch-craft (1616) ta hanyar bayyana cewa waɗannan abubuwan sun wuce ilimin ɗan adam, kuma kawai ta hanyar ƙididdiga da ƙaddara ne zai yiwu a fahimci waɗannan abubuwan. Ya gargadi masu karatu cewa yawancin wadanda ake zargi da maƙaryaci sun kasance masu yaudara, ko kuma wakilai marasa sani na shaidan. Ya gabatar da tabbacin cewa mugayen ruhohi sun wanzu da tarihin gargajiya da matani na Littafi Mai-Tsarki. Har ma ya yi amfani da dalili don ya watsar da "gwajin ruwa" ga maƙaryaci, inda za a nutse da maƙaryaciya a cikin ruwa, kuma idan ta yi watsi da baftismarta kuma maƙaryaashiya ce ta gaskiya, ruwa zai ƙi ta kuma za ta iyo. Cotta har yanzu ya yarda da wasu kamar Reginald Scot cewa sihiri a bayyane yake a rayuwar yau da kullun saboda cututtuka da yawa sun nuna alamun da ba za su iya fahimta ba, ko kuma ba su amsa ga daidaitattun magunguna ba. Har ila yau, ya tabbatar da cewa asusun shaidu sun isa su zargi wanda ake zargi da maita da maita.[1] Cotta ya rubuta a cikin The Triall of Witch-craft (1616): {{Blockquote|Hence as Wítches doe strange and supernaturall workes, and truly vnto reason worthy of wonder; so the Impostor doth things voide of accomptable reason, in shadow, shew, and seeming onely supernaturall, wondred and admired. And hence it commeth to passe, that with vndiscerning mindes, they are sometimes mistaken and confounded .{{#tag:ref|[See Reginald Scot in his discouerie of Witchcraft, where in regard of the seeming likenesse of Impostures and Witchcraft, erroneously he confoundeth them as one and the selfe-same sinne.]|group="nb"}} one for another.}} == Sunan lakabi a Maine == Sunan "John Cotta" an ba shi a matsayin laƙabi daga mazauna Ingila na farko ga wani daga cikin 'yan asalin da suka haɗu a yankin Kogin Damariscotta a cikin abin da zai zama jihar [[Maine (Tarayyar Amurka)|Maine]] a Amurka. Wannan ya faru ne saboda John Cotta ya shahara a matsayin gwani a maita, a cikin mahallin da mazauna suka ji cewa 'yan asalin suna yin wani nau'in addini wanda za'a iya sanya shi a matsayin maita. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} rxtw6rz44wwe8k7hmiab1gqovj2md6f 0 123644 822526 749116 2026-04-19T09:58:02Z BnHamid 12586 822526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Murdered by My Father fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin na Burtaniya wanda Vinay Patel ya rubuta, wanda Bruce Goodison ya jagoranta kuma Toby Welch ya samar da shi, kuma Adeel Akhtar da Kiran Sonia Sawar ne suka fito, wanda aka fara watsawa a BBC One a watan Maris na shekara ta 2016. Wasan kwaikwayon ya ba da labarin [[Kashewa da girmamawa|kisan girmamawa]] na wata yarinya musulma ta Asiya ta Burtaniya da mahaifinta ya yi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Tufayel |date=29 March 2016 |title='Murdered by my Father': inside the BBC's honor killing drama |url=http://europe.newsweek.com/murdered-my-father-inside-bbcs-honor-killing-drama-441857?rm=eu |access-date=8 April 2016 |website=Newsweek}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rutter |first=Claire |date=5 April 2016 |title=Murdered By My Father tells harrowing tale of honour killing as sexy selfies and forbidden love lead to tragic end |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/murdered-father-tells-harrowing-tale-7695691 |access-date=8 April 2016 |website=Mirror}}</ref> Don rawar da ya taka a fim din, Akhtar ya lashe lambar yabo ta gidan talabijin na British Academy for Best Actor . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Tufayel |date=29 March 2016 |title='Murdered by my Father': inside the BBC's honor killing drama |url=http://europe.newsweek.com/murdered-my-father-inside-bbcs-honor-killing-drama-441857?rm=eu |access-date=8 April 2016 |website=Newsweek}}</ref> Fim din da kansa ya lashe kyautar Best Single Drama a Royal Television Society Awards a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rutter |first=Claire |date=5 April 2016 |title=Murdered By My Father tells harrowing tale of honour killing as sexy selfies and forbidden love lead to tragic end |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/murdered-father-tells-harrowing-tale-7695691 |access-date=8 April 2016 |website=Mirror}}</ref> == Takaitaccen Bayani == Mahaifin gwauruwa Shahzad yana renon yara biyu, 'yar Salma da ɗa Hassan, shi kaɗai. An yi wa matashiyar Salma alkawari ga Haroon a cikin auren da aka shirya amma ta fada cikin soyayya da Imi. Bayan rikici da Haroon da maza daga al'ummarsu, Shahzad ya kashe 'yarsa kuma ya kashe kansa.[1] == Masu ba da labari == * Adeel Akhtar a matsayin Shahzad * Kiran Sonia Sawar a matsayin Salma * Mawaan Rizwan a matsayin Imi * Salman Akhtar a matsayin Haroon * Reiss Jeram a matsayin Hassan == Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci == Ceri Redford, a rubuce a cikin The Daily Telegraph, ya bayyana wasan kwaikwayon a matsayin "marar kyau kuma mai karya zuciya" da kuma "wani jarumi na talabijin".<ref name="CeriRadford">{{Cite web |last=Radford |first=Ceri |date=30 March 2016 |title=Murdered By my Father was a brave piece of television |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2016/03/29/murdered-by-my-father-was-a-brave-piece-of-television/ |access-date=8 April 2016 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> Kasia Delgado, a cikin Radio Times, ya rubuta cewa wasan kwaikwayon "ya cancanci Bafta [kyauta] don nuna wannan ainihin batun da kyau".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Tufayel |date=29 March 2016 |title='Murdered by my Father': inside the BBC's honor killing drama |url=http://europe.newsweek.com/murdered-my-father-inside-bbcs-honor-killing-drama-441857?rm=eu |access-date=8 April 2016 |website=Newsweek}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|5518906}} * An kashe ta da mahaifina Preview BBC Media Center * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p03nnns9/murdered-by-my-father ''An kashe ta da mahaifina''] BBC iPlayer {{Honor killing}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] j6rclwhuetnzwdwg477ywlf7k1jao3j 0 123794 822291 749551 2026-04-18T16:34:01Z BnHamid 12586 822291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A ranar 12 ga Afrilu 2015, an kashe ɗalibar jinya mai shekaru 24 '''Karen Buckley''' a [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]], bayan ta bar wani kulob din dare da ta halarta tare da abokanta a karfe 1 na safe. '''Alexander Pacteau''', mai mallakar kamfanin aika saƙo mai shekaru 21 ya kusance ta, kuma ta shiga motarsa bayan an ba ta damar hawa gida. Pacteau ya ci gaba da doke ta har ta mutu tare da [[Sufana|spanner]], ya sanya jikinta a cikin ganga cike da soda, kuma ya ɓoye shi a gona jim kadan bayan haka.<ref name="Glasgow Times">{{Cite web |last=Silvester |first=Norman |date=May 8, 2022 |title=The Glasgow Crime Story of the murder of Karen Buckley |url=https://www.glasgowtimes.co.uk/news/20110190.glasgow-crime-story-murder-karen-buckley/ |access-date=September 21, 2023 |website=[[The Glasgow Times]] |publisher=}}</ref> Kwanaki uku kawai bayan haka, a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 2015, an kama Pacteau a matsayin wanda ake zargi da bacewar Buckley bayan da aka nuna cewa yana da Laifi. Daga baya zai furta kisan da aka yi mata kuma a tura shi kurkuku na rai da rai tare da yiwuwar sake shi cikin shekaru 23.<ref name="Daily Record">{{Cite web |last=Hyland |first=Jennifer |date=18 September 2022 |title=Twisted killer stalked mystery woman outside Scots nightclub before he murdered Karen Buckley |url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/twisted-killer-stalked-mystery-woman-28016046 |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=[[Daily Record (Scotland)|The Daily Record]] |publisher=}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Karen Buckley === An haifi Karen Buckley a shekara ta 1991 kuma ta girma a wani gona a Mourneabbey, County Cork, Ireland tare da iyayenta John da Marian Buckley da 'yan uwanta uku. Karen tana da girma na al'ada tun tana matashiya, ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta St. Mary a Mallow, County Cork kuma ta buga Kwallon Gaelic ga Mourneabbey . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Riegal |first=Ralph |date=17 April 2015 |title=Karen Buckley: Friends pay tribute to girl with the smile |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/karen-buckley-friends-pay-tribute-to-girl-with-the-smile/31149686.html |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=[[Belfast Telegraph]] |publisher= |quote=}}</ref> Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare Buckley ya halarci Jami'ar Limerick kuma ya kammala karatu tare da digiri a fannin [[Ungozoma|jinya]]. Buckley yana son tafiya da fita kuma ana yawan bayyana shi a matsayin mai kirki, mai tausayi, mai sarrafa iyali da ƙuduri.<ref name="Ireland Crime Wars">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=10 Dec 2022 |title=The Murder of Irish Nurse Karen Buckley |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=dAeS5AUN2Kk&pp=ygUNS2FyZW4gQnVja2xleQ%3D%3D |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunta, Buckley ta sami aiki a Asibitin Princess Alexandra a Essex, Ingila, inda ta yi aiki na 'yan watanni kafin ta koma Scotland don nazarin maganin aiki a Jami'ar Glasgow. Ta zauna a wani gida a Garnethill, Glasgow kusa da wasu daga cikin abokanta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riegal |first=Ralph |date=17 April 2015 |title=Karen Buckley: Friends pay tribute to girl with the smile |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/karen-buckley-friends-pay-tribute-to-girl-with-the-smile/31149686.html |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=[[Belfast Telegraph]] |publisher= |quote=}}</ref> === Alexander Pacteau === An haifi Alexander Benjamin Pacteau a watan Janairun 1994 [ba a fayyace ba] ga iyayensa Noreen da Guillaume Pacteau. Mahaifinsa Bafaranshe ne kuma yana da kasuwancin jigilar kaya mai nasara, kuma mahaifiyarsa mahaifi ce mai zaman gida. Pacteau shi ne babba cikin yara huɗu. An bayyana Pacteau a matsayin yaro mara ɗabi'a; yana da matuƙar rashin kunya, sau da yawa yana yin fushi da kuma haifar da barna, har ta kai ga an ba shi laƙabi da "matsala".[1] Pacteau ya girma a Bearsden kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Kelvinside tun yana matashi, amma bayan da kasuwancin mahaifinsa ya ruguje, Pacteau ya koma Kwalejin Bearsden.[2] [tabbacin da ya gaza] A lokacin ƙuruciya, Pacteau ɗalibi ne na yau da kullun, tare da ƙaramin da'irar abokai kuma yana da rashin jin daɗin zamantakewa. Pacteau ya daina makaranta a shekarar 2011 yana da shekaru 17 don fara kasuwancin jigilar kaya na kansa. Ya halarci wani kwas na kasuwanci na ɗan lokaci kafin ya daina. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2011, an zargi Pacteau da kai hari kan wata mace mai shekaru 24 bayan ta kusanci ta a waje da wani kulob din dare, ta amince da shiga taksi tare da shi, yayin da suke neman shi, ya tura ta cikin wata hanya, kuma ana zargin ya yi mata fyade. Maza biyu ne suka ji kukan matar a kan balcon wadanda suka gaggauta zuwa taimaka mata. A shekara ta 2013 kotun ta same shi ba shi da laifi. A cikin 2013 iyayen Pacteau sun rabu, tare da Pacteau ya zaɓi ya zauna tare da mahaifiyarsa a Drymen, daga ƙarshe ya koma tare da mahaifinsa a cikin gidansa. Mahaifin Pacteau zai fitar da shi bayan ya yi jayayya da sabuwar budurwar mahaifinsa, tare da Pacteau ya koma wani gida a Drumchapel jim kadan bayan haka. Pacteau ya yi gwagwarmaya don neman aiki, wanda ya haifar da wani abin da ya faru a shekarar 2014 inda ya fuskanci hukunci saboda yaudarar bayanan banki kuma an yanke masa hukuncin gudanar da sa'o'i 25 na hidimar al'umma.<ref name="The Guardian">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=September 8, 2015 |title=Karen Buckley murder: Alexander Pacteau jailed for at least 23 years |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/sep/08/karen-buckley-alexander-pacteau-jailed-for-at-least-23-years |access-date=September 22, 2023 |website=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2015, Pacteau ya koma wani gida mai dakuna uku a Kelvinside, Glasgow . <ref name="flat">{{Cite web |last=McGivern |first=Mark |date=22 September 2015 |title=Inside killer Alexander Pacteau's flat which is to be rented out to unsuspecting tenants for £675 per month |url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/inside-killer-alexander-pacteaus-flat-6489472 |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]] |publisher= |quote=}}</ref> == Bacewar farko == A ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2015, Pacteau da ƙungiyar abokansa sun shirya halartar "The Sanctuary", wani kulob din dare a [[Glasgow]]. Bayan da kungiyar ta kwashe dare tana shan giya a gidan Pacteau, Pacteau ya shirya taksi biyu don karɓar kansa da ƙungiyar abokinsa amma ɗaya ne kawai ya zo, don haka Pacteau ta kori rabin ƙungiyar zuwa kulob din a cikin [[Ford Focus]], yayin da taksi ya ɗauki ɗayan rabi. Kungiyar Pacteau ta isa karfe 11:38 na yamma kuma ta tafi wani ɗakin a cikin kulob din da suka yi rajista a baya. Bayan 'yan mintoci kaɗan bayan Pacteau, da karfe 11:45 na yamma Karen Buckley da wasu daga cikin abokanta sun isa kulob din. Da misalin karfe 1 na safe, Buckley ta gaya wa abokanta cewa tana barin kulob din kuma za su kama shi daga baya a wannan rana. Yayinda abokanta suka nuna damuwa game da barin Buckley shi kaɗai, ta tabbatar musu cewa za ta sami taksi kuma za ta kasance lafiya, ta kara tabbatar da gaskiyar cewa Buckley bai bugu ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riegal |first=Ralph |date=17 April 2015 |title=Karen Buckley: Friends pay tribute to girl with the smile |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/karen-buckley-friends-pay-tribute-to-girl-with-the-smile/31149686.html |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=[[Belfast Telegraph]] |publisher= |quote=}}</ref> Hoton CCTV daga baya ya kama Buckley a waje da kulob din yana gudana zuwa Pacteau, wanda ya gaya wa mai kula da shi yana dawo da wani abu daga motarsa, inda aka nuna su biyu suna da ɗan gajeren tattaunawa (watakila Pacteau yana ba Buckley ɗagawa) kafin su yi tafiya a cikin motar Pacteau tare. Su biyun ba su san juna ba. Daga baya a wannan rana, abokan Buckley sun tuntubi 'Yan sanda na Scotland kuma sun ba da rahoton bacewarta bayan ba ta dawo gida kamar yadda ta yi niyya ba kuma an aiwatar da aikin' yan sanda mai yawa. An gano cewa Buckley ta bar jakarta a cikin kulob din, kuma a CCTV an kama ta tana magana da wani mutumin da daga baya aka gano shi a matsayin Pacteau a Dumbarton Road. 'Yan sanda na Scotland sun fitar da hotunan hotunan CCTV da yawa, suna roƙon duk wanda ke da masaniya game da inda Buckley yake, mutumin da take magana da shi, ko Ford Focus da aka nuna a cikin fim ɗin ya zo gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riegal |first=Ralph |date=17 April 2015 |title=Karen Buckley: Friends pay tribute to girl with the smile |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/karen-buckley-friends-pay-tribute-to-girl-with-the-smile/31149686.html |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=[[Belfast Telegraph]] |publisher= |quote=}}</ref> Iyayenta sun tashi zuwa Scotland daga Ireland ba da daɗewa ba bayan rahoton don rokon dawowar Buckley.<ref name="Glasgow Times">{{Cite web |last=Silvester |first=Norman |date=May 8, 2022 |title=The Glasgow Crime Story of the murder of Karen Buckley |url=https://www.glasgowtimes.co.uk/news/20110190.glasgow-crime-story-murder-karen-buckley/ |access-date=September 21, 2023 |website=[[The Glasgow Times]] |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSilvester2022">Silvester, Norman (8 May 2022). [https://www.glasgowtimes.co.uk/news/20110190.glasgow-crime-story-murder-karen-buckley/ "The Glasgow Crime Story of the murder of Karen Buckley"]. ''[[The Glasgow Times]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Kisan kai == Da sassafe a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, bayan Buckley ya shiga motar Pacteau kuma biyun suka tafi Kelvin Way, Pacteau ya ci gaba da buga Karen akai-akai tare da [[Sufana|spanner]] kusan sau 13 kuma ya maƙure ta. === Kokarin rufe kisan kai === Daga nan Pacteau ya kai gawar zuwa gidansa yayin da abokin zama ya tafi. Ya ɗauki jikin Buckley zuwa gidan wanka kuma ya sanya shi a cikin wanka cike da soda, wanda aka gan shi yana sayen a CCTV a baya, <ref name="CCTV">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=11 Aug 2015 |title=Karen Buckley: CCTV footage of Alexander Pacteau released |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/karen-buckley-cctv-footage-of-alexander-pacteau-released-1.2313491 |access-date=21 Sep 2023 |website=[[Irish Times]] |publisher=}}</ref> a cikin ƙoƙari na narkar da jikin da kuma share duk wani alamar jini. <ref name="shopping list">{{Cite web |last=Christison |first=Greg |date=12 August 2015 |title=Killer Alexander Pacteau's meticulous effort to cover up horrendous crime |url=https://www.express.co.uk/scotland/597714/Alexander-Pacteau-cover-up-crime |access-date=18 October 2015 |website=[[Scottish Express]] |publisher= |quote=}}</ref> Koyaya, ana sa ran abokin aikinsa zai dawo nan da nan don haka Pacteau, yana tsoron yawan lokacin da ya bar, ya jefa spanner da aka yi amfani da shi azaman makamin kisan kai a cikin Forth da Clyde Canal, [1] ya zubar da wanka, kuma ya sanya jikin Buckley a cikin duvet da dare. Kashegari zai yi ƙoƙari ya tsabtace matrix da duvet na jini, kuma lokacin da hakan ya kasa sai ya ci gaba da ƙone duk abin da jikin Buckley ya taɓa, ya sayi babban ganga mai launin shudi, wanda ya cika da soda mai laushi kuma ya sanya jikin a ciki. Ya ci gaba da barin ganga a High Craigton Farm, bayan ya yi yarjejeniya don hayar gidan tare da manomi. A saman ganga, ya sanya motar keke, takarda, da takarda.[2][3] A wani lokaci, Pacteau ya tsabtace motarsa sosai, kuma ya ɓoye jakar Buckley a Dawsholm Park. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5u7396glppsgpfhkq73r83xzvahy4u3 0 123800 822281 749560 2026-04-18T16:31:11Z BnHamid 12586 822281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A ranar 28 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2020, '''Ruth Williams''' mai shekaru 67 ta mutu daga mijinta mai shekaru 70 Anthony Williams a Cwmbran, Wales. A watan Fabrairun 2021, ya yi ikirarin aikata kisan kai bisa ga rage alhakin, kuma an wanke shi da kisan kai. Masu kare shi sun yi jayayya cewa ya yi aiki ne saboda yanayin tunaninsa, wanda ya kara muni saboda annobar COVID-19. Ƙananan tuhuma, da hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru biyar, 'yan siyasa da masu fafutukar cin zarafin gida sun soki su. An dauki kisan a matsayin aikin farko na mummunan tashin hankali da ke da alaƙa da kullewar COVID-19 a Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-30 |title=Husband accused of killing wife in country's 'first lockdown murder' |url=https://7news.com.au/news/crime/husband-accused-of-killing-wife-in-britains-first-lockdown-murder-c-900590 |access-date= |website=7NEWS |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ma'aurata Williams sun yi aure tun 1976 kuma sun zauna a yankin Brynglas na Cwmbran tun shekara ta 2000.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Hale |first=Adam |date=31 March 2020 |title=Husband accused of killing wife in Cwmbran due to face trial in September |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/cwmbran-ruth-williams-murder-court-18017350 |website=Wales Online}}</ref> A cewar shaidar 'yar Williams, ma'auratan ba su da tarihin tashin hankali ko jayayya. Ta ce mahaifinta ya damu da rage kudaden makamashi a watan Janairun 2020, duk da cewa yana da tsaro a kudi. Daga nan sai ya damu da labarai game da [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]], kuma lokacin da aka sanya kulle-kulle, ya ji tsoron cewa ba zai sake barin gidan ba. == Kashewa == A safiyar ranar 28 ga Maris 2020, ma'auratan suna jayayya yayin da suke kwance a gado a gida. A cewar tambayoyin 'yan sanda na Anthony Williams, matarsa ta gaya masa ya "kawai ya wuce" kuma a cikin nasa kalmomin ya "yi" kuma ya fara maƙure ta. Ta tsere daga hannunsa kuma ta gudu daga ƙasa don dawo da makullin gidan, inda ya kama ya kashe matarsa a kan shinge.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Johnson |first=Jamie |date=2020-03-30 |title=Man accused of Britain's first self-isolation murder, as grandmother found dead at home |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/03/30/man-accused-britains-first-self-isolation-murder-grandmother/ |access-date= |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Bayan 'yan mintoci kaɗan a 6:50, ya faɗakar da maƙwabtansa, waɗanda suka kira' yan sanda. An kawo Ruth Williams zuwa Asibitin Royal Gwent a Newport, inda aka bayyana ta mutu. Rashin jinin ya karye uku daga cikin wuyanta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Hale |first=Adam |date=31 March 2020 |title=Husband accused of killing wife in Cwmbran due to face trial in September |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/cwmbran-ruth-williams-murder-court-18017350 |website=Wales Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHale2020">Hale, Adam (31 March 2020). [https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/cwmbran-ruth-williams-murder-court-18017350 "Husband accused of killing wife in Cwmbran due to face trial in September"]. ''Wales Online''.</cite></ref> == Shari'a == Yayinda Anthony Williams ya yi ikirarin aikata kisan kai bisa la'akari da rage alhakin, an yi masa shari'a don kisan kai a Kotun Swansea Crown. Wani masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam, Dokta Alison Witts, ya yi jayayya cewa iyawarsa ta lalace saboda baƙin ciki, rashin barci, da damuwa, wanda cutar da kulle-kulle suka kara muni.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Johnson |first=Jamie |date=2020-03-30 |title=Man accused of Britain's first self-isolation murder, as grandmother found dead at home |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/03/30/man-accused-britains-first-self-isolation-murder-grandmother/ |access-date= |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Dokta Damian Gamble, wani masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam, ya ce wanda ake tuhuma ba shi da tarihin rashin lafiya. An sami Anthony Williams ba shi da laifi na kisan kai a cikin hukunce-hukuncen da aka yanke. Farawa don hukuncin kisan kai yana tsakanin shekara daya zuwa bakwai, yana tashi zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai. Saboda ci gaba da harin, zai fuskanci shekaru bakwai da rabi, amma an rage wannan zuwa biyar saboda ikirarin laifinsa. A lokacin da aka yanke masa hukunci, an gaya masa cewa zai iya yin rabin wannan hukuncin a kurkuku.<ref name="argus" /> == Halin da ake ciki == === Gudanarwa zuwa Kotun daukaka kara === Kwamishinan Cin zarafin Cikin Gida Nicole Jacobs da Kwamishinan wadanda abin ya shafa Dame Vera Baird sun rubuta wasika ta hadin gwiwa ga Sakataren Gida Priti Patel, Lord Chancellor Robert Buckland da Babban Lauyan Michael Ellis. Sun ba da shawarar sake dubawa game da yanke hukunci don kisan kai na cikin gida, suna bambance hukuncin Anthony Williams da na wata mace da ta sami hukuncin rai da rai saboda kisan mijinta mai cin zarafi, daga baya an rage shi zuwa shekaru 14 don kisan gilla. Sun yi jayayya cewa mata sun fi amfani da makamai don kashe abokan hulɗa masu cin zarafi saboda sau da yawa suna da rauni a jiki fiye da maza, sabili da haka suna karɓar hukunci mai tsanani don amfani da makami. 'Yan majalisa na Labour Harriet Harman, Jess Phillips da Alex Davies-Jones sun rubuta wasiƙu ga Babban Lauyan, suna neman a sake duba shari'ar a Babban Kotun daukaka kara. A cewar Harman, tsohon Solicitor General, Anthony Williams da an yanke masa hukuncin kisan kai idan ya kashe makwabci a waje da gidansa. A watan Maris na 2021, Ellis ya tura hukuncin zuwa Kotun daukaka kara a matsayin mai laushi.[1] A watan da ya biyo baya, kotun ta ki kara hukuncin; Lord Justice Bean ya yanke hukuncin cewa daidai ne ga alƙalin shari'ar kada ta yi la'akari da jagororin yanke hukunci don cin zarafin gida, kamar yadda "Babu tarihin sarrafa halayyar ko halayyar tilastawa ko duk wani abin da ya faru na tashin hankali ko cin zarafi da ya gabata... Akasin haka".[2] Da yake tsokaci game da shawarar kotun, 'yar majalisa Harriet Harman ta ce, "Saiing [Anthony] Williams" ayyukan an bayyana su gaba ɗaya ta hanyar rashin lafiyarsa ya nuna cewa kotuna har yanzu suna shirye su karɓi uzuri.... Don faɗi cewa ba cin zarafin gida ba ne, lokacin da mutum ya kashe matarsa, ba shi da kyau. Wannan shine mafi girman nau'in cin zarafin cikin gida. " [2] === Sauran halayen === Patel ya umarci Majalisar Torfaen County Borough da ta gudanar da bita na kisan kai na cikin gida, wanda a baya aka ki amincewa da shi bisa ga cewa Ruth Williams ba a san ta da ayyukan zamantakewa ba. The Observer ya kira Williams a matsayin misali a cikin kamfen ɗin su don nuna cin zarafi da tashin hankali ga tsofaffin mata. Yayinda ake ci gaba da shari'ar, wani mai fafutukar yaki da tashin hankali na cikin gida na Welsh ya rubuta wani tweet inda ta yi hasashen cewa Anthony Williams yana da tarihin cin zarafi, wani abu da aka musanta a cikin shaidar 'yarsa. Mai fafutuka, da kuma Senedd Cymru - memba na majalisar dokokin Welsh Helen Mary Jones wanda ya raba tweet ɗin, alƙalin ya tsawata musu saboda "bayani ya raina kotu", kodayake ba a dauki wani mataki na al'ada ba. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m0t16mn1t515swzj6r7rrq2jh43dskd 0 124509 822354 811158 2026-04-18T18:37:33Z Gwadabawa1 44111 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 822354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An bayyana tashin hankali ga mata a Peru a matsayin cin zarafi ko tashin hankali da aka yada wa wadanda aka haifa mata. [[Rikicin abokin tarayya]] (IPV) shine mafi yawan nau'ikan tashin hankali na jinsi wanda ke faruwa duk da cewa yana iya faruwa a lokaci guda tare da tashin hankali na jima'i da motsin rai. Mata na Peru suna rayuwa daban da maza, suna fuskantar mafi girman talauci da tashin hankali na gida da na jima'i. A cewar [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]], kashi 49% na mata masu haɗin gwiwa (mata da suka yi aure, suka zauna tare da namiji, ko kuma suna da abokin jima'i na yau da kullun) a [[Lima]] da kuma kashi 61% a Cusco sun ba da rahoton tashin hankali na jiki daga abokin tarayya a wani lokaci a rayuwarsu. Don cin zarafin jima'i da abokin tarayya ya yi waɗannan kashi sun kasance 23% a [[Lima]] da 47% a Cusco. == Rikicin jinsi == Matsayi da nuna bambanci na mata a Peru yana da rikitarwa saboda ya bambanta da aji, kabilanci, da kuma matsayin tattalin arziki na mata a cikin al'ummar gargajiya ta Peruvian. Ba kamar mata a Amurka ba, mata da ke zaune a Peru galibi suna da hannu a cikin kayan aikin gona da kuma sana'a. Gwamnatin Peruvian ba ta san wannan rikitarwa sau da yawa ba. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Peru na 1993 ya amince da ainihin haƙƙin mutum ga ɗabi'arsa, jiki, da amincin tunani. Koyaya, ba ta faɗaɗa waɗannan kariya ga mata ba, kuma ba ta da takamaiman dokokin nuna bambanci waɗanda suka shafi mata. Sashe masu zuwa suna tsara nau'ikan tashin hankali na jinsi da mata ke fuskanta. === Rikicin cikin gida === A shekara ta 2006, cibiyoyin Ma'aikatar Mata da Ci gaban Jama'a (MIMDES) sun ba da rahoton shari'o'i 25,036 na tashin hankali a cikin gida a Peru. Cibiyoyin sun taimaka wa matsakaicin maza da mata 2,067 a kowane wata.<ref name="report" /> MIMDES kuma tana aiki da Layin zafi kyauta, wanda ya kula da buƙatun 7,785 don taimako game da rikice-rikicen iyali a lokacin shekara ta 2006. <ref name="report" /> Kungiyoyin mata sun lura cewa shan barasa da halayen gargajiya ga mata sun kara matsalolin fyade da cin zarafin jima'i - musamman a yankunan karkara. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2006, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 69 cikin 100 na matan Peruvian sun ce sun sha wahala daga wasu nau'ikan tashin hankali a rayuwarsu.<ref name="report" /> Cin zarafin yana da tsanani kuma yana ci gaba da aiwatar da tilasta bin doka, da kuma dokokin da gwamnati ke nuna bambanci ga mata. MIMDES da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun bayyana cewa yawancin shari'o'in cin zarafin gida ba a bayar da rahoton ba.<ref name="report" /> Majiyoyin NGO sun bayyana cewa yawancin shari'o'in da aka ruwaito ba su haifar da tuhuma ba saboda tsoron ramuwar gayya ko kuma saboda kudin shigar da korafi.<ref name="report" /> Kariya ta shari'a da ta jiki da aka bayar sun iyakance saboda jinkirin shari'a, rashin tabbas a cikin doka, da kuma rashin mafaka ga wadanda abin ya shafa.<ref name="report" /> Dangane da binciken da aka yi a [[Lima|Lima, Peru]] a cikin 2007, matan da aka zalunta suna da haɗarin sau 1.63-da ya karu ga daukar ciki ba tare da niyya ba. Bugu da ƙari, matan da suka fuskanci cin zarafin jiki da na jima'i sun ninka 3.31 da za su iya samun ciki ba da gangan ba. Halin da al'adu suna daidaita tsarin cin zarafi. A cikin zamantakewar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na birane, "Mas me pegas, mas te quiero" (Yayin da kuka doke ni, da yawa ina son ku) ana amfani da shi don komawa ga amor serrano (ƙaunar ƙasa mai girma). Wannan yana nuna abubuwa biyu: na farko, waɗanda ke Peru suna zargin matan da aka yi wa duka waɗanda suke matalauta da 'yan asalin ƙasar saboda cin zarafin da suke fuskanta kuma na biyu, cewa mata suna jin daɗin tashin hankali. Shige da fice a cikin Peru ya kasance muhimmiyar matsala a Peru. A cewar Alcalde, yana iya samar da daya daga cikin sakamako biyu. Na farko, yana iya ba da damar mace ta bar mai cin zarafin ta a baya amma na biyu, ƙaura zuwa Lima na iya ƙara tashin hankali saboda mata (a cikin [[Sabon Birni|sabon birni]]) dole ne su dogara da abokin cin zarafin. OjoPúblico ya ruwaito a cikin 2025 cewa an bincika jami'an 2,239 na 'Yan sanda na kasa na Peru tsakanin 2018 da 2024 saboda zargin tashin hankali a kan mata, tare da lura cewa jami'an 269 sun kasance masu aikata laifuka kuma da yawa ba su fuskanci horo ba saboda zargin su na tashin hankali. <ref>Akresh and DeWalque, 2010 ''Armed conflict and schooling: Evidence from the 1994 Rwandan genocide''. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper #4606.</ref> === Kisan mata === Tsakanin shekarun 2010 da 2017, an kashe mata 837 a Peru yayin da aka yi wasu yunkurin kisan kai 1,172 a lokacin.<ref name="PERU17">{{Cite web |date=25 November 2017 |title=#NiUnaMenos: miles de mujeres marcharán para rechazar la violencia |url=https://peru.com/actualidad/mi-ciudad/niunamenos-miles-mujeres-marcharan-rechazar-violencia-noticia-544058 |access-date=26 November 2017 |website=Perú.com |language=es-PE}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2015 ya gano cewa a cikin kimanin kashi 81% na yunkurin kisan mata, hukumomi ba su dauki wani mataki ba don kare wanda ya tsira, kuma kashi 24% na mata da suka juya zuwa tsarin shari'a don taimako daga baya maza da suka nemi kariya.<ref name="dp173">{{Cite web |date=December 10, 2015 |title=Tras la presentación del Informe №173: Defensoría del Pueblo pide sanciones más drásticas y efectivas frente al delito de feminicidio. Nota de Prensa №268/OCII/DP/2015 |url=http://www.defensoria.gob.pe/modules/Downloads/prensa/notas/2015/NP-268-15.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021050759/http://www.defensoria.gob.pe/modules/Downloads/prensa/notas/2015/NP-268-15.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2017 |access-date=August 14, 2016 |language=es}}</ref> === Rikicin LGBTQ === An yi mummunar tashin hankali da aka yada a kan yawan mutanen LGBTQ na Peruvian. Na farko, bisa ga binciken da aka yi don tantance yaduwar tilasta jima'i tsakanin matasa a Peru, maza da mata waɗanda suka ba da rahoton tilasta jimaʼi sun ba da rahoton ƙarin cututtukan rayuwa, ƙarancin shekaru a jima'i na farko, da halayyar ɗan luwaɗi a nan gaba a cikin maza.<ref name=":5" /> Na biyu, yawan mutanen Peruvian sun fuskanci nuna bambanci da tashin hankali.[1] Nazarin tsakanin MSM a Peru sun nuna cewa mata masu canza launin fata suna nuna mafi girman adadin kamuwa da kwayar [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]].[1] Wannan sau da yawa yana da alaƙa da ƙimar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, aikin jima'i, da rashin samun ilimi.[2] Bugu da ƙari, mata masu canza launin fata a Peru galibi suna fama da IPV kuma ba sa samun taimako daga 'yan sanda.[3] Wadannan dalilai sun haifar da yaduwar cutar kanjamau a tsakanin mata masu canza launin fata a Lima, Peru zuwa 29.6%.[1] === Rikicin jima'i === Peru ta nuna hadin gwiwar gwamnatin jihar a cikin aikata da ci gaba da cin zarafin jima'i. Koyaya, hujja da dalilan yin cin zarafin jima'i sun bambanta a duk yankin kuma sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Ko jihar tana inganta cin zarafin jima'i ko kuma kawai ta ba da izinin hakan ya faru yana da wuyar tantancewa saboda rashin samun damar yin rikodin jihar ko shaidu.<ref name=":0" /> Koyaya, ƙididdigar da aka haɗa sun nuna tsari a cikin rikice-rikicen jihohi da tashin hankali na jima'i. Ta hanyar rikice-rikicen Peru da 'yan tawaye, akwai tsawo biyu a cikin yawan cin zarafin jima'i wanda ya dace da lokutan wahala a lokacin rikici. An haɗa shi da raunanawar PCP-SL bayan an kama Abimael Guzmán a shekarar 1992, yawan abubuwan da suka faru na cin zarafin jima'i a Peru sun ragu sosai.<ref name=":0" /> Wannan alaƙar ta nuna cewa jihar ta yi amfani da cin zarafin jima'i a matsayin kayan aiki na yaki. Koyaya, kodayake ya yadu, tashin hankali na jima'i a Peru ya fi zaɓa kuma an yi shi da shawarwari - kusan kashi 71% na shari'o'in da suka shafi wanda ya kamu. Maimakon shiga cikin fyade, ana yawan karbar wadanda aka azabtar idan aka gano su a matsayin masu adawa da jihar. Rikicin jima'i da ya gabata a kan mata a wannan lokacin rikici na ciki, girgizar tashin hankali yana da tasirin kiwon lafiya na dogon lokaci ga mata. Dangane da binciken da Grimard et al. suka yi, firgici na tashin hankali ya haifar da mummunar tasiri ga mata masu juna biyu, sau da yawa yana hana ci gaban yaransu.<ref name=":7" /> Wannan gaskiya ne ko da lokacin da ake sarrafa yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.<ref name=":7" /> A shekara ta 2001, Shugaban rikon kwarya Valentín Paniagua ya ba da hayar kwamiti na mutane goma sha biyu don bincika take hakkin dan adam. Hukumar ta dauki kimanin shekaru biyu don gabatar da rahotonta na karshe. Rahoton ya gano cewa fyade shine mafi yawan cin zarafi, wanda ya zama kusan 48% a Peru. Jami'an soja sune mafi yawan masu laifi (48% a Peru). Bugu da ƙari, ana yawan yin tashin hankali na jima'i yayin da aka tsare wadanda aka azabtar (52% a Peru). A ƙarshe, tashin hankali na jima'i a Peru ya kasance kuma sau da yawa har yanzu ana ci gaba da shi ga 'yan asalinsa. A cewar Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙididdiga ta Kasa, kashi 20% na yawan mutanen Peru 'yan asalin ƙasar ne. Wadannan al'ummomin ba su da fa'ida a siyasa da tattalin arziki idan aka kwatanta da yawan jama'ar ƙasa. Jiha ta mayar da martani da tashin hankali da zalunci. == Dubi kuma == * Laifi a Peru * NiUnaMenos (Peru) * Mata a Peru == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 17beeijv7tpxqmx3b51c0xab1zmnvit 0 124566 822259 751775 2026-04-18T16:23:58Z BnHamid 12586 822259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A yammacin ranar 19 ga watan Satumban 2017, wani dan sanda ya kashe mutane uku kuma ya ji wa wasu rauni uku yayin kisan kai a [[Faris|Paris]], [[Faransa]]. == Harbe-harbe == Da misalin karfe 20:45 na lokacin gida a cikin Garin Sarcelles, a cikin yankunan arewacin Paris, ɗan sanda mai shekaru 31 Arnaud M. da budurwarsa suna tattaunawa a cikin motansu, yayin da matar ke da niyyar karya dangantakarsu da mutumin. Ba zato ba tsammani, jami'in ya nuna bindiga ga budurwarsa kuma ya buɗe wuta, ya ji mata rauni sosai a fuska.[1] Maza biyu na yankin, masu shekaru 30 da 44, wadanda ke kusa a lokacin da lamarin ya faru, sun shiga tsakani yayin da suka ji karar harbin. Mutumin ya fita daga motar ya harbe shi ya kashe maza biyu.[2] Daga nan sai ya tafi gidan budurwar, inda ya sadu da iyayenta da 'yar'uwarta. Arnaud M. ya sake bude wuta kuma ya kashe mahaifin matar kuma ya ji wa mahaifiyar da 'yar'uwar rauni. Daga nan sai ya kashe kare na iyali kuma ya kashe kansa, ya kawo karshen kisan.[3] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] ls811cue1kex4q076ubs3didimfubhb 822260 822259 2026-04-18T16:24:12Z BnHamid 12586 BnHamid moved page [[2017 Fitar da Paris]] to [[Harin Paris na 2017]] 822259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A yammacin ranar 19 ga watan Satumban 2017, wani dan sanda ya kashe mutane uku kuma ya ji wa wasu rauni uku yayin kisan kai a [[Faris|Paris]], [[Faransa]]. == Harbe-harbe == Da misalin karfe 20:45 na lokacin gida a cikin Garin Sarcelles, a cikin yankunan arewacin Paris, ɗan sanda mai shekaru 31 Arnaud M. da budurwarsa suna tattaunawa a cikin motansu, yayin da matar ke da niyyar karya dangantakarsu da mutumin. Ba zato ba tsammani, jami'in ya nuna bindiga ga budurwarsa kuma ya buɗe wuta, ya ji mata rauni sosai a fuska.[1] Maza biyu na yankin, masu shekaru 30 da 44, wadanda ke kusa a lokacin da lamarin ya faru, sun shiga tsakani yayin da suka ji karar harbin. Mutumin ya fita daga motar ya harbe shi ya kashe maza biyu.[2] Daga nan sai ya tafi gidan budurwar, inda ya sadu da iyayenta da 'yar'uwarta. Arnaud M. ya sake bude wuta kuma ya kashe mahaifin matar kuma ya ji wa mahaifiyar da 'yar'uwar rauni. Daga nan sai ya kashe kare na iyali kuma ya kashe kansa, ya kawo karshen kisan.[3] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] ls811cue1kex4q076ubs3didimfubhb 0 124766 822493 752396 2026-04-19T09:47:36Z BnHamid 12586 822493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hayward Montague Davenport''' (1874-1959), wasu lokutani ana kiransa Hayward M. Davenport, masanin zane-zane ne na Ingila kuma masanin magani. Ayyukansa mafi shahara shine babban watercolour mai suna ''Oak da Karfe'', wanda aka nuna a [[Royal Academy of Arts]] a shekara ta 1894. Sauran ayyukan da aka nuna a Royal Academy sun hada da A View of Hampton Court Palace . Ya zana sosai don kwamiti kafin 1901, musamman ga kyaftin din jiragen da aka nuna. A cikin 1901, bayan rasuwar kakansa, [[John Thistlewood Davenport]], Davenport ya ba da zanen don ɗaukar matsayinsa na Shugaban [[J. T. Davenport & Sons]], kamfanin magunguna na London wanda ke tallata Dr. J. Collis Browne's [[Chlorodyne]]. Babban zane mai suna, HMS "Ophir" yana barin Portsmouth, Maris 15, 1901, tare da Duke da Duchess na Cornwall da York a kan tarihin su na kilomita 40,000 na Empire, an sayar da su a Sotheby's a watan Mayu 2002. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1959]] 0zg2kod5qxmn693posg1hwndi927p0b 0 125034 822278 753167 2026-04-18T16:30:12Z BnHamid 12586 822278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Tashin hankali na gida|Rikicin cikin gida]] matsala ce mai tsanani a [[Rasha]]. A cewar Human Rights Watch, inda ya ambaci RIA Novosti, mata 36,000 da yara 26,000 sun fuskanci cin zarafin yau da kullun a gida a shekarar 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-23 |title=Russia: Bill to Decriminalize Domestic Violence |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/01/23/russia-bill-decriminalize-domestic-violence |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Тимаков |first=Алексей |date=2013-01-29 |title=Домашнее насилие в России |url=https://sn.ria.ru/20130129/920211298.html |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=РИА Новости |language=ru}}</ref> Dangane da bayanan MVD na hukuma, a cikin 2015 kusan mutane 1060 sun mutu daga tashin hankali na gida a Rasha. Daga cikinsu, maza 756 ne da mata 304.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=11 January 2018 |title=Жертв домашнего насилия защитят от обидчиков законом |trans-title=Domestic violence victims will be protected from offenders by law |url=https://pravo.ru/news/view/147113/ |website=Pravo.ru |language=ru}}</ref> Dangane da binciken mai zaman kansa na mata 2,200 a cikin birane da garuruwa hamsin a Rasha, kashi 70% sun fuskanci akalla nau'i daya na tashin hankali na jinsi a gida - na jiki, na tunani, na tattalin arziki, ko na jima'i.<ref name="fp">{{Cite web |last=Chamusco |first=Bianca |date=2017 |title="If He Beats You, It Means He Loves You" : Domestic Violence and Women's Rights in Russia |url=https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?as_ylo=2016&q=domestic+violence+russia&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&httpsredir=1&article=1043&context=international_immersion_program_papers |website=University of Chicago Law School Chicago Unbound}}</ref> [[Shaye-shaye|Shan giya]] sau da yawa wani abu ne, kamar yadda Rasha tana daya daga cikin kasashe masu shan giya a duniya, tana daukar matsayi na 26 ta hanyar shan barasa ga kowane mutum a cikin 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-23 |title=Russia: Bill to Decriminalize Domestic Violence |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/01/23/russia-bill-decriminalize-domestic-violence |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |language=en}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2017, 'Yan majalisa na Rasha sun kada kuri'a, 380-3, don kawar da wasu nau'ikan tashin hankali na gida. A karkashin sabuwar doka, laifuka na farko da ba su haifar da "mummunar lahani a jiki" suna ɗauke da matsakaicin tarar 30,000 rubles, har zuwa kwanaki 15 na kamawa, ko har zuwa awanni 120 na aikin al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-23 |title=Russia: Bill to Decriminalize Domestic Violence |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/01/23/russia-bill-decriminalize-domestic-violence |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |language=en}}</ref> Dangane da binciken da aka yi kwanan nan da Duma ta Jiha ta ba da umarni, tashin hankali na cikin gida yana faruwa a cikin kusan ɗaya daga cikin iyalai goma na Rasha. Kashi saba'in cikin dari na wadanda aka bincika sun ba da rahoton cewa sun fuskanci ko suna fuskantar tashin hankali na gida: kashi 80 cikin dari mata ne, tare da yara da tsofaffi suna zuwa baya. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin kashi 77% na shari'o'in da aka bincika, tashin hankali na jiki, na tunani da na tattalin arziki sun kasance tare. Fiye da kashi 35% na wadanda abin ya shafa ba su je ga 'yan sanda don taimako ba, suna nuna kunya, tsoro da rashin amincewa. == Kididdigar mutuwar == A ranar 30 ga Oktoba, 2019, yayin sauraron karar da aka yi a [[Public Chamber of the Russian Federation|Majalisar Jama'a ta Tarayyar Rasha]], tare da ambaton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida, an buga adadi masu zuwa: a cikin 2018, an kashe mata 253 a cikin rikice-rikicen iyali, kuma gabaɗaya, a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, wannan adadi ya kasance kusan mutane 300 a kowace shekara.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=14 November 2019 |title=Закон «о семейно-бытовом насилии» – психологическое насилие над Россией |trans-title=The law "on domestic violence" – psychological violence against Russia |url=https://regnum.ru/news/society/2777954.html |website=Regnum |language=ru}}</ref> Bugawa na Moskovsky Komsomolets a watan Disamba na 2019 ya kara hoton gaba ɗaya tare da bayanan Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida na 2016 da 2017. Har ila yau, yana ba da adadi ga rabin farko na 2019: maza 233 da mata 115. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=20 December 2019 |title=Эксперты оценили вероятность принятия закона о домашнем насилии |trans-title=Experts assessed the likelihood of the adoption of the law on domestic violence |url=https://www.mk.ru/politics/2019/12/20/eksperty-ocenili-veroyatnost-prinyatiya-zakona-o-domashnem-nasilii.html |website=MK.ru |language=ru}}</ref> === Bayanai game da mutuwar shekara-shekara na mata 14,000 === A lokaci guda, an faɗi kuma an rubuta cewa mata 14,000 suna mutuwa a kowace shekara daga tashin hankali na gida a Rasha <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=14 November 2019 |title=Закон «о семейно-бытовом насилии» – психологическое насилие над Россией |trans-title=The law "on domestic violence" – psychological violence against Russia |url=https://regnum.ru/news/society/2777954.html |website=Regnum |language=ru}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://regnum.ru/news/society/2777954.html "Закон «о семейно-бытовом насилии» – психологическое насилие над Россией"] &#x5B;The law "on domestic violence" – psychological violence against Russia&#x5D;. ''Regnum'' (in Russian). 14 November 2019.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)]]</ref> tare da ɗan bambanci a cikin kalmomi: bisa ga nau'ikan su daban-daban, mata suna mutuwa a hannun mazajensu, a hannun masoya, maza da abokan zama, da dai sauransu.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}} Misali, rahoton Human Rights Watch daga 1997 ya ambaci Ekaterina Lakhova kuma ya ba da rahoton kashe mata 14,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-23 |title=Russia: Bill to Decriminalize Domestic Violence |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/01/23/russia-bill-decriminalize-domestic-violence |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |language=en}}</ref> Laftanar Janar [[Mikhail Artamoshkin]] a cikin wata hira ta 2008 ya sake ambaton wannan lambar, kamar yadda [[Kotun 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Turai|ECHR]] ya yi, wanda ya ambaci kungiyar Rasha mai zaman kanta ANNA kamar yadda wasu kafofin suka yi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Тимаков |first=Алексей |date=2013-01-29 |title=Домашнее насилие в России |url=https://sn.ria.ru/20130129/920211298.html |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=РИА Новости |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-23 |title=Russia: Bill to Decriminalize Domestic Violence |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/01/23/russia-bill-decriminalize-domestic-violence |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |language=en}}</ref> ==== Asalin lambar ==== Marina Pisklakova-Parker, darakta na Cibiyar ANNA, ta bayyana cewa mutane 14,000 da aka azabtar a shekara-shekara ("ƙididdiga game da kashe-kashen mata waɗanda mutane da yawa ke magana da su") adadi ne da aka buga a cikin 1995 a cikin rahoton da Tarayyar Rasha ta gabatar wa Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar kan Kaddamar da Dukkanin Nuna Bambanci ga Mata. Pisklakova-Parker ya yi imanin cewa a 1993 wannan adadi gaskiya ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-23 |title=Russia: Bill to Decriminalize Domestic Violence |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/01/23/russia-bill-decriminalize-domestic-violence |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |language=en}}</ref> Alexander Kovalenin, mai adawa da dokar tashin hankali ta cikin gida, ya yarda da Pisklakova-Parker cewa 14,000 shine adadi daga 1993, amma ya yi la'akari da cewa ba daidai ba ne da farko:<blockquote>"Wannan adadi ne na 1993, kimantawa na jimlar kisan mata da gangan (ba kawai a cikin iyali ba), wanda wani daga Ma'aikatar Ayyuka ya saka a cikin rahoton Rasha ga Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da nuna bambanci ga Mata. "</blockquote>Wannan nuni, a cewar Kovalenin, an sake amfani da shi a cikin 1999, a cikin rahoton na biyar, kuma an sake shi na tsawon shekaru 20-25 ba tare da sake dubawa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-23 |title=Russia: Bill to Decriminalize Domestic Violence |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/01/23/russia-bill-decriminalize-domestic-violence |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |language=en}}</ref> == Kididdigar aikata laifuka == A cewar Rosstat, yawan wadanda aka azabtar da laifuka da suka shafi tashin hankali a kan wani dan iyali a shekarar 2017 ya kasance (ta hanyar jima'i) mata 25,700 da maza 10,400. {| class="wikitable" |+Adadin wadanda aka azabtar da su a cikin iyali !Shekara !Jimillar !daga cikinsu mata !Ma'aurata !Daga cikinsu mata !'Ya'ya maza ko mata !daga cikinsu mata |- |2012 |34,026 |24,231 |12,954 |11,640 |7,345 |3,697 |- |2013 |38,235 |27,993 |14,565 |13,269 |7,731 |4,077 |- |2014 |42,829 |31,358 |16,671 |15,246 |8,871 |4,722 |- |2015 |50,780 |36,493 |19,998 |17,908 |11,181 |5,809 |- |2016 |65,543 |49,765 |29,788 |27,256 |12,314 |6,419 |- |2017 |36,037 |25,667 |15,504 |13,360 |8,020 |3,911 |- |2018 |33,235 |23,518 |14,722 |12,516 |7,142 |3,584 |} Lokacin la'akari da bayanan game da laifuka na tashin hankali a kan 'yan uwa, ana iya lura da cewa har zuwa farkon shekarar 2017 yawan wadanda abin ya shafa yana ƙaruwa, amma a cikin 2017 ba zato ba tsammani ya sauka zuwa dubu 36 (shekara daya da ta gabata ya kasance dubu 65.5). Ragewar ta faru ne bayan da Duma ta Jiha ta yi watsi da duka a watan Janairun 2017, bayan haka cin zarafin jiki ba tare da mummunar sakamako ga kiwon lafiya ba yayin rikice-rikicen iyali ya zama laifi na gudanarwa (ba laifi ba) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-23 |title=Russia: Bill to Decriminalize Domestic Violence |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/01/23/russia-bill-decriminalize-domestic-violence |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |language=en}}</ref> a lokuta inda ba sake dawowa ba ne. == Dubi kuma == * Shari'ar 'yan'uwa mata na Khachaturian * Laifi a Rasha == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] atsoihat2g0l2ei9td9pvyjy3nxm741 0 125233 822194 820446 2026-04-18T12:02:09Z Pharouqenr 25549 822194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''TRobert Andrew Berdella Jr.''' (Janairu 31, 1949 - Oktoba 8, 1992) ɗan asalin [[Amurka]] ne wanda ya sace, ya yi wa fyade, ya azabtar, kuma ya kashe akalla samari shida bayan ya tilasta wa waɗanda ya kashe su jimre wa lokutan har zuwa makonni shida na bauta. Laifukansa sun faru ne a Kansas City, Missouri, tsakanin 1984 da 1987.{{Spaced en dash}}{{Spaces}} Da yake bayyana kisan gillar da ya yi a matsayin "wasu daga cikin mafarkina mafi duhu da suka zama gaskiyata",[1]:264 Berdella ya amsa laifinsa kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai ba tare da yiwuwar a yi masa afuwa ba saboda kisan gillar farko da ya yi wa ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ya kashe, Larry Pearson, a watan Agusta na 1988; daga baya ya amsa laifinsa na ƙarin tuhumar kisan kai na mataki na farko da kuma tuhume-tuhume huɗu na kisan kai na mataki na biyu a watan Disamba na 1988.[2] Ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya yayin da yake tsare a gidan yarin Jihar Missouri a watan Oktoba na 1992.[3] Berdella ya zama sananne a matsayin Kansas City Butcher saboda aikinsa na rarraba jikin wadanda aka kashe, wanda zai zubar da shi a cikin jaka, da kuma The Collector saboda fim din da ya bayyana shi ne tushen tunanin da ke bayan tsarin aikata laifukansa. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Robert Berdella a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1949, a Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, [1]: 45 na farko daga cikin 'ya'ya maza biyu da aka haifa wa Robert Andrew Berdella Sr., mai mutuwa ga Kamfanin Motar Ford, da Mary Louise (née Huffman) Berdella. [2] ::45 Mahaifin Berdella ya kasance mai ibada Roman Katolika na zuriyar Italiya, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta fito ne daga Jamusanci da Burtaniya. Iyalin suna halartar Mass a kai a kai, kuma 'ya'ya maza biyu suna halartar darussan ilimin addini a kai a hankali. Yayinda yake yaro, Berdella yana da basira amma mai zaman kansa wanda ba ya yawan wasa a waje da gidansa kuma ba ya yawan samun abokai don yin hulɗa. Yana da matsalar magana kuma yana sanye da tabarau masu kauri tun yana da shekaru biyar saboda yana da hangen nesa sosai; an kuma gano shi da hawan jini, wanda ya sha magunguna da yawa. Berdella ya kasance mai yawan wasanni, yayin da ƙanensa, Daniel, ɗan shekara bakwai, ya nuna ƙwarewar wasanni tun yana ƙarami. Mahaifin Berdella ya ba da daraja ga wasanni da ilimin jiki kuma ya kalli rashin sha'awar ɗansa na fari a matsayin alamar gazawar, sau da yawa yana kwatanta shi da ɗan'uwansa. Lokaci-lokaci, mahaifin Berdella ya wulakanta 'ya'yansa a jiki da kuma motsin rai, kamar ta hanyar doke su da madauri. : 183 {{Rp|183}} Berdella ya yi aiki sosai a ilimi, kodayake malamai galibi suna ganin yana da wahalar koyarwa, wani bangare saboda nisantarsa da kasancewa mai karɓar zalunci daga wasu ɗalibai. Saboda haka, ba ya yawan hulɗa da takwarorinsa. : 46–47 {{Rp|46–47}} Lokacin da Berdella ya kai lokacin balaga, ya gano cewa shi [[Jima'in jinsi|ɗan luwaɗi]] ne; da farko, ya ɓoye wannan gaskiyar sirri, kuma bai bayyana a fili game da jima'i ba har shekaru da yawa. Duk da haka, a farkon shekarunsa, ya ɗan sami budurwa. : 47 {{Rp|47}} === Samartaka === A tsakiyar shekarunsa, Berdella ya fara nuna wani mataki na tashin hankali, ya zama mara kyau da kuma ƙasƙantar da wasu, musamman mata. Ya koyi game da dafa abinci da fasaha kuma ya bunkasa nunawa. A ranar Kirsimeti ta 1965, dangin Berdella sun tafi Canton, Ohio, don ziyartar dangi. A wannan maraice, mahaifin Berdella ya kamu da ciwon zuciya yana da shekaru 39. Kwanaki biyu bayan haka, Berdella ya koma Cuyahoga Falls da kansa. Lokacin da ya isa gida, iyalinsa sun gaya masa cewa mahaifinsa ya mutu.<ref name="Burial" /> :{{Rp|353}} Berdella ya nemi ta'aziyya a cikin Katolika, yana karantawa sosai game da addinai da yawa. Daga bisani ya zama mai cin amana game da duk addinai. A shekara ta 1965, Berdella ya ga Fim din da aka yi amfani da shi na littafin John Fowles mai suna The Collector . Makircin fim din ya kewaye da wani mutum mai damuwa wanda ya bi sannan ya sace wata budurwa wacce ya ga kyakkyawa, yana riƙe da ita a cikin ginshiki na dutse mara taga kuma yana kallon ta a matsayin kadan fiye da samfurin kyakkyawa. Bayan makonni da yawa, matar ta mutu daga rashin lafiya duk da kokarin da mai kama ta ya yi na kiyaye ta da rai. Berdella daga baya ya bayyana cewa wannan fim din ya samar da ra'ayi mai dorewa a kansa.<ref name="Aamodt2006">{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Ryan |last2=Aust |first2=Ashley |last3=Bisset |first3=Danielle |last4=Jamba |first4=Timothy |last5=Jones |first5=John |last6=King |first6=Audrey |last7=Kowalski |first7=Jennifer |last8=Krell |first8=Elizabeth |last9=Layton |first9=Jaclyn |date=2006 |editor-last=Aamodt |editor-first=Mike |editor-link=Mike Aamodt |title=Robert Berdella: The Butcher of Kansas City, Missouri |url=http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/serial%20killers/Berdella,%20Robert.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103180215/http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/serial%20killers/Berdella,%20Robert.htm |archive-date=November 3, 2015 |publisher=Radford University}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwar mahaifin Berdella, mahaifiyarsa ta sake yin aure, wani mataki da Berdella ya fusata da fushi, wanda ya kalli shi a matsayin hanyar cin amana ga mahaifinsa. A sakamakon haka, ya kara janyewa kuma ya kara nutsewa cikin ayyukan da ya shiga tun yana yaro, kamar zane, tattara tsabar kudi da hatimi, da rubutu ga abokan alkalami na kasashen waje. Berdella daga baya zai yi iƙirarin cewa sha'awar rubuce-rubuce ga abokan rubutu a ƙasashe kamar [[Vietnam]] da [[Myanmar|Burma]] da kuma aika masa hatimi, da hotuna na gumakan tarihi da tarihi, al'adun gargajiya, da gine-gine, za su haifar da sha'awarsa ga fasahar farko, hotuna, da kayan tarihi. Daga kimanin 1965, ya fara tattara irin waɗannan kayan tarihi; wannan aikin zai karfafa shi ya buɗe kasuwancinsa na kayan tarihi a shekarar 1982. == Komawa zuwa Birnin Kansas == === Shekaru na kwaleji === A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1967, Berdella ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Cuyahoga Falls . A duk lokacin da yake karatu a makarantar sakandare, ya sami irin wannan kyakkyawan maki kuma ya nuna irin wannan damar cewa a shekarar 1966, wani malami ya sanya shi a cikin shirin karatu mai zaman kansa. :{{Rp|100}}">&#x3A;&#x200A;100&#x200A; Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa, Berdella ya koma Kansas City, ya shiga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kansas City (KCAI), tare da burin zama farfesa a kwaleji.<ref name="Burial" /> : 46 A cikin shekara ta farko a KCAI, an dauki Berdella a matsayin dalibi mai hankali da basira, kodayake a shekara ta biyu, ya zama masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ya saba da ƙungiyar ɗalibai waɗanda suka ba shi kwayoyi, wanda ya sayar wa wasu ɗalibai da riba. Bugu da kari, ya fara shan giya akai-akai. Ya kuma shiga cikin ayyukan azabtar da dabbobi a kalla sau biyu; a lokacin daya daga cikin wadannan lokuta, ya yanke kan duck a gaban takwarorinsa, kuma a karo na biyu, ya yi gwaji tare da sedatives da tranquilizers a kan kare.<ref name="Burial" /> : 104  At the age of 19, Berdella was arrested for attempting to sell methamphetamine to an undercover officer;<ref name="Kidnappings">{{Cite book|last3=Michael Newton (author)}}</ref> he was released after posting a $3,000 bond (equivalent to about $27,100 {{As of|2025}}).[12] He would later plead guilty to the offense and was handed a five-year suspended sentence. One month after this first arrest, Berdella and two other students were arrested for possession of marijuana and LSD in Johnson County. On this occasion, Berdella could not post bond, and he spent five days in jail; the charges against him and one of the other students would be dropped due to a lack of evidence.{{Rp|103}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tm2aru7m86viz6xjw946jxsishn68cm 822195 822194 2026-04-18T12:02:22Z Pharouqenr 25549 822195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''TRobert Andrew Berdella Jr.''' (Janairu 31, 1949 - Oktoba 8, 1992) ɗan asalin [[Amurka]] ne wanda ya sace, ya yi wa fyade, ya azabtar, kuma ya kashe akalla samari shida bayan ya tilasta wa waɗanda ya kashe su jimre wa lokutan har zuwa makonni shida na bauta. Laifukansa sun faru ne a Kansas City, Missouri, tsakanin 1984 da 1987. Da yake bayyana kisan gillar da ya yi a matsayin "wasu daga cikin mafarkina mafi duhu da suka zama gaskiyata",[1]:264 Berdella ya amsa laifinsa kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai ba tare da yiwuwar a yi masa afuwa ba saboda kisan gillar farko da ya yi wa ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ya kashe, Larry Pearson, a watan Agusta na 1988; daga baya ya amsa laifinsa na ƙarin tuhumar kisan kai na mataki na farko da kuma tuhume-tuhume huɗu na kisan kai na mataki na biyu a watan Disamba na 1988.[2] Ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya yayin da yake tsare a gidan yarin Jihar Missouri a watan Oktoba na 1992.[3] Berdella ya zama sananne a matsayin Kansas City Butcher saboda aikinsa na rarraba jikin wadanda aka kashe, wanda zai zubar da shi a cikin jaka, da kuma The Collector saboda fim din da ya bayyana shi ne tushen tunanin da ke bayan tsarin aikata laifukansa. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Robert Berdella a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1949, a Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, [1]: 45 na farko daga cikin 'ya'ya maza biyu da aka haifa wa Robert Andrew Berdella Sr., mai mutuwa ga Kamfanin Motar Ford, da Mary Louise (née Huffman) Berdella. [2] ::45 Mahaifin Berdella ya kasance mai ibada Roman Katolika na zuriyar Italiya, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta fito ne daga Jamusanci da Burtaniya. Iyalin suna halartar Mass a kai a kai, kuma 'ya'ya maza biyu suna halartar darussan ilimin addini a kai a hankali. Yayinda yake yaro, Berdella yana da basira amma mai zaman kansa wanda ba ya yawan wasa a waje da gidansa kuma ba ya yawan samun abokai don yin hulɗa. Yana da matsalar magana kuma yana sanye da tabarau masu kauri tun yana da shekaru biyar saboda yana da hangen nesa sosai; an kuma gano shi da hawan jini, wanda ya sha magunguna da yawa. Berdella ya kasance mai yawan wasanni, yayin da ƙanensa, Daniel, ɗan shekara bakwai, ya nuna ƙwarewar wasanni tun yana ƙarami. Mahaifin Berdella ya ba da daraja ga wasanni da ilimin jiki kuma ya kalli rashin sha'awar ɗansa na fari a matsayin alamar gazawar, sau da yawa yana kwatanta shi da ɗan'uwansa. Lokaci-lokaci, mahaifin Berdella ya wulakanta 'ya'yansa a jiki da kuma motsin rai, kamar ta hanyar doke su da madauri. : 183 {{Rp|183}} Berdella ya yi aiki sosai a ilimi, kodayake malamai galibi suna ganin yana da wahalar koyarwa, wani bangare saboda nisantarsa da kasancewa mai karɓar zalunci daga wasu ɗalibai. Saboda haka, ba ya yawan hulɗa da takwarorinsa. : 46–47 {{Rp|46–47}} Lokacin da Berdella ya kai lokacin balaga, ya gano cewa shi [[Jima'in jinsi|ɗan luwaɗi]] ne; da farko, ya ɓoye wannan gaskiyar sirri, kuma bai bayyana a fili game da jima'i ba har shekaru da yawa. Duk da haka, a farkon shekarunsa, ya ɗan sami budurwa. : 47 {{Rp|47}} === Samartaka === A tsakiyar shekarunsa, Berdella ya fara nuna wani mataki na tashin hankali, ya zama mara kyau da kuma ƙasƙantar da wasu, musamman mata. Ya koyi game da dafa abinci da fasaha kuma ya bunkasa nunawa. A ranar Kirsimeti ta 1965, dangin Berdella sun tafi Canton, Ohio, don ziyartar dangi. A wannan maraice, mahaifin Berdella ya kamu da ciwon zuciya yana da shekaru 39. Kwanaki biyu bayan haka, Berdella ya koma Cuyahoga Falls da kansa. Lokacin da ya isa gida, iyalinsa sun gaya masa cewa mahaifinsa ya mutu.<ref name="Burial" /> :{{Rp|353}} Berdella ya nemi ta'aziyya a cikin Katolika, yana karantawa sosai game da addinai da yawa. Daga bisani ya zama mai cin amana game da duk addinai. A shekara ta 1965, Berdella ya ga Fim din da aka yi amfani da shi na littafin John Fowles mai suna The Collector . Makircin fim din ya kewaye da wani mutum mai damuwa wanda ya bi sannan ya sace wata budurwa wacce ya ga kyakkyawa, yana riƙe da ita a cikin ginshiki na dutse mara taga kuma yana kallon ta a matsayin kadan fiye da samfurin kyakkyawa. Bayan makonni da yawa, matar ta mutu daga rashin lafiya duk da kokarin da mai kama ta ya yi na kiyaye ta da rai. Berdella daga baya ya bayyana cewa wannan fim din ya samar da ra'ayi mai dorewa a kansa.<ref name="Aamodt2006">{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Ryan |last2=Aust |first2=Ashley |last3=Bisset |first3=Danielle |last4=Jamba |first4=Timothy |last5=Jones |first5=John |last6=King |first6=Audrey |last7=Kowalski |first7=Jennifer |last8=Krell |first8=Elizabeth |last9=Layton |first9=Jaclyn |date=2006 |editor-last=Aamodt |editor-first=Mike |editor-link=Mike Aamodt |title=Robert Berdella: The Butcher of Kansas City, Missouri |url=http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/serial%20killers/Berdella,%20Robert.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103180215/http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/serial%20killers/Berdella,%20Robert.htm |archive-date=November 3, 2015 |publisher=Radford University}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwar mahaifin Berdella, mahaifiyarsa ta sake yin aure, wani mataki da Berdella ya fusata da fushi, wanda ya kalli shi a matsayin hanyar cin amana ga mahaifinsa. A sakamakon haka, ya kara janyewa kuma ya kara nutsewa cikin ayyukan da ya shiga tun yana yaro, kamar zane, tattara tsabar kudi da hatimi, da rubutu ga abokan alkalami na kasashen waje. Berdella daga baya zai yi iƙirarin cewa sha'awar rubuce-rubuce ga abokan rubutu a ƙasashe kamar [[Vietnam]] da [[Myanmar|Burma]] da kuma aika masa hatimi, da hotuna na gumakan tarihi da tarihi, al'adun gargajiya, da gine-gine, za su haifar da sha'awarsa ga fasahar farko, hotuna, da kayan tarihi. Daga kimanin 1965, ya fara tattara irin waɗannan kayan tarihi; wannan aikin zai karfafa shi ya buɗe kasuwancinsa na kayan tarihi a shekarar 1982. == Komawa zuwa Birnin Kansas == === Shekaru na kwaleji === A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1967, Berdella ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Cuyahoga Falls . A duk lokacin da yake karatu a makarantar sakandare, ya sami irin wannan kyakkyawan maki kuma ya nuna irin wannan damar cewa a shekarar 1966, wani malami ya sanya shi a cikin shirin karatu mai zaman kansa. :{{Rp|100}}">&#x3A;&#x200A;100&#x200A; Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa, Berdella ya koma Kansas City, ya shiga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kansas City (KCAI), tare da burin zama farfesa a kwaleji.<ref name="Burial" /> : 46 A cikin shekara ta farko a KCAI, an dauki Berdella a matsayin dalibi mai hankali da basira, kodayake a shekara ta biyu, ya zama masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ya saba da ƙungiyar ɗalibai waɗanda suka ba shi kwayoyi, wanda ya sayar wa wasu ɗalibai da riba. Bugu da kari, ya fara shan giya akai-akai. Ya kuma shiga cikin ayyukan azabtar da dabbobi a kalla sau biyu; a lokacin daya daga cikin wadannan lokuta, ya yanke kan duck a gaban takwarorinsa, kuma a karo na biyu, ya yi gwaji tare da sedatives da tranquilizers a kan kare.<ref name="Burial" /> : 104  At the age of 19, Berdella was arrested for attempting to sell methamphetamine to an undercover officer;<ref name="Kidnappings">{{Cite book|last3=Michael Newton (author)}}</ref> he was released after posting a $3,000 bond (equivalent to about $27,100 {{As of|2025}}).[12] He would later plead guilty to the offense and was handed a five-year suspended sentence. One month after this first arrest, Berdella and two other students were arrested for possession of marijuana and LSD in Johnson County. On this occasion, Berdella could not post bond, and he spent five days in jail; the charges against him and one of the other students would be dropped due to a lack of evidence.{{Rp|103}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bvhlitg2egqpn3z6b98id6ujcm5lkt8 822196 822195 2026-04-18T12:02:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 822196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''TRobert Andrew Berdella Jr.''' (Janairu 31, 1949 - Oktoba 8, 1992) ɗan asalin [[Amurka]] ne wanda ya sace, ya yi wa fyade, ya azabtar, kuma ya kashe akalla samari shida bayan ya tilasta wa waɗanda ya kashe su jimre wa lokutan har zuwa makonni shida na bauta. Laifukansa sun faru ne a Kansas City, Missouri, tsakanin 1984 da 1987. Da yake bayyana kisan gillar da ya yi a matsayin "wasu daga cikin mafarkina mafi duhu da suka zama gaskiyata", Berdella ya amsa laifinsa kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai ba tare da yiwuwar a yi masa afuwa ba saboda kisan gillar farko da ya yi wa ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ya kashe, Larry Pearson, a watan Agusta na 1988; daga baya ya amsa laifinsa na ƙarin tuhumar kisan kai na mataki na farko da kuma tuhume-tuhume huɗu na kisan kai na mataki na biyu a watan Disamba na 1988.[2] Ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya yayin da yake tsare a gidan yarin Jihar Missouri a watan Oktoba na 1992.[3] Berdella ya zama sananne a matsayin Kansas City Butcher saboda aikinsa na rarraba jikin wadanda aka kashe, wanda zai zubar da shi a cikin jaka, da kuma The Collector saboda fim din da ya bayyana shi ne tushen tunanin da ke bayan tsarin aikata laifukansa. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Robert Berdella a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1949, a Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, [1]: 45 na farko daga cikin 'ya'ya maza biyu da aka haifa wa Robert Andrew Berdella Sr., mai mutuwa ga Kamfanin Motar Ford, da Mary Louise (née Huffman) Berdella. [2] ::45 Mahaifin Berdella ya kasance mai ibada Roman Katolika na zuriyar Italiya, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta fito ne daga Jamusanci da Burtaniya. Iyalin suna halartar Mass a kai a kai, kuma 'ya'ya maza biyu suna halartar darussan ilimin addini a kai a hankali. Yayinda yake yaro, Berdella yana da basira amma mai zaman kansa wanda ba ya yawan wasa a waje da gidansa kuma ba ya yawan samun abokai don yin hulɗa. Yana da matsalar magana kuma yana sanye da tabarau masu kauri tun yana da shekaru biyar saboda yana da hangen nesa sosai; an kuma gano shi da hawan jini, wanda ya sha magunguna da yawa. Berdella ya kasance mai yawan wasanni, yayin da ƙanensa, Daniel, ɗan shekara bakwai, ya nuna ƙwarewar wasanni tun yana ƙarami. Mahaifin Berdella ya ba da daraja ga wasanni da ilimin jiki kuma ya kalli rashin sha'awar ɗansa na fari a matsayin alamar gazawar, sau da yawa yana kwatanta shi da ɗan'uwansa. Lokaci-lokaci, mahaifin Berdella ya wulakanta 'ya'yansa a jiki da kuma motsin rai, kamar ta hanyar doke su da madauri. : 183 {{Rp|183}} Berdella ya yi aiki sosai a ilimi, kodayake malamai galibi suna ganin yana da wahalar koyarwa, wani bangare saboda nisantarsa da kasancewa mai karɓar zalunci daga wasu ɗalibai. Saboda haka, ba ya yawan hulɗa da takwarorinsa. : 46–47 {{Rp|46–47}} Lokacin da Berdella ya kai lokacin balaga, ya gano cewa shi [[Jima'in jinsi|ɗan luwaɗi]] ne; da farko, ya ɓoye wannan gaskiyar sirri, kuma bai bayyana a fili game da jima'i ba har shekaru da yawa. Duk da haka, a farkon shekarunsa, ya ɗan sami budurwa. : 47 {{Rp|47}} === Samartaka === A tsakiyar shekarunsa, Berdella ya fara nuna wani mataki na tashin hankali, ya zama mara kyau da kuma ƙasƙantar da wasu, musamman mata. Ya koyi game da dafa abinci da fasaha kuma ya bunkasa nunawa. A ranar Kirsimeti ta 1965, dangin Berdella sun tafi Canton, Ohio, don ziyartar dangi. A wannan maraice, mahaifin Berdella ya kamu da ciwon zuciya yana da shekaru 39. Kwanaki biyu bayan haka, Berdella ya koma Cuyahoga Falls da kansa. Lokacin da ya isa gida, iyalinsa sun gaya masa cewa mahaifinsa ya mutu.<ref name="Burial" /> :{{Rp|353}} Berdella ya nemi ta'aziyya a cikin Katolika, yana karantawa sosai game da addinai da yawa. Daga bisani ya zama mai cin amana game da duk addinai. A shekara ta 1965, Berdella ya ga Fim din da aka yi amfani da shi na littafin John Fowles mai suna The Collector . Makircin fim din ya kewaye da wani mutum mai damuwa wanda ya bi sannan ya sace wata budurwa wacce ya ga kyakkyawa, yana riƙe da ita a cikin ginshiki na dutse mara taga kuma yana kallon ta a matsayin kadan fiye da samfurin kyakkyawa. Bayan makonni da yawa, matar ta mutu daga rashin lafiya duk da kokarin da mai kama ta ya yi na kiyaye ta da rai. Berdella daga baya ya bayyana cewa wannan fim din ya samar da ra'ayi mai dorewa a kansa.<ref name="Aamodt2006">{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Ryan |last2=Aust |first2=Ashley |last3=Bisset |first3=Danielle |last4=Jamba |first4=Timothy |last5=Jones |first5=John |last6=King |first6=Audrey |last7=Kowalski |first7=Jennifer |last8=Krell |first8=Elizabeth |last9=Layton |first9=Jaclyn |date=2006 |editor-last=Aamodt |editor-first=Mike |editor-link=Mike Aamodt |title=Robert Berdella: The Butcher of Kansas City, Missouri |url=http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/serial%20killers/Berdella,%20Robert.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103180215/http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/serial%20killers/Berdella,%20Robert.htm |archive-date=November 3, 2015 |publisher=Radford University}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwar mahaifin Berdella, mahaifiyarsa ta sake yin aure, wani mataki da Berdella ya fusata da fushi, wanda ya kalli shi a matsayin hanyar cin amana ga mahaifinsa. A sakamakon haka, ya kara janyewa kuma ya kara nutsewa cikin ayyukan da ya shiga tun yana yaro, kamar zane, tattara tsabar kudi da hatimi, da rubutu ga abokan alkalami na kasashen waje. Berdella daga baya zai yi iƙirarin cewa sha'awar rubuce-rubuce ga abokan rubutu a ƙasashe kamar [[Vietnam]] da [[Myanmar|Burma]] da kuma aika masa hatimi, da hotuna na gumakan tarihi da tarihi, al'adun gargajiya, da gine-gine, za su haifar da sha'awarsa ga fasahar farko, hotuna, da kayan tarihi. Daga kimanin 1965, ya fara tattara irin waɗannan kayan tarihi; wannan aikin zai karfafa shi ya buɗe kasuwancinsa na kayan tarihi a shekarar 1982. == Komawa zuwa Birnin Kansas == === Shekaru na kwaleji === A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1967, Berdella ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Cuyahoga Falls . A duk lokacin da yake karatu a makarantar sakandare, ya sami irin wannan kyakkyawan maki kuma ya nuna irin wannan damar cewa a shekarar 1966, wani malami ya sanya shi a cikin shirin karatu mai zaman kansa. :{{Rp|100}}">&#x3A;&#x200A;100&#x200A; Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa, Berdella ya koma Kansas City, ya shiga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kansas City (KCAI), tare da burin zama farfesa a kwaleji.<ref name="Burial" /> : 46 A cikin shekara ta farko a KCAI, an dauki Berdella a matsayin dalibi mai hankali da basira, kodayake a shekara ta biyu, ya zama masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ya saba da ƙungiyar ɗalibai waɗanda suka ba shi kwayoyi, wanda ya sayar wa wasu ɗalibai da riba. Bugu da kari, ya fara shan giya akai-akai. Ya kuma shiga cikin ayyukan azabtar da dabbobi a kalla sau biyu; a lokacin daya daga cikin wadannan lokuta, ya yanke kan duck a gaban takwarorinsa, kuma a karo na biyu, ya yi gwaji tare da sedatives da tranquilizers a kan kare.<ref name="Burial" /> : 104  At the age of 19, Berdella was arrested for attempting to sell methamphetamine to an undercover officer;<ref name="Kidnappings">{{Cite book|last3=Michael Newton (author)}}</ref> he was released after posting a $3,000 bond (equivalent to about $27,100 {{As of|2025}}).[12] He would later plead guilty to the offense and was handed a five-year suspended sentence. One month after this first arrest, Berdella and two other students were arrested for possession of marijuana and LSD in Johnson County. On this occasion, Berdella could not post bond, and he spent five days in jail; the charges against him and one of the other students would be dropped due to a lack of evidence.{{Rp|103}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rripzw1aq35ar871trbijxoe1gs1myd 822197 822196 2026-04-18T12:02:53Z Pharouqenr 25549 822197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''TRobert Andrew Berdella Jr.''' (Janairu 31, 1949 - Oktoba 8, 1992) ɗan asalin [[Amurka]] ne wanda ya sace, ya yi wa fyade, ya azabtar, kuma ya kashe akalla samari shida bayan ya tilasta wa waɗanda ya kashe su jimre wa lokutan har zuwa makonni shida na bauta. Laifukansa sun faru ne a Kansas City, Missouri, tsakanin 1984 da 1987. Da yake bayyana kisan gillar da ya yi a matsayin "wasu daga cikin mafarkina mafi duhu da suka zama gaskiyata", Berdella ya amsa laifinsa kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai ba tare da yiwuwar a yi masa afuwa ba saboda kisan gillar farko da ya yi wa ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ya kashe, Larry Pearson, a watan Agusta na 1988; daga baya ya amsa laifinsa na ƙarin tuhumar kisan kai na mataki na farko da kuma tuhume-tuhume huɗu na kisan kai na mataki na biyu a watan Disamba na 1988. Ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya yayin da yake tsare a gidan yarin Jihar Missouri a watan Oktoba na 1992.[3] Berdella ya zama sananne a matsayin Kansas City Butcher saboda aikinsa na rarraba jikin wadanda aka kashe, wanda zai zubar da shi a cikin jaka, da kuma The Collector saboda fim din da ya bayyana shi ne tushen tunanin da ke bayan tsarin aikata laifukansa. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Robert Berdella a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1949, a Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, [1]: 45 na farko daga cikin 'ya'ya maza biyu da aka haifa wa Robert Andrew Berdella Sr., mai mutuwa ga Kamfanin Motar Ford, da Mary Louise (née Huffman) Berdella. [2] ::45 Mahaifin Berdella ya kasance mai ibada Roman Katolika na zuriyar Italiya, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta fito ne daga Jamusanci da Burtaniya. Iyalin suna halartar Mass a kai a kai, kuma 'ya'ya maza biyu suna halartar darussan ilimin addini a kai a hankali. Yayinda yake yaro, Berdella yana da basira amma mai zaman kansa wanda ba ya yawan wasa a waje da gidansa kuma ba ya yawan samun abokai don yin hulɗa. Yana da matsalar magana kuma yana sanye da tabarau masu kauri tun yana da shekaru biyar saboda yana da hangen nesa sosai; an kuma gano shi da hawan jini, wanda ya sha magunguna da yawa. Berdella ya kasance mai yawan wasanni, yayin da ƙanensa, Daniel, ɗan shekara bakwai, ya nuna ƙwarewar wasanni tun yana ƙarami. Mahaifin Berdella ya ba da daraja ga wasanni da ilimin jiki kuma ya kalli rashin sha'awar ɗansa na fari a matsayin alamar gazawar, sau da yawa yana kwatanta shi da ɗan'uwansa. Lokaci-lokaci, mahaifin Berdella ya wulakanta 'ya'yansa a jiki da kuma motsin rai, kamar ta hanyar doke su da madauri. : 183 {{Rp|183}} Berdella ya yi aiki sosai a ilimi, kodayake malamai galibi suna ganin yana da wahalar koyarwa, wani bangare saboda nisantarsa da kasancewa mai karɓar zalunci daga wasu ɗalibai. Saboda haka, ba ya yawan hulɗa da takwarorinsa. : 46–47 {{Rp|46–47}} Lokacin da Berdella ya kai lokacin balaga, ya gano cewa shi [[Jima'in jinsi|ɗan luwaɗi]] ne; da farko, ya ɓoye wannan gaskiyar sirri, kuma bai bayyana a fili game da jima'i ba har shekaru da yawa. Duk da haka, a farkon shekarunsa, ya ɗan sami budurwa. : 47 {{Rp|47}} === Samartaka === A tsakiyar shekarunsa, Berdella ya fara nuna wani mataki na tashin hankali, ya zama mara kyau da kuma ƙasƙantar da wasu, musamman mata. Ya koyi game da dafa abinci da fasaha kuma ya bunkasa nunawa. A ranar Kirsimeti ta 1965, dangin Berdella sun tafi Canton, Ohio, don ziyartar dangi. A wannan maraice, mahaifin Berdella ya kamu da ciwon zuciya yana da shekaru 39. Kwanaki biyu bayan haka, Berdella ya koma Cuyahoga Falls da kansa. Lokacin da ya isa gida, iyalinsa sun gaya masa cewa mahaifinsa ya mutu.<ref name="Burial" /> :{{Rp|353}} Berdella ya nemi ta'aziyya a cikin Katolika, yana karantawa sosai game da addinai da yawa. Daga bisani ya zama mai cin amana game da duk addinai. A shekara ta 1965, Berdella ya ga Fim din da aka yi amfani da shi na littafin John Fowles mai suna The Collector . Makircin fim din ya kewaye da wani mutum mai damuwa wanda ya bi sannan ya sace wata budurwa wacce ya ga kyakkyawa, yana riƙe da ita a cikin ginshiki na dutse mara taga kuma yana kallon ta a matsayin kadan fiye da samfurin kyakkyawa. Bayan makonni da yawa, matar ta mutu daga rashin lafiya duk da kokarin da mai kama ta ya yi na kiyaye ta da rai. Berdella daga baya ya bayyana cewa wannan fim din ya samar da ra'ayi mai dorewa a kansa.<ref name="Aamodt2006">{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Ryan |last2=Aust |first2=Ashley |last3=Bisset |first3=Danielle |last4=Jamba |first4=Timothy |last5=Jones |first5=John |last6=King |first6=Audrey |last7=Kowalski |first7=Jennifer |last8=Krell |first8=Elizabeth |last9=Layton |first9=Jaclyn |date=2006 |editor-last=Aamodt |editor-first=Mike |editor-link=Mike Aamodt |title=Robert Berdella: The Butcher of Kansas City, Missouri |url=http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/serial%20killers/Berdella,%20Robert.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103180215/http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/serial%20killers/Berdella,%20Robert.htm |archive-date=November 3, 2015 |publisher=Radford University}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwar mahaifin Berdella, mahaifiyarsa ta sake yin aure, wani mataki da Berdella ya fusata da fushi, wanda ya kalli shi a matsayin hanyar cin amana ga mahaifinsa. A sakamakon haka, ya kara janyewa kuma ya kara nutsewa cikin ayyukan da ya shiga tun yana yaro, kamar zane, tattara tsabar kudi da hatimi, da rubutu ga abokan alkalami na kasashen waje. Berdella daga baya zai yi iƙirarin cewa sha'awar rubuce-rubuce ga abokan rubutu a ƙasashe kamar [[Vietnam]] da [[Myanmar|Burma]] da kuma aika masa hatimi, da hotuna na gumakan tarihi da tarihi, al'adun gargajiya, da gine-gine, za su haifar da sha'awarsa ga fasahar farko, hotuna, da kayan tarihi. Daga kimanin 1965, ya fara tattara irin waɗannan kayan tarihi; wannan aikin zai karfafa shi ya buɗe kasuwancinsa na kayan tarihi a shekarar 1982. == Komawa zuwa Birnin Kansas == === Shekaru na kwaleji === A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1967, Berdella ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Cuyahoga Falls . A duk lokacin da yake karatu a makarantar sakandare, ya sami irin wannan kyakkyawan maki kuma ya nuna irin wannan damar cewa a shekarar 1966, wani malami ya sanya shi a cikin shirin karatu mai zaman kansa. :{{Rp|100}}">&#x3A;&#x200A;100&#x200A; Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa, Berdella ya koma Kansas City, ya shiga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kansas City (KCAI), tare da burin zama farfesa a kwaleji.<ref name="Burial" /> : 46 A cikin shekara ta farko a KCAI, an dauki Berdella a matsayin dalibi mai hankali da basira, kodayake a shekara ta biyu, ya zama masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ya saba da ƙungiyar ɗalibai waɗanda suka ba shi kwayoyi, wanda ya sayar wa wasu ɗalibai da riba. Bugu da kari, ya fara shan giya akai-akai. Ya kuma shiga cikin ayyukan azabtar da dabbobi a kalla sau biyu; a lokacin daya daga cikin wadannan lokuta, ya yanke kan duck a gaban takwarorinsa, kuma a karo na biyu, ya yi gwaji tare da sedatives da tranquilizers a kan kare.<ref name="Burial" /> : 104  At the age of 19, Berdella was arrested for attempting to sell methamphetamine to an undercover officer;<ref name="Kidnappings">{{Cite book|last3=Michael Newton (author)}}</ref> he was released after posting a $3,000 bond (equivalent to about $27,100 {{As of|2025}}).[12] He would later plead guilty to the offense and was handed a five-year suspended sentence. One month after this first arrest, Berdella and two other students were arrested for possession of marijuana and LSD in Johnson County. On this occasion, Berdella could not post bond, and he spent five days in jail; the charges against him and one of the other students would be dropped due to a lack of evidence.{{Rp|103}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sowdhk8z9mp4w78rzn7pzyhignkcmn4 822198 822197 2026-04-18T12:03:06Z Pharouqenr 25549 822198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''TRobert Andrew Berdella Jr.''' (Janairu 31, 1949 - Oktoba 8, 1992) ɗan asalin [[Amurka]] ne wanda ya sace, ya yi wa fyade, ya azabtar, kuma ya kashe akalla samari shida bayan ya tilasta wa waɗanda ya kashe su jimre wa lokutan har zuwa makonni shida na bauta. Laifukansa sun faru ne a Kansas City, Missouri, tsakanin 1984 da 1987. Da yake bayyana kisan gillar da ya yi a matsayin "wasu daga cikin mafarkina mafi duhu da suka zama gaskiyata", Berdella ya amsa laifinsa kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai ba tare da yiwuwar a yi masa afuwa ba saboda kisan gillar farko da ya yi wa ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ya kashe, Larry Pearson, a watan Agusta na 1988; daga baya ya amsa laifinsa na ƙarin tuhumar kisan kai na mataki na farko da kuma tuhume-tuhume huɗu na kisan kai na mataki na biyu a watan Disamba na 1988. Ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya yayin da yake tsare a gidan yarin Jihar Missouri a watan Oktoba na 1992. Berdella ya zama sananne a matsayin Kansas City Butcher saboda aikinsa na rarraba jikin wadanda aka kashe, wanda zai zubar da shi a cikin jaka, da kuma The Collector saboda fim din da ya bayyana shi ne tushen tunanin da ke bayan tsarin aikata laifukansa. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Robert Berdella a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1949, a Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, [1]: 45 na farko daga cikin 'ya'ya maza biyu da aka haifa wa Robert Andrew Berdella Sr., mai mutuwa ga Kamfanin Motar Ford, da Mary Louise (née Huffman) Berdella. [2] ::45 Mahaifin Berdella ya kasance mai ibada Roman Katolika na zuriyar Italiya, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta fito ne daga Jamusanci da Burtaniya. Iyalin suna halartar Mass a kai a kai, kuma 'ya'ya maza biyu suna halartar darussan ilimin addini a kai a hankali. Yayinda yake yaro, Berdella yana da basira amma mai zaman kansa wanda ba ya yawan wasa a waje da gidansa kuma ba ya yawan samun abokai don yin hulɗa. Yana da matsalar magana kuma yana sanye da tabarau masu kauri tun yana da shekaru biyar saboda yana da hangen nesa sosai; an kuma gano shi da hawan jini, wanda ya sha magunguna da yawa. Berdella ya kasance mai yawan wasanni, yayin da ƙanensa, Daniel, ɗan shekara bakwai, ya nuna ƙwarewar wasanni tun yana ƙarami. Mahaifin Berdella ya ba da daraja ga wasanni da ilimin jiki kuma ya kalli rashin sha'awar ɗansa na fari a matsayin alamar gazawar, sau da yawa yana kwatanta shi da ɗan'uwansa. Lokaci-lokaci, mahaifin Berdella ya wulakanta 'ya'yansa a jiki da kuma motsin rai, kamar ta hanyar doke su da madauri. : 183 {{Rp|183}} Berdella ya yi aiki sosai a ilimi, kodayake malamai galibi suna ganin yana da wahalar koyarwa, wani bangare saboda nisantarsa da kasancewa mai karɓar zalunci daga wasu ɗalibai. Saboda haka, ba ya yawan hulɗa da takwarorinsa. : 46–47 {{Rp|46–47}} Lokacin da Berdella ya kai lokacin balaga, ya gano cewa shi [[Jima'in jinsi|ɗan luwaɗi]] ne; da farko, ya ɓoye wannan gaskiyar sirri, kuma bai bayyana a fili game da jima'i ba har shekaru da yawa. Duk da haka, a farkon shekarunsa, ya ɗan sami budurwa. : 47 {{Rp|47}} === Samartaka === A tsakiyar shekarunsa, Berdella ya fara nuna wani mataki na tashin hankali, ya zama mara kyau da kuma ƙasƙantar da wasu, musamman mata. Ya koyi game da dafa abinci da fasaha kuma ya bunkasa nunawa. A ranar Kirsimeti ta 1965, dangin Berdella sun tafi Canton, Ohio, don ziyartar dangi. A wannan maraice, mahaifin Berdella ya kamu da ciwon zuciya yana da shekaru 39. Kwanaki biyu bayan haka, Berdella ya koma Cuyahoga Falls da kansa. Lokacin da ya isa gida, iyalinsa sun gaya masa cewa mahaifinsa ya mutu.<ref name="Burial" /> :{{Rp|353}} Berdella ya nemi ta'aziyya a cikin Katolika, yana karantawa sosai game da addinai da yawa. Daga bisani ya zama mai cin amana game da duk addinai. A shekara ta 1965, Berdella ya ga Fim din da aka yi amfani da shi na littafin John Fowles mai suna The Collector . Makircin fim din ya kewaye da wani mutum mai damuwa wanda ya bi sannan ya sace wata budurwa wacce ya ga kyakkyawa, yana riƙe da ita a cikin ginshiki na dutse mara taga kuma yana kallon ta a matsayin kadan fiye da samfurin kyakkyawa. Bayan makonni da yawa, matar ta mutu daga rashin lafiya duk da kokarin da mai kama ta ya yi na kiyaye ta da rai. Berdella daga baya ya bayyana cewa wannan fim din ya samar da ra'ayi mai dorewa a kansa.<ref name="Aamodt2006">{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Ryan |last2=Aust |first2=Ashley |last3=Bisset |first3=Danielle |last4=Jamba |first4=Timothy |last5=Jones |first5=John |last6=King |first6=Audrey |last7=Kowalski |first7=Jennifer |last8=Krell |first8=Elizabeth |last9=Layton |first9=Jaclyn |date=2006 |editor-last=Aamodt |editor-first=Mike |editor-link=Mike Aamodt |title=Robert Berdella: The Butcher of Kansas City, Missouri |url=http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/serial%20killers/Berdella,%20Robert.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103180215/http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/serial%20killers/Berdella,%20Robert.htm |archive-date=November 3, 2015 |publisher=Radford University}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwar mahaifin Berdella, mahaifiyarsa ta sake yin aure, wani mataki da Berdella ya fusata da fushi, wanda ya kalli shi a matsayin hanyar cin amana ga mahaifinsa. A sakamakon haka, ya kara janyewa kuma ya kara nutsewa cikin ayyukan da ya shiga tun yana yaro, kamar zane, tattara tsabar kudi da hatimi, da rubutu ga abokan alkalami na kasashen waje. Berdella daga baya zai yi iƙirarin cewa sha'awar rubuce-rubuce ga abokan rubutu a ƙasashe kamar [[Vietnam]] da [[Myanmar|Burma]] da kuma aika masa hatimi, da hotuna na gumakan tarihi da tarihi, al'adun gargajiya, da gine-gine, za su haifar da sha'awarsa ga fasahar farko, hotuna, da kayan tarihi. Daga kimanin 1965, ya fara tattara irin waɗannan kayan tarihi; wannan aikin zai karfafa shi ya buɗe kasuwancinsa na kayan tarihi a shekarar 1982. == Komawa zuwa Birnin Kansas == === Shekaru na kwaleji === A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1967, Berdella ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Cuyahoga Falls . A duk lokacin da yake karatu a makarantar sakandare, ya sami irin wannan kyakkyawan maki kuma ya nuna irin wannan damar cewa a shekarar 1966, wani malami ya sanya shi a cikin shirin karatu mai zaman kansa. :{{Rp|100}}">&#x3A;&#x200A;100&#x200A; Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa, Berdella ya koma Kansas City, ya shiga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kansas City (KCAI), tare da burin zama farfesa a kwaleji.<ref name="Burial" /> : 46 A cikin shekara ta farko a KCAI, an dauki Berdella a matsayin dalibi mai hankali da basira, kodayake a shekara ta biyu, ya zama masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ya saba da ƙungiyar ɗalibai waɗanda suka ba shi kwayoyi, wanda ya sayar wa wasu ɗalibai da riba. Bugu da kari, ya fara shan giya akai-akai. Ya kuma shiga cikin ayyukan azabtar da dabbobi a kalla sau biyu; a lokacin daya daga cikin wadannan lokuta, ya yanke kan duck a gaban takwarorinsa, kuma a karo na biyu, ya yi gwaji tare da sedatives da tranquilizers a kan kare.<ref name="Burial" /> : 104  At the age of 19, Berdella was arrested for attempting to sell methamphetamine to an undercover officer;<ref name="Kidnappings">{{Cite book|last3=Michael Newton (author)}}</ref> he was released after posting a $3,000 bond (equivalent to about $27,100 {{As of|2025}}).[12] He would later plead guilty to the offense and was handed a five-year suspended sentence. One month after this first arrest, Berdella and two other students were arrested for possession of marijuana and LSD in Johnson County. On this occasion, Berdella could not post bond, and he spent five days in jail; the charges against him and one of the other students would be dropped due to a lack of evidence.{{Rp|103}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kwjttp6qc2by4h2azqojeiu7d2oo7i5 822199 822198 2026-04-18T12:03:31Z Pharouqenr 25549 822199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''TRobert Andrew Berdella Jr.''' (Janairu 31, 1949 - Oktoba 8, 1992) ɗan asalin [[Amurka]] ne wanda ya sace, ya yi wa fyade, ya azabtar, kuma ya kashe akalla samari shida bayan ya tilasta wa waɗanda ya kashe su jimre wa lokutan har zuwa makonni shida na bauta. Laifukansa sun faru ne a Kansas City, Missouri, tsakanin 1984 da 1987. Da yake bayyana kisan gillar da ya yi a matsayin "wasu daga cikin mafarkina mafi duhu da suka zama gaskiyata", Berdella ya amsa laifinsa kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai ba tare da yiwuwar a yi masa afuwa ba saboda kisan gillar farko da ya yi wa ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ya kashe, Larry Pearson, a watan Agusta na 1988; daga baya ya amsa laifinsa na ƙarin tuhumar kisan kai na mataki na farko da kuma tuhume-tuhume huɗu na kisan kai na mataki na biyu a watan Disamba na 1988. Ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya yayin da yake tsare a gidan yarin Jihar Missouri a watan Oktoba na 1992. Berdella ya zama sananne a matsayin Kansas City Butcher saboda aikinsa na rarraba jikin wadanda aka kashe, wanda zai zubar da shi a cikin jaka, da kuma The Collector saboda fim din da ya bayyana shi ne tushen tunanin da ke bayan tsarin aikata laifukansa. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Robert Berdella a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1949, a Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, na farko daga cikin 'ya'ya maza biyu da aka haifa wa Robert Andrew Berdella Sr., mai mutuwa ga Kamfanin Motar Ford, da Mary Louise (née Huffman) Berdella. [2] ::45 Mahaifin Berdella ya kasance mai ibada Roman Katolika na zuriyar Italiya, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta fito ne daga Jamusanci da Burtaniya. Iyalin suna halartar Mass a kai a kai, kuma 'ya'ya maza biyu suna halartar darussan ilimin addini a kai a hankali. Yayinda yake yaro, Berdella yana da basira amma mai zaman kansa wanda ba ya yawan wasa a waje da gidansa kuma ba ya yawan samun abokai don yin hulɗa. Yana da matsalar magana kuma yana sanye da tabarau masu kauri tun yana da shekaru biyar saboda yana da hangen nesa sosai; an kuma gano shi da hawan jini, wanda ya sha magunguna da yawa. Berdella ya kasance mai yawan wasanni, yayin da ƙanensa, Daniel, ɗan shekara bakwai, ya nuna ƙwarewar wasanni tun yana ƙarami. Mahaifin Berdella ya ba da daraja ga wasanni da ilimin jiki kuma ya kalli rashin sha'awar ɗansa na fari a matsayin alamar gazawar, sau da yawa yana kwatanta shi da ɗan'uwansa. Lokaci-lokaci, mahaifin Berdella ya wulakanta 'ya'yansa a jiki da kuma motsin rai, kamar ta hanyar doke su da madauri. : 183 {{Rp|183}} Berdella ya yi aiki sosai a ilimi, kodayake malamai galibi suna ganin yana da wahalar koyarwa, wani bangare saboda nisantarsa da kasancewa mai karɓar zalunci daga wasu ɗalibai. Saboda haka, ba ya yawan hulɗa da takwarorinsa. : 46–47 {{Rp|46–47}} Lokacin da Berdella ya kai lokacin balaga, ya gano cewa shi [[Jima'in jinsi|ɗan luwaɗi]] ne; da farko, ya ɓoye wannan gaskiyar sirri, kuma bai bayyana a fili game da jima'i ba har shekaru da yawa. Duk da haka, a farkon shekarunsa, ya ɗan sami budurwa. : 47 {{Rp|47}} === Samartaka === A tsakiyar shekarunsa, Berdella ya fara nuna wani mataki na tashin hankali, ya zama mara kyau da kuma ƙasƙantar da wasu, musamman mata. Ya koyi game da dafa abinci da fasaha kuma ya bunkasa nunawa. A ranar Kirsimeti ta 1965, dangin Berdella sun tafi Canton, Ohio, don ziyartar dangi. A wannan maraice, mahaifin Berdella ya kamu da ciwon zuciya yana da shekaru 39. Kwanaki biyu bayan haka, Berdella ya koma Cuyahoga Falls da kansa. Lokacin da ya isa gida, iyalinsa sun gaya masa cewa mahaifinsa ya mutu.<ref name="Burial" /> :{{Rp|353}} Berdella ya nemi ta'aziyya a cikin Katolika, yana karantawa sosai game da addinai da yawa. Daga bisani ya zama mai cin amana game da duk addinai. A shekara ta 1965, Berdella ya ga Fim din da aka yi amfani da shi na littafin John Fowles mai suna The Collector . Makircin fim din ya kewaye da wani mutum mai damuwa wanda ya bi sannan ya sace wata budurwa wacce ya ga kyakkyawa, yana riƙe da ita a cikin ginshiki na dutse mara taga kuma yana kallon ta a matsayin kadan fiye da samfurin kyakkyawa. Bayan makonni da yawa, matar ta mutu daga rashin lafiya duk da kokarin da mai kama ta ya yi na kiyaye ta da rai. Berdella daga baya ya bayyana cewa wannan fim din ya samar da ra'ayi mai dorewa a kansa.<ref name="Aamodt2006">{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Ryan |last2=Aust |first2=Ashley |last3=Bisset |first3=Danielle |last4=Jamba |first4=Timothy |last5=Jones |first5=John |last6=King |first6=Audrey |last7=Kowalski |first7=Jennifer |last8=Krell |first8=Elizabeth |last9=Layton |first9=Jaclyn |date=2006 |editor-last=Aamodt |editor-first=Mike |editor-link=Mike Aamodt |title=Robert Berdella: The Butcher of Kansas City, Missouri |url=http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/serial%20killers/Berdella,%20Robert.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103180215/http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/serial%20killers/Berdella,%20Robert.htm |archive-date=November 3, 2015 |publisher=Radford University}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwar mahaifin Berdella, mahaifiyarsa ta sake yin aure, wani mataki da Berdella ya fusata da fushi, wanda ya kalli shi a matsayin hanyar cin amana ga mahaifinsa. A sakamakon haka, ya kara janyewa kuma ya kara nutsewa cikin ayyukan da ya shiga tun yana yaro, kamar zane, tattara tsabar kudi da hatimi, da rubutu ga abokan alkalami na kasashen waje. Berdella daga baya zai yi iƙirarin cewa sha'awar rubuce-rubuce ga abokan rubutu a ƙasashe kamar [[Vietnam]] da [[Myanmar|Burma]] da kuma aika masa hatimi, da hotuna na gumakan tarihi da tarihi, al'adun gargajiya, da gine-gine, za su haifar da sha'awarsa ga fasahar farko, hotuna, da kayan tarihi. Daga kimanin 1965, ya fara tattara irin waɗannan kayan tarihi; wannan aikin zai karfafa shi ya buɗe kasuwancinsa na kayan tarihi a shekarar 1982. == Komawa zuwa Birnin Kansas == === Shekaru na kwaleji === A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1967, Berdella ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Cuyahoga Falls . A duk lokacin da yake karatu a makarantar sakandare, ya sami irin wannan kyakkyawan maki kuma ya nuna irin wannan damar cewa a shekarar 1966, wani malami ya sanya shi a cikin shirin karatu mai zaman kansa. :{{Rp|100}}">&#x3A;&#x200A;100&#x200A; Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa, Berdella ya koma Kansas City, ya shiga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kansas City (KCAI), tare da burin zama farfesa a kwaleji.<ref name="Burial" /> : 46 A cikin shekara ta farko a KCAI, an dauki Berdella a matsayin dalibi mai hankali da basira, kodayake a shekara ta biyu, ya zama masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ya saba da ƙungiyar ɗalibai waɗanda suka ba shi kwayoyi, wanda ya sayar wa wasu ɗalibai da riba. Bugu da kari, ya fara shan giya akai-akai. Ya kuma shiga cikin ayyukan azabtar da dabbobi a kalla sau biyu; a lokacin daya daga cikin wadannan lokuta, ya yanke kan duck a gaban takwarorinsa, kuma a karo na biyu, ya yi gwaji tare da sedatives da tranquilizers a kan kare.<ref name="Burial" /> : 104  At the age of 19, Berdella was arrested for attempting to sell methamphetamine to an undercover officer;<ref name="Kidnappings">{{Cite book|last3=Michael Newton (author)}}</ref> he was released after posting a $3,000 bond (equivalent to about $27,100 {{As of|2025}}).[12] He would later plead guilty to the offense and was handed a five-year suspended sentence. One month after this first arrest, Berdella and two other students were arrested for possession of marijuana and LSD in Johnson County. On this occasion, Berdella could not post bond, and he spent five days in jail; the charges against him and one of the other students would be dropped due to a lack of evidence.{{Rp|103}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 57hfn5i6iqk623qkrucjg4gnc1fsqie 822200 822199 2026-04-18T12:03:47Z Pharouqenr 25549 822200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''TRobert Andrew Berdella Jr.''' (Janairu 31, 1949 - Oktoba 8, 1992) ɗan asalin [[Amurka]] ne wanda ya sace, ya yi wa fyade, ya azabtar, kuma ya kashe akalla samari shida bayan ya tilasta wa waɗanda ya kashe su jimre wa lokutan har zuwa makonni shida na bauta. Laifukansa sun faru ne a Kansas City, Missouri, tsakanin 1984 da 1987. Da yake bayyana kisan gillar da ya yi a matsayin "wasu daga cikin mafarkina mafi duhu da suka zama gaskiyata", Berdella ya amsa laifinsa kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai ba tare da yiwuwar a yi masa afuwa ba saboda kisan gillar farko da ya yi wa ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ya kashe, Larry Pearson, a watan Agusta na 1988; daga baya ya amsa laifinsa na ƙarin tuhumar kisan kai na mataki na farko da kuma tuhume-tuhume huɗu na kisan kai na mataki na biyu a watan Disamba na 1988. Ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya yayin da yake tsare a gidan yarin Jihar Missouri a watan Oktoba na 1992. Berdella ya zama sananne a matsayin Kansas City Butcher saboda aikinsa na rarraba jikin wadanda aka kashe, wanda zai zubar da shi a cikin jaka, da kuma The Collector saboda fim din da ya bayyana shi ne tushen tunanin da ke bayan tsarin aikata laifukansa. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Robert Berdella a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1949, a Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, na farko daga cikin 'ya'ya maza biyu da aka haifa wa Robert Andrew Berdella Sr., mai mutuwa ga Kamfanin Motar Ford, da Mary Louise (née Huffman) Berdella. Mahaifin Berdella ya kasance mai ibada Roman Katolika na zuriyar Italiya, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta fito ne daga Jamusanci da Burtaniya. Iyalin suna halartar Mass a kai a kai, kuma 'ya'ya maza biyu suna halartar darussan ilimin addini a kai a hankali. Yayinda yake yaro, Berdella yana da basira amma mai zaman kansa wanda ba ya yawan wasa a waje da gidansa kuma ba ya yawan samun abokai don yin hulɗa. Yana da matsalar magana kuma yana sanye da tabarau masu kauri tun yana da shekaru biyar saboda yana da hangen nesa sosai; an kuma gano shi da hawan jini, wanda ya sha magunguna da yawa. Berdella ya kasance mai yawan wasanni, yayin da ƙanensa, Daniel, ɗan shekara bakwai, ya nuna ƙwarewar wasanni tun yana ƙarami. Mahaifin Berdella ya ba da daraja ga wasanni da ilimin jiki kuma ya kalli rashin sha'awar ɗansa na fari a matsayin alamar gazawar, sau da yawa yana kwatanta shi da ɗan'uwansa. Lokaci-lokaci, mahaifin Berdella ya wulakanta 'ya'yansa a jiki da kuma motsin rai, kamar ta hanyar doke su da madauri. : 183 {{Rp|183}} Berdella ya yi aiki sosai a ilimi, kodayake malamai galibi suna ganin yana da wahalar koyarwa, wani bangare saboda nisantarsa da kasancewa mai karɓar zalunci daga wasu ɗalibai. Saboda haka, ba ya yawan hulɗa da takwarorinsa. : 46–47 {{Rp|46–47}} Lokacin da Berdella ya kai lokacin balaga, ya gano cewa shi [[Jima'in jinsi|ɗan luwaɗi]] ne; da farko, ya ɓoye wannan gaskiyar sirri, kuma bai bayyana a fili game da jima'i ba har shekaru da yawa. Duk da haka, a farkon shekarunsa, ya ɗan sami budurwa. : 47 {{Rp|47}} === Samartaka === A tsakiyar shekarunsa, Berdella ya fara nuna wani mataki na tashin hankali, ya zama mara kyau da kuma ƙasƙantar da wasu, musamman mata. Ya koyi game da dafa abinci da fasaha kuma ya bunkasa nunawa. A ranar Kirsimeti ta 1965, dangin Berdella sun tafi Canton, Ohio, don ziyartar dangi. A wannan maraice, mahaifin Berdella ya kamu da ciwon zuciya yana da shekaru 39. Kwanaki biyu bayan haka, Berdella ya koma Cuyahoga Falls da kansa. Lokacin da ya isa gida, iyalinsa sun gaya masa cewa mahaifinsa ya mutu.<ref name="Burial" /> :{{Rp|353}} Berdella ya nemi ta'aziyya a cikin Katolika, yana karantawa sosai game da addinai da yawa. Daga bisani ya zama mai cin amana game da duk addinai. A shekara ta 1965, Berdella ya ga Fim din da aka yi amfani da shi na littafin John Fowles mai suna The Collector . Makircin fim din ya kewaye da wani mutum mai damuwa wanda ya bi sannan ya sace wata budurwa wacce ya ga kyakkyawa, yana riƙe da ita a cikin ginshiki na dutse mara taga kuma yana kallon ta a matsayin kadan fiye da samfurin kyakkyawa. Bayan makonni da yawa, matar ta mutu daga rashin lafiya duk da kokarin da mai kama ta ya yi na kiyaye ta da rai. Berdella daga baya ya bayyana cewa wannan fim din ya samar da ra'ayi mai dorewa a kansa.<ref name="Aamodt2006">{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Ryan |last2=Aust |first2=Ashley |last3=Bisset |first3=Danielle |last4=Jamba |first4=Timothy |last5=Jones |first5=John |last6=King |first6=Audrey |last7=Kowalski |first7=Jennifer |last8=Krell |first8=Elizabeth |last9=Layton |first9=Jaclyn |date=2006 |editor-last=Aamodt |editor-first=Mike |editor-link=Mike Aamodt |title=Robert Berdella: The Butcher of Kansas City, Missouri |url=http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/serial%20killers/Berdella,%20Robert.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103180215/http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/serial%20killers/Berdella,%20Robert.htm |archive-date=November 3, 2015 |publisher=Radford University}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwar mahaifin Berdella, mahaifiyarsa ta sake yin aure, wani mataki da Berdella ya fusata da fushi, wanda ya kalli shi a matsayin hanyar cin amana ga mahaifinsa. A sakamakon haka, ya kara janyewa kuma ya kara nutsewa cikin ayyukan da ya shiga tun yana yaro, kamar zane, tattara tsabar kudi da hatimi, da rubutu ga abokan alkalami na kasashen waje. Berdella daga baya zai yi iƙirarin cewa sha'awar rubuce-rubuce ga abokan rubutu a ƙasashe kamar [[Vietnam]] da [[Myanmar|Burma]] da kuma aika masa hatimi, da hotuna na gumakan tarihi da tarihi, al'adun gargajiya, da gine-gine, za su haifar da sha'awarsa ga fasahar farko, hotuna, da kayan tarihi. Daga kimanin 1965, ya fara tattara irin waɗannan kayan tarihi; wannan aikin zai karfafa shi ya buɗe kasuwancinsa na kayan tarihi a shekarar 1982. == Komawa zuwa Birnin Kansas == === Shekaru na kwaleji === A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1967, Berdella ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Cuyahoga Falls . A duk lokacin da yake karatu a makarantar sakandare, ya sami irin wannan kyakkyawan maki kuma ya nuna irin wannan damar cewa a shekarar 1966, wani malami ya sanya shi a cikin shirin karatu mai zaman kansa. :{{Rp|100}}">&#x3A;&#x200A;100&#x200A; Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa, Berdella ya koma Kansas City, ya shiga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kansas City (KCAI), tare da burin zama farfesa a kwaleji.<ref name="Burial" /> : 46 A cikin shekara ta farko a KCAI, an dauki Berdella a matsayin dalibi mai hankali da basira, kodayake a shekara ta biyu, ya zama masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ya saba da ƙungiyar ɗalibai waɗanda suka ba shi kwayoyi, wanda ya sayar wa wasu ɗalibai da riba. Bugu da kari, ya fara shan giya akai-akai. Ya kuma shiga cikin ayyukan azabtar da dabbobi a kalla sau biyu; a lokacin daya daga cikin wadannan lokuta, ya yanke kan duck a gaban takwarorinsa, kuma a karo na biyu, ya yi gwaji tare da sedatives da tranquilizers a kan kare.<ref name="Burial" /> : 104  At the age of 19, Berdella was arrested for attempting to sell methamphetamine to an undercover officer;<ref name="Kidnappings">{{Cite book|last3=Michael Newton (author)}}</ref> he was released after posting a $3,000 bond (equivalent to about $27,100 {{As of|2025}}).[12] He would later plead guilty to the offense and was handed a five-year suspended sentence. One month after this first arrest, Berdella and two other students were arrested for possession of marijuana and LSD in Johnson County. On this occasion, Berdella could not post bond, and he spent five days in jail; the charges against him and one of the other students would be dropped due to a lack of evidence.{{Rp|103}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ryw3p3yvfv7xt3fn5t90hza9njnyous 822201 822200 2026-04-18T12:04:01Z Pharouqenr 25549 822201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''TRobert Andrew Berdella Jr.''' (Janairu 31, 1949 - Oktoba 8, 1992) ɗan asalin [[Amurka]] ne wanda ya sace, ya yi wa fyade, ya azabtar, kuma ya kashe akalla samari shida bayan ya tilasta wa waɗanda ya kashe su jimre wa lokutan har zuwa makonni shida na bauta. Laifukansa sun faru ne a Kansas City, Missouri, tsakanin 1984 da 1987. Da yake bayyana kisan gillar da ya yi a matsayin "wasu daga cikin mafarkina mafi duhu da suka zama gaskiyata", Berdella ya amsa laifinsa kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai ba tare da yiwuwar a yi masa afuwa ba saboda kisan gillar farko da ya yi wa ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ya kashe, Larry Pearson, a watan Agusta na 1988; daga baya ya amsa laifinsa na ƙarin tuhumar kisan kai na mataki na farko da kuma tuhume-tuhume huɗu na kisan kai na mataki na biyu a watan Disamba na 1988. Ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya yayin da yake tsare a gidan yarin Jihar Missouri a watan Oktoba na 1992. Berdella ya zama sananne a matsayin Kansas City Butcher saboda aikinsa na rarraba jikin wadanda aka kashe, wanda zai zubar da shi a cikin jaka, da kuma The Collector saboda fim din da ya bayyana shi ne tushen tunanin da ke bayan tsarin aikata laifukansa. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Robert Berdella a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1949, a Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, na farko daga cikin 'ya'ya maza biyu da aka haifa wa Robert Andrew Berdella Sr., mai mutuwa ga Kamfanin Motar Ford, da Mary Louise (née Huffman) Berdella. Mahaifin Berdella ya kasance mai ibada Roman Katolika na zuriyar Italiya, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta fito ne daga Jamusanci da Burtaniya. Iyalin suna halartar Mass a kai a kai, kuma 'ya'ya maza biyu suna halartar darussan ilimin addini a kai a hankali. Yayinda yake yaro, Berdella yana da basira amma mai zaman kansa wanda ba ya yawan wasa a waje da gidansa kuma ba ya yawan samun abokai don yin hulɗa. Yana da matsalar magana kuma yana sanye da tabarau masu kauri tun yana da shekaru biyar saboda yana da hangen nesa sosai; an kuma gano shi da hawan jini, wanda ya sha magunguna da yawa. Berdella ya kasance mai yawan wasanni, yayin da ƙanensa, Daniel, ɗan shekara bakwai, ya nuna ƙwarewar wasanni tun yana ƙarami. Mahaifin Berdella ya ba da daraja ga wasanni da ilimin jiki kuma ya kalli rashin sha'awar ɗansa na fari a matsayin alamar gazawar, sau da yawa yana kwatanta shi da ɗan'uwansa. Lokaci-lokaci, mahaifin Berdella ya wulakanta 'ya'yansa a jiki da kuma motsin rai, kamar ta hanyar doke su da madauri. : 183 {{Rp|183}} Berdella ya yi aiki sosai a ilimi, kodayake malamai galibi suna ganin yana da wahalar koyarwa, wani bangare saboda nisantarsa da kasancewa mai karɓar zalunci daga wasu ɗalibai. Saboda haka, ba ya yawan hulɗa da takwarorinsa. : 46–47 {{Rp|46–47}} Lokacin da Berdella ya kai lokacin balaga, ya gano cewa shi [[Jima'in jinsi|ɗan luwaɗi]] ne; da farko, ya ɓoye wannan gaskiyar sirri, kuma bai bayyana a fili game da jima'i ba har shekaru da yawa. Duk da haka, a farkon shekarunsa, ya ɗan sami budurwa. : 47 {{Rp|47}} === Samartaka === A tsakiyar shekarunsa, Berdella ya fara nuna wani mataki na tashin hankali, ya zama mara kyau da kuma ƙasƙantar da wasu, musamman mata. Ya koyi game da dafa abinci da fasaha kuma ya bunkasa nunawa. A ranar Kirsimeti ta 1965, dangin Berdella sun tafi Canton, Ohio, don ziyartar dangi. A wannan maraice, mahaifin Berdella ya kamu da ciwon zuciya yana da shekaru 39. Kwanaki biyu bayan haka, Berdella ya koma Cuyahoga Falls da kansa. Lokacin da ya isa gida, iyalinsa sun gaya masa cewa mahaifinsa ya mutu.<ref name="Burial" /> :{{Rp|353}} Berdella ya nemi ta'aziyya a cikin Katolika, yana karantawa sosai game da addinai da yawa. Daga bisani ya zama mai cin amana game da duk addinai. A shekara ta 1965, Berdella ya ga Fim din da aka yi amfani da shi na littafin John Fowles mai suna The Collector . Makircin fim din ya kewaye da wani mutum mai damuwa wanda ya bi sannan ya sace wata budurwa wacce ya ga kyakkyawa, yana riƙe da ita a cikin ginshiki na dutse mara taga kuma yana kallon ta a matsayin kadan fiye da samfurin kyakkyawa. Bayan makonni da yawa, matar ta mutu daga rashin lafiya duk da kokarin da mai kama ta ya yi na kiyaye ta da rai. Berdella daga baya ya bayyana cewa wannan fim din ya samar da ra'ayi mai dorewa a kansa.<ref name="Aamodt2006">{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Ryan |last2=Aust |first2=Ashley |last3=Bisset |first3=Danielle |last4=Jamba |first4=Timothy |last5=Jones |first5=John |last6=King |first6=Audrey |last7=Kowalski |first7=Jennifer |last8=Krell |first8=Elizabeth |last9=Layton |first9=Jaclyn |date=2006 |editor-last=Aamodt |editor-first=Mike |editor-link=Mike Aamodt |title=Robert Berdella: The Butcher of Kansas City, Missouri |url=http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/serial%20killers/Berdella,%20Robert.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103180215/http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/serial%20killers/Berdella,%20Robert.htm |archive-date=November 3, 2015 |publisher=Radford University}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwar mahaifin Berdella, mahaifiyarsa ta sake yin aure, wani mataki da Berdella ya fusata da fushi, wanda ya kalli shi a matsayin hanyar cin amana ga mahaifinsa. A sakamakon haka, ya kara janyewa kuma ya kara nutsewa cikin ayyukan da ya shiga tun yana yaro, kamar zane, tattara tsabar kudi da hatimi, da rubutu ga abokan alkalami na kasashen waje. Berdella daga baya zai yi iƙirarin cewa sha'awar rubuce-rubuce ga abokan rubutu a ƙasashe kamar [[Vietnam]] da [[Myanmar|Burma]] da kuma aika masa hatimi, da hotuna na gumakan tarihi da tarihi, al'adun gargajiya, da gine-gine, za su haifar da sha'awarsa ga fasahar farko, hotuna, da kayan tarihi. Daga kimanin 1965, ya fara tattara irin waɗannan kayan tarihi; wannan aikin zai karfafa shi ya buɗe kasuwancinsa na kayan tarihi a shekarar 1982. == Komawa zuwa Birnin Kansas == === Shekaru na kwaleji === A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1967, Berdella ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Cuyahoga Falls . A duk lokacin da yake karatu a makarantar sakandare, ya sami irin wannan kyakkyawan maki kuma ya nuna irin wannan damar cewa a shekarar 1966, wani malami ya sanya shi a cikin shirin karatu mai zaman kansa. :{{Rp|100}}">&#x3A;&#x200A;100&#x200A; Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa, Berdella ya koma Kansas City, ya shiga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kansas City (KCAI), tare da burin zama farfesa a kwaleji.<ref name="Burial" /> : 46 A cikin shekara ta farko a KCAI, an dauki Berdella a matsayin dalibi mai hankali da basira, kodayake a shekara ta biyu, ya zama masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ya saba da ƙungiyar ɗalibai waɗanda suka ba shi kwayoyi, wanda ya sayar wa wasu ɗalibai da riba. Bugu da kari, ya fara shan giya akai-akai. Ya kuma shiga cikin ayyukan azabtar da dabbobi a kalla sau biyu; a lokacin daya daga cikin wadannan lokuta, ya yanke kan duck a gaban takwarorinsa, kuma a karo na biyu, ya yi gwaji tare da sedatives da tranquilizers a kan kare.<ref name="Burial" /> : 104  At the age of 19, Berdella was arrested for attempting to sell methamphetamine to an undercover officer;<ref name="Kidnappings">{{Cite book|last3=Michael Newton (author)}}</ref> he was released after posting a $3,000 bond (equivalent to about $27,100 {{As of|2025}}).[12] He would later plead guilty to the offense and was handed a five-year suspended sentence. One month after this first arrest, Berdella and two other students were arrested for possession of marijuana and LSD in Johnson County. On this occasion, Berdella could not post bond, and he spent five days in jail; the charges against him and one of the other students would be dropped due to a lack of evidence.{{Rp|103}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tw0fj35is4e0ysndzmmr3r2mx7ytenz 822202 822201 2026-04-18T12:04:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 822202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''TRobert Andrew Berdella Jr.''' (Janairu 31, 1949 - Oktoba 8, 1992) ɗan asalin [[Amurka]] ne wanda ya sace, ya yi wa fyade, ya azabtar, kuma ya kashe akalla samari shida bayan ya tilasta wa waɗanda ya kashe su jimre wa lokutan har zuwa makonni shida na bauta. Laifukansa sun faru ne a Kansas City, Missouri, tsakanin 1984 da 1987. Da yake bayyana kisan gillar da ya yi a matsayin "wasu daga cikin mafarkina mafi duhu da suka zama gaskiyata", Berdella ya amsa laifinsa kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai ba tare da yiwuwar a yi masa afuwa ba saboda kisan gillar farko da ya yi wa ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ya kashe, Larry Pearson, a watan Agusta na 1988; daga baya ya amsa laifinsa na ƙarin tuhumar kisan kai na mataki na farko da kuma tuhume-tuhume huɗu na kisan kai na mataki na biyu a watan Disamba na 1988. Ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya yayin da yake tsare a gidan yarin Jihar Missouri a watan Oktoba na 1992. Berdella ya zama sananne a matsayin Kansas City Butcher saboda aikinsa na rarraba jikin wadanda aka kashe, wanda zai zubar da shi a cikin jaka, da kuma The Collector saboda fim din da ya bayyana shi ne tushen tunanin da ke bayan tsarin aikata laifukansa. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Robert Berdella a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1949, a Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, na farko daga cikin 'ya'ya maza biyu da aka haifa wa Robert Andrew Berdella Sr., mai mutuwa ga Kamfanin Motar Ford, da Mary Louise (née Huffman) Berdella. Mahaifin Berdella ya kasance mai ibada Roman Katolika na zuriyar Italiya, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta fito ne daga Jamusanci da Burtaniya. Iyalin suna halartar Mass a kai a kai, kuma 'ya'ya maza biyu suna halartar darussan ilimin addini a kai a hankali. Yayinda yake yaro, Berdella yana da basira amma mai zaman kansa wanda ba ya yawan wasa a waje da gidansa kuma ba ya yawan samun abokai don yin hulɗa. Yana da matsalar magana kuma yana sanye da tabarau masu kauri tun yana da shekaru biyar saboda yana da hangen nesa sosai; an kuma gano shi da hawan jini, wanda ya sha magunguna da yawa. Berdella ya kasance mai yawan wasanni, yayin da ƙanensa, Daniel, ɗan shekara bakwai, ya nuna ƙwarewar wasanni tun yana ƙarami. Mahaifin Berdella ya ba da daraja ga wasanni da ilimin jiki kuma ya kalli rashin sha'awar ɗansa na fari a matsayin alamar gazawar, sau da yawa yana kwatanta shi da ɗan'uwansa. Lokaci-lokaci, mahaifin Berdella ya wulakanta 'ya'yansa a jiki da kuma motsin rai, kamar ta hanyar doke su da madauri. Berdella ya yi aiki sosai a ilimi, kodayake malamai galibi suna ganin yana da wahalar koyarwa, wani bangare saboda nisantarsa da kasancewa mai karɓar zalunci daga wasu ɗalibai. Saboda haka, ba ya yawan hulɗa da takwarorinsa. : 46–47 {{Rp|46–47}} Lokacin da Berdella ya kai lokacin balaga, ya gano cewa shi [[Jima'in jinsi|ɗan luwaɗi]] ne; da farko, ya ɓoye wannan gaskiyar sirri, kuma bai bayyana a fili game da jima'i ba har shekaru da yawa. Duk da haka, a farkon shekarunsa, ya ɗan sami budurwa. : 47 {{Rp|47}} === Samartaka === A tsakiyar shekarunsa, Berdella ya fara nuna wani mataki na tashin hankali, ya zama mara kyau da kuma ƙasƙantar da wasu, musamman mata. Ya koyi game da dafa abinci da fasaha kuma ya bunkasa nunawa. A ranar Kirsimeti ta 1965, dangin Berdella sun tafi Canton, Ohio, don ziyartar dangi. A wannan maraice, mahaifin Berdella ya kamu da ciwon zuciya yana da shekaru 39. Kwanaki biyu bayan haka, Berdella ya koma Cuyahoga Falls da kansa. Lokacin da ya isa gida, iyalinsa sun gaya masa cewa mahaifinsa ya mutu.<ref name="Burial" /> :{{Rp|353}} Berdella ya nemi ta'aziyya a cikin Katolika, yana karantawa sosai game da addinai da yawa. Daga bisani ya zama mai cin amana game da duk addinai. A shekara ta 1965, Berdella ya ga Fim din da aka yi amfani da shi na littafin John Fowles mai suna The Collector . Makircin fim din ya kewaye da wani mutum mai damuwa wanda ya bi sannan ya sace wata budurwa wacce ya ga kyakkyawa, yana riƙe da ita a cikin ginshiki na dutse mara taga kuma yana kallon ta a matsayin kadan fiye da samfurin kyakkyawa. Bayan makonni da yawa, matar ta mutu daga rashin lafiya duk da kokarin da mai kama ta ya yi na kiyaye ta da rai. Berdella daga baya ya bayyana cewa wannan fim din ya samar da ra'ayi mai dorewa a kansa.<ref name="Aamodt2006">{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Ryan |last2=Aust |first2=Ashley |last3=Bisset |first3=Danielle |last4=Jamba |first4=Timothy |last5=Jones |first5=John |last6=King |first6=Audrey |last7=Kowalski |first7=Jennifer |last8=Krell |first8=Elizabeth |last9=Layton |first9=Jaclyn |date=2006 |editor-last=Aamodt |editor-first=Mike |editor-link=Mike Aamodt |title=Robert Berdella: The Butcher of Kansas City, Missouri |url=http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/serial%20killers/Berdella,%20Robert.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103180215/http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/serial%20killers/Berdella,%20Robert.htm |archive-date=November 3, 2015 |publisher=Radford University}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwar mahaifin Berdella, mahaifiyarsa ta sake yin aure, wani mataki da Berdella ya fusata da fushi, wanda ya kalli shi a matsayin hanyar cin amana ga mahaifinsa. A sakamakon haka, ya kara janyewa kuma ya kara nutsewa cikin ayyukan da ya shiga tun yana yaro, kamar zane, tattara tsabar kudi da hatimi, da rubutu ga abokan alkalami na kasashen waje. Berdella daga baya zai yi iƙirarin cewa sha'awar rubuce-rubuce ga abokan rubutu a ƙasashe kamar [[Vietnam]] da [[Myanmar|Burma]] da kuma aika masa hatimi, da hotuna na gumakan tarihi da tarihi, al'adun gargajiya, da gine-gine, za su haifar da sha'awarsa ga fasahar farko, hotuna, da kayan tarihi. Daga kimanin 1965, ya fara tattara irin waɗannan kayan tarihi; wannan aikin zai karfafa shi ya buɗe kasuwancinsa na kayan tarihi a shekarar 1982. == Komawa zuwa Birnin Kansas == === Shekaru na kwaleji === A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1967, Berdella ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Cuyahoga Falls . A duk lokacin da yake karatu a makarantar sakandare, ya sami irin wannan kyakkyawan maki kuma ya nuna irin wannan damar cewa a shekarar 1966, wani malami ya sanya shi a cikin shirin karatu mai zaman kansa. :{{Rp|100}}">&#x3A;&#x200A;100&#x200A; Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa, Berdella ya koma Kansas City, ya shiga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kansas City (KCAI), tare da burin zama farfesa a kwaleji.<ref name="Burial" /> : 46 A cikin shekara ta farko a KCAI, an dauki Berdella a matsayin dalibi mai hankali da basira, kodayake a shekara ta biyu, ya zama masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ya saba da ƙungiyar ɗalibai waɗanda suka ba shi kwayoyi, wanda ya sayar wa wasu ɗalibai da riba. Bugu da kari, ya fara shan giya akai-akai. Ya kuma shiga cikin ayyukan azabtar da dabbobi a kalla sau biyu; a lokacin daya daga cikin wadannan lokuta, ya yanke kan duck a gaban takwarorinsa, kuma a karo na biyu, ya yi gwaji tare da sedatives da tranquilizers a kan kare.<ref name="Burial" /> : 104  At the age of 19, Berdella was arrested for attempting to sell methamphetamine to an undercover officer;<ref name="Kidnappings">{{Cite book|last3=Michael Newton (author)}}</ref> he was released after posting a $3,000 bond (equivalent to about $27,100 {{As of|2025}}).[12] He would later plead guilty to the offense and was handed a five-year suspended sentence. One month after this first arrest, Berdella and two other students were arrested for possession of marijuana and LSD in Johnson County. On this occasion, Berdella could not post bond, and he spent five days in jail; the charges against him and one of the other students would be dropped due to a lack of evidence.{{Rp|103}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rwf69mexixt15abxpalzntbmluc0e6m 822203 822202 2026-04-18T12:04:44Z Pharouqenr 25549 822203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''TRobert Andrew Berdella Jr.''' (Janairu 31, 1949 - Oktoba 8, 1992) ɗan asalin [[Amurka]] ne wanda ya sace, ya yi wa fyade, ya azabtar, kuma ya kashe akalla samari shida bayan ya tilasta wa waɗanda ya kashe su jimre wa lokutan har zuwa makonni shida na bauta. Laifukansa sun faru ne a Kansas City, Missouri, tsakanin 1984 da 1987. Da yake bayyana kisan gillar da ya yi a matsayin "wasu daga cikin mafarkina mafi duhu da suka zama gaskiyata", Berdella ya amsa laifinsa kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai ba tare da yiwuwar a yi masa afuwa ba saboda kisan gillar farko da ya yi wa ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ya kashe, Larry Pearson, a watan Agusta na 1988; daga baya ya amsa laifinsa na ƙarin tuhumar kisan kai na mataki na farko da kuma tuhume-tuhume huɗu na kisan kai na mataki na biyu a watan Disamba na 1988. Ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya yayin da yake tsare a gidan yarin Jihar Missouri a watan Oktoba na 1992. Berdella ya zama sananne a matsayin Kansas City Butcher saboda aikinsa na rarraba jikin wadanda aka kashe, wanda zai zubar da shi a cikin jaka, da kuma The Collector saboda fim din da ya bayyana shi ne tushen tunanin da ke bayan tsarin aikata laifukansa. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Robert Berdella a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1949, a Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, na farko daga cikin 'ya'ya maza biyu da aka haifa wa Robert Andrew Berdella Sr., mai mutuwa ga Kamfanin Motar Ford, da Mary Louise (née Huffman) Berdella. Mahaifin Berdella ya kasance mai ibada Roman Katolika na zuriyar Italiya, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta fito ne daga Jamusanci da Burtaniya. Iyalin suna halartar Mass a kai a kai, kuma 'ya'ya maza biyu suna halartar darussan ilimin addini a kai a hankali. Yayinda yake yaro, Berdella yana da basira amma mai zaman kansa wanda ba ya yawan wasa a waje da gidansa kuma ba ya yawan samun abokai don yin hulɗa. Yana da matsalar magana kuma yana sanye da tabarau masu kauri tun yana da shekaru biyar saboda yana da hangen nesa sosai; an kuma gano shi da hawan jini, wanda ya sha magunguna da yawa. Berdella ya kasance mai yawan wasanni, yayin da ƙanensa, Daniel, ɗan shekara bakwai, ya nuna ƙwarewar wasanni tun yana ƙarami. Mahaifin Berdella ya ba da daraja ga wasanni da ilimin jiki kuma ya kalli rashin sha'awar ɗansa na fari a matsayin alamar gazawar, sau da yawa yana kwatanta shi da ɗan'uwansa. Lokaci-lokaci, mahaifin Berdella ya wulakanta 'ya'yansa a jiki da kuma motsin rai, kamar ta hanyar doke su da madauri. Berdella ya yi aiki sosai a ilimi, kodayake malamai galibi suna ganin yana da wahalar koyarwa, wani bangare saboda nisantarsa da kasancewa mai karɓar zalunci daga wasu ɗalibai. Saboda haka, ba ya yawan hulɗa da takwarorinsa. : 46–47 {{Rp|46–47}} Lokacin da Berdella ya kai lokacin balaga, ya gano cewa shi [[Jima'in jinsi|ɗan luwaɗi]] ne; da farko, ya ɓoye wannan gaskiyar sirri, kuma bai bayyana a fili game da jima'i ba har shekaru da yawa. Duk da haka, a farkon shekarunsa, ya ɗan sami budurwa. : 47 {{Rp|47}} === Samartaka === A tsakiyar shekarunsa, Berdella ya fara nuna wani mataki na tashin hankali, ya zama mara kyau da kuma ƙasƙantar da wasu, musamman mata. Ya koyi game da dafa abinci da fasaha kuma ya bunkasa nunawa. A ranar Kirsimeti ta 1965, dangin Berdella sun tafi Canton, Ohio, don ziyartar dangi. A wannan maraice, mahaifin Berdella ya kamu da ciwon zuciya yana da shekaru 39. Kwanaki biyu bayan haka, Berdella ya koma Cuyahoga Falls da kansa. Lokacin da ya isa gida, iyalinsa sun gaya masa cewa mahaifinsa ya mutu.<ref name="Burial" /> Berdella ya nemi ta'aziyya a cikin Katolika, yana karantawa sosai game da addinai da yawa. Daga bisani ya zama mai cin amana game da duk addinai. A shekara ta 1965, Berdella ya ga Fim din da aka yi amfani da shi na littafin John Fowles mai suna The Collector . Makircin fim din ya kewaye da wani mutum mai damuwa wanda ya bi sannan ya sace wata budurwa wacce ya ga kyakkyawa, yana riƙe da ita a cikin ginshiki na dutse mara taga kuma yana kallon ta a matsayin kadan fiye da samfurin kyakkyawa. Bayan makonni da yawa, matar ta mutu daga rashin lafiya duk da kokarin da mai kama ta ya yi na kiyaye ta da rai. Berdella daga baya ya bayyana cewa wannan fim din ya samar da ra'ayi mai dorewa a kansa.<ref name="Aamodt2006">{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Ryan |last2=Aust |first2=Ashley |last3=Bisset |first3=Danielle |last4=Jamba |first4=Timothy |last5=Jones |first5=John |last6=King |first6=Audrey |last7=Kowalski |first7=Jennifer |last8=Krell |first8=Elizabeth |last9=Layton |first9=Jaclyn |date=2006 |editor-last=Aamodt |editor-first=Mike |editor-link=Mike Aamodt |title=Robert Berdella: The Butcher of Kansas City, Missouri |url=http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/serial%20killers/Berdella,%20Robert.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103180215/http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/serial%20killers/Berdella,%20Robert.htm |archive-date=November 3, 2015 |publisher=Radford University}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwar mahaifin Berdella, mahaifiyarsa ta sake yin aure, wani mataki da Berdella ya fusata da fushi, wanda ya kalli shi a matsayin hanyar cin amana ga mahaifinsa. A sakamakon haka, ya kara janyewa kuma ya kara nutsewa cikin ayyukan da ya shiga tun yana yaro, kamar zane, tattara tsabar kudi da hatimi, da rubutu ga abokan alkalami na kasashen waje. Berdella daga baya zai yi iƙirarin cewa sha'awar rubuce-rubuce ga abokan rubutu a ƙasashe kamar [[Vietnam]] da [[Myanmar|Burma]] da kuma aika masa hatimi, da hotuna na gumakan tarihi da tarihi, al'adun gargajiya, da gine-gine, za su haifar da sha'awarsa ga fasahar farko, hotuna, da kayan tarihi. Daga kimanin 1965, ya fara tattara irin waɗannan kayan tarihi; wannan aikin zai karfafa shi ya buɗe kasuwancinsa na kayan tarihi a shekarar 1982. == Komawa zuwa Birnin Kansas == === Shekaru na kwaleji === A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1967, Berdella ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Cuyahoga Falls . A duk lokacin da yake karatu a makarantar sakandare, ya sami irin wannan kyakkyawan maki kuma ya nuna irin wannan damar cewa a shekarar 1966, wani malami ya sanya shi a cikin shirin karatu mai zaman kansa. :{{Rp|100}}">&#x3A;&#x200A;100&#x200A; Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa, Berdella ya koma Kansas City, ya shiga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kansas City (KCAI), tare da burin zama farfesa a kwaleji.<ref name="Burial" /> : 46 A cikin shekara ta farko a KCAI, an dauki Berdella a matsayin dalibi mai hankali da basira, kodayake a shekara ta biyu, ya zama masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ya saba da ƙungiyar ɗalibai waɗanda suka ba shi kwayoyi, wanda ya sayar wa wasu ɗalibai da riba. Bugu da kari, ya fara shan giya akai-akai. Ya kuma shiga cikin ayyukan azabtar da dabbobi a kalla sau biyu; a lokacin daya daga cikin wadannan lokuta, ya yanke kan duck a gaban takwarorinsa, kuma a karo na biyu, ya yi gwaji tare da sedatives da tranquilizers a kan kare.<ref name="Burial" /> : 104  At the age of 19, Berdella was arrested for attempting to sell methamphetamine to an undercover officer;<ref name="Kidnappings">{{Cite book|last3=Michael Newton (author)}}</ref> he was released after posting a $3,000 bond (equivalent to about $27,100 {{As of|2025}}).[12] He would later plead guilty to the offense and was handed a five-year suspended sentence. One month after this first arrest, Berdella and two other students were arrested for possession of marijuana and LSD in Johnson County. On this occasion, Berdella could not post bond, and he spent five days in jail; the charges against him and one of the other students would be dropped due to a lack of evidence.{{Rp|103}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] oq1edosvdrscmo0cbzsfuecmlxxtgjz 822204 822203 2026-04-18T12:05:12Z Pharouqenr 25549 822204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''TRobert Andrew Berdella Jr.''' (Janairu 31, 1949 - Oktoba 8, 1992) ɗan asalin [[Amurka]] ne wanda ya sace, ya yi wa fyade, ya azabtar, kuma ya kashe akalla samari shida bayan ya tilasta wa waɗanda ya kashe su jimre wa lokutan har zuwa makonni shida na bauta. Laifukansa sun faru ne a Kansas City, Missouri, tsakanin 1984 da 1987. Da yake bayyana kisan gillar da ya yi a matsayin "wasu daga cikin mafarkina mafi duhu da suka zama gaskiyata", Berdella ya amsa laifinsa kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai ba tare da yiwuwar a yi masa afuwa ba saboda kisan gillar farko da ya yi wa ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ya kashe, Larry Pearson, a watan Agusta na 1988; daga baya ya amsa laifinsa na ƙarin tuhumar kisan kai na mataki na farko da kuma tuhume-tuhume huɗu na kisan kai na mataki na biyu a watan Disamba na 1988. Ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya yayin da yake tsare a gidan yarin Jihar Missouri a watan Oktoba na 1992. Berdella ya zama sananne a matsayin Kansas City Butcher saboda aikinsa na rarraba jikin wadanda aka kashe, wanda zai zubar da shi a cikin jaka, da kuma The Collector saboda fim din da ya bayyana shi ne tushen tunanin da ke bayan tsarin aikata laifukansa. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Robert Berdella a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1949, a Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, na farko daga cikin 'ya'ya maza biyu da aka haifa wa Robert Andrew Berdella Sr., mai mutuwa ga Kamfanin Motar Ford, da Mary Louise (née Huffman) Berdella. Mahaifin Berdella ya kasance mai ibada Roman Katolika na zuriyar Italiya, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta fito ne daga Jamusanci da Burtaniya. Iyalin suna halartar Mass a kai a kai, kuma 'ya'ya maza biyu suna halartar darussan ilimin addini a kai a hankali. Yayinda yake yaro, Berdella yana da basira amma mai zaman kansa wanda ba ya yawan wasa a waje da gidansa kuma ba ya yawan samun abokai don yin hulɗa. Yana da matsalar magana kuma yana sanye da tabarau masu kauri tun yana da shekaru biyar saboda yana da hangen nesa sosai; an kuma gano shi da hawan jini, wanda ya sha magunguna da yawa. Berdella ya kasance mai yawan wasanni, yayin da ƙanensa, Daniel, ɗan shekara bakwai, ya nuna ƙwarewar wasanni tun yana ƙarami. Mahaifin Berdella ya ba da daraja ga wasanni da ilimin jiki kuma ya kalli rashin sha'awar ɗansa na fari a matsayin alamar gazawar, sau da yawa yana kwatanta shi da ɗan'uwansa. Lokaci-lokaci, mahaifin Berdella ya wulakanta 'ya'yansa a jiki da kuma motsin rai, kamar ta hanyar doke su da madauri. Berdella ya yi aiki sosai a ilimi, kodayake malamai galibi suna ganin yana da wahalar koyarwa, wani bangare saboda nisantarsa da kasancewa mai karɓar zalunci daga wasu ɗalibai. Saboda haka, ba ya yawan hulɗa da takwarorinsa. : 46–47 {{Rp|46–47}} Lokacin da Berdella ya kai lokacin balaga, ya gano cewa shi [[Jima'in jinsi|ɗan luwaɗi]] ne; da farko, ya ɓoye wannan gaskiyar sirri, kuma bai bayyana a fili game da jima'i ba har shekaru da yawa. Duk da haka, a farkon shekarunsa, ya ɗan sami budurwa. : 47 {{Rp|47}} === Samartaka === A tsakiyar shekarunsa, Berdella ya fara nuna wani mataki na tashin hankali, ya zama mara kyau da kuma ƙasƙantar da wasu, musamman mata. Ya koyi game da dafa abinci da fasaha kuma ya bunkasa nunawa. A ranar Kirsimeti ta 1965, dangin Berdella sun tafi Canton, Ohio, don ziyartar dangi. A wannan maraice, mahaifin Berdella ya kamu da ciwon zuciya yana da shekaru 39. Kwanaki biyu bayan haka, Berdella ya koma Cuyahoga Falls da kansa. Lokacin da ya isa gida, iyalinsa sun gaya masa cewa mahaifinsa ya mutu.<ref name="Burial" /> Berdella ya nemi ta'aziyya a cikin Katolika, yana karantawa sosai game da addinai da yawa. Daga bisani ya zama mai cin amana game da duk addinai. A shekara ta 1965, Berdella ya ga Fim din da aka yi amfani da shi na littafin John Fowles mai suna The Collector . Makircin fim din ya kewaye da wani mutum mai damuwa wanda ya bi sannan ya sace wata budurwa wacce ya ga kyakkyawa, yana riƙe da ita a cikin ginshiki na dutse mara taga kuma yana kallon ta a matsayin kadan fiye da samfurin kyakkyawa. Bayan makonni da yawa, matar ta mutu daga rashin lafiya duk da kokarin da mai kama ta ya yi na kiyaye ta da rai. Berdella daga baya ya bayyana cewa wannan fim din ya samar da ra'ayi mai dorewa a kansa.<ref name="Aamodt2006">{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Ryan |last2=Aust |first2=Ashley |last3=Bisset |first3=Danielle |last4=Jamba |first4=Timothy |last5=Jones |first5=John |last6=King |first6=Audrey |last7=Kowalski |first7=Jennifer |last8=Krell |first8=Elizabeth |last9=Layton |first9=Jaclyn |date=2006 |editor-last=Aamodt |editor-first=Mike |editor-link=Mike Aamodt |title=Robert Berdella: The Butcher of Kansas City, Missouri |url=http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/serial%20killers/Berdella,%20Robert.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103180215/http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/serial%20killers/Berdella,%20Robert.htm |archive-date=November 3, 2015 |publisher=Radford University}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwar mahaifin Berdella, mahaifiyarsa ta sake yin aure, wani mataki da Berdella ya fusata da fushi, wanda ya kalli shi a matsayin hanyar cin amana ga mahaifinsa. A sakamakon haka, ya kara janyewa kuma ya kara nutsewa cikin ayyukan da ya shiga tun yana yaro, kamar zane, tattara tsabar kudi da hatimi, da rubutu ga abokan alkalami na kasashen waje. Berdella daga baya zai yi iƙirarin cewa sha'awar rubuce-rubuce ga abokan rubutu a ƙasashe kamar [[Vietnam]] da [[Myanmar|Burma]] da kuma aika masa hatimi, da hotuna na gumakan tarihi da tarihi, al'adun gargajiya, da gine-gine, za su haifar da sha'awarsa ga fasahar farko, hotuna, da kayan tarihi. Daga kimanin 1965, ya fara tattara irin waɗannan kayan tarihi; wannan aikin zai karfafa shi ya buɗe kasuwancinsa na kayan tarihi a shekarar 1982. == Komawa zuwa Birnin Kansas == === Shekaru na kwaleji === A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1967, Berdella ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Cuyahoga Falls . A duk lokacin da yake karatu a makarantar sakandare, ya sami irin wannan kyakkyawan maki kuma ya nuna irin wannan damar cewa a shekarar 1966, wani malami ya sanya shi a cikin shirin karatu mai zaman kansa. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa, Berdella ya koma Kansas City, ya shiga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kansas City (KCAI), tare da burin zama farfesa a kwaleji.<ref name="Burial" /> : 46 A cikin shekara ta farko a KCAI, an dauki Berdella a matsayin dalibi mai hankali da basira, kodayake a shekara ta biyu, ya zama masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ya saba da ƙungiyar ɗalibai waɗanda suka ba shi kwayoyi, wanda ya sayar wa wasu ɗalibai da riba. Bugu da kari, ya fara shan giya akai-akai. Ya kuma shiga cikin ayyukan azabtar da dabbobi a kalla sau biyu; a lokacin daya daga cikin wadannan lokuta, ya yanke kan duck a gaban takwarorinsa, kuma a karo na biyu, ya yi gwaji tare da sedatives da tranquilizers a kan kare.<ref name="Burial" /> At the age of 19, Berdella was arrested for attempting to sell methamphetamine to an undercover officer;<ref name="Kidnappings">{{Cite book|last3=Michael Newton (author)}}</ref> he was released after posting a $3,000 bond (equivalent to about $27,100 {{As of|2025}}).[12] He would later plead guilty to the offense and was handed a five-year suspended sentence. One month after this first arrest, Berdella and two other students were arrested for possession of marijuana and LSD in Johnson County. On this occasion, Berdella could not post bond, and he spent five days in jail; the charges against him and one of the other students would be dropped due to a lack of evidence.{{Rp|103}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7s09cnhxolwgzvj0zjkzkhgyswdd4g1 822205 822204 2026-04-18T12:05:54Z Pharouqenr 25549 822205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''TRobert Andrew Berdella Jr.''' (Janairu 31, 1949 - Oktoba 8, 1992) ɗan asalin [[Amurka]] ne wanda ya sace, ya yi wa fyade, ya azabtar, kuma ya kashe akalla samari shida bayan ya tilasta wa waɗanda ya kashe su jimre wa lokutan har zuwa makonni shida na bauta. Laifukansa sun faru ne a Kansas City, Missouri, tsakanin 1984 da 1987. Da yake bayyana kisan gillar da ya yi a matsayin "wasu daga cikin mafarkina mafi duhu da suka zama gaskiyata", Berdella ya amsa laifinsa kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai ba tare da yiwuwar a yi masa afuwa ba saboda kisan gillar farko da ya yi wa ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ya kashe, Larry Pearson, a watan Agusta na 1988; daga baya ya amsa laifinsa na ƙarin tuhumar kisan kai na mataki na farko da kuma tuhume-tuhume huɗu na kisan kai na mataki na biyu a watan Disamba na 1988. Ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya yayin da yake tsare a gidan yarin Jihar Missouri a watan Oktoba na 1992. Berdella ya zama sananne a matsayin Kansas City Butcher saboda aikinsa na rarraba jikin wadanda aka kashe, wanda zai zubar da shi a cikin jaka, da kuma The Collector saboda fim din da ya bayyana shi ne tushen tunanin da ke bayan tsarin aikata laifukansa. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Robert Berdella a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1949, a Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, na farko daga cikin 'ya'ya maza biyu da aka haifa wa Robert Andrew Berdella Sr., mai mutuwa ga Kamfanin Motar Ford, da Mary Louise (née Huffman) Berdella. Mahaifin Berdella ya kasance mai ibada Roman Katolika na zuriyar Italiya, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta fito ne daga Jamusanci da Burtaniya. Iyalin suna halartar Mass a kai a kai, kuma 'ya'ya maza biyu suna halartar darussan ilimin addini a kai a hankali. Yayinda yake yaro, Berdella yana da basira amma mai zaman kansa wanda ba ya yawan wasa a waje da gidansa kuma ba ya yawan samun abokai don yin hulɗa. Yana da matsalar magana kuma yana sanye da tabarau masu kauri tun yana da shekaru biyar saboda yana da hangen nesa sosai; an kuma gano shi da hawan jini, wanda ya sha magunguna da yawa. Berdella ya kasance mai yawan wasanni, yayin da ƙanensa, Daniel, ɗan shekara bakwai, ya nuna ƙwarewar wasanni tun yana ƙarami. Mahaifin Berdella ya ba da daraja ga wasanni da ilimin jiki kuma ya kalli rashin sha'awar ɗansa na fari a matsayin alamar gazawar, sau da yawa yana kwatanta shi da ɗan'uwansa. Lokaci-lokaci, mahaifin Berdella ya wulakanta 'ya'yansa a jiki da kuma motsin rai, kamar ta hanyar doke su da madauri. Berdella ya yi aiki sosai a ilimi, kodayake malamai galibi suna ganin yana da wahalar koyarwa, wani bangare saboda nisantarsa da kasancewa mai karɓar zalunci daga wasu ɗalibai. Saboda haka, ba ya yawan hulɗa da takwarorinsa. : 46–47 {{Rp|46–47}} Lokacin da Berdella ya kai lokacin balaga, ya gano cewa shi [[Jima'in jinsi|ɗan luwaɗi]] ne; da farko, ya ɓoye wannan gaskiyar sirri, kuma bai bayyana a fili game da jima'i ba har shekaru da yawa. Duk da haka, a farkon shekarunsa, ya ɗan sami budurwa. : 47 {{Rp|47}} === Samartaka === A tsakiyar shekarunsa, Berdella ya fara nuna wani mataki na tashin hankali, ya zama mara kyau da kuma ƙasƙantar da wasu, musamman mata. Ya koyi game da dafa abinci da fasaha kuma ya bunkasa nunawa. A ranar Kirsimeti ta 1965, dangin Berdella sun tafi Canton, Ohio, don ziyartar dangi. A wannan maraice, mahaifin Berdella ya kamu da ciwon zuciya yana da shekaru 39. Kwanaki biyu bayan haka, Berdella ya koma Cuyahoga Falls da kansa. Lokacin da ya isa gida, iyalinsa sun gaya masa cewa mahaifinsa ya mutu.<ref name="Burial" /> Berdella ya nemi ta'aziyya a cikin Katolika, yana karantawa sosai game da addinai da yawa. Daga bisani ya zama mai cin amana game da duk addinai. A shekara ta 1965, Berdella ya ga Fim din da aka yi amfani da shi na littafin John Fowles mai suna The Collector . Makircin fim din ya kewaye da wani mutum mai damuwa wanda ya bi sannan ya sace wata budurwa wacce ya ga kyakkyawa, yana riƙe da ita a cikin ginshiki na dutse mara taga kuma yana kallon ta a matsayin kadan fiye da samfurin kyakkyawa. Bayan makonni da yawa, matar ta mutu daga rashin lafiya duk da kokarin da mai kama ta ya yi na kiyaye ta da rai. Berdella daga baya ya bayyana cewa wannan fim din ya samar da ra'ayi mai dorewa a kansa.<ref name="Aamodt2006">{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Ryan |last2=Aust |first2=Ashley |last3=Bisset |first3=Danielle |last4=Jamba |first4=Timothy |last5=Jones |first5=John |last6=King |first6=Audrey |last7=Kowalski |first7=Jennifer |last8=Krell |first8=Elizabeth |last9=Layton |first9=Jaclyn |date=2006 |editor-last=Aamodt |editor-first=Mike |editor-link=Mike Aamodt |title=Robert Berdella: The Butcher of Kansas City, Missouri |url=http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/serial%20killers/Berdella,%20Robert.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103180215/http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/serial%20killers/Berdella,%20Robert.htm |archive-date=November 3, 2015 |publisher=Radford University}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwar mahaifin Berdella, mahaifiyarsa ta sake yin aure, wani mataki da Berdella ya fusata da fushi, wanda ya kalli shi a matsayin hanyar cin amana ga mahaifinsa. A sakamakon haka, ya kara janyewa kuma ya kara nutsewa cikin ayyukan da ya shiga tun yana yaro, kamar zane, tattara tsabar kudi da hatimi, da rubutu ga abokan alkalami na kasashen waje. Berdella daga baya zai yi iƙirarin cewa sha'awar rubuce-rubuce ga abokan rubutu a ƙasashe kamar [[Vietnam]] da [[Myanmar|Burma]] da kuma aika masa hatimi, da hotuna na gumakan tarihi da tarihi, al'adun gargajiya, da gine-gine, za su haifar da sha'awarsa ga fasahar farko, hotuna, da kayan tarihi. Daga kimanin 1965, ya fara tattara irin waɗannan kayan tarihi; wannan aikin zai karfafa shi ya buɗe kasuwancinsa na kayan tarihi a shekarar 1982. == Komawa zuwa Birnin Kansas == === Shekaru na kwaleji === A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1967, Berdella ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Cuyahoga Falls . A duk lokacin da yake karatu a makarantar sakandare, ya sami irin wannan kyakkyawan maki kuma ya nuna irin wannan damar cewa a shekarar 1966, wani malami ya sanya shi a cikin shirin karatu mai zaman kansa. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa, Berdella ya koma Kansas City, ya shiga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kansas City (KCAI), tare da burin zama farfesa a kwaleji.<ref name="Burial" /> : 46 A cikin shekara ta farko a KCAI, an dauki Berdella a matsayin dalibi mai hankali da basira, kodayake a shekara ta biyu, ya zama masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ya saba da ƙungiyar ɗalibai waɗanda suka ba shi kwayoyi, wanda ya sayar wa wasu ɗalibai da riba. Bugu da kari, ya fara shan giya akai-akai. Ya kuma shiga cikin ayyukan azabtar da dabbobi a kalla sau biyu; a lokacin daya daga cikin wadannan lokuta, ya yanke kan duck a gaban takwarorinsa, kuma a karo na biyu, ya yi gwaji tare da sedatives da tranquilizers a kan kare.<ref name="Burial" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1djrzu47glkd85axmdt2sm9teoh95gc 822206 822205 2026-04-18T12:06:21Z Pharouqenr 25549 822206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''TRobert Andrew Berdella Jr.''' (Janairu 31, 1949 - Oktoba 8, 1992) ɗan asalin [[Amurka]] ne wanda ya sace, ya yi wa fyade, ya azabtar, kuma ya kashe akalla samari shida bayan ya tilasta wa waɗanda ya kashe su jimre wa lokutan har zuwa makonni shida na bauta. Laifukansa sun faru ne a Kansas City, Missouri, tsakanin 1984 da 1987. Da yake bayyana kisan gillar da ya yi a matsayin "wasu daga cikin mafarkina mafi duhu da suka zama gaskiyata", Berdella ya amsa laifinsa kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai ba tare da yiwuwar a yi masa afuwa ba saboda kisan gillar farko da ya yi wa ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ya kashe, Larry Pearson, a watan Agusta na 1988; daga baya ya amsa laifinsa na ƙarin tuhumar kisan kai na mataki na farko da kuma tuhume-tuhume huɗu na kisan kai na mataki na biyu a watan Disamba na 1988. Ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya yayin da yake tsare a gidan yarin Jihar Missouri a watan Oktoba na 1992. Berdella ya zama sananne a matsayin Kansas City Butcher saboda aikinsa na rarraba jikin wadanda aka kashe, wanda zai zubar da shi a cikin jaka, da kuma The Collector saboda fim din da ya bayyana shi ne tushen tunanin da ke bayan tsarin aikata laifukansa. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Robert Berdella a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1949, a Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, na farko daga cikin 'ya'ya maza biyu da aka haifa wa Robert Andrew Berdella Sr., mai mutuwa ga Kamfanin Motar Ford, da Mary Louise (née Huffman) Berdella. Mahaifin Berdella ya kasance mai ibada Roman Katolika na zuriyar Italiya, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta fito ne daga Jamusanci da Burtaniya. Iyalin suna halartar Mass a kai a kai, kuma 'ya'ya maza biyu suna halartar darussan ilimin addini a kai a hankali. Yayinda yake yaro, Berdella yana da basira amma mai zaman kansa wanda ba ya yawan wasa a waje da gidansa kuma ba ya yawan samun abokai don yin hulɗa. Yana da matsalar magana kuma yana sanye da tabarau masu kauri tun yana da shekaru biyar saboda yana da hangen nesa sosai; an kuma gano shi da hawan jini, wanda ya sha magunguna da yawa. Berdella ya kasance mai yawan wasanni, yayin da ƙanensa, Daniel, ɗan shekara bakwai, ya nuna ƙwarewar wasanni tun yana ƙarami. Mahaifin Berdella ya ba da daraja ga wasanni da ilimin jiki kuma ya kalli rashin sha'awar ɗansa na fari a matsayin alamar gazawar, sau da yawa yana kwatanta shi da ɗan'uwansa. Lokaci-lokaci, mahaifin Berdella ya wulakanta 'ya'yansa a jiki da kuma motsin rai, kamar ta hanyar doke su da madauri. Berdella ya yi aiki sosai a ilimi, kodayake malamai galibi suna ganin yana da wahalar koyarwa, wani bangare saboda nisantarsa da kasancewa mai karɓar zalunci daga wasu ɗalibai. Saboda haka, ba ya yawan hulɗa da takwarorinsa. : 46–47 {{Rp|46–47}} Lokacin da Berdella ya kai lokacin balaga, ya gano cewa shi [[Jima'in jinsi|ɗan luwaɗi]] ne; da farko, ya ɓoye wannan gaskiyar sirri, kuma bai bayyana a fili game da jima'i ba har shekaru da yawa. Duk da haka, a farkon shekarunsa, ya ɗan sami budurwa. : 47 {{Rp|47}} === Samartaka === A tsakiyar shekarunsa, Berdella ya fara nuna wani mataki na tashin hankali, ya zama mara kyau da kuma ƙasƙantar da wasu, musamman mata. Ya koyi game da dafa abinci da fasaha kuma ya bunkasa nunawa. A ranar Kirsimeti ta 1965, dangin Berdella sun tafi Canton, Ohio, don ziyartar dangi. A wannan maraice, mahaifin Berdella ya kamu da ciwon zuciya yana da shekaru 39. Kwanaki biyu bayan haka, Berdella ya koma Cuyahoga Falls da kansa. Lokacin da ya isa gida, iyalinsa sun gaya masa cewa mahaifinsa ya mutu.<ref name="Burial" /> Berdella ya nemi ta'aziyya a cikin Katolika, yana karantawa sosai game da addinai da yawa. Daga bisani ya zama mai cin amana game da duk addinai. A shekara ta 1965, Berdella ya ga Fim din da aka yi amfani da shi na littafin John Fowles mai suna The Collector . Makircin fim din ya kewaye da wani mutum mai damuwa wanda ya bi sannan ya sace wata budurwa wacce ya ga kyakkyawa, yana riƙe da ita a cikin ginshiki na dutse mara taga kuma yana kallon ta a matsayin kadan fiye da samfurin kyakkyawa. Bayan makonni da yawa, matar ta mutu daga rashin lafiya duk da kokarin da mai kama ta ya yi na kiyaye ta da rai. Berdella daga baya ya bayyana cewa wannan fim din ya samar da ra'ayi mai dorewa a kansa.<ref name="Aamodt2006">{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Ryan |last2=Aust |first2=Ashley |last3=Bisset |first3=Danielle |last4=Jamba |first4=Timothy |last5=Jones |first5=John |last6=King |first6=Audrey |last7=Kowalski |first7=Jennifer |last8=Krell |first8=Elizabeth |last9=Layton |first9=Jaclyn |date=2006 |editor-last=Aamodt |editor-first=Mike |editor-link=Mike Aamodt |title=Robert Berdella: The Butcher of Kansas City, Missouri |url=http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/serial%20killers/Berdella,%20Robert.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103180215/http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/serial%20killers/Berdella,%20Robert.htm |archive-date=November 3, 2015 |publisher=Radford University}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwar mahaifin Berdella, mahaifiyarsa ta sake yin aure, wani mataki da Berdella ya fusata da fushi, wanda ya kalli shi a matsayin hanyar cin amana ga mahaifinsa. A sakamakon haka, ya kara janyewa kuma ya kara nutsewa cikin ayyukan da ya shiga tun yana yaro, kamar zane, tattara tsabar kudi da hatimi, da rubutu ga abokan alkalami na kasashen waje. Berdella daga baya zai yi iƙirarin cewa sha'awar rubuce-rubuce ga abokan rubutu a ƙasashe kamar [[Vietnam]] da [[Myanmar|Burma]] da kuma aika masa hatimi, da hotuna na gumakan tarihi da tarihi, al'adun gargajiya, da gine-gine, za su haifar da sha'awarsa ga fasahar farko, hotuna, da kayan tarihi. Daga kimanin 1965, ya fara tattara irin waɗannan kayan tarihi; wannan aikin zai karfafa shi ya buɗe kasuwancinsa na kayan tarihi a shekarar 1982. == Komawa zuwa Birnin Kansas == === Shekaru na kwaleji === A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1967, Berdella ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Cuyahoga Falls . A duk lokacin da yake karatu a makarantar sakandare, ya sami irin wannan kyakkyawan maki kuma ya nuna irin wannan damar cewa a shekarar 1966, wani malami ya sanya shi a cikin shirin karatu mai zaman kansa. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa, Berdella ya koma Kansas City, ya shiga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kansas City (KCAI), tare da burin zama farfesa a kwaleji.<ref name="Burial" /> : 46 A cikin shekara ta farko a KCAI, an dauki Berdella a matsayin dalibi mai hankali da basira, kodayake a shekara ta biyu, ya zama masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ya saba da ƙungiyar ɗalibai waɗanda suka ba shi kwayoyi, wanda ya sayar wa wasu ɗalibai da riba. Bugu da kari, ya fara shan giya akai-akai. Ya kuma shiga cikin ayyukan azabtar da dabbobi a kalla sau biyu; a lokacin daya daga cikin wadannan lokuta, ya yanke kan duck a gaban takwarorinsa, kuma a karo na biyu, ya yi gwaji tare da sedatives da tranquilizers a kan kare.<ref name="Burial" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dvpzrjls7ynq663mw7xutwt3dllx771 0 126001 822220 814780 2026-04-18T12:20:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 822220 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Mazabar No. 3''' ( Kazakh ; Russian ) yanki ne mai ikon zama yanki ɗaya a [[Kazakistan|Kazakhstan]], wanda aka wakilta a ƙaramin majalisar Mäjilis ta Majalisar Dokoki . Tana cikin birnin Almaty kuma ta haɗa da gundumomin Alatau da Auezov. An kafa mazabar ne tun a zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2004 kuma ta wanzu har sai da aka soke ta a 2007. Duk da haka, an sake kafa ta a 2022 kuma a halin yanzu tana ƙarƙashin wakilcin mataimakin Ermurat Bapi ( mai zaman kansa ) tun daga Maris 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Mazabar mai lamba 3 tana yankin arewa maso yammacin Almaty kuma ta haɗa da gundumomin birni na Alatau da Auezov . Tana da iyaka da Lamba 12 ( Yankin Almaty ) a arewa maso yamma, tare da Lamba 4 (Almaty) a kudu maso gabas da Lamba 5 (Almaty) a kudu maso yamma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa mazabar mai lamba 3 don zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2004 sakamakon sake rarrabawa a cikin iyakokin Almaty, kuma Sergey Kiselev ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin mazabar. Daga nan, gundumar zaɓe ta ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa rushewarta bayan gyaran kundin tsarin mulki na 2007, wanda ya haifar da soke dukkan mazabu a matsayin wani ɓangare na sauyawa daga wakilcin 'yan majalisa masu rinjaye zuwa tsarin wakilcin rabon jam'iyya gaba ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> Sauyin ya shafi tsarin dukkan kujerun majalisar Mäjilis ta Majalisar Dokokin Kazakhstan tun daga zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2007. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarsembayev |first=Marat |year=2008 |title=Parliamentary Reform in the Republic of Kazakhstan |url=https://ifsh.de/file-CORE/documents/yearbook/english/07/Sarsembayev-en.pdf |journal=OSCE Yearbook 2007 |location=Baden-Baden |pages=115–124 |doi=10.5771/9783845207018-115 |isbn=9783845207018 |via=Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Satubaldina |first=Assel |date=2023-03-16 |title=Here's What You Need to Know About Parliamentary Elections in Kazakhstan |url=https://astanatimes.com/2023/03/heres-what-you-need-to-know-about-parliamentary-elections-in-kazakhstan/ |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=The Astana Times |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Disamba, 2022, Hukumar Zaɓe ta Tsakiya ta sake kafa Mazaɓar Mai Lamba 3, wadda ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2023 sakamakon gyaran da aka yi a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> Amincewa da wannan gyaran ya nuna sake gabatar da tsarin zaɓe mai gauraya don zaɓar 'yan majalisar Mäjilis, tare da sake dawo da amfani da mazaɓun da aka ƙidaya a karon farko tun 2004. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> Ya fara bayyana a zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2023, inda Ermurat Bapi ya zama zaɓaɓɓen wakili a mazaɓar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarsembayev |first=Marat |year=2008 |title=Parliamentary Reform in the Republic of Kazakhstan |url=https://ifsh.de/file-CORE/documents/yearbook/english/07/Sarsembayev-en.pdf |journal=OSCE Yearbook 2007 |location=Baden-Baden |pages=115–124 |doi=10.5771/9783845207018-115 |isbn=9783845207018 |via=Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy}}</ref> == Membobi == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Zaɓe ! Memba ! Biki ! % |- | style="background-color: {{party color|Asar (political party)}}" | | 2004 | [[Sergey Kiselev (Kazakh politician)|Sergey Kiselev]] | Asar | align="right" | 67.4 |- | colspan="2" align="center" | 2007 | colspan="3" rowspan="4" | ''Mazabar da ta daina aiki ( National PR )'' |- | colspan="2" align="center" | 2012 |- | colspan="2" align="center" | 2016 |- | colspan="2" align="center" | 2021 |- | style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" | |2023 | Ermurat Bapi | Mai zaman kansa | align="right" | 27.9 |} == Sakamakon zaɓe == === 2023 === {{Election results|party1=[[Independent politician|Independent]]|cand1=[[Ermurat Bapi]]|votes1=23690|party2=[[Independent politician|Independent]] ([[Democratic Party of Kazakhstan|QDP]])|cand2=[[Inga Imanbai]]|votes2=6798|party3=[[Independent politician|Independent]]|cand3=Aqböpe Äbilqasymova|votes3=2826|party4=[[Independent politician|Independent]]|cand4=Mira Ajahmetova|votes4=2309|party5=[[Independent politician|Independent]]|cand5=Rüstem Amangeldi|votes5=2041|party6=[[Independent politician|Independent]]|cand6=Talğat Tileşev|votes6=1919|party7=[[Independent politician|Independent]]|cand7=Dana Meirbekova|votes7=1636|party8=[[Independent politician|Independent]]|cand8=Dinmuhamed Qamatai|votes8=1560|party9=[[Independent politician|Independent]]|cand9=Aqmaral Şatemirqyzy|votes9=1500|party10=[[Independent politician|Independent]]|cand10=Aibek Eleubai|votes10=1453|row12=Against all|votes12=14147|row11=Others|votes11=24948|invalid=11088|result=[[Independent politician|Independent]] gain|source=[https://www.election.gov.kz/kaz/news/releases/index.php?ID=8910 CEC]}} == Manazarta == ey8jhqun8pqlwahswqq5u12xroj2hd6 822221 822220 2026-04-18T12:20:32Z Pharouqenr 25549 822221 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Mazabar No. 3''' ( Kazakh ; Russian ) yanki ne mai ikon zama yanki ɗaya a [[Kazakistan|Kazakhstan]], wanda aka wakilta a ƙaramin majalisar Mäjilis ta Majalisar Dokoki . Tana cikin birnin Almaty kuma ta haɗa da gundumomin Alatau da Auezov. An kafa mazabar ne tun a zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2004 kuma ta wanzu har sai da aka soke ta a 2007. Duk da haka, an sake kafa ta a 2022 kuma a halin yanzu tana ƙarƙashin wakilcin mataimakin Ermurat Bapi ( mai zaman kansa ) tun daga Maris 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Mazabar mai lamba 3 tana yankin arewa maso yammacin Almaty kuma ta haɗa da gundumomin birni na Alatau da Auezov . Tana da iyaka da Lamba 12 ( Yankin Almaty ) a arewa maso yamma, tare da Lamba 4 (Almaty) a kudu maso gabas da Lamba 5 (Almaty) a kudu maso yamma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa mazabar mai lamba 3 don zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2004 sakamakon sake rarrabawa a cikin iyakokin Almaty, kuma Sergey Kiselev ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin mazabar. Daga nan, gundumar zaɓe ta ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa rushewarta bayan gyaran kundin tsarin mulki na 2007, wanda ya haifar da soke dukkan mazabu a matsayin wani ɓangare na sauyawa daga wakilcin 'yan majalisa masu rinjaye zuwa tsarin wakilcin rabon jam'iyya gaba ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> Sauyin ya shafi tsarin dukkan kujerun majalisar Mäjilis ta Majalisar Dokokin Kazakhstan tun daga zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2007. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarsembayev |first=Marat |year=2008 |title=Parliamentary Reform in the Republic of Kazakhstan |url=https://ifsh.de/file-CORE/documents/yearbook/english/07/Sarsembayev-en.pdf |journal=OSCE Yearbook 2007 |location=Baden-Baden |pages=115–124 |doi=10.5771/9783845207018-115 |isbn=9783845207018 |via=Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Satubaldina |first=Assel |date=2023-03-16 |title=Here's What You Need to Know About Parliamentary Elections in Kazakhstan |url=https://astanatimes.com/2023/03/heres-what-you-need-to-know-about-parliamentary-elections-in-kazakhstan/ |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=The Astana Times |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Disamba, 2022, Hukumar Zaɓe ta Tsakiya ta sake kafa Mazaɓar Mai Lamba 3, wadda ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2023 sakamakon gyaran da aka yi a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> Amincewa da wannan gyaran ya nuna sake gabatar da tsarin zaɓe mai gauraya don zaɓar 'yan majalisar Mäjilis, tare da sake dawo da amfani da mazaɓun da aka ƙidaya a karon farko tun 2004. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> Ya fara bayyana a zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2023, inda Ermurat Bapi ya zama zaɓaɓɓen wakili a mazaɓar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarsembayev |first=Marat |year=2008 |title=Parliamentary Reform in the Republic of Kazakhstan |url=https://ifsh.de/file-CORE/documents/yearbook/english/07/Sarsembayev-en.pdf |journal=OSCE Yearbook 2007 |location=Baden-Baden |pages=115–124 |doi=10.5771/9783845207018-115 |isbn=9783845207018 |via=Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy}}</ref> == Membobi == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Zaɓe ! Memba ! Biki ! % |- | style="background-color: {{party color|Asar (political party)}}" | | 2004 | [[Sergey Kiselev (Kazakh politician)|Sergey Kiselev]] | Asar | align="right" | 67.4 |- | colspan="2" align="center" | 2007 | colspan="3" rowspan="4" | ''Mazabar da ta daina aiki ( National PR )'' |- | colspan="2" align="center" | 2012 |- | colspan="2" align="center" | 2016 |- | colspan="2" align="center" | 2021 |- | style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" | |2023 | Ermurat Bapi | Mai zaman kansa | align="right" | 27.9 |} == Manazarta == hdr79kn9mgwjq6cny76lsqns4lljfvd 822222 822221 2026-04-18T12:20:54Z Pharouqenr 25549 822222 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Mazabar No. 3''' ( Kazakh ; Russian ) yanki ne mai ikon zama yanki ɗaya a [[Kazakistan|Kazakhstan]], wanda aka wakilta a ƙaramin majalisar Mäjilis ta Majalisar Dokoki . Tana cikin birnin Almaty kuma ta haɗa da gundumomin Alatau da Auezov. An kafa mazabar ne tun a zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2004 kuma ta wanzu har sai da aka soke ta a 2007. Duk da haka, an sake kafa ta a 2022 kuma a halin yanzu tana ƙarƙashin wakilcin mataimakin Ermurat Bapi ( mai zaman kansa ) tun daga Maris 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Mazabar mai lamba 3 tana yankin arewa maso yammacin Almaty kuma ta haɗa da gundumomin birni na Alatau da Auezov . Tana da iyaka da Lamba 12 ( Yankin Almaty ) a arewa maso yamma, tare da Lamba 4 (Almaty) a kudu maso gabas da Lamba 5 (Almaty) a kudu maso yamma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa mazabar mai lamba 3 don zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2004 sakamakon sake rarrabawa a cikin iyakokin Almaty, kuma Sergey Kiselev ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin mazabar. Daga nan, gundumar zaɓe ta ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa rushewarta bayan gyaran kundin tsarin mulki na 2007, wanda ya haifar da soke dukkan mazabu a matsayin wani ɓangare na sauyawa daga wakilcin 'yan majalisa masu rinjaye zuwa tsarin wakilcin rabon jam'iyya gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> Sauyin ya shafi tsarin dukkan kujerun majalisar Mäjilis ta Majalisar Dokokin Kazakhstan tun daga zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2007. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarsembayev |first=Marat |year=2008 |title=Parliamentary Reform in the Republic of Kazakhstan |url=https://ifsh.de/file-CORE/documents/yearbook/english/07/Sarsembayev-en.pdf |journal=OSCE Yearbook 2007 |location=Baden-Baden |pages=115–124 |doi=10.5771/9783845207018-115 |isbn=9783845207018 |via=Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Satubaldina |first=Assel |date=2023-03-16 |title=Here's What You Need to Know About Parliamentary Elections in Kazakhstan |url=https://astanatimes.com/2023/03/heres-what-you-need-to-know-about-parliamentary-elections-in-kazakhstan/ |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=The Astana Times |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Disamba, 2022, Hukumar Zaɓe ta Tsakiya ta sake kafa Mazaɓar Mai Lamba 3, wadda ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2023 sakamakon gyaran da aka yi a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> Amincewa da wannan gyaran ya nuna sake gabatar da tsarin zaɓe mai gauraya don zaɓar 'yan majalisar Mäjilis, tare da sake dawo da amfani da mazaɓun da aka ƙidaya a karon farko tun 2004. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> Ya fara bayyana a zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2023, inda Ermurat Bapi ya zama zaɓaɓɓen wakili a mazaɓar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarsembayev |first=Marat |year=2008 |title=Parliamentary Reform in the Republic of Kazakhstan |url=https://ifsh.de/file-CORE/documents/yearbook/english/07/Sarsembayev-en.pdf |journal=OSCE Yearbook 2007 |location=Baden-Baden |pages=115–124 |doi=10.5771/9783845207018-115 |isbn=9783845207018 |via=Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy}}</ref> == Membobi == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Zaɓe ! Memba ! Biki ! % |- | style="background-color: {{party color|Asar (political party)}}" | | 2004 | [[Sergey Kiselev (Kazakh politician)|Sergey Kiselev]] | Asar | align="right" | 67.4 |- | colspan="2" align="center" | 2007 | colspan="3" rowspan="4" | ''Mazabar da ta daina aiki ( National PR )'' |- | colspan="2" align="center" | 2012 |- | colspan="2" align="center" | 2016 |- | colspan="2" align="center" | 2021 |- | style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" | |2023 | Ermurat Bapi | Mai zaman kansa | align="right" | 27.9 |} == Manazarta == bkzy0ljnxgufninamyeathb5w87fkan 822223 822222 2026-04-18T12:21:11Z Pharouqenr 25549 822223 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Mazabar No. 3''' ( Kazakh ; Russian ) yanki ne mai ikon zama yanki ɗaya a [[Kazakistan|Kazakhstan]], wanda aka wakilta a ƙaramin majalisar Mäjilis ta Majalisar Dokoki . Tana cikin birnin Almaty kuma ta haɗa da gundumomin Alatau da Auezov. An kafa mazabar ne tun a zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2004 kuma ta wanzu har sai da aka soke ta a 2007. Duk da haka, an sake kafa ta a 2022 kuma a halin yanzu tana ƙarƙashin wakilcin mataimakin Ermurat Bapi ( mai zaman kansa ) tun daga Maris 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Mazabar mai lamba 3 tana yankin arewa maso yammacin Almaty kuma ta haɗa da gundumomin birni na Alatau da Auezov . Tana da iyaka da Lamba 12 ( Yankin Almaty ) a arewa maso yamma, tare da Lamba 4 (Almaty) a kudu maso gabas da Lamba 5 (Almaty) a kudu maso yamma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa mazabar mai lamba 3 don zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2004 sakamakon sake rarrabawa a cikin iyakokin Almaty, kuma Sergey Kiselev ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin mazabar. Daga nan, gundumar zaɓe ta ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa rushewarta bayan gyaran kundin tsarin mulki na 2007, wanda ya haifar da soke dukkan mazabu a matsayin wani ɓangare na sauyawa daga wakilcin 'yan majalisa masu rinjaye zuwa tsarin wakilcin rabon jam'iyya gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> Sauyin ya shafi tsarin dukkan kujerun majalisar Mäjilis ta Majalisar Dokokin Kazakhstan tun daga zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2007.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarsembayev |first=Marat |year=2008 |title=Parliamentary Reform in the Republic of Kazakhstan |url=https://ifsh.de/file-CORE/documents/yearbook/english/07/Sarsembayev-en.pdf |journal=OSCE Yearbook 2007 |location=Baden-Baden |pages=115–124 |doi=10.5771/9783845207018-115 |isbn=9783845207018 |via=Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Satubaldina |first=Assel |date=2023-03-16 |title=Here's What You Need to Know About Parliamentary Elections in Kazakhstan |url=https://astanatimes.com/2023/03/heres-what-you-need-to-know-about-parliamentary-elections-in-kazakhstan/ |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=The Astana Times |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Disamba, 2022, Hukumar Zaɓe ta Tsakiya ta sake kafa Mazaɓar Mai Lamba 3, wadda ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2023 sakamakon gyaran da aka yi a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> Amincewa da wannan gyaran ya nuna sake gabatar da tsarin zaɓe mai gauraya don zaɓar 'yan majalisar Mäjilis, tare da sake dawo da amfani da mazaɓun da aka ƙidaya a karon farko tun 2004. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> Ya fara bayyana a zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2023, inda Ermurat Bapi ya zama zaɓaɓɓen wakili a mazaɓar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarsembayev |first=Marat |year=2008 |title=Parliamentary Reform in the Republic of Kazakhstan |url=https://ifsh.de/file-CORE/documents/yearbook/english/07/Sarsembayev-en.pdf |journal=OSCE Yearbook 2007 |location=Baden-Baden |pages=115–124 |doi=10.5771/9783845207018-115 |isbn=9783845207018 |via=Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy}}</ref> == Membobi == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Zaɓe ! Memba ! Biki ! % |- | style="background-color: {{party color|Asar (political party)}}" | | 2004 | [[Sergey Kiselev (Kazakh politician)|Sergey Kiselev]] | Asar | align="right" | 67.4 |- | colspan="2" align="center" | 2007 | colspan="3" rowspan="4" | ''Mazabar da ta daina aiki ( National PR )'' |- | colspan="2" align="center" | 2012 |- | colspan="2" align="center" | 2016 |- | colspan="2" align="center" | 2021 |- | style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" | |2023 | Ermurat Bapi | Mai zaman kansa | align="right" | 27.9 |} == Manazarta == 5bu5vmne0bb5dbbffdxcvv3d7ju8lf6 822224 822223 2026-04-18T12:21:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 822224 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Mazabar No. 3''' ( Kazakh ; Russian ) yanki ne mai ikon zama yanki ɗaya a [[Kazakistan|Kazakhstan]], wanda aka wakilta a ƙaramin majalisar Mäjilis ta Majalisar Dokoki . Tana cikin birnin Almaty kuma ta haɗa da gundumomin Alatau da Auezov. An kafa mazabar ne tun a zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2004 kuma ta wanzu har sai da aka soke ta a 2007. Duk da haka, an sake kafa ta a 2022 kuma a halin yanzu tana ƙarƙashin wakilcin mataimakin Ermurat Bapi ( mai zaman kansa ) tun daga Maris 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Mazabar mai lamba 3 tana yankin arewa maso yammacin Almaty kuma ta haɗa da gundumomin birni na Alatau da Auezov . Tana da iyaka da Lamba 12 ( Yankin Almaty ) a arewa maso yamma, tare da Lamba 4 (Almaty) a kudu maso gabas da Lamba 5 (Almaty) a kudu maso yamma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa mazabar mai lamba 3 don zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2004 sakamakon sake rarrabawa a cikin iyakokin Almaty, kuma Sergey Kiselev ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin mazabar. Daga nan, gundumar zaɓe ta ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa rushewarta bayan gyaran kundin tsarin mulki na 2007, wanda ya haifar da soke dukkan mazabu a matsayin wani ɓangare na sauyawa daga wakilcin 'yan majalisa masu rinjaye zuwa tsarin wakilcin rabon jam'iyya gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> Sauyin ya shafi tsarin dukkan kujerun majalisar Mäjilis ta Majalisar Dokokin Kazakhstan tun daga zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2007.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarsembayev |first=Marat |year=2008 |title=Parliamentary Reform in the Republic of Kazakhstan |url=https://ifsh.de/file-CORE/documents/yearbook/english/07/Sarsembayev-en.pdf |journal=OSCE Yearbook 2007 |location=Baden-Baden |pages=115–124 |doi=10.5771/9783845207018-115 |isbn=9783845207018 |via=Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Satubaldina |first=Assel |date=2023-03-16 |title=Here's What You Need to Know About Parliamentary Elections in Kazakhstan |url=https://astanatimes.com/2023/03/heres-what-you-need-to-know-about-parliamentary-elections-in-kazakhstan/ |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=The Astana Times |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Disamba, 2022, Hukumar Zaɓe ta Tsakiya ta sake kafa Mazaɓar Mai Lamba 3, wadda ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2023 sakamakon gyaran da aka yi a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> Amincewa da wannan gyaran ya nuna sake gabatar da tsarin zaɓe mai gauraya don zaɓar 'yan majalisar Mäjilis, tare da sake dawo da amfani da mazaɓun da aka ƙidaya a karon farko tun 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatyana |first=Kudrenok |date=2023-03-27 |title=2023 elections: CEC announces winners of single-mandate districts |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/2023-elections-cec-announces-winners-of-single-mandate-districts_a4050016 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Kazinform |language=en}}</ref> Ya fara bayyana a zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2023, inda Ermurat Bapi ya zama zaɓaɓɓen wakili a mazaɓar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarsembayev |first=Marat |year=2008 |title=Parliamentary Reform in the Republic of Kazakhstan |url=https://ifsh.de/file-CORE/documents/yearbook/english/07/Sarsembayev-en.pdf |journal=OSCE Yearbook 2007 |location=Baden-Baden |pages=115–124 |doi=10.5771/9783845207018-115 |isbn=9783845207018 |via=Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy}}</ref> == Membobi == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Zaɓe ! Memba ! Biki ! % |- | style="background-color: {{party color|Asar (political party)}}" | | 2004 | [[Sergey Kiselev (Kazakh politician)|Sergey Kiselev]] | Asar | align="right" | 67.4 |- | colspan="2" align="center" | 2007 | colspan="3" rowspan="4" | ''Mazabar da ta daina aiki ( National PR )'' |- | colspan="2" align="center" | 2012 |- | colspan="2" align="center" | 2016 |- | colspan="2" align="center" | 2021 |- | style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" | |2023 | Ermurat Bapi | Mai zaman kansa | align="right" | 27.9 |} == Manazarta == aqn0fk42awvh5ye2rh0uqiuvtz5g6k1 0 126191 822534 756580 2026-04-19T10:04:54Z BnHamid 12586 822534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fasahar gano nakasa''' ( '''IDT''' ) tana nufin kayan aiki da tsarin da aka tsara don tantance ko mutum yana da nakasa a wani lokaci, ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba. Ba kamar gwaje-gwajen ƙwayoyi da barasa da ke gano abubuwa ko abubuwan da ke cikin jiki ba, IDTs suna kimanta aikin fahimta ko na jiki na ainihin lokaci don gano nakasa mai aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spindle |first=Tory R. |last2=Martin |first2=Erin L. |last3=Grabenauer |first3=Megan |last4=Woodward |first4=Thomas |last5=Milburn |first5=Michael A. |last6=Vandrey |first6=Ryan |date=July 2021 |title=Assessment of cognitive and psychomotor impairment, subjective effects, and blood THC concentrations following acute administration of oral and vaporized cannabis |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=786–803 |doi=10.1177/02698811211021583 |issn=1461-7285 |pmc=9361180 |pmid=34049452}}</ref> Waɗannan tsarin suna da mahimmanci inda aminci yake da mahimmanci, kamar wuraren aiki da [[Tabbatar da doka|tilasta bin doka]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection Technology Makes Workplaces Safer - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/newsroom/impairment-detection-technology-makes-workplaces-s?srsltid=AfmBOopbMT9pBSIQv79F2pd1_svjtj9ud6B8PRY34sa6_AXP-6cIJpju |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title='Impairment Detection Technology and Workplace Safety': NSC releases report {{!}} 2022-08-18 {{!}} Safety+Health |url=https://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/22945-impairment-detection-technology-and-workplace-safety-nsc-releases-report |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com |language=en}}</ref> IDTs ba su gano takamaiman dalilin raunin ba, kamar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, [[Rashin karfi|Gajiya]], ko rashin lafiya, amma a maimakon haka suna gano alamun halayyar ko na jiki kamar jinkirin lokacin amsawa, rashin daidaituwa, ko rashin motsi na ido.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}</ref> Sha'awar IDT ta ƙaru yayin da wuraren aiki da hukumomin tsaro ke magance iyakokin hanyoyin gwajin magunguna na gargajiya. Halatta cannabis ya nuna ƙalubalen da ke tattare da gwaje-gwajen da aka yi bisa ga metabolite, waɗanda za su iya samar da sakamako mai kyau kwanaki bayan amfani, koda kuwa mutumin bai sake samun matsala ba. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=harvardgazette |date=2022-01-11 |title=Harvard-led research identifies potential test for cannabis impairment |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2022/01/research-describes-brain-based-method-for-identifying-cannabis-impairment/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Harvard Gazette |language=en-US}}</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa matakan tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) a cikin jini ko yau ba su da alaƙa da rashin aiki yadda ya kamata, saboda masu amfani da yawa na iya riƙe yawan THC ba tare da fuskantar maye ba, kuma metabolites na iya kasancewa ana iya gano su tsawon lokaci bayan tasirin psychoactive ya ƙare. <ref name=":0" /> == Nau'o'in == IDTs suna tantance yanayin aiki na mutum a ainihin lokacin ta hanyar saka idanu kan aikin fahimta ko martani na jiki. Wadannan fasahohin sun fada cikin nau'o'i da yawa: === Motar ido === Waɗannan tsarin suna nazarin motsin ido ba da gangan ba da kuma martanin ɗalibi, kamar nystagmus ko jinkirin amsawa don gano rauni. Na'urori kamar belun kunne na Gaize's VR suna amfani da na'urori masu auna ido da kuma koyon injin don gano maye bisa ga halayen ido. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}</ref> Gwaje-gwajen dijital suna auna lokacin amsawa, hankali, da daidaitawa don gano ƙarancin fahimta saboda gajiya ko abubuwa. An nuna cewa Gwajin Kula da Hankali na Psychomotor (PVT), wanda aka yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin nazarin gajiya, yana gano kurakurai a cikin direbobin ƙwararru. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}</ref> Ana ci gaba da tabbatar da ingancin kimiyya don gwaje-gwajen psychomotor, amma binciken da aka yi da farko da takwarorinsu suka yi yana da kyau. Misali, wani bincike da Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Amurka ta dauki nauyin gudanarwa a shekarar 2021 ya tabbatar da AlertMeter, wani kayan aiki na tantance gajiyar psychomotor ta wayar hannu, a kan PVT da Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS). Sakamakon ya nuna inganci mai ƙarfi a lokaci guda, yana nuna cewa AlertMeter yana gano matsaloli masu alaƙa da gajiya a wuraren aiki yadda ya kamata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spindle |first=Tory R. |last2=Martin |first2=Erin L. |last3=Grabenauer |first3=Megan |last4=Woodward |first4=Thomas |last5=Milburn |first5=Michael A. |last6=Vandrey |first6=Ryan |date=July 2021 |title=Assessment of cognitive and psychomotor impairment, subjective effects, and blood THC concentrations following acute administration of oral and vaporized cannabis |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=786–803 |doi=10.1177/02698811211021583 |issn=1461-7285 |pmc=9361180 |pmid=34049452}}</ref> === Ilimin halittar jiki === Na'urorin da ake sawa da kuma tsarin da ke cikin mota suna gano barci ko rauni ta hanyar lura da ƙyaftawar ido, motsin kai, ko kuma yanayin tuƙi. Wasu na'urori masu ci gaba suna amfani da hanyoyin duba kwakwalwa kamar aikin spectroscopy na kusa-infrared (fNIRS) don gano canje-canjen da suka shafi cannabis a cikin aikin kwakwalwa. <ref name=":0" /> Daga 2024, [[Tarayyar Turai|EU]] ta ba da umarnin tsarin gano barci a cikin duk sabbin motoci don inganta tsaron hanya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}</ref> == Aikace-aikace == === Tsaron wurin aiki === Ana amfani da IDTs a masana'antu masu haɗari kamar gini, [[hakar ma'adinai]], da sufuri don tantance lafiyar ma'aikata. Gwaje-gwajen yau da kullun kafin aiki ta amfani da allunan hannu ko na'urorin da za a iya sawa suna taimakawa wajen hana haɗurra ta hanyar gano mutanen da ke da nakasa kafin su fara ayyukan da suka shafi aminci. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |title=Impairment Detection Technology & Workplace Safety |url=https://predictivesafety.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/860208_Impairment-Detection-Technology-Report-fnl-3.pdf |journal=National Safety Council |via=Predictive Safety}}</ref> Wani rahoto na Majalisar Tsaron Ƙasa ta 2021 ya gano cewa kashi 82% na ma'aikata da ke amfani da IDTs sun ga ingantattun sakamakon tsaro. Waɗannan gwaje-gwajen kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin marasa amfani, saboda suna guje wa samfuran jiki kuma suna mai da hankali kan aikin aiki. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |title=Impairment Detection Technology & Workplace Safety |url=https://predictivesafety.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/860208_Impairment-Detection-Technology-Report-fnl-3.pdf |journal=National Safety Council |via=Predictive Safety}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://predictivesafety.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/860208_Impairment-Detection-Technology-Report-fnl-3.pdf "Impairment Detection Technology & Workplace Safety"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''National Safety Council'' &#x2013; via Predictive Safety.</cite></ref> Jihohin da ke da izinin cannabis suna tura ma'aikata su nuna ainihin raunin aiki a wurin aiki, suna mai da IDTs kayan aiki mai amfani na bin ƙa'idodi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spindle |first=Tory R. |last2=Martin |first2=Erin L. |last3=Grabenauer |first3=Megan |last4=Woodward |first4=Thomas |last5=Milburn |first5=Michael A. |last6=Vandrey |first6=Ryan |date=July 2021 |title=Assessment of cognitive and psychomotor impairment, subjective effects, and blood THC concentrations following acute administration of oral and vaporized cannabis |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=786–803 |doi=10.1177/02698811211021583 |issn=1461-7285 |pmc=9361180 |pmid=34049452}}</ref> Tsaron wurin aiki tabbas babban abin damuwa ne domin rauni ba wai kawai yana fitowa ne daga ƙwayoyi ko barasa ba. Gajiya, damuwa, rashin lafiya, da shan ƙwayoyi su ne abin da Majalisar Tsaron Ƙasa ta ruwaito a matsayin mafi yawan lahani. Duk waɗannan na iya taimakawa ga mutumin da ke aiki saboda yana shafar su ta jiki da ta hankali. Saboda waɗannan, abubuwa da yawa da suka faru sun haɗa da ma'aikatan da ba su da "sinadarai" har yanzu suna da rauni a fasaha kamar yadda duk wani tasiri ga lafiyarsu zai iya zama alhaki kuma ya haifar da haɗurra a wurin aiki. Don haka, wuraren aiki suna buƙatar fara amfani da kayan aikin gano rauni waɗanda ke neman alamun rauni daban-daban fiye da barasa ko ƙwayoyi kawai. Majalisar Tsaron Ƙasa. "Magance Matsalar Wurin Aiki da Fasaha." 2021 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}</ref> === Jami'an tsaro === Jami'an tsaro suna amfani da IDTs don tallafawa rashin aikin tuƙi. Kayan aiki na yau da kullun kamar na'urorin numfashi suna gano barasa, amma magunguna ba su da gwaje-gwajen gefen hanya iri ɗaya. Sabbin na'urori kamar gilashin ido (misali, Gaize) da allunan gwajin fahimta suna ba da alamun rashin lafiya ba tare da la'akari da abu ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}</ref> Waɗannan kayan aikin suna ƙara wa gwaje-gwajen shan giya a fagen amma har yanzu ana duba su bisa doka don amincewa. Gwamnatin Amurka kuma tana ba da umarnin gano nakasa a cikin mota. A ƙarƙashin Dokar HALT, NHTSA za ta buƙaci sabbin motoci su haɗa da tsarin kamar kyamarorin sa ido kan direbobi da na'urori masu auna barasa nan da shekarar 2026 don hana tuƙi mara kyau . Ana hasashen waɗannan fasahohin za su hana mace-mace sama da 10,000 a kowace shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}</ref> === Wasu yankuna === IDTs suna da aikace-aikace a fannin sufurin jiragen sama, [[jirgin ƙasa]], [[Kula da lafiya|kiwon lafiya]], soja, da [[wasanni]], inda shirye-shiryen fahimta ko na jiki suke da mahimmanci. Kamfanonin jiragen sama na iya amfani da gwaje-gwajen faɗakarwa ga matukan jirgi, asibitoci na iya tantance likitocin da suka gaji, kuma ƙungiyoyin wasanni na iya amfani da kayan aikin lokacin amsawa don tantance raunin da ya shafi bugun jini. Waɗannan fasahohin suna aiki a matsayin kayan aikin rigakafi duk inda aminci da aikinsu suka zama dole. == Halalci == Gwajin nakasa ya bambanta bisa doka da gwajin magunguna na gargajiya, sakamakon haka, waɗannan gwaje-gwajen galibi ba sa cikin ƙa'idodin gwajin magunguna na Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}</ref> A Amurka, sauye-sauyen dokoki kamar Dokar Majalisar Dokokin California ta 2188 sun takaita yanke shawara kan aiki bisa ga abubuwan da ke haifar da maye gurbin cannabis marasa tasiri, wanda ke ƙarfafa ɗaukar kimantawar nakasa aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spindle |first=Tory R. |last2=Martin |first2=Erin L. |last3=Grabenauer |first3=Megan |last4=Woodward |first4=Thomas |last5=Milburn |first5=Michael A. |last6=Vandrey |first6=Ryan |date=July 2021 |title=Assessment of cognitive and psychomotor impairment, subjective effects, and blood THC concentrations following acute administration of oral and vaporized cannabis |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=786–803 |doi=10.1177/02698811211021583 |issn=1461-7285 |pmc=9361180 |pmid=34049452}}</ref> Yawancin kayan aikin gano nakasa ba sa tattara samfuran biometric ko bayanai da za a iya gane su da kansu don bin dokokin sirri kamar Dokar Sirrin Bayanan Halitta . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection Technology Makes Workplaces Safer - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/newsroom/impairment-detection-technology-makes-workplaces-s?srsltid=AfmBOopbMT9pBSIQv79F2pd1_svjtj9ud6B8PRY34sa6_AXP-6cIJpju |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}</ref> Misalin shari'a kamar shari'ar TJ Hooper ya nuna cewa ma'aikata na iya fuskantar haɗarin ɗaukar alhakin rashin ɗaukar matakan tsaro masu ma'ana kamar gwajin nakasa a cikin mahalli masu saurin kamuwa da rashin lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}</ref> A Kanada, gwajin wurin aiki dole ne ya yi daidai da dokokin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, yana mai da hankali kan dacewa da aiki da ƙarancin kutse. Hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Kanada a shekarar 2013 a cikin Irving Pulp &amp;amp; Paper ya jaddada cewa gwajin bazuwar yana buƙatar shaidar babban haɗarin aminci. Hukumomin sirri na Kanada kuma sun ba da shawarar iyakance tattara bayanan sirri yayin gwaji. == Dokoki == A cikin dokar sufuri, [[Dokar saka hannun jari da ayyukan yi|Dokar Zuba Jari da Ayyuka ta Bunkasa Kayayyaki]] ta ba da umarnin fasahar rigakafin nakasa a cikin dukkan sabbin motoci nan da shekarar 2026, kodayake ta bar aiwatarwa ga masana'antun. Hakazalika, [[Tarayyar Turai]] tana buƙatar gano barcin direbobi a cikin sabbin motoci, wanda ke nuna yanayin hana haɗurra ta hanyar fasaha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}</ref> Ga jami'an tsaro, dole ne masu fasaha masu rauni su cika manyan ƙa'idodi (kamar Daubert ) don a amince da su a kotu. Na'urori kamar kayan aikin bin diddigin ido suna ƙarƙashin gwajin gwaji, amma har zuwa 2025, babu IDT mara barasa da ke da cikakkiyar amincewa ta doka a shari'o'in DUI. Ana ci gaba da tabbatar da doka a jihohi kamar [[Minnesota]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}</ref> A wuraren aiki, OSHA ba ta fitar da takamaiman ƙa'idodin IDT ba tukuna, amma dole ne ma'aikata su tabbatar da aminci. Masana sun ba da shawarar amfani da IDTs a matsayin kayan aikin tantancewa a cikin wani tsari mai faɗi wanda ya haɗa da kimantawa na mataki na biyu. == Iyakoki == IDTs suna alƙawarin fa'idodin aminci na ainihin lokaci, amma aikinsu ya bambanta kuma samfuran da yawa har yanzu ba a tabbatar da su ba ne kawai. Sharhin da Majalisar Tsaron Ƙasa ta yi ya lura cewa, yayin da aka kafa ƙa'idodin kimiyya da ke bayan matakan kamar amsawar yara ko gwajin lokacin amsawa, yawancin na'urorin kasuwanci ba su da shaidar da aka yi nazari a kansu a tsakanin al'ummomi da tushen rauni. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}</ref> Saboda haka, tabbataccen ƙarya da mummunan ƙarya har yanzu abin damuwa ne; sakamakon na iya shafar yanayin gwaji, bambancin mutum da tasirin koyo. Hanyoyi biyu na daidaitawa suna gabatar da bambance-bambance. '''Tsarin tushe''' yana kwatanta kowane mai amfani da nasa ma'aunin hankali, yana inganta hankali amma yana buƙatar gwaji na farko da sake daidaita su lokaci-lokaci; kuma ana iya "yi wasa" idan mai amfani ya gaza yin aiki da gangan lokacin saita tushen. '''Tsarin yankewa da aka gyara''' sun fi sauƙi amma suna iya ɓatar da rarrabuwar mutane marasa tsari amma marasa nakasa. IDTs ba sa nuna alamun cutarwa: gazawar gwajin lura da ido ko kuma gwajin bin diddigin ido yana nuna ƙarancin aiki amma ba wai ko ya samo asali ne daga shan ƙwayoyi, gajiya, rashin lafiya ko wani abu ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}</ref> Saboda haka, ana buƙatar matakan bibiya kamar binciken lafiya ko guba don ɗaukar matakin shari'a ko ladabtarwa. Karɓar mai amfani da kuma amfani da shi wajen aiki suma suna iyakance amfani. Gwaje-gwaje dole ne su kasance masu sauri, marasa kutse kuma masu ƙarfi ga yanayin masana'antu; in ba haka ba suna fuskantar juriya ko ƙalubalen dabaru. Kulawa da daidaitawa akai-akai (misali, ga tsarin da aka yi amfani da kyamara) yana ƙara farashi da sarkakiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Impairment Detection - National Safety Council |url=https://www.nsc.org/workplace/safety-topics/impairment/impairment-detection?srsltid=AfmBOorGiHi3JyGzm0SldS1KPyU6jt2YuVBcPJ0lGQ2X3Y-EdViIYCHL |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.nsc.org |language=en}}</ref> Masana tsaro suna gargaɗin dogaro da na'ura ɗaya fiye da kima. IDTs ya kamata su dace da, ba maye gurbin, tsarin kula da lafiyar jiki da kuma hukunci na mai kula da lafiya ba. Saboda nakasa tana da fuskoki da yawa, babu wani ma'auni guda ɗaya da ke kama kowace matsala; hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa waɗanda suka haɗa siginar ido, fahimta da kuma ilimin halittar jiki ana ɗaukar su a matsayin mafita mafi kyau ta dogon lokaci. == Duba kuma == * Manhajar gano gajiya * Gwajin shan giya a fagen * Gano barcin direba == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Na'urar gano nakasa bisa ga [https://gaize.ai Gaize] - VR * [https://predictivesafety.com AlertMeter] - Kayan aikin gano gajiya na ainihin lokaci [[Rukuni:Fasaha]] mnpcxhpyvjctvnv8is2xbikezbe2wdx 0 127108 822489 759158 2026-04-19T09:45:24Z BnHamid 12586 822489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nazarin tsari''' shine tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ilimin yanayi. Ana amfani da nazarin tsari "don haɓaka parameterizations [misali na samfuran yaduwa], km ana amfani da abubuwan lura don daidaita [na ƙarshe]". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cronin |first=Meghan F. |last2=Legg |first2=Sonya |author-link2=Sonya Legg |last3=Zuidema |first3=Paquita |date=1 July 2009 |title=Climate Research: Best Practices For Process Studies |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=90 |issue=7 |pages=917–918 |bibcode=2009BAMS...90..917C |doi=10.1175/2009BAMS2622.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A parametrization sashi na daidaitawa don wakiltar abubuwan da suka faru maimakon cire su daga farko tsari. Misali ga wani abu mai mahimmanci shine tsawa wanda ba za a iya kwaikwayon ta a cikin yanayin gurare daban-daban ba idan ƙudurin sararin samaniya na kilomita da yawa ya yi don warware Kwayar guguwa guda ɗaya. == Sauran ma'anoni == Akwai mujallar da ake kira da Process Studies (Nazarin tsari). ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} kgohkfrzvcxq4i9tvduy6jsyclhji8l 0 127246 822248 759525 2026-04-18T16:20:33Z BnHamid 12586 822248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gruvi''' tsarin katin ƙwaƙwalwa ne na ɗan gajeren lokaci wanda ya dace da [[microSD]] wanda [[Sandisk]] ya ƙirƙira a 2006. Ya yi amfani da fasahar katin TrustedFlash na kamfanin, wanda ke aiki kamar [[Secure Digital|katin SD]] na yau da kullun amma ana iya faɗaɗa shi zuwa abubuwan da ake buƙata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Singer |first=Michael |title=SanDisk stakes its future on TrustedFlash |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/sandisk-stakes-its-future-on-trustedflash/ |access-date=2019-01-21 |website=CNET |language=en}}</ref> An yi nufin katunan ne don rarraba kiɗa da bidiyo kuma suna da fasaloli na musamman [[Digital rights management|na sarrafa haƙƙin dijital]], gami da ikon shigar da abun ciki kafin a buɗe shi a wani lokaci. Manufar da aka sanar ita ce maye gurbin CDs, wanda aka nuna ta hanyar shigar [[EMI]] na mawallafin kiɗa lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da samfurin. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Sandisk Targets 'Gruvi' Music Card At Mobiles |url=https://www.informationweek.com/sandisk-targets-gruvi-music-card-at-mobi/171201347 |access-date=2019-01-21 |website=InformationWeek |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024}}</ref> Ƙananan katunan sun nuna hoton mawaƙin wanda aka riga aka loda waƙarsa. Sun dace da wayoyin hannu, kwamfutar hannu, da kwamfutocin tafi-da-gidanka. <ref name=":02" /> Katunan Gruvi kaɗan ne kawai aka fitar, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine kundin [[A Bigger Bang]] ta [[Rolling Stones]] . == slotKiɗa == SanDisk ta maimaita ƙoƙarinta na rarraba kiɗa ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai na flash a shekarar 2008, tare da gabatar da [[slotMusic]], a wannan karon ba tare da DRM ba. An sayar da katunan tare da kiɗan da manyan kamfanonin rikodin EMI, [[Sony BMG]], [[Warner Music Group|Warner]], da [[Universal Music Group|Universal]] suka buga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Singer |first=Michael |title=SanDisk stakes its future on TrustedFlash |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/sandisk-stakes-its-future-on-trustedflash/ |access-date=2019-01-21 |website=CNET |language=en}}</ref> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://digital-lifestyles.info/2005/09/28/sandisk-gruvi-trustedflash-content-on-memory-carts/ SanDisk 'Gruvi' TrustedFlash: Abubuwan da ke cikin Kwamfutocin Memory] * [https://archive.today/20130201194016/http://investor.sandisk.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=86495&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=811880&highlight=gruvi SanDisk ta sami kyautar ƙira ta CES Innovations Design saboda katin kiɗan Gruvi Rolling Stones] * [https://obsoletemedia.org/gruvi/ Gruvi a Gidan Tarihi na Kafofin Watsa Labarai na Olsolete] 4d9uk92p9i40v2f9ykncd57j9k51lll 0 127634 822318 760411 2026-04-18T17:01:44Z Pharouqenr 25549 822318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Charles Adams Claverie''' (Agusta 28, 1949 - Oktoba 7, 2005), ya kasance wanda aka fi sani da sunayen '''Charlie Hamburger''', '''Charlie Kennedy''', da '''Charles Rocket''', ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka. Ya kasance memba ne a ranar Asabar Night Live, ya buga wa Nicholas Andre a fim din Dumb and Dumber, kuma ya buga Dave Dennison a cikin Disney's ''Hocus Pocus'' . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Rocket a Bangor, Maine, ɗan Mary Aurelia (née Fogler) da Sumner Abbott "Ham" Claverie . Kakansa shine Raymond H. Fogler, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren Sojan Ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Aurelia Fogler |url=https://www.onegreatfamilytree.net/ancestry/people/Mary-Fogler/588609498 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217224636/https://www.onegreatfamilytree.net/ancestry/people/Mary-Fogler/588609498 |archive-date=February 17, 2015 |access-date=2015-02-17}}</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Winnacunnet da kuma makarantar Rhode Island School of Design (RISD) a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na al'adun karkashin kasa na Rhode Island a cikin shekarun 1970 wanda ya haɗa da mai gabatar da Talking Heads David Byrne da darektan fim Gus Van Sant. == Ayyuka == Rocket ya yi gajeren fina-finai da yawa kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyarsa, Fabulous Motels, a kan accordion (wanda daga baya ya yi amfani da shi a cikin wani zane na ''SNL'' game da wani mai laifi wanda ke amfani da accordion don kashe kwanakin sa kuma ƙungiyar bagpipe ta kashe kansa). Ya kasance mai ba da labarai a WPRI-TV a Providence, Rhode Island, da KOAA-TV a Pueblo, Colorado, a ƙarƙashin sunansa, da WTVF Nashville a ƙarƙashin sunan Charles Kennedy . === ''Asabar da dare Rayuwa'' === An jefa Rocket don kakar 1980-1981, wanda ya biyo bayan tashiwar sauran mambobin wasan kwaikwayon na asali da kuma mai gabatar da zartarwa Lorne Michaels. Sabon mai gabatar da zartarwa Jean Doumanian ne ya zaba shi, an inganta shi a matsayin giciye tsakanin Bill Murray da Chevy Chase.{{Sfn|Hill|Weingrad|2011}} An buga Rocket don ƙaddamar da Weekend Update, kuma an nuna shi a cikin zane-zane fiye da kowane ɗan namiji a wannan kakar. Rocket ya nuna halin maimaitawa Phil Lively, mai gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya ɗauki mutum mafi girma fiye da rayuwarsa gida kuma ya bi da rayuwa kamar dai wasan kwaikwayo ne. Shahararrun shahararrunsa a kan ''SNL'' sun hada da Ronald Reagan, David Rockefeller, Prince Charles, da Marlin Perkins . Ya kuma dauki bakuncin "The Rocket Report", jerin fina-finai inda ya zama mai ba da rahoto a kusa da New York; a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, masu bita sun dauke su daya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan da suka dace da shirye-shiryen Doumanian. ==== Kashewa ==== Aikin Asabar Night Live na ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1981, wanda tauraruwar ''[[Dallas (TV series)|Dallas]]'' [[Charlene Tilton]] ta shirya, ya nuna wani labari na sanannen labarin "Wane ne ya harbe JR?" daga sanannen sabulu na dare. A lokacin wasan kwaikwayon, layin makirci yana da Rocket da Tilton suna kwarkwasa yayin da wasu 'yan wasan suka nuna kishi, wanda ya haifar da Rocket a kirji ta hanyar mai harbi a tsakiyar zane. A lokacin rufe wasan kwaikwayon, yayin da 'yan wasan suka taru tare da mai masaukin baki don yin dare mai kyau, Tilton ya tambayi Rocket yadda ya ji game da harbe shi. A cikin hali, Rocket ya amsa "Oh mutum, shi ne karo na farko da aka harbe ni a rayuwata. Ina so in san wanda ya yi hakan".{{Sfn|Hill|Weingrad|2011}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] ==manazarta == k1dzw7qzqy6ewl03ipvib9btr48feyl 822319 822318 2026-04-18T17:01:57Z Pharouqenr 25549 822319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Charles Adams Claverie''' (Agusta 28, 1949 - Oktoba 7, 2005), ya kasance wanda aka fi sani da sunayen '''Charlie Hamburger''', '''Charlie Kennedy''', da '''Charles Rocket''', ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka. Ya kasance memba ne a ranar Asabar Night Live, ya buga wa Nicholas Andre a fim din Dumb and Dumber, kuma ya buga Dave Dennison a cikin Disney's ''Hocus Pocus.'' == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Rocket a Bangor, Maine, ɗan Mary Aurelia (née Fogler) da Sumner Abbott "Ham" Claverie . Kakansa shine Raymond H. Fogler, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren Sojan Ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Aurelia Fogler |url=https://www.onegreatfamilytree.net/ancestry/people/Mary-Fogler/588609498 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217224636/https://www.onegreatfamilytree.net/ancestry/people/Mary-Fogler/588609498 |archive-date=February 17, 2015 |access-date=2015-02-17}}</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Winnacunnet da kuma makarantar Rhode Island School of Design (RISD) a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na al'adun karkashin kasa na Rhode Island a cikin shekarun 1970 wanda ya haɗa da mai gabatar da Talking Heads David Byrne da darektan fim Gus Van Sant. == Ayyuka == Rocket ya yi gajeren fina-finai da yawa kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyarsa, Fabulous Motels, a kan accordion (wanda daga baya ya yi amfani da shi a cikin wani zane na ''SNL'' game da wani mai laifi wanda ke amfani da accordion don kashe kwanakin sa kuma ƙungiyar bagpipe ta kashe kansa). Ya kasance mai ba da labarai a WPRI-TV a Providence, Rhode Island, da KOAA-TV a Pueblo, Colorado, a ƙarƙashin sunansa, da WTVF Nashville a ƙarƙashin sunan Charles Kennedy . === ''Asabar da dare Rayuwa'' === An jefa Rocket don kakar 1980-1981, wanda ya biyo bayan tashiwar sauran mambobin wasan kwaikwayon na asali da kuma mai gabatar da zartarwa Lorne Michaels. Sabon mai gabatar da zartarwa Jean Doumanian ne ya zaba shi, an inganta shi a matsayin giciye tsakanin Bill Murray da Chevy Chase.{{Sfn|Hill|Weingrad|2011}} An buga Rocket don ƙaddamar da Weekend Update, kuma an nuna shi a cikin zane-zane fiye da kowane ɗan namiji a wannan kakar. Rocket ya nuna halin maimaitawa Phil Lively, mai gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya ɗauki mutum mafi girma fiye da rayuwarsa gida kuma ya bi da rayuwa kamar dai wasan kwaikwayo ne. Shahararrun shahararrunsa a kan ''SNL'' sun hada da Ronald Reagan, David Rockefeller, Prince Charles, da Marlin Perkins . Ya kuma dauki bakuncin "The Rocket Report", jerin fina-finai inda ya zama mai ba da rahoto a kusa da New York; a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, masu bita sun dauke su daya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan da suka dace da shirye-shiryen Doumanian. ==== Kashewa ==== Aikin Asabar Night Live na ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1981, wanda tauraruwar ''[[Dallas (TV series)|Dallas]]'' [[Charlene Tilton]] ta shirya, ya nuna wani labari na sanannen labarin "Wane ne ya harbe JR?" daga sanannen sabulu na dare. A lokacin wasan kwaikwayon, layin makirci yana da Rocket da Tilton suna kwarkwasa yayin da wasu 'yan wasan suka nuna kishi, wanda ya haifar da Rocket a kirji ta hanyar mai harbi a tsakiyar zane. A lokacin rufe wasan kwaikwayon, yayin da 'yan wasan suka taru tare da mai masaukin baki don yin dare mai kyau, Tilton ya tambayi Rocket yadda ya ji game da harbe shi. A cikin hali, Rocket ya amsa "Oh mutum, shi ne karo na farko da aka harbe ni a rayuwata. Ina so in san wanda ya yi hakan".{{Sfn|Hill|Weingrad|2011}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] ==manazarta == 25w572tfv1b6dvzzjra5lgguc4n5c1t 822320 822319 2026-04-18T17:02:17Z Pharouqenr 25549 822320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Charles Adams Claverie''' (Agusta 28, 1949 - Oktoba 7, 2005), ya kasance wanda aka fi sani da sunayen '''Charlie Hamburger''', '''Charlie Kennedy''', da '''Charles Rocket''', ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka. Ya kasance memba ne a ranar Asabar Night Live, ya buga wa Nicholas Andre a fim din Dumb and Dumber, kuma ya buga Dave Dennison a cikin Disney's ''Hocus Pocus.'' == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Rocket a Bangor, Maine, ɗan Mary Aurelia (née Fogler) da Sumner Abbott "Ham" Claverie . Kakansa shine Raymond H. Fogler, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren Sojan Ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Aurelia Fogler |url=https://www.onegreatfamilytree.net/ancestry/people/Mary-Fogler/588609498 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217224636/https://www.onegreatfamilytree.net/ancestry/people/Mary-Fogler/588609498 |archive-date=February 17, 2015 |access-date=2015-02-17}}</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Winnacunnet da kuma makarantar Rhode Island School of Design (RISD) a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na al'adun karkashin kasa na Rhode Island a cikin shekarun 1970 wanda ya haɗa da mai gabatar da Talking Heads David Byrne da darektan fim Gus Van Sant. == Ayyuka == Rocket ya yi gajeren fina-finai da yawa kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyarsa, Fabulous Motels, a kan accordion (wanda daga baya ya yi amfani da shi a cikin wani zane na ''SNL'' game da wani mai laifi wanda ke amfani da accordion don kashe kwanakin sa kuma ƙungiyar bagpipe ta kashe kansa). Ya kasance mai ba da labarai a WPRI-TV a Providence, Rhode Island, da KOAA-TV a Pueblo, Colorado, a ƙarƙashin sunansa, da WTVF Nashville a ƙarƙashin sunan Charles Kennedy . === ''Asabar da dare Rayuwa'' === An jefa Rocket don kakar 1980-1981, wanda ya biyo bayan tashiwar sauran mambobin wasan kwaikwayon na asali da kuma mai gabatar da zartarwa Lorne Michaels. Sabon mai gabatar da zartarwa Jean Doumanian ne ya zaba shi, an inganta shi a matsayin giciye tsakanin Bill Murray da Chevy Chase.{{Sfn|Hill|Weingrad|2011}} An buga Rocket don ƙaddamar da Weekend Update, kuma an nuna shi a cikin zane-zane fiye da kowane ɗan namiji a wannan kakar. Rocket ya nuna halin maimaitawa Phil Lively, mai gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya ɗauki mutum mafi girma fiye da rayuwarsa gida kuma ya bi da rayuwa kamar dai wasan kwaikwayo ne. Shahararrun shahararrunsa a kan ''SNL'' sun hada da Ronald Reagan, David Rockefeller, Prince Charles, da Marlin Perkins . Ya kuma dauki bakuncin "The Rocket Report", jerin fina-finai inda ya zama mai ba da rahoto a kusa da New York; a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, masu bita sun dauke su daya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan da suka dace da shirye-shiryen Doumanian. ==== Kashewa ==== Aikin Asabar Night Live na ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1981, wanda tauraruwar ''[[Dallas (TV series)|Dallas]]'' [[Charlene Tilton]] ta shirya, ya nuna wani labari na sanannen labarin "Wane ne ya harbe JR?" daga sanannen sabulu na dare. A lokacin wasan kwaikwayon, layin makirci yana da Rocket da Tilton suna kwarkwasa yayin da wasu 'yan wasan suka nuna kishi, wanda ya haifar da Rocket a kirji ta hanyar mai harbi a tsakiyar zane. A lokacin rufe wasan kwaikwayon, yayin da 'yan wasan suka taru tare da mai masaukin baki don yin dare mai kyau, Tilton ya tambayi Rocket yadda ya ji game da harbe shi. A cikin hali, Rocket ya amsa "Oh mutum, shi ne karo na farko da aka harbe ni a rayuwata. Ina so in san wanda ya yi hakan".{{Sfn|Hill|Weingrad|2011}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] ==manazarta == {{Reflist}} d16crolhyuamppzvbochqgedg6tdobq 822324 822320 2026-04-18T17:06:55Z ~2026-23703-48 44113 822324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Charles Adams Claverie''' (Agusta 28, 1949 - Oktoba 7, 2005), ya kasance wanda aka fi sani da sunayen '''Charlie Hamburger''', '''Charlie Kennedy''', da '''Charles Rocket''', ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na [[Amurka]]. Ya kasance memba ne a ranar Asabar Night Live, ya buga wa Nicholas Andre a fim din Dumb and Dumber, kuma ya buga Dave Dennison a cikin Disney's ''Hocus Pocus.'' == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Rocket a Bangor, Maine, ɗan Mary Aurelia (née Fogler) da Sumner Abbott "Ham" Claverie . Kakansa shine Raymond H. Fogler, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren Sojan Ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Aurelia Fogler |url=https://www.onegreatfamilytree.net/ancestry/people/Mary-Fogler/588609498 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217224636/https://www.onegreatfamilytree.net/ancestry/people/Mary-Fogler/588609498 |archive-date=February 17, 2015 |access-date=2015-02-17}}</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Winnacunnet da kuma makarantar Rhode Island School of Design (RISD) a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na al'adun karkashin kasa na Rhode Island a cikin shekarun 1970 wanda ya haɗa da mai gabatar da Talking Heads David Byrne da darektan fim Gus Van Sant. == Ayyuka == Rocket ya yi gajeren fina-finai da yawa kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyarsa, Fabulous Motels, a kan accordion (wanda daga baya ya yi amfani da shi a cikin wani zane na ''SNL'' game da wani mai laifi wanda ke amfani da accordion don kashe kwanakin sa kuma ƙungiyar bagpipe ta kashe kansa). Ya kasance mai ba da labarai a WPRI-TV a Providence, Rhode Island, da KOAA-TV a Pueblo, Colorado, a ƙarƙashin sunansa, da WTVF Nashville a ƙarƙashin sunan Charles Kennedy . === ''Asabar da dare Rayuwa'' === An jefa Rocket don kakar 1980-1981, wanda ya biyo bayan tashiwar sauran mambobin wasan kwaikwayon na asali da kuma mai gabatar da zartarwa Lorne Michaels. Sabon mai gabatar da zartarwa Jean Doumanian ne ya zaba shi, an inganta shi a matsayin giciye tsakanin Bill Murray da Chevy Chase.{{Sfn|Hill|Weingrad|2011}} An buga Rocket don ƙaddamar da Weekend Update, kuma an nuna shi a cikin zane-zane fiye da kowane ɗan namiji a wannan kakar. Rocket ya nuna halin maimaitawa Phil Lively, mai gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya ɗauki mutum mafi girma fiye da rayuwarsa gida kuma ya bi da rayuwa kamar dai wasan kwaikwayo ne. Shahararrun shahararrunsa a kan ''SNL'' sun hada da Ronald Reagan, David Rockefeller, Prince Charles, da Marlin Perkins . Ya kuma dauki bakuncin "The Rocket Report", jerin fina-finai inda ya zama mai ba da rahoto a kusa da New York; a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, masu bita sun dauke su daya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan da suka dace da shirye-shiryen Doumanian. ==== Kashewa ==== Aikin Asabar Night Live na ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1981, wanda tauraruwar ''[[Dallas (TV series)|Dallas]]'' [[Charlene Tilton]] ta shirya, ya nuna wani labari na sanannen labarin "Wane ne ya harbe JR?" daga sanannen sabulu na dare. A lokacin wasan kwaikwayon, layin makirci yana da Rocket da Tilton suna kwarkwasa yayin da wasu 'yan wasan suka nuna kishi, wanda ya haifar da Rocket a kirji ta hanyar mai harbi a tsakiyar zane. A lokacin rufe wasan kwaikwayon, yayin da 'yan wasan suka taru tare da mai masaukin baki don yin dare mai kyau, Tilton ya tambayi Rocket yadda ya ji game da harbe shi. A cikin hali, Rocket ya amsa "Oh mutum, shi ne karo na farko da aka harbe ni a rayuwata. Ina so in san wanda ya yi hakan".{{Sfn|Hill|Weingrad|2011}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] ==manazarta == {{Reflist}} 2qf20yucd037fiqic5d5w21z4dc1vg7 0 127648 822214 760452 2026-04-18T12:13:45Z Pharouqenr 25549 /* Manazarta */ 822214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adam Thomson''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1986) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Australiya wanda ya buga wa Port Adelaide da Richmond a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Australiya (AFL). == Ayyuka == Wani matashi mai tsakiya mai alƙawari, Port Adelaide ta ɗauki Thomson tare da zaɓi na 11 a cikin Draft na Kasa na 2004 na AFL. Ya buga wasanni biyu kawai a shekara ta 2005, yana ciyar da mafi yawan lokacinsa a cikin shekaru biyu na farko a Port Adelaide yana wasa a Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kudancin Australia (SANFL), Sturt. A shekara ta 2006, Thomson ya buga wasanni uku na farko na kakar, amma an sauke shi bayan wasan da kungiyar ta yi da Fremantle a zagaye na 3, kodayake ya jagoranci burinsa na farko na AFL a lokacin wannan wasan. Bayan wasan kwaikwayo na Sturt, raunin da ya samu ga manyan 'yan wasan tsakiya da kuma buƙatar samun kwarewar AFL a cikin' yan wasan sa matasa, Port Adelaide a ƙarshe ta zaɓi Thomson a cikin tawagarta a kan Essendon na kasa a zagaye na 9. Thomson da sauran matasa da yawa na Port Adelaide sun nuna damar su a cikin wannan wasan. An dakatar da siffarsa mai ban sha'awa a zagaye masu zuwa na 2006 lokacin da ya ji rauni a baya a kan Arewacin Melbourne a zagaye na 18, wanda ya kawo karshen kakar sa. A shekara ta 2008, Thomson ya yi gwagwarmaya don ci gaba da zama a cikin ƙungiyar farawa ta Port. A ƙarshen kakar 2008 ta AFL, Thomson ya nemi a sayar da shi zuwa wani kulob saboda rashin dama. A lokacin 2008 Trade Week, an sayar da Thomson zuwa Richmond don dawo da lambar da aka zaɓa ta 42. Richmond ya cire Thomson a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni hudu kawai a cikin lokutan sa biyu a kulob din. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Thomson ya kasance sananne ne saboda ƙaunarsa ga yarukan kaza daga kantin sayar da kaji na gida yayin aikinsa a Port Adelaide, kuma sau da yawa yakan yi tafiya zuwa fina-finai na gida tare da abokan aiki don kallon fim. Har ila yau, yana da al'ada mai ban mamaki na sanya hoodie da wando yayin da yake gudanar da horo mai ƙarfi.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] 8ts2otziijyqty9co5l2n9rjy7hp9xa 822215 822214 2026-04-18T12:14:03Z Pharouqenr 25549 822215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adam Thomson''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1986) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Australiya wanda ya buga wa Port Adelaide da Richmond a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Australiya (AFL). == Ayyuka == Wani matashi mai tsakiya mai alƙawari, Port Adelaide ta ɗauki Thomson tare da zaɓi na 11 a cikin Draft na Kasa na 2004 na AFL. Ya buga wasanni biyu kawai a shekara ta 2005, yana ciyar da mafi yawan lokacinsa a cikin shekaru biyu na farko a Port Adelaide yana wasa a Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kudancin Australia (SANFL), Sturt. A shekara ta 2006, Thomson ya buga wasanni uku na farko na kakar, amma an sauke shi bayan wasan da kungiyar ta yi da Fremantle a zagaye na 3, kodayake ya jagoranci burinsa na farko na AFL a lokacin wannan wasan. Bayan wasan kwaikwayo na Sturt, raunin da ya samu ga manyan 'yan wasan tsakiya da kuma buƙatar samun kwarewar AFL a cikin' yan wasan sa matasa, Port Adelaide a ƙarshe ta zaɓi Thomson a cikin tawagarta a kan Essendon na kasa a zagaye na 9. Thomson da sauran matasa da yawa na Port Adelaide sun nuna damar su a cikin wannan wasan. An dakatar da siffarsa mai ban sha'awa a zagaye masu zuwa na 2006 lokacin da ya ji rauni a baya a kan Arewacin Melbourne a zagaye na 18, wanda ya kawo karshen kakar sa. A shekara ta 2008, Thomson ya yi gwagwarmaya don ci gaba da zama a cikin ƙungiyar farawa ta Port. A ƙarshen kakar 2008 ta AFL, Thomson ya nemi a sayar da shi zuwa wani kulob saboda rashin dama. A lokacin 2008 Trade Week, an sayar da Thomson zuwa Richmond don dawo da lambar da aka zaɓa ta 42. Richmond ya cire Thomson a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni hudu kawai a cikin lokutan sa biyu a kulob din. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Thomson ya kasance sananne ne saboda ƙaunarsa ga yarukan kaza daga kantin sayar da kaji na gida yayin aikinsa a Port Adelaide, kuma sau da yawa yakan yi tafiya zuwa fina-finai na gida tare da abokan aiki don kallon fim. Har ila yau, yana da al'ada mai ban mamaki na sanya hoodie da wando yayin da yake gudanar da horo mai ƙarfi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] ka9qvfrh6f6lvl2cj5nw87dmn4bik0m 822216 822215 2026-04-18T12:14:22Z Pharouqenr 25549 822216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adam Thomson''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1986) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Australiya wanda ya buga wa Port Adelaide da Richmond a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Australiya (AFL). == Ayyuka == Wani matashi mai tsakiya mai alƙawari, Port Adelaide ta ɗauki Thomson tare da zaɓi na 11 a cikin Draft na Kasa na 2004 na AFL. Ya buga wasanni biyu kawai a shekara ta 2005, yana ciyar da mafi yawan lokacinsa a cikin shekaru biyu na farko a Port Adelaide yana wasa a Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kudancin Australia (SANFL), Sturt. A shekara ta 2006, Thomson ya buga wasanni uku na farko na kakar, amma an sauke shi bayan wasan da kungiyar ta yi da Fremantle a zagaye na 3, kodayake ya jagoranci burinsa na farko na AFL a lokacin wannan wasan. Bayan wasan kwaikwayo na Sturt, raunin da ya samu ga manyan 'yan wasan tsakiya da kuma buƙatar samun kwarewar AFL a cikin' yan wasan sa matasa, Port Adelaide a ƙarshe ta zaɓi Thomson a cikin tawagarta a kan Essendon na kasa a zagaye na 9. Thomson da sauran matasa da yawa na Port Adelaide sun nuna damar su a cikin wannan wasan. An dakatar da siffarsa mai ban sha'awa a zagaye masu zuwa na 2006 lokacin da ya ji rauni a baya a kan Arewacin Melbourne a zagaye na 18, wanda ya kawo karshen kakar sa. A shekara ta 2008, Thomson ya yi gwagwarmaya don ci gaba da zama a cikin ƙungiyar farawa ta Port. A ƙarshen kakar 2008 ta AFL, Thomson ya nemi a sayar da shi zuwa wani kulob saboda rashin dama. A lokacin 2008 Trade Week, an sayar da Thomson zuwa Richmond don dawo da lambar da aka zaɓa ta 42. Richmond ya cire Thomson a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni hudu kawai a cikin lokutan sa biyu a kulob din. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Thomson ya kasance sananne ne saboda ƙaunarsa ga yarukan kaza daga kantin sayar da kaji na gida yayin aikinsa a Port Adelaide, kuma sau da yawa yakan yi tafiya zuwa fina-finai na gida tare da abokan aiki don kallon fim. Har ila yau, yana da al'ada mai ban mamaki na sanya hoodie da wando yayin da yake gudanar da horo mai ƙarfi.<ref>"PTV: 'Hard hitting' Adam Thomson - portadelaidefc.com.au". www.portadelaidefc.com.au. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] almdobexx2lhqw1xsdoauuow7os97qv 822217 822216 2026-04-18T12:14:54Z Pharouqenr 25549 822217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adam Thomson''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1986) ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Australiya wanda ya buga wa Port Adelaide da Richmond a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Australiya (AFL). == Ayyuka == Wani matashi mai tsakiya mai alƙawari, Port Adelaide ta ɗauki Thomson tare da zaɓi na 11 a cikin Draft na Kasa na 2004 na AFL. Ya buga wasanni biyu kawai a shekara ta 2005, yana ciyar da mafi yawan lokacinsa a cikin shekaru biyu na farko a Port Adelaide yana wasa a Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kudancin Australia (SANFL), Sturt. A shekara ta 2006, Thomson ya buga wasanni uku na farko na kakar, amma an sauke shi bayan wasan da kungiyar ta yi da Fremantle a zagaye na 3, kodayake ya jagoranci burinsa na farko na AFL a lokacin wannan wasan. Bayan wasan kwaikwayo na Sturt, raunin da ya samu ga manyan 'yan wasan tsakiya da kuma buƙatar samun kwarewar AFL a cikin' yan wasan sa matasa, Port Adelaide a ƙarshe ta zaɓi Thomson a cikin tawagarta a kan Essendon na kasa a zagaye na 9. Thomson da sauran matasa da yawa na Port Adelaide sun nuna damar su a cikin wannan wasan. An dakatar da siffarsa mai ban sha'awa a zagaye masu zuwa na 2006 lokacin da ya ji rauni a baya a kan Arewacin Melbourne a zagaye na 18, wanda ya kawo karshen kakar sa. A shekara ta 2008, Thomson ya yi gwagwarmaya don ci gaba da zama a cikin ƙungiyar farawa ta Port. A ƙarshen kakar 2008 ta AFL, Thomson ya nemi a sayar da shi zuwa wani kulob saboda rashin dama. A lokacin 2008 Trade Week, an sayar da Thomson zuwa Richmond don dawo da lambar da aka zaɓa ta 42. Richmond ya cire Thomson a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni hudu kawai a cikin lokutan sa biyu a kulob din. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Thomson ya kasance sananne ne saboda ƙaunarsa ga yarukan kaza daga kantin sayar da kaji na gida yayin aikinsa a Port Adelaide, kuma sau da yawa yakan yi tafiya zuwa fina-finai na gida tare da abokan aiki don kallon fim. Har ila yau, yana da al'ada mai ban mamaki na sanya hoodie da wando yayin da yake gudanar da horo mai ƙarfi.<ref>"PTV: 'Hard hitting' Adam Thomson - portadelaidefc.com.au". www.portadelaidefc.com.au. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] d06dshu768rozea2ke5rj5is6ffcvs7 822218 822217 2026-04-18T12:15:11Z Pharouqenr 25549 822218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adam Thomson''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1986) ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Australiya wanda ya buga wa Port Adelaide da Richmond a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta ƙasar Australiya (AFL). == Ayyuka == Wani matashi mai tsakiya mai alƙawari, Port Adelaide ta ɗauki Thomson tare da zaɓi na 11 a cikin Draft na Kasa na 2004 na AFL. Ya buga wasanni biyu kawai a shekara ta 2005, yana ciyar da mafi yawan lokacinsa a cikin shekaru biyu na farko a Port Adelaide yana wasa a Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kudancin Australia (SANFL), Sturt. A shekara ta 2006, Thomson ya buga wasanni uku na farko na kakar, amma an sauke shi bayan wasan da kungiyar ta yi da Fremantle a zagaye na 3, kodayake ya jagoranci burinsa na farko na AFL a lokacin wannan wasan. Bayan wasan kwaikwayo na Sturt, raunin da ya samu ga manyan 'yan wasan tsakiya da kuma buƙatar samun kwarewar AFL a cikin' yan wasan sa matasa, Port Adelaide a ƙarshe ta zaɓi Thomson a cikin tawagarta a kan Essendon na kasa a zagaye na 9. Thomson da sauran matasa da yawa na Port Adelaide sun nuna damar su a cikin wannan wasan. An dakatar da siffarsa mai ban sha'awa a zagaye masu zuwa na 2006 lokacin da ya ji rauni a baya a kan Arewacin Melbourne a zagaye na 18, wanda ya kawo karshen kakar sa. A shekara ta 2008, Thomson ya yi gwagwarmaya don ci gaba da zama a cikin ƙungiyar farawa ta Port. A ƙarshen kakar 2008 ta AFL, Thomson ya nemi a sayar da shi zuwa wani kulob saboda rashin dama. A lokacin 2008 Trade Week, an sayar da Thomson zuwa Richmond don dawo da lambar da aka zaɓa ta 42. Richmond ya cire Thomson a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni hudu kawai a cikin lokutan sa biyu a kulob din. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Thomson ya kasance sananne ne saboda ƙaunarsa ga yarukan kaza daga kantin sayar da kaji na gida yayin aikinsa a Port Adelaide, kuma sau da yawa yakan yi tafiya zuwa fina-finai na gida tare da abokan aiki don kallon fim. Har ila yau, yana da al'ada mai ban mamaki na sanya hoodie da wando yayin da yake gudanar da horo mai ƙarfi.<ref>"PTV: 'Hard hitting' Adam Thomson - portadelaidefc.com.au". www.portadelaidefc.com.au. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] frevj5jwpnznq5581rcawmnwas2vc3o 0 127780 822470 814638 2026-04-19T09:38:28Z Birgediya 44139 822470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:House_in_Toteil_002.jpg|thumb|Gidan da aka yi da yumbu tare da rufin da aka yi a Toteil, kusa da Kassala, [[Sudan]]]] '''Tsarin [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]]''' gini ne ko wani tsari da aka yi da ƙasa. Tun da ƙasa abu ne mai yawa, an kuma yi amfani da shi a cikin gini tun kafin tarihi. Ana iya haɗa shi da wasu kayan, matsewa da / ko yin burodi don ƙara ƙarfi. Abubuwan tsarin ƙasa na iya zama masu sauƙi kamar laka, ko laka da aka gauraya da kara don yin cob. Ana iya gina gidaje masu ƙarfi daga sod ko turf. Za'a iya daidaita ƙasa ta hanyar ƙara lemun tsami ko siminti, kuma ana iya haɗa shi cikin ƙasa mai laushi. Ginin yana da sauri tare da adobe ko bricks da aka riga aka kafa, tubalan ƙasa, jaka ko tubalin yumɓu. {{Efn|Fired bricks and concrete are derived from earth, but structures built from these materials are usually not considered earth structures.{{sfn|Rael|2009|p=9}}}} Nau'o'in tsarin ƙasa sun haɗa da mafaka na ƙasa, inda aka saka gida gaba ɗaya ko kuma a wani ɓangare a cikin ƙasa ko kuma an rufe shi cikin ƙasa. Gidajen ƙasa na 'yan asalin Amurka misalai ne. Wattle da daub daub gidaje suna amfani da "wattle" na sanduna da aka haɗa tare da sanduna don samar da kwanciyar hankali ga ganuwar laka. An gina Gidajen Sod a arewa maso yammacin gabar Turai, kuma daga baya mazauna Turai a kan filayen Arewacin Amurka. Ana gina gine-ginen adobe ko bulo a duniya kuma sun haɗa da gidaje, gine-gidan gida, masallatai da majami'u. Fujian Tulous manyan gine-ginen ƙasa ne masu garu a kudu maso gabashin [[Sin|China]] waɗanda ke da mafaka ga iyalai 80. Sauran nau'ikan tsarin ƙasa sun haɗa da tuddai da pyramids da aka yi amfani da su don dalilai na addini, digues, ganuwar riƙe ƙasa mai ɗorewa, sansani, rami da madatsar ruwa. == Ƙasa == [[Fayil:SoilTexture_USDA.svg|thumb|Nau'ikan ƙasa ta hanyar yumɓu, yashi da yashi kamar yadda USDA ta yi amfani da shi]] An halicci ƙasa daga dutse wanda aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar sunadarai ko ta jiki, an kai shi, an ajiye shi kuma an zubar da shi.{{Sfn|USDA|1974}} Yankin ƙasa sun haɗa da [[yashi]], laka da yumɓu. Yankin yashi sune mafi girma a 2 zuwa 0.05 millimeters (0.0787 zuwa 0.0020 in) a diamita kuma yumbu mafi ƙanƙanta a ƙasa da 0.002 millimeters (7.9 in) a Diamita.{{Sfn|Soil Composition and Formation, SCDNR}} Dukkanin yashi da yashi galibi ƙwayoyin dutse ne, gami da Quartz, calcite, feldspar da Mica.{{Sfn|Shah|Shroff|2003}} Gilashin yawanci ma'adanai ne na phyllosilicate tare da tsarin takarda.{{Sfn|Soil Composition and Formation, SCDNR}} Ƙananan ƙwayoyin yumɓu suna hulɗa da juna ta jiki da kuma sunadarai. Ko da karamin rabo na yumɓu yana shafar kaddarorin jiki na ƙasa fiye da yadda za a iya tsammani.{{Sfn|Shah|Shroff|2003}} Yumbu irin su kaolinite ba sa fadadawa ko kwangila lokacin da aka yi masa ruwa ko bushewa, kuma suna da amfani don yin tubali. Sauran, kamar su smectites, suna fadada ko yin kwangila sosai lokacin da rigar ko bushe, kuma ba su dace da gini ba.{{Sfn|Soil Composition and Formation, SCDNR}} Loam cakuda ne na yashi, yashi da yumɓu wanda babu wanda ya fi yawa. Ana ba da ƙasa sunaye daban-daban dangane da rabo na yashi, yashi da yumɓu kamar "Silt Loam", "Clay Loam" da "Silty Clay".{{Sfn|Ball|Norton|2002}} Ginin Loam, batun wannan labarin, wanda ake kira adobe construction lokacin da yake amfani da tubalin yumɓu marasa wuta, tsohuwar fasahar gini ce. An yi amfani da shi a farkon wayewar [[Bahar Rum]], [[Misra|Misira]] da [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamiya]], a cikin kwarin [[Kogin Indus|Indus]], Ganges da [[Yellow River|Yellow]], a Tsakiya da [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]]. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005 kimanin mutane biliyan 1.5 ne ke zaune a cikin gidajen da aka gina da laka.{{Sfn|Koch|Koch|Seidl|2005}} {{Efn|One source estimates that as many as three billion people live in earth buildings.{{sfn|Rael|2009|p=9}}}} A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, sha'awar gine-ginen laka ta farfado a cikin kasashe masu tasowa. Ana ganinsa a matsayin hanyar rage amfani da man fetur da gurɓataccen abu, musamman carbon dioxide, yayin ƙerawa, da kuma ƙirƙirar yanayin rayuwa mai dadi ta hanyar babban taro da babban shawo kan kayan.[1] Manyan fasahohin guda biyu an buga su ko kuma an buga su da ƙasa, yumɓu ko laka, wanda ake kira pise de terre a Faransanci, da adobe, yawanci ta amfani da tubalin da aka bushe da rana da aka yi da laka da cakuda kara.[1] [lower-alpha 1] == Kayan aiki == [[Fayil:Mud_and_thatch_houses.JPG|thumb|Gidajen laka da ciyawa na gargajiya suna samar da gidan iyali kusa da [[Tamale, Ghana]]]] [[Fayil:Mud_houses_are_commonly_found_in_various_regions_of_Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|Gidajen laka a [[Kandahar]], [[Afghanistan]]]] Duniya yawanci tana buƙatar wani nau'in aiki don amfani a cikin gini. Ana iya haɗa shi da ruwa don yin laka, ana iya ƙara kara kara kara, ana iya amfani da wasu nau'ikan kayan daidaitawa kamar lime ko siminti don ƙarfafa ƙasa, kuma ana iya haɗa ƙasa don ƙara ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Watson|1993}} === Mud === Ginin laka yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin hanyoyin da za a ''China'' ganuwar. Ana samar da laka mai laushi da hannu don yin tushe na bango, kuma an ba da izinin bushewa. Ana ƙara ƙarin laka kuma an ba da izinin bushewa don samar da darussan da suka biyo baya har sai an kammala bango. Tare da laka mai laushi, ana cika nau'in laka da aka yi da hannu da laka mai rigar kuma an ba da izinin bushewa.{{Sfn|Cornerstones Community Partnerships|2006}} A Iran, ana kiran ganuwar laka da aka yi da laka a matsayin gine-ginen chine. Kowane hanya yana da kimanin inci 18 zuwa 24 (460 zuwa 610 kauri, kuma kimanin inci 18 ruo 24 (460 ruo 610 . Yawanci ana amfani da dabarar don ganuwar lambu amma ba don gina gida ba, mai yiwuwa saboda damuwa game da ƙarfin ganuwar da aka yi ta wannan hanyar.{{Sfn|McHenry|1984}} Rashin amfani ga tsarin shi ne cewa ana iya ciyar da lokaci mai yawa yana jiran kowane hanya ya bushe.{{Sfn|McHenry|1984}} Wata dabara, da aka yi amfani da ita a wuraren da itace yake da yawa, ita ce gina gidan katako da kuma cika shi da laka, da farko don samar da rufi. A wasu sassan [[Ingila]] an yi amfani da irin wannan dabarar tare da cob.{{Sfn|Cornerstones Community Partnerships|2006}} === Cob === [[Fayil:Cob_wall_in_Harwell_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1483279.jpg|thumb|Cob bango a Harwell, Oxfordshire, Ingila, daruruwan shekaru, an rufe shi da ciyawar don kare shi daga ruwa]] Cob, wani lokacin ana kiransa "monolithic adobe", kayan gini ne na halitta wanda aka yi da ƙasa wanda ya haɗa da yumɓu, yashi ko ƙananan duwatsu da kayan halitta kamar kara.{{Sfn|ICAEN|2004}} Ana gina ganuwar Cob a cikin darussan, ba su da haɗin dutse kuma suna buƙatar 30% ko fiye da yumɓu a cikin ƙasa. Ana iya amfani da Cob a matsayin cikawa a cikin gine-gine na post-and-beam, amma ana amfani dashi sau da yawa don ganuwar ɗaukar kaya, kuma yana iya ɗaukar har zuwa hawa biyu. Ganuwar cob ya kamata ta kasance aƙalla inci 16 (410 kauri, kuma rabo na faɗin zuwa tsawo bai kamata ya zama fiye da ɗaya zuwa goma ba.{{Sfn|ICAEN|2004}} Yawancin lokaci za a shafa shi a ciki da waje tare da cakuda lime, ƙasa da yashi. Cob yana da tsayayya da wuta, kuma ƙarfin zafi yana taimakawa wajen daidaita yanayin zafi na cikin gida.{{Sfn|ICAEN|2004}} Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa cob yana da juriya ga aikin girgizar ƙasa. Koyaya, lambobin gini a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa bazai gane cob a matsayin kayan da aka amince da su ba.{{Sfn|Goodnow|2007}} === Sod ko turf === [[Fayil:Sod_House_Detail_(4245555122).jpg|thumb|Gilashin Sod a bangon gidan]] Za'a iya amfani da tubalin yanka, wanda ake kira ''terrone'' Mutanen Espanya, don yin ganuwar da ta dace. Ana yanka sod daga ƙasa wanda ke da mat mai nauyi na tushen ciyawa, wanda za'a iya samunsa a ƙasashen kogi. An tsaya a gefen ya bushe kafin a yi amfani da shi a cikin gini.{{Sfn|McHenry|1984}} Mazauna Turai a kan Filayen Arewacin Amurka sun gano cewa yaduwar da ba za ta iya lalacewa ba saboda daskarewa ko ruwan sama ya fito ne daga busassun sloughs.{{Sfn|Rollings-Magnusson|2012}} An yi amfani da turf sau ɗaya don ganuwar gidaje a Ireland, Scotland da Iceland, inda har yanzu ana iya samun wasu gidajen turf. Gidan turf na iya zama shekaru hamsin ko fiye idan an kiyaye shi sosai a cikin yanayin sanyi.{{Sfn|Berge|2009}} Icelanders sun gano cewa ''Ƙarfi'' kyawun turf shine Strengur, saman 5 centimeters (2.0 in) na ciyawa turf.{{Sfn|Berge|2009}} === Ƙasa mai daidaitawa === Yumbu yawanci yana da ƙarfi kuma yana da ƙarfi lokacin da ya bushe, amma ya zama mai laushi sosai lokacin da ya sha ruwa. Yumbu mai bushe yana taimakawa wajen riƙe bango na ƙasa tare, amma idan bango ya fallasa kai tsaye ga ruwan sama, ko ruwa da ke gudana daga rufin, yana iya zama mai cike.{{Sfn|Jagadish|2007}} Duniya na iya zama "mai tsayayya" don sa ta fi tsayayya da yanayi. Ayyukan daidaita ƙasa ta hanyar ƙara lemun tsami yana da ƙarnuka.{{Sfn|Teter|Liu|Kent|1964}} Hakanan ana iya ƙara siminti ko bitumen a cikin ƙasa da aka nufa don gini wanda ke ƙara ƙarfi, kodayake ƙasa mai ƙarfi ba ta da ƙarfi kamar yumɓu ko siminti.{{Sfn|Teter|Liu|Kent|1964}} Ana iya amfani da cakuda siminti da lime, ko pozzolana da lime, don daidaitawa.{{Sfn|Jagadish|2007}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h8286m9hl5tgzftv6q5gsixuazawjk6 822472 822470 2026-04-19T09:39:00Z Birgediya 44139 822472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:House_in_Toteil_002.jpg|thumb|Gidan da aka yi da yumbu tare da rufin da aka yi a Toteil, kusa da Kassala, [[Sudan]]]] '''Tsarin [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]]''' gini ne ko wani tsari da aka yi da ƙasa. Tun da ƙasa abu ne mai yawa, an kuma yi amfani da shi a cikin gini tun kafin tarihi. Ana iya haɗa shi da wasu kayan, matsewa da / ko yin burodi don ƙara ƙarfi. Abubuwan tsarin ƙasa na iya zama masu sauƙi kamar laka, ko laka da aka gauraya da kara don yin cob. Ana iya gina gidaje masu ƙarfi daga sod ko turf. Za'a iya daidaita ƙasa ta hanyar ƙara lemun tsami ko siminti, kuma ana iya haɗa shi cikin ƙasa mai laushi. Ginin yana da sauri tare da adobe ko bricks da aka riga aka kafa, tubalan ƙasa, jaka ko tubalin yumɓu. {{Efn|Fired bricks and concrete are derived from earth, but structures built from these materials are usually not considered earth structures.{{sfn|Rael|2009|p=9}}}} Nau'o'in tsarin ƙasa sun haɗa da mafaka na ƙasa, inda aka saka gida gaba ɗaya ko kuma a wani ɓangare a cikin ƙasa ko kuma an rufe shi cikin ƙasa. Gidajen ƙasa na 'yan asalin Amurka misalai ne. Wattle da daub daub gidaje suna amfani da "wattle" na sanduna da aka haɗa tare da sanduna don samar da kwanciyar hankali ga ganuwar laka. An gina Gidajen Sod a arewa maso yammacin gabar Turai, kuma daga baya mazauna Turai a kan filayen Arewacin Amurka. Ana gina gine-ginen adobe ko bulo a duniya kuma sun haɗa da gidaje, gine-gidan gida, masallatai da majami'u. Fujian Tulous manyan gine-ginen ƙasa ne masu garu a kudu maso gabashin [[Sin|China]] waɗanda ke da mafaka ga iyalai 80. Sauran nau'ikan tsarin ƙasa sun haɗa da tuddai da pyramids da aka yi amfani da su don dalilai na addini, digues, ganuwar riƙe ƙasa mai ɗorewa, sansani, rami da madatsar ruwa. == Ƙasa == [[Fayil:SoilTexture_USDA.svg|thumb|Nau'ikan ƙasa ta hanyar yumɓu, yashi da yashi kamar yadda USDA ta yi amfani da shi]] An halicci ƙasa daga dutse wanda aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar sunadarai ko ta jiki, an kai shi, an ajiye shi kuma an zubar da shi.{{Sfn|USDA|1974}} Yankin ƙasa sun haɗa da [[yashi]], laka da yumɓu. Yankin yashi sune mafi girma a 2 zuwa 0.05 millimeters (0.0787 zuwa 0.0020 in) a diamita kuma yumbu mafi ƙanƙanta a ƙasa da 0.002 millimeters (7.9 in) a Diamita.{{Sfn|Soil Composition and Formation, SCDNR}} Dukkanin yashi da yashi galibi ƙwayoyin dutse ne, gami da Quartz, calcite, feldspar da Mica.{{Sfn|Shah|Shroff|2003}} Gilashin yawanci ma'adanai ne na phyllosilicate tare da tsarin takarda.{{Sfn|Soil Composition and Formation, SCDNR}} Ƙananan ƙwayoyin yumɓu suna hulɗa da juna ta jiki da kuma sunadarai. Ko da karamin rabo na yumɓu yana shafar kaddarorin jiki na ƙasa fiye da yadda za a iya tsammani.{{Sfn|Shah|Shroff|2003}} Yumbu irin su kaolinite ba sa fadadawa ko kwangila lokacin da aka yi masa ruwa ko bushewa, kuma suna da amfani don yin tubali. Sauran, kamar su smectites, suna fadada ko yin kwangila sosai lokacin da rigar ko bushe, kuma ba su dace da gini ba.{{Sfn|Soil Composition and Formation, SCDNR}} Loam cakuda ne na yashi, yashi da yumɓu wanda babu wanda ya fi yawa. Ana ba da ƙasa sunaye daban-daban dangane da rabo na yashi, yashi da yumɓu kamar "Silt Loam", "Clay Loam" da "Silty Clay".{{Sfn|Ball|Norton|2002}} Ginin Loam, batun wannan labarin, wanda ake kira adobe construction lokacin da yake amfani da tubalin yumɓu marasa wuta, tsohuwar fasahar gini ce. An yi amfani da shi a farkon wayewar [[Bahar Rum]], [[Misra|Misira]] da [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamiya]], a cikin kwarin [[Kogin Indus|Indus]], Ganges da [[Yellow River|Yellow]], a Tsakiya da [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]]. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005 kimanin mutane biliyan 1.5 ne ke zaune a cikin gidajen da aka gina da laka.{{Sfn|Koch|Koch|Seidl|2005}} {{Efn|One source estimates that as many as three billion people live in earth buildings.{{sfn|Rael|2009|p=9}}}} A cikin ýan shekarun nan, sha'awar gine-ginen laka ta farfado a cikin kasashe masu tasowa. Ana ganinsa a matsayin hanyar rage amfani da man fetur da gurɓataccen abu, musamman carbon dioxide, yayin ƙerawa, da kuma ƙirƙirar yanayin rayuwa mai dadi ta hanyar babban taro da babban shawo kan kayan.[1] Manyan fasahohin guda biyu an buga su ko kuma an buga su da ƙasa, yumɓu ko laka, wanda ake kira pise de terre a Faransanci, da adobe, yawanci ta amfani da tubalin da aka bushe da rana da aka yi da laka da cakuda kara.[1] [lower-alpha 1] == Kayan aiki == [[Fayil:Mud_and_thatch_houses.JPG|thumb|Gidajen laka da ciyawa na gargajiya suna samar da gidan iyali kusa da [[Tamale, Ghana]]]] [[Fayil:Mud_houses_are_commonly_found_in_various_regions_of_Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|Gidajen laka a [[Kandahar]], [[Afghanistan]]]] Duniya yawanci tana buƙatar wani nau'in aiki don amfani a cikin gini. Ana iya haɗa shi da ruwa don yin laka, ana iya ƙara kara kara kara, ana iya amfani da wasu nau'ikan kayan daidaitawa kamar lime ko siminti don ƙarfafa ƙasa, kuma ana iya haɗa ƙasa don ƙara ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Watson|1993}} === Mud === Ginin laka yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin hanyoyin da za a ''China'' ganuwar. Ana samar da laka mai laushi da hannu don yin tushe na bango, kuma an ba da izinin bushewa. Ana ƙara ƙarin laka kuma an ba da izinin bushewa don samar da darussan da suka biyo baya har sai an kammala bango. Tare da laka mai laushi, ana cika nau'in laka da aka yi da hannu da laka mai rigar kuma an ba da izinin bushewa.{{Sfn|Cornerstones Community Partnerships|2006}} A Iran, ana kiran ganuwar laka da aka yi da laka a matsayin gine-ginen chine. Kowane hanya yana da kimanin inci 18 zuwa 24 (460 zuwa 610 kauri, kuma kimanin inci 18 ruo 24 (460 ruo 610 . Yawanci ana amfani da dabarar don ganuwar lambu amma ba don gina gida ba, mai yiwuwa saboda damuwa game da ƙarfin ganuwar da aka yi ta wannan hanyar.{{Sfn|McHenry|1984}} Rashin amfani ga tsarin shi ne cewa ana iya ciyar da lokaci mai yawa yana jiran kowane hanya ya bushe.{{Sfn|McHenry|1984}} Wata dabara, da aka yi amfani da ita a wuraren da itace yake da yawa, ita ce gina gidan katako da kuma cika shi da laka, da farko don samar da rufi. A wasu sassan [[Ingila]] an yi amfani da irin wannan dabarar tare da cob.{{Sfn|Cornerstones Community Partnerships|2006}} === Cob === [[Fayil:Cob_wall_in_Harwell_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1483279.jpg|thumb|Cob bango a Harwell, Oxfordshire, Ingila, daruruwan shekaru, an rufe shi da ciyawar don kare shi daga ruwa]] Cob, wani lokacin ana kiransa "monolithic adobe", kayan gini ne na halitta wanda aka yi da ƙasa wanda ya haɗa da yumɓu, yashi ko ƙananan duwatsu da kayan halitta kamar kara.{{Sfn|ICAEN|2004}} Ana gina ganuwar Cob a cikin darussan, ba su da haɗin dutse kuma suna buƙatar 30% ko fiye da yumɓu a cikin ƙasa. Ana iya amfani da Cob a matsayin cikawa a cikin gine-gine na post-and-beam, amma ana amfani dashi sau da yawa don ganuwar ɗaukar kaya, kuma yana iya ɗaukar har zuwa hawa biyu. Ganuwar cob ya kamata ta kasance aƙalla inci 16 (410 kauri, kuma rabo na faɗin zuwa tsawo bai kamata ya zama fiye da ɗaya zuwa goma ba.{{Sfn|ICAEN|2004}} Yawancin lokaci za a shafa shi a ciki da waje tare da cakuda lime, ƙasa da yashi. Cob yana da tsayayya da wuta, kuma ƙarfin zafi yana taimakawa wajen daidaita yanayin zafi na cikin gida.{{Sfn|ICAEN|2004}} Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa cob yana da juriya ga aikin girgizar ƙasa. Koyaya, lambobin gini a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa bazai gane cob a matsayin kayan da aka amince da su ba.{{Sfn|Goodnow|2007}} === Sod ko turf === [[Fayil:Sod_House_Detail_(4245555122).jpg|thumb|Gilashin Sod a bangon gidan]] Za'a iya amfani da tubalin yanka, wanda ake kira ''terrone'' Mutanen Espanya, don yin ganuwar da ta dace. Ana yanka sod daga ƙasa wanda ke da mat mai nauyi na tushen ciyawa, wanda za'a iya samunsa a ƙasashen kogi. An tsaya a gefen ya bushe kafin a yi amfani da shi a cikin gini.{{Sfn|McHenry|1984}} Mazauna Turai a kan Filayen Arewacin Amurka sun gano cewa yaduwar da ba za ta iya lalacewa ba saboda daskarewa ko ruwan sama ya fito ne daga busassun sloughs.{{Sfn|Rollings-Magnusson|2012}} An yi amfani da turf sau ɗaya don ganuwar gidaje a Ireland, Scotland da Iceland, inda har yanzu ana iya samun wasu gidajen turf. Gidan turf na iya zama shekaru hamsin ko fiye idan an kiyaye shi sosai a cikin yanayin sanyi.{{Sfn|Berge|2009}} Icelanders sun gano cewa ''Ƙarfi'' kyawun turf shine Strengur, saman 5 centimeters (2.0 in) na ciyawa turf.{{Sfn|Berge|2009}} === Ƙasa mai daidaitawa === Yumbu yawanci yana da ƙarfi kuma yana da ƙarfi lokacin da ya bushe, amma ya zama mai laushi sosai lokacin da ya sha ruwa. Yumbu mai bushe yana taimakawa wajen riƙe bango na ƙasa tare, amma idan bango ya fallasa kai tsaye ga ruwan sama, ko ruwa da ke gudana daga rufin, yana iya zama mai cike.{{Sfn|Jagadish|2007}} Duniya na iya zama "mai tsayayya" don sa ta fi tsayayya da yanayi. Ayyukan daidaita ƙasa ta hanyar ƙara lemun tsami yana da ƙarnuka.{{Sfn|Teter|Liu|Kent|1964}} Hakanan ana iya ƙara siminti ko bitumen a cikin ƙasa da aka nufa don gini wanda ke ƙara ƙarfi, kodayake ƙasa mai ƙarfi ba ta da ƙarfi kamar yumɓu ko siminti.{{Sfn|Teter|Liu|Kent|1964}} Ana iya amfani da cakuda siminti da lime, ko pozzolana da lime, don daidaitawa.{{Sfn|Jagadish|2007}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kix8lhtkjv4mip0bzcps6vkye3c7qyi 0 127902 822524 801270 2026-04-19T09:57:24Z Birgediya 44139 822524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} [[Fayil:Cebhomes.jpg|thumb|Gina aikin CEB a Midland, Texas a watan Agustan shekara ta 2006]] A matsa ƙasa block ('''CEB'''), wanda aka fi sani da matsa ƙasa block ko matsa ƙasa block, wani gini ne da aka yi da farko daga wani m cakuda na m inorganic subsoil, non-expanded yumɓu, yashi, da aggregate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abirami |first=Deiva |date=2025-09-01 |title=Earth Block Construction Reduces Housing Costs by 40% and Unlocks USD 970 Million Opportunity - NatNavi |url=https://natnavi.com/earth-block-construction-reduces-housing-costs/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=natnavi.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Samar da tubalan ƙasa da aka matsa yana buƙatar raguwa, matsin lamba a matsin lamba mai girma, sannan ya bushe kayan da aka samu. Idan an daidaita tubalan tare da haɗin sinadarai kamar su Ciminti na Portland ana kiransu toshewar ƙasa mai tasowa (CSEB) ko toshewar duniya mai tasowa. Yawanci, ana amfani da kusan {{Convert|3000|psi|MPa}} na matsin lamba a cikin matsawa, kuma an rage girman kayan asali da kusan rabi. Samar da CEBs ya bambanta da ƙasa mai laushi saboda ƙarshen yana amfani da tsari mafi girma wanda aka zuba ƙasa kuma aka buga shi da hannu, ƙirƙirar siffofi masu girma kamar bango gaba ɗaya ko fiye a lokaci ɗaya, maimakon tubalan gini. CEBs sun bambanta da tubalin laka saboda ba a matse su ba, amma suna ƙarfafawa ta hanyar canje-canjen sunadarai da ke faruwa yayin da suke bushewa. Ƙarfin matsawa na CEB da aka yi da kyau yawanci ya wuce na [[Mudbrick|Tubali na laka]]. An haɓaka ƙa'idodin gini don CEB. Ana tattara CEBs a kan ganuwar ta amfani da daidaitattun bricklaying da kuma fasahar masonry. Dutse na iya zama mai sauƙi wanda aka yi da ƙasa / yumɓu guda ɗaya ba tare da haɗuwa ba, ya bazu ko ya goge sosai tsakanin tubalan don haɗin kai, ko kuma ana iya amfani da dutsen siminti don ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, ko kuma lokacin da gini a lokacin sake zagayowar daskarewa ke haifar da matsalolin kwanciyar hankali. Ana kuma tsara tubalan hydraform don su kasance masu haɗuwa. == Ci gaba == An haɓaka fasahar CEB don gine-gine masu arha, a matsayin madadin adobe, kuma tare da wasu fa'idodi. Masana'antar kasuwanci ta ci gaba da kwangila masu kula da muhalli, masana'antun na'urorin buga takardu, da kuma karɓar al'adu na hanyar. A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], yawancin masu kwangila da ke ginawa tare da CEB suna cikin jihohin Kudu maso Yamma: [[Mexico]]" id="mwJw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="New Mexico">New Mexico, [[Colorado]], [[Arizona]], [[California]], kuma zuwa ƙarami a [[Texas]]. An yi amfani da hanyoyin da na'urorin shekaru da yawa a Mexico, da kuma Kasashe masu tasowa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ma'aikatar Harkokin Ruwa da dazuzzuka ta [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ta yi la'akari da cewa CEB, wanda ake kira "Brick na Dutch", fasaha ce mai dacewa ga ƙasa mai tasowa, kamar adobe, ƙasa mai tashe-tashen hankula da cob. Dukansu suna amfani da kayan gini na halitta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abirami |first=Deiva |date=2025-09-01 |title=Earth Block Construction Reduces Housing Costs by 40% and Unlocks USD 970 Million Opportunity - NatNavi |url=https://natnavi.com/earth-block-construction-reduces-housing-costs/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=natnavi.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002 [[International Institute for Energy Conservation|Cibiyar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya]] ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka lashe lambar yabo ta Kasuwar Ci Gaban Bankin Duniya don aikin yin na'urar yin tubali ta Dutch mai amfani da makamashi don gina gida a Afirka ta Kudu. Ta hanyar yin tubali masu rahusa waɗanda ke amfani da ƙasa, aikin zai rage farashin gidaje yayin da yake motsa masana'antar gine-gine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2002 |title=SOUTH AFRICA: Poverty reduction winners |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/29725/south-africa-poverty-reduction-winners |access-date=2014-04-14 |publisher=IRIN}}</ref> Injin zai kasance mai motsi, yana ba da damar yin tubali a cikin gida daga ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=Housing and Jobs for a Better Future |url=http://wbi.worldbank.org/wbdm/idea/housing-and-jobs-better-future |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415211844/http://wbi.worldbank.org/wbdm/idea/housing-and-jobs-better-future |archive-date=2014-04-15 |access-date=2014-04-14 |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> An samo sakamako mara kyau na ƙarfin matsawa na 45 MPa (6,500 psi) a cikin samfurin daya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abirami |first=Deiva |date=2025-09-01 |title=Earth Block Construction Reduces Housing Costs by 40% and Unlocks USD 970 Million Opportunity - NatNavi |url=https://natnavi.com/earth-block-construction-reduces-housing-costs/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=natnavi.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Ƙarfin na iya wuce ma'auni na ASTM don tubalan kankare (1,900 fam a kowace murabba'in inci (13,000 ) a wasu lokuta. A Indiya, an lura da ƙarfin matsawa da ƙarfin sassauci na CSEB a kwanaki 28 na tsufa tare da daidaitawar siminti 9% an lura da shi 3.2 MPa (464 psi) da 1 MPa (145 psi) bi da bi. Tare da 7% siminti da yashi ƙasa 3-4 MPa (435 - 580 psi) ƙarfin matsawa ya haifar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abirami |first=Deiva |date=2025-09-01 |title=Earth Block Construction Reduces Housing Costs by 40% and Unlocks USD 970 Million Opportunity - NatNavi |url=https://natnavi.com/earth-block-construction-reduces-housing-costs/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=natnavi.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Kamfanin zamantakewar jama'a na Mexico Échale ya samar da gidaje 250,000, daga cikinsu 30,000 sabbin gidaje ne, a cikin jihohin Mexico 28. Échale ya yi amfani da CSEB, wanda ya kira "Ecoblock", don gina ganuwar.[1] Abubuwan duniya suna rasa ƙarfi da kwanciyar hankali yayin da suke haɗuwa da ruwa na dogon lokaci. A wasu lokuta, yana iya haifar da cikakkiyar rushewar toshewa.[2] Haɗin tubalan da ke kulle dole ne ya kasance daidai kuma kawai ya isa ya yi zafi. Idan cakuda ya bushe sosai, zai rushe bayan an matse shi da ruwa; amma idan cakuda yana da ruwa mai yawa, ba za a iya ƙarfafa shi ba.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Praveen Kumar |first=T |last2=Vigneshvar |first2=R |date=August 2014 |title=Development of an Innovative Interlock Blocks |url=https://krishisanskriti.org/vol_image/03Jul201502071425.pdf |journal=Journal of Civil Engineering and Environmental Technology |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=114–118}}</ref> Ma'aikatan da aka horar don samarwa da gina tubalan da ke kulle suna da iyaka. == Manazarta == 6l8e6h1y1xrouzpbf6wqxa7raycq7nh 822525 822524 2026-04-19T09:57:43Z Birgediya 44139 822525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} [[Fayil:Cebhomes.jpg|thumb|Gina aikin CEB a Midland, Texas a watan Agustan shekara ta 2006]] A matsa ƙasa block ('''CEB'''), wanda aka fi sani da matsa ƙasa block ko matsa ƙasa block, wani gini ne da aka yi da farko daga wani m cakuda na m inorganic subsoil, non-expanded yumɓu, yashi, da aggregate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abirami |first=Deiva |date=2025-09-01 |title=Earth Block Construction Reduces Housing Costs by 40% and Unlocks USD 970 Million Opportunity - NatNavi |url=https://natnavi.com/earth-block-construction-reduces-housing-costs/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=natnavi.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Samar da tubalan ƙasa da aka matsa yana buƙatar raguwa, matsin lamba a matsin lamba mai girma, sannan ya bushe kayan da aka samu. Idan an daidaita tubalan tare da haɗin sinadarai kamar su Ciminti na Portland ana kiransu toshewar ƙasa mai tasowa (CSEB) ko toshewar duniya mai tasowa. Yawanci, ana amfani da kusan {{Convert|3000|psi|MPa}} na matsin lamba a cikin matsawa, kuma an rage girman kayan asali da kusan rabi. Samar da CEBs ya bambanta da ƙasa mai laushi saboda ƙarshen yana amfani da tsari mafi girma wanda aka zuba ƙasa kuma aka buga shi da hannu, ƙirƙirar siffofi masu girma kamar bango gaba ɗaya ko fiye a lokaci ɗaya, maimakon tubalan gini. CEBs sun bambanta da tubalin laka saboda ba a matse su ba, amma suna ƙarfafawa ta hanyar canje-canjen sunadarai da ke faruwa yayin da suke bushewa. Ƙarfin matsawa na CEB da aka yi da kyau yawanci ya wuce na [[Mudbrick|Tubali na laka]]. An haɓaka ƙa'idodin gini don CEB. Ana tattara CEBs a kan ganuwar ta amfani da daidaitattun bricklaying da kuma fasahar masonry. Dutse na iya zama mai sauƙi wanda aka yi da ƙasa / yumɓu guda ɗaya ba tare da haɗuwa ba, ya bazu ko ya goge sosai tsakanin tubalan don haɗin kai, ko kuma ana iya amfani da dutsen siminti don ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, ko kuma lokacin da gini a lokacin sake zagayowar daskarewa ke haifar da matsalolin kwanciyar hankali. Ana kuma tsara tubalan hydraform don su kasance masu haɗuwa. == Ci gaba == An haɓaka fasahar CEB don gine-gine masu arha, a matsayin madadin adobe, kuma tare da wasu fa'idodi. Masana'antar kasuwanci ta ci gaba da kwangila masu kula da muhalli, masana'antun na'urorin buga takardu, da kuma karɓar al'adu na hanyar. A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], yawancin masu kwangila da ke ginawa tare da CEB suna cikin jihohin Kudu maso Yamma: [[Mexico]]" id="mwJw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="New Mexico">New Mexico, [[Colorado]], [[Arizona]], [[California]], kuma zuwa ƙarami a [[Texas]]. An yi amfani da hanyoyin da na'urorin shekaru da yawa a Mexico, da kuma Kasashe masu tasowa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ma'aikatar Harkokin Ruwa da dazuzzuka ta [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ta yi la'akari da cewa CEB, wanda ake kira "Brick na Dutch", fasaha ce mai dacewa ga ƙasa mai tasowa, kamar adobe, ƙasa mai tashe-tashen hankula da cob. Dukansu suna amfani da kayan gini na halitta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abirami |first=Deiva |date=2025-09-01 |title=Earth Block Construction Reduces Housing Costs by 40% and Unlocks USD 970 Million Opportunity - NatNavi |url=https://natnavi.com/earth-block-construction-reduces-housing-costs/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=natnavi.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002 [[International Institute for Energy Conservation|Cibiyar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya]] ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka lashe lambar yabo ta Kasuwar Ci Gaban Bankin Duniya don aikin yin na'urar yin tubali ta Dutch mai amfani da makamashi don gina gida a Afirka ta Kudu. Ta hanyar yin tubali masu rahusa waɗanda ke amfani da ƙasa, aikin zai rage farashin gidaje yayin da yake motsa masana'antar gine-gine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2002 |title=SOUTH AFRICA: Poverty reduction winners |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/29725/south-africa-poverty-reduction-winners |access-date=2014-04-14 |publisher=IRIN}}</ref> Injin zai kasance mai motsi, yana ba da damar yin tubali a cikin gida daga ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=Housing and Jobs for a Better Future |url=http://wbi.worldbank.org/wbdm/idea/housing-and-jobs-better-future |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415211844/http://wbi.worldbank.org/wbdm/idea/housing-and-jobs-better-future |archive-date=2014-04-15 |access-date=2014-04-14 |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> An samo sakamako mara kyau na ƙarfin matsawa na 45 MPa (6,500 psi) a cikin samfurin daya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abirami |first=Deiva |date=2025-09-01 |title=Earth Block Construction Reduces Housing Costs by 40% and Unlocks USD 970 Million Opportunity - NatNavi |url=https://natnavi.com/earth-block-construction-reduces-housing-costs/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=natnavi.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Ƙarfin na iya wuce ma'auni na ASTM don tubalan kankare (1,900 fam a kowace murabba'in inci (13,000 ) a wasu lokuta. A Indiya, an lura da ƙarfin matsawa da ƙarfin sassauci na CSEB a kwanaki 28 na tsufa tare da daidaitawar siminti 9% an lura da shi 3.2 MPa (464 psi) da 1 MPa (145 psi) bi da bi. Tare da 7% siminti da yashi ƙasa 3-4 MPa (435 - 580 psi) ƙarfin matsawa ya haifar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abirami |first=Deiva |date=2025-09-01 |title=Earth Block Construction Reduces Housing Costs by 40% and Unlocks USD 970 Million Opportunity - NatNavi |url=https://natnavi.com/earth-block-construction-reduces-housing-costs/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=natnavi.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Kamfanin zamantakewar jama'a na Mexico Échale ya samar da gidaje 250,000, daga cikinsu 30,000 sabbin gidaje ne, a cikin jihohin Mexico 28. Échale ya yi amfani da CSEB, wanda kuma ya kira "Ecoblock", don gina ganuwar.[1] Abubuwan duniya suna rasa ƙarfi da kwanciyar hankali yayin da suke haɗuwa da ruwa na dogon lokaci. A wasu lokuta, yana iya haifar da cikakkiyar rushewar toshewa.[2] Haɗin tubalan da ke kulle dole ne ya kasance daidai kuma kawai ya isa ya yi zafi. Idan cakuda ya bushe sosai, zai rushe bayan an matse shi da ruwa; amma idan cakuda yana da ruwa mai yawa, ba za a iya ƙarfafa shi ba.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Praveen Kumar |first=T |last2=Vigneshvar |first2=R |date=August 2014 |title=Development of an Innovative Interlock Blocks |url=https://krishisanskriti.org/vol_image/03Jul201502071425.pdf |journal=Journal of Civil Engineering and Environmental Technology |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=114–118}}</ref> Ma'aikatan da aka horar don samarwa da gina tubalan da ke kulle suna da iyaka. == Manazarta == dss8mbjtjgtv28sn2zb61qwky4smvfn 0 127909 822468 792957 2026-04-19T09:38:03Z Birgediya 44139 822468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cob''', '''cobb''', ko '''clom''' (a Wales) kayan gini ne na halitta wanda aka yi daga ƙasa, ruwa, kayan kwayoyin halitta (yawanci straw), kuma wani lokacin lime. Abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa sun bambanta, kuma idan ba su ƙunshi cakuda daidai ba, ana kuma iya canza shi da yashi ko yumɓu. Cob yana da tsayayya da wuta, tabbacin tsutsa, mai tsayayya ga aikin girgizar ƙasa, kuma yana amfani da kayan aiki masu tsada, kodayake yana da aiki sosai. Ana iya amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar siffofin fasaha da zane-zane, kuma an farfado da amfani da shi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ta hanyar gine-gine na halitta da ƙungiyoyin dorewa. A cikin takardun gine-gine na fasaha da injiniya, kamar Uniform Building Code na yammacin Amurka, ana iya kiran cob a matsayin "ma'aunin yumbu mara ƙonewa," lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin tsarin tsari. Hakanan ana iya kiransa "ƙaddamarwa" a cikin abubuwan da ba na tsari ba, kamar "ƙaddar da yashi," ko kuma "ƙaddarar kwayoyin halitta," kamar inda cob shine mai cikawa tsakanin gidan waya da ginin katako. == Tarihi da amfani == [[Fayil:Cob_stitch_copy.jpg|thumb|Gyaran "Cob stitch" a kan tsohuwar gidan gargajiya na gargajiya a Devon, Ingila]] [[Fayil:Maison_de_Jeanne,_Sévérac-le-Château.jpg|thumb|Gidan Jeanne, Sevérac-le-Château. Ginin katako da cob]] ''''cob'''' kalma ce ta Turanci da aka tabbatar a kusa da shekara ta 1600 don kayan gini na dā wanda aka yi amfani da shi don gini tun zamanin da. Amfani da wannan kayan a Iran ya wuce shekaru 4000. Maganar cob da cobbing ba a bayyane yake ba, amma a hanyoyi da yawa yana nufin doke ko ''yajin aiki'', wanda shine yadda ake amfani da kayan cob a bango.<ref>{{cite news |last=Goodnow |first=Cecelia |date=October 5, 2007 |title=Thinking of building a cob home? |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/lifestyle/article/Thinking-of-building-a-cob-home-1251753.php |newspaper=Seattle Post-Intelligencer}}</ref> Ana amfani da irin waɗannan kayan da hanyoyin gine-ginen ƙasa a duniya, kamar ''adobe'', ''''Yumbu mai laushi'''', <ref name="Rapp" /> yashi mai laushi. <ref>Wright, Joseph. "COB(B, sb3. 1.", ''The English Dialect Dictionary, Being the Complete Vocabulary of All Dialect Words Still in Use, or Known to Have Been in Use during the Last Two Hundred Years''. London: H. Frowde;, 1898. 676-677. Print.</ref> ''Wychert'', yumbu daubins, ''Swidish'' ([[Yaren Asante|Asante Twi]]), [4] torchis (Faransanci), <ref name="CL" /> ''bauge'' (Faransci), <ref name="CL" /> bousille (Faransaniya laka tare da moss), [3] yumbu-''Pahsa'' (Tsakiyar Asiya), da ''cat da yumɓu''. [4] Ana iya samun tsarin Cob a cikin yanayi daban-daban a duk faɗin duniya. Misalan Turai sun hada da:   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} bjrr9adknmoz5v05g15czcv79m3s9ss 0 127915 822478 788500 2026-04-19T09:40:22Z Birgediya 44139 822478 wikitext text/x-wiki '''kayan gini na yumbu''', sau da yawa an taƙaita shi zuwa '''CBM''', kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin ilimin kimiyyar archaeology don rufe duk kayan gini da aka yi da yumɓu. An yi amfani da shi musamman, to amma ba kawai ba, dangane da kayan gini na [[Romawa na Da|Roman]]. Kalmar ce mai amfani kuma mai mahimmanci saboda, musamman lokacin da aka samo shi da farko a cikin binciken archaeological, yana iya zama da wahala a rarrabe, alal misali, raguwar tubali daga raguwar rufin ko teburin bene. Koyaya, kayan gini na yumbu yawanci ana iya rarrabe su daga raguwar yumbu ta hanyar ƙarancin su. == Dubi kuma == [[Fayil:Brick wall (-29wiki).jpg|thumb|Ganuwar tubali ta al'ada.]] * Adobe - Abubuwan gini na ƙasa da kayan halitta * Antefix - Ƙarƙashin tashar don murfin rufin * Architectural terracotta - Kayan gini na yumɓu da aka ƙone * Brick - Block ko guda ɗaya na kayan yumbu da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ginin masonry * Brickwork - Masonry da aka yi da tubali da turmi * Clay - Ƙasa mai kyau mai laushi * Cob (material) - Abubuwan gini da aka yi da ƙasa da fiber * Imbrex and tegula, wanda aka fi sani da Roman roofing tiles - Rufin rufin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin gine-ginen Girka da Romawa na dā * Mudbrick - Ginin ƙasa don gini * Palmette - Tsarin ado wanda ya danganci ganyen dabino na itacen dabino * Pilae stacks - Tiles da aka yi amfani da su don tallafawa bene a kan hypocaust * Roman brick - Hanyar tubali da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin gine-ginen Romawa na Dā * Tile - Abubuwan da aka ƙera don rufe wurare == Ƙarin karantawa == *   *   == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120710053536/http://www.archaeology.co.uk/join-in/research-body/archaeological-ceramic-building-materials-group.htm ''Archaeology na yanzu'' Archaeological Ceramic Building Materials Group] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426082547/http://www.soagarch.org.uk/vcbm.html Kudancin Oxfordshire Archaeological Group Kayan Ginin Ginin Gida (Gabatarwa)] bmecapa7y0q7z9qt50qtm6re4g0kys4 0 128479 822528 762797 2026-04-19T09:59:29Z BnHamid 12586 822528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Shortwave_trough.png|thumb|Rashin gajeren lokaci tare da haɗin vorticity.]] A shortwave ko shortwave trough ne wani embedded kink a cikin trough / ridge pattern. Tsawon ma'auni ya fi karami fiye da na kuma an saka shi a cikin longwaves, wanda ke da alhakin mafi girman sikelin (Mescale synoptic) tsarin yanayi. Shortwaves na iya ƙunshe da ciki ko samun su a gaba longwaves kuma suna daga mesoscale zuwa sikelin synoptic. Sau da yawa ana haifar da gajeren lokaci ta hanyar tafkin sanyi ko matakin gaba na sama. Ana kiran gajeren raƙuman ruwa a matsayin matsakaicin vorticity.[1] == Yanayi da tasirin == Sau da yawa ana danganta gajeren iska da iska mai dumi (WAA) ko iska mai sanyi (CAA), wanda ke tasiri ga zafin jiki. Saboda yadda suke motsa iska a kusa da su da kuma yadda iska ke motsawa daga gare su, gajeren raƙuman ruwa suna samar da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa mai kyau da ƙuɓɓugar ƙuƙwasawa mai kyau, bi da bi. Kafin gajeren lokaci akwai babban ɗagawa saboda bambanci daga advection mai kyau (PVA). Wannan ɗagawa sau da yawa yana haifar da hazo. A cikin yanayin da aka rufe, ɗagawa da aka samar ta hanyar gajeren lokaci na iya sanyaya Layer na juyawa sakamakon saurin fadada iska (kayan sanyaya na adiabatic), yana ba da damar zurfi, mai laushi. === Ci gaban convective === Rashin gajeren lokaci shine dalilin ɗagawa, ko tilasta, wanda ake buƙata don ci gaban tsawa da convection. Convection yana da yawa a kusa da gajeren lokaci saboda ba wai kawai suna ba da tilastawa ba, amma kuma suna da alaƙa da tsarin da ke ba da wasu sinadaran don samar da tsawa, kamar rashin daidaituwa, shear iska, da helicity. Har ila yau, gajeren lokaci yana haifar da Yanayi mai tsanani saboda yawanci ana inganta sinadaran ta hanyar gajeren lokaci saboda waɗannan sun fi ƙarfin matsakaicin yanayi da tsarin yanayi da ke kewaye da su. <ref name="NOAA">{{Cite web |last=((NOAA, US Department of Commerce)) |date=1 November 2024 |title=NWS JetStream – Longwaves and Shortwaves |url=https://www.noaa.gov/jetstream/upper-air-charts/longwaves-and-shortwaves |access-date=26 October 2025 |website=JetStream |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce |language=EN-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.theweatherprediction.com/habyhints/131/ Menene gajeren ruwa?]. Abubuwan da suka shafi Haby. * [[National Weather Service|NWS]].noaa.gov/glossary/index.php?word=shortwave+trough" id="mwQQ" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Rashin gajeren lokaci. NWS Glossary. ik5yev0714d4yykhjnq9gn455erblf5 0 128592 822286 763080 2026-04-18T16:32:21Z BnHamid 12586 822286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arthur Eberhard Börries Wolf von Breitenbuch''' (20 ga Yulin 1910 - 21 ga Satumba 1980) ya kasance jami'in sojan doki na Jamus wanda ya yi aiki a Cibiyar Sojojin Wehrmacht a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] tare da matsayi na ''Rittmeister'' kuma ya shiga cikin makircin soja da ya yi wa [[Adolf Hitler]] wanda ya ƙare a cikin 20 ga Yuli. Breitenbuch ya kasance Knight of Justice na Order of Saint John . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife shi a Dietzhausen kusa da Suhl, Thuringia kuma ya halarci makarantar [[:de:Klosterschule Roßleben|Klosterschule Roßleben]] da Royal Saxon Academy of Forestry . A watan Oktoba 1938, ya yi aure a Erfurt Marie-Luise von Einsiedel (an haife shi a shekara ta 1913); suna da 'ya'ya maza hudu da mata biyu. == Ayyukan soja == Da farko ya shiga soja a matsayin jami'in ajiya. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in manufa na musamman ga Janarfeldmarschall Erwin von Witzleben kuma a watan Agustan 1943, Henning von Tresckow ya shirya shi ya zama mataimakin Janarfeldmarschall Guenther von Kluge a kokarin samun goyon bayansa ga makircin. Lokacin da Kluge ya ji rauni a hatsarin hanya a ranar 27 ga Oktoba 1943, Breitenbuch ya zama mataimakin Janarfeldmarschall Ernst Busch . == Yunkurin kisan kai == A ranar 9 ga Maris 1944, an kira Busch da mataimakansa don su ba da labarin Hitler a Berghof a Bavaria a ranar 11 ga Maris. Bayan muhawara tare da Tresckow, Breitenbuch ya amince da yunkurin kashe Führer ta hanyar harbe shi a kai <ref name="Nemesis">{{Cite book|last3=Ian Kershaw}}</ref> ta amfani da bindigar Browning ta 7.65mm da aka ɓoye a cikin aljihun wando, bayan ya ki yunkurin kisan kai ta amfani da bam. An aika jirgin sama na Condor don tattara Busch da Breitenbuch kuma an ba shi izinin shiga Berghof, amma bai iya aiwatar da shirin ba saboda an umarci masu tsaron SS - a farkon wannan rana - kada su ba da izinin mataimakan shiga cikin dakin taro tare da Hitler.<ref name="GermanOpposition">{{Cite book|last3=Michael Thomsett}}</ref> == Bayan yakin == Ya yi aiki a cikin gandun daji bayan yakin kuma ya mutu a ranar 22 ga Satumba 1980 a [[Göttingen]] bayan an yi masa tiyata. == Dubi kuma == * Yunkurin kisan Adolf Hitler == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1910]] 5to9iwlvrki9zcyh7pncy1ezbi2uf9c 0 128631 822269 763195 2026-04-18T16:26:58Z BnHamid 12586 822269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Lidzbark_Warmiński_cmentarz.JPG|thumb|379x379px|Kabarin Ferdinand Schulz a makabartar da ke Lidzbark Warmiński]] '''Ferdinand Schulz Jr.''' (18 Disamba 1892 - 16 Yuni 1929) ya kasance ɗan jirgin sama na Jamus kuma matukin jirgi wanda ya karya rikodin zamani ta hanyar zamewa da zama a sama na awanni 14 da minti 7. Ya shahara da rataye-gliding a Jamus kuma an kira shi ''"Icarus von Ostpreußen"''. == Yaronta == An haifi Schulz a Ƙaya-linkid="79" href="./Piszewo" id="mwEQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Piszewo">Pissau, Gabashin Prussia, ɗan fari na malamin makaranta Ferdinand da Rosi Scharnick. Ya yi karatu a makarantar Katolika a Pissau inda mahaifinsa shi kaɗai ne malami. A shekara ta 1904 ya tafi Braunsberg, ya zauna tare da kawunsa kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare. A shekara ta 1905 ya tafi Rössel kuma a shekara ta 1911 ya tafi kwalejin horar da malamai a Thorn. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] == Yaƙin Duniya na I == A shekara ta 1914, Ferdinand ya ba da kansa na shekara guda don yin aikin soja. A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, an rubuta shi a cikin rundunar sojan ƙasa ta 128 a Danzig-Langfuhr . An sanya shi a cikin 3rd battalion. Watanni huɗu bayan haka, a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, Yaƙin Duniya na ɓarke. Ba da daɗewa ba, ya ji rauni a kusa da Tannenberg kuma wannan ya zama na farko daga cikin raunukansa uku. Kowace lokacin da ya koma aiki, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Iron Cross aji na 2, tare da tsari na kansa "don jaruntaka a fuskar abokin gaba". A ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 1917, ya koma Schneidemühl . Daga nan sai ya halarci Makarantar Jirgin Sama a Grossenhain, Saxony . A ranar 9 ga watan Maris, Schulz ya fara shiga jirgin horo tare da malaminsa. Bayan jirage 46, an ba shi izinin yin jirgin farko na kansa. Ya kammala horar da jirgin sama a makarantar mai lura da shi a Schwerin . A wannan shekarar, an kara Schulz zuwa matsayin Unterfeldwebel . A ƙarshen 1917, an tura Ferdinand zuwa filin jirgin sama na Sojoji na 2 a Aulony a Yammacin Gabas. A ranar 3 ga Janairu, 1918, Schulz da wasu matukan jirgi 484 sun tashi a jirgin su na farko zuwa gaba. A cikin jirgin su na farko, sun yi mamakin rundunonin bindigogi na Allied waɗanda ke gina sansani a bayan gandun daji kuma sun harbe su. Harsashi sun fuka-fuki da fuselage. Wani sojan Jamus wanda ya ga wannan ya ji rauni kuma a ƙarshe an buga injinsa. Injin ya fara daina aiki. Sa'an nan Schulz ya ɗaga jirginsa, ya juya shi kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya tashi zuwa ga sojojinsa, amma dole ne ya sauka na gaggawa a filin. Ya ɗauki harsashi wanda ya makale a cikin injinsa kuma ya ɗauke shi tare da shi a matsayin talisman. Ya tsira daga rikice-rikicen yaƙi sau 97 wanda bayan ya zama kwamandan ƙungiyar tare da matsayi na lieutenant, yana karɓar wani Iron Cross, a wannan lokacin 1st class. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] == Lokacin bayan yaƙi == Bayan yakin ya ƙare, ya koma Pissau sannan ya fara aiki a makarantar firamare ta Katolika a Jehlenz. A wannan lokacin Schulz ya fara gina jirginsa na farko: "FS 1" da "FS 2". [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ev8wiz0msmaqph4spuaoqq1oqlzjhx3 0 129532 822520 765344 2026-04-19T09:56:34Z BnHamid 12586 822520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Peter, son of Töre''' (Hungarian: Töre fia Péter; executed in 1213) was a Hungarian lord who served as judge royal in 1198 during the reign of King Emeric. An san shi da jagorantar ƙungiyar manyan 'yan Hungary da ke da alhakin kisan Gertrude na Merania a ranar 28 ga Satumba 1213. == Ayyuka == Peter ɗan Töre ne (wanda kuma Turoy ne, Turwey, ko Toraj).[1] A cewar takardun da ba na gaske ba, ya yi aiki a matsayin ispán na Pozsony County daga 1193 zuwa 1195 a lokacin mulkin Sarki Béla III na ƙarshe.[2] An ambaci shi a matsayin ispán na Bihar County a 1197.[3] Sarki Emeric ya naɗa shi Alkali a shekara mai zuwa, inda ya maye gurbin Esau.[4] Baya ga haka, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin ispán na Szolnok County.[5] A shekara ta 1199, ya rasa manyan mutane biyu, inda Mika Ják da Ampud (ɗan Palatine Ampud) suka maye gurbinsu.[4][5] Yankin sa suna cikin Syrmia da kudancin Bács County . Cibiyar dukiyarsa ita ce Pétervárad - a yau Petrovaradin, wani ɓangare na ƙauyen Novi Sad, [[Serbiya|Serbia]] - wanda aka sanya masa suna. A cikin 1201, ya rike matsayin ispán na Sopron County . == Kashe Sarauniya Gertrude == Lokacin da Andrew II ya bar Hungary don sabon kamfen akan Galicia, ƙungiyar iyayengiji na Hungary, suna amfani da rashin Sarki, sun kama kuma sun kashe Sarauniya Gertrude da yawancin ma'aikatanta a cikin Pilis Hills a ranar 28 ga Satumba 1213. Jikin Gertrude ya fashe, yayin da ɗan'uwanta Berthold, Babban bishop na Kalocsa, da Leopold VI, Duke na Austria suka tsere. An binne Gertrude a cikin Pilis Abbey . A cewar rahotanni na zamani, Bitrus da kansa ya kashe Sarauniya, yayin da Palatine Bánk Bár-Kalán, 'Yan uwan Kacsics (Simon da Michael), da sauran iyayengiji suma suna da hannu a cikin makircin. Dalilin da ke bayan kisan ba shi da tabbas. Daga baya al'adar ta nuna cewa ɗan'uwan Sarauniya Gertrude (Berthold) ya yi wa matar Bánk fyade, kuma Bánk ya kashe Sarauniya saboda ya ji cewa ta karfafa ɗan'uwanta. Wannan sigar ta bayyana a cikin Chronicon rhythmicum Austriacum a kusa da 1270, kuma an sake maimaita ta cikin tarihin Hungary na ƙarni na 14 (Chronica Hungarorum, Annales Posonienses da sauransu). Masanin harshe János Horváth a baya ya yi jayayya cewa marubutan a zahiri sun yi magana game da yunkurin kisan gillar Felician Záh (1330) a kan Charles I na Hungary yayin da yake kwatanta mutuwar Gertrude. József Katona's ''Bánk bán'' (wanda Ferenc Erkel ya saita waƙoƙi), inda Bitrus ya bayyana a matsayin ''Ban Petur'', ya kuma kiyaye kuma ya yada wannan sigar. Ƙarin rubuce-rubuce daga karni na 15, bisa ga ''De fundatoribus monasterii Diessensis'', sun nuna cewa an kashe Gertrude ba tare da laifi ba saboda ba ta san niyyar Berthold da laifinta ba. Wani dalili mai yiwuwa shine cewa iyayengijin Hungary karkashin jagorancin Peter, masu fushi da fifiko na Sarauniya Gertrude ga magoya bayanta na Jamus, sun ji tsoron rasa matsayinsu na kotu da tasiri. 'Yan uwan Gertrude guda biyu, Ekbert, Bishop na Bamberg, da Henry II, Margrave na Istria, sun gudu zuwa Hungary a cikin 1208 bayan an zarge su da shiga cikin kisan Philip, Sarkin Jamus. Berthold na Kalocsa (tun daga 1206) an kuma nada shi Ban na Slavonia a cikin 1209 kuma daga baya Voivode na Transylvania a cikin 1212 ta hanyar korar Bánk Bár-Kalán da Michael Kacsics bi da bi. Andrew ya ba da karimci ga dangin matarsa na Jamus da ma'aikatan gidansa a bayyane ya sa iyayengijin Hungary ba su gamsu ba. Marubucin da ba a san shi ba na ''Gesta Hungarorum'' ya kuma ambaci Jamusawa daga [[Daular Roma Mai Tsarki|Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki]] lokacin da ya haɗa da wata magana ta sarcastic cewa "yanzu ... Romawa suna kallon kayan Hungary. " Wasu kafofin kuma sun ambaci John, Archbishop na Esztergom sanannen wasika (''Reginam occidere''). Masanin tarihi Tamás Körmendi ya ba da shawarar cewa Bitrus yana da wani dalili na kansa a bayan kisan. == Kashewa == Lokacin da Andrew II ya ji labarin kisan matarsa, sai ya katse yakin a Galicia kuma ya koma gida. Ya ba da umarnin a kashe Peter, ɗan Töre, wanda An rataye shi a cikin kaka na 1213, kuma an kwace ƙasashensa.[1] Dangane da ci gaba da tarihin Magnus von Reichersberg, an kashe Peter tare da matarsa da dukan iyalinsa.[2] Koyaya, abokan hulɗa na Bitrus, gami da Palatine Bánk, ba su sami hukunci mai tsanani ba, mai yiwuwa saboda yanayin siyasa da ikon Andrew.[1] Bánk ya riƙe matsayi mai tasiri har ma bayan kisan.[3] Duke Béla ne kawai, ɗan Andrew da Gertrude, ya nemi fansa bayan an nada shi Duke na Transylvania kuma ya fara sake duba manufofin mahaifinsa. A shekara ta 1228, ya kwace dukiyar Bánk da 'yan uwan Kacsics, wadanda ya zarge su da yin makirci a kan mahaifiyarsa. Tamás Körmendi ya ba da shawarar cewa sun kasance wadanda ke fama da rikice-rikicen siyasa da tsarkakewa, ana zargin su da makirci saboda dalilai na siyasa kawai. Dangane da wata takardar shaidar sarauta da aka bayar a cikin 1237, Béla IV, yanzu a matsayin sarki, ya ba da kyautar tsoffin ƙasashen Bitrus ga sabuwar Cistercian Bélakút Abbey, wanda ke cikin Archdiocese na Kalocsa . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 147aqrqgjvh2hlokon8dtqvh2bimalj 0 129612 822473 765605 2026-04-19T09:39:24Z BnHamid 12586 822473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marcus Simon Sarjeant''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963 or 1964) ɗan Burtaniya ne wanda ya harbe harbe-harbe shida a kusa da [[Sarauniya]] Elizabeth II yayin da ta hau The Mall zuwa bikin Trooping the Colour a London a 1981. == Tarihi == Sarjeant, wanda ya fito ne daga Capel-le-Ferne, kusa da Folkestone, Kent, ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Astor a [[Dover]]. Ya kasance memba na Scouts, ya zama shugaban sintiri na gida kafin ya bar ya shiga Air Training Corps a shekarar 1978. A cikin ATC, Sarjeant ya lashe lambar mai harbi, kuma ya mallaki bindigar iska. Bayan ya bar makaranta a watan Mayu 1980 tare da wucewa bakwai na CSE, Sarjeant ya nemi shiga Royal Marines amma ya bar bayan watanni uku, yana cewa jami'ai sun zalunci shi. Ya kuma yi ƙoƙari ya shiga Sojoji amma ya zauna ne kawai na kwana biyu na karatun shigarwa. Bayan da ya gaza aikace-aikacen shiga 'yan sanda da ƙungiyar kashe gobara, ya yi aiki a gidan zoo da kuma cibiyar zane-zane a Folkestone. A karkashin Shirin Horar da Matasa ya yi aiki a cibiyar matasa a Hawkinge . Abokai sun ba da rahoton cewa Sarjeant ya shiga ƙungiyar Anti-Royalist Movement a watan Oktoba 1980. A lokacin da lamarin ya faru a Trooping the Colour, ba shi da aiki kuma yana zaune tare da mahaifiyarsa, yayin da mahaifinsa ke aiki a kasashen waje.<ref name="Queen's safety" /> Ya yi ƙoƙari ba tare da nasara ba don samun harsashi don bindigar Webley ta mahaifinsa .455. Don samun lasisin bindiga na kansa, ya shiga kulob din bindiga na gida. Ta hanyar umarnin wasiku ya biya £ 66.90 don bindigogi biyu na Colt Python. A cikin shirin zuwa bikin Trooping the Colour na shekara-shekara, Sarjeant ya aika da wasiƙu zuwa mujallu biyu, ɗaya daga cikinsu ya haɗa da hotonsa tare da bindigar mahaifinsa. Ya kuma aika da wasika zuwa Fadar Buckingham wanda ya karanta "Mai Girma. Kada ku je bikin Trooping the Colour saboda akwai mai kisan kai da aka shirya don kashe ku, suna jira a waje da fadar". Wasikar ta isa ranar 16 ga Yuni. == Gudanar da abin da ya faru na Launi == A ranar 13 ga Yuni 1981, Sarjeant ya shiga cikin taron jama'a don Trooping the Colour, ya sami wuri kusa da mahaɗar tsakanin The Mall da Horseguards Road. Lokacin da Sarauniyar ta wuce kan doki mai shekaru 19 mai suna Burmese, Sarjeant da sauri ya harbe shida daga bindigarsa ta farko. Doki ya firgita na ɗan lokaci amma Sarauniya ta kawo ta ƙarƙashin iko kuma ba ta ji rauni ba. Lance Corporal Alec Galloway na Scots Guards ya kama Sarjeant kuma ya ja shi a kan shingen kula da taron, inda Galloway da sauransu suka cire makamai kuma suka mallake shi. Sarjeant ya gaya musu, "Ina so in zama sananne. Ina so in zama wani". == Bincike == A cikin tambayoyin, Sarjeant ya ce kisan John Lennon a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1980, da kuma yunkurin kashe Shugaban Amurka Ronald Reagan a watan Maris na shekara ta 1981 da [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II]] a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1981. Musamman, ya lura da sauƙin da Mark David Chapman ya zama sananne bayan ya kashe John Lennon. Wani aboki ya ce a lokacin da John Hinckley Jr. ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe Reagan, Sarjeant ya ce "Zan so in zama na farko da zai harbe Sarauniya". == Shari'a == Sarjeant ya zama mutum na farko tun 1966 da za a gurfanar da shi a karkashin Dokar Cin amana ta 1842, [1] kuma an kawo shi gaban shari'a a gaban Ubangiji Babban Alkalin, Lord Lane, a ranar 14 ga Satumba 1981. Ya yi ikirarin laifi kuma Ubangiji Lane, a cikin yanke masa hukuncin shekaru biyar a kurkuku, ya ce "dole ne a yi alama da fushin jama'a. Dole ne a hukunta ku saboda mugun abin da kuka yi".[2] An same shi da laifi a karkashin Sashe na Biyu na Dokar Cin amana a cikin cewa "ya saki bindiga a ko kusa da Sarauniya tare da niyyar yin gargadi ko damuwa da Sarauniya. " Sarjeant ya yi kira game da tsawon hukuncin, amma an ki amincewa da roko. [3][4] == Saki == Bayan shekaru uku a kurkuku wanda galibi aka yi amfani da shi a HMP Grendon Underwood a Buckinghamshire, An saki Sarjeant a watan Oktoba 1984 yana da shekaru 20. Ya canza sunansa kuma ya fara sabuwar rayuwa. Ya rubuta wa Sarauniya daga kurkuku don neman gafara saboda harbi amma bai sami amsa ba. * Christopher John Lewis - New Zealander wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe Sarauniya Elizabeth II * David Kang - Australiya wanda ya harbe harbe-harbe biyu daga bindiga mai farawa a Charles, Yarima na Wales == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] 8aolh4kbwenylhoihtmpbpvuqu07eqo 0 130130 822477 766944 2026-04-19T09:40:13Z BnHamid 12586 822477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Humphrey (c. 1988 - Maris 2006) wani cat ne da aka yi aiki a matsayin babban mai ɗaukar hoto zuwa Ofishin Majalisar a 10 Downing Street daga Oktoba 1989 zuwa 13 ga Nuwamba 1997. Ya iso a matsayin ɗan shekara guda da ya ɓace, ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Firayim Minista na Margaret Thatcher, John Majors da Tony Blair bayan watanni shida. Shi ne magajin Wilberforce.[2] Humphrey ya kasance ana kiran Humphrey akai-akai cikin izgili ta manema labarai a matsayin ainihin ma'aikaci a Lamba 10. == Ayyuka == Wani ma'aikacin gwamnati na Ofishin Ma'aikatar ya gano Humphrey a matsayin wanda ya ɓace kuma an sanya masa suna don girmama Humphrey Appleby, babban ma'aikaciyar gwamnati ta Yes Minista da Yes, Firayim Minista. Bayan mutuwar mai kula da baya, Wilberforce a cikin 1988, Ofishin Ma'aikatar da Lamba 10 suna buƙatar maye gurbin don haka Humphrey ya fara aikinsa. A farashin kimanin £ 100 a shekara (wanda aka biya daga kasafin kudin Ofishin Ma'aikatar), mafi yawansu sun tafi abinci, an ce Humphrey yana da ƙima sosai fiye da ƙwararren mai kula da kwararru na Ma'aikalin, wanda ya caji £ 4,000 a shekara kuma an ruwaito cewa bai taɓa kama linzamin kwamfuta ba. Sau da yawa ana nuna shi ta hanyar sanannen ƙofar gaba na lamba 10, ayyukan farko na Humphrey sun haɗa da kama [[Bera|beraye]] da [[Ɓera|beraye]] a cikin maze na gine-ginen Downing Street. Rashin ingancin gine-ginen, wasu daga cikinsu sun kasance daga karni na 16, kuma St. James's Park da ke kusa da shi yana tabbatar da matsala mai ci gaba. A lokacin da ya yi ritaya, Humphrey ya tashi zuwa matsayin Cif Mouser a Ofishin Ma'aikatar. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1993, an rarraba wata sanarwa ta ciki a cikin Ofishin Ma'aikatar da ke sanar da ma'aikatan cewa Humphrey yana fama da karamin korafin koda kuma an sanya shi cikin abinci na musamman. An kafa haramtacciyar ciyar da shi. An zargi Humphrey a ranar 7 ga Yuni 1994 da kashe 'yan tsuntsaye hudu wadanda ke cikin akwatin taga a waje da ofishin John Major, [[Firayim Minista na United Kingdom|Firayim Minista]] na lokacin. Koyaya, Major ya wanke shi washegari, yana mai cewa, "Ina jin tsoron an zargi Humphrey da ƙarya". Ba har zuwa Maris 2006 ba ne a ƙarshe aka wanke shi: ɗan jarida George Jones na The Daily Telegraph ya yarda cewa sashi a cikin shafi na jaridar ba shi da wani abu fiye da "lasisin jarida" wanda aka buga ba tare da wata hujja mai goyan baya ba. <ref name="Jones2006">{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=George |date=21 March 2006 |title=Humphrey the cat: my part in his downfall |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1513546/Humphrey-the-cat-my-part-in-his-downfall.html |journal=The Daily Telegraph |location=London}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 1994, an sami Humphrey a St James's Park kuma an zarge shi da "sabbatar" da duck a can, a farkon shekarar.<ref name="Staff1994">{{Cite journal |last=Staff writer |date=19 September 1994 |title=Diary: Cat-napped |journal=[[The Times]] |location=London}}</ref> A watan Yunin 1995, Humphrey ya ɓace. Downing Street ba ta bayyana gaskiyar ba har sai an ambaci Sheila Gunn, 'yar jarida a kan The Times, bayan Gunn ta gaya wa wani ma'''Lokaci'' cewa nata cat ta mutu. An ambaci labarin Gunn a shafin farko. Tallafin ya haifar da sake gano shi a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Royal Army da ke kusa, inda aka dauke shi a matsayin wanda ake zaton ya ɓace kuma an sake masa suna PC, takaice don "cat mai sintiri". Bayan dawowarsa, Humphrey ya fitar da wata sanarwa ta hanyar ma'aikatan gwamnati: "Na yi hutu mai ban mamaki a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Royal Army, amma yana da kyau a dawo kuma ina jiran sabon zaman majalisa. " A cikin mako guda na [[Tony Blair]] yana motsawa zuwa 10 Downing Street bayan Babban zaben Mayu 1997, akwai rahotanni na manema labarai game da rashin jituwa tsakanin Humphrey da Cherie Blair, matar sabuwar Firayim Minista. An bayar da rahoton Cherie Blair ko dai yana da [[Allergy|rashin lafiyan]] cats ko kuma ya yi imani da su marasa tsabta. Sheila Gunn, wacce ta ci gaba da zama mai ba da shawara ga manema labarai na John Major, daga baya ta yarda cewa ita ce tushen waɗannan rahotanni, wanda bayanan mutuwarta ya ce sun dogara ne "a kan wani abu wanda ba ta da wata hujja". A lokacin, mai magana da yawun ya nace cewa Humphrey ba zai fita ba, yana mai cewa Number 10 "gidan Humphrey ne kuma, kamar yadda Blairs suka damu, zai kasance gidansa". An saki hoto na Humphrey da Cherie Blair, kodayake wannan bai yi yawa ba don rage tsoron cewa za a tilasta masa fita. Daga baya aka yi zargin cewa Sakataren yada labarai Alastair Campbell ya kwantar da Humphrey kafin ya fuskanci wahalar. An yi amfani da hoton a kan murfin Private Eye tare da Humphrey yana cewa "Zan buga linzamin kwamfuta yana gudana" wani bayani na Sabon Labourism. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1997, mai kula da Humphrey, Jonathan Rees, wanda ya yi aiki a cikin Sashin Manufofin Firayim Minista, ya rubuta wata sanarwa inda ya bayyana cewa cat ya kamata ya yi ritaya zuwa "yanayin gida mai ɗorewa inda za'a iya kula da shi yadda ya kamata". == Yin ritaya == HuMP ya koma sabon gidansa tare da wasu tsofaffi a cikin birni na London a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 1997, kodayake ba a sanar da ritayar sa ba har sai washegari don rage haɗarin yunkurin satar mutane. Conservatives sun yi saurin nuna cewa Humphrey ya rayu cikin farin ciki a Number 10 kusan kusan shekaru takwas a karkashin gwamnatin Conservative amma ya fita cikin watanni shida na Labour da ya karbi mulki. Dan majalisa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma mai son dabbobi Alan Clark ya yi shakku game da yadda aka sanar da ritayar Humphrey kuma ya bukaci tabbatar da cewa cat din yana da rai: "Humphrey yanzu mutum ne da ya ɓace. Sai dai idan na ji daga gare shi ko ya bayyana a fili, ina tsammanin an harbe shi. " Wannan ya haifar da jita-jita cewa an sanya Humphrey a kan umarnin Cherie Blair. Ofishin Firayim Minista ya nace cewa shawarar likitan dabbobi ce ke bayan shawarar cire Humphrey daga Downing Street, kuma a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 1997 an kai wani rukuni na 'yan jarida zuwa wani wuri na sirri a kudancin London kuma ya nuna cewa Humphrey yana da rai kuma yana da lafiya. An buga hotuna na cat yana nunawa tare da kwafin jaridu na ranar kuma rahotanni sun nuna cewa ya sanya nauyi. Ba a ji komai game da Humphrey ba a cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa, wanda ya sa mutane da yawa suyi cewa ya mutu. Daily Telegraph ta nemi Dokar 'Yancin Bayanai don takardun da suka shafi shi a farkon shekara ta 2005, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin bayani game da lokacinsa a Downing Street da ke fitowa. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2005, a cikin rahotonsa game da Humphrey, Telegraph ya koka "Inda Humphrey yake yanzu - ko ma yana tare da mu - ya kasance asiri. 'Ba ni da sa'a sosai,' mai magana da yawun Ofishin Ma'aikatar ya furta a daren da ya gabata. Mai kula da shi bai ji daga gare shi ba a cikin shekaru bakwai. " [1] Koyaya, a ranar 22 ga Yulin 2005, The Independent ya ba da rahoton cewa "Mutumin mai shekaru 17 yana da rai kuma yana da kyau kuma yana zaune a Kudancin London. " [2] Babu ƙarin bayani a cikin rubutun, wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na shahararrun dabbobi. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2006, wani mai magana da yawun Tony Blair ya ba da rahoton cewa Humphrey ya mutu a cikin makon da ya gabata, a gidan ma'aikacin Ofishin Ma'aikatar da ke karbar shi.[3] == A cikin al'adun gargajiya == A watan Agustan 2012, jerin shirye-shiryen BBC Radio 4 na siyasa sun nuna Humphrey, suna mai da hankali kan shekarun Blair.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pierce |first=Andrew |date=28 July 2009 |title=Downing Street cat Sybil dies |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5927190/Downing-Street-cat-Sybil-dies.html |access-date=25 December 2011 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |quote=Humphrey, a long haired black and white cat, was the successor to Wilberforce who "took office" with Edward Heath in 1970.}}</ref> Humphrey ya kuma bayyana a cikin satire na siyasa Spitting Image, wanda aka nuna shi a matsayin cat wanda zai fusata [[John Major]] ta hanyar sukar gwamnati. Wannan zai haifar da rikici tsakanin Humphrey da Major, wanda zai haifar da Major ya buga Humphrey ba tare da sanin komai ba.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pierce |first=Andrew |date=28 July 2009 |title=Downing Street cat Sybil dies |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5927190/Downing-Street-cat-Sybil-dies.html |access-date=25 December 2011 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |quote=Humphrey, a long haired black and white cat, was the successor to Wilberforce who "took office" with Edward Heath in 1970.}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Gidan mulkin mallaka na Hill * Jerin cats == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bcbgot3iesn8kctte3tsor3qj8bcaw0 0 130357 822490 767485 2026-04-19T09:45:50Z BnHamid 12586 822490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ileana Salvador''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1962) tsohuwar 'yar wasan tseren Italiya ce wacce ta lashe lambobin yabo takwas a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya da Gasar Cin kofin Turai <ref name="ANNUARIO">{{Cite web |title=Annuario FIDAL dell'atletica 2010 |url=http://asdpedaggio-castiglionetorinese.com/files/annuario-fidal.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828003321/http://asdpedaggio-castiglionetorinese.com/files/annuario-fidal.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=24 August 2021 |publisher=asdpedaggio-castiglionetorinese.com |page=699 |language=it}}</ref> A shekara ta 2005 ta sami 'yancin zama ɗan ƙasar Sweden.<ref name="SWEDEN">{{Cite web |date=27 February 2013 |title=ILEANA SALVADOR: "LA MARCIA E' CAMBIATA TROPPO |url=https://m.facebook.com/agenziacorriamo/photos/a.217881165460880/754157528499905/?type=3&source=57 |access-date=2 April 2021 |publisher=facebook.com |language=italian}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == Ta lashe lambobin yabo goma, zuwa babban matakin, a gasar wasanni ta kasa da kasa.[1] Ya ƙware a cikin gasa ta cikin gida, yana alfahari da lambobin yabo shida (azurfa uku na Turai da tagulla uku na Duniya), kawai ya samu a cikin gida. Ta shiga gasar Olympics ta bazara (1992), tana da wasanni 29 a cikin tawagar kasa daga 1987 zuwa 1996. [2] Ta kasance sau biyu a cikin World Best Year Performance a cikin Women's Race Walking: 1992 a cikin 10 km tafiya da 1993 a cikin 20 km tafiya. Ayyukanta da rayuwarta, sun yi wahayi zuwa littafin La marcia infinita di Ileana (The neverending racewalking of Ileana), daga Valter Esposito (2006, ''Il Prato'' publisher). <ref>{{Cite web |title=PODIO INTERNAZIONALE DAL 1908 AL 2008 - DONNE |url=https://www.sportolimpico.it/dmdocuments/MEDAGLIE-D-1908-2008.pdf |access-date=25 December 2012 |publisher=sportolimpico.it}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ileana Salvador ita ce abokiyar dan wasan tseren [[Sweden]], wanda ya lashe lambar azurfa ta Olympic kuma ya lashe lambar tagulla a Gasar Zakarun Turai, Bo Gustafsson, <ref>{{Cite web |title=PODIO INTERNAZIONALE DAL 1908 AL 2008 - DONNE |url=https://www.sportolimpico.it/dmdocuments/MEDAGLIE-D-1908-2008.pdf |access-date=25 December 2012 |publisher=sportolimpico.it}}</ref> yana zaune a Sweden daga 1996. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Nicole (an haife ta a shekara ta 1995) da Noelle (an haifi ta a shekara de 1998) wacce ta kasance abin koyi kuma a cikin 2019 ta shiga cikin zaɓen gasar Miss Italiya.<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Ita malama ce ta [[Italiyanci|Harshen Italiyanci]] kuma Jami'in Jakadancin Italiya a Sweden .<ref>{{Cite web |title=PODIO INTERNAZIONALE DAL 1908 AL 2008 - DONNE |url=https://www.sportolimpico.it/dmdocuments/MEDAGLIE-D-1908-2008.pdf |access-date=25 December 2012 |publisher=sportolimpico.it}}</ref> == Medal na tagulla a Barcelona 1992 == A gasar Olympics ta 1992 a [[Barcelona]], Ileana Salvador ta lashe lambar tagulla a tseren tseren kilomita 10.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PODIO INTERNAZIONALE DAL 1908 AL 2008 - DONNE |url=https://www.sportolimpico.it/dmdocuments/MEDAGLIE-D-1908-2008.pdf |access-date=25 December 2012 |publisher=sportolimpico.it}}</ref> Ko aƙalla ta gama ta uku kuma na minti 20 da kyau ta yi bikin nasarar ta, kawai don gano cewa an hana ta saboda ta ɗauki jan katin na uku don yin tsere mara kyau, wanda ya haifar da Rashin cancanta, kawai lokacin da ta shiga Filin wasa tabbas game da matsayinta na uku.<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == Ita ce mai riƙe da rikodin duniya guda biyu ba a nesa da Olympics ba, amma IAAF kuma tsohon mai riƙe da wasu rikodin biyu sun amince da ita.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PODIO INTERNAZIONALE DAL 1908 AL 2008 - DONNE |url=https://www.sportolimpico.it/dmdocuments/MEDAGLIE-D-1908-2008.pdf |access-date=25 December 2012 |publisher=sportolimpico.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> === Rubuce-rubucen duniya === * 25 km tafiya: '''2:08:46''' (Växjö, 28 Satumba 1996) - mai riƙewa na yanzu{{Flagicon|SWE}} * 3000 m tafiya (waƙoƙi): '''11:48:24''' (Padua, 29 Agusta 1993) - mai riƙewa na yanzu{{Flagicon|ITA}} * 2 mil tafiya a cikin gida: '''13:11.88''' ([[Genoa]], 14 Fabrairu 1990) - har zuwa 14 Satumba 1996{{Flagicon|ITA}} * 10,000 m tafiya (waƙa): '''42:39.2''' ([[Genoa]], 17 Yuni 1989) - har zuwa 26 Mayu 1990{{Flagicon|ITA}} === Tarihin Turai === * 5000 m tafiya (waƙoƙi): '''20:25.2''' ([[Barcelona]], 5 Afrilu 1992) - har zuwa 11 Yuli 1995 <ref name="ANNUARIO">{{Cite web |title=Annuario FIDAL dell'atletica 2010 |url=http://asdpedaggio-castiglionetorinese.com/files/annuario-fidal.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828003321/http://asdpedaggio-castiglionetorinese.com/files/annuario-fidal.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=24 August 2021 |publisher=asdpedaggio-castiglionetorinese.com |page=699 |language=it}}</ref>{{Flagicon|ESP}} === Tarihin kasa === * 10,000 m tafiya (waƙa): '''42:23.7''' ([[Bergen]], 8 Mayu 1993) - har zuwa 23 Afrilu 2017 <ref>{{Cite web |title=PODIO INTERNAZIONALE DAL 1908 AL 2008 - DONNE |url=https://www.sportolimpico.it/dmdocuments/MEDAGLIE-D-1908-2008.pdf |access-date=25 December 2012 |publisher=sportolimpico.it}}</ref>{{Flagicon|NOR}} == Nasarorin da aka samu == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%; text-align:center;" width="60%" !Shekara !Gasar !Wurin da ake ciki !Matsayi !Abin da ya faru !Lokaci |- | rowspan="5" |1989 | align="left" |Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Cikin Gida | align="left" |[[Budapest]]{{Flagicon|HUN}} | bgcolor="cc9966" |Na uku |Tafiya ta 3000 m |12:11.33 |- | rowspan="2" align="left" |Kofin Duniya na Gudun Hijira | rowspan="2" align="left" |[[L'Hospitalet de Llobregat|Asibitin]]{{Flagicon|ESP}} | bgcolor="cc9966" |Na uku |Kungiyar tafiye-tafiye ta kilomita 10&nbsp; |203 pts |- | bgcolor="cc9966" |Na uku |Tafiya ta kilomita 10&nbsp; |43.24 |- | align="left" |Universiade | align="left" |[[Duisburg]]{{Flagicon|FRG}} | bgcolor="gold" |Na farko |5000 m tafiya |20.44 |- | align="left" |Gasar Zakarun Turai ta Cikin Gida | align="left" |[[Hague|Haugue]]{{Flagicon|NED}} | bgcolor="silver" |Na biyu |Tafiya ta 3000 m |12:32.43 |- | rowspan="2" |1990 | align="left" |Gasar Zakarun Turai ta Cikin Gida | align="left" |[[Glasgow]]{{Flagicon|GBR}} | bgcolor="silver" |Na biyu |Tafiya ta 3000 m |12:18.84 |- | align="left" |Gasar Zakarun Turai | align="left" |[[Split|Rarraba]]{{Flagicon|YUG}} | bgcolor="cc9966" |Na uku |Tafiya ta kilomita 10&nbsp; |44:38] |- | rowspan="4" |1991 | align="left" |Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Cikin Gida | align="left" |[[Sevilla|Seville]]{{Flagicon|ESP}} | bgcolor="cc9966" |Na uku |Tafiya ta 3000 m |12.07.67 |- | rowspan="2" align="left" |Kofin Duniya na Gudun Hijira | rowspan="2" align="left" |[[San Jose, California|San Jose]]{{Flagicon|USA}} |Na 6 |Tafiya ta kilomita 10&nbsp; |44.52 |- | bgcolor="silver" |Na biyu |Kungiyar tafiye-tafiye ta kilomita 10&nbsp; |180 pts |- | align="left" |Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya | align="left" |[[Tokyo]]{{Flagicon|JPN}} |Na 7 |Tafiya ta kilomita 10&nbsp; |44.09 |- | rowspan="2" |1992 | align="left" |Gasar Zakarun Turai ta Cikin Gida | align="left" |[[Genoa]]{{Flagicon|ITA}} | bgcolor="silver" |Na biyu |Tafiya ta 3000 m |11:53.23 |- | align="left" |Wasannin Olympics | align="left" |[[Barcelona]]{{Flagicon|ESP}} |{{Tooltip|DSQ|Disqualified}} |Tafiya ta kilomita 10&nbsp; |babu lokaci |- | rowspan="4" |1993 | align="left" |Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Cikin Gida | align="left" |[[Toronto]]{{Flagicon|CAN}} | bgcolor="cc9966" |Na uku |Tafiya ta 3000 m |11:55.35 |- | rowspan="2" align="left" |Kofin Duniya na Gudun Hijira | rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Monterrey, Mexico|Monterrey]]{{Flagicon|MEX}} |Na 6 |Tafiya ta kilomita 10&nbsp; |46.02 |- | bgcolor="gold" |Na farko |Kungiyar tafiye-tafiye ta kilomita 10&nbsp; |196 pts |- | align="left" |Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya | align="left" |[[Stuttgart]]{{Flagicon|GER}} | bgcolor="silver" |Na biyu |Tafiya ta kilomita 10&nbsp; |43:08 |- |1994 | align="left" |Gasar Zakarun Turai | align="left" |[[Helsinki]]{{Flagicon|FIN}} |Na 11 |Tafiya ta kilomita 10&nbsp; |44:51 |- | rowspan="2" |1995 | rowspan="2" align="left" |Kofin Duniya na Gudun Hijira | rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Beijing]]{{Flagicon|CHN}} |Na 31 |Tafiya ta kilomita 10&nbsp; |45:55 |- | bgcolor="silver" |Na biyu |Kungiyar tafiye-tafiye ta kilomita 10&nbsp; |429 pts |} == Takardun sarauta na kasa == Salvador ya lashe gasar zakarun kasa '''19''' a matakin manyan mutane, '''15''' Italiyanci da '''4''' Swedish.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PODIO INTERNAZIONALE DAL 1908 AL 2008 - DONNE |url=https://www.sportolimpico.it/dmdocuments/MEDAGLIE-D-1908-2008.pdf |access-date=25 December 2012 |publisher=sportolimpico.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PODIO INTERNAZIONALE DAL 1908 AL 2008 - DONNE |url=https://www.sportolimpico.it/dmdocuments/MEDAGLIE-D-1908-2008.pdf |access-date=25 December 2012 |publisher=sportolimpico.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PODIO INTERNAZIONALE DAL 1908 AL 2008 - DONNE |url=https://www.sportolimpico.it/dmdocuments/MEDAGLIE-D-1908-2008.pdf |access-date=25 December 2012 |publisher=sportolimpico.it}}</ref> * Gasar Zakarun Italiya ** Gudun mita 5000: 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993 (5) ** Tafiya ta kilomita 10: 1987, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993 (5) ** Gudun kilomita 20: 1993 (1) * Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Cikin Gida ta Italiya ** Gudun mita 3000: 1988, 1990, 1992, 1993 (4) * Gasar Wasanni ta Sweden ** Gudun mita 5000: 1997 (1) ** Tafiya ta kilomita 10: 1997 (1) * Gasar Wasanni ta Cikin Gida ta Sweden ** Gudun mita 3000: 1997, 2001 (2) == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Italiyanci na kowane lokaci - 20 km tafiya * Jerin rikodin duniya a cikin wasanni * Jerin rikodin Turai a cikin wasanni * Rubuce-rubucen Italiyanci a cikin wasanni * Italiya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta IAAF * Kungiyar Italiya a cikin abubuwan da suka faru == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Navboxes|title=Related|list1={{Footer Universiade Champions 20km Walk Women}} {{Footer WBYP Race Walk Women}} {{Italian Athletics Champions in women's 5000 m walk}} {{Italian Athletics Champions in women's 10 km/10,000 m walk}} {{Italian Athletics Champions in women's 20 km walk}} {{Footer Italy athletics team at the 1992 Summer Olympics}}}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] 4zt9gq1wj5hgc76vnhqfhh778qnl5ru 0 130540 822505 767839 2026-04-19T09:51:04Z BnHamid 12586 822505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jean Pelletier''', OC, OQ (Faransa pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ pɛltje]; Fabrairu 21, 1935 - Janairu 10, 2009) ɗan siyasan Kanada ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na 37 na Quebec City, [[Shugaban Ma'aikatan Firayim Minista (Kanada)|Shugaban Ma'aikata]] a [[Ofishin Firayim Minista (Kanada)|Ofishin Firayim Minista]], kuma shugaban Via Rail . Ya kasance babban mai shirya jam'iyyar Liberal Party of Canada .{{IPA|fr|ʒɑ̃ pɛltje}}{{IPA|fr|ʒɑ̃ pɛltje}}{{IPA|fr|ʒɑ̃ pɛltje}} == Farkon aiki == An haife shi a Chicoutimi, [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]], ɗan Burroughs da Marie (Desautels) Pelletier, Pelletier ya yi karatu a kwalejin Jesuits a Quebec City da Séminaire de Trois-Rivières . Ya yi karatun kimiyyar zamantakewa a Jami'ar Laval kafin ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida tare da CFCM-TV a Birnin Quebec a shekara ta 1957. Daga 1958 zuwa 1958, ya kasance wakilin gidan Talabijin na Rediyo-Kanada . A shekara ta 1959, ya kasance sakataren yada labarai na Firayim Minista na Quebec, Paul Sauvé . <ref name="WhoWho">{{Cite web |title=Canadian Who's Who 1997 entry |url=http://utpress.utpress.utoronto.ca/cgi-bin/cw2w3.cgi?p=pearson&t=76193&d=2032 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192245/http://utpress.utpress.utoronto.ca/cgi-bin/cw2w3.cgi?p=pearson&t=76193&d=2032 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |access-date=January 10, 2009 |website=[[University of Toronto Press]]}}</ref> Daga 1960 zuwa 1962, ya kasance babban sakatare na Hukumar Tarihin Tarihi ta Lardin Quebec, [1] wata ƙungiya don lissafawa da adana duk gine-ginen tarihi a lardin Quebec. [2] Daga 1963 zuwa 1964, ya kasance mai ba da shawara na fasaha ga Sakataren Lardin Quebec . Da yake shiga cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, ya kasance dillali ga Levesque & Beaubien daga 1964 zuwa 1970. Daga 1970 zuwa 1973, ya kasance mataimakin shugaban Dumont Express . Daga 1973 zuwa 1977, ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Action Sociale Ltée . [1] == Ayyukan siyasa == Pelletier ya fara aikinsa na siyasa tare da Union Nationale, jam'iyya mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da na kasa da ke nuna ikon cin gashin kai na Quebec. Ya lashe kujerar a matsayin wakilin gari a Birnin Quebec a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1976. An zabe shi a matsayin magajin gari a shekarar 1977, ya yi aiki na shekaru goma sha biyu da kuma wasu zabuka biyu. A lokacin da yake magajin gari, daga 1977 zuwa 1989, ya inganta sabis na jirgin ƙasa a cikin birni, ya taimaka wajen farfado da Lower Town da kuma sanya shi a matsayin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Gidan Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO]]. Yayinda yake magajin gari, Pelletier ya zama abokantaka da magajin garin Paris Jacques Chirac . Su biyu sun yi aiki tare a matsayin wani ɓangare na Association of Francophone Mayors (1979-89), inda Pelletier ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa. Ya samu nasarar shawo kan Chirac ya yi shiru a lokacin raba gardama na Quebec na 1980, kodayake Chirac da kansa ya goyi bayan Quebec mai zaman kanta kamar Janar Charles de Gaulle . [1] Tare da mutuwar Union Nationale, ya shiga Jam'iyyar Liberal ta Kanada . == Shugaban Ma'aikata ga Jean Chrétien == Pelletier ya kasance abokin tarayya na dogon lokaci kuma aboki na [[Jean Chrétien]]. Sun san juna shekaru da yawa, bayan sun fara haduwa a [[Makarantar allo|makarantar kwana]] yayin da suke matasa. Sun halarci makarantar shari'a a Jami'ar Laval tare kuma sun sami irin wannan suna kamar yadda suke da tashin hankali. Lokacin da Chrétien ya lashe shugabanci a shekarar 1990, ya kasance mai yawan jama'a a Quebec, wanda ya damu da lahani na caucus, kuma ba ya yanke shawara wajen amsawa ga Oka standoff. Jam'iyyar Liberal ta tarayya ba ta da tsari, kusa da fatarar kuɗi, kuma ta sauka a cikin kuri'un daga kashi 50 zuwa 32. Don sake ƙarfafa jagorancinsa kuma ya sake tsara ofishinsa mai rikici, Chrétien ya hayar da Pelletier a matsayin shugaban ma'aikatansa, yayin da Eddie Goldenberg ya ci gaba a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara kan siyasa. Pelletier ya gudu ba tare da nasara ba a Birnin Quebec a lokacin Zaben 1993, wanda ya ga jam'iyyar ta kama kujeru kaɗan a lardin Quebec a waje da sansanin tarayya na [[Montréal|Montreal]]. Wannan kamfen ɗin ya ga Chrétien ya zama Firayim Minista, kuma Pelletier ya zama [[Shugaban Ma'aikatan Firayim Minista (Kanada)|Shugaban Ma'aikata]], ya sanya shi shugaban [[Ofishin Firayim Minista (Kanada)|Ofishin Firayim Minista]]. == Girmamawa == A shekara ta 1985, an sanya Pelletier memba na Order of Canada don nuna godiya ga "ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a kungiyoyin zamantakewa, al'adu da masu ba da agaji da yawa a Tsohon Babban Birnin". An ɗaukaka shi zuwa Jami'in a shekara ta 2003 don nuna godiya ga "ba da ransa ga hidimar jama'a".<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia}}</ref> A shekara ta 1990, an sanya shi Jami'in Dokar Kasa ta Quebec . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lr03gfbdc0om9v9r580pquutzerbcsy 0 131567 822359 770119 2026-04-18T18:39:58Z Inusa Birnin Tudu 44112 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 822359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Rundunar Tsaro ta Malay_language" id="mwEg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Malay language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Malay (Malay; wanda aka fi sani da APM ko MCDF; tsohon JPAM ko JPA3) ita ce hukumar tsaro ta farar hula a Malaysia. Har zuwa 31 ga watan Agusta 2016 an san shi da Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Jama'a (Malay: ). == Tarihi == [[Fayil:MAN_TG_trucks_of_Malaysia_Civil_Defence_Force_during_NDP_2023_in_Kuantan.jpg|thumb|MAN TG motocin rundunar tsaron jama'a ta Malaysia.]] === Kafin samun 'yancin kai === === Bayan samun 'yancin kai === * 1957 - Dokar Tsaro ta Jama'a, 1951 ta zama Dokar Tsaro na Jama'a ta 1951 (Dokar 221) a kan 'yancin kai na jihar * 1958 - Tsaron farar hula ya zama na dindindin kuma mai mahimmanci a cikin tsarin tsaron kasa daidai da Tsarin Mulki na Tarayya na Tara. * 1964 - An tsawaita tsaron farar hula zuwa Sabah, Sarawak da [[Singafora|Singapore]] biyo bayan rikici na Malaysia - [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] (Takarda ta majalisar dokoki No. 302/314/64), daga baya rundunar Singapore za ta zama tushen rundunar tsaron fararen hula ta SingaporeSojojin Tsaro na Singapore * 1965 - Membobin sun karu zuwa mambobi 36,000 tare da rassa 37 ban da sabbin kayan aikin da ake samu a wannan lokacin don turawa a duk fadin kasar a cikin zaman lafiya da yaki * 1970 - Aikace-aikacen ma'aikata a duk faɗin ƙasar bisa ga tanadin Dokar Ayyuka ta Kasa ta 1952 ga ambaliyar da ta mamaye ƙasar. * 1972 - An yi wa Dokar Tsaro ta 1951 gyare-gyare don yin ayyuka da rawar da take takawa a lokacin zaman lafiya don aiwatar da ayyukan agaji na bala'i ban da ayyukan lokacin yaƙi kamar yadda Dokar ta bayyana * 1993 - Rugujewar Hasumiyar Highland a Hulu Kelang ta fara canji da sabuntawa na kungiyar tsaron jama'a a Malaysia === Zamanin ci gaba === * 1994 - Gabatar da sunan laƙabi na JPA 3 don rarrabewa tare da Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a da Ma'aikatan Jirgin Sama. * 1995 - An kaddamar da 991 Emergency Hotline a ranar 20 ga Mayu a matsayin alamar sadaukarwa ga Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Jama'a don samar da taimakon gaggawa na awanni 24. * 1996 - Shirin Ci gaban Tsaro na Ma'aikatar Tsaro wanda aka tsara don samar da dukkan kayan aiki da bukatun ababen more rayuwa a cikin motsi na ceto. * 2000 - Duk babban birnin jihar a duk faɗin ƙasar da ofisoshin reshe shida yanzu suna amfani da tsarin layin zafi na 991. * 2000 - Ayyukan Shirin Ci gaban Ayyuka na Jiki waɗanda Tsaro na Tsakiya da na Jiha guda bakwai suka aiwatar suna sanya Gundumar ta 7, gami da sabon cibiyar horo guda biyu. * 2001 - Ayyukan Cibiyar Tsaro ta Jama'a guda bakwai a matakan jihohi da gundumar da aka amince da su don aiwatarwa a cikin RMK 8 ga dukkan manyan biranen jihohi a kan tsibirin za su sami rikitarwa na gudanarwa, aiki da horo. * 2004 - An gabatar da Motto 'Sel Galaxy Kehadapan' a matsayin sadaukarwar ma'aikatan Ma'aikatar Tsaro na ba da mafi kyawun 'Delivery Service' ga jama'a daidai da karuwar ma'aikata a cikin sashen. * 2006 - Ya gabatar da taken "Ready, Fast and Integrity" a matsayin mai haɓaka ga Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Jama'a a cikin sashen ƙwarewa. * 2008 - Darakta Janar na Tsaro da kansa ya ƙaddamar da canjin sunan laƙabi daga JPA 3 zuwa JPAM a watan Maris yayin bikin Ranar Tsaro da aka gudanar a Ipoh. * 2008 - Gwamnatin Malaysia ta gabatar da shirin 'One Country Number' a matsayin cibiyar kira ta 999 don karfafa layin gaggawa da 'Yan sanda na Royal Malaysia, Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Wutar Lantarki da Ceto da Ma'abiyar Tsaro ta Malaysia ke amfani da su. * 2015 - Hukumar harkokin JPAM a matsayin cibiyar kasa ta wuce daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida zuwa Ma'autar Firayim Minista. * 2016 - JPAM ya zama ''Sojojin Tsaro na Malaysia'' kuma an amince da sabon tsarin shirye-shiryen sabuntawa don zama wani ɓangare na Shirin Malaysia na 10. == Shirye-shiryen == [[Fayil:Malaysia_Civil_Defence_Force's_fleet_taking_part_in_Kuantan_2023_NDP.jpg|thumb|Rundunar Sojojin Tsaro ta Malaysia a cikin fareti.]] Hedikwatar Kasa ta ƙunshi duk rundunonin tsaro da bincike da ceto a duk faɗin ƙasar, kuma tana ba da rahoto ga Ma'aikatar Firayim Minista. Ya zuwa shekarar 2017 Manjo Janar (R) Dato 'Azmy Bin Yahya ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Kwamishinan Tsaro na Jama'a. CDF ta kunshi: * Dokokin Jiha 14 * Dokokin Gundumar 99 * Rukunin Tsaro na Jama'a 55 * da kuma Ilimi da Horarwa Command, wanda ya hada da Cibiyar Tsaro ta Jama'a da 3 Jami'an Tsaro na Jama'a Cadet Schools == Alamar matsayi == ''Tushen:''<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2015 |title=Pangkat dan Gelaran |url=http://www.civildefence.gov.my/profil-apm/maklumat-korporat/pangkat-dan-gelaran/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422035319/http://www.civildefence.gov.my/profil-apm/maklumat-korporat/pangkat-dan-gelaran/ |archive-date=22 April 2019 |access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref> Tsarin matsayi na MCDF ya yi kama da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin Sojojin Tsaro na Singapore, amma ta amfani da irin waɗannan maki na farar hula kamar hukumar gwamnati. Bugu da kari, ana amfani da karin matsayi 3 a sama da Warrant Officer Class 1 da ƙasa da Second Lieutenant, wani abu ne na musamman tsakanin sojojin da ke da tufafi. {| class="wikitable" !Matsayi !Alamar !Gorget |- | colspan="3" align="center" |'''Sauran matsayi''' |- |Masu zaman kansu | | |- |Lance Corporal | | |- |Jikin jiki | | |- |Sarkin | | |- | colspan="3" align="center" |'''Jami'in warrant''' |- |Babban sajan 2 | | |- |Babban sajan 1 | | |- | colspan="3" align="center" |'''Jami'in ma'aikata''' |- |Ƙananan Ma'aikata | | |- |Babban Ma'aikata | | |- |Ma'aikata mafi girma | | |- | colspan="3" align="center" |'''Rundunar jami'ai''' |- |Lieutenant na biyu (CD) | | |- |Lieutenant (CD) | | |- |Kyaftin (CD) | | |- |Babban (CD) | | |- |Lieutenant Colonel (CD) | | |- |Colonel (CD) | | |- |Mataimakin Kwamishina (CD) | | |- |Mataimakin Kwamishina (CD) | | |- |Kwamishinan (CD) | | |- |Babban Kwamishinan (CD) | | |} == Abubuwan da ke cikin yanzu == ''Tushen:''<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2015 |title=Pangkat dan Gelaran |url=http://www.civildefence.gov.my/profil-apm/maklumat-korporat/pangkat-dan-gelaran/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422035319/http://www.civildefence.gov.my/profil-apm/maklumat-korporat/pangkat-dan-gelaran/ |archive-date=22 April 2019 |access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref> * Kawasaki Ninja 250R === 4x4 === * [[Toyota Hilux]] * Nissan Navara * Mai Tsaron Land Rover * Mitsubishi Pajero * Isuzu 4x4 [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5uqgir523tyvn4j5qh4zswraao5zsi4 0 132372 822314 771942 2026-04-18T16:45:52Z BnHamid 12586 822314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir''' (Fanar da ita ta Icelandic: [ˈjouːhana ˈsɪːɣʏrðarˌtouhtɪrń]; an haife ta 4 ga Oktoba 1942) 'yar siyasar Iceland ce, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Iceland daga 2009 zuwa 2013.{{IPA|is|ˈjouːhana ˈsɪːɣʏrðarˌtouhtɪr̥}}{{IPA|is|ˈjouːhana ˈsɪːɣʏrðarˌtouhtɪr̥}}{{IPA|is|ˈjouːhana ˈsɪːɣʏrðarˌtouhtɪr̥}} An zabe ta a matsayin 'yar majalisa daga 1978 zuwa 2013, an nada ta a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Tsaron Jama'a na Iceland, ta yi aiki daga 1987 zuwa 1994, kuma daga 2007 har zuwa 2009. A shekara ta 1994, lokacin da ta rasa yunkurin jagorantar Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party, sai ta ɗaga wuyanta kuma ta ayyana "Minn tími mun koma!" ("Lokaina za ta zo!"), magana ce da ta zama sanannen magana ta Icelandic.[1][2] Daga baya a shekara ta 1994, ta bar jam'iyyar kuma ta kafa jam'iyyarta, National Awakening (Þjóðvaki), tare da ita a matsayin jagora. Jam'iyyar ta samu kashi 7.1% na kuri'un da aka kada a zaben 'yan majalisa na 1995 da kuma zaɓaɓɓun 'yan majalisun majalisa hudu. A shekara ta 1996 duk 'yan majalisa sun shiga Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party. A cikin zaben 1999, National Awakening ya gudu tare da sabuwar jam'iyyar Social Democratic Alliance. A shekara ta 2000 jam'iyyar ta haɗu da jam'iyyar Social Democratic Alliance. Jóhanna ta zama Firayim Minista a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2009, a cikin majalisar ministocin 'yan tsiraru da aka kafa bayan an rushe hadin gwiwar da ta gabata bayan Rikicin kudi na Iceland na 2008. Kungiyar ta samu rinjaye a zaben 'yan majalisa na 2009. Ta zama Firayim Minista mace ta farko a Iceland kuma shugaban gwamnati na farko a duniya na LGBT a zamanin yau. ''Forbes'' ta lissafa ta cikin mata 100 mafi iko a duniya a shekara ta 2009.<ref>This name is usually spelled in English-language press as '''Johanna Sigurdardottir'''.</ref> Ta kasance memba na Althing (majalisa ta Iceland) na mazabar Reykjavík daga 1978 zuwa 2013, inda ta sake lashe zaben a lokuta takwas a jere. A watan Satumbar 2012, Jóhanna ta sanar da cewa ba za ta nemi sake zaben ba kuma ta yi ritaya daga siyasa a matsayin memba mafi tsawo a majalisar dokokin Iceland.<ref>This name is usually spelled in English-language press as '''Johanna Sigurdardottir'''.</ref> == Ilimi da farkon aiki == An haifi Jóhanna a [[Reykjavik|Reykjavík]] . Mahaifinta shi ne Sigurður Egill Ingimundarson . Ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Iceland, makarantar sakandare ta sana'a da Kamfanin Kasuwanci ke gudanarwa. Bayan kammala karatunta tare da difloma ta kasuwanci a shekarar 1960, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da jirgin sama tare da Icelandic Airlines (wanda ya riga Icelandair) daga 1962 zuwa 1971, kuma a matsayin manajan ofis daga 1971 zuwa 1978. <ref>This name is usually spelled in English-language press as '''Johanna Sigurdardottir'''.</ref> Ta kasance mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyar kwadago tun daga farkon rayuwarta ta sana'a, tana jagorantar Kwamitin Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Jirgin Jirgin Jirgi ta Icelandic a 1966 da 1969 da kuma Kwamitin Svölurnar, Kungiyar Tsoffin Ma'aikata a 1975. Ta kuma kasance memba na Kwamitin Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Kasuwanci daga 1976 zuwa 1983. <ref name="CVMinistry">{{Cite web |title=Prime Minister of Iceland Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir |url=https://eng.forsaetisraduneyti.is/minister/cv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501150633/http://eng.forsaetisraduneyti.is/minister/cv/ |archive-date=1 May 2013 |access-date=22 October 2018 |website=Prime Minister's Office}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == An zabi Jóhanna a Althing a shekarar 1978 a jerin sunayen Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party na mazabar Reykjavík. <ref name="CVAlthingi">{{Cite web |title=Members of Parliament: Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir |url=http://www.althingi.is/cv_en.php4?ksfaerslunr=17 |access-date=28 January 2009 |website=Secretariat of Althingi}}</ref> Ta ji daɗin samun nasara a farkon aikinta na majalisa, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar kakakin Althing a 1979 da 1983-84. An zabe ta mataimakiyar shugaban jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party a shekarar 1984, mukamin da ta rike har zuwa 1993. Ta kuma kasance Ministan Harkokin Jama'a a cikin majalisun daban-daban guda huɗu daga 1987 zuwa 1994, lokacin da ta bar Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party bayan ta rasa takarar shugabanci don kafa sabuwar jam'iyya, National Awakening; jam'iyyun biyu sun sake haɗuwa a cikin 2000 don kafa jam'iyyar Social Democrat Alliance ta yanzu.<ref name="CVMinistry">{{Cite web |title=Prime Minister of Iceland Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir |url=https://eng.forsaetisraduneyti.is/minister/cv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501150633/http://eng.forsaetisraduneyti.is/minister/cv/ |archive-date=1 May 2013 |access-date=22 October 2018 |website=Prime Minister's Office}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130501150633/http://eng.forsaetisraduneyti.is/minister/cv/ "Prime Minister of Iceland Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir"]. ''Prime Minister's Office''. Archived from [https://eng.forsaetisraduneyti.is/minister/cv the original] on 1 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Sanarwarta ta 1994 Minn tími mun koma! ("Lokaci na zai zo!"), bayan da ta rasa takarar shugabancin Jam'iyyar Social Democratic, ta zama magana ce mai mahimmanci a cikin Harshen Icelandic. Daga 1994 zuwa 2003, ta kasance memba mai aiki na adawa a cikin Althing, tana aiki a kwamitocin majalisa da yawa. Bayan Zaben 2003, wanda ta yi takara daga mazabar Reykjavík ta Kudu (bayan rabuwa da tsohuwar mazabar Reikiavík), an sake zabar ta mataimakiyar kakakin Althing. Zaben 2007, wanda ta yi takara daga mazabar Reykjavík ta Arewa, ta ga dawowar Social Democratic Alliance zuwa gwamnati a hadin gwiwa tare da Jam'iyyar Independence, kuma an nada Jóhanna a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Tsaron Jama'a.<ref name="CVAlthingi">{{Cite web |title=Members of Parliament: Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir |url=http://www.althingi.is/cv_en.php4?ksfaerslunr=17 |access-date=28 January 2009 |website=Secretariat of Althingi}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.althingi.is/cv_en.php4?ksfaerslunr=17 "Members of Parliament: Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir"]. ''Secretariat of Althingi''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite></ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin zaɓaɓɓun shugabannin mata da gwamnatoci * Jerin masu rike da mukamai na siyasa na LGBT na farko * Jerin shugabannin gwamnati na LGBT a bayyane == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1qg34bzznedvpf2pc9qpymj1gylhwwh 0 132927 822426 773143 2026-04-19T05:03:01Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 Gyara 822426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''James Barr Ames''' (22 ga Yuni, 1846 – 8 ga Janairu, 1910) [[Malami|malamin]] shari'a ne na Amurka, wanda aka fi sani da ya shahara da yada tsarin shari'a na koyar da shari'a. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Ames a [[Boston]], Massachusetts a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1846; ɗan Samuel T. da Mary H. (Barr) Ames kuma jikan James Barr, MD Ya yi karatun firamare a Boston, kafin ya sami digiri na farko daga Harvard College a 1868 da kuma digirinsa na LLB daga Harvard Law School a 1872. == Sana'a == Ya fara aiki a matsayin malami kuma malami a Harvard a shekarar 1871, kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa 1873, lokacin da aka shigar da shi cikin lauyoyi . Duk da cewa lauya ne mai lasisi, Ames bai bude wani asibiti na sirri ba, yana yin cikakken lokaci a Harvard a duk tsawon aikinsa. Ya fara a matsayin malami ɗan Faransa da Jamus a shekarar 1871 kafin ya zama malami a tarihi a shekarar 1872. === Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard === Ames ya shiga jami'ar Harvard Law School a shekarar 1873 a matsayin mataimakin farfesa kafin ya zama cikakken farfesa a shekarar 1877. A shekarar 1895, Ames ya zama shugaban makarantar lauyoyi ta 2 ta Harvard, inda ya gaji Christopher Columbus Langdell. Ya yi aiki har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 1910. <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YBxWAAAAMAAJ&dq=James+Barr+Ames+1846&pg=PA1167 Google Books, ''The History of the Descendants of Elder John Story, of Northampton, Massachusetts (Vol. 2)'']</ref> An kira Ames malamin shari'a mafi girma a zamaninsa, ba wai kawai malami ne mai faɗi da daidaito ba, kuma ɗalibi mai zurfi na tarihin shari'a, har ma yana da ƙwarewa ta musamman wajen haɓaka fahimta mai haske da daidaito a cikin waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin koyarwarsa. A lokacin da yake koyar da ɗalibansa na Harvard shari'a, Ames ya yi amfani da shari'o'in shari'a na gaske don kwatanta ƙa'idodin shari'a, wani ra'ayi da Christopher Columbus Langdell ya ƙirƙiro. Ames ya dage cewa ilimin shari'a ya kamata ya buƙaci nazarin shari'o'in gaskiya maimakon ƙa'idodin shari'a marasa tushe. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gabatar da hanyar shari'a a cikin koyar da shari'a, wata hanya da aka yi amfani da ita gabaɗaya a makarantun shari'a na Amurka a lokacin mutuwarsa, kuma wacce ke ci gaba da kasancewa har zuwa yanzu. An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1878. <ref name="AAAS">{{Cite web |title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A |url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf |access-date=April 17, 2011 |publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences}}</ref> Ya kasance manaja na Ofishin Shari'a na Kwatanta na Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Amurka wanda aka kafa a 1907, wanda ''Jaridar Shekara-shekara'' ta sa mujallar shari'a ta farko a Amurka ta sami digirin LL.D. daga jami'o'i shida kafin rasuwarsa. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ames ta auri Sarah Russell a ranar 28 ga Yuni, 1880. Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu, Robert Russell Ames da Richard Ames. == Mutuwa == Ya mutu a Wilton, New Hampshire, a ranar 8 ga Janairu, 1910. An kwantar da shi a asibiti na tsawon makonni biyar bayan wata matsala ta jijiya. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1846]] 1tlukqdgll7m8w3n7e2yv61f9wp4igq 0 133012 822273 773302 2026-04-18T16:28:24Z BnHamid 12586 822273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Salman Bijnori''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Afrilu 1969), wanda aka fi sani da '''Maulana Salman Bijnori''', masanin addinin Musulunci ne na Indiya, babban malami a [[Monthly Darul Uloom|Darul Uloom]] Deoband">Darul Uloom Deoband, kuma babban editan mujallarta ta Darul U loom . Yana da alaƙa da tsarin Naqshbandi Sufi, shi almajirin Zulfiqar Ahmad Naqshbandi ne. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind (M). <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Executive Council of Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind |url=https://www.jamiat.org.in/ui/national_executive_council/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723084006/https://www.jamiat.org.in/ui/national_executive_council/ |archive-date=23 July 2024 |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=jamiat.org.in}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Salman Bijnori a ranar 14 ga Afrilu 1969 a Sahaspur, gundumar Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh, a cikin dangin malamai. Mahaifinsa, Saeed Ahmad Qasmi Sahaspuri, ya kammala karatu a Darul Uloom Deoband kuma dalibi ne na Hussain Ahmad Madani . Ya haddace Alkur'ani yana da shekaru bakwai a karkashin jagorancin mahaifinsa kuma ya kammala karatun Larabci da Musulunci a gida. A shekara ta 1981, ya shiga Jamia Ashraf-ul-Uloom, Gangoh, inda ya yi karatu har zuwa kammala karatunsa a 1987. Daga nan ya shiga Darul Uloom Deoband a 1987 kuma ya kammala Dawra-e-Hadith a 1988. Malamansa a Darul Uloom Deoband sun hada da Naseer Ahmad Khan, [[Abdul Haq Azmi]], Nematullah Azmi, Qamruddin Ahmad Gorakhpuri, Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri, Muhammad Hussain Bihari, Arshad Madani, Riyasat Ali Zafar Bijnori, da Zubair Ahmad Deobandi . <ref name=":Gangoh">{{Cite book|edition=Abdus Samad}}</ref>{{Sfn|Muzaffarnagari|Saharanpuri|2023}} Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya ci gaba da ƙwarewa a cikin wallafe-wallafen Larabci ('Takmil al-Adab al-Arabi') a Darul Uloom Deoband, inda ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Wahiduzzaman Kairanawi, [[Usman Mansoorpuri]], da Noor Alam Khalil Amini, inda ya sami matsayi na farko a cikin jarrabawarsa.{{Sfn|Muzaffarnagari|Saharanpuri|2023}} == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa, an nada Bijnori a matsayin mataimakin malami a Darul Uloom Deoband a [[Dhu al Ki'dah|Dhu al-Qadah]] 1409 AH (Yuni 1989). Ya yi aiki a wannan matsayin na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ya koma Madrasa Faiz-e-Hidayat Rahimi a Raipur, Gundumar Saharanpur, inda ya koyar da shekara guda daga [[Shawwal]] 1411 AH (Afrilu 1991) zuwa [[Sha'ban]] 1412 AH (Fabrairu 1992). {{Sfn|Muzaffarnagari|Saharanpuri|2023}}{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013}} Daga baya ya koyar a Madrasa Shahi a Moradabad a sashen harshen Larabci da adabi daga Shawwal 1412 AH zuwa Sha'ban 1414 AH (Afrilu 1992 zuwa Janairu 1994). A wannan lokacin, ya kuma kula da mujallar bango ta ''Al-Balagh'', wacce daliban sashen suka buga.{{Sfn|Muzaffarnagari|Saharanpuri|2023}}<ref name=":Nida">{{Cite journal |date=November–December 1992 |editor-last=Qasmi |editor-first=Muhammad Salim |editor2-last=Rashidi |editor2-first=Sayed Akhlad |editor3-last=Mansoorpuri |editor3-first=Muhammad Salman |editor3-link=Salman Mansoorpuri |title=Tareekh-e-Shahi Number |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/nida-e-shahi-shumarah-number-11-12-mohammad-salman-mansurpuri-magazines |journal=Monthly Nida-e-Shahi |language=ur |location=[[Moradabad]] |publisher=[[Madrasa Shahi]] |volume=4 |issue=11–12 |pages=600–601}}</ref>{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013}} A cikin 1994 (1414 AH), an nada shi a matsayin memba na dindindin a Darul Uloom Deoband . Daga baya, a cikin 2019 (1440 AH), an inganta shi zuwa matsayin babban memba a cikin ma'aikata.<ref name=":Khalili">{{Cite book|last3=Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi}}</ref>{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013}}<ref name=":AMU">{{Cite web |last= |date=4 September 2021 |title=Darul Uloom Deoband ki Khidmaat-e-Hadith par AMU mein Maulana Salman Bijnori ka Tausee'i Khutba |trans-title=An extension lecture by Maulana Salman Bijnori on the services of Darul Uloom Deoband in the field of Hadith at AMU |url=https://qindeelonline.com/darul-uloom-deoband-ki-khidmat-e-hadees-par-amu-men-maulana-salman-bijnauri-ka-tauseei-khutba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904174058/https://qindeelonline.com/darul-uloom-deoband-ki-khidmat-e-hadees-par-amu-men-maulana-salman-bijnauri-ka-tauseei-khutba/ |archive-date=4 September 2021 |access-date=7 December 2024 |website=Qindeel |language=ur}}</ref> A halin yanzu, yana koyar da matani na Islama irin su [[Sunan ibn Majah|Sunan Ibn Mājah]], Mishkat al-Masabih, Diwan al-Hamasa, da Sab'a Mu'allaqat .{{Sfn|Muzaffarnagari|Saharanpuri|2023}} Tun daga shekara ta 2016, ya yi aiki a matsayin babban editan Darul Uloom, mujallar Urdu ta Darul U loom Deoband, wanda ya gaji Habibur Rahman Azami.<ref name=": Khursheed">{{Cite web |last=Qasmi |first=Khursheed Alam Dawood |date=28 July 2021 |title=Prolific Writer and Popular Teacher: Maulana Habibur Rahman Azami Qasmi |url=https://millattimes.com/opinion-prolific-writer-and-popular-teacher-maulana-habibur-rahman-azmi-qasmi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930020115/https://millattimes.com/opinion-prolific-writer-and-popular-teacher-maulana-habibur-rahman-azmi-qasmi/ |archive-date=30 September 2023 |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=Millat Times |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Abbasi|2020}}<ref name=":AMU">{{Cite web |last= |date=4 September 2021 |title=Darul Uloom Deoband ki Khidmaat-e-Hadith par AMU mein Maulana Salman Bijnori ka Tausee'i Khutba |trans-title=An extension lecture by Maulana Salman Bijnori on the services of Darul Uloom Deoband in the field of Hadith at AMU |url=https://qindeelonline.com/darul-uloom-deoband-ki-khidmat-e-hadees-par-amu-men-maulana-salman-bijnauri-ka-tauseei-khutba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904174058/https://qindeelonline.com/darul-uloom-deoband-ki-khidmat-e-hadees-par-amu-men-maulana-salman-bijnauri-ka-tauseei-khutba/ |archive-date=4 September 2021 |access-date=7 December 2024 |website=Qindeel |language=ur}}</ref> A shekara ta 2022, an zabe shi Mataimakin Shugaban Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind (M), inda yake ba da gudummawa ga shirye-shiryen zamantakewar addini na kungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Executive Council of Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind |url=https://www.jamiat.org.in/ui/national_executive_council/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723084006/https://www.jamiat.org.in/ui/national_executive_council/ |archive-date=23 July 2024 |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=jamiat.org.in}}</ref> Shi almajirin da aka ba da izini ne na [[Naqshbandi]]" id="mwhA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Zulfiqar Ahmad Naqshbandi">Zulfiqar Ahmad Naqshbandi a cikin tsarin Naqshband Sufi . <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Executive Council of Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind |url=https://www.jamiat.org.in/ui/national_executive_council/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723084006/https://www.jamiat.org.in/ui/national_executive_council/ |archive-date=23 July 2024 |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=jamiat.org.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Executive Council of Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind |url=https://www.jamiat.org.in/ui/national_executive_council/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723084006/https://www.jamiat.org.in/ui/national_executive_council/ |archive-date=23 July 2024 |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=jamiat.org.in}}</ref> == Ra'ayoyin siyasa == Bijnori ya bayyana ra'ayinsa game da rawar da madrasas ke takawa, yana mai cewa manufar madrasas ita ce horar da malamai, ba don samar da likitoci ko injiniyoyi ba. Ya bukaci gwamnati da ta goyi bayan makarantun musulmai da ke ba da ilimin da ba na addini ba amma guji tsoma baki cikin rawar gargajiya na madrasas. Ya kuma yi adawa da rera "Vande Mataram," yana mai cewa yayin da Islama ke koya wa Musulmai su ƙaunaci ƙasarsu, ba ta ba da izinin bauta wa kowace ƙasa. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis * Salman Mansoorpuri == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] 5iaxcwdpxh15h5c7172tdtj8buutn0s 0 133136 822486 773590 2026-04-19T09:44:08Z BnHamid 12586 822486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mahmud Hasan Deobandi''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Shaykh al-Hind''', shi ne dalibi na farko na Darul Uloom Deoband, kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan ɗalibai uku na wanda ya kafa shi Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi. Ya jagoranci bikin kafa Jamia Millia Islamia a Aligarh a shekarar 1920. Ya rubuta fassarar [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] a cikin [[Urdu|Harshen Urdu]] wanda aka dauka a matsayin daya daga cikin fassarar Alkir'ani ta Kudu ta Asiya. Ebrahim Moosa, yayin da yake yin sharhi game da ɗaliban Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, ya ce: {{Blockquote|His fine cohort of students later gained popularity in the madrasa network and made contribution in the public life in South Asia in fields as diverse as religious scholarship, politics, and institution-building.}} == Jerin dalibai == Wadannan sune jerin daliban Mahmud Hasan Deobandi. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Name !Introduction !Reference |- |Abd al-Razzaq Peshawari |Syed Mehboob Rizwi has stated that Peshawari served as the Chief Justice in [[Afghanistan]] and was the head of Kabul University. | |- |Ahmed Ali Lahori |He was an exegete of the Qur'an. | |- |Anwar Shah Kashmiri |He served as the Principal of Darul Uloom Deoband for twelve years. [[Muhammad Iqbal]] lauded him saying that Allama Kashmiri is undoubtedly the greatest Islamic scholar born in the last 500 years. |<ref name="gk">{{Cite web |date=16 December 2017 |title=Bringing the Legend to Light |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/bringing-the-legend-to-light/ |access-date=26 April 2020}}</ref> |- |Sayyid Asghar Hussain Deobandi |Best known as the Muhaddith of Darul Uloom Deoband, he laid foundation stone of Madrasatul Islah in Azamgarh. In Darul Uloom Deoband, he taught [[Sunan Abu Dawood|Sunan Abu Dawud]] and tafsir besides books on the [[Fiƙihu|fiqh]] such as Jalalayn and Durr-e-Mukhtar. | |- |Ashraf Ali Thanwi |Best known as Hakim al-Ummah, the known Sufi of recent past, authored more than a thousand books, best known for his translation of the [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Quran]] and ''Bahishti Zewar'', an authoritative book on every day [[Hanafiyya|Hanafi]] fiqh. | |- |Aziz-ul-Rahman Usmani |First Grand Mufti of Darul Uloom Deoband, best known for Fatawa -e- Darul Uloom Deoband (Compilation of Fatwas issued by the seminary). | |- |Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad |Former Principal of Madrasa Shahi, Moradabad, former President of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind and former Shaykh al-Hadith of Darul Uloom Deoband. | |- |Habibullah Qurayshi |He was the founding secretary-general of [[Darul Uloom Hathazari|Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam]] in Hathazari (present-day [[Bangladesh]]) | |- |Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad |He was 5th Vice Chancellor of Darul Uloom Deoband and a Grand Mufti of formerly Hyderabad State. | |- |Hussain Ahmad Madani |Former Principal of Darul Uloom Deoband, Best known as Shaykh al-Islam or Asir-e-Malta. His work ''Composite Nationalism and Islam'' is one of the authoritative works on Opposition to the partition of India. | |- |Ibrahim Balyawi |The 6th Principal of Darul Uloom Deoband. He spent almost 50 years instructing [[Hadisi|Hadith]], Mantiq, Islamic philosophy, and other subjects at Darul Uloom Deoband. |<ref>{{Cite book|last3=A F M Khalid Hossain}}</ref> |- |Izaz Ali Amrohi |Best known as Shaykh al-Adab, his book ''Nafahtul Arab'' is taught in the curriculum of dars-e-nizami in various [[Makarantar Islamiyya|madrasas]]. He served the post of Chief Mufti of Darul Uloom Deoband for two times. | |- |Karim Bakhsh Sambhali |His notable students include Habib al-Rahman al-'Azmi, Manzur Nu'mani and Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad. | |- |Kifayatullah Dehlawi |Best known as Hadhrat Mufti-e-Azam or former Grand Mufti of India, his book ''Kifayat al-Mufti'' is an authority in Hanafi Fiqh. He co-founded Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind and acted as its first President. His book ''Talim al-Islam'' is taught in various madrasahs. | |- |Manazir Ahsan Gilani |Best known as Sultan al-Qalam, former Dean of the Faculty of Theology of Osmania University, he is known for his books like ''Tadwin-e-Hadith'', ''Muqaddama Tadwin-e-Fiqh'' and ''Sawanih Qasmi''. He also wrote the tafseer of [[Al-Kahf|Surah Al-Kahf]]. |<ref name="ilmgate">{{Cite web |date=27 February 2015 |title=The Distinguished Researcher and Litterateur: Mawlānā Manāzir Ahsan Gīlāni |url=https://www.ilmgate.org/biography-manazir-ahsan-gilani/ |access-date=26 April 2020 |website=IlmGate.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006 |title=Muslim Personalities: Maulana Manazir Ahsan Gilani |url=http://www.biharanjuman.org/bio/Maulana_Manazir_Ahsan_Gilani.html |access-date=13 May 2020 |website=Biharanjuman.org}}</ref> |- |Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi |He founded the Tablighi Jamaat. | |- |Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari |Best known for his role in Silk Letter Movement, he was the grandson of Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi. He authored a few books on politics which include ''Hukumat-e-Ilahi'', ''Asas-Inqelab'' and ''Dastoor-e-Imamat''. | |- |Muhammad Sahool Bhagalpuri |He was a former Grand Mufti of Darul Uloom Deoband. | |- |Qari Muhammad Tayyib |Best known as Hakim al-Islam, he was Vice Chancellor of Darul Uloom Deoband for more than 50 years. Many of his [[Huɗuba|Khutbas]] were compiled in multiple volume collection. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khutbat E Hakeem Ul Islam 1,2,3,4 [SUPER DELUXE EDITION] |url=https://www.biblio.com/book/khutbat-e-hakeem-ul-islam-1234/d/1210293055 |access-date=12 May 2020 |website=Biblio |publisher=Biblio.com}}</ref> |- |Sanaullah Amritsari |A leading figure of the Ahl-i Hadith movement, he was known for his polemics with [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]]. |<ref name="ummulqura">{{Cite web |title=Biography of Shaykh Al-Islam Thanaullah Amritsari &#124; Umm-Ul-Qura Publications |url=http://umm-ul-qura.org/2017/04/03/biography-of-shaykh-al-islam-thanaullah-amritsari/ |access-date=27 April 2020}}</ref> |- |Shabbir Ahmad Usmani |Best known as Shaykh al-Islam, among founding members of Jamia Millia Islamia, he read the inaugural speech of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi in Aligarh in October 1920. He was strong proponent of Pakistan movement and after the Partition of India, he became a member of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, and remained a member until his death in 1949. He served as the Principal of Jamia Islamia Talimuddin, Dabhel after the death of Anwar Shah Kashmiri and later as the chancellor of Darul Uloom Deoband from 1945 to 1944. | |- |Muhammad Shafi |Former Grand Mufti of [[Pakistan]] and founder of Jamia Darul Uloom, Karachi. |<ref name="taqi" /> |- |Ubaidullah Sindhi |Best known as Imam-e-Inqelab, he took an active part in Silk Letter Movement. He is known to have established Bait al-Hikmah center in Jamia Millia Islamia in 1940 for the propagation of his Waliullahi philosophy. | |- |Uzair Gul Peshawari |He was an Indian freedom struggle activist who was jailed along with Mahmud Hasan Deobandi in Malta. He played an active role in Silk Letter Movement. | |- |Muhammad Yasin Sirhindi |One among the primary teachers of [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]], he established Madrasa Ishat-e-Uloom in Bareilly. Khair Muhammad Jalandhari, the founder of Jamia Khairul Madaris, [[Pakistan]] is also among his notable students. |<ref name="auto" /><ref name="pakistan">{{Cite journal |last=Fakhar Bilal |title=From Jalandhar (India) to Multan (Pakistan): Establishment of Jamia Khair ul Madaris, 1931-1951 |url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/history/PDF-FILES/5_55_1_18.pdf |journal=Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan |publisher=Research Society of Pakistan |volume=55 |issue=1 (January-June 2018) |access-date=27 April 2020}}</ref> |- |Saeed Ahmad Sandwipi | | |- |} == Bayanan littattafai == {{Reflist}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Mahmud Hasan Deobandi}}{{Darul Uloom Deoband}} nfvvfsovnei8bd43b52g473ajrhnpog 0 133206 822518 773733 2026-04-19T09:55:30Z BnHamid 12586 822518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Badruddin Ajmal (an haife shi 12 Fabrairu 1950) ɗan kasuwa ɗan Indiya ne, ɗan siyasa, mai taimakon jama'a kuma masanin ilimin addinin musulunci daga jihar Assam.[1] Shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind na jihar Assam. Shi ne dan majalisa, Lok Sabha daga mazabar Dhubri daga 2009 zuwa 2024. A cikin babban zaben Indiya na 2024, shi ne dan takara mafi arziki daga Assam tare da bayyana kadarorin da ya wuce ₹ 155 crore.[2]. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban All India United Democratic Front tun daga 2005. Shi ne kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, Ajmal Foundation wadda ta kafa cibiyoyin ilimi 25, [3] makarantu, da asibitoci.[4]. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Ajmal ne a cikin iyalin Musulmi na Bengali daga Hojai, [[Assam]] . Iyalinsa sun samo asali ne daga Gundumar Sylhet ta [[Bangladesh|gabashin Bengal]] . Shi ne ɗan Haji Ajmal Ali, manomi na shinkafa wanda ya koma Mumbai a 1950 don ƙoƙarin cin nasara a masana'antar turare ta amfani da shuka ta ''oud''. Bayan bude shagon farko a cikin shekarun 1960, alamar turare ta Ajmal da sauri ta zama babbar alama a Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phase 3 polls in Assam: Ajmal leads list of wealthy candidates |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/phase-3-polls-in-assam-ajmal-leads-list-of-wealthy-candidates/articleshow/109849550.cms}}</ref> Yana da digiri na biyu a fannin tauhidi da [[Larabci]] daga Darul Uloom Deoband . <ref name="aj">{{Cite web |title=Bioprofile of 15th Lok Sabha members, India |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4436 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102003242/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4436 |archive-date=2 November 2016 |access-date=30 June 2012}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Dan wanda ya kafa Ajmal Perfumes, ya kafa All India United Democratic Front (AIUDF) a shekara ta 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2016 |title=Himanta Biswa Sarma: In this Assam election, Bangladeshi immigrants want their own CM too |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/himanta-biswa-sarma-in-this-assam-election-bangladeshi-immigrants-want-their-own-cm-too/}}</ref> Shi ne kuma shugaban Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind na Jihar [[Assam]] . <ref name="aj">{{Cite web |title=Bioprofile of 15th Lok Sabha members, India |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4436 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102003242/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4436 |archive-date=2 November 2016 |access-date=30 June 2012}}</ref> Ya kasance dan majalisa sau uku daga mazabar [[Dhubri]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Phase 3 polls in Assam: Ajmal leads list of wealthy candidates |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/phase-3-polls-in-assam-ajmal-leads-list-of-wealthy-candidates/articleshow/109849550.cms}}</ref> An lissafa shi a kai a kai a cikin "Musulmai 500 mafi tasiri" na duniya. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Agha |first1=Eram |date=18 October 2020 |title=Number of Students Clearing NEET Exam After Coaching From Ajmal Foundation's Increases from 11 to 80 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/number-of-students-clearing-neet-exam-after-coaching-from-ajmal-foundations-increases-from-11-to-80-2977391.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=News18 |publisher=[[CNN-News18]] |language=en}}</ref> Shi ne manajan amintaccen Haji Abdul Majid Memorial (HAMM) Public Trust, Hojai . Wannan amincewa an fi sani da Asibitin sadaka na Haji Abdul Majid Memorial Hospital da Cibiyar Bincike <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2016 |title=Himanta Biswa Sarma: In this Assam election, Bangladeshi immigrants want their own CM too |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/himanta-biswa-sarma-in-this-assam-election-bangladeshi-immigrants-want-their-own-cm-too/}}</ref> a Hojai, Assam. Ya kuma kafa asibiti a Malua kusa da Badarpur na Karimganj, mai suna asibitin Badarpur. A shekara ta 2005, ya kafa Gidauniyar Ajmal, kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke Assam, Indiya, kuma tana aiki da cibiyoyin ilimi 25 a fadin jihar. Tun daga shekara ta 1995, ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Shaikhul Hind Academy, sashen Darul Uloom Deoband . <ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakravarty |first1=Ipsita |last2=Saikia |first2=Arunabh |date=18 April 2019 |title='Minority communalism is costly': A polarising debate on citizenship makes Assam's Muslims cautious |url=https://scroll.in/article/920335/minority-communalism-is-costly-a-polarising-debate-on-citizenship-makes-assams-muslims-cautious |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=Scroll |publisher=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Ya kasance shugaban kwamitin karɓar bakuncin zaman Hojai na Assam Sahitya Sabha, 2004 da Darul Hadith, Jayanagar Madrassa . <ref name="aj">{{Cite web |title=Bioprofile of 15th Lok Sabha members, India |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4436 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102003242/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4436 |archive-date=2 November 2016 |access-date=30 June 2012}}</ref> Assam Ajmal ta fara siyasa ne a shekara ta 2005 bayan Kotun Koli ta kaddamar da Dokar Baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba (Determination by Tribunal). Ajmal ya kafa Assam United Democratic Front, wanda aka sake masa suna All-India United Democratic Front a cikin 2013. Kafin zaben majalisar dokokin Assam na shekara ta 2006, Ajmal ba ta da ma'ana a siyasa. A lokacin zaben 2006 duk da haka, jam'iyyarsa ta sami nasarar lashe kujeru 10 da ke fada da Majalisa. An zabe shi a lokaci guda daga mazabu biyu - Kudancin Salmara da Jamunamukh - da babban gefen kuri'u. A cikin zaben Lok Sabha na 2009, Ajmal ta lashe daga mazabar Dhubri . A cikin [[Assam]]_Legislative_Assembly_election" id="mwiQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election">Zaben Majalisar na 2011, AIUDF ta lashe kujeru 18 kuma ta fito a matsayin babbar jam'iyyar adawa a Assam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2016 |title=Himanta Biswa Sarma: In this Assam election, Bangladeshi immigrants want their own CM too |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/himanta-biswa-sarma-in-this-assam-election-bangladeshi-immigrants-want-their-own-cm-too/}}</ref> A cikin zaben Lok Sabha na 2014, an sake zabar Ajmal daga Dhubri kuma jam'iyyarsa ta lashe kujeru 3 na Lok Sabha. A cikin Zaben majalisa na 2016, duk da haka, BJP ta mamaye zaɓen kuma Ajmal da kansa ya rasa mazabar Salmara ta Kudu. An rage jam'iyyarsa zuwa kujeru 13.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-30 |title=The 'Ajmal' factor in Assam Assembly polls |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/the-ajmal-factor-in-assam-assembly-polls-945305.html |access-date=2021-02-01 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> A cikin Zaben Lok Sabha na 2019, Ajmal shine kadai dan takara daga jam'iyyarsa don ci gaba da zama, ya sake lashe daga Dhubri. Tare da yara 7, yana da mafi yawan yara ga kowane memba na majalisar a Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2016 |title=Himanta Biswa Sarma: In this Assam election, Bangladeshi immigrants want their own CM too |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/himanta-biswa-sarma-in-this-assam-election-bangladeshi-immigrants-want-their-own-cm-too/}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Ajmal ya sanar da cewa shi da Majalisa za su kasance cikin hadin gwiwa don zaben 2021.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-30 |title=The 'Ajmal' factor in Assam Assembly polls |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/the-ajmal-factor-in-assam-assembly-polls-945305.html |access-date=2021-02-01 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> == Rikici == Maganganun Ajmal sau da yawa sun haifar da gardama don rarrabe [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] na Bengali. Bayan tashin hankali na Assam na 2012, Ajmal ya yi iƙirarin cewa tashin hankali ya kasance tsakanin Bodos da Musulmai. Wata kungiya ta Musulmi ta Assam, Sadou Asom Gariya - Moria Desi (SAGMJ), tare da All Assam Students Union, sun soki maganganun, saboda yin watsi da cewa Musulmi na Assam ba su da hannu kwata-kwata. A ranar 22 ga watan Janairun 2021, a wani taro a [[Dhubri]], Ajmal ya yi iƙirarin cewa <nowiki><i id="mwsA">Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata</i></nowiki> (BJP) tana da jerin [[Masallaci|Masallatai]] 3500 da za ta lalata idan ta dawo mulki a Cibiyar kuma "ba za su bari mata su fita suna sanye da 'burqa ba", suna shuka gemu, su sa gashin kai ko ma suna ba da kyauta a masallatai". BJP ta yi iƙirar cewa yana yin "magana ta gari" saboda tsoro tunda BJP "za ta sami mafi yawan kuri'un Musulmi" wannan zaben. Majalisa, wanda Ajmal ke cikin kawance, da kuma jam'iyyar NDA Asom Gana Parishad suma sun yi Allah wadai da maganganun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2016 |title=Himanta Biswa Sarma: In this Assam election, Bangladeshi immigrants want their own CM too |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/himanta-biswa-sarma-in-this-assam-election-bangladeshi-immigrants-want-their-own-cm-too/}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga watan Janairun 2023, a gaban tsarkakewar Ram Mandir, Ajmal ya ba da shawarar cewa Musulmai ya kamata su zauna a cikin gida kuma su guji tafiya ta jirgin kasa, suna mai nuna tsoron tashin hankali na Musulmi. Giriraj Singh na Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata ya soki maganganun Ajmal, yana cewa "BJP ba ta ƙin Musulmai ... BJP tana girmama dukkan addinai". A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 2025, Ajmal ya nemi gafara saboda maganganun da ya yi game da Geetashri Tamuly, matar MLA Akhil Gogoi. Lokacin da aka tambaye ta game da nadin ta a matsayin memba a kwalejin Guwahati, Ajmal ya ruwaito ya yi watsi da yin sharhi game da ita, yana kiranta "tsohuwar mace, " amma ya kara da cewa zai yi magana idan batun ya shafi "matashiyar mace. " Matasa ta bayyana maganganunsa a matsayin masu nuna bambanci da mata, kuma duka reshen matasa da reshen mata sun gabatar da rahotanni na 'yan sanda. Ajmal ya ba da gafara ta bidiyo, yana mai cewa kafofin watsa labarai sun yi kuskuren fassara kalmominsa kuma yana sake jaddada girmamawarsa ga mata. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 35tms9su78addhzq2jp0jxvn7p5leyx 0 133232 822481 773775 2026-04-19T09:41:31Z BnHamid 12586 822481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Majid Ali Jaunpuri''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Muhaddith Manwi'''; ya mutu a shekara ta 1935) masanin addinin [[Mabiya Sunnah|Sunni]] ne kuma mai tunani. An fi saninsa da aikinsa a cikin batutuwan tunani da [[Hadisi|hadith]]. Ya kasance tsohon jami'in Darul Uloom Deoband kuma an ruwaito cewa ya rubuta Marginalia ga ''[[Sunan Abu Dawood|Sunan Abu Dawud]]'' da Jami Destiny a-Tirmidhi . == Tarihin rayuwa == Jaunpuri was born in Mani Kalan, a village in Jaunpur.<ref name="oriental">{{Cite journal |date=1996 |title=Majid Ali Manwi Jaunpuri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzskmvEmSpkC&q=%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF%20%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%20%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%20%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C |journal=K̲h̲udā Bak̲h̲sh Lāʼibreri jarnal |language=Urdu |publisher=[[Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library]] |issue=103 |page=79 |access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref> He studied with Abdul Haq Khairabadi, Lutfullah Aligarhi and Abdul Haq Kabuli.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=27 August 1996 |title=Majid Ali Manwi Jaunpuri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NmptAAAAMAAJ&q=%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C+%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C |journal=Khuda Bakhsh Library Journal |language=Urdu |publisher=[[Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library]] |issue=103, 104 |page=168 |access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="darululoomjournal">{{Cite journal |date=July 1979 |title=Darul Uloom |publisher=[[Darul Uloom Deoband]] |pages=11–12}}</ref> He graduated from the Darul Uloom Deoband in 1896 (1314 AH). He attended [[Hadisi|Hadith]] lectures of Rashid Ahmad Gangohi for two years. He acquired the knowledge of rational sciences from Abdul Haq Khairabadi and Ahmad Hasan Kanpuri. Jaunpuri ya koyar a Madrasa al-Arabiyyah a Gulaothi, sannan a Madrasa Al-Arabiyjah a Mendhu, Aligarh . Daga baya, ya koyar a Madrasa al-Azīzyah a [[Bihar]] sannan ya koma koyarwa a Mendhu. Ya tafi [[Kolkata]], inda aka nada shi a matsayin Babban malamin Jami'ar Aliah, sannan "Madrasa Alia". Ya koyar da tunani, dalili da falsafar.<ref name="oriental">{{Cite journal |date=1996 |title=Majid Ali Manwi Jaunpuri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzskmvEmSpkC&q=%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF%20%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%20%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%20%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C |journal=K̲h̲udā Bak̲h̲sh Lāʼibreri jarnal |language=Urdu |publisher=[[Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library]] |issue=103 |page=79 |access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="Epitome">{{Cite web |date=26 December 2009 |title=Epitome of Humility: Shaykh Muhammad Ayyub A'zimi (Part One) |url=https://www.deoband.org/2009/12/history/biographies-of-scholars/epitome-of-humility-shaykh-muhammad-ayyub-azimi-part-one/ |access-date=16 April 2019 |website=Deoband.org}}</ref> Ya kuma koyar a makarantun addini na Delhi. Dalibansa sun hada da [[Abdul Ghani Phulpuri]], Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad, [[Shukrullah Mubarakpuri]] da Muslim Jaunpuri .{{Efn|Abdul Ghani Phulpuri was a Sufi scholar who established the [[Madrasa Islamia Arabia Baitul Uloom|Baitul Uloom seminary]] in [[Sarai Meer]].<ref name="thesis">{{cite book |author1=Mohammed Parvez |title=A Study of the Socio-Religious Reforms of Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi |publisher=Department of Islamic Studies, Aligarh Muslim University. |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144510843.pdf |pages=159–161 |accessdate=22 October 2020 |language=English}}</ref>}} {{Efn|Muslim Jaunpuri was a rational scholar and philosopher. He was the step father of [[Abdul Haq Azmi]].<ref name="Obituary">{{cite web |title=Obituary:Hadhrat Maulana Shaikh Abdul Haq Azami (1928-2016) |url=http://www.deoband.net/blogs/obituary-hadhrat-maulana-shaikh-abdul-haq-azami-1928-2016 |website=Deoband.net |accessdate=16 April 2019 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423091941/http://www.deoband.net/blogs/obituary-hadhrat-maulana-shaikh-abdul-haq-azami-1928-2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} A cewar Asir Adrawi, Jaunpuri ya rubuta marginalia ga ''[[Sunan Abu Dawood|Sunan Abu Dawud]]'' da Jami domin a-[[Al-Tirmidhi|Tirmidhi]] . <ref name="Rafta">{{Cite book}}</ref> Habib ar-Rahman Qasmi ya ambaci cewa, "Ko da yake, Muhaddith Manwi imam ne na tunani da [[Falsafa|falsafar]], amma Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi sosai a cikin shekaru 4. Sa'an nan kuma ya yi aiki, tare da sauran horo na ilimi, galibi horo na Hadith. A cikin littattafai shida na Hadith, an haɗa shi da [[Sahi al-Bukhari|Bukhari]] da Tirmidhi kuma ana amfani da shi don yin lacca a kan duka biyu". Jaunpuri ya mutu a cikin shekara ta 1935.<ref name="darululoomjournal" /> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Bayanan Kula== {{Notelist}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} fx6i0pa17ok2drqldr6r9i9v3srnwuf 0 133321 822242 773950 2026-04-18T16:19:02Z Mangal Rabiu 44091 822242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Carson Cutler Block''' (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga Afrilun shekarar 1977) ɗan Amurka ne mai saka hannun jari kuma mai fafutuka, wanda aka fi sani da wanda ya kafa Muddy Waters Research da Muddy Waters Capital, wani kamfanin bincike na saka hannun jari da asusun hedge . Ayyukansa sun haɗa da kamfen ɗin manyan kamfanoni da aka yi ciniki da su a Arewacin Amurka, Turai, da Asiya. Block ya fara samun karbuwa sosai a shekarar 2011 saboda bayar da rahotanni kan rashin bin ka'ida a Sino‑Forest, wani kamfanin gandun daji na kasar Sin da aka lissafa a Toronto wanda daga baya ya shiga kariyar fatara ta Kanada. An sanya shi cikin jerin " 50 Mafi Tasiri " na ''Bloomberg Markets'' a shekarar 2011. Ya kuma fito a cikin shirin gaskiya na shekarar 2017 mai suna ''The China Hustle'' kuma ya rubuta tare da ''Doing Business in China For Dummies'' (2007). == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Block a birnin New York kuma ya girma a Summit, New Jersey . Mahaifinsa Bill Block masanin harkokin hannun jari ne kuma yana gudanar da WAB Capital, wani kamfanin bincike kan harkokin hannun jari wanda ke mai da hankali kan ƙananan kamfanoni, kuma mahaifiyarsa Grace Smith tana aiki a matsayin mai kula da bayanai na MetLife . <ref> name="frew" </ref> Iyayensa sun rabu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara shida. <ref> name="rage" </ref> Block ya kasance mai rashin yarda da Allah tun yana aji biyu. <ref> name="rage" </ref> Ya sami digirin farko a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Kudancin California ('98). <ref>name="class" </ref> A can, Block ya yi karatun Sinanci da Kasuwanci (yana mai da hankali kan Kudi). <ref> name="frew" </ref> Ya koma China bayan kammala kwaleji, a shekarar 1998. Daga baya Block ya koma Amurka, kuma ya yi aiki a fannin banki na saka hannun jari na tsawon watanni tara a shekarar 1999 a ofishin CIBC World Markets da ke Los Angeles. Daga nan ya tafi aiki tare da mahaifinsa a tsakanin 1999 zuwa 2002, wani lokaci da ya bayyana a matsayin "abin takaici" domin an "yi masa ƙarya ta hanyar faretin gudanarwa" na kamfanonin intanet. <ref>name="value" </ref> <ref name="plan">{{Cite web |last=Shazar |first=Jon |title=Carson Block's Effort To Avoid Becoming His Father A Serious Pain For Potentially Fraudulent Businesses |url=https://dealbreaker.com/2019/08/muddy-waters-burford |access-date=2020-03-31 |website=Dealbreaker |language=en-us}}</ref> Ya daina nazarin daidaito don makarantar lauya. <ref> name="frew" </ref> <ref> name="rage" </ref> <ref> name="plan" </ref> Daga nan ya halarci Kwalejin Shari'a ta Chicago-Kent, inda ya yi digirin JD ('05). Ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa mai taimako a makarantar shari'a a shekarar 2008. <ref>{{cite news |date=7 July 2011 |title=Carson Block: The man behind Muddy Waters, a scourge of listed Chinese companies |url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2011/07/07/red-flag-raises |access-date=14 January 2013 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatun lauya, Block ya koma [[Shanghai]], China, kuma ya yi aiki a fannin haɗaka da saye da kuma saka hannun jari kai tsaye a kamfanin lauyoyi na Jones Day daga 2005 zuwa 2006. Ya zauna a Shanghai har zuwa 2010. <ref name="frew" /> Ya bar Jones Day da aikin lauya don rubuta littafi tare da Robert Collins mai taken ''Yin Kasuwanci a China don Dummies'' . <ref> name="frew" </ref> Ya kuma kafa kasuwancin adana kansa a China a 2007. <ref name="frew" /> <ref>name="plan">{{Cite web |last=Shazar |first=Jon |title=Carson Block's Effort To Avoid Becoming His Father A Serious Pain For Potentially Fraudulent Businesses |url=https://dealbreaker.com/2019/08/muddy-waters-burford |access-date=2020-03-31 |website=Dealbreaker |language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFShazar">Shazar, Jon. [https://dealbreaker.com/2019/08/muddy-waters-burford "Carson Block's Effort To Avoid Becoming His Father A Serious Pain For Potentially Fraudulent Businesses"]. ''Dealbreaker''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="rage" /> <ref name="kap" /> Ya kafa Muddy Waters Research, wani kamfanin bincike na masu zuba jari da kuma asusun hedge, kuma ya shahara da zargin da kuma rubuta ayyukan lissafin kuɗi na zamba a cikin kamfanonin China da ake ciniki a bainar jama'a waɗanda ke kasuwanci a Arewacin Amurka, kuma a matsayin ɗan kasuwa mai gajere . Ya kai hari kan kamfanin da ke kula da dazuzzukan kasar Sin mai suna Sino-Forest a shekarar 2011, inda ya zarge ta da wuce gona da iri kan mallakar katangar da ke hannunta. <ref name="jul" /> Daga karshe kamfanin ya shigar da kara kan fatarar kudi. A shekarar 2011, an sanya Block a cikin jerin mutane 50 mafi tasiri a fannin tunani ta Bloomberg Markets . <ref>{{cite news |title=Carson Cutler Block |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/MFGCF/company-people/executive-profile/257367481 |work=Wall Street Journal Markets}}</ref> An nuna Block a cikin littafin Richard Teitelbaum na 2015 mai suna ''The Most Hazard Trade: How Short Sellers Open Fraud, Keep Markets True, and Make and Sell Biliyoyi.'' A watan Satumba na 2017, ya fara shigar da ƙarar sirri a kan Equifax, yana zargin ta da sakaci wajen kare bayanan da ake iya gane ta. <ref>{{cite news |date=7 July 2011 |title=Carson Block: The man behind Muddy Waters, a scourge of listed Chinese companies |url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2011/07/07/red-flag-raises |access-date=14 January 2013 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> Ya bayyana a cikin shirin kuɗi na 2017 ''mai suna The China Hustle'', yana bayyana bincikensa kan zamba ta hannun kamfanonin China ta hanyar Muddy Waters. A farkon 2018, ya sasanta wata ƙara da St. Jude Medical Inc. <ref>{{cite news |date=7 July 2011 |title=Carson Block: The man behind Muddy Waters, a scourge of listed Chinese companies |url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2011/07/07/red-flag-raises |access-date=14 January 2013 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Afrilun 2021, an cire kamfanoni takwas daga cikin waɗanda Block ya fallasa a matsayin waɗanda suka yi zamba a cikin kasuwar hannayen jari, kuma wasu kamfanoni biyu irin wannan sun warware tuhume-tuhumen da masu kula da su. A cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, Muddy Waters ta sami ribar shekara-shekara ta kashi 19% (bayan kuɗin gudanarwa (2.5%) da kuɗin aiki (30%). A shekarar 2022, Block ya rubuta wani farar takarda mai taken "Ruguza Shorts," inda ya ce mataimakin farfesa Joshua Mitts na Columbia, wanda ya rubuta bincike game da masu sayar da gajerun kaya wanda ya yi jayayya cewa wasu 'yan gajerun ayyuka na yaudara ne a kasuwa, ya rubuta bincike wanda "ya yi kuskure sosai, wataƙila har ya zama zamba". <ref name="hoff" /> <ref name="celarier" /> Ya kira aikin Mitts "wani abin zargi mara tushe, mai cike da rikici bisa ga kuskuren bayanai, gabatar da bayanai na zaɓe, da rashin ingancin ilimi. <ref name="celarier" /> <ref name="hoff" /> Ya miƙa takardar ga Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar Kuɗi, da sauransu. A shekarar 2024, hukumomin Amurka sun rufe binciken farar hula da na laifuka kan ayyukan Block ba tare da wani mataki ba. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3d9c8f4t27vcfz6wx98ynat8qioyot1 0 133543 822516 774374 2026-04-19T09:54:46Z BnHamid 12586 822516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Khandakar Abdur Rashid''' (Bengali: খন্দকার আব্দুর রশীদ), wanda aka fi sani da '''Abdur Rashid Tarkabagish''' (Bengal: আব্দুর আশীদ তর্কবাগীশ; 27 Nuwamba 1900 - 20 Agusta 1986) ɗan siyasan Bangladesh ne kuma [[Ulama'u|Masanin addinin Musulunci]]. Ayyukansa sun fara ne daga yunkurin 'yancin kai na mulkin mallaka zuwa kafa Pakistan da Bangladesh. Tarkabagish shi ne shugaban kasa na biyu na All Pakistan Awami Muslim League, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan kuma daga baya Majalisar dokokin Bangladesh . Duk da kasancewa memba na benci na baitulmalin, ya yi adawa da abin da ya yi la'akari da halin zalunci na gwamnatin Nurul Amin ga ƙungiyar yaren Bengali. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi ''Khandakar'' Sayed Abdur Rashid a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1900 ga dangin Bengali mai suna Sayed Peer mai suna Khandakar a ƙauyen Tarutia da ke Ullahpara, [[Sirajganj District|Sirajganj]] (sa'an nan a ƙarƙashin Gundumar Pabna ta Shugabancin Bengal). Mahaifinsa, Sayed Abu Ishaq Khandakar, ya gano zuriyarsa ga ''Shah Darwish Dewan'' Sayed Mahmud, wani [[Sufiyya|Musulmi na Sufi]] wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya fito ne daga [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Husayn]] ta hanyar ɗansa [[Ali ibn Husayn|Imam Zayn Al Abedin]], wanda ya isa yankin daga Baghdad a lokacin 1303 AD, ya kasance mai bin ''Tariqah'' na Sayed Abdul Qadir Jilani. Tun yana ƙarami, ya haɓaka ƙaunar ƙasa. A lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha uku, ya tara masu sayar da madara marasa taimako a kan ''zamindars'' da mahajans na yankin kuma ya bukaci su biya su farashi mai kyau don madara. Lokacin da yake da shekaru ashirin da daya, yana jagorantar masu zanga-zangar neman 'yancin kai a kasuwar Salanga a Raiganj, lokacin da aka harbe taron, inda ya kashe daruruwan mutane. Abubuwan da suka faru a ranar 27 ga watan Janairun 1922 yanzu ana kiransu Kisan kiyashi na Salanga a Bangladesh, kuma ana tunawa da su ta hanyar "Ranar Salanga" a kowace shekara. Daga baya ya yanke shawarar yin karatun boko, da haka ya shiga United Provinces da Lahore, inda ya yi karatu a makarantun Deobandi kamar Darul Uloom Deoband da Mazahir Uloom. Ya sami digirinsa a fannin dabaru da tunani (tarka) kuma an karrama shi da lakabin Tarkabagish (masanin tunani). [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] == Ayyukan siyasa == Tarkabagish ya shiga Ƙungiyar Musulmi a 1936. Daga jam'iyyar ya shiga cikin zaben kuma ya sami matsayinsa a Majalisar Dokokin Bengal a 1937 da 1946. A zaman kasafin kudi na Majalisar Dokokin Gabashin Bengal a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 1952, Tarkabagish ya soki kisan masu zanga-zangar da yawa a kusa da Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Dhaka. [[Fayil:Abdur_Rashid_Tarkabagish_at_a_meeting_with_Mujib_and_Tajuddin.jpg|thumb|Abdur Rashid Tarkabagish a wani taro tare da Mujib da Tajuddin]] Tarkabagish ya nemi shugaban gidan, Nurul Amin, ya tsara bincike da kuma ziyartar ɗaliban da suka ji rauni kafin a ci gaba da zaman. Amma yayin da Amin ya ki amincewa da tayin, sai ya fita daga majalisa sannan daga baya ya yi ritaya daga Jam'iyyar Majalisar Musulmi a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 1952. Ya kuma nuna godiya ga matattu da masu gwagwarmayar da suka ji rauni na motsi. <ref name="Al2003" /> Tarkabagish ya nuna rashin amincewa da harbi da 'yan sanda suka kashe dalibai a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 1952, a taron. Ya kuma yi jawabinsa a cikin [[Yaren Bengali|Bengali]] don girmama yarensa da shahidai na motsi na harshe. An kama shi a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu kuma an tsare shi a kurkuku har zuwa 1 ga Yuni. Daga nan sai ya shiga Awami Muslim League (yanzu Awami League) kuma an sake zabarsa memba na majalisa a 1954 daga United Front . An kuma zabe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan a shekarar 1956. <ref name="Bpedia" /> An zabi Tarkabagish a matsayin mukaddashin shugaban Awami League a shekara ta 1957, sannan kuma shugaban Awami Society daga shekara ta 1964, matsayin da ya yi aiki har zuwa shekara ta 1967. === Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Bangladesh === Tarkabagish ya jagoranci zama na farko na Jatiya Sangsad na Bangladesh a 1972. An sake zabe shi mamba daga Awami League a 1973.[1]. Bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa uban kafuwar kuma shugaban kasar Bangladesh a lokacin, da kusan dukkan iyalansa da kuma ‘yan uwa da dama a ranar 15 ga watan Agustan 1975, da wasu gungun jami’an soji suka yi yunkurin juyin mulki, da juyin mulki da juyin mulki, Tarkabagish da kansa ya kafa wata jam’iyya mai suna Gano Azadi League a shekarar 1976.[1]. A lokacin mulkin Ershad ya taka rawa wajen kafa da ayyukan kawancen jam'iyyu 15 da suka shiga yunkurin yaki da Ershad[1].  Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayinsa na daya daga cikin jagororin kawance a gwagwarmayar yaki da mulkin soja na Hussein Mohammad Ershad. Ya kasance tare da rashin amincewa da tsattsauran ra'ayi da bangaranci. Gwamnatin Bangladesh ta karrama Maulana Abdur Rashid Tarkabagish da lambar yabo ta ranar samun ‘yancin kai (bayan mutuwa) a shekara ta 2000 miladiyya. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] == Mutuwa da gado == Tarkabagish ya mutu a [[Dhaka]] a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 1986. An girmama shi da lambar yabo ta Independence Day a shekara ta 2000. === Rikici === Bayan kisan Mujibur Rahman, Tarkabagish ya yi adawa da tsohon abokinsa kuma ya yaba da babban mai kisan Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad yana cewa, "Bari Allah ya albarkaci Shugaban kasa [Moshtaque] wajen kafa mulkin doka, zaman lafiya da farin ciki a kasar ta hanyar kawar da cin hanci da rashawa. " == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Bayani == * Al Helal, B (2003), Bhasha Andoloner Itihas (Tarihin Motsi na Harshe), Agamee Prakashani, Dhaka, <nowiki>ISBN 984-401-523-5</nowiki> (a cikin Bengali)   {{Language Movement}}{{Hanafi scholars}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1900]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hiial6s3frm85n9pqt80ltko7qkgr8p 0 133544 822241 774376 2026-04-18T16:18:51Z BnHamid 12586 822241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Tajul Islam (1896 - 3 Afrilu 1967) masanin addinin Islama ne na ƙarni na 20, mai muhawara, kuma ɗan siyasa wanda aka sani da jagorancin Jamia Islamia Yunusia na dogon lokaci, shiga cikin ƙungiyar adawa da [[Ahmadiyya]], shiga cikin 'yancin Indiya da ƙungiyoyin Pakistan, da ƙoƙarinsa na inganta ilimin Islama ta hanyar kafa madrasas da ƙungiyoyin addini. An kira shi da taken 'Faqr-e-Bangal'. Ya kasance yana da alaƙa da Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind kuma daga baya Jamiat Ulama-e-Islam, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Nizam-e-Muslim. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Tajul Islam a cikin 1896 a ƙauyen Bhuban, a lokacin wani yanki na Brahmanbaria, yanzu a cikin Nasirnagar Upazila na gundumar Brahmanbaria, Bangladesh.[1]. Mahaifinsa Anwar Ali malamin addini ne. Ya fara karatunsa a wata makarantar kauye, yana karanta littafan gabatarwar Musulunci karkashin kulawar wani malami mai suna Abdul Karim[2]. Daga baya ya shiga makarantar Sreeghar, bayan wani dan lokaci ya yi karatu a can, ya samu gurbin Jamia Qasimul Uloom a Bahubal, inda ya yi karatu sama da shekaru biyu[3]. Daga baya ya shiga gwamnatin Sylhet Alia Madrasah kuma ya yi karatu a karkashin jagorancin Muhammad Sahool Bhagalpuri.[4] A shekarar ilimi ta 1337-38 Hijiriyya, ya ci jarrabawar karshe ta madrasa da matakin farko. A cikin 1338 Hijiriyya, ya yi rajista a Darul Uloom Deoband, tare da Bhagalpuri. A cikin shekaru hudu da ya yi a Deoband, ya yi karatu a gaban Anwar Shah Kashmiri, Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, Izaz Ali Amrohi, Aziz-ul-Rahman Usmani, Ibrahim Balyawi, da Asghar Hussain Deobandi. Ya kuma samu horon ruhi daga Hussaini Ahmad Madani da Qadhi Muazzam. Tajul Islam ya kammala karatunsa na yau da kullun a shekara ta 1342 Hijira, ya koma Bengal[5]. == Ayyuka da matsayi == Bayan kammala karatunsa, Tajul Islam ya fara aikinsa a matsayin malami na Hadith a Jamia Millia a Comilla kuma daga baya a Calcutta Aliah Madrasa . A shekara ta 1926, an nada shi darektan Jamia Islamia Yunusia a Brahmanbaria, rawar da ya taka na tsawon shekaru 42 har zuwa mutuwarsa. Ya kuma kasance [[Sheikh al-Hadith]] na wannan madrasa. Ya kafa cibiyoyin ilimi na Islama da yawa a duk fadin yankin, gami da madrasas na sama, maktabs, da madrases na Furqania. Wadannan sun hada da Anwarul Uloom, Tajul Uloom), Miftahul Uloom da Islamia Madrasa a Brahmanbaria; Darul Uloon Islamia, Jamia Arabia, da Kharki Madrasa a Habiganj; da Zaitshala Madrasa a Comilla . Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa, Tajul Islam ya shiga cikin yunkurin 'yancin kai na Indiya. Ya kuma dauki tsayin daka a kan ƙungiyar Shuddhi karkashin jagorancin Swami Shraddhanand . A farkon shekarun 1950, tare da manufar magance ayyukan da ba na Islama ba da kuma inganta koyarwar Islama tsakanin jama'a, ya kafa wata kungiya ta addini da zamantakewa da ba ta siyasa ba da ake kira Anjuman-e-Hefazat-e-Islam, wanda ke zaune a Gabashin Pakistan a lokacin. Ya kuma yi ƙoƙari don inganta matsayin ilimin madrasa na Qawmi ta hanyar kafa kwamitin ilimi na yanki mai suna Idara-e-Ta'limiyah, wanda ya haɗa da madrasas daga manyan yankunan Comilla da Sylhet. <ref name=":0" /> Tajul Islam memba ne mai aiki a Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind . Biye da shawarar malaminsa Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, ya shiga Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam kuma ya shiga cikin Pakistan Movement . A lokacin da yake Deoband, ya yi aiki tare da Hussain Ahmad Madani kuma ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar adawa da mulkin mallaka. Daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Nizam-e-Islam kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban gundumar Comilla . Yunkurinsa na siyasa ya samo asali ne daga tasirin Ashraf Ali Thanwi, Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, da Hussain Ahmad Madani. A shekara ta 1964, Tajul Islam ta wakilci Gabashin Pakistan a matsayin wakili daya tilo a taron Ulama na Duniya da aka gudanar a Alkahira, Misira . A can, ya yi tsayayya da shawarar da za a yi na kafa sabbin makarantu na shari'ar Islama da kuma amincewa da sabbin [[Ijitihadi|Mujtahids]], kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kin amincewa da shawarar. Don kokarinsa, an girmama shi da lakabi Faqr al-'Ulama (Pride of the Scholars) da Hafiz al-Hadith . <ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Hasan |first=Mohammad Enamul |date=20 April 2017 |title=Lives of the Saints: Fakhre Bangal Allama Tajul Islam (R.A.) |url=https://m.dailyinqilab.com/article/75683/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE-%28%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%83%29 |work=[[Daily Inqilab]]}}</ref> A duk rayuwarsa, ya kasance yana da hannu sosai wajen adawa da akidar [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]], matsayin da ya fara a lokacin shekarunsa a Darul Uloom Deoband . Ya shiga cikin muhawara da wakilan Ahmadi a biranen da suka hada da Delhi, Meerut, Saharanpur, da Brahmanbaria.{{Sfn|Nijampuri|2013}} Yayinda yake karatun Mishkat a Deoband, ya kayar da masu muhawara na Ahmadi ta hanyar rubuta waƙoƙin Larabci. Ya ci gaba da fuskantar masu wa'azi na Ahmadi a yankuna kamar Brahmanbaria, Habiganj, da Dhaka.{{Sfn|Nijampuri|2013}} Kusan ƙarshen karatunsa, ya shiga cikin babban muhawara da aka yi da Ahmadis, bayan haka masu sauraro sun ba shi taken Faqr-e-Bangal (Pride of Bengal). An kuma san shi da Ra'ees al-Munazireen (Babban Mai Tattaunawa). Tajul Islam kuma ya rubuta waka, rubutu, da ayyukan ilimi a Larabci. == Kwanaki na ƙarshe == A ƙarshen Maris 1967, an shigar da Tajul Islam a Asibitin Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya na Dhaka saboda rashin lafiya kuma ya mutu a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1967. An gudanar da addu'ar jana'izarsa ta farko a Masallacin Kakrail a Dhaka, karkashin jagorancin Sirajul Islam, kuma daga baya aka binne shi a filin da ke kusa da Jamia Islamia Yunusia a Brahmanbaria . <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Ya fara auren 'yar Ibrahim Ujani ta uku, tare da ita yana da' ya'ya maza biyu da mace daya. Bayan mutuwarta, ya auri wata mace daga Sarail Thana, kuma wannan auren na biyu ya kuma haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu da mace daya. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1896]] 36v0l26rj0uib418ff7d4izhpii2w3v 0 133663 822475 774594 2026-04-19T09:39:51Z BnHamid 12586 822475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Giannis "Johnny" Anastasiadis''' (Greek; an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1968 a [[Melbourne]], Australia) tsohon dan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ne na Australiya wanda ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa yana wasa a kulob din Girka PAOK FC . A halin yanzu shi ne babban kocin a kungiyar NPL Victoria ta Heidelberg United . == Ayyukan kulob din == Anastasiadis ya fara aikinsa a Heidelberg United kafin kulob din Girka PAOK Thessaloniki FC ya sanya hannu a lokacin da yake da shekaru 19. PAOK ita ce kulob din Girka da ya goyi bayan lokacin yarinta kuma canjinsa ya zama mafarki.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=14 July 2020 |title=From Melbourne to PAOK |url=https://www.paokmania.gr/stiles/mme/178302-apo-ti-makrini-afstralia-ston-paok-1988 |website=paokmania.GR |language=Greek}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa a shekarar 1988 kuma ya zama wani bangare mai tasiri na tawagar, yana wasa a wasanni 18 na Alpha Ethniki, wasanni 5 na kofin da kuma wasanni 24 na abokantaka a kakar 1988/89, inda ya zira kwallaye 12 gabaɗaya. Ya kuma shiga cikin taƙaitaccen gasar cin Kofin UEFA ta 1990/91 da 1991/92. Anastasiadis ya buga wasanni 382 (203 league, 52 cup) kuma ya zira kwallaye 66 (24 league, 3 cup) a cikin shekaru tara a kulob din a matsayin dan wasan gaba. === Kudancin Melbourne FC === Anastasiadis ya bar PAOK a 1997 don komawa Ostiraliya, inda ya shiga kungiyar NSL ta Kudu Melbourne FC. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa ta kai hari wanda ya taimaka wa kulob din ya lashe gasar zakarun baya-baya a cikin 1997/98 da 1998/99. a karkashin Ange Posogteclou, ya zira kwallaye a duka manyan nasarorin karshe: sau ɗaya a wasan karshe na 1997/98, ya wuce ɗan'uwansa Dean Anastasiadis wanda ke cikin burin Carlton; da kwallaye biyu a wasan karshe ya yi da Sydney United a matsayin mai maye gurbin. Ya kuma wakilci kulob din a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2000, inda ya zira kwallaye guda daya (kuma na farko na Australia a gasar) na gasar da kungiyar Necaxa ta Mexico. Ta haka ne ya zama Australiya na farko da ya zira kwallaye a sanannen filin wasa na Maracanã . === Ayyukansa na baya === Ya gama aikinsa na wasa a shekara ta 2003 yana wasa a ƙananan wasannin Victorian tare da Yarraville Glory, a matsayin kyaftin-kocin. John Anastasiadis memba ne na girmamawa na [http://www.paok.com.au/ Melbourne Club PAOK], Ofishin PAOK na Thessaloniki na Australia. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga wasa, kuma tare da Yarraville da aka sake shi a karkashin kulawarsa a shekara ta 2003, ya sami nasarar dawo da kungiyar a kakar wasa mai zuwa. A shekara ta 2005, tare da dawowar Kudancin Melbourne zuwa Victoria Premier League bayan rushewar gasar NSL, Anastasiadis ya sanya hannunsa don aikin da mutane kalilan ke so. Duk da kula da tawagar matasa wacce FFA ta lalata kuma an taru da sauri makonni kadan kafin fara sabon kakar, kuma wanda aka lakafta shi a matsayin dan takarar sakewa a farkon shekara, Anastasiadis ya jagoranci kungiyar zuwa matsayi na 3 a kan tsani a ƙarshen kakar kuma har zuwa wasan karshe na farko, inda kungiyar ta rasa 1-0 ga Heidelberg United kuma ta kori ta. Wannan nasara ce mai ban mamaki ga Anastasiadis yayin da yake la'akari da 'yan wasa uku kawai suka zo wurin horo na farko a kulob din, daya daga cikinsu shine ɗan'uwansa Dean.[1] Ya ci gaba da zama koci a kakar 2006, ya jagoranci Kudancin Melbourne zuwa nasara a Grand Final na gasar cin Kofin Vodafone inda ya doke Altona Magic 1-0 a Grand Final. Bayan ya kasa shiga wasan karshe a shekara ta 2007, mummunan farawa na Kudu a shekara ta 2008 ya ga Anastasiadis ya yi murabus. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1laq3kqrwydhd12u24sdtrdp9uw3tb6 0 134153 822488 775543 2026-04-19T09:44:57Z BnHamid 12586 822488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chrysos Evelpidis''' (Girkanci: , 1895 - Afrilu 29, 1971) masanin ilimin gona ne na Girka, farfesa, memba na majalisa kuma minista.{{Spaced en dash}} == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife shi a Istanbul a shekara ta 1895 kuma ya yi karatu a makarantar sakandare ta Girka Chatzichristou . Ya yi karatun agronomy da injiniya a Jami'ar Montpellier a Faransa da kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'an Athens . Ya fara aikinsa a matsayin masanin ilimin noma a yankin Achaea-Elis a shekarar 1917. Daga 1924 har zuwa 1951, ya koyar a Dokar Agrarian da Manufofin a Jami'ar Panteion sannan kuma Tattalin Arziki a Makarantar Aikin Gona a Athens. Daga 1944 har zuwa 1945, ya kasance Rector na Jami'ar Panteion sannan kuma farfesa mai daraja. A lokacin daga 1964 zuwa 1965, ya kasance dean a Jami'ar Aikin Gona ta Athens . Ya kasance shugaban Kamfanin Tattalin Arziki na Aikin Gona. Ya yi tafiya zuwa Akaya tare da Nikos Kazantzakis . Ya kasance zaɓaɓɓen memba na majalisa wanda ke wakiltar Prefecture na Evros tare da Jam'iyyar Liberal a 1933 da kuma jam'iyyar EPEK a 1951. Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban sakatare (1924-1927) sannan daga baya a matsayin Ministan Noma a gwamnatin Themistoklis Sofoulis daga 22 ga Nuwamba 1945 har zuwa 29 ga Maris 1946. Daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Kudi a gwamnatin Nikolaos Plastiras daga 27 ga Oktoba 1951 zuwa 11 ga Oktoba 1952, lokacin da gwamnati ta yi murabus. Ya yi hulɗa da wallafe-wallafen, yana rubutu a ƙarƙashin sunan Chr. Tsaro. A shekara ta 1957, an girmama shi da lambar yabo ta wallafe-wallafen jihar (lambar ta biyu don rubutun) don rubutun "Al'adu da wayewa". Ya kuma wallafa labarai da karatu da yawa, kuma ya rubuta littattafai. Daga 1935 har zuwa 1967, ya kasance mai wallafa mujallar 'Tattalin Arziki na Karkara'. Ya mutu a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 1971. A halin yanzu ɗakin karatu ya haɗa da kundin 8639. == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == * ''Shirin aikin gona (Το αγροτικό) (1923) '' * ''Jihohin Balkan (Τα βαλκανικά) (1930) '' * ''Rikicin aikin gona a Girka (Γεωργική κρίσις ιδία εν Ελλάδι) (1931) '' * ''Kudin shiga na kasa (Το εθνικόν Somδημα) (1935) '' * ''Ka'idar da aikin siyasa da tattalin arziki na noma (1939-42) '' * ''Hellenism a cikin ƙauyuka (Ο ελληνισμός ya yi magana game da την ύπαιθρον) (1943) '' * ''Manufofin noma (Αγροτική Хан) (1956) '' * ''Tattalin arzikin noma (1957) '' ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1971]] 1v9lw9opdq03z9tu10h1z7z5aj7ajba 0 134160 822537 775550 2026-04-19T10:07:09Z BnHamid 12586 822537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dimitris Glinos''' ([[Girka (ƙasa)|Girkanci]]; Satumba 2, 1882 - Disamba 26, 1943) malamin Girka ne, masanin falsafa kuma ɗan siyasa. == Rayuwa == An haifi Glinos a [[Izmir|Smyrna]], babba cikin 'ya'ya goma sha biyu na Alexandros Glinos . Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Bishara ta Smyrna, ya tafi At[[Athens]] 1899 kuma ya shiga Sashen Falsafa na JaJami'ar Athens kammala karatu a 1905 kuma ya ci gaba da karatun fa[[Falsafa|falsafar]], da ililimin halayyar gwaji Ja[[Jamus]] JaJami'ar Jena karkashin RuRudolf Eucken 1908 zuwa 1909), kuma a Jami'arsa ta Leipzig (a karkashin WiWilhelm Wundt 1909 zuwa 1911). A Jamus, ya saba da GeGeorgios Skliros] wanda ya gabatar da Glinos ga akidar gugurguzu ya yi tasiri sosai a kan aikinsa na baya. Ya auri Anna Chroni a watan Satumbar 1908. Bayan ya dawo Girka, ya gabatar da wani tsari na sake fasalin ilimi ga gwamnati a 1913. Ya ba da shawarar gabatar da, da canje-canje zuwa: * Harshen koyarwa (ta amfani da Girkanci na Demotic maimakon tsohuwar Katharevousa). Glinos ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da haruffa na Latin, a maimakon Girkanci, don dalilai na tonic. * Tsarin tsarin makarantar (yaɗa makarantar firamare daga shekaru 4 zuwa 6) * Abubuwan da ke cikin ilimi (ƙananan tsari, mafi girman girmamawa akan kimiyya) * Hanyoyin ilimi (sabunta darussan da kayan aiki) * Horar da malamai * Ilimi na 'yan mata Glinos daga ƙarshe ya zama Sakatare Janar na Ma'aikatar Ilimi a 1917 a ƙarƙashin Firayim Minista Eleftherios Venizelos kuma ya fara gabatar da sake fasalin da aka tsara. An dakatar da kokarinsa, kuma an sake fasalinsa lokacin da Venizelos ya rasa iko a 1920, kuma Glinos ya fara bugawa a karkashin sunan "A. Gabriel, malami". Ya sake gabatar da gyare-gyare bayan an sake dawo da shi lokacin da Venizelos ya sake samun iko a 1922, amma ya sake raguwa lokacin da Theodore Pangalos ya hau mulki a 1925. [[Fayil:EAM-1944.jpg|right|thumb|Littafin Glinos "Mene ne National Liberation Front da abin da yake so", 1944 sake fitowa]] A shekara ta 1930 ya fara shiga siyasa, an zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisa tare da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Girka a Zaben 1936. Bayan kafa gwamnatin Metaxas, tare da sauran kwaminisanci da sauran masu adawa da siyasa, an tura shi gudun hijira a tsibirin Agios Efstratios. A lokacin Axis Occupation na Girka, Glinos ya shiga cikin kafa Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta National Liberation Front (EAM), kuma ya rubuta takardar shaidarsa ta siyasa, Menene Jam'iyyar National Liberation, da kuma abin da take so (Τί είναι και τί Turar το ΕΑΜ) a watan Satumbar 1942. A lokaci guda, a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1942, an zabe shi memba na Politburo na KKE, wanda ya kasance memba tun 1935. Glinos ya mutu a lokacin Kirsimeti na 1943, bayan wani aiki kuma yayin da yake shirin komawa Free Greece, don shiga cikin kafa "Gwamnatin Dutsen" kuma mai yiwuwa ya dauki matsayin Shugabanta.<ref>George D. Boubous, «Glinos, Dimitris», (in Greek) article in the ''Encyclopaedia of the Greek Press'', vol.1, [[National Hellenic Research Foundation]]: Athens 2008.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 1943]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ifezqeu196z0uct9ij1f69f1uh5t350 0 134302 822495 775801 2026-04-19T09:48:19Z BnHamid 12586 822495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Panagiotis Toundas''' (Girkanci; 1886 - 23 Mayu 1942) ya kasance mawaki ne na Girka na farkon karni na 20. He is probably the most famous representative of the "Smyrna School" and made a notable contribution to the creation of rebetiko music in Greece.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2012}} He was born in Smyrna and from a young age he learned to play the mandolin. In the early 20th century became a member of the ''Smyrneiki Estudiantina''. He joined many groups and traveled a lot, especially to the Greek diaspora. Bayan Babban Wutar Smyrna ya tafi Athens. A shekara ta 1924, ya zama darektan yankin Odeon Records. Ya yi aiki tare da dukkan manyan lakabi na rikodin a Girka kuma yana da alhakin mafi yawan rikodin zamanin. A shekara ta 1931 ya ɗauki matsayin darektan fasaha na Columbia Records, da Kamfanin Gramophone, har zuwa 1940. Ya yi aiki tare da mawaƙa da yawa kuma sanannun mawaƙa ne suka rera yawancin waƙoƙinsa na rebetiko, kamar su Stelios Perpiniadis, Kostas Roukounas, Roza Eskenazi da Rita Abatzi. Panagiotis Toundas ya mutu a ranar 23 ga Mayu 1942 a [[Athens]]. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1886]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sfv7v7va5jvqcqpagoe9wfrv5wg0jdw 0 134344 822271 775871 2026-04-18T16:27:54Z BnHamid 12586 822271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} (Ukrainian; 18 ga Afrilu 1967 - 17 ga Afrilu 2023) ya kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam kuma ɗan siyasa na Ukraine wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Jama'a na Ukraine daga 2014 zuwa 2019. Barna ya yi yaƙi a lokacin mamayar Rasha a Ukraine kuma An kashe shi a cikin aiki a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2023. Dan kasa mai daraja na Ternopil (2023, bayan mutuwarsa). == Tarihin rayuwa == Barna ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Soviet daga 1985 zuwa 1987. A watan Oktoba 1990 Barna, a matsayin dalibi na shekara ta 5, ya shiga cikin yajin aikin yunwa na juyin juya halin kan Granite . Daga 1991 zuwa 2014 Barna ya yi aiki a matsayin malamin lissafi, kimiyyar lissafi, kimiyya ta kwamfuta, da kuma horo kafin sabis a Rydoduby da Bilobozhnytsia a Chortkiv Raion na Ternopil Oblast . [1] A shekara ta 2000, ya kasance mai shirya Ukraine ba tare da zanga-zangar Kuchma ba.[1] A cikin wannan shekarar ya shiga cikin zaɓen Verkhovna Rada (majalisa ta Ukraine) a matsayin dan takara a gundumar zaɓe ta 167 a Ternopil Oblast, amma ya janye takararsa don goyon bayan Serhii Zhyzhko [uk] [uk].[1] (Zhyzhko dan takara ne na Majalisa na 'yan kasa na Ukraine kuma ya kasa samun zabe a majalisar a wannan zaben. Barna ya kasance Magajin garin Nahirianka daga 2002 zuwa 2010. A zagaye na biyu na zaben shugaban kasar Ukraine na shekara ta 2004, Barna ya yi aiki a hedkwatar zaben Viktor Yushchenko a Chuhuiv Raion na Kharkiv Oblast. A cikin zaben 'yan majalisa na Ukraine na 2002 Barna ya jagoranci hedkwatar zaɓe na [[Yulia Tymoshenko Block]] a Chuhuiv Raion . <ref name="23868OlehBarna" /> Barna ya shiga cikin zanga-zangar Euromaidan ta 2013-2014 kuma ya ji rauni sosai a lokacin rikice-rikice a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 2014 a Mariinskyi Park . A cikin zaben 'yan majalisa na Ukraine na 2014 Barna ya kasance dan takara na Petro Poroshenko Block a gundumar zabe ta 167. An zabe shi da kashi 27.51% <ref name="oleg-barna-12224388" /> na jimlar kuri'un da aka jefa a gundumar Mataimakin Ukraine na taron na 8. A cikin zaben 'yan majalisa na Ukraine na 2019 Barna ya kasa sake zabarsa a gundumar 167 don hadin kan Turai. Ya sha kashi a hannun dan takara mai zaman kansa Volodymyr Hevko wanda ya lashe gundumar da kashi 22.21%. <ref>[https://ternopilcity.gov.ua/news/67207.html Ще 16 військовослужбовцям присвоєно звання «Почесний громадянин міста Тернополя» посмертно], Тернопільська міська рада, 28.04.2023.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Rada election results by county |url=https://www.rbc.ua/ukr/news/rezultaty-vyborov-radu-okrugam-1563358215.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721141805/https://www.rbc.ua/ukr/news/rezultaty-vyborov-radu-okrugam-1563358215.html |archive-date=21 July 2019 |access-date=18 April 2023 |website=[[RBK Ukraine]] |language=uk}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2014 ya ba da kansa don yaƙi a yaƙi a Donbas tare da Brigade na 128 na Guards Mountain . A shekarar 2015 Barna ya yi yaƙi da Firayim Minista na lokacin Arseniy Yatsenyuk a majalisa. A ranar 11 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015, da farko ya gabatar da Yatsenyuk da furanni sannan ya yi ƙoƙari ya fitar da shi daga fuskarsa. A ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2023, tsohon shugaban Ukraine Petro Poroshenko ya ba da rahoton cewa an kashe Barna a yaƙi a lokacin mamayar Rasha a Ukraine. A ranar farko ta 24 ga Fabrairu 2022 cikakken mamayewa Barna ya sanya hannu a matsayin mai sa kai a gaba.<ref name="oleg-barna-12224388" /> A ranar 18 ga Afrilu wani mai magana da yawun soja ya tabbatar da mutuwar Barna, amma a wannan rana Poroshenko da ɗan'uwan Barna, ɗan siyasan Ukraine Stepan Barna, ya bayyana cewa ƙungiyarsa ba ta tabbatar da mutuwarsa ba.<ref name="oleg-barna-12224388" /> 'Yan uwan sun yi yaƙi tare a yaƙin, a cikin 68th Jager Brigade .<ref name="oleg-barna-12224388" /> Wani mai magana da yawun brigade ya bayyana cewa ba a kwashe jikin Barna daga fagen fama ba, don haka ba a bayyana shi a hukumance ya mutu ba.<ref name="oleg-barna_n2297004" /> Mai magana da yawun ya ce: "duk abin da ke nuna gaskiyar cewa ya mutu". <ref name="oleg-barna_n2297004" /> A ranar 19 ga Afrilu 2023 an tabbatar da mutuwarsa a hukumance. Barna ya mutu a lokacin Yaƙin Vuhledar a ƙauyen Pavlivka . <ref name="barna-2310766" /> A cewar Poroshenko, Barna ya mutu daga raunin harsashi a wuyansa.<ref name="barna-2310766" /> == Kyaututtuka == * Order for Courage, aji na 3 (24 Agusta 2023, bayan mutuwarsa) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] oy8w7ddbd2ta2oc7qtrf1p5rmm0yv4l 822272 822271 2026-04-18T16:28:08Z BnHamid 12586 822272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Oleh Barna (Ukrainian; 18 ga Afrilu 1967 - 17 ga Afrilu 2023) ya kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam kuma ɗan siyasa na Ukraine wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Jama'a na Ukraine daga 2014 zuwa 2019. Barna ya yi yaƙi a lokacin mamayar Rasha a Ukraine kuma An kashe shi a cikin aiki a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2023. Dan kasa mai daraja na Ternopil (2023, bayan mutuwarsa). == Tarihin rayuwa == Barna ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Soviet daga 1985 zuwa 1987. A watan Oktoba 1990 Barna, a matsayin dalibi na shekara ta 5, ya shiga cikin yajin aikin yunwa na juyin juya halin kan Granite . Daga 1991 zuwa 2014 Barna ya yi aiki a matsayin malamin lissafi, kimiyyar lissafi, kimiyya ta kwamfuta, da kuma horo kafin sabis a Rydoduby da Bilobozhnytsia a Chortkiv Raion na Ternopil Oblast . [1] A shekara ta 2000, ya kasance mai shirya Ukraine ba tare da zanga-zangar Kuchma ba.[1] A cikin wannan shekarar ya shiga cikin zaɓen Verkhovna Rada (majalisa ta Ukraine) a matsayin dan takara a gundumar zaɓe ta 167 a Ternopil Oblast, amma ya janye takararsa don goyon bayan Serhii Zhyzhko [uk] [uk].[1] (Zhyzhko dan takara ne na Majalisa na 'yan kasa na Ukraine kuma ya kasa samun zabe a majalisar a wannan zaben. Barna ya kasance Magajin garin Nahirianka daga 2002 zuwa 2010. A zagaye na biyu na zaben shugaban kasar Ukraine na shekara ta 2004, Barna ya yi aiki a hedkwatar zaben Viktor Yushchenko a Chuhuiv Raion na Kharkiv Oblast. A cikin zaben 'yan majalisa na Ukraine na 2002 Barna ya jagoranci hedkwatar zaɓe na [[Yulia Tymoshenko Block]] a Chuhuiv Raion . <ref name="23868OlehBarna" /> Barna ya shiga cikin zanga-zangar Euromaidan ta 2013-2014 kuma ya ji rauni sosai a lokacin rikice-rikice a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 2014 a Mariinskyi Park . A cikin zaben 'yan majalisa na Ukraine na 2014 Barna ya kasance dan takara na Petro Poroshenko Block a gundumar zabe ta 167. An zabe shi da kashi 27.51% <ref name="oleg-barna-12224388" /> na jimlar kuri'un da aka jefa a gundumar Mataimakin Ukraine na taron na 8. A cikin zaben 'yan majalisa na Ukraine na 2019 Barna ya kasa sake zabarsa a gundumar 167 don hadin kan Turai. Ya sha kashi a hannun dan takara mai zaman kansa Volodymyr Hevko wanda ya lashe gundumar da kashi 22.21%. <ref>[https://ternopilcity.gov.ua/news/67207.html Ще 16 військовослужбовцям присвоєно звання «Почесний громадянин міста Тернополя» посмертно], Тернопільська міська рада, 28.04.2023.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Rada election results by county |url=https://www.rbc.ua/ukr/news/rezultaty-vyborov-radu-okrugam-1563358215.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721141805/https://www.rbc.ua/ukr/news/rezultaty-vyborov-radu-okrugam-1563358215.html |archive-date=21 July 2019 |access-date=18 April 2023 |website=[[RBK Ukraine]] |language=uk}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2014 ya ba da kansa don yaƙi a yaƙi a Donbas tare da Brigade na 128 na Guards Mountain . A shekarar 2015 Barna ya yi yaƙi da Firayim Minista na lokacin Arseniy Yatsenyuk a majalisa. A ranar 11 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015, da farko ya gabatar da Yatsenyuk da furanni sannan ya yi ƙoƙari ya fitar da shi daga fuskarsa. A ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2023, tsohon shugaban Ukraine Petro Poroshenko ya ba da rahoton cewa an kashe Barna a yaƙi a lokacin mamayar Rasha a Ukraine. A ranar farko ta 24 ga Fabrairu 2022 cikakken mamayewa Barna ya sanya hannu a matsayin mai sa kai a gaba.<ref name="oleg-barna-12224388" /> A ranar 18 ga Afrilu wani mai magana da yawun soja ya tabbatar da mutuwar Barna, amma a wannan rana Poroshenko da ɗan'uwan Barna, ɗan siyasan Ukraine Stepan Barna, ya bayyana cewa ƙungiyarsa ba ta tabbatar da mutuwarsa ba.<ref name="oleg-barna-12224388" /> 'Yan uwan sun yi yaƙi tare a yaƙin, a cikin 68th Jager Brigade .<ref name="oleg-barna-12224388" /> Wani mai magana da yawun brigade ya bayyana cewa ba a kwashe jikin Barna daga fagen fama ba, don haka ba a bayyana shi a hukumance ya mutu ba.<ref name="oleg-barna_n2297004" /> Mai magana da yawun ya ce: "duk abin da ke nuna gaskiyar cewa ya mutu". <ref name="oleg-barna_n2297004" /> A ranar 19 ga Afrilu 2023 an tabbatar da mutuwarsa a hukumance. Barna ya mutu a lokacin Yaƙin Vuhledar a ƙauyen Pavlivka . <ref name="barna-2310766" /> A cewar Poroshenko, Barna ya mutu daga raunin harsashi a wuyansa.<ref name="barna-2310766" /> == Kyaututtuka == * Order for Courage, aji na 3 (24 Agusta 2023, bayan mutuwarsa) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 64j2dvred70p4yzmli0k8g4zezxxi5q 0 134605 822503 776388 2026-04-19T09:50:27Z BnHamid 12586 822503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pavlos Karolidis''' ko '''Karolides''' (Girkanci: , c. 1849 - 26 Yuli 1930) masanin tarihin Girka ne wanda ya rayu a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20. == Rayuwa == [[Fayil:Pavlos_Karolidis_Greek_Professor.JPG|right|thumb|311x311px|Pavlos Karolidis a shekarunsa na baya]] Lokacin da ya dawo daga Jamus, ya fara koyarwa a makarantun sakandare na Girka na Pera da Chalcedon. A shekara ta 1876 ya tafi Smyrna don koyarwa a Makarantar Bishara. A can ya kasance har zuwa 1886, lokacin da ya koma har abada zuwa Athens a cikin mulkin Girka mai zaman kansa. Bayan koyarwa a makarantar sakandare na 'yan watanni, an zabe shi mataimakin farfesa na Tarihi Janar a Jami'ar Athens. A shekara ta 1893, ya gaji shugaban masana tarihi na Girka na zamani, Constantine Paparrigopoulos, a kujerar Tarihin Girka. Da farko, Karolidis ya bi ra'ayin zama sabon wurin zama don Nazarin Gabas, inda ya fi cancanta, amma kishiyarsa da Spyridon Lambros ya musanta wannan yiwuwar. Kamar yadda yake har yanzu ɗan ƙasar Ottoman, a cikin 1908 an zabi Karolidis a Majalisar Ottoman. Rashin kansa a lokacin mulkinsa, musamman game da tsananin ra'ayinsa na adawa da Slavic da kuma fatansa na kusanci tsakanin Girka da Turkiyya, ya nisanta shi daga hukumomin Girka da waɗancan Helenawa na Ottoman waɗanda suka haɗa kansu da manufofin mulkin Girka. Da yake ba shi da kunya, Karolidis da farko ya yi tunanin komawa Athens kuma ya ci gaba da aikinsa na jami'a, amma a taron ya gamsu da yin takara a matsayin dan takara na Kwamitin Union da Progress, jam'iyyar Young Turks. Wannan ya kasance daidai da cin amana ta 'yan jaridar Girka masu kishin kasa, tare da jita-jita har ma da yada cewa ya tuba zuwa Islama. An zabi Karolidis a majalisar kuma ya kasance a Constantinople har zuwa Satumba 1912. Yayinda yaƙi tsakanin Daular Ottoman da Balkan League, wanda Girka ta shiga a watan Mayu, ya zama abin da ba za a iya gujewa ba, sai ya tafi Jamus. Ya koma Girka ne kawai zuwa ƙarshen Yaƙin Balkan na farko a watan Mayu 1913. <ref name="Politics" /> Karolidis ya ci gaba da koyarwarsa a Jami'ar Athens ne kawai a watan Satumbar 1915. Wani mai goyon bayan sarauta, ya goyi bayan Sarki Constantine I a lokacin Rarrabawar Kasa, gaskiyar da ta sa ya rasa mukaminsa bayan nasarar Eleftherios Venizelos da kuma abdication na sarki a watan Yunin 1917. An sake dawo da shi a farkon 1921, bayan da aka ci Venizelos a zaben, kuma ya ci gaba da mukaminsa har sai da ya yi ritaya a 1923. Halinsa na siyasa ya canza ba zato ba tsammani a wannan lokacin, bayan Bala'in Asia Minor, kuma ya zama mai matukar sukar mulkin mallaka na Girka. Ya mutu a Athens a ranar 26 ga Yuli 1930. == Ayyuka == Binciken farko na Karolidis, a cikin shekarun 1870 da 1880, ya mayar da hankali kan yankin gidansa na Cappadocia, tare da buga Kappadokika, rubutun tarihi da archaeological akan Cappadotia a 1874 da kuma karatunsa game da birnin Comana da yaren Girkanci na Cappadoc da aka buga a 1882 da 1885 bi da bi. Kodayake sanannen masanin Gabas, bayan nadinsa a Jami'ar Athens Karolidis ya yi watsi da filin kuma a maimakon haka ya juya zuwa tarihin Girka da gaba ɗaya, daidai da kujerun da ya riƙe. Ya wallafa littattafai 18 da labarai 38 a cikin shekarun 1893-1908, ciki har da tarihinsa guda uku na karni na 19, aiki guda uku (tare da Gabatarwa ta gabatarwa) wanda ke mai da hankali kan Girka, da kuma Tarihin Duniya ko Tarihin Duniya da ba a gama ba, hudu ne kawai daga cikin wadanda aka tsara goma. Ayyukan na ƙarshe suna da mahimmanci saboda yana ɗaya daga cikin karatun da ba a saba gani ba game da Hanyar tarihi da aka rubuta a Helenanci har zuwa lokacin. Ya kuma shahara a matsayin editan sake fasalin Tarihin Girka na Paparrigopoulos, wanda aka buga a 1902-1903.[1] A shekara ta 1909 ya wallafa aikin "The Ethnic Ancestry of the Orthodox Christians of Syria and Palestine" wanda aka fassara kuma aka buga shi a Turanci a shekara ta 2024. Lokacin bayan Yaƙe-yaƙe na Balkan bai kasance mai amfani sosai ga Karolidis ba, amma bayan 1922 ya samar da wasu shahararrun ayyukansa, suna hulɗa da lokacin bayan [[Daular Rumawa|Byzantine]] na ''Tarihin Girka'' (Girka ta Ottoman da [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka ta zamani]]): ''Tarihin zamani'' na bakwai (1922-1929) da Tarihin Girka (1925). An buga kundi na takwas na ''Tarihin zamani'' a 1932, an haɗa shi a cikin bugu na shida na Tarihin Paparrigopoulos na Al'ummar Girka. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 73n9f38rz3is4s96j75hkv2fp3biqcg 0 134829 822293 776765 2026-04-18T16:34:28Z BnHamid 12586 822293 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mark Pilgrim''' ƙwararren mai haɓaka software ne, marubuci, kuma mai fafutukar samar da software kyauta . Ya rubuta wani shahararren shafin yanar gizo, kuma ya rubuta littattafai da dama, ciki har da ''Dive into Python'', jagora ga [[Python programming language|yaren shirye-shiryen Python]] da aka buga a ƙarƙashin Lasisin GNU Free Documentation . A da, mai tsara hanyoyin shiga ne a IBM Emerging Technologies Group, <ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM developerworks: Making emerging technologies accessible |url=http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/blogs/dw_blog.jspa?blog=354 |access-date=2007-03-22}}</ref> ya fara aiki a [[Google]] a watan Maris na 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-03-19 |title=Two visions: Blog post at Mark's official site |url=http://diveintomark.org/archives/2007/03/19/two-visions |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718032030/http://diveintomark.org/archives/2007/03/19/two-visions |archive-date=July 18, 2011 |access-date=2007-03-22}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, ya koma Brave . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-23 |title=Learn About Brave and Our Team |url=https://brave.com/about/ |access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (October 2021)">tabbacin da ya gaza</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Rayuwar farko == A shekarar 1992, lokacin da yake ɗan shekara biyu a [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] kuma ma'aikacin Cornell Information Technologies (CIT) na ɗan lokaci, Pilgrim da wani ɗalibi, David Blumenthal, sun saka [[Cutar Kwamfuta|ƙwayar cuta ta kwamfuta]], MBDF, a cikin wasanni uku. A watan Fabrairu na wannan shekarar, Pilgrim, Blumenthal, Randall Johnson, da Eric Sooros sun ɗora wasannin daga dakin gwaje-gwajen kwamfuta na Upson Hall na Cornell zuwa wani sabar jama'a a [[Jami'ar Stanford]] . Su huɗun sun yi amfani da asusun karya na babban fayil ɗin Blumenthal, wanda a lokacin shi ma ma'aikacin CIT ne. Kwayar cutar ta haifar da katsewar kwamfutocin Macintosh a duk faɗin duniya. Ma'aikatan Claris a Wales ne suka fara gano asalin cutar a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, kuma an gano ta a Stanford, sannan kuma aka gano ta a ɗaya daga cikin manyan firam ɗin Cornell. Bayanan shiga Cornell sun nuna cewa an yi loda hotunan ne daga kwamfutoci da dama a dakin gwaje-gwaje yayin da Pilgrim ke aiki a can. An ba Sooros kariya daga gurfanar da shi a madadin shaidarsa ta babban juri a kan Pilgrim, Johnson, da Blumenthal. An kama Pilgrim da Blumenthal kuma an fara tuhumar su da laifin yin kutse a kwamfuta a mataki na biyu, wani laifi na Class A. FBI ta yi bincike don tantance ko an ba da umarnin tuhumar tarayya, kodayake ba a shigar da ƙarin tuhuma ba. Bayan fuskantar zaman sauraron ladabtarwa, babu ɗaya daga cikin huɗun da ake zargi da laifin da ya ci gaba da zama ɗaliban Cornell. <ref name="Carmona" /> A watan Satumba na shekarar 1992, Pilgrim da Blumenthal sun amsa laifinsu, daga baya aka yanke musu hukuncin sa'o'i 520 na hidimar al'umma, kwace kayan aikin kwamfuta da aka kwace, da kuma biyan kusan dala $2,500 a matsayin diyya ga Cornell da sauran wadanda abin ya shafa. Johnson ya amsa laifinsa na ƙaramin laifi kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin sa'o'i 450 na hidimar al'umma. == Littattafai da labarai == === ''Nutsewa cikin Python'' === Littafin Pilgrim ''Dive into Python'' jagora ne na koyarwa-da-misali ga dabarun shirye-shirye a cikin [[Python programming language|Python]] da dabarun haɓaka software na zamani. Yana ɗaukar wasu ilimin shirye-shirye da suka riga suka kasance, kodayake ba lallai bane a cikin Python. An buga bugu na farko a cikin 2004 ( ), da kuma bugu na biyu na 2009 ( ) ya ƙunshi Python 3. Dukansu suna samuwa a yanar gizo da kuma a cikin bugawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM developerworks: Making emerging technologies accessible |url=http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/blogs/dw_blog.jspa?blog=354 |access-date=2007-03-22}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-03-19 |title=Two visions: Blog post at Mark's official site |url=http://diveintomark.org/archives/2007/03/19/two-visions |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718032030/http://diveintomark.org/archives/2007/03/19/two-visions |archive-date=July 18, 2011 |access-date=2007-03-22}}</ref> Yawancin littafin ya ƙunshi shirye-shiryen misalai tare da bayanin bayanai da rubutu mai bayani, kuma gabaɗaya yana bayanin yadda ake gyara misali don biyan sabbin manufofi. Wani shirin misali na farko yana karanta ta cikin kundin fayilolin MP3 kuma yana lissafa bayanan kanun labarai, kamar mai zane, kundin waƙoƙi, da sauransu. Sauran batutuwan da aka rufe sun haɗa da shirye-shiryen da suka dace da abu, takardu, gwajin naúrar, da samun dama da kuma nazarin HTML da XML . === Sauran ayyuka ===   * [https://github.com/nfreear/diveintoaccessibility ''Dive into Accessibility''], a free book on web accessibility, for web designers * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110726001216/http://diveintogreasemonkey.org/toc/ ''Dive into Greasemonkey''], a free book on Greasemonkey.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM developerworks: Making emerging technologies accessible |url=http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/blogs/dw_blog.jspa?blog=354 |access-date=2007-03-22}}</ref> * ''[http://diveinto.html5doctor.com Dive into HTML 5]'', a free book on HTML5 ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] ayzwlvha4nki7sf951ozqv8416bq72s 822294 822293 2026-04-18T16:34:46Z BnHamid 12586 822294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mark Pilgrim''' ƙwararren mai haɓaka software ne, marubuci, kuma mai fafutukar samar da software kyauta . Ya rubuta wani shahararren shafin yanar gizo, kuma ya rubuta littattafai da dama, ciki har da ''Dive into Python'', jagora ga [[Python programming language|yaren shirye-shiryen Python]] da aka buga a ƙarƙashin Lasisin GNU Free Documentation . A da, mai tsara hanyoyin shiga ne a IBM Emerging Technologies Group, <ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM developerworks: Making emerging technologies accessible |url=http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/blogs/dw_blog.jspa?blog=354 |access-date=2007-03-22}}</ref> ya fara aiki a [[Google]] a watan Maris na 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-03-19 |title=Two visions: Blog post at Mark's official site |url=http://diveintomark.org/archives/2007/03/19/two-visions |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718032030/http://diveintomark.org/archives/2007/03/19/two-visions |archive-date=July 18, 2011 |access-date=2007-03-22}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, ya koma Brave . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-23 |title=Learn About Brave and Our Team |url=https://brave.com/about/ |access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (October 2021)">tabbacin da ya gaza</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Rayuwar farko == A shekarar 1992, lokacin da yake ɗan shekara biyu a [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] kuma ma'aikacin Cornell Information Technologies (CIT) na ɗan lokaci, Pilgrim da wani ɗalibi, David Blumenthal, sun saka [[Cutar Kwamfuta|ƙwayar cuta ta kwamfuta]], MBDF, a cikin wasanni uku. A watan Fabrairu na wannan shekarar, Pilgrim, Blumenthal, Randall Johnson, da Eric Sooros sun ɗora wasannin daga dakin gwaje-gwajen kwamfuta na Upson Hall na Cornell zuwa wani sabar jama'a a [[Jami'ar Stanford]] . Su huɗun sun yi amfani da asusun karya na babban fayil ɗin Blumenthal, wanda a lokacin shi ma ma'aikacin CIT ne. Kwayar cutar ta haifar da katsewar kwamfutocin Macintosh a duk faɗin duniya. Ma'aikatan Claris a Wales ne suka fara gano asalin cutar a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, kuma an gano ta a Stanford, sannan kuma aka gano ta a ɗaya daga cikin manyan firam ɗin Cornell. Bayanan shiga Cornell sun nuna cewa an yi loda hotunan ne daga kwamfutoci da dama a dakin gwaje-gwaje yayin da Pilgrim ke aiki a can. An ba Sooros kariya daga gurfanar da shi a madadin shaidarsa ta babban juri a kan Pilgrim, Johnson, da Blumenthal. An kama Pilgrim da Blumenthal kuma an fara tuhumar su da laifin yin kutse a kwamfuta a mataki na biyu, wani laifi na Class A. FBI ta yi bincike don tantance ko an ba da umarnin tuhumar tarayya, kodayake ba a shigar da ƙarin tuhuma ba. Bayan fuskantar zaman sauraron ladabtarwa, babu ɗaya daga cikin huɗun da ake zargi da laifin da ya ci gaba da zama ɗaliban Cornell. <ref name="Carmona" /> A watan Satumba na shekarar 1992, Pilgrim da Blumenthal sun amsa laifinsu, daga baya aka yanke musu hukuncin sa'o'i 520 na hidimar al'umma, kwace kayan aikin kwamfuta da aka kwace, da kuma biyan kusan dala $2,500 a matsayin diyya ga Cornell da sauran wadanda abin ya shafa. Johnson ya amsa laifinsa na ƙaramin laifi kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin sa'o'i 450 na hidimar al'umma. == Littattafai da labarai == === ''Nutsewa cikin Python'' === Littafin Pilgrim ''Dive into Python'' jagora ne na koyarwa-da-misali ga dabarun shirye-shirye a cikin [[Python programming language|Python]] da dabarun haɓaka software na zamani. Yana ɗaukar wasu ilimin shirye-shirye da suka riga suka kasance, kodayake ba lallai bane a cikin Python. An buga bugu na farko a cikin 2004 ( ), da kuma bugu na biyu na 2009 ( ) ya ƙunshi Python 3. Dukansu suna samuwa a yanar gizo da kuma a cikin bugawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM developerworks: Making emerging technologies accessible |url=http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/blogs/dw_blog.jspa?blog=354 |access-date=2007-03-22}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-03-19 |title=Two visions: Blog post at Mark's official site |url=http://diveintomark.org/archives/2007/03/19/two-visions |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718032030/http://diveintomark.org/archives/2007/03/19/two-visions |archive-date=July 18, 2011 |access-date=2007-03-22}}</ref> Yawancin littafin ya ƙunshi shirye-shiryen misalai tare da bayanin bayanai da rubutu mai bayani, kuma gabaɗaya yana bayanin yadda ake gyara misali don biyan sabbin manufofi. Wani shirin misali na farko yana karanta ta cikin kundin fayilolin MP3 kuma yana lissafa bayanan kanun labarai, kamar mai zane, kundin waƙoƙi, da sauransu. Sauran batutuwan da aka rufe sun haɗa da shirye-shiryen da suka dace da abu, takardu, gwajin naúrar, da samun dama da kuma nazarin HTML da XML . === Sauran ayyuka ===   * [https://github.com/nfreear/diveintoaccessibility ''Dive into Accessibility''], a free book on web accessibility, for web designers * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110726001216/http://diveintogreasemonkey.org/toc/ ''Dive into Greasemonkey''], a free book on Greasemonkey.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM developerworks: Making emerging technologies accessible |url=http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/blogs/dw_blog.jspa?blog=354 |access-date=2007-03-22}}</ref> * ''[http://diveinto.html5doctor.com Dive into HTML 5]'', a free book on HTML5 ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] etb11afh7gxptp7vwi5c4hpinr76f20 822297 822294 2026-04-18T16:35:23Z BnHamid 12586 822297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mark Pilgrim''' ƙwararren mai haɓaka software ne, marubuci, kuma mai fafutukar samar da software kyauta . Ya rubuta wani shahararren shafin yanar gizo, kuma ya rubuta littattafai da dama, ciki har da ''Dive into Python'', jagora ga [[Python programming language|yaren shirye-shiryen Python]] da aka buga a ƙarƙashin Lasisin GNU Free Documentation . A da, mai tsara hanyoyin shiga ne a IBM Emerging Technologies Group, <ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM developerworks: Making emerging technologies accessible |url=http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/blogs/dw_blog.jspa?blog=354 |access-date=2007-03-22}}</ref> ya fara aiki a [[Google]] a watan Maris na 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-03-19 |title=Two visions: Blog post at Mark's official site |url=http://diveintomark.org/archives/2007/03/19/two-visions |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718032030/http://diveintomark.org/archives/2007/03/19/two-visions |archive-date=July 18, 2011 |access-date=2007-03-22}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, ya koma Brave . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-23 |title=Learn About Brave and Our Team |url=https://brave.com/about/ |access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == A shekarar 1992, lokacin da yake ɗan shekara biyu a [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] kuma ma'aikacin Cornell Information Technologies (CIT) na ɗan lokaci, Pilgrim da wani ɗalibi, David Blumenthal, sun saka [[Cutar Kwamfuta|ƙwayar cuta ta kwamfuta]], MBDF, a cikin wasanni uku. A watan Fabrairu na wannan shekarar, Pilgrim, Blumenthal, Randall Johnson, da Eric Sooros sun ɗora wasannin daga dakin gwaje-gwajen kwamfuta na Upson Hall na Cornell zuwa wani sabar jama'a a [[Jami'ar Stanford]] . Su huɗun sun yi amfani da asusun karya na babban fayil ɗin Blumenthal, wanda a lokacin shi ma ma'aikacin CIT ne. Kwayar cutar ta haifar da katsewar kwamfutocin Macintosh a duk faɗin duniya. Ma'aikatan Claris a Wales ne suka fara gano asalin cutar a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, kuma an gano ta a Stanford, sannan kuma aka gano ta a ɗaya daga cikin manyan firam ɗin Cornell. Bayanan shiga Cornell sun nuna cewa an yi loda hotunan ne daga kwamfutoci da dama a dakin gwaje-gwaje yayin da Pilgrim ke aiki a can. An ba Sooros kariya daga gurfanar da shi a madadin shaidarsa ta babban juri a kan Pilgrim, Johnson, da Blumenthal. An kama Pilgrim da Blumenthal kuma an fara tuhumar su da laifin yin kutse a kwamfuta a mataki na biyu, wani laifi na Class A. FBI ta yi bincike don tantance ko an ba da umarnin tuhumar tarayya, kodayake ba a shigar da ƙarin tuhuma ba. Bayan fuskantar zaman sauraron ladabtarwa, babu ɗaya daga cikin huɗun da ake zargi da laifin da ya ci gaba da zama ɗaliban Cornell. <ref name="Carmona" /> A watan Satumba na shekarar 1992, Pilgrim da Blumenthal sun amsa laifinsu, daga baya aka yanke musu hukuncin sa'o'i 520 na hidimar al'umma, kwace kayan aikin kwamfuta da aka kwace, da kuma biyan kusan dala $2,500 a matsayin diyya ga Cornell da sauran wadanda abin ya shafa. Johnson ya amsa laifinsa na ƙaramin laifi kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin sa'o'i 450 na hidimar al'umma. == Littattafai da labarai == === ''Nutsewa cikin Python'' === Littafin Pilgrim ''Dive into Python'' jagora ne na koyarwa-da-misali ga dabarun shirye-shirye a cikin [[Python programming language|Python]] da dabarun haɓaka software na zamani. Yana ɗaukar wasu ilimin shirye-shirye da suka riga suka kasance, kodayake ba lallai bane a cikin Python. An buga bugu na farko a cikin 2004 ( ), da kuma bugu na biyu na 2009 ( ) ya ƙunshi Python 3. Dukansu suna samuwa a yanar gizo da kuma a cikin bugawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM developerworks: Making emerging technologies accessible |url=http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/blogs/dw_blog.jspa?blog=354 |access-date=2007-03-22}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-03-19 |title=Two visions: Blog post at Mark's official site |url=http://diveintomark.org/archives/2007/03/19/two-visions |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718032030/http://diveintomark.org/archives/2007/03/19/two-visions |archive-date=July 18, 2011 |access-date=2007-03-22}}</ref> Yawancin littafin ya ƙunshi shirye-shiryen misalai tare da bayanin bayanai da rubutu mai bayani, kuma gabaɗaya yana bayanin yadda ake gyara misali don biyan sabbin manufofi. Wani shirin misali na farko yana karanta ta cikin kundin fayilolin MP3 kuma yana lissafa bayanan kanun labarai, kamar mai zane, kundin waƙoƙi, da sauransu. Sauran batutuwan da aka rufe sun haɗa da shirye-shiryen da suka dace da abu, takardu, gwajin naúrar, da samun dama da kuma nazarin HTML da XML . === Sauran ayyuka ===   * [https://github.com/nfreear/diveintoaccessibility ''Dive into Accessibility''], a free book on web accessibility, for web designers * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110726001216/http://diveintogreasemonkey.org/toc/ ''Dive into Greasemonkey''], a free book on Greasemonkey.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM developerworks: Making emerging technologies accessible |url=http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/blogs/dw_blog.jspa?blog=354 |access-date=2007-03-22}}</ref> * ''[http://diveinto.html5doctor.com Dive into HTML 5]'', a free book on HTML5 ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] fs9t4rjygf10jcg5axqc71x37stq84e 0 134896 822492 776903 2026-04-19T09:47:11Z BnHamid 12586 822492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Haruna Abiob (Ibraniyawa) (1535-1605) ya kasance malamin Turkiyya na Salonika . Shi ne marubucin Oil of Myrrh, a cikin Yiddish da aka sani da Shemen ha-Mor (''ex {{Not a typo|ravvinorum}} Myrrhoe commentariis Oleum'' ), kuma ya kasance mai sharhi a kan Littafin Esther .<ref name="mcn" /> Ya rayu kuma ya bunƙasa a Salonica game da 1540' aikinsa da aka fara bugawa a 1601, kuma ya zauna na ɗan lokaci a Constantinople. An ba da sunan Haruna ga ɗan'uwan Musa mutumin da aka rubuta a cikin Attaura, wannan Haruna na Littafi Mai-Tsarki shine wanda ya kafa firist.[1] == Dubi kuma == * Tarihin Yahudawa a Tassalunika == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7p19cfhq9b21a8zrzo3fn0n874q4cy7 0 134932 822530 777000 2026-04-19T10:02:10Z BnHamid 12586 822530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gadar Kogin Jiangyin Yangtze''' ( Chinese ) wata gada ce ta dakatarwa akan kogin Yangtze a Jiangsu, [[Sin|China]]. Gadar tana da babban tazarar {{Convert|1385|m|ft|0}} ta haɗa Jiangyin a kudancin kogin zuwa Jingjiang a arewa. Lokacin da aka kammala gadar a shekarar 1999, ita ce gadar dakatarwa ta huɗu mafi tsayi a duniya kuma mafi tsayi a China . An kammala gadoji da yawa masu tsayi tun daga lokacin a China da ƙasashen waje, kuma a halin yanzu ita ce gadar dakatarwa ta 15 mafi tsayi a duniya. Gadar ita ce kuma mafi nisa a ƙasan kogin Yangtze har zuwa lokacin da aka kammala gadar Kogin Sutong Yangtze a shekarar 2008 da kuma gadar Kogin Chongming-Qidong Yangtze a shekarar 2011. == Wuri == Gadar da ke tsakiyar lardin Jiangsu, tana ɗauke da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a kan babbar hanyar G2 ta Beijing-Shanghai Expressway. Akwai hanyoyi uku a duka hanyoyi da kuma hanyoyin tafiya a ƙasa. An zaɓi wurin ne saboda faɗin kogin a kan gadar. Tsayin da za a iya bi don kewaya kogin shine 50 metres (164 ft) . == Tarihi == An tsara gadar ne domin a kammala ta a kan lokaci domin bikin cika shekaru 50 da ayyana Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin . Ita ce gada ta farko mai tsawon lokaci irinta da aka tsara a kasar Sin. An fara aikin gina gadar a shekarar 1994. An kammala [[Injinia.|aikin injiniya]], [[Masana'anta|kera]] da kuma gina gadar cikin kasa da shekaru uku. Hasumiyoyin simintin suna da {{Convert|190|m|ft|0}} tsayi, kusan daidai yake da tsayin ginin hawa 60. Babban faɗin, wanda Kamfanin Cleveland Bridge &amp;amp; Engineering ya gina, an yi shi ne da sandunan [[Karfe|ƙarfe]] masu faɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jiangyin Yangtze River Bridge |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/jiangyin-yangtze-river-bridge |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Structurae}}</ref> An gina benen ƙarfe ta hanyar ɗaga na'urori da aka riga aka haɗa waɗanda nauyinsu ya kai tan 500 na metric tare da jacks. ( [http://www.dormanlongtechnology.com/English/projects/Jiangyin.htm hotuna] ) Jimlar jarin gadar ya kai yuan biliyan 2.728. An buɗe gadar a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 1999. [[Jiang Zemin]] ya sanya wa gadar suna kuma ya yanke kintinkiri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=China Highway News |url=http://www.chinahighway.com/news/2009/363502.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103234403/http://www.chinahighway.com/news/2009/363502.php |archive-date=2015-01-03 |access-date=2015-01-03}}</ref> Kamfanin Goodwin Steel Castings ya ƙera igiyoyin kebul na gadar. A shekara ta 2002, gadar ta sami lambar yabo a taron International Bridge Conference saboda "... gagarumar nasara a fannin injiniyan gada wanda, ta hanyar hangen nesa da kirkire-kirkire, ke samar da wata alama ga al'ummar da aka tsara ta dominta." == Duba kuma == [[Fayil:Cable_Band_for_Jiangyin_Bridge_undergoing_dimensional_inspection.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Ana duba girman gadar Jiangyin ta hanyar amfani da kebul na USB]] * Gadaje da ramukan karkashin ruwa a fadin Kogin Yangtze * Jerin gadoji a China * Jerin dogon layin gadar dakatarwa * Jerin gadoji mafi tsayi ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 1yyd3t729j8dni9n9vvlss208lasso9 0 135311 822356 818928 2026-04-18T18:38:13Z Gwadabawa1 44111 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 822356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asalin Wasan''' wani ra'ayi ne na wasan da ba a san shi ba a kimiyyance wanda [[Masanin yanayin ƙasa|masanin]] ƙasa kuma marubuci Oscar Frederick Donaldson ya ƙirƙiro a shekarun 1970. == Ƙungiya == An kafa ƙungiyar masu tallafawa, International Foundation for Original Play, a shekarar 2018 ta hannun Jolanta Graczykowska, "wakili kuma mai kula da ''Original Play'' for Europe kawai da aka amince da shi tun daga shekarar 2002". An yi wa wannan gidauniyar rijista a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a [[Poland]], tare da ƙungiyar "Original Play [[Austriya|Austria]] - play from the heart", wadda ta wanzu a Austria tun daga shekarar 2015. Ƙungiyar da gidauniyar suna ba da bita, tarurrukan karawa juna sani, da laccoci a ƙasashen Turai da dama don yin aiki tare da yara da waɗanda ke da sha'awa. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |year= |title=Original Play Veranstaltungen |url=https://originalplay.at/veranstaltungen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625034248/https://originalplay.at/veranstaltungen/ |archive-date=2023-06-25 |access-date= |publisher= |pages= |language= |format= |quote= }}</ref> === Alamar === Tambarin ya ƙunshi fitattun siffofi guda biyu masu launin shuɗi da kuma wani siffa mai sauƙi, waɗanda aka shirya a kusa da ƙaramin zuciya mai ja kuma aka haɗa su cikin siffar zuciya mai karkace. Wasu bambance-bambancen sun haɗa da siffa mai shuɗi ɗaya mai zuciya da ke ɗauke da tutar ƙasar. == Tsarin == Manya suna yin "wasa" da matasa da yara marasa alaƙa da waɗanda ba a sani ba, amma kuma suna mu'amala da wasu manya a cikin hulɗa ta jiki, sau da yawa a ƙasa: suna birgima, hawa kan juna, runguma, ko kuma yin motsa jiki ta jiki. A cewar Donaldson, wannan shiri ya kamata ya fito daga yaron ko akasin ƙwararren wasan ''Original Play'' . Shugaban wasan zai iya roƙon yara da matasa su shiga, sannan ya bar yaran su yanke shawara da kansu ko suna son yin hakan. Donaldson ya bambanta "Asalin Wasan" a matsayin wasan asali wanda manya ke daidaitawa da yara, daga "wasan al'adu," wanda ake koya wa yara su daidaita su da al'adun manya. === Manufa === An ce manufar tana taimaka wa yara, matasa, da manya (masu nakasa da waɗanda ba su da nakasa) su yi wasa cikin yanayi na ɗabi'a, su bayyana farin ciki da aminci cikin lumana, kuma su san jikinsu sosai. Ta hanyar ''Wasan Asali,'' ya kamata a fara aiki da tsarin tunani da na jiki wanda ke ba da damar haɗakar koyo na fahimta, motsin rai, da motsin rai. <ref name="original play.EU">{{Cite web |last= |date= |year= |title=Was ist Original Play? (Selbstdarstellung der Original Play Stiftung) |url=https://originalplay.eu/Germany/#was-ist-original-play |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008090259/https://originalplay.eu/germany/#was-ist-original-play |archive-date=2024-10-08 |access-date= |publisher= |pages= |language= |format= |quote= }}</ref> Ta wannan hanyar, mutum ɗaya yana fuskantar kasancewa cikin ƙungiyar ba tare da tsoro da gasa ba. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ssaqjdypm8gozx95mjp9s1hcaa2gqcr 0 135428 822277 777928 2026-04-18T16:29:47Z BnHamid 12586 822277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Leonidas Varouxis''' ([[Girka (ƙasa)|Girkanci]]) ɗan jaridar Girka ne kuma ɗan siyasa. Varouxises suna da alaƙa ta iyali tare da iyalin [[Spilotopoulos]] daga Dimitsana, waɗanda suka shiga cikin Yakin Independence na Girka na 1821. ==Farkon rayuwa== An haifi Varouxis a Pyrgos kuma ya fito ne daga dangin 'yan jarida. A shekara ta 1892, ya gudanar da jaridar mako-mako Avgi . Ya kasance ɗan'uwan Konstantinos Varouxis kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida a jaridar Akropolis a babban birnin Athens . Ya gudanar da jaridar yau da kullun ta farko a Pyrgos Patris a cikin 1902. An shawarce shi a cikin farfadowar ruhaniya na batun sa. Ya yi karatu a matsayin ɗan jarida kuma mai wallafa Gavriilidis na Akropolis . A shekara ta 1917, ya rubuta game da jefa kuri'a na yankin Ilia, yankin da ya yi la'akari da cewa ya san a 1929, tare da tushen da ya fito daga jaridu na Ilia. Ya dakatar da bugawa a jaridar inda dan uwansa ya sake bugawa a shekarar 1955. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aib4d59wnjxlgc6vsh6aumsokmzdzs0 0 135455 822469 777964 2026-04-19T09:38:14Z BnHamid 12586 822469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ioannis Koniaris (Girkanci: , 1801-1872) ɗan siyasan Girka ne na ƙarni na 19, wanda aka zabe shi sau biyu a matsayin Magajin garin Athens, yana aiki daga 29 ga Agusta 1854 har zuwa 22 ga Nuwamba 1853 kuma har zuwa 23 ga Nuwamba, 1854. == Tushe ==  * [http://pandektis.ekt.gr/dspace/handle/10442/60111 Ioannis Koniaris] wani bayani na tarihin rayuwa daga Cibiyar Bayanai ta Girkanci ta zamani (a Girkanci) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071105040952/http://www.cityofathens.gr/grafeio-dimarxoy/diatelesantes-dimarxoi Birnin Athens - Mayors na Tarihi] (a Helenanci) 23jpo3wzxjconqdblp2xki7iaft5vq3 822471 822469 2026-04-19T09:38:49Z BnHamid 12586 822471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ioannis Koniaris (Girkanci: , 1801-1872) ɗan siyasan Girka ne na ƙarni na 19, wanda aka zabe shi sau biyu a matsayin Magajin garin Athens, yana aiki daga 29 ga Agusta 1854 har zuwa 22 ga Nuwamba 1853 kuma har zuwa 23 ga Nuwamba, 1854. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} * [http://pandektis.ekt.gr/dspace/handle/10442/60111 Ioannis Koniaris] wani bayani na tarihin rayuwa daga Cibiyar Bayanai ta Girkanci ta zamani (a Girkanci) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071105040952/http://www.cityofathens.gr/grafeio-dimarxoy/diatelesantes-dimarxoi Birnin Athens - Mayors na Tarihi] (a Helenanci) l3lc554p5fbdbm7xn1vsrw6p8qis40j 0 135696 822302 778343 2026-04-18T16:36:27Z BnHamid 12586 822302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Georgios Kartalis''' (Girkanci; 1908-1957) ɗan siyasan Girka ne. == Rayuwa ta farko da aikin siyasa == An haifi Kartalis a [[Athens]] ga wani fitaccen iyali daga Volos . Ya tafi makaranta a [[Geneva]] kuma ya shiga ETH Zürich, sai kawai ya canza bayan shekara ta farko zuwa Tattalin Arziki a Jami'ar Munich da [[Jami'ar Leipzig]]. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa ta hanyar yin darussan tattalin arziki a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London (1930-1932) da Jami'ar Kiel (1932-1933). Kartalis ya koma Girka a 1933 don ɗaukar matsayin iyali a cikin siyasar yankin Volos. Ya tsaya ba tare da nasara ba ga magajin gari a 1933, amma a Zaben Yuni 1935 an zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisa a cikin tikitin Jam'iyyar Jama'a. Saninsa game da tattalin arziki da kudi ya haifar da nadin Janar Sakatare a Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki a gwamnatin Panagis Tsaldaris, kuma bayan juyin mulkin mallaka na Oktoba na Janar Georgios Kondylis an nada shi Ministan Kwadago. Tsayar da mulkin kama-karya na Metaxas a ranar 4 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1936 ya nuna canji mai zurfi a cikin ra'ayoyin siyasa na Kartalis: yayin da danginsa suka kasance masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a al'ada, kuma Kartalis da kansa ya yi kamfen tare da Jam'iyyar Jama'a mai mulkin mallaka, wanda bai taba yarda da kafa Jamhuriyar Helenic ta Biyu ba (1924-1935), har ma ya rike mukamin mulki a gwamnatin Kondylis, wanda ya dawo da mulkin mallaka a yanzu ya zama jamhuriyar Republican mai gamsu kuma ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen adawa da mulkin mallaki mulki. == Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu == A lokacin barkewar Yaƙin Girka da Italiya a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1940, Kartalis ya ba da kansa ga gaba. A watan Afrilu / Mayu 1941, duk da haka, sojojin Jamus sun mamaye Girka, suna sanya kasar a karkashin mummunan mamayewa sau uku. Kungiyoyin adawa na farko sun fara bayyana a lokacin rani da kaka na 1941, kodayake ƙungiyar adawa da makamai ba za ta fara ba sai bayan shekara guda. Daga watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1941, Kartalis ya fara saduwa da wasu Venizelist da sojojin Republican kamar su Evripidis Bakirtzis tare da ra'ayi na kafa ƙungiyar adawa ta Republican. A ƙarshe, tare da hadin gwiwar Colonel Dimitrios Psarros, an kafa ƙungiyar National and Social Liberation (EKKA) a farkon kaka na 1942. EKKA ta yi burin mulkin jamhuriya ne kawai bayan yakin, gami da ra'ayoyin gurguzu irin su "haɗin kai" na masana'antu. EKKA ta zama babbar ƙungiya ta uku bayan rundunar 'yancin Girka (ELAS) da ke karkashin jagorancin kwaminisanci da kuma ƙungiyar Republican National Republican Greek League (EDES), tare da rundunarsu, mai suna bayan sanannen 5/42 Evzone Regiment, wanda aka kafa a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1943. Tun daga farko duk da haka, EKKA ta shiga cikin tsananin gasa tare da ELAS. Sojojin ELAS sun kai hari kuma sun rushe rukunin a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1943, kuma bayan da aka ci gaba da yin amfani da siyasa da matsin lamba na Burtaniya ne ya sami damar sake fasalin a cikin kaka na shekara ta 1943. A matsayinsa na shugaban siyasa na EKKA, Kartalis ya tafi Alkahira daga 9 ga watan Agusta zuwa 14 ga watan Satumba a matsayin wani ɓangare na tawagar adawa ta Girka don tattaunawa da Birtaniya da Gwamnatin Girka a gudun hijira. A cikin Girka, kishiya da ELAS ta ci gaba, kuma a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1944, sojojin ELAS sun kai hari kuma sun mamaye 5/42 Evzones, sun kama kuma sun kashe Psarros a cikin tsari. Kartalis duk da haka ya shiga a matsayin wakilin EKKA a Taron Lebanon na Mayu 1944, wanda ya haifar da kirkirar gwamnatin hadin kan kasa a karkashin George Papandreou . A cikin wannan gwamnatin, Kartalis ya rike mukamin Mataimakin Ministan yada labarai da bayanai. [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1957]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 564kfrgmt43lsszp1chgzt9zuae83v7 822303 822302 2026-04-18T16:36:38Z BnHamid 12586 822303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Georgios Kartalis''' (Girkanci; 1908-1957) ɗan siyasan Girka ne. == Rayuwa ta farko da aikin siyasa == An haifi Kartalis a [[Athens]] ga wani fitaccen iyali daga Volos . Ya tafi makaranta a [[Geneva]] kuma ya shiga ETH Zürich, sai kawai ya canza bayan shekara ta farko zuwa Tattalin Arziki a Jami'ar Munich da [[Jami'ar Leipzig]]. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa ta hanyar yin darussan tattalin arziki a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London (1930-1932) da Jami'ar Kiel (1932-1933). Kartalis ya koma Girka a 1933 don ɗaukar matsayin iyali a cikin siyasar yankin Volos. Ya tsaya ba tare da nasara ba ga magajin gari a 1933, amma a Zaben Yuni 1935 an zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisa a cikin tikitin Jam'iyyar Jama'a. Saninsa game da tattalin arziki da kudi ya haifar da nadin Janar Sakatare a Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki a gwamnatin Panagis Tsaldaris, kuma bayan juyin mulkin mallaka na Oktoba na Janar Georgios Kondylis an nada shi Ministan Kwadago. Tsayar da mulkin kama-karya na Metaxas a ranar 4 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1936 ya nuna canji mai zurfi a cikin ra'ayoyin siyasa na Kartalis: yayin da danginsa suka kasance masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a al'ada, kuma Kartalis da kansa ya yi kamfen tare da Jam'iyyar Jama'a mai mulkin mallaka, wanda bai taba yarda da kafa Jamhuriyar Helenic ta Biyu ba (1924-1935), har ma ya rike mukamin mulki a gwamnatin Kondylis, wanda ya dawo da mulkin mallaka a yanzu ya zama jamhuriyar Republican mai gamsu kuma ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen adawa da mulkin mallaki mulki. == Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu == A lokacin barkewar Yaƙin Girka da Italiya a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1940, Kartalis ya ba da kansa ga gaba. A watan Afrilu / Mayu 1941, duk da haka, sojojin Jamus sun mamaye Girka, suna sanya kasar a karkashin mummunan mamayewa sau uku. Kungiyoyin adawa na farko sun fara bayyana a lokacin rani da kaka na 1941, kodayake ƙungiyar adawa da makamai ba za ta fara ba sai bayan shekara guda. Daga watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1941, Kartalis ya fara saduwa da wasu Venizelist da sojojin Republican kamar su Evripidis Bakirtzis tare da ra'ayi na kafa ƙungiyar adawa ta Republican. A ƙarshe, tare da hadin gwiwar Colonel Dimitrios Psarros, an kafa ƙungiyar National and Social Liberation (EKKA) a farkon kaka na 1942. EKKA ta yi burin mulkin jamhuriya ne kawai bayan yakin, gami da ra'ayoyin gurguzu irin su "haɗin kai" na masana'antu. EKKA ta zama babbar ƙungiya ta uku bayan rundunar 'yancin Girka (ELAS) da ke karkashin jagorancin kwaminisanci da kuma ƙungiyar Republican National Republican Greek League (EDES), tare da rundunarsu, mai suna bayan sanannen 5/42 Evzone Regiment, wanda aka kafa a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1943. Tun daga farko duk da haka, EKKA ta shiga cikin tsananin gasa tare da ELAS. Sojojin ELAS sun kai hari kuma sun rushe rukunin a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1943, kuma bayan da aka ci gaba da yin amfani da siyasa da matsin lamba na Burtaniya ne ya sami damar sake fasalin a cikin kaka na shekara ta 1943. A matsayinsa na shugaban siyasa na EKKA, Kartalis ya tafi Alkahira daga 9 ga watan Agusta zuwa 14 ga watan Satumba a matsayin wani ɓangare na tawagar adawa ta Girka don tattaunawa da Birtaniya da Gwamnatin Girka a gudun hijira. A cikin Girka, kishiya da ELAS ta ci gaba, kuma a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1944, sojojin ELAS sun kai hari kuma sun mamaye 5/42 Evzones, sun kama kuma sun kashe Psarros a cikin tsari. Kartalis duk da haka ya shiga a matsayin wakilin EKKA a Taron Lebanon na Mayu 1944, wanda ya haifar da kirkirar gwamnatin hadin kan kasa a karkashin George Papandreou . A cikin wannan gwamnatin, Kartalis ya rike mukamin Mataimakin Ministan yada labarai da bayanai. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1957]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pq0hord4scz3vuyw98i1o0etvv41gj4 0 135714 822465 778364 2026-04-19T09:36:29Z BnHamid 12586 822465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lambros Koromilas''' ([[Girka (ƙasa)|Girkanci]]: : {{Circa}} 1856 - 1923) masanin tattalin arziki ne kuma diflomasiyya na Girka, kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane a cikin Gwagwarmayar Makidoniya a lokacin da yake aiki a matsayin Janar-Janar na Girka a Thessaloniki a 1904-1907. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Kudi a 1910-1912 da Ministan Harkokin Waje kafin da kuma lokacin Yakin Balkan na 1912-1913. == Rayuwa == [[Fayil:Lambros_Koromilas_Office.jpg|left|thumb|Ofishin Koromilas a Babban Ofishin Jakadancin a Thessaloniki, yanzu Gidan Tarihi na Gwagwarmayar Makidoniya.]] An haifi Koromilas a Athens a cikin kimanin shekara ta 1856, ɗan na biyu na mai bugawa Andreas Koromilas . Bayan karatunsa a fannin Physics da Mathematics a Athens, ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Faransa da Jamus. Lokacin da ya dawo Girka, ya ɗauki kasuwancin mahaifinsa, amma jim kadan bayan an nada shi darektan gidan buga littattafai na kasa. Daga baya ya gaji ɗan'uwansa [[Dimitrios Koromilas|Dimitrios]] (wani sanannen marubucin wasan kwaikwayo) wajen gudanar da jaridar Efimerida . <ref name="edy">{{Cite web |date=20 March 2008 |title=Λάμπρος Κορομηλάς 1856-1923 |url=http://edy.mfa.gr/oi-ellines-diplomates/istorikes-physiognomies-tis-ellinikis-diplomatias/lampros-koromelas-1856-1923.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424024352/http://edy.mfa.gr/oi-ellines-diplomates/istorikes-physiognomies-tis-ellinikis-diplomatias/lampros-koromelas-1856-1923.html |archive-date=24 April 2012 |access-date=23 August 2011 |publisher=Union of Diplomatic Personnel of the Hellenic Ministry of Foreign Affairs |language=Greek}}</ref> A shekara ta 1888, ya bar Girka ya tafi babban birnin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]], [[Istanbul|Constantinople]], inda ya yi nazarin harshen Turkiyya da tsarin gwamnatin Ottoman. A lokacin da ya dawo Girka, ya shiga cikin juyin juya halin Crete na 1896, da kuma Yaƙin Girka da Turkiyya na 1897. Bayan yakin, an nada shi Babban Sakatare na Ma'aikatar Kudi, mukamin da ya rike har zuwa 1899. A watan Janairun 1904 an tura shi a matsayin wakilin Girka zuwa Philippopolis, kuma a watan Mayu na wannan shekarar an tura shi zuwa Babban Ofishin Jakadancin Girka a Thessaloniki . Daga wannan lokacin ya zama daya daga cikin manyan mutane na Gwagwarmayar Makidoniya, kokarin Girka na yin gasa da kungiyar juyin juya Yakin Makidoniya ta ciki (IMRO) mai goyon bayan Bulgaria don goyon bayan yawan mutanen Makidoniya. Ayyukan Koromilas a matsayin babban mai kula da ƙungiyoyin makamai na Girka a duk faɗin Makidoniya ba su ɓace daga gwamnatin Ottoman ba, wanda ya bukaci a tunatar da shi. A shekara ta 1906 an kore shi daga mukaminsa na kwastam, amma an nada shi a matsayin Sufeto Janar na ofisoshin jakadancin Girka a Makidoniya, yana ci gaba da aikinsa har zuwa lokacin da aka dawo da shi a karkashin matsin Ottoman a ƙarshen 1907. <ref name="edy">{{Cite web |date=20 March 2008 |title=Λάμπρος Κορομηλάς 1856-1923 |url=http://edy.mfa.gr/oi-ellines-diplomates/istorikes-physiognomies-tis-ellinikis-diplomatias/lampros-koromelas-1856-1923.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424024352/http://edy.mfa.gr/oi-ellines-diplomates/istorikes-physiognomies-tis-ellinikis-diplomatias/lampros-koromelas-1856-1923.html |archive-date=24 April 2012 |access-date=23 August 2011 |publisher=Union of Diplomatic Personnel of the Hellenic Ministry of Foreign Affairs |language=Greek}}</ref> Daga nan aka tura Koromilas zuwa Amurka a matsayin jakada. A lokacin mulkinsa na shekaru uku ya yi nasara wajen kawo hadin kai da hadin kai tsakanin kungiyoyin baƙi na Girka a kasar. Lokacin da ya dawo Girka a 1910, Koromilas ya yi murabus daga aikin diflomasiyya kuma ya shiga siyasa. An zabe shi a majalisar dokokin Hellenic a 1910 kuma ya zama Ministan Kudi a cikin majalisar Eleftherios Venizelos har zuwa 17 ga Agusta 1912, lokacin da aka nada shi Ministan Harkokin Waje (ko da yake ya riga ya jagoranci harkokin ma'aikatar tun daga 1 ga Mayu). Ya ci gaba da mukaminsa ta hanyar Balkan Wars, kuma ya yi murabus a ranar 18 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1913 biyo bayan rashin jituwa da Venizelos.[1][2] Daga nan aka tura Koromilas a matsayin jakada zuwa [[Rum|Roma]], inda ya kasance har sai da ya yi murabus kuma ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1920. Daga nan sai ya tafi Amurka, inda ya kasance har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1923.<ref name="edy">{{Cite web |date=20 March 2008 |title=Λάμπρος Κορομηλάς 1856-1923 |url=http://edy.mfa.gr/oi-ellines-diplomates/istorikes-physiognomies-tis-ellinikis-diplomatias/lampros-koromelas-1856-1923.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424024352/http://edy.mfa.gr/oi-ellines-diplomates/istorikes-physiognomies-tis-ellinikis-diplomatias/lampros-koromelas-1856-1923.html |archive-date=24 April 2012 |access-date=23 August 2011 |publisher=Union of Diplomatic Personnel of the Hellenic Ministry of Foreign Affairs |language=Greek}}</ref> == Karramawa da ayyuka == Don aikinsa a cikin Gwagwarmayar Makidoniya kuma daga baya a kawo Ƙungiyar Balkan, an ba Koromilas kyautar Babban Kwamandan Order of the Redeemer . Daga cikin wallafe-wallafen da ya wallafa, mafi mahimmanci shine littafin Girka kudi daga 1848 zuwa 1903, da kuma labarin 1892 Income and taxes.<ref name="edy">{{Cite web |date=20 March 2008 |title=Λάμπρος Κορομηλάς 1856-1923 |url=http://edy.mfa.gr/oi-ellines-diplomates/istorikes-physiognomies-tis-ellinikis-diplomatias/lampros-koromelas-1856-1923.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424024352/http://edy.mfa.gr/oi-ellines-diplomates/istorikes-physiognomies-tis-ellinikis-diplomatias/lampros-koromelas-1856-1923.html |archive-date=24 April 2012 |access-date=23 August 2011 |publisher=Union of Diplomatic Personnel of the Hellenic Ministry of Foreign Affairs |language=Greek}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fooufod34kz6zbdmruheii78gscb8jj 0 135747 822466 778430 2026-04-19T09:36:50Z BnHamid 12586 822466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Konstantinos Manos ([[Girka (ƙasa)|Girkanci]]; 1869-1913) ɗan siyasan Girka ne, mawaƙi, soja kuma ɗan wasa kuma tsohon magajin garin Chania . == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwar mutum da aikin soja === An haife shi a shekara ta 1869 a [[Athens]] . Iyayensa sun fito ne daga iyalai na tarihi. Musamman, mahaifinsa, Thrasyvoulos Manos, jami'in soja ne kuma ya fito ne daga dangin Phanariot, <ref name="Enc" /> yayin da mahaifiyarsa, Roxani Mavromichalis, daga dangin Mavromi chalis. Shi ne babban ɗan'uwan Petros Manos . Ya yi karatun shari'a a [[Leipzig]] da falsafar a Oxford. Ya kasance malami na Empress Elisabeth na Austria . Ya jagoranci shirya wasannin Olympics na zamani na farko da aka gudanar a Athens wanda daga baya zai zama Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 1896. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kungiyar Athens Athletic Club . Tare da shelar juyin juya halin Crete a 1896 ya tafi Crete, inda ya jagoranci Holy Corps, wanda ya kirkira. Rashin jin daɗi daban-daban ya kai shi ga barin Girka ya yi tafiya, ya kai har zuwa Alaska. Daga baya ya koma tsibirin Krita don ya zama magajin gari na Chania na tsawon shekaru biyu (1900 - 1902). Ayyukansa na yaƙi, duk da haka, ba a iyakance shi ga juyin juya halin Crete ba. Ya kuma shiga cikin Gwagwarmayar Makidoniya, ta amfani da sunan Michailidis . A shekara ta 1905 ya shiga cikin taron Crete na Therissos, yayin da ya shiga rikici da Yarima George, Babban Kwamishinan Jihar Crete. A shekara ta 1909 ya shiga cikin Goudi Coup . Daga nan aka nada shi wakili a majalisun sake dubawa guda biyu. === Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen === Duk da shekaru 44 kawai na rayuwarsa, Konstantinos Manos ya rubuta waƙoƙi da yawa, waɗanda ya buga a cikin tarin da ya buga a ƙarƙashin taken Words of the Heart . An girmama tarin sa tare da yabo na farko a gasar Philadelphia. Ya kuma fara gabatar da yaren tare da Lorentzos Mavilis . A cikin 1905 ya buga fassarar Sophocles' Antigone a makarantar firamare, wani abu na farko a lokacinsa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1869]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ef82oiz70cg7smg3hvi50clwl0mhfeg 0 135995 822536 778879 2026-04-19T10:06:15Z BnHamid 12586 822536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Faransanci sun mamaye Thessaly a watan Yunin 1917, a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]], a matsayin wani ɓangare na shiga tsakani a cikin rikice-rikicen Girka. Babban rikici na soja na mamayar ya zama sananne da '''Yaƙin Flag''' (Girkanci). == Abubuwan da suka faru == Sojojin Faransa sun mamaye a jere a ranar 11 ga Yuni - Elasson; 12-14 ga Yuni - Larissa; a ranar 13/15 ga Yuni - Velestino, Volos da Trikala; a ranar 15/17 ga Yuni - Kalambaka, kuma a ranar 26 ga Yuni - Lamia.{{Sfn|Ellinikes Grammes|2016}} Babban rikici na soja na aikin ya faru ne lokacin da Faransanci suka yi ƙoƙari su cire makamai na 1/38 Evzone Regiment a Larissa, a ƙarƙashin umurnin Lt. Colonel Athanasios Frangos . Rundunar ta ki yin biyayya da umarnin mika makamanta kuma ta koma yamma zuwa duwatsu. Faransanci sun kaddamar da Sipahis na Maroko don bin rukunin, suna kewaye da shi kuma suna tilasta masa ya mika wuya bayan rikice-rikice (wanda ake kira "Yaƙin Flag", yayin da Helenawa ke ɗauke da ma'auni na mulki tare da su) wanda ya yi ikirarin rayukan jami'an Girka 59 da sojoji, da kuma bakwai da aka kashe da 15 da suka ji rauni a gefen Faransa.[1][1] A lokaci guda, Allies sun ba da ultimatum ga Constantine, suna barazanar jefa bom ga Athens. A sakamakon haka Sarki Constantine I na Girka ya sauka. Akalla 'yan majalisa 200 na Girka, shugabannin birni, lauyoyi, da likitoci an tsare su a sansanin kurkuku a Thessaloniki. An kewaye sansanin fursuna na Thessaloniki da layuka biyu na waya, kuma masu gadi sun hada da sojojin Cambodia da Senegal.{{Sfn|Istorika Themata|2013}} == Dubi kuma == ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4n4b46fzw9fo1yw9wi3wwxzapw3pji9 0 136037 822500 778943 2026-04-19T09:49:41Z BnHamid 12586 822500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Seybourn Harris Lynne''' (25 ga Yuli, 1907 - 10 ga Satumba, 2000) ƙwararren lauya ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka. Ya kasance alkalin kotun gundumar Amurka na Gundumar Alabama ta Arewa . Ya kasance Babban Alkali na kotun daga 1953 zuwa 1973. A lokacin mutuwarsa, shi ne alkali mafi daɗewa a kan kujerar tarayya kuma alkali na ƙarshe da Shugaba Truman ya naɗa. Alkali Lynne ya yi aiki daga 1946 zuwa 2000, kodayake shekaru 27 na ƙarshe nasa suna cikin babban matsayi . == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Lynne a Decatur, [[Alabama]], a shekarar 1907. Mahaifinsa, Seybourn Arthur Lynne, lauya ne wanda ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Alabama da Majalisar Dattawa ta Alabama . Lynne ya sami digirin farko na Kimiyya daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Alabama (wanda yanzu ita ce Jami'ar Auburn ) a shekarar 1927 inda ya yi fice a fannin ƙwallon ƙafa da kuma waƙa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Samples |first=S. Shay |date=March 2001 |title=Memorials |url=https://www.alabar.org/assets/2014/08/The_Alabama_Lawyer_03-2001.pdf |journal=Alabama Lawyer |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=100}}</ref> Ya sami digirin farko na Shari'a daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Alabama a shekarar 1930. Ya yi aiki a Decatur daga 1930 zuwa 1934 tare da mahaifinsa Seybourn Arthur Lynne. <ref name=":0" /> A shekarar 1934, an zaɓe shi a matsayin alkali a gundumar Morgan . An zaɓe shi a matsayin alkali a Kotun Hukunta ta Takwas ta Alabama a shekarar 1940. A shekarar 1942, Lynne ya shiga Rundunar Sojan Amurka, inda ya yi aiki a Rundunar Lauya ta Janar a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Ya yi aiki har zuwa shekarar 1946 kuma ya ci gaba da samun matsayi na Laftanar Kanar kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Tauraron Tagulla don Jarumi. <ref name="Lightning" /> == Hukumar shari'a ta tarayya == A ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1945, Shugaba Harry S. Truman ya naɗa Lynne a matsayin kujera a Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta Gundumar Arewa ta Alabama wadda Alkali Thomas Alexander Murphree ya bari. Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ta amince da Lynne a ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1945, kuma ta karɓi kwamitin a ranar 3 ga Janairu, 1946. A shekarar 1953, ya zama Babban Alkalin Kotun. Lynne ya shiga cikin shari'o'in kare hakkin jama'a da dama a lokacin aikinsa. A ranar 5 ga Yuni, 1956, a shari'ar ''Browder da Gayle'', Kotun Gundumar ta yanke hukunci 2-1 cewa wariyar bas ta saɓa wa kundin tsarin mulki a ƙarƙashin Sashe na Kariya Daidaito na Kwaskwarima ta 14 ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka. Lynne ya rubuta ra'ayin da ba ya goyon bayan hakan a shari'ar. <ref name="nps">{{Cite court|litigants=Browder v. Gayle|vol=142|reporter=F. Supp|opinion=707|court=M.D. Ala.|date=June 19, 1956|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/qtaylor/documents_us/browder_v_gayle.htm}}</ref> A wannan shari'ar, rashin amincewar Lynne ya dogara ne akan imaninsa cewa ''Brown da Hukumar Ilimi'' sun raba wuraren ilimi kawai; amma ga sauran ayyukan jama'a ''Plessy da Ferguson'' ya ci gaba da aiki. Wannan ita ce shari'ar farko da ta faɗaɗa wariyar zuwa ƙarin wurare, ta yadda ta soke hukuncin Kotun Koli a ''Plessy'' . A shekarar 1957, a shari'ar ''Baldwin da Morgan'', Alkali Lynne ya ƙi ba da umarnin a raba ɗakunan jira a Tashar Tashar Birmingham bayan an kama baƙar fata biyu mazauna saboda amfani da wuraren da fararen fata kawai ke amfani da su. Lauyan masu ƙara, Oscar Adams, ya nemi a yanke hukunci a takaice don a raba ɗakunan jira. Ra'ayinsa shi ne cewa babu wata doka da ta tilasta wa fasinjoji su lura da alamun, don haka duk da cewa kama su bai dace ba, babu wani mataki da za a ɗauka domin ba a raba wannan doka da doka ba. <ref name="Baldwin">{{Cite web |year=1958 |title=''Baldwin v Morgan'' |url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/us/59149ec4add7b0493465fa6a |access-date=2020-06-24 |publisher=Casemine.com}}</ref> Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara ta Amurka ta yanke hukuncinsa a kan ƙara a shekarar 1961. <ref name="BaldwinAppeal">{{Cite web |year=1961 |title=''Baldwin v Morgan'' |url=https://casetext.com/case/baldwin-v-morgan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626185019/https://casetext.com/case/baldwin-v-morgan |archive-date=June 26, 2020 |access-date=2020-06-24 |publisher=casetext.com}}</ref> Lynne ta saurari shari'o'i biyu kan raba gardama a makarantu a Birmingham, ''tsakanin Shuttlesworth da Birmingham Board of Education'' a shekarar 1958 da kuma ''Armstrong da Birmingham Board of Education'' a shekarar 1963. A shari'o'in biyu, makarantun Birmingham ba su nuna bambanci kan shiga makarantu bisa launin fata ba, amma sun aiwatar da gwajin nasara wanda ya haifar da hana ɗaliban baƙar fata shiga makarantun fararen fata. Lynne ta ƙi buƙatar mai ƙara na soke ƙa'idodin shiga makarantu saboda masu ƙara ba su gama da dukkan hanyoyin magance su ba. Bayan an ɗaukaka ƙarar, Kotun Biyar ta soke hukuncin Lynne ta kuma umarce shi da ya bayar da hukuncin raba gardama a makarantun. A matsayin ƙarin matsala, Lynne, a matsayin Babban Alkali, ya kafa wata doka ta tsari cewa lauyoyin da ba sa cikin jihar dole ne su yi hulɗa da wani kamfanin lauyoyi na gida don su yi jayayya a kotu. A wani shari'a, an matsa wa wani lauya na gida ya yanke alaƙarsa da lauyoyin baƙar fata, wanda hakan ya hana su damar a saurari shari'o'in a Kotun Lynne. A watan Yunin 1963, ya umarci Gwamna George Wallace, wanda ya yi alƙawarin toshe ƙofofin shiga Jami'ar Alabama don hana ɗaliban baƙar fata yin rijista, da ya bar Vivian Malone Jones da James Hood su shiga jami'ar, wanda hakan ya kawo ƙarshen wariya a wannan cibiyar. Hukuncin Lynne ya jaddada cewa dole ne a kiyaye doka da oda kuma Wallace ba zai iya hana aiwatar da dokoki ba. Ra'ayinsa game da haƙƙin ɗan adam ya ɗan canza kaɗan bayan lokaci. A ''shari'ar Washington da Lee'' na 1966, kotunsa ta soke wariyar launin fata a gidajen yari, tana buƙatar haɗa dukkan wurare. Kotun Koli ta amince da hukuncinsa a 1968. A shekarar 1973, Alkali Lynne ta karɓi mukamin babban jami'i kuma ta ci gaba da sauraron ƙararraki har zuwa shekarar 2000. A shekarar 1995, an sake wa kotun tarayya da ke Decatur, Alabama suna don girmama shi. == Rayuwa ta Kai da Mutuwa == Lynne ta auri Katherine Lynne kuma tana da ɗa ɗaya, Bobbie. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Samples |first=S. Shay |date=March 2001 |title=Memorials |url=https://www.alabar.org/assets/2014/08/The_Alabama_Lawyer_03-2001.pdf |journal=Alabama Lawyer |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=100}}</ref> Lynne ta mutu a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 2000, a Birmingham. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2000]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1907]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2iemrd20hxfyifqcpn7zpwtlcferk7n 0 136345 822531 779504 2026-04-19T10:03:13Z BnHamid 12586 822531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sir Bernard Ingham''' (21 ga Yuni 1932 – 24 ga Fabrairu 2023) ɗan jarida ne kuma ma'aikacin gwamnati na Birtaniya. Shi ne babbar sakatariyar watsa labarai ta [[Margaret Thatcher]] a tsawon lokacin da ta kasance [[Firayim Minista na United Kingdom|Firayim Minista a Burtaniya]] daga 1979 zuwa 1990. == Bayani == A shekarar 1967, Ingham ya shiga aikin gwamnati, yana aiki a matsayin jami'in watsa labarai da hulda da jama'a kuma darektan bayanai a sassa daban-daban na gwamnati, ciki har da Hukumar Kula da Farashi da Kuɗi ta Ƙasa (1967) da kuma Ma'aikatar Makamashi, 1974–77, inda ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare a Sashen Kula da Makamashi, 1978–79. Mahaifin Ingham kansila ne na Jam'iyyar Labour a Majalisar Garin Hebden Royd, kuma shi kansa memba ne na Jam'iyyar Labour har sai da ya shiga aikin farar hula. Ingham ya tsaya takarar gundumar Conservative Moortown ta Majalisar Birnin Leeds a zaben kansila na 1965 don Jam'iyyar Labour, bayan da ƙungiyar Fabian Society ta zaɓe shi. <ref name="autogenerated1" /> == Sakatariyar Yaɗa Labarai ta Margaret Thatcher == Ingham ya shafe shekaru 11 a matsayin babbar sakatariyar watsa labarai ta [[Margaret Thatcher]] a [[10 titin Downing|Downing Street mai lamba 10]] a lokacin da take Firayim Minista. A tsakanin 1979 zuwa 1990 shi ma shugaban Ofishin Yaɗa Labarai na Gwamnati ne. A lokacin aikinsa na hidimar gwamnati, ya kuma kasance sakataren watsa labarai na Barbara Castle, Robert Carr, Maurice Macmillan, Lord Carrington, Eric Varley da Tony Benn . Duk da cewa Ingham ma'aikacin gwamnati ne, ya sami suna a matsayin mai yada farfaganda mai tasiri ga manufar Thatcherite . Kalmar spin doctor ba ta shiga cikin harshen gama gari ba sai bayan ritayarsa, amma duk da haka an ɗauke shi a matsayin mai baiwa a cikin abin da aka sani da "baƙar fata" na spin. A wancan lokacin, bayanan da aka bayar a Downing Street ba su da tushe, ma'ana bayanan da Ingham ya bayar za a iya danganta su ne kawai da "manyan kafofin gwamnati". A wasu lokutan yana amfani da wannan musantawa don yin bayani kan ministocin gwamnati, kamar lokacin da ya bayyana shugaban Majalisar Wakilai John Biffen a matsayin "mai rabewa" na gwamnati. An yi watsi da Biffen a wani sauye-sauye na gaba. Wannan rashin daidaito tsakanin rawar da ya taka a matsayin ma'aikacin gwamnati da kuma rawar da ya fi nuna goyon baya ga manufofin Margaret Thatcher ya sa Christopher Hitchens ya kwatanta Ingham a matsayin "mutum mai rabewa" da kuma sukar abin da ya gani a matsayin mummunan sakamakon lokacin Ingham a matsayin sakataren yada labarai na Thatcher: "A lokacin da yake kan mulki, Fleet Street ya dauki matakai da dama zuwa ga tsarin Amurka na kula da harkokin shugabanci da kuma girmama mutane, ba tare da samun wani kariyar kundin tsarin mulkin Amurka ba." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hitchens |first=Christopher |date=10 January 1991 |title=What is this Bernard? |journal=London Review of Books |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=9}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1932]] on1i74qeg7clxdg8v8k8k38oc8usfca 0 136597 822484 779894 2026-04-19T09:42:33Z BnHamid 12586 822484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maulvi Sher Ahmad Ammar''' (مولوی شیر احمد عمار مجاهد) ɗan siyasan [[Taliban]] ne na [[Afghanistan]], masanin addinin Musulunci kuma Sheikh-ul-Hadith . A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamna na Lardin Maidan Wardak tun daga 8 ga Nuwamba 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=د میدان وردګو ولایت لپاره نوی ټاکل شوی والي د کورنیو چارو وزارت د اداري مرستیال او کفیل له لوري د ولایت کارکوونکو ته ور وپېژندل شو. &#124; د کورنیو چارو وزارت |url=https://moi.gov.af/ps/%D8%AF-%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%AB%D9%88-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87-%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C-%D9%BC%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%84-%D8%B4%D9%88%DB%8C-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%AF-%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88-%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%88-%DA%A9%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84-%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%AF |website=moi.gov.af}}</ref> Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin gwamnan [[Lardin Herat]] a Afghanistan daga 25 ga Satumba 2021 zuwa 26 ga Oktoba 2021 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=د هرات ولايت نوي والي او مرستیال والي معرفي او دندې یې پيل کړې – الاماره پښتو |url=http://alemarah1.org/?p=237110 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027092927/http://alemarah1.org/?p=237110 |archive-date=27 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Assunção |first=Muri |date=25 September 2021 |title=Taliban hang dead body from crane in Afghan city's main square |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/ny-taliban-hang-dead-body-main-city-herat-afghan-warning-20210925-6rfuepklnfgbrk3ucwbt3tdswe-story.html |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=nydailynews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2021 |title=Afghanistan: Taliban hang bodies as warning in city of Herat |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58691824 |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] k50eubfz87o4ngs3zus17o82ukzc0u3 0 136899 822311 780384 2026-04-18T16:39:02Z BnHamid 12586 822311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sokratis Xynidis''' ([[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]]: ; an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Yuni 1963 a Xanthi, Girka) ɗan siyasan Girka ne kuma tsohon memba na Majalisar Hellenic na Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK). <ref name=":2" /> Ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Ci Gaban Yankin da Gasar (2010-2012) da Babban Sakataren PASOK a karkashin George Papandreou.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2010-10-16 |title=pasok.gr: ΞΥΝΙΔΗΣ ΣΩΚΡΑΤΗΣ |url=http://www.pasok.gr/portal/resource/contentObject/id/3c75ca3c-a216-4653-a4c6-908287fa8d90 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016023544/http://www.pasok.gr/portal/resource/contentObject/id/3c75ca3c-a216-4653-a4c6-908287fa8d90 |archive-date=2010-10-16 |access-date=2023-01-15}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Makris |first=A. |date=2010-09-07 |title=PM Papandreou Announces New Cabinet |url=https://greekreporter.com/2010/09/07/pm-proceeds-to-sweeping-cabinet-reshuffle/ |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=GreekReporter.com |language=en-US |quote=Current PASOK National Council Secretary Socratis Xynidis will serve as a Deputy Minister responsible for northern Greece.}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2011-11-11 |title=This is the new cabinet |url=https://www.protothema.gr/life-style/news-in-english/article/158663/this-is-the-new-cabinet/ |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=ProtoThema |language=el |quote=Ministry of Regional Development and Competitiveness Acting Minister: Socrates Xynidis}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Sokratis a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 1963, a Xanthi . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Makris |first=A. |date=2010-09-07 |title=PM Papandreou Announces New Cabinet |url=https://greekreporter.com/2010/09/07/pm-proceeds-to-sweeping-cabinet-reshuffle/ |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=GreekReporter.com |language=en-US |quote=Current PASOK National Council Secretary Socratis Xynidis will serve as a Deputy Minister responsible for northern Greece.}}</ref> Ya yi karatun Shari'a a Jami'ar Democritus ta Thrace . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-07 |title=Ποιοι είναι οι νέοι υπουργοί-υφυπουργοί |url=https://www.newsbeast.gr/politiki/arthro/40631/poioi-einai-oi-neoi-upourgoi-ufupourgoi |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=Newsbeast |language=el}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009 an zabe shi dan majalisa na Xanthi tare da PASOK . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2010-10-16 |title=pasok.gr: ΞΥΝΙΔΗΣ ΣΩΚΡΑΤΗΣ |url=http://www.pasok.gr/portal/resource/contentObject/id/3c75ca3c-a216-4653-a4c6-908287fa8d90 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016023544/http://www.pasok.gr/portal/resource/contentObject/id/3c75ca3c-a216-4653-a4c6-908287fa8d90 |archive-date=2010-10-16 |access-date=2023-01-15}}</ref> Tun daga watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009 ya kasance Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Kasa ta PASOK, kuma tun daga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2010 ya kasance Mataimakin Ministan Ci Gaban, Gasar da Shiga a Gwamnatin Georgios Papandreou 2009, matsayin da ya riƙe a cikin wannan ma'aikatar da kuma a cikin Gwamnatin Lucas Papademos a shekara ta 2011.[1][2] Ya auri Elina Stavridou, tare da ita yana da 'ya'ya 2.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2010-10-16 |title=pasok.gr: ΞΥΝΙΔΗΣ ΣΩΚΡΑΤΗΣ |url=http://www.pasok.gr/portal/resource/contentObject/id/3c75ca3c-a216-4653-a4c6-908287fa8d90 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016023544/http://www.pasok.gr/portal/resource/contentObject/id/3c75ca3c-a216-4653-a4c6-908287fa8d90 |archive-date=2010-10-16 |access-date=2023-01-15}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] erxm3wgi0uzc2y6j1mr6w0kpr2hwqom 0 137522 822307 781701 2026-04-18T16:37:31Z BnHamid 12586 822307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marshall Reese Mauldin''' (5 ga Nuwamba, 1914 - 2 ga Satumba, 1990) ya kasance dan wasan Kwallon ƙafa na uku na Amurka a Major League Baseball . Ya buga wa Chicago White Sox wasa a shekara ta 1934. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1914]] oyx0poky4szt18bu3vrotiqdu3qwmwm 0 137549 822287 781737 2026-04-18T16:32:39Z BnHamid 12586 822287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Giannis Baltimas (Greek: Γιάννης Μπαλτιμάς; born 21 June 1975) is a retired Greek football goalkeeper.[1] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]] rauscw8ck47x151y9yg7xmzr6a0ctci 822290 822287 2026-04-18T16:33:36Z BnHamid 12586 822290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Giannis Baltimas (Girkanci: Γιάννης Βαλτιμάς; an haife shi ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, 1975) golan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Girka mai ritaya. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]] 4z30lamxrkth2zwhz4km25ek7452iy4 0 137585 822255 781784 2026-04-18T16:22:38Z BnHamid 12586 822255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bryson na Akaya''' (ko '''Bryson na Achaean'''; Girkanci: Βρύσων ὁ ̆ ̆ ]] Vryson, Gen.: Βρύσος ''Vrysonos''; fl. 330 BC) masanin falsafa ne na Girka. Wataƙila ba mutum ɗaya ba ne da Bryson na Heraclea, [1] masanin lissafi da lissafi wanda da alama ya rayu a zamanin Socrates. Suda, a cikin shigarwa a kan Socrates, na iya rikitar da Brysons biyu lokacin da yake nufin Bryson na Heraclea:<blockquote>Bryson na Heraclea ya gabatar da eristic dialectic bayan Euclid, yayin da Clinomachus ya kara shi, kuma yayin da mutane da yawa suka zo saboda shi, ya zo ƙarshe tare da Zeno na Citium, domin ya ba shi sunan Stoic, bayan wurin da yake, wannan ya faru a cikin Olympiad na 105; amma wasu [sun ce] Bryson dalibi ne ba na Socrates ba amma na Euclides</blockquote> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] inlmnjjkofl4evxaripcf6our6ke7bf 0 137587 822523 781786 2026-04-19T09:57:22Z BnHamid 12586 822523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Italiote League of city-states an Akaya ta ne a cikin kimanin 430 BC ta yankuna da yawa na Girka Achaean a kudancin Italiya. {{Spaces}} Wannan yankin na Italiotes (masu magana da Girkanci na Italiya) wani ɓangare ne na abin da daga baya Romawa suka kira [[Magna Graecia]]. == Tarihi == An kafa shi ne mai yiwuwa don kare biranen daga hare-haren Lucanians, sabon abokin gaba mai ban tsoro wanda ya ci sojojin Thurii a cikin 390 BC.[1] Ya ƙunshi aƙalla Kroton, Kaulon, Thurii, Metapontum, Elea, Hipponion, Rhegion, Poseidonia, Taras da Heraclea. Polybius da Diodorus kowannensu ya bayyana ƙungiyar biranen Italiote a ƙarni na 5 da 4 BC, kuma yawanci ana yarda da su cewa suna bayyana wannan ƙungiyar. Koyaya, yana iya zama cewa ƙungiyoyi biyu daban-daban sun wanzu, kuma ƙungiyar Polybius, wadda jihohin Achaean guda uku suka kafa a cikin 430 BC, an kafa ta ne don magance maƙwabtansu masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Italiote (Thurii da Locri), waɗanda manyan masu iko suka goyi bayan su. Diodorus na iya bayyana wata ƙungiya, ko kuma sake tsarawa, wanda aka kafa a cikin 393 BC ta babbar ƙungiyar jihohin Italiote, don magance saiti daban-daban na abokan gaba, musamman Dionysius I na Syracuse da Lucanians ke tallafawa.{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}} Kroton shine shugaban farko na ƙungiyar daga kimanin 430 BC, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar tsabar kudi. Taras ya karɓi iko da League bayan Dionysius I ya kama Kroton a cikin 379 BC, wanda ya riƙe fiye da ƙarni ɗaya.<ref>Polybius 2.38-29</ref> An sake komawa bikin league zuwa Heraclea, mulkin mallaka na Tarantine.{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}} Dionysius na ci kudancin Italiya (Magna Graecia), ya murkushe Italiote League a Yaƙin Elleporus a cikin 389 BC, kuma ya lalata Rhegium bayan Siege na Rhegium a cikin 387 BC.<ref>Polybius 2.38-29</ref> Koyaya, Italiote League ta ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa akalla Pyrrhic War a cikin 278 BC.{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4zorlda69wcnkscihq5gsl63tguzwp1 0 137880 822239 782291 2026-04-18T16:18:31Z BnHamid 12586 822239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Juria Kawakami (川上 日本, Kawakami Juria; an haife ta a ranar 13 ga watan Disamba, 1993) <ref name="profile">{{Cite web |title=PROFILE｜JURIAN BEAT CRISIS（ジュリアン・ビート・クライシス） |url=http://www.avexnet.or.jp/juribe/profile/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222085650/http://www.avexnet.or.jp/juribe/profile/ |archive-date=February 22, 2010 |access-date=February 12, 2010 |language=Japanese}}</ref> 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Japan kuma tsohuwar mawaƙa. Bayan ta fara ne a matsayin yarinya, a shekara ta 2009, ta fara fitowa a matsayin jagora na aikin kiɗa na solo Jurian Beat Crisis tare da waƙar "Go! Let's Go!" A duk lokacin da take aiki, an yi waƙoƙin Kawakami niyya ga ɗaliban makarantar sakandare, kuma an nada ta manajan murna na Gasar Baseball ta Makarantar Japan ta 2011, tare da ta farko ta jiki, "Zutto Koko kara", wanda aka saki a matsayin taken taken taron. A cikin 2012, Kawakami ta ci gaba da aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo kuma ta mai da hankali kan shi cikakken lokaci bayan fitowar kundi na biyu, Sotsugyō: Glorious Days . Shahararrun rawar sun hada da Ayaka Suzuki a cikin Akuryō Byōtō [ja] da Marina Shinagawa a cikin Mischievous Kiss 2: Love in Tokyo . Bugu da kari, Kawakami ya bayyana a cikin wasannin mataki da yawa, kamar Naoto Shirogane a cikin VisuaLive Persona 4: The Evolution, Saki Yamagishi a cikin ''Abokai na Makon Daya'', Narukami a cikin Kamisama Hajimemashita: The Musical, da Ms. Accord a cikin Puyo Puyo On Stage . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Juria Kawakami kuma ta girma a [[Hokkaido]], Japan . <ref name="profile">{{Cite web |title=PROFILE｜JURIAN BEAT CRISIS（ジュリアン・ビート・クライシス） |url=http://www.avexnet.or.jp/juribe/profile/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222085650/http://www.avexnet.or.jp/juribe/profile/ |archive-date=February 22, 2010 |access-date=February 12, 2010 |language=Japanese}}</ref> Tun tana ƙarama, tana jin kunya sosai. Da yake damuwa game da wannan, mahaifiyarta ta bukaci ta dauki darussan waka da rawa.<ref name="profile" /> Ba da daɗewa ba ta zama mai sha'awar raira waƙa, kuma an "warkar da jin kunya" <ref name="profile" /> == Ayyuka == === 2009-2012: Rikicin Jurian Beat === Da farko a cikin aikinta, Kawakami ta kasance wani ɓangare na reshen Hokkaido na Actors Studio a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. A shekara ta 2005, Kawakami ta yi sauraro don A-Motion '05, sauraro da Avex Group ta gudanar, amma ba ta wuce zagaye na biyu ba. Ta sake yin sauraro a shekara mai zuwa a A-Moción '06, ta yi waƙar "Soba Kasu" ta Judy da Mary kuma ta lashe Grand Prix daga cikin masu hamayya 10,000. A shekara ta 2009, Kawakami ta fara fitowa a matsayin Jurian Beat Crisis, tare da shirye-shiryen sakin guda ɗaya na dijital a kowane wata a cikin shekara guda. Dukkanin waƙoƙi 12 da za a saki sun hada da {{Interlanguage link|Jun Sky Walker(s)|ja|JUN SKY WALKER(S)}} (s) guitarist {{Interlanguage link|Junta Mori|ja|森純太}} , tare da membobin Lindberg {{Interlanguage link|Maki Watase|ja|渡瀬マキ}} rubuta kalmomin kuma {{Interlanguage link|Tatsuya Hirokawa|ja|平川達也}} shirya waƙoƙin.<ref name="natalie 2009-09-02" /> An sayar da Jurian Beat Crisis a matsayin aikin kiɗa na solo, wanda Kawakami shine jagorar mawaƙanta.<ref name="natalie 2009-09-02" /> An kuma sayar da Jurian Beat Crisis ga ɗaliban makarantar sakandare, kamar yadda Kawakami kanta ɗalibar makarantar sakandare ce kuma an rubuta kalmomin waƙoƙinta daga hangen nesa na ɗaliban makarantar sekandare.<ref name="natalie 2009-09-02" /> Don inganta Jurian Beat Crisis ta farko, an nuna Kawakami a cikin shirin talabijin nata mai taken Juribe Channel a kan Fuji TV 2, kuma an tsara wani shafi mai taken Juria's Banana Days a cikin Seventeen . <ref name="natalie 2009-09-02" /> A ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, 2009, Jurian Beat Crisis ta fara wasan kwaikwayo a A-Nation '09 tare da waƙar "Go! Let's Go! " [1] Daga baya aka saki waƙar ta hanyar dijital a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2009. [2] "Ku tafi! Bari mu tafi! "an yi amfani da ita a cikin tallace-tallace don Bourbon Petit Series [ja] don watan Yuli kafin a sake shi. A ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 2009, Jurian Beat Crisis ta fitar da waƙarta ta biyu, "Hurricane Love", ta hanyar dijital, wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman waƙar da ta ƙare don nunawa iri-iri ta Oto no Moto [ja] na watan Oktoba. [2] Kawakami ta bayyana Ƙasar A matsayin "lokacin da ta bayyana a gaban abokin hamayyar soyayya", inda take fatan cewa waƙar za ta haifar da tabbaci a lokacin da kanta a shirye take ta rasa saboda abokin hamayenta sosai saboda abokin hamayya.[3] Jurian Beat Crisis ta uku dijital guda, "Lonely Flight", an sake shi a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 2009, wanda ya biyo bayan ta huɗu ta dijital, "Aitai yo...[3][4] Ka so ka", a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 2009.[5] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1aksuwsg15m84qt1uypti4hllr1tbp9 0 138157 822491 782877 2026-04-19T09:46:24Z BnHamid 12586 822491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Noboru Sugimura (杉村 升, Sugimura Noboru; Yuni 28, 1948 - Fabrairu 25, 2005) [1] ya kasance marubucin gidan talabijin na Jafananci da kuma marubucin wasan bidiyo wanda aka fi sani da aikinsa akan Jarumi Metal, Super Sentai, Evil Resident, Crisis Dino, da jerin Onimusha. == Ayyuka == Ya yi karatu a karkashin Ei Ogawa, daya daga cikin manyan marubutan wasan kwaikwayo na Japan ''Taiyō ko Hoero!''! cewa an hayar Sugimura a cikin 1975, yana nuna aikinsa na farko a matsayin mai shirya wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="profile">{{Cite web |title=鬼武者２　［集］の章 |url=http://www.capcom.co.jp/newproducts/consumer/onimusha2/oni2/005.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813024431/http://www.capcom.co.jp/newproducts/consumer/onimusha2/oni2/005.html |archive-date=August 13, 2011 |access-date=November 22, 2017 |publisher=[[Capcom Co., Ltd.]]}}</ref> Da ya fara kasuwancin kansa, ya ci gaba da zama babban marubucin ''Sukeban Deka'' da Metal Hero Series, kuma daga baya ya kirkiro abubuwan da suka faru ga ''Seibu Keisatsu'', Lupin III Sashe na II, ''Hadaka no Taishō'' da ''Kamen Rider Black''.<ref name="profile" /> == Kyaututtuka na rubutun allo == • asterisk= shugaban marubuci === Talabijin === * ''Kamen Rider ZO'' (1993) * ''Gosei Sentai Dairanger'' (1993) * ''Ninja Sentai Kakuranger'' (1994) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r0uh4nzr5giny4k99c0gwpr5r3qu2nu 0 138290 822529 783130 2026-04-19T10:01:19Z BnHamid 12586 822529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Juraj Jakubisko''' (30 Afrilu 1938 - 24 Fabrairu 2023) daraktan fina-finai ne na Slovakia. Ya jagoranci fina-finai goma sha biyar, tsakanin 1967 da 2008. Sau da yawa yana ɗaukar matsayi biyu na mai daukar hoto a fina-finansa, da kuma rubuta ko rubuta rubutun tare. A shekara ta 2000 an nada shi a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Daraktan Slovakia na ƙarni na 20 ta hanyar masu sukar fina-finai da 'yan jarida. <ref name="ct">{{Cite web |title=Juraj Jakubisko |url=http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/specialy/bathory/en/crew/juraj-jakubisko/ |access-date=15 February 2018 |website=Ceska Televize}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana siffanta aikinsa da sihirin gaske . <ref name="ct" /> == Sana'a == Kafin ya shiga masana'antar fina-finai, Jakubisko ya koyar da daukar hoto a makarantar sakandare don fasahar aikace-aikace a [[Bratislava]], <ref name="ct">{{Cite web |title=Juraj Jakubisko |url=http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/specialy/bathory/en/crew/juraj-jakubisko/ |access-date=15 February 2018 |website=Ceska Televize}}</ref> kuma ya yi aiki a wani kamfanin talabijin a Košice . A shekarar 1960 ya koma [[Prag|Prague]] inda ya halarci Makarantar Fina-finai da Talabijin ta Kwalejin Fasaha ta Wasan Kwaikwayo (FAMU), inda ya karanci jagorancin fina-finai a karkashin Václav Wasserman . <ref name="ct" /> Ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1965 kuma ya fara aiki tare da Alfred Radok a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Laterna Magika da ke [[Prag|Prague]] . Ya fara samun yabo daga kasashen duniya da gajerun fina-finansa na gwaji kafin ya fara yin fim dinsa na farko mai suna ''[[Crucial Years]]'' ( Slovak ) a shekarar 1967. Wannan fim ɗin ya lashe kyautar FIPRESCI da kuma kyautar Josef von Sternberg a Mannheim, Jamus. <ref name="ct" /> Fim ɗinsa na gaba, ''[[Deserters and Pilgrims]]'', ya lashe kyautar Little Lion ga matasa masu fasaha a bikin fina-finai na Venice . <ref name="ct" /> Ayyukan Jakubisko sun yi tasiri sosai a rayuwar Jakubisko sakamakon abubuwan da suka faru a Czechoslovakia, inda aikinsa ke fuskantar takunkumi a lokacin da Soviet ta mamaye yarjejeniyar Warsaw a martanin da aka samu a lokacin bazara na Prague . A lokacin " daidaitawa " wanda ya biyo baya, ya yi wasu shirye-shiryen fim, amma babu manyan fina-finai. [1] Ya dauki fim din Three Sacks of Siment and a Live Rooster ( Slovak ) a shekarar 1976, amma ba a sake shi ba sai a shekarar 1978. Jakubisko ya dawo don yin fim a 1979 tare da ''[[Build a House, Plant a Tree|Gina Gida, Shuka Itace]]'' ( Slovak ), wanda duk da haka aka haramta shi saboda saƙonnin da suka saba wa gwamnati, amma ba kafin a yi masa maraba mai kyau a wani bikin fina-finai a [[Amsterdam]] ba. <ref name="ct">{{Cite web |title=Juraj Jakubisko |url=http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/specialy/bathory/en/crew/juraj-jakubisko/ |access-date=15 February 2018 |website=Ceska Televize}}</ref> Nasarar da aka samu a Amsterdam ta tabbatar da ƙarfafa aikin Jakubisko, <ref name="ct" /> wanda ya kai ga lokacin da ya dace, wanda ya ƙare a cikin fim ɗin 1983 mai suna ''The Millennial Bee'' ( Slovak Wannan fim ɗin ya yi nasara sosai, inda ya sayar da gidajen sinima tsawon makonni da yawa bayan fitowarsa, sannan ya lashe kyaututtuka a bukukuwan fina-finai a [[Sevilla|Seville]] da Venice. Daga baya 'yan jaridar Czechoslovakia suka sanya wa fim ɗin suna mafi kyawun fim na shekarun 1980. <ref name="ct" /> A shekarar 1985, Jakubisko ya jagoranci wani fim na yara, ''The Feather Fairy'', wanda ya nuna Giulietta Masina, matar Federico Fellini, wacce Jakubisko shi ma ya yi abota ta kud da kud da ita. <ref name="ct">{{Cite web |title=Juraj Jakubisko |url=http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/specialy/bathory/en/crew/juraj-jakubisko/ |access-date=15 February 2018 |website=Ceska Televize}}</ref> Fim ɗinsa ''mai suna Sitting on a Branch, Enjoying Myself'', wanda aka fitar watanni uku kafin ƙarshen mulkin kwaminisanci a Czechoslovakia, ya sami yabo daga Jakubisko a duniya, ciki har da Babban Kyauta a Bikin Fina-finai na Duniya na Moscow a 1990. <ref name="ct" /> A shekarar 1990, an kuma fitar da fim ɗin Jakubisko mai suna ''See You In Hell, My Friends'' wanda aka dakatar shekaru 20 da suka gabata daga masu binciken kwaminisanci. <ref name="ct" /> Jakubisko da matarsa sun ƙaura zuwa [[Prag|Prague]] bayan rugujewar Czechoslovakia a shekarar 1993, suka kuma kafa kamfanin shirya fina-finai, Jakubisko. Fim ɗin Jakubisko na gaba mai suna shine ''Rahoton da ba a san shi ba game da ƙarshen duniya'' (1997), wani barkwanci mai ban dariya wanda ya dogara da annabcin Nostradamus . Fim ɗin ya lashe kyaututtukan Czech Lion guda huɗu. <ref name="ct">{{Cite web |title=Juraj Jakubisko |url=http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/specialy/bathory/en/crew/juraj-jakubisko/ |access-date=15 February 2018 |website=Ceska Televize}}</ref> A shekarar 1998 Jakubisko ya shiga Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Turai, kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Maverick ta Taos Talking Pictures Film Festival . <ref name="ct" /> A shekarar 2000 an naɗa shi a matsayin Daraktan Slovakia mafi kyau na ƙarni na 20 ta marubutan fina-finai, kuma ya lashe lambar zinare a [[Belgrade]] saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga sinima ta duniya. <ref name="ct" /> A watan Yunin 2001, an naɗa shi malami a FAMU, makarantar da ya yi karatun digiri, kuma an ba shi kyautar nasara ta rayuwa ta Masaryk Academy of Art da ke Prague. <ref name="ct">{{Cite web |title=Juraj Jakubisko |url=http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/specialy/bathory/en/crew/juraj-jakubisko/ |access-date=15 February 2018 |website=Ceska Televize}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002 ya sami kyautar Czech Lion saboda nasarar fasaha kuma ya sami Pribina Cross daga gwamnatin Slovak, kyautar musamman da aka ba wa waɗanda suka taimaka wajen ci gaban tattalin arziki, zamantakewa ko al'adu na Slovakia. <ref name="ct" /> Fim ɗinsa na gaba shine ''[[Post Coitum]]'' (2004), wani barkwanci game da soyayya wanda Franco Nero ya fito a ciki. <ref name="ct" /> === ''Bathory'' === A shekarar 2008 aka fitar da fim ɗin ''Bathory'', wanda Anna Friel ta fito a matsayin sarauniyar Hungary ta ƙarni na 16-17 kuma wacce ake zargi da kisan gilla Elizabeth Báthory, wacce aka yi ikirarin ta wanke jinin ƙananan mata 'yan Slovak. An fara sanya Famke Janssen a cikin fim ɗin. Baya ga kasancewar fim ɗin Jakubisko na farko [[Turanci|da aka yi a harshen Ingilishi]], an ruwaito cewa ''Bathory'' shine fim mafi tsada a tarihin sinima na Czech ko Slovak , wanda ya shafi saka hannun jari daga kamfanoni da dama a faɗin Turai. A shekara ta 2007, an ruwaito cewa tsoffin ma'aikatan shirya fina-finai biyu, Jan Milič da Karel Lupoměský, sun sace kwafin fim ɗin daga ɗakunan studio a Prague kuma suna barazanar sakin sa a Intanet idan ba a ba su £12,000 ba. Ba da daɗewa ba aka kama su kuma aka dawo da fim ɗin, da alama ba tare da an sake shi a intanet ba. An same su da laifi kuma an yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin watanni takwas da goma saboda yunƙurin ɓata wa furodusa Deana Horváthová suna. An gudanar da bikin nuna fina-finan ''Bathory'' a duniya a bikin fina-finai na Karlovy Vary, Jamhuriyar Czech a ranar 10 ga Yuli, 2008. An sanya wa fim ɗin suna fim mafi nasara a kowane lokaci a Slovakia. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 11dpdlwpvmajs5vonhlkvo87wi9fuqw 0 138337 822274 783197 2026-04-18T16:28:45Z BnHamid 12586 822274 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Judith_Belzer_From_the_Anthropocene.jpeg|right|thumb|Judith Belzer, ''Daga Anthropocene #5'', mai a kan zane, 60" x 60", 2015.]] '''Judith Belzer''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1956) wata mai zane ce 'yar Amurka da ke zaune a Berkeley, California . An san ta da mai mai ɗan gajeren bayani da kuma ruwan da ke nuna yanayin ƙasa da aka ƙirƙira inda halittu na halitta da na gine-gine ke haɗuwa da haɗuwa. An bayyana waɗannan yanayi na haɗin gwiwa a matsayin masu ƙarfi, nesa amma masu bayyanawa, kuma ba sa buƙatar magani - sun fi tayar da hankali fiye da lura da canjin muhalli. <ref name="Rogers18" /> A cikin wani bita na ''harbin bindiga'' Barbara Morris ta rubuta, "Belzer ta bincika gefen inda duniyar halitta ke hulɗa da yanayin masana'antu, tana mai jaddada yadda ake maimaita salon da alamu da aka samu a cikin yanayi a cikin tsarin da ɗan adam ya ƙirƙira ... [da] isar da ƙarfinmu na damuwa yayin da muke fafutukar daidaito a cikin duniyar da ayyukanmu suka canza har abada." <ref name="Morris14" /> Belzer ta yi baje kolin a wurare da suka haɗa da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha da Zane (New York), Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Berkeley (BAMPFA), Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Nevada, Gidan Tarihi na Yahudawa na Zamani (San Francisco), da Gidan Tarihi na Kwalejin Mills . Ayyukanta na tarin BAMPFA na dindindin da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Nevada ne. A shekarar 2014, ta sami tallafin Guggenheim . Belzer ta auri ɗan jarida kuma marubuci Michael Pollan . == Ilimi da nune-nunen == An haifi Belzer a shekarar 1956 a Chicago. Ta yi rajista a Kwalejin Bennington a shekarar 1974, inda ta yi karatun digiri a Turanci kuma ta haɗu da Pollan; a shekarar 1979, ta kammala digirinta a Kwalejin Barnard . [1] Bayan kammala karatunta, ta zauna a Manhattan kuma ta yi karatun fasaha a Makarantar Studio ta New York, kafin ta koma ƙauyen Cornwall, Connecticut a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. [1] [2] [3] A wannan lokacin, ta fara samun kulawa mai mahimmanci ga zane-zanen yanayi ta hanyar bincike [4] [5] da kuma nune-nunen a Berry-Hill Galleries (1996–2005) a New York [6] [7] da kuma Richardson-Clarke Gallery a Boston (1994–2000). A shekara ta 2003, Belzer ta ƙaura daga Gabashin Tekun zuwa Berkeley, inda sararin samaniya, yanayin ƙasa da yanayin birane suka canza aikinta a hankali. Nunin da ta yi ni kaɗai daga baya ya faru a Gidan Tarihi na Gundumar Sonoma (2007), Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Nevada (2018), da kuma gidajen tarihi da suka haɗa da Morgan Lehman (New York, 2008–13), Valerie Carberry (Chicago, 2007–10), da George Lawson (2010–16), Anglim Trimble (2021) da Hosfelt Gallery (2022–yanzu) a San Francisco. == Aiki da liyafa == Fasahar Belzer ta haɗu ta hanyar ci gaba da hulɗa da fahimtar abin da "yanayi" ya ƙunsa da kuma faɗaɗa a hankali. Masu suka sun siffanta hanyarta a matsayin bincike kan tsarin rayuwar halitta da zamantakewa, wanda ya motsa daga hangen nesa na lu'ulu'u da na tantanin halitta zuwa sararin samaniya. Aiki a matakin shimfidar wuri ya haifar da sauye-sauye na yau da kullun waɗanda suka haɗu don ƙirƙirar kuzarin wasa da ƙarfi na zane-zanenta na baya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: palette mai ƙarfi na launi; <ref name="Taylor14" /> yin alama ta layi wanda masu kallo ke haɗawa da rubutu da karatunta na farko a cikin harshe; zane mai zurfi kamar gajeriyar zane; da ra'ayoyi marasa daidaito, masu karkata tare da wurare da yawa na gani. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] ix5a5t4thc9ypbzhpngh1w2pqqs2fpx 822275 822274 2026-04-18T16:28:55Z BnHamid 12586 822275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Judith_Belzer_From_the_Anthropocene.jpeg|right|thumb|Judith Belzer, ''Daga Anthropocene #5'', mai a kan zane, 60" x 60", 2015.]] '''Judith Belzer''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1956) wata mai zane ce 'yar Amurka da ke zaune a Berkeley, California . An san ta da mai mai ɗan gajeren bayani da kuma ruwan da ke nuna yanayin ƙasa da aka ƙirƙira inda halittu na halitta da na gine-gine ke haɗuwa da haɗuwa. An bayyana waɗannan yanayi na haɗin gwiwa a matsayin masu ƙarfi, nesa amma masu bayyanawa, kuma ba sa buƙatar magani - sun fi tayar da hankali fiye da lura da canjin muhalli. <ref name="Rogers18" /> A cikin wani bita na ''harbin bindiga'' Barbara Morris ta rubuta, "Belzer ta bincika gefen inda duniyar halitta ke hulɗa da yanayin masana'antu, tana mai jaddada yadda ake maimaita salon da alamu da aka samu a cikin yanayi a cikin tsarin da ɗan adam ya ƙirƙira ... [da] isar da ƙarfinmu na damuwa yayin da muke fafutukar daidaito a cikin duniyar da ayyukanmu suka canza har abada." <ref name="Morris14" /> Belzer ta yi baje kolin a wurare da suka haɗa da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha da Zane (New York), Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Berkeley (BAMPFA), Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Nevada, Gidan Tarihi na Yahudawa na Zamani (San Francisco), da Gidan Tarihi na Kwalejin Mills . Ayyukanta na tarin BAMPFA na dindindin da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Nevada ne. A shekarar 2014, ta sami tallafin Guggenheim . Belzer ta auri ɗan jarida kuma marubuci Michael Pollan . == Ilimi da nune-nunen == An haifi Belzer a shekarar 1956 a Chicago. Ta yi rajista a Kwalejin Bennington a shekarar 1974, inda ta yi karatun digiri a Turanci kuma ta haɗu da Pollan; a shekarar 1979, ta kammala digirinta a Kwalejin Barnard . [1] Bayan kammala karatunta, ta zauna a Manhattan kuma ta yi karatun fasaha a Makarantar Studio ta New York, kafin ta koma ƙauyen Cornwall, Connecticut a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. [1] [2] [3] A wannan lokacin, ta fara samun kulawa mai mahimmanci ga zane-zanen yanayi ta hanyar bincike [4] [5] da kuma nune-nunen a Berry-Hill Galleries (1996–2005) a New York [6] [7] da kuma Richardson-Clarke Gallery a Boston (1994–2000). A shekara ta 2003, Belzer ta ƙaura daga Gabashin Tekun zuwa Berkeley, inda sararin samaniya, yanayin ƙasa da yanayin birane suka canza aikinta a hankali. Nunin da ta yi ni kaɗai daga baya ya faru a Gidan Tarihi na Gundumar Sonoma (2007), Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Nevada (2018), da kuma gidajen tarihi da suka haɗa da Morgan Lehman (New York, 2008–13), Valerie Carberry (Chicago, 2007–10), da George Lawson (2010–16), Anglim Trimble (2021) da Hosfelt Gallery (2022–yanzu) a San Francisco. == Aiki da liyafa == Fasahar Belzer ta haɗu ta hanyar ci gaba da hulɗa da fahimtar abin da "yanayi" ya ƙunsa da kuma faɗaɗa a hankali. Masu suka sun siffanta hanyarta a matsayin bincike kan tsarin rayuwar halitta da zamantakewa, wanda ya motsa daga hangen nesa na lu'ulu'u da na tantanin halitta zuwa sararin samaniya. Aiki a matakin shimfidar wuri ya haifar da sauye-sauye na yau da kullun waɗanda suka haɗu don ƙirƙirar kuzarin wasa da ƙarfi na zane-zanenta na baya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: palette mai ƙarfi na launi; <ref name="Taylor14" /> yin alama ta layi wanda masu kallo ke haɗawa da rubutu da karatunta na farko a cikin harshe; zane mai zurfi kamar gajeriyar zane; da ra'ayoyi marasa daidaito, masu karkata tare da wurare da yawa na gani. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] akg51pyohcxoikarms16ks4wx9auxr9 0 140672 822496 795622 2026-04-19T09:48:39Z BnHamid 12586 822496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Goody''' ko goodie abinci ne mai ɗanɗano na Irish wanda aka yi ta hanyar tafasa burodi a cikin [[madara]] tare da [[sukari]] da kayan yaji. Sau da yawa ana ba da shi ga yara ko tsofaffi waɗanda ke warkewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Irish Food - Irish Cuisine - Food of Ireland |url=http://www.worldwidewebawards.net/Food/Ireland.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614031706/http://www.worldwidewebawards.net/Food/Ireland.html |archive-date=2014-06-14 |access-date=2014-10-29}}</ref> Ana cin wannan abincin a ranar St. John's Eve, lokacin da za a shirya shi kusa da gobarar da aka kunna don yin bikin. An shirya bambancin ta amfani da shayi mai madara don tsoma burodi. Iyaye kuma suna shirya abincin don ba wa yara lokacin da suke da ciki. Yara da yawa an ba su wannan a cikin karni na 20 a matsayin abin sha a gidajen makwabta ko bayan makaranta a matsayin abun ciye-ciye kafin cin abinci. [ana binciken hujja] [citation need] Bambancin zamani yana ƙara foda koko da digon cakulan. [ana yanayi hujja] == Dubi kuma == * Jerin abincin Irish * Popara == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} o1yng4j0drujdd4jlwyp3hiy5yusdsb 0 140993 822304 796545 2026-04-18T16:36:57Z BnHamid 12586 822304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hüsamzade Abdurrahman Efendi''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Kocahüsamzade Abdurrahman Efendi''' ko Tulumcuzade Ab Durrahman E fendi, masanin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]] ne kuma marubuci na karni na 17 kuma ya kasance a takaice Shaykh al-Islām . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Abdurrahman a [[Istanbul]] a cikin shekara ta 1594-95. Shi ɗan Tulumcu Koca Hüsam Efendi ne, qadi na Istanbul . Bayan kammala karatunsa na [[Makarantar Islamiyya|madrasa]], ya zama mataimakin (mülâzım) na Shaykh al-Islām [[:tr:Hocazade Mehmed Efendi|Hocazâde Mehmed Efendi]] . Daga baya, ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin malamai daban-daban a [[Misra|Misira]], [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]], da [[Madinah|Madina]]. A wani lokaci, ya zama masanin Taliq calligrapher da archer. == Ayyuka == Lokacin da Abdurrahman ya koma Anatolia, ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a madrasas daban-daban, kamar Sahn-ı Semân, [[Hagia Sophia|Ayasofya]], da [[Masallacin Süleymaniye|Süleymaniye]] . Tsakanin 1640 da 1645, ya yi aiki a matsayin qadi a [[Aleppo]], Damascus, da Istanbul . A shekara ta 1649, an nada shi kazasker na Anatolia, amma an kore shi a shekara mai zuwa. A shekara ta 1652, an nada shi kazasker na Rumeriya, amma an sake sallame shi ba da daɗewa ba.[2]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Katgı |first=İsmail |date=2012 |title=Osmanlı Devleti’nde Ulemâ Yozlaşmasının Tipik Bir Temsilcisi Olarak Safranbolu’lu Hüseyin Efendi: Nam-ı Diğer Cinci Hoca |trans-title=Hüseyin Efendi of Safranbolu, Also Known as Cinci Hoca: A Typical Representative of the Degeneration of the Ulema in the Ottoman Empire |url=https://www.muharrembalci.com/hukukdunyasi/alintilar/1458.pdf |journal=Hikmet Yurdu |language=tr |volume=5 |issue=10 |page=203 n. 16 |access-date=5 October 2024}}</ref> Bayan korar [[:tr:Ebusaid Mehmed Efendi|Ebûsaid Mehmed Efendi]] na uku daga mukamin Shaykh al-Islām, an nada Abdurrahman, a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1655. A lokacin Abin da ya faru a Çınar na shekara ta 1656, Abdurrahman ya ba da shawarar a kan taron Sultan Mehmed IV da 'yan tawaye don haka an kore shi daga mukaminsa (ko ya nemi a kore shi) a watan Maris na shekara ta 1666. Bayan korar shi, ya nemi kuma an ba shi matsayin qadi na Urushalima. Ya kuma zauna a Damascus na ɗan lokaci. Daga baya, an sanya shi qadi na [[Gaziantep|Aintab]] sannan kuma qadi na [[Giza]]. Ya mutu a Misira a watan Satumba na shekara ta 1670. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Sheikh-ul-Islams of the Ottoman Empire}} 10p9e0ot3t677bpspbcvbd1co6e43ni 0 141042 822283 796626 2026-04-18T16:31:35Z BnHamid 12586 822283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ma Yuanxiang''' (10 ga Oktoba 1897 - 16 ga Mayu 1953; Sinanci mai sauƙi: 马元祥; Sinanci na gargajiya: 馬元祥; : ; : Ma Yüan-hsiang, Xiao'erjing: مَا يُوًا شِیْا) ya kasance [[Mutanen Hui|Musulmi na Hui]] a cikin Sojojin Juyin Juya Halin Kasa na Jamhuriyar Sin kuma memba na Maque . == Tarihin rayuwa == Wani dangi ne na dangin Ma, ya yi aiki na shekaru da yawa a Qinghai tare da Sojojin Juyin Juya Halin Kasa. A lokacin Yaƙin Sin da Japan na Biyu, Ma ya yi yaƙi a ƙarƙashin umurnin Janar Ma Biao kuma an ji masa rauni a cikin aiki a Yaƙin Huaiyang, inda aka ci sojojin Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=马家军悲壮的抗战：百名骑兵集体投河殉国--军事频道-中华网-中国最大军事网站 |url=http://military.china.com/zh_cn/dljl/krzz/01/11044207/20080919/15096066.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411173043/http://military.china.com/zh_cn/dljl/krzz/01/11044207/20080919/15096066.html |archive-date=2011-04-11 |access-date=2016-04-12}}</ref> Bayan ya yi kamar ya mika wuya ga Sojojin 'Yancin Jama'a a 1949, sai ya rabu a 1950 kuma ya fara tawaye. Da yake aiki a matsayin jami'in da ke ƙarƙashin Ma Liang, ya umurci rundunar soja ta 102 ta Sojojin Ƙasashen Ƙasashen Kudu maso Yamma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Steen Ammentorp |date=2000–2009 |title=The Generals of WWII Generals from China Ma Yuanxiang |url=http://www.generals.dk/general/Ma_Yuanxiang/_/China.html |access-date=31 October 2010 |publisher=}}</ref> Ma Yuanxiang da Ma Liang (janar) sun yi yaƙi da sojojin Kwaminisanci a lokacin Kuomintang Islamic Insurgency a China (1950-1958). Sojojin kwaminisanci ne suka kashe shi a yaƙi a 1953. Bayan mutuwarsa, gwamnatin Kuomintang a Taiwan ta inganta shi zuwa janar janar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=馬元祥 |url=https://digroc.pccu.edu.tw/CNH/Personage/personage.aspx?ID=0002083 |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=[[Chinese Culture University]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1897]] pgeit2e0z93ffkvxlcewhhncwgd0o4i 0 141129 822280 796960 2026-04-18T16:30:46Z BnHamid 12586 822280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[Masallaci]] Hayat Bakshi''' kuma Masallacinayat Bakshi Begum Masallaci ne da ke Hayathnagar, kusa da [[Hyderabad]], a cikin Gundumar Hyderabad ta jihar [[Telangana]], Indiya . An gina shi a shekara ta 1672 a lokacin mulkin Abdullah Qutb Shah Sultan na biyar na Golconda, kuma an sanya masa suna bayan Hayat Bakshi Begum.<ref name="india1">{{Cite web |date=2005-06-07 |title=Hayat Bakshi Begum Mosque in Hayath Nagar India |url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Hayat-Bakshi-Begum-Mosque-15096.htm |access-date=2011-05-09 |publisher=India9.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-08-02 |title=hayat Bakshi begum masjid |url=http://www.gigapan.org/gigapans/55770/ |access-date=2011-05-09 |publisher=gigapan}}</ref> == Gine-gine == An gina masallacin a cikin salon Qutb Shahi na al'ada; tare da Saraya, gidan hutawa ga matafiya masu gajiyarwa. Gidan yana da arches guda biyar, [[Hasumiya|minaret]] guda biyu da kuma frieze da parapet wanda ke gudana a kusa da galeries na bangarori goma sha biyu da ke fitowa daga minarets na kusurwa. An saita zauren addu'a a kan wani dandamali mai tsawo. Zuwa gefen gabas na dandalin kuma a ƙarƙashin masallacin akwai [[Alwala|tankin wanka]]. Babban hadaddun ya mamaye kusan hekta 2.0 (acre 5). Gidan sarauta (gidan hutawa) farfajiyar mita 150 da 130 (490 da 430 . An ce wannan gidan baƙi yana da dakuna 130. Hathi Bawli (ma'ana rijiyar [[giwa]]), babban rijiyar ce a arewa maso gabashin masallacin.<ref name="india1">{{Cite web |date=2005-06-07 |title=Hayat Bakshi Begum Mosque in Hayath Nagar India |url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Hayat-Bakshi-Begum-Mosque-15096.htm |access-date=2011-05-09 |publisher=India9.com}}</ref> == Rikici == A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009, sashen ilimin kimiyyar tarihi da gidajen tarihi sun nemi izini daga Babban Kamfanin Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) don rushe gine-gine ashirin da ke kusa da Masallacin Hayat Bakshi Begum. Halakar ta saba wa Dokar Tsohon Tarihi da Sites na Archaeological da Remains Act na 1960. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-05-25 |title=Structures around mosque to be razed |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-25/hyderabad/28160455_1_buffer-zone-mosque-constructions |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916055454/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-25/hyderabad/28160455_1_buffer-zone-mosque-constructions |archive-date=2011-09-16 |access-date=2011-05-09 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> == Dubi kuma ==   * [[Musulunci a Indiya]] * Jerin masallatai a Telangana == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Commons category-inline|Hayat Bakshi Mosque (Hayathnagar)}}{{Mosques in India}}{{Qutb Shahi Monuments}} hklal9cqlev16lfykwvak0x1z4fiopy 0 141145 822245 797000 2026-04-18T16:19:51Z BnHamid 12586 822245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wasil ibn Ata'''{{Efn|{{langx|ar|واصل بن عطاء|Wāṣil ibn ʿAtāʾ}}}} (699-748), wanda aka fi sani da '''al-Ghazzal''', masanin tauhidin [[Musulmi]] ne kuma lauya. An dauke shi ne wanda ya kafa makarantar Mu'tazilite ta Aqidah da Kalam . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-01 |title=Wāṣil ibn ʿAṭāʾ {{!}} Arabic Scholar, Islamic Scholar, Philosopher {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wasil-ibn-Ata |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife shi a shekara ta 699 a [[Yankin Larabawa]], ya fara karatu a karkashin Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, jikan [[Aliyu Ibn Abi ɗalib|Ali]]. Daga baya, Wasil zai yi tafiya zuwa [[Basra]] a [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] don yin karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Basra]]" id="mwKA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hasan of Basra">Hasan na Basra (ɗaya daga cikin [[Tabi'un|tabi'in]]). A Basra, ya fara bunkasa akidar da za ta kai ga makarantar Muʿtazilite. Ya auri 'yar'uwar Amr ibn Ubayd. Tunanin Wasil da mafita sun samo asali ne daga rikice-rikicen da masana da yawa suka fuskanta wajen warware matsalolin tauhidi da siyasa. Babban gudummawarsa ga makarantar Muʿtazilite shine dasa tsaba don kafa koyarwarsa. Ya mutu a shekara ta 748 a yankin Larabawa . <ref name=":0" /> == Dubi kuma == * [[Ulama'u|Masanan Islama]] * [[Ulama'u|Ulama]] == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9076198/Wasil-ibn-Ata Wasil ibn Ata] wani labarin da Encyclopædia Britannica ya wallafa a kan layi * [https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095955512 Ibn 'Ata", Wasil] wani labarin da Oxford Reference ya wallafa a kan layi {{Islamic Theology}} tejlj2v1pu9ywg7up2rl71is02oapah 0 142358 822427 801219 2026-04-19T05:03:44Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 Gyara 822427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Veda Shook''' ita ce tsohuwar Shugabar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Ƙungiyar Masu Hidimar Jiragen Sama - CWA, AFL-CIO . Ta kasance mai hidimar jirgin sama ta Alaska Airlines tun 1991, a baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugabar Ƙasashen [[Duniya]] ta AFA na wa'adin aiki daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2007. A yau, AFA-CWA tana wakiltar kusan masu hidimar jirgin sama 60,000 a kamfanonin jiragen sama 23. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin membobi 53 na Majalisar Zartarwa ta AFL-CIO . <ref>'' [http://www.aflcio.org/About/Exec-Council AFL-CIO Executive Board] {{Webarchive}}'', published by the AFL-CIO, accessed August 10, 2014.</ref> == Farkon aikina == Shook ta kasance mai kula da jirgin sama a Alaska Airlines tun daga ranar 7 ga Yuni, 1991. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan fara aikinta, Veda ta shirya tare da sauran ma'aikatan jirgin sama na Portland don samun matsayi a cikin ƙungiyar don sansanin masu kula da jirgin sama na Portland kuma ta zama shugabar yankin na majalisar Portland ta AFA. Ta kafa kwamitin Masu Shirya Masu Sa-kai don Bayanai, Sadarwa da Ilimi (VOICE), kuma ta yi aiki da kwamitin VOICE. == Shiryawa == An ɗauki Shook aiki don taimakawa wajen shirya kamfen ɗin AFA a Delta Air Lines tun kafin ta zama shugabar Hukumar Kula da Makamai ta Alaska. A matsayinta na mai shirya ƙungiyoyin kwadago, ta tsara ayyukan da za a yi a yankunan yamma a lokacin kamfen ɗin Delta na farko na AFA. Har zuwa lokacin da aka zaɓe ta a matsayin Shugabar Ƙasashen Duniya a watan Afrilun 2010, Veda ta jagoranci ƙoƙarin ƙungiyar a kamfen ɗin shirya ma'aikatan jirgin Delta. A lokacin da take aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugabar Ƙasashen Duniya, Veda ta shiga cikin shirye-shiryen shirya ma'aikatan jirgin a Lynx Air International, USA3000, Ryan International da Compass Airlines . Tun daga watan Yunin 2014, magajin Veda a matsayin Shugabar Ƙasashen Duniya shine Sara Nelson AFA, wacce ta fara shirin yajin aikin CHAOS na AFA. [1] Shook ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Kuɗi, Dokoki/Manufofi, da Kwamitocin Ma'aikata Mata na AFL-CIO, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Kwamitin Ayyukan Ɗabi'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=On the Retirement of Veda Shook {{!}} AFL-CIO |url=https://aflcio.org/about/leadership/statements/retirement-veda-shook |access-date=2019-05-19 |website=aflcio.org}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] frrsma5hxgwwwujj8ypewawg086hrkt 0 144359 822263 806631 2026-04-18T16:25:09Z BnHamid 12586 822263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Xin Lu''' FRS farfesa ne a fannin ilmin cutar kansa kuma Darakta na Cibiyar Ludwig don Binciken Ciwon daji a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Xin Lu - Nuffield Department of Medicine |url=https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/principal-investigators/researcher/xin-lu |access-date=2018-03-12 |website=www.ndm.ox.ac.uk}}</ref> An san ta da binciken da ta yi game da dangin ASPP na sunadarai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Professor Xin Lu {{!}} The Academy of Medical Sciences |url=https://acmedsci.ac.uk/fellows/fellows-directory/ordinary-fellows/fellow/Professor-Xin-Lu-0008826 |access-date=2018-03-12 |website=acmedsci.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Winter 2011 |title=Focus on Xin Lu |url=http://www.embo.org/documents/news/encounters/EMBO_encounters_issue20.pdf |journal=EMBO Encounters |issue=20 |pages=5}}</ref> == Ilimi == Xin Lu ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin ilmin sunadarai a Jami'ar Sichuan a shekarar 1982 da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin Cell da Molecular Biology a Cibiyar Ciwon daji, Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Peking Union & Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Sin a shekarar 1985. Ta koma Kwalejin Jami'ar London (UCL) <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Xin Lu |url=https://www.ludwigcancerresearch.org/scientist/xin-lu/ |website=Ludwig Institute}}</ref> don kammala karatunta na PhD wanda [[Birgit Lane]] ke kula da shi, kuma ta buga rubutunta A study of intermediate filament formation using retrovirus-mediated gene transfer in 1991. == Bincike da aiki == A shekara ta 1993, bayan wani ɗan gajeren postdoc tare da David Lane a Jami'ar Dundee, ta shiga Cibiyar Ludwig don Binciken Ciwon daji (LICR) , wanda ke zaune a asibitin St Mary, Kwalejin Imperial ta London kuma ta kafa ƙungiyar bincikenta.[1] A shekara ta 2004 an nada Lu a matsayin Darakta na Bincike a Cibiyar Ludwig don Binciken Ciwon daji ta London, kuma Farfesa na Ilimin Ciwon daji a Kwalejin Jami'ar London. A shekara ta 2007 ta koma cibiyar zuwa Oxford.[2][3] == Daraja da kyaututtuka == * Fellow na Royal Society (2020) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Xin Lu |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/Xin-Lu-25368/ |access-date=19 September 2020 |publisher=Royal Society}}</ref> * Fellow na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya (2013) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Professor Xin Lu {{!}} The Academy of Medical Sciences |url=https://acmedsci.ac.uk/fellows/fellows-directory/ordinary-fellows/fellow/Professor-Xin-Lu-0008826 |access-date=2018-03-12 |website=acmedsci.ac.uk}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://acmedsci.ac.uk/fellows/fellows-directory/ordinary-fellows/fellow/Professor-Xin-Lu-0008826 "Professor Xin Lu | The Academy of Medical Sciences"]. ''acmedsci.ac.uk''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-12</span></span>.</cite></ref> * memba na Academia Europaea (2022) <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Xin Lu |url=https://www.ludwigcancerresearch.org/scientist/xin-lu/ |website=Ludwig Institute}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ludwigcancerresearch.org/scientist/xin-lu/ "Xin Lu"]. ''Ludwig Institute''.</cite></ref> * memba na Ƙungiyar Kwayoyin Kwayoyin Turai (2011) <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=Oct 21, 2011 |title=DIRECTOR OF LICR OXFORD BRANCH, PROFESSOR XIN LU, PHD FRCPATH, ELECTED TO EUROPEAN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY ORGANIZATION |url=https://www.ludwigcancerresearch.org/news/director-licr-oxford-branch-professor-xin-lu-phd-frcpath-elected-european-molecular-biology |website=Ludwig Institute}}</ref> * Fellow na Royal Society of Biology (2011-2022) <ref name=":1" /> * Fellow na Royal College of Pathologists (2007-2022) <ref name=":1" />  == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] j1hur6nycfz3wz5blwhoio5crmiyiir 0 144849 822506 807888 2026-04-19T09:52:07Z BnHamid 12586 822506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Janet Vida Watson [[Royal Society]]">FRS FGS (1923-1985) masanin ilimin ƙasa ne na Burtaniya. Ta kasance farfesa a fannin ilimin ƙasa a Kwalejin Imperial, mai ba da rahoto ga Shirin Hadin Gida na Duniya (IGCP) (1977-1982) <ref name="frs">{{Cite journal |last=Fettes |first=D. J. |last2=Plant |first2=J. A. |year=1995 |title=Janet Watson. 1 September 1923 – 29 March 1985 |journal=[[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] |volume=41 |pages=500–514 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1995.0030 |s2cid=72513584 |doi-access=free}}</ref> kuma mataimakiyar shugaban Royal Society (1983-1984). <ref name="Bowes">{{Cite journal |last=Bowes |first=D.R. |year=1987 |title=Janet Watson—an appreciation and bibliography |url=http://sp.lyellcollection.org/cgi/reprint/27/1/1.pdf |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |series=Special Publications |publisher=Geological Society, London |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=1–5 |bibcode=1987GSLSP..27....1B |doi=10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.027.01.01 |s2cid=129444387 |access-date=2010-02-13}}</ref> A shekara ta 1982 an zabe ta shugabar kungiyar Geological Society of London, mace ta farko da ta rike wannan mukamin. An san ta sosai saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga fahimtar abubuwan da suka faru na Lewisian kuma a matsayin marubuciya da kuma co- marubuciya na littattafai da yawa ciki har da ''Farawar Geology'' da ''Gabatarwa ga Geology'' . <ref name="frs" /> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haife ta ne a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1923 a Hampstead, London . Mahaifinta;David M. S. Watson FRS masanin [[Zoology|ilimin dabbobi]] ne kuma farfesa ne a fannin ilimin dabbobi da kuma kwatankwacin jikin mutum a Jami'ar London. Mahaifiyarta; Katharine M. Parker, ta yi bincike a cikin ilimin embryology kafin aure. Janet Watson ta girma tare da 'yar'uwarta, Katharine Mary a Kudancin Hampstead inda ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Kudancinhampstead, wacce aka sani da ƙwarewa a koyar da kimiyya.<ref name="catalogue">{{Cite web |last=The National Archives |year=1994 |title=Catalogue of the papers and correspondence of JANET VIDA WATSON FRS (1923–1985) |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=378-ncuacs48494&cid=0#0 |access-date=2010-02-13}}</ref> Daga nan sai ta ci gaba da halartar Jami'ar Karatu a 1943 don koyo game da Kimiyya ta Janar.<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal |last=Fettes |first=D. J. |last2=Plant |first2=J. A. |year=1995 |title=Janet Watson. 1 September 1923 – 29 March 1985 |journal=[[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] |volume=41 |pages=500–514 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1995.0030 |s2cid=72513584 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Watson ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a fannin ilmin halitta da ilimin ƙasa a 1943. Bayan shawarwari mai gamsarwa daga Farfesa H.L Hawkins da kuma digiri na farko na Janar Honours, Watson ya halarci Kwalejin Imperial. Ta kammala karatu a shekara ta 1947 tare da girmamawa na farko a fannin ilimin ƙasa . Watson ta auri John Sutton a shekara ta 1949 kuma suna da haɗin gwiwar kwararru a duk rayuwarsu. Suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu wadanda dukansu biyu suka mutu a lokacin haihuwa. Watson ya mutu a ranar 29 ga Maris 1985, yana da shekaru 61.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watson, Janet Vida (1923–1985) {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/watson-janet-vida-1923-1985#report-ad |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunta a 1943, Watson ta fara aiki a Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa a Dairying . Ta lura da ci gaban kaza da abincin su. Ta gaji da aikinta kuma ta ci gaba da koyar da ilmin halitta a Makarantar Wentworth, Bournemouth kafin ta yanke shawarar zama masanin ilimin ƙasa a ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] . <ref name="catalogue">{{Cite web |last=The National Archives |year=1994 |title=Catalogue of the papers and correspondence of JANET VIDA WATSON FRS (1923–1985) |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=378-ncuacs48494&cid=0#0 |access-date=2010-02-13}}</ref> Ta nemi Kwalejin Imperial a 1945, ta kammala B.Sc. a cikin ilimin ƙasa a cikin 1947, sake samun digiri na farko. Kafin kammala karatunsa, an karfafa sha'awar Janet a fannin ilimin ƙasa bayan ta yi aiki a kan aikin taswirar a cikin Highlands na Scotland a 1946. Watson ta shiga karatun PhD a 1947 kuma ta fara karatun Lewisian Complex a arewacin Scotland.<ref name="catalogue" /> Bayan kammala karatunta na biyu, shugaban sashen na lokacin, Herbert Harold Read, ya dauke ta a matsayin ɗalibinsa kuma ya sa ta yi aiki a kan Migrmatites na Sutherland. Daga nan sai ta fara aiki a kan Lewisian complex na arewa maso yammacin Scotland tare da John Sutton, wani daga cikin daliban binciken Read. Su biyun sun kammala karatun Ph.D. a cikin 1949 sannan kuma bikin aure da hutun amarya a cikin Channel Islands, wanda ya bayyana wani littafi na hadin gwiwa game da ilimin ƙasa na Sark 'yan shekaru daga baya.<ref name="Bowes">{{Cite journal |last=Bowes |first=D.R. |year=1987 |title=Janet Watson—an appreciation and bibliography |url=http://sp.lyellcollection.org/cgi/reprint/27/1/1.pdf |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |series=Special Publications |publisher=Geological Society, London |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=1–5 |bibcode=1987GSLSP..27....1B |doi=10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.027.01.01 |s2cid=129444387 |access-date=2010-02-13}}</ref> A shekara ta 1952, Janet ta yi aiki a karkashin H.H. Read a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike, har zuwa 1973 lokacin da ta zama babban malami.<ref name="catalogue">{{Cite web |last=The National Archives |year=1994 |title=Catalogue of the papers and correspondence of JANET VIDA WATSON FRS (1923–1985) |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=378-ncuacs48494&cid=0#0 |access-date=2010-02-13}}</ref> Sun ci gaba da aiki tare a kan wasu fannoni na ilimin ƙasa na Precambrian na Scotland, gami da Moine, Dalradian da Torridonian. John Sutton ya zama shugaban sashen a Kwalejin Imperial a 1964 kuma daga wannan lokacin ne wallafe-wallafen haɗin gwiwar su suka zama marasa yawa. Watson ta wallafa wani littafi na gabatarwa Fara ilimin ƙasa tare da tsohon mai kula da Ph.D. H. Karanta a 1966, sannan ''Gabatarwa ga Geology: Volume 1 Ka'idoji'' a 1968 da Gabatarwa zuwa ilimin ƙasa Volume2 Tarihin Duniya: Sashe na 1 Mataki na Farko na Tarihin Duniya da Sashe na 2 Daga baya Mataki na Tarihin Kasa a 1975.<ref name="Bowes">{{Cite journal |last=Bowes |first=D.R. |year=1987 |title=Janet Watson—an appreciation and bibliography |url=http://sp.lyellcollection.org/cgi/reprint/27/1/1.pdf |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |series=Special Publications |publisher=Geological Society, London |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=1–5 |bibcode=1987GSLSP..27....1B |doi=10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.027.01.01 |s2cid=129444387 |access-date=2010-02-13}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1960, Janet da ƙungiyar bincikenta sun haɗa kai da masu binciken ƙasa daga Highlands Unit na Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Geological (IGS) don nazarin Outer Hebrides a Scotland. Daga baya, sun buga taswirar yankin a 1982 da kuma tarihin a 1994. A cikin 1965 isotopic dating ya ci gaba zuwa aikace-aikace ga masu ilimin ƙasa. Wannan fasahar ta taimaka wa binciken Janet a cikin Caledonian Belt, yana nuna duwatsu masu metamorphic, Migrmatites, da granites shekaru daga 750 zuwa 360 miliyan. Wani saiti na binciken a kudu maso yammacin Ingila ya nuna duwatsu masu tasowa daga shekaru 400 zuwa 350, granites na Hercynian 300 zuwa shekaru miliyan 250, granites masu tasowa da duwatsu masu alaƙa shekaru 65 zuwa 50.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sabine |first=Peter Aubrey |last2=Watson |first2=Janet Vida |date=1965-05-01 |title=Isotopic age-determinations of rocks from the British Isles, 1955–64: A compilation of abstracts organized by a committee of the Geological Society of London |url=https://jgs.lyellcollection.org/content/121/1-4/477 |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society |language=en |volume=121 |issue=1–4 |pages=477–487 |bibcode=1965QJGS..121..477S |doi=10.1144/gsjgs.121.1.0477 |issn=0370-291X |s2cid=129388088 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Daga tsakiyar shekarun 1970s Jane ta yi aiki tare da IGS don nazarin juyin halitta na Scotland da tasirin da aikin diagenesis da hydrothermal ke da shi a yankin. A shekara ta 1975, an nada Watson a matsayin farfesa na bincike na ilimin ƙasa.[1] Ta ci gaba da aiki a kan matsalolin Precambrian a Scotland amma kuma an buga ta a kan asalin ma'adinai da geochemistry na yanki.[2] Daga 1977, Jane ta sake aiki tare da IGS don nazarin tsarin juyin halitta na arewacin Scotland da tasirinsa akan rarraba uranium a duk yankin. Daga wannan binciken, sun haɓaka "samfurin ruwa" wanda shine dabara da aka yi amfani da ita don nazarin matsalolin geochemical.[3] Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Geological Society daga 1982 zuwa 1984, mace ta farko da ta rike wannan mukamin.[4] A lokacin da take cikin wannan rawar, Geological Society ta sami ƙarin tallafi don Palaeographic Atlas . [5] Watson ta ci gaba da aiki a cikin sana'arta a lokacin da ta yi ritaya, duk da rashin lafiya, har zuwa mutuwarta a shekarar 1985.[6] A cikin aikinta, Janet ta ci gaba da bincikenta a wasu yankuna na duniya, gami da: Greenland, Channel Islands, Italiya da Tanganyika . Daga wannan aikin ta kuma buga kusan takardun bincike 65.<ref name="Ewan" /> == Kyaututtuka == * Asusun Lyell - wanda aka bayar tare da John Sutton 1954 <ref name="frs">{{Cite journal |last=Fettes |first=D. J. |last2=Plant |first2=J. A. |year=1995 |title=Janet Watson. 1 September 1923 – 29 March 1985 |journal=[[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] |volume=41 |pages=500–514 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1995.0030 |s2cid=72513584 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Bigsby Medal - wanda aka bayar tare da John Sutton 1965 <ref name="frs" /> * Lyell Medal - wanda aka ba shi 1973 <ref name="Bowes">{{Cite journal |last=Bowes |first=D.R. |year=1987 |title=Janet Watson—an appreciation and bibliography |url=http://sp.lyellcollection.org/cgi/reprint/27/1/1.pdf |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |series=Special Publications |publisher=Geological Society, London |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=1–5 |bibcode=1987GSLSP..27....1B |doi=10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.027.01.01 |s2cid=129444387 |access-date=2010-02-13}}</ref> * Clough Medal - wanda aka ba shi 1979 <ref name="Bowes" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Clough Medal Winners |url=https://edinburghgeolsoc.org/home/medallists-and-award-winners/ |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=Edinburgh Geological Society}}</ref> * Fellow na Royal Society - an zabe shi a 1979, memba na majalisa kuma mataimakin shugaban kasa har zuwa mutuwarta <ref name="Bowes" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1923]] 0jxq21v3wycsswl6ap65p276poyvi7c 0 145406 822482 809606 2026-04-19T09:41:56Z Birgediya 44139 822482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Blessing Ejiofor''' Listenⓘ (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Satumban shekara ta 1998) yar wasan ƙwallon kwando ce ta Najeriya kuma memba ne na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya . Ta fito ne daga [[Ebonyi]], Najeriya, ta buga wasan Kwando na kwaleji a Jami'ar Vanderbilt, Chipola da Jami'ar West Virginia . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-10-03 |title=Get To Know … Blessing Ejiofor |url=https://vucommodores.com/get-to-know-blessing-ejiofor/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Vanderbilt University Athletics |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Light |first=Mitch |date=2018-02-26 |title=Unexpected Blessing: Blessing Ejiofor is thankful to be at Vanderbilt after high school recruiting scandal |url=https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2018/02/26/unexpected-blessing-blessing-ejiofor-is-thankful-to-be-at-vanderbilt-after-high-school-recruiting-scandal/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Vanderbilt University |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan aikinta na kwaleji, ta yi wasa a Spain da Faransa. == Rayuwa ta farko == Ejiofor ta fara buga ƙwallon kwando tun tana da shekaru 13. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-10-03 |title=Get To Know … Blessing Ejiofor |url=https://vucommodores.com/get-to-know-blessing-ejiofor/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Vanderbilt University Athletics |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://vucommodores.com/get-to-know-blessing-ejiofor/ "Get To Know … Blessing Ejiofor"]. ''Vanderbilt University Athletics''. 2017-10-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> Tun tana ƙarama, ta zaɓi Jami'ar Vanderbilt a matsayin makarantar da take mafarkin samu. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Light |first=Mitch |date=2018-02-26 |title=Unexpected Blessing: Blessing Ejiofor is thankful to be at Vanderbilt after high school recruiting scandal |url=https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2018/02/26/unexpected-blessing-blessing-ejiofor-is-thankful-to-be-at-vanderbilt-after-high-school-recruiting-scandal/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Vanderbilt University |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLight2018">Light, Mitch (2018-02-26). [https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2018/02/26/unexpected-blessing-blessing-ejiofor-is-thankful-to-be-at-vanderbilt-after-high-school-recruiting-scandal/ "Unexpected Blessing: Blessing Ejiofor is thankful to be at Vanderbilt after high school recruiting scandal"]. ''Vanderbilt University''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> A shekarar 2014, Ejiofor, wacce take <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodfriend |first=Betsy |date=2018-01-19 |title=Blessing Ejiofor making tough transition from Nigeria to Nashville |url=https://vanderbilthustler.com/2018/01/18/blessing-ejiofor-making-tough-transition-from-nigeria-to-nashville/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=The Vanderbilt Hustler}}</ref> a makarantar sakandare, ta yi tafiya zuwa Amurka bayan da Evelyn Mack Academy da ke [[Charlotte, Arewacin Carolina|Charlotte, North Carolina]] ta ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin 'yar wasan ƙwallon kwando. Duk da haka, ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Eastside da ke Paterson, New Jersey, inda ta jawo hankalinta game da wasan ƙwallon kwando da take yi kuma aka ba ta tallafin karatu zuwa Vanderbilt. Bayan ta yi rajista a Vanderbilt a shekarar 2016, Ejiofor ta fahimci cewa takardar izinin ɗaliba ta ƙare na tsawon shekara guda, saboda Eastside ba ta shigar da takaddun da suka dace don sabunta ta ba. Ejiofor ta koma Najeriya na tsawon shekara guda, kuma ta koma Vanderbilt bayan an sabunta takardar izinin ɗaliba ta don shekarar karatu ta 2017-2018. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Light |first=Mitch |date=2018-02-26 |title=Unexpected Blessing: Blessing Ejiofor is thankful to be at Vanderbilt after high school recruiting scandal |url=https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2018/02/26/unexpected-blessing-blessing-ejiofor-is-thankful-to-be-at-vanderbilt-after-high-school-recruiting-scandal/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Vanderbilt University |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLight2018">Light, Mitch (2018-02-26). [https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2018/02/26/unexpected-blessing-blessing-ejiofor-is-thankful-to-be-at-vanderbilt-after-high-school-recruiting-scandal/ "Unexpected Blessing: Blessing Ejiofor is thankful to be at Vanderbilt after high school recruiting scandal"]. ''Vanderbilt University''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Nespor |first=Cody |date=2020-03-30 |title=WVU Center Blessing Ejiofor's Story Featured on '60 Minutes' |url=https://wvsportsnow.com/wvu-center-blessing-ejiofors-story-featured-on-60-minutes/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=WV Sports Now |language=en-US}}</ref> == Aikin kwaleji ==   A matsayinta na ɗalibi a Vanderbilt, Ejiofor ta zira kwallaye 28 a ƙungiyar Commodores, inda ta buga matsakaicin mintuna 5.6 a wasanni 22. Bayan shekararta ta farko, Ejiofor ta koma Kwalejin Chipola da ke Florida, inda ta buga wasa na tsawon kakar wasa ɗaya. Daga nan ta sake komawa Jami'ar West Virginia . [1] [2] == Sana'ar ƙwararru == Ejiofor ta fara aikinta na ƙwararru da CD Talent a gasar Spanish Liga Femenina 2 de Baloncesto a 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Competiciones FEB - Blessing Ejiofor |url=https://baloncestoenvivo.feb.es/jugador/888974/2525154 |access-date=21 May 2024 |website=baloncestoenvivo.feb.es |language=Spanish}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2022–2023, ta sanya hannu da COB Calais. Ta zauna a Faransa a kakar wasa mai zuwa, inda ta sanya hannu da Cavigal Nice Basket . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] 5izoht8g2gx5fuvl395t4bvcs1sm3tm 822483 822482 2026-04-19T09:42:11Z Birgediya 44139 822483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Blessing Ejiofor''' Listenⓘ (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Satumban shekara ta 1998) ýar wasan ƙwallon kwando ce ta Najeriya kuma memba ne na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya . Ta fito ne daga [[Ebonyi]], Najeriya, ta buga wasan Kwando na kwaleji a Jami'ar Vanderbilt, Chipola da Jami'ar West Virginia . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-10-03 |title=Get To Know … Blessing Ejiofor |url=https://vucommodores.com/get-to-know-blessing-ejiofor/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Vanderbilt University Athletics |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Light |first=Mitch |date=2018-02-26 |title=Unexpected Blessing: Blessing Ejiofor is thankful to be at Vanderbilt after high school recruiting scandal |url=https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2018/02/26/unexpected-blessing-blessing-ejiofor-is-thankful-to-be-at-vanderbilt-after-high-school-recruiting-scandal/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Vanderbilt University |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan aikinta na kwaleji, ta yi wasa a Spain da Faransa. == Rayuwa ta farko == Ejiofor ta fara buga ƙwallon kwando tun tana da shekaru 13. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-10-03 |title=Get To Know … Blessing Ejiofor |url=https://vucommodores.com/get-to-know-blessing-ejiofor/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Vanderbilt University Athletics |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://vucommodores.com/get-to-know-blessing-ejiofor/ "Get To Know … Blessing Ejiofor"]. ''Vanderbilt University Athletics''. 2017-10-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> Tun tana ƙarama, ta zaɓi Jami'ar Vanderbilt a matsayin makarantar da take mafarkin samu. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Light |first=Mitch |date=2018-02-26 |title=Unexpected Blessing: Blessing Ejiofor is thankful to be at Vanderbilt after high school recruiting scandal |url=https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2018/02/26/unexpected-blessing-blessing-ejiofor-is-thankful-to-be-at-vanderbilt-after-high-school-recruiting-scandal/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Vanderbilt University |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLight2018">Light, Mitch (2018-02-26). [https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2018/02/26/unexpected-blessing-blessing-ejiofor-is-thankful-to-be-at-vanderbilt-after-high-school-recruiting-scandal/ "Unexpected Blessing: Blessing Ejiofor is thankful to be at Vanderbilt after high school recruiting scandal"]. ''Vanderbilt University''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> A shekarar 2014, Ejiofor, wacce take <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodfriend |first=Betsy |date=2018-01-19 |title=Blessing Ejiofor making tough transition from Nigeria to Nashville |url=https://vanderbilthustler.com/2018/01/18/blessing-ejiofor-making-tough-transition-from-nigeria-to-nashville/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=The Vanderbilt Hustler}}</ref> a makarantar sakandare, ta yi tafiya zuwa Amurka bayan da Evelyn Mack Academy da ke [[Charlotte, Arewacin Carolina|Charlotte, North Carolina]] ta ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin 'yar wasan ƙwallon kwando. Duk da haka, ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Eastside da ke Paterson, New Jersey, inda ta jawo hankalinta game da wasan ƙwallon kwando da take yi kuma aka ba ta tallafin karatu zuwa Vanderbilt. Bayan ta yi rajista a Vanderbilt a shekarar 2016, Ejiofor ta fahimci cewa takardar izinin ɗaliba ta ƙare na tsawon shekara guda, saboda Eastside ba ta shigar da takaddun da suka dace don sabunta ta ba. Ejiofor ta koma Najeriya na tsawon shekara guda, kuma ta koma Vanderbilt bayan an sabunta takardar izinin ɗaliba ta don shekarar karatu ta 2017-2018. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Light |first=Mitch |date=2018-02-26 |title=Unexpected Blessing: Blessing Ejiofor is thankful to be at Vanderbilt after high school recruiting scandal |url=https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2018/02/26/unexpected-blessing-blessing-ejiofor-is-thankful-to-be-at-vanderbilt-after-high-school-recruiting-scandal/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Vanderbilt University |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLight2018">Light, Mitch (2018-02-26). [https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2018/02/26/unexpected-blessing-blessing-ejiofor-is-thankful-to-be-at-vanderbilt-after-high-school-recruiting-scandal/ "Unexpected Blessing: Blessing Ejiofor is thankful to be at Vanderbilt after high school recruiting scandal"]. ''Vanderbilt University''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Nespor |first=Cody |date=2020-03-30 |title=WVU Center Blessing Ejiofor's Story Featured on '60 Minutes' |url=https://wvsportsnow.com/wvu-center-blessing-ejiofors-story-featured-on-60-minutes/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=WV Sports Now |language=en-US}}</ref> == Aikin kwaleji ==   A matsayinta na ɗalibi a Vanderbilt, Ejiofor ta zira kwallaye 28 a ƙungiyar Commodores, inda ta buga matsakaicin mintuna 5.6 a wasanni 22. Bayan shekararta ta farko, Ejiofor ta koma Kwalejin Chipola da ke Florida, inda ta buga wasa na tsawon kakar wasa ɗaya. Daga nan ta sake komawa Jami'ar West Virginia . [1] [2] == Sana'ar ƙwararru == Ejiofor ta fara aikinta na ƙwararru da CD Talent a gasar Spanish Liga Femenina 2 de Baloncesto a 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Competiciones FEB - Blessing Ejiofor |url=https://baloncestoenvivo.feb.es/jugador/888974/2525154 |access-date=21 May 2024 |website=baloncestoenvivo.feb.es |language=Spanish}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2022–2023, ta sanya hannu da COB Calais. Ta zauna a Faransa a kakar wasa mai zuwa, inda ta sanya hannu da Cavigal Nice Basket . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] s5mzy9hen6d1j4u2wpjzcquwq49p86o 0 145466 822485 809772 2026-04-19T09:43:31Z BnHamid 12586 822485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elle Abigail "Abi" Boatman''' 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka wacce 'yar Democrat ce a Majalisar Wakilai ta Kansas tun daga shekarar 2026. Shugabannin yankin ne suka fara zabar Boatman don cike gurbin da babu kowa a watan Janairun 2026 lokacin da aka zabi magajinsa Silas Miller a Majalisar Dattawan Kansas . Tana wakiltar gundumar 86 a kudu maso gabashin Wichita . Boatman ta yi aiki a [[United States Air Force|rundunar sojin sama ta Amurka]] a matsayin makanikan jiragen sama, ciki har da shugaban ma'aikatan jirgin C-130 . Ta yi aiki daga 2001 har zuwa lokacin da aka sallame ta bayan ta fito a matsayin mai canza jinsi a 2011. A zaman 2025-2026, Boatman tana aiki a kwamitocin Ilimi, Noma da Albarkatun Ƙasa, Tsoffin Sojoji da Sojoji, da Cibiyoyin Kuɗi da Fansho. == Duba kuma == Jerin sunayen masu riƙe da mukamai na gwamnati masu canza jinsi a Amurka == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] jkdqm8ac40yj9t12j6cq4m8tpgqj5ht 0 146126 822299 811736 2026-04-18T16:35:54Z Mangal Rabiu 44091 822299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mary E.''' ( '''Ellen''' ) '''Williamson''' (Afrilu 24, 1924 &#x2013; Disamba 3, 2012) ta kasance matukin jirgin sama 'yar Amurka wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin WASP ( Mata Masu Jiragen Sama ) a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Ta kuma kasance farfesa a fannin sadarwa a Jami'ar Nebraska Omaha . <ref name="WAP">{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Angelika |title=Mary Williamson |url=http://wap.lib.unomaha.edu/mwilliamson.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613204622/http://wap.lib.unomaha.edu/mwilliamson.html |archive-date=13 June 2015 |access-date=31 March 2015 |website=Women’s Archive Project}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko, ilimi da kuma aikin soja == An haifi Mary E. Williamson a ranar 24 ga Afrilun shekarar 1924, a Kansas City, Missouri, ga Elmer C. Williamson da Ruth Peterman Williamson. Ita kaɗai ce ɗa, wanda mahaifiyarta ta rene shi kaɗai. Su biyun sun kasance suna da kusanci sosai a tsawon rayuwarta. <ref name="WAP">{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Angelika |title=Mary Williamson |url=http://wap.lib.unomaha.edu/mwilliamson.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613204622/http://wap.lib.unomaha.edu/mwilliamson.html |archive-date=13 June 2015 |access-date=31 March 2015 |website=Women’s Archive Project}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWalker">Walker, Angelika. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150613204622/http://wap.lib.unomaha.edu/mwilliamson.html "Mary Williamson"]. ''Women’s Archive Project''. Archived from [http://wap.lib.unomaha.edu/mwilliamson.html the original] on 13 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Williamson ya halarci Jami'ar Baker bayan kammala makarantar sakandare a 1941, amma ba da daɗewa ba ya koma Makarantar Aikin Jarida ta Missouri a Jami'ar Missouri da ke Columbia . Ta kammala wannan shirin na shekaru biyu cikin sauri kuma ta tafi Sweetwater, Texas, a watan Afrilun 1944 don yin horo a matsayin matukin jirgi a cikin shirin WASP ( Mata Masu Jiragen Sama na Sojojin Sama ). <ref name="WAP">{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Angelika |title=Mary Williamson |url=http://wap.lib.unomaha.edu/mwilliamson.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613204622/http://wap.lib.unomaha.edu/mwilliamson.html |archive-date=13 June 2015 |access-date=31 March 2015 |website=Women’s Archive Project}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWalker">Walker, Angelika. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150613204622/http://wap.lib.unomaha.edu/mwilliamson.html "Mary Williamson"]. ''Women’s Archive Project''. Archived from [http://wap.lib.unomaha.edu/mwilliamson.html the original] on 13 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Ta yi aiki daga 1 ga Afrilu zuwa 1 ga Satumba, 1944, amma ba ta taɓa yin aiki a wani aiki ba kafin yaƙin ya ƙare. <ref name="WAP" /> == Sana'a == Bayan an sallame ta daga aiki, Williamson ta koma birnin Kansas kuma ta sami aiki a matsayin darektan hulda da jama'a na ƙungiyar cutar tarin fuka ta birnin Kansas. Ta wannan matsayin, an ba ta damar ci gaba da karatunta, kuma daga ƙarshe ta sami digirin digirgir na biyu daga Jami'ar Columbia da ke New York. Bayan kammala karatunta, ta koma Washington DC, kuma ta ɗauki aiki a matsayin edita. Duk da haka, tana son ta kasance kusa da gidanta, ta koma St. Louis ta karɓi aiki a fannin watsa labarai. <ref name="WAP">{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Angelika |title=Mary Williamson |url=http://wap.lib.unomaha.edu/mwilliamson.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613204622/http://wap.lib.unomaha.edu/mwilliamson.html |archive-date=13 June 2015 |access-date=31 March 2015 |website=Women’s Archive Project}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWalker">Walker, Angelika. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150613204622/http://wap.lib.unomaha.edu/mwilliamson.html "Mary Williamson"]. ''Women’s Archive Project''. Archived from [http://wap.lib.unomaha.edu/mwilliamson.html the original] on 13 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="reflections">{{Cite web |last=Newton |first=John |title=Reflections in Time Dr. Mary E. Williamson Interview |url=http://unomaha.worldcat.org/oclc/52643375 |access-date=23 April 2015 |website=Reflections in Time |publisher=University of Nebraska at Omaha}}</ref> Williamson ta fara koyarwa a Sashen Magana da Sadarwar Mass a Jami'ar Nebraska Omaha (UNO) a shekarar 1969. <ref name="WAP">{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Angelika |title=Mary Williamson |url=http://wap.lib.unomaha.edu/mwilliamson.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613204622/http://wap.lib.unomaha.edu/mwilliamson.html |archive-date=13 June 2015 |access-date=31 March 2015 |website=Women’s Archive Project}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWalker">Walker, Angelika. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150613204622/http://wap.lib.unomaha.edu/mwilliamson.html "Mary Williamson"]. ''Women’s Archive Project''. Archived from [http://wap.lib.unomaha.edu/mwilliamson.html the original] on 13 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> A shekararta ta farko, ta koyar da darussa kamar Magana ta 101, Gabatarwa ga Sadarwar Mass, Samar da Talabijin da Samar da Rediyo. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga al'ummomin Girkawa a harabar jami'ar. Williamson ta kammala karatun digirinta na uku a shekarar 1973 tare da buga takardar bincikenta mai taken "Binciken Ingantaccen Aiki a Watsa Labarai na Kasuwanci". Ta haɗa ƙwarewar aiki tare da Cibiyar Ci gaban Kasuwanci ta Nebraska (NBDC) a cikin darussa da yawa, ta yadda ɗalibai za su iya samar da ayyuka da shawarwari ga ƙananan masu kasuwanci a yankin Omaha. A tsawon lokacin da take a UNO, Williamson ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban a harabar jami'a. An zaɓe ta zuwa Majalisar Dattawan Malamai, kuma ta yi wa'adi na biyu a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaba a 1977 da kuma shugaba a 1978. <ref name="WAP">{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Angelika |title=Mary Williamson |url=http://wap.lib.unomaha.edu/mwilliamson.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613204622/http://wap.lib.unomaha.edu/mwilliamson.html |archive-date=13 June 2015 |access-date=31 March 2015 |website=Women’s Archive Project}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWalker">Walker, Angelika. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150613204622/http://wap.lib.unomaha.edu/mwilliamson.html "Mary Williamson"]. ''Women’s Archive Project''. Archived from [http://wap.lib.unomaha.edu/mwilliamson.html the original] on 13 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> A lokacin wannan hidima, ta yi nasarar cire harshen jinsi daga takardar shaidar UNO duk da wasu ƙaƙƙarfan adawa. Williamson ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar babban jami'in gudanarwa na UNO Chancellor Del Weber daga 1980 har zuwa 1986. Haka kuma a wannan lokacin, an naɗa ta shugabar riƙo ta Kwalejin Fasaha ta Fine na tsawon shekaru biyu, daga baya kuma ta zama daraktar hulɗa da jami'a ta wucin gadi, inda take da alhakin wayar da kan jama'a ga jami'ar. [1] [2] [3] Bayan aikinta na wucin gadi a sassan biyu, Williamson ta koma Sashen Sadarwa a matsayin shugabar sashen riƙo. Ta yi ritaya na ɗan lokaci bayan haka, kuma ta fara aiki tare da NBDC a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin kasuwanci. [1] A shekarar 1981, ta zama mataimakiyar Cibiyar 'Yancin 'Yan Jarida ta Mata (WIFP). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Associates {{!}} The Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press |url=http://www.wifp.org/who-we-are/associates/ |access-date=2017-06-21 |website=www.wifp.org |language=en-US}}</ref> WIFP wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta buga littattafai ta Amurka wadda ke aiki don ƙara sadarwa tsakanin mata da kuma haɗa jama'a da nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai na mata. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1924]] bxansug9elssrxcnf7pkmggbjoq2fnn 0 146868 822279 815028 2026-04-18T16:30:44Z Mangal Rabiu 44091 822279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Blick Bassy''' mawaki ne kuma mawaƙi daga [[Kamaru|ƙasar Kamaru]] . Bassy yana rubuta waƙoƙinsa da yarensa na asali, [[Harshen Basaa|Bassa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=NOF. #28 Blick Bassy / Akö |url=https://www.noformat.net/album-blick-bassy-ak%C3%B6-46.html |access-date=31 December 2021 |website=[[No Format!]] |language=fr}}</ref> Waƙarsa "Kiki", daga ''Akö'', ta fito a matsayin jigon waƙar ƙaddamar da wayar iPhone 6 a duniya a shekarar 2015. <ref name="CNN15">{{Cite web |last=Sophie Eastaugh, for |title=How an Apple ad changed Blick Bassy's life - CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/09/08/africa/blick-bassy-cameroon-apple/index.html |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Edition.cnn.com}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Bassy a Mintaba, [[Kamaru]], ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya 21 daga mahaifinsa, babban jami'in 'yan sanda. <ref name="CNN15">{{Cite web |last=Sophie Eastaugh, for |title=How an Apple ad changed Blick Bassy's life - CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/09/08/africa/blick-bassy-cameroon-apple/index.html |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Edition.cnn.com}}</ref> Mahaifiyarsa ita ce ƙarama a cikin mata uku na mahaifinsa. Ya fara waƙa tun yana ɗan shekara uku, yana tashi da ƙarfe 5 na safe kowace rana don yin atisaye tare da sauran yaran ƙauyen. [1] == Aikin kiɗa == Ƙungiyar mawakan Bassy, Macase, sun yi rangadin ƙasar Kamaru tsawon shekaru goma har zuwa lokacin da suka lashe gasar Prix Elysse Musique du Monde a shekarar 2001, wanda hakan ya sa Bassy ta yi ƙaura zuwa [[Faris|Paris]], [[Faransa]] . Bayan kuma ta yi wasa a ƙananan wurare, ya sami yarjejeniyar yin rikodin kundin waƙoƙinsa guda biyu na farko. <ref name="CNN15">{{Cite web |last=Sophie Eastaugh, for |title=How an Apple ad changed Blick Bassy's life - CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/09/08/africa/blick-bassy-cameroon-apple/index.html |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Edition.cnn.com}}</ref> An fitar da na farko, mai suna ''Leman'', a shekarar 2009, kuma ''Hongo Calling'' ya biyo bayansa shekaru biyu. A watan Fabrairun 2023, an naɗa Blick Bassy a matsayin darakta na Hukumar Tunawa da Kamaru tare da Karine Ramondy; wannan hukumar ita ce ke da alhakin yin aiki kan ayyukan Faransa a Kamaru a lokacin mulkin mallaka da kuma bayan samun 'yancin kai na Kamaru. Yana rera waƙa da buga guitar tare da mawaƙin [[Faransa]] Clément Petit a kan cello. <ref>{{Cite web |date=Feb 16, 2023 |title=CAMEROON/FRANCE : Historian Karine Ramondy and singer Blick Bassy to head remembrance commission - 16/02/2023 |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/02/16/historian-karine-ramondy-and-singer-blick-bassy-to-head-remembrance-commission,109914087-art |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=Africaintelligence.com}}</ref> === ''Akö'' === A shekarar 2015, Bassy ta fitar da kundin ''Akö'', wanda aka yi amfani da daƙiƙa 15 na "Kiki" a kamfen ɗin tallan [[Apple]] na duniya don iPhone 6. <ref name="CNN15">{{Cite web |last=Sophie Eastaugh, for |title=How an Apple ad changed Blick Bassy's life - CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/09/08/africa/blick-bassy-cameroon-apple/index.html |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Edition.cnn.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSophie_Eastaugh,_for">Sophie Eastaugh, for. [https://edition.cnn.com/2015/09/08/africa/blick-bassy-cameroon-apple/index.html "How an Apple ad changed Blick Bassy's life - CNN"]. ''Edition.cnn.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Bassy ya ce Skip James, mawaƙin blues na Amurka ya yi tasiri a cikin kundin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Blick Bassy - WOMADelaide 2018 |url=https://www.womadelaide.com.au/program/blick-bassy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404203640/https://www.womadelaide.com.au/program/blick-bassy |archive-date=4 April 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Womadelaide.com.au}}</ref> Robin Denselow, yana rubutu a cikin ''[[The Guardian]]'', ya ce game da Bassa: "...sabon kundin nasa yana maimaita daɗin bossa nova tare da tunatar da sauran tasirinsa, daga salon Afirka zuwa waƙoƙin Mississippi blues na gwarzonsa Skip James. Wannan saitin gwaji ne mai sauƙi amma mai sauƙi inda yake buga guitar da banjo, yana waƙa da yaren Kamaru na Bassa, kuma yana goyon bayan haɗin cello da trombone. Ya fara da nuna muryarsa ta musamman a cikin wani salon waƙa mai sanyi da daddare, amma sai ya canza alkibla yayin da yake juyawa zuwa waƙa mai iska wacce take kama da amsar Afirka ga country-blues hoe-down, kafin ya haɗa tasirin Congo da aikin guitar mai ban sha'awa. Saiti mai ban sha'awa da ban sha'awa." David Honigmann a cikin ''Financial Times'' ya bayyana nau'in kundin a matsayin jazz na manouche, kuma ya bayyana "slides ɗin trombone mai laushi" akan "Kiki" da "vamping na Gypsy mara jinkiri" na "Wap Do Wap". Bassy ya yi rangadin duniya, yana yin wasa a Royal Festival Hall, [[Landan|London]], a bikin Afirka Utopia a 2015, da kuma a WOMAD a [[New Zealand]] a 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Blick Bassy |url=https://www.womad.co.nz/artists/blick-bassy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404202204/https://www.womad.co.nz/artists/blick-bassy/ |archive-date=4 April 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Womad.co.nz |language=en-NZ}}</ref> Ya buga bikin kiɗan jama'a na Vancouver a watan Yulin 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Blick Bassy |url=http://thefestival.bc.ca/artists/blick-bassy/ |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Vancouver Folk Music Festival}}</ref> Waƙoƙin Bassy suna cikin Bassa, ɗaya daga cikin harsunan [[Kamaru]] 260. [1] === ''1958'' === Bassy ya sadaukar da wannan kundin ne don tunawa da [[Ruben Um Nyobè]], wanda yake ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin jaruman siyasarsa kuma wanda aka kashe a shekarar 1958. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-22 |title=Blick Bassy: 1958 review {{!}} Robin Denselow's world CD of the month |url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/feb/22/blick-bassy-1958-review-political-hero-ruben-um-nyobe-new-african-star |access-date=2021-03-05 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Kundin ya gabatar da cikakken rahoto game da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin shekaru 70 tun bayan mutuwar Um Nyobè. Waƙar "Mpodol" ita ce laƙabin Ruben kuma tana zargin 'yan Kamaru na zamani da lalata ƙasarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Honigmann |first=David |date=1 March 2019 |title=Blick Bassy: 1958 — a dive into the history of Cameroon |url=https://www.ft.com/content/572434d0-38ed-11e9-b72b-2c7f526ca5d0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302134946/https://www.ft.com/content/572434d0-38ed-11e9-b72b-2c7f526ca5d0 |archive-date=2019-03-02 |website=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] cn63kgq6b7lmnycusbamw8cv9jd2eg9 0 147565 822284 818479 2026-04-18T16:31:56Z BnHamid 12586 822284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Leslie Felicia Petrik''' farfesa ce ta South Afirka wacce ta kware a fannin kimiyyar [[Nanotechnology|Nanoscience]] da ilmin sunadarai na muhalli a Jami'ar Western Cape . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leslie Petrik - Agenda Contributor |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/authors/leslie-petrik/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619230616/https://www.weforum.org/stories/authors/leslie-petrik/ |archive-date=2025-06-19 |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce ta kafa kungiyar bincike ta Environmental and Nano Sciences (ENS) kuma mabiyiyar Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Petrik Leslie Felicia {{!}} The AAS |url=https://aasciences.africa/fellows/petrik-leslie-felicia |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=aasciences.africa |language=en}}</ref> == Ilimi == Leslie ta sami digirinta na PhD a fannin ilmin sunadarai daga Jami'ar Western Cape a shekara ta 2008. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=2012-08-29 |title=Distinguished Women Scientists |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-08-29-distinguished-women-scientists/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Leslie tana rike matsayi a Jami'ar Western Cape, inda ta kafa kuma ta jagoranci ƙungiyar bincike ta Muhalli da Nano Sciences (ENS). Binciken ta yana mai da hankali kan mafita mai ɗorewa don kula da sarrafa shara da gyaran ruwa, musamman ma sauya toka zuwa samfuran dake kara Kima .<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Prof Leslie Petrick – NSTF |url=https://nstf.org.za/2018/12/04/professor-leslie-petrick/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Binciken ta ya sami tallafi daga hukumomin tallafi ciki har da Hukumar Binciken Ruwa, Gidauniyar Bincike ta Kasa, da abokan hulɗa ciki har da Eskom, Sasol da Coaltech . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=2018-06-29 |title=Washing water clean with waste ash from coal |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-06-29-00-washing-water-clean-with-waste-ash-from-coal/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == Leslie ta lashe lambar yabo ta Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kasa a shekarar 2018 saboda gudummawar da ta bayar wajen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a South Afirka.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Prof Leslie Petrick – NSTF |url=https://nstf.org.za/2018/12/04/professor-leslie-petrick/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://nstf.org.za/2018/12/04/professor-leslie-petrick/ "Prof Leslie Petrick – NSTF"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-08-24</span></span>.</cite></ref> kuma an zabe ta a wannan shekarar a matsayin Mabiyiyar Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Petrik Leslie Felicia {{!}} The AAS |url=https://aasciences.africa/fellows/petrik-leslie-felicia |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=aasciences.africa |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://aasciences.africa/fellows/petrik-leslie-felicia "Petrik Leslie Felicia | The AAS"]. ''aasciences.africa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-08-24</span></span>.</cite></ref> A shekarar 2010, ta lashe lambar yabo ta fasahar THRIP ta Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci da Masana'antu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=2012-08-29 |title=Distinguished Women Scientists |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-08-29-distinguished-women-scientists/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFReporter2012">Reporter, Staff (2012-08-29). [https://mg.co.za/article/2012-08-29-distinguished-women-scientists/ "Distinguished Women Scientists"]. ''The Mail & Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-08-24</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == * Kimiyya ta samo sabon tushe wajen canza toka daga gurbataccen abu zuwa kayayyaki masu amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Petrik |first=Leslie |date=2015-07-08 |title=Science breaks new ground in converting coal ash from pollutant to useful products |url=http://theconversation.com/science-breaks-new-ground-in-converting-coal-ash-from-pollutant-to-useful-products-44196 |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How to tackle 'fly ash' generated from coal power plants |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2015/07/how-to-tackle-fly-ash-generated-by-coal-power-plants/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710113533/https://www.weforum.org/stories/2015/07/how-to-tackle-fly-ash-generated-by-coal-power-plants/ |archive-date=2025-07-10 |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> * {{Cite journal |last=Paul |first=Suvash Chandra |last2=van Rooyen |first2=Algurnon S. |last3=van Zijl |first3=Gideon P.A.G. |last4=Petrik |first4=Leslie Felicia |date=2018 |title=Properties of cement-based composites using nanoparticles: A comprehensive review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0950061818322402 |journal=Construction and Building Materials |volume=189 |pages=1019–1034 |doi=10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.062 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-08-24}} * {{Cite journal |last=Ojemaye |first=Cecilia Y. |last2=Petrik |first2=Leslie |date=2019 |title=Pharmaceuticals in the marine environment: a review |url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/er-2018-0054 |journal=Environmental Reviews |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=151–165 |bibcode=2019EnvRv..27..151O |doi=10.1139/er-2018-0054 |issn=1181-8700 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-08-24 |hdl-access=free}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0pbre37gbon7oo8em0zj7r9z6tejedc 0 148067 822312 821016 2026-04-18T16:39:44Z BnHamid 12586 822312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:UEFA Youth League FC Salzburg gegen Manchester City FC ( 8. Februar 2017) 58 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Tosin Adarabioyo]] '''Abdul-Nasir Oluwatosin Oluwadoyinsolami Adarabioyo''' (an haife shi 24 ga Satumba 1997), wanda aka fi sani da '''Tosin Adarabioyo''', ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Ingila da ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya (centre-back).<ref name="premierleague">{{cite web |title=Tosin Adarabioyo Profile |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> == Rayuwar Farko == An haifi Tosin Adarabioyo a birnin Manchester, Ingila, ga iyaye ‘yan asalin Najeriya.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web |title=Tosin Adarabioyo: Background and Career |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ya taso ne a Manchester inda ya fara sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami. == Aikin Ƙwallo == === Manchester City === Adarabioyo ya fara taka leda a makarantar horas da matasa ta kulob din {{ill|Manchester City|en|Manchester City F.C.}} tun yana ɗan shekara shida.<ref name="mancity">{{cite web |title=Academy Graduate Tosin |url=https://www.mancity.com |publisher=Manchester City}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiya a gasar kofin League Cup a shekarar 2016. === Aron Wasa === A shekarar 2018, an bayar da shi aro zuwa {{ill|West Bromwich Albion|en|West Bromwich Albion F.C.}} inda ya buga wasanni da dama a gasar Championship.<ref name="wba">{{cite web |title=Tosin joins West Brom on loan |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Daga bisani kuma ya koma {{ill|Blackburn Rovers|en|Blackburn Rovers F.C.}} a matsayin aro a shekarar 2019 inda ya nuna ƙwarewa sosai.<ref name="rovers">{{cite web |title=Blackburn sign Tosin |url=https://www.skysports.com |publisher=Sky Sports}}</ref> === Fulham === A watan Oktoba 2020, Adarabioyo ya koma {{ill|Fulham F.C.|en|Fulham F.C.}} kan yarjejeniya ta dindindin.<ref name="fulham">{{cite web |title=Fulham sign Tosin Adarabioyo |url=https://www.fulhamfc.com |publisher=Fulham FC}}</ref> Ya zama muhimmin ɗan wasa a tsaron baya, musamman bayan ƙungiyar ta samu dawowa gasar Premier League. === Chelsea === A shekarar 2024, ya rattaba hannu da {{ill|Chelsea F.C.|en|Chelsea F.C.}} bayan karewar kwantiraginsa da Fulham.<ref name="chelsea">{{cite web |title=Chelsea sign Tosin Adarabioyo |url=https://www.chelseafc.com |publisher=Chelsea FC}}</ref> Wannan mataki ya kara masa damar taka leda a manyan wasanni a Ingila da Turai. == Rayuwar Ƙasa == Adarabioyo ya wakilci Ingila a matakan matasa daban-daban ciki har da ‘yan kasa da shekara 16 zuwa 19.<ref name="fa">{{cite web |title=England Youth Profile |url=https://www.thefa.com |publisher=The FA}}</ref> Duk da haka, yana da damar wakiltar Najeriya saboda asalin iyayensa. == Salon Wasa == Tosin Adarabioyo an san shi da tsayi (1.96m), ƙarfin jiki, da iya sarrafa ƙwallo daga baya.<ref name="analysis">{{cite web |title=Tactical Analysis of Tosin |url=https://www.skysports.com/football |publisher=Sky Sports}}</ref> Yana da kwarewa wajen buga dogayen kwallaye da kuma kare bugun sama. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:1997 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:English footballers]] [[Category:Manchester City F.C. players]] [[Category:Fulham F.C. players]] [[Category:Chelsea F.C. players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] dmeubs3zrd42nsvpczvhx9jh1sxcj2w 0 148206 822225 2026-04-18T12:34:54Z De-Invincible 8118 Sabon shafi: Akurya sunan wani ƙauye ne a ƙaramar hukumar Malam Madori, a jahar Jigawa, arewa maso yammacin Najeriya. 822225 wikitext text/x-wiki Akurya sunan wani ƙauye ne a ƙaramar hukumar Malam Madori, a jahar Jigawa, arewa maso yammacin Najeriya. rpzp3oryjp74oud7elqjufa8xrp8s8e 822226 822225 2026-04-18T12:40:48Z De-Invincible 8118 822226 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akurya''' sunan wani ƙauye ne a ƙaramar hukumar [[Malam Madori]], a jahar [[Jigawa]], arewa maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. 6uez8jqtib0ji9iwi2iz8qegyxpqkm4 822227 822226 2026-04-18T12:41:54Z De-Invincible 8118 na saka link 822227 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akurya''' sunan wani [[ƙauye]] ne a ƙaramar hukumar [[Malam Madori]], a jahar [[Jigawa]], arewa maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. b75hgwky0t2vd9hytw84wfz8jihwyul 822228 822227 2026-04-18T12:45:04Z De-Invincible 8118 822228 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akurya''' sunan wani [[ƙauye]] ne a ƙaramar hukumar [[Malam Madori]], a jahar [[Jigawa]], arewa maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. ==Mazaɓu== 5njzswxd87fznzymkh7t1mdzim6own1 822229 822228 2026-04-18T12:47:57Z De-Invincible 8118 na saka sashe 822229 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akurya''' sunan wani [[ƙauye]] ne a ƙaramar hukumar [[Malam Madori]], a jahar [[Jigawa]], arewa maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. ==Mazaɓu== == Manazarta == lycjsrr289z5v6ymcmj29wjepc7zsod 0 148207 822230 2026-04-18T12:51:23Z Idris Hashim 44098 Sabon shafi: Garin Baushi wani kauye ne dake cikin karamar hukumar Gumel, dake jihar Jigawa a arewa maso yammacin Najeriya. 822230 wikitext text/x-wiki Garin Baushi wani kauye ne dake cikin karamar hukumar Gumel, dake jihar Jigawa a arewa maso yammacin Najeriya. m78dgpe698de196b2mc399894toyoa1 822235 822230 2026-04-18T12:55:14Z Idris Hashim 44098 822235 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Garin Baushi''' wani kauye ne dake cikin karamar hukumar Gumel, dake jihar Jigawa a arewa maso yammacin Najeriya. == ==Mazaɓu== 5i4ref8iwmcpr8kilica6vnt938d3qq 0 148208 822231 2026-04-18T12:51:31Z HarunaInspires 44102 Sabon shafi: Adiyani wani kauye ne da yake karamar hukumar Guri ta jahar Jigawa State 822231 wikitext text/x-wiki Adiyani wani kauye ne da yake karamar hukumar Guri ta jahar Jigawa State 7pfcs5jk6w0jqx5q0064yb87xskjet4 822234 822231 2026-04-18T12:55:09Z HarunaInspires 44102 Na yi link 822234 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adiyani''' wani kauye ne da yake karamar hukumar Guri ta jahar [[Jigawa]] State, [[Najeriya]] l0iboe5cio4ngr53qsy24hc48bearh8 0 148209 822232 2026-04-18T12:53:04Z Ibn Gangaram 44101 Sabon shafi: Gawon dogari ƙauye ne a ƙaramar hukumar Hadejia jihar Jigawa a arewa maso yammacin najeriya. 822232 wikitext text/x-wiki Gawon dogari ƙauye ne a ƙaramar hukumar Hadejia jihar Jigawa a arewa maso yammacin najeriya. q2ocpezbu9p5cu2jkcwv179zetdzjzm 0 148210 822233 2026-04-18T12:53:05Z Haruna Yahaya Musa 44096 Sabon shafi: Sawo wani kauye ne, a karamar hukumar Kirikasamma,a Jihar Jigawa, a arewa maso yammacin Najeriya. 822233 wikitext text/x-wiki Sawo wani kauye ne, a karamar hukumar Kirikasamma,a Jihar Jigawa, a arewa maso yammacin Najeriya. rtecbjl0hdsqsr12i37d0a9ysonkhx0 0 148211 822236 2026-04-18T12:56:55Z Abdulhamid Usman Hadejia 44105 Sabon shafi: An gabatar da bitar ne a makarantar kimiyya da fasaha da ke garin Hadejia. An fara ne da tsakiyar rana wanda masu daukar bita maza da mata suka samu halarta. 822236 wikitext text/x-wiki An gabatar da bitar ne a makarantar kimiyya da fasaha da ke garin Hadejia. An fara ne da tsakiyar rana wanda masu daukar bita maza da mata suka samu halarta. c7vn1w9tv4ah07ds30dy0zh7gupjumd 822237 822236 2026-04-18T13:00:51Z Abdulhamid Usman Hadejia 44105 822237 wikitext text/x-wiki An gabatar da bitar ne a makarantar kimiyya da fasaha ta Bilyaminu Usman Polytechnic ke garin [[Hadejia]]. An fara ne da tsakiyar rana wanda masu daukar bita maza da mata suka samu halarta. pfhgfe1zgjv38fenwbzpfatjn9dgahu 0 148212 822261 2026-04-18T16:24:12Z BnHamid 12586 BnHamid moved page [[2017 Fitar da Paris]] to [[Harin Paris na 2017]] 822261 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Harin Paris na 2017]] lo1aa1hmfhw84r7okgqmau0908xy05q 0 148213 822322 2026-04-18T17:05:15Z Santa MMD 23886 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1276849222|Executive Council of Kebbi State]]" 822322 wikitext text/x-wiki Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Kebbi (wanda aka fi sani da, Ma'aikatar Jihar Kebra) ita ce babbar hukuma ta gwamnati da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a Gwamnatin Jihar K Debbie <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} The Official Website of Kebbi State Government |url=https://kebbistate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=kebbistate.gov.ng}}</ref> karkashin jagorancin [[Jerin Sunayen Gwanonin Jihar kebbi|Gwamnan Jihar Kebbi]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Executive Council {{!}} The Official Website of Kebbi State Government |url=https://kebbistate.gov.ng/executive-council |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=kebbistate.gov.ng}}</ref> Ya ƙunshi Mataimakin Gwamna, Sakataren Gwamnatin Jiha, Shugaban Ma'aikata, Kwamishinonin da ke jagorantar sassan ministoci, da mataimakan Gwamna na musamman.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Deputy Governor {{!}} The Official Website of Kebbi State Government |url=https://kebbistate.gov.ng/deputy-governor |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=kebbistate.gov.ng}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Secretary to the State Government {{!}} The Official Website of Kebbi State Government |url=https://kebbistate.gov.ng/secretary-state-government |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=kebbistate.gov.ng}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Kwamitin zartarwa ya wanzu don ba da shawara da kuma jagorantar Gwamna. Naɗin su a matsayin membobin Majalisar Zartarwa yana ba su ikon aiwatar da iko a kan filayen su. == Ma'aikatar yanzu == Kwamitin zartarwa na yanzu yana aiki a karkashin gwamnatin [[Abubakar Atiku Bagudu]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Executive Council - The Official Website of Kebbi State |url=http://www.kebbistate.gov.ng/executive-council |access-date=2 June 2018 |website=Kebbistate.gov.ng}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" !Ofishin !Mai mulki |- |[[Jerin Sunayen Gwanonin Jihar kebbi|Gwamna]] |Dokta Nasiru Idris <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Executive Council {{!}} The Official Website of Kebbi State Government |url=https://kebbistate.gov.ng/executive-council |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=kebbistate.gov.ng}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://kebbistate.gov.ng/executive-council "The Executive Council | The Official Website of Kebbi State Government"]. ''kebbistate.gov.ng''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> |- |[[Deputy Governor of Kebbi State|Mataimakin Gwamna]] |Abubakar Tafida <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Deputy Governor {{!}} The Official Website of Kebbi State Government |url=https://kebbistate.gov.ng/deputy-governor |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=kebbistate.gov.ng}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://kebbistate.gov.ng/deputy-governor "The Deputy Governor | The Official Website of Kebbi State Government"]. ''kebbistate.gov.ng''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> |- |Sakataren Gwamnatin Jiha |<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Secretary to the State Government {{!}} The Official Website of Kebbi State Government |url=https://kebbistate.gov.ng/secretary-state-government |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=kebbistate.gov.ng}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://kebbistate.gov.ng/secretary-state-government "Secretary to the State Government | The Official Website of Kebbi State Government"]. ''kebbistate.gov.ng''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> |- |Shugaban Sabis | |- |Kwamishinan Lafiyar Dabbobi | |- |Kwamishinan Ilimi na asali da na Sakandare | |- |Kwamishinan Kasafin Kudi da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki | |- |Kwamishinan Kudi | |- |Kwamishinan Lafiya | |- |Kwamishinan Bayanai da Al'adu | |- |Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Sufuri | |- |Kwamishinan Bayanai da Al'adu Kwamishinan Fasahar Bayanai da Sadarwa Kwamishinan Bayanai da Fasahar Sadarwa | |- |Kwamishinan Muhalli | |} == Manazarta == nyylas5bwyl5jf5tsdmbds2lfq1l03j 822323 822322 2026-04-18T17:05:35Z Santa MMD 23886 822323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Kebbi (wanda aka fi sani da, Ma'aikatar Jihar Kebra) ita ce babbar hukuma ta gwamnati da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a Gwamnatin Jihar K Debbie <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} The Official Website of Kebbi State Government |url=https://kebbistate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=kebbistate.gov.ng}}</ref> karkashin jagorancin [[Jerin Sunayen Gwanonin Jihar kebbi|Gwamnan Jihar Kebbi]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Executive Council {{!}} The Official Website of Kebbi State Government |url=https://kebbistate.gov.ng/executive-council |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=kebbistate.gov.ng}}</ref> Ya ƙunshi Mataimakin Gwamna, Sakataren Gwamnatin Jiha, Shugaban Ma'aikata, Kwamishinonin da ke jagorantar sassan ministoci, da mataimakan Gwamna na musamman.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Deputy Governor {{!}} The Official Website of Kebbi State Government |url=https://kebbistate.gov.ng/deputy-governor |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=kebbistate.gov.ng}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Secretary to the State Government {{!}} The Official Website of Kebbi State Government |url=https://kebbistate.gov.ng/secretary-state-government |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=kebbistate.gov.ng}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Kwamitin zartarwa ya wanzu don ba da shawara da kuma jagorantar Gwamna. Naɗin su a matsayin membobin Majalisar Zartarwa yana ba su ikon aiwatar da iko a kan filayen su. == Ma'aikatar yanzu == Kwamitin zartarwa na yanzu yana aiki a karkashin gwamnatin [[Abubakar Atiku Bagudu]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Executive Council - The Official Website of Kebbi State |url=http://www.kebbistate.gov.ng/executive-council |access-date=2 June 2018 |website=Kebbistate.gov.ng}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" !Ofishin !Mai mulki |- |[[Jerin Sunayen Gwanonin Jihar kebbi|Gwamna]] |Dokta Nasiru Idris <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Executive Council {{!}} The Official Website of Kebbi State Government |url=https://kebbistate.gov.ng/executive-council |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=kebbistate.gov.ng}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://kebbistate.gov.ng/executive-council "The Executive Council | The Official Website of Kebbi State Government"]. ''kebbistate.gov.ng''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> |- |[[Deputy Governor of Kebbi State|Mataimakin Gwamna]] |Abubakar Tafida <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Deputy Governor {{!}} The Official Website of Kebbi State Government |url=https://kebbistate.gov.ng/deputy-governor |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=kebbistate.gov.ng}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://kebbistate.gov.ng/deputy-governor "The Deputy Governor | The Official Website of Kebbi State Government"]. ''kebbistate.gov.ng''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> |- |Sakataren Gwamnatin Jiha |<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Secretary to the State Government {{!}} The Official Website of Kebbi State Government |url=https://kebbistate.gov.ng/secretary-state-government |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=kebbistate.gov.ng}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://kebbistate.gov.ng/secretary-state-government "Secretary to the State Government | The Official Website of Kebbi State Government"]. ''kebbistate.gov.ng''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> |- |Shugaban Sabis | |- |Kwamishinan Lafiyar Dabbobi | |- |Kwamishinan Ilimi na asali da na Sakandare | |- |Kwamishinan Kasafin Kudi da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki | |- |Kwamishinan Kudi | |- |Kwamishinan Lafiya | |- |Kwamishinan Bayanai da Al'adu | |- |Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Sufuri | |- |Kwamishinan Bayanai da Al'adu Kwamishinan Fasahar Bayanai da Sadarwa Kwamishinan Bayanai da Fasahar Sadarwa | |- |Kwamishinan Muhalli | |} == Manazarta == 8skyb76cbd0bm3ydf4jzgg3fdy60w2y 0 148214 822342 2026-04-18T18:15:30Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347054108|Dateline Nigeria]]" 822342 wikitext text/x-wiki Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu Dateline Nigeria jarida ce mai zaman kanta ta yanar gizo da StoryLand Media ta buga a [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|FCT Abuja]] wacce ke buga labarai na yau da kullun na harshen Ingilishi. [[Nasiru L. Abubakar|Nasiru Lawal Abubakar]] ne ke gudanar da takarda a matsayin edita kuma Lawan Danjuma Adamu, wanda shine Edita na farko na Weekend wanda ke kula da Takardun Weekend - Daily Trust a ranar Asabar da Daily Trust a matsayin Babban Edita Dukansu biyu sun yi murabus daga Daily Trust a cikin 2020. == Tarihi == Fateema B. Bello ne ya fara takarda a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fateema B. Bello launches Dateline Nigeria, an online newspaper |url=https://prnigeria.com/2020/12/01/former-daily-trust-editors-dateline/ |website=PR Nigeria}}</ref> a matsayin dandamali don Labaran Gaskiya da Ra'ayoyin Tsaro. Misis Bello ta kara da cewa "masu gyara biyu za su taimaka wajen sabuntawa da ƙarfafa burin dandalin labarai na samar da labarai masu zurfi, rahotanni na gaskiya da daidaitattun bayanai da zurfin bincike ga masu karatu". Manufar takarda ita ce inganta [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin magana]], sauƙaƙe samun bayanai da inganta hoton duniya na [[Najeriya]]. Babban masu sauraron Dateline Najeriya sune matasa, kasuwanci da siyasa, dalibai da masu arziki, masu ilimi da masu sauka sama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.dateline.ng/about/ |access-date=2021-12-12 |website=Dateline Nigeria}}</ref> Dateline Najeriya ta rufe batutuwa kamar siyasa, kasuwanci da tattalin arziki, labarai na nishaɗi daga [[Kannywood]], [[Nollywood]], wasanni, zane-zane da al'adu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-Daily Trust editors join Dateline Nigeria |url=https://www.solacebase.com/2020/12/01/78254/ |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=Solace Base}}</ref> Takardar ta zama sananniya bayan ta rufe hadarin jirgin sama da ya shafi Najeriya ga Babban Jami'in Sojoji, [[Ibrahim Attahiru]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief of Army Staff, Lt Gen Ibrahim Attahiru, 10 others die in air crash |url=https://www.dateline.ng/chief-of-army-staff-lt-general-ibrahim-attahiru-dies-in-air-crash/ |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=Dateline Nigeria}}</ref> Ya mutu tare da mataimakansa a hadarin jirgin sama, wanda ya faru a kusa da Filin jirgin saman Kaduna. Ana ruwan sama sosai a lokacin hadarin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revealed: Names, photos of military plane crash victims killed along with COAS |url=https://www.dateline.ng/revealed-names-photos-of-military-plane-crash-victims-killed-along-with-coas/ |access-date=2022-02-12 |website=Dateline Nigeria}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} p9eswng4yqf81nsp2jwtmjsep5s1kvu 822343 822342 2026-04-18T18:16:41Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 822343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox }} '''Dateline Nigeria''' jarida ce mai zaman kanta ta yanar gizo da StoryLand Media ta buga a [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|FCT Abuja]] wacce ke buga labarai na yau da kullun na harshen Ingilishi. [[Nasiru L. Abubakar|Nasiru Lawal Abubakar]] ne ke gudanar da takarda a matsayin edita kuma Lawan Danjuma Adamu, wanda shine Edita na farko na Weekend wanda ke kula da Takardun Weekend - Daily Trust a ranar Asabar da Daily Trust a matsayin Babban Edita Dukansu biyu sun yi murabus daga Daily Trust a cikin 2020. == Tarihi == Fateema B. Bello ne ya fara takarda a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fateema B. Bello launches Dateline Nigeria, an online newspaper |url=https://prnigeria.com/2020/12/01/former-daily-trust-editors-dateline/ |website=PR Nigeria}}</ref> a matsayin dandamali don Labaran Gaskiya da Ra'ayoyin Tsaro. Misis Bello ta kara da cewa "masu gyara biyu za su taimaka wajen sabuntawa da ƙarfafa burin dandalin labarai na samar da labarai masu zurfi, rahotanni na gaskiya da daidaitattun bayanai da zurfin bincike ga masu karatu". Manufar takarda ita ce inganta [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin magana]], sauƙaƙe samun bayanai da inganta hoton duniya na [[Najeriya]]. Babban masu sauraron Dateline Najeriya sune matasa, kasuwanci da siyasa, dalibai da masu arziki, masu ilimi da masu sauka sama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.dateline.ng/about/ |access-date=2021-12-12 |website=Dateline Nigeria}}</ref> Dateline Najeriya ta rufe batutuwa kamar siyasa, kasuwanci da tattalin arziki, labarai na nishaɗi daga [[Kannywood]], [[Nollywood]], wasanni, zane-zane da al'adu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-Daily Trust editors join Dateline Nigeria |url=https://www.solacebase.com/2020/12/01/78254/ |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=Solace Base}}</ref> Takardar ta zama sananniya bayan ta rufe hadarin jirgin sama da ya shafi Najeriya ga Babban Jami'in Sojoji, [[Ibrahim Attahiru]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief of Army Staff, Lt Gen Ibrahim Attahiru, 10 others die in air crash |url=https://www.dateline.ng/chief-of-army-staff-lt-general-ibrahim-attahiru-dies-in-air-crash/ |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=Dateline Nigeria}}</ref> Ya mutu tare da mataimakansa a hadarin jirgin sama, wanda ya faru a kusa da Filin jirgin saman Kaduna. Ana ruwan sama sosai a lokacin hadarin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revealed: Names, photos of military plane crash victims killed along with COAS |url=https://www.dateline.ng/revealed-names-photos-of-military-plane-crash-victims-killed-along-with-coas/ |access-date=2022-02-12 |website=Dateline Nigeria}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} lh93mzb6plfhrq9hlganr33ocap5638 822344 822343 2026-04-18T18:17:38Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 822344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox }} '''Dateline Nigeria''' jarida ce mai zaman kanta ta yanar gizo da StoryLand Media ta buga a [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|FCT Abuja]] wacce ke buga labarai na yau da kullun na harshen Ingilishi. [[Nasiru L. Abubakar|Nasiru Lawal Abubakar]] ne ke gudanar da takarda a matsayin edita kuma Lawan Danjuma Adamu, wanda shine Edita na farko na Weekend wanda ke kula da Takardun Weekend - Daily Trust a ranar Asabar da Daily Trust a matsayin Babban Edita Dukansu biyu sun yi murabus daga Daily Trust a cikin 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Former Daily Trust editors join Dateline Nigeria |url=https://www.thecable.ng/former-daily-trust-editors-join-dateline-nigeria/|newspaper=[[TheCable]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Ex-Daily Trust Editors join online newspaper|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ex-daily-trust-editors-join-online-newspaper/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> == Tarihi == Fateema B. Bello ne ya fara takarda a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fateema B. Bello launches Dateline Nigeria, an online newspaper |url=https://prnigeria.com/2020/12/01/former-daily-trust-editors-dateline/ |website=PR Nigeria}}</ref> a matsayin dandamali don Labaran Gaskiya da Ra'ayoyin Tsaro. Misis Bello ta kara da cewa "masu gyara biyu za su taimaka wajen sabuntawa da ƙarfafa burin dandalin labarai na samar da labarai masu zurfi, rahotanni na gaskiya da daidaitattun bayanai da zurfin bincike ga masu karatu". Manufar takarda ita ce inganta [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin magana]], sauƙaƙe samun bayanai da inganta hoton duniya na [[Najeriya]]. Babban masu sauraron Dateline Najeriya sune matasa, kasuwanci da siyasa, dalibai da masu arziki, masu ilimi da masu sauka sama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.dateline.ng/about/ |access-date=2021-12-12 |website=Dateline Nigeria}}</ref> Dateline Najeriya ta rufe batutuwa kamar siyasa, kasuwanci da tattalin arziki, labarai na nishaɗi daga [[Kannywood]], [[Nollywood]], wasanni, zane-zane da al'adu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-Daily Trust editors join Dateline Nigeria |url=https://www.solacebase.com/2020/12/01/78254/ |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=Solace Base}}</ref> Takardar ta zama sananniya bayan ta rufe hadarin jirgin sama da ya shafi Najeriya ga Babban Jami'in Sojoji, [[Ibrahim Attahiru]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief of Army Staff, Lt Gen Ibrahim Attahiru, 10 others die in air crash |url=https://www.dateline.ng/chief-of-army-staff-lt-general-ibrahim-attahiru-dies-in-air-crash/ |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=Dateline Nigeria}}</ref> Ya mutu tare da mataimakansa a hadarin jirgin sama, wanda ya faru a kusa da Filin jirgin saman Kaduna. Ana ruwan sama sosai a lokacin hadarin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revealed: Names, photos of military plane crash victims killed along with COAS |url=https://www.dateline.ng/revealed-names-photos-of-military-plane-crash-victims-killed-along-with-coas/ |access-date=2022-02-12 |website=Dateline Nigeria}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 4z85iwo7khpo0phehbu7bphcf8neqqz 0 148215 822345 2026-04-18T18:25:18Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1276017941|2016 in Nigeria]]" 822345 wikitext text/x-wiki Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri Wadannan sun lissafa abubuwan da suka faru a shekarar '''2016 a [[Najeriya]]'''. == Wadanda ke aiki == === Gwamnatin Tarayya === * Shugaba: [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Mataimakin shugaban Kasar Najeriya|Mataimakin Shugaban kasa]]: [[Yemi Osinbajo]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Shugaban Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya|Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa]]: [[Bukola Saraki]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * Kakakin majalisar: [[Yakubu Dogara]] (APC) * [[Shugaban Alƙalan Alƙalai na Najeriya|Babban Mai Shari'a]]: [[Mahmud Mohammed]] (Har zuwa 10 ga Nuwamba) === Gwamnoni === * Jihar Abia: [[Okezie Ikpeazu]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Gwamnonin Jihar Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]]: [[Bindo Jibrilla]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin sunayen gwamnonin jihar Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]]: [[Udom Gabriel Emmanuel|Udom Emmanuel]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Gwamnonin Jihar Anambra|Jihar Anambra]]: [[Willie Obiano]] ([[All Progressives Grand Alliance|APGA]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwanonin Jihar Bauchi|Jihar Bauchi]]: [[Mohammed Abdullahi Abubakar|M. A. Abubakar]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin sunayen Gwamnoni jihar Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]]: [[Henry Dickson]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwanonin Jihar Benue|Jihar Benue]]: [[Samuel Ortom]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Borno|Jihar Borno]]: [[Kashim Shettima]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * Jihar Cross River: [[Benedict Ayade|Ben Ayade]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * Jihar Delta: [[Arthur Okowa Ifeanyi|Ifeanyi Okowa]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * Jihar Ebonyi: [[David Umahi|Dave Umahi]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * Jihar Edo: [[Adams Oshiomhole|Adams A. Oshiomhole]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) (har zuwa 12 ga Nuwamba); [[Godwin Obaseki]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) (farawa 12 ga Nu Nuwamba) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Ekiti|Jihar Ekiti]]: [[Ayodele Fayose|Ayo Fayose]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin jihar Enugu|Jihar Enugu]]: [[Ifeanyi Ugwuanyi]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Gombe|Jihar Gombe]]: [[Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo|Ibrahim Dankwambo]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * Jihar Imo: Rochas Okorocha ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Jigawa|Jihar Jigawa]]: [[Mohammed Badaru Abubakar|Badaru Abubakar]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Kaduna|Jihar Kaduna]]: [[Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai|Nasir el-Rufai]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Kano|Jihar Kano]]: [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje|Umar Ganduje]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Katsina|Jihar Katsina]]: [[Aminu Bello Masari|Aminu Masari]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwanonin Jihar kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]]: [[Abubakar Atiku Bagudu]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Kogi|Jihar Kogi]]: [[Idris Wada]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) (har zuwa 27 ga Janairu); [[Yahaya Bello]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) (farawa 27 ga Janairun) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Kwara|Jihar Kwara]]: [[Abdulfatah Ahmed]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin gwamnonin Lagos|Jihar Legas]]: [[Akinwunmi Ambode|Akinwumi Ambode]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Gwamnonin Jihar Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]]: [[Umaru Tanko Al-Makura|Umaru Al-Makura]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Niger|Jihar Nijar]]: [[Abubakar Sani Bello]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Ogun|Jihar Ogun]]: [[Ibikunle Amosun]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * Jihar Ondo: [[Olusegun Mimiko]] ([[Nigeria Labour Party|LP]]) * Jihar Osun: [[Rauf Aregbesola]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Oyo.|Jihar Oyo]]: [[Abiola Ajimobi]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * Jihar Filayen: [[Simon Bako Lalong|Simon Lalong]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * Jihar Rivers: [[Ezenwo Wike|Ezenwo Nyesom Wike]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Gwamnonin Jahar Sokoto|Jihar Sokoto]]: [[Aminu Waziri Tambuwal|Aminu Tambuwal]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwanonin Jihar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]]: [[Darius Ishaku]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Yobe|Jihar Yobe]]: [[Ibrahim Gaidam|Ibrahim Geida]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Gwamnonin Jihar Zamfara|Jihar Zamfara]]: [[Abdul'aziz Abubakar Yari|Abdul-aziz Yari Abubakar]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) == Abubuwan da suka faru == * Janairu - Tattalin arzikin Najeriya ya yi kwangila 1.5%, karo na farko da ya ragu a cikin shekaru 25 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria's economy shrinks in 2016 for first time in 25 years |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN1670U6/}}</ref> * 4 ga Janairu - [[Haliru Mohammed Bello]], tsohon Ministan Tsaro kuma manajan yakin neman zabe na tsohon Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]], an kama shi ne bisa zargin karkatar da kudi. * 12 Janairu - 'yan bindiga na [[Boko Haram]] sun harbe mutane 7 kuma sun kone gidaje 10 a [[Madagali]], [[Adamawa]] * 11 ga Fabrairu - Mutane biyu da aka gano a matsayin mata masu fashewa a sansanin da ke Dikwa, Borno. Lamarin ya haifar da asarar kusan rayuka 58 tsakanin mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu (IDPs). Bugu da ƙari, wani mutum, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin yarinya, ya yarda da hukumomin tsaro cewa ta guji aiwatar da irin wannan aikin kashe kansa bayan ta fahimci cewa danginta suna neman mafaka a sansanin. * 11 Yuni - 12th Africa Movie Academy Awards ya faru a Port Harcourt . * Yuli - Kwamitin bincike da gwamnatin jihar ta kafa ya ba da shawarar cewa sojoji da ke da alhakin mutuwar mambobi 347 na Shi'a Islamic Movement of Nigeria a Zaria, jihar Kaduna, a cikin Disamba 12-14, 2015, ya kamata su fuskanci tuhuma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Nigeria |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2016-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/nigeria/}}</ref> * 3-7 ga watan Agusta - An gudanar da Taron Editocin Najeriya a Port Harcourt . * Oktoba - Gwamnatin Jihar Kaduna ta aiwatar da haramtacciyar haramtacciya a kan Ƙungiyar Musulunci a Najeriya (IMN), wanda ya haifar da irin wannan haramtacciyan haramtacciyu ga kungiyoyin Shia a jihohi huɗu na arewa. Daga baya, lokuta na tashin hankali da ya shafi taron jama'a da tilasta bin doka sun faru a lokacin ayyukan addinin Shia, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar tsakanin mambobin IMN a fadin jihohin Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Plateau, Sokoto, da Yobe. * 29 ga Oktoba - Wadanda ake zargi da kai hare-hare na Boko Haram sun kashe akalla mutane tara a [[Maiduguri]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2016 |title=WITNESSES: BOMB BLASTS KILL 9 IN NORTHEASTERN NIGERIAN CITY |url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/A/AF_NIGERIA_BOKO_HARAM_SUICIDE_BOMBS?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT |access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin fina-finan Najeriya na 2016|Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2016]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 3okv7fm7q53gd5tdt2a28jtrckyqjo5 822346 822345 2026-04-18T18:25:59Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 822346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Wadannan sun lissafa abubuwan da suka faru a shekarar '''2016 a [[Najeriya]]'''. == Wadanda ke aiki == === Gwamnatin Tarayya === * Shugaba: [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Mataimakin shugaban Kasar Najeriya|Mataimakin Shugaban kasa]]: [[Yemi Osinbajo]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Shugaban Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya|Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa]]: [[Bukola Saraki]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * Kakakin majalisar: [[Yakubu Dogara]] (APC) * [[Shugaban Alƙalan Alƙalai na Najeriya|Babban Mai Shari'a]]: [[Mahmud Mohammed]] (Har zuwa 10 ga Nuwamba) === Gwamnoni === * Jihar Abia: [[Okezie Ikpeazu]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Gwamnonin Jihar Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]]: [[Bindo Jibrilla]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin sunayen gwamnonin jihar Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]]: [[Udom Gabriel Emmanuel|Udom Emmanuel]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Gwamnonin Jihar Anambra|Jihar Anambra]]: [[Willie Obiano]] ([[All Progressives Grand Alliance|APGA]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwanonin Jihar Bauchi|Jihar Bauchi]]: [[Mohammed Abdullahi Abubakar|M. A. Abubakar]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin sunayen Gwamnoni jihar Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]]: [[Henry Dickson]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwanonin Jihar Benue|Jihar Benue]]: [[Samuel Ortom]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Borno|Jihar Borno]]: [[Kashim Shettima]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * Jihar Cross River: [[Benedict Ayade|Ben Ayade]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * Jihar Delta: [[Arthur Okowa Ifeanyi|Ifeanyi Okowa]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * Jihar Ebonyi: [[David Umahi|Dave Umahi]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * Jihar Edo: [[Adams Oshiomhole|Adams A. Oshiomhole]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) (har zuwa 12 ga Nuwamba); [[Godwin Obaseki]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) (farawa 12 ga Nu Nuwamba) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Ekiti|Jihar Ekiti]]: [[Ayodele Fayose|Ayo Fayose]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin jihar Enugu|Jihar Enugu]]: [[Ifeanyi Ugwuanyi]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Gombe|Jihar Gombe]]: [[Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo|Ibrahim Dankwambo]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * Jihar Imo: Rochas Okorocha ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Jigawa|Jihar Jigawa]]: [[Mohammed Badaru Abubakar|Badaru Abubakar]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Kaduna|Jihar Kaduna]]: [[Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai|Nasir el-Rufai]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Kano|Jihar Kano]]: [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje|Umar Ganduje]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Katsina|Jihar Katsina]]: [[Aminu Bello Masari|Aminu Masari]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwanonin Jihar kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]]: [[Abubakar Atiku Bagudu]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Kogi|Jihar Kogi]]: [[Idris Wada]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) (har zuwa 27 ga Janairu); [[Yahaya Bello]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) (farawa 27 ga Janairun) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Kwara|Jihar Kwara]]: [[Abdulfatah Ahmed]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin gwamnonin Lagos|Jihar Legas]]: [[Akinwunmi Ambode|Akinwumi Ambode]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Gwamnonin Jihar Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]]: [[Umaru Tanko Al-Makura|Umaru Al-Makura]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Niger|Jihar Nijar]]: [[Abubakar Sani Bello]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Ogun|Jihar Ogun]]: [[Ibikunle Amosun]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * Jihar Ondo: [[Olusegun Mimiko]] ([[Nigeria Labour Party|LP]]) * Jihar Osun: [[Rauf Aregbesola]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Oyo.|Jihar Oyo]]: [[Abiola Ajimobi]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * Jihar Filayen: [[Simon Bako Lalong|Simon Lalong]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * Jihar Rivers: [[Ezenwo Wike|Ezenwo Nyesom Wike]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Gwamnonin Jahar Sokoto|Jihar Sokoto]]: [[Aminu Waziri Tambuwal|Aminu Tambuwal]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwanonin Jihar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]]: [[Darius Ishaku]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Yobe|Jihar Yobe]]: [[Ibrahim Gaidam|Ibrahim Geida]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Gwamnonin Jihar Zamfara|Jihar Zamfara]]: [[Abdul'aziz Abubakar Yari|Abdul-aziz Yari Abubakar]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) == Abubuwan da suka faru == * Janairu - Tattalin arzikin Najeriya ya yi kwangila 1.5%, karo na farko da ya ragu a cikin shekaru 25 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria's economy shrinks in 2016 for first time in 25 years |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN1670U6/}}</ref> * 4 ga Janairu - [[Haliru Mohammed Bello]], tsohon Ministan Tsaro kuma manajan yakin neman zabe na tsohon Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]], an kama shi ne bisa zargin karkatar da kudi. * 12 Janairu - 'yan bindiga na [[Boko Haram]] sun harbe mutane 7 kuma sun kone gidaje 10 a [[Madagali]], [[Adamawa]] * 11 ga Fabrairu - Mutane biyu da aka gano a matsayin mata masu fashewa a sansanin da ke Dikwa, Borno. Lamarin ya haifar da asarar kusan rayuka 58 tsakanin mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu (IDPs). Bugu da ƙari, wani mutum, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin yarinya, ya yarda da hukumomin tsaro cewa ta guji aiwatar da irin wannan aikin kashe kansa bayan ta fahimci cewa danginta suna neman mafaka a sansanin. * 11 Yuni - 12th Africa Movie Academy Awards ya faru a Port Harcourt . * Yuli - Kwamitin bincike da gwamnatin jihar ta kafa ya ba da shawarar cewa sojoji da ke da alhakin mutuwar mambobi 347 na Shi'a Islamic Movement of Nigeria a Zaria, jihar Kaduna, a cikin Disamba 12-14, 2015, ya kamata su fuskanci tuhuma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Nigeria |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2016-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/nigeria/}}</ref> * 3-7 ga watan Agusta - An gudanar da Taron Editocin Najeriya a Port Harcourt . * Oktoba - Gwamnatin Jihar Kaduna ta aiwatar da haramtacciyar haramtacciya a kan Ƙungiyar Musulunci a Najeriya (IMN), wanda ya haifar da irin wannan haramtacciyan haramtacciyu ga kungiyoyin Shia a jihohi huɗu na arewa. Daga baya, lokuta na tashin hankali da ya shafi taron jama'a da tilasta bin doka sun faru a lokacin ayyukan addinin Shia, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar tsakanin mambobin IMN a fadin jihohin Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Plateau, Sokoto, da Yobe. * 29 ga Oktoba - Wadanda ake zargi da kai hare-hare na Boko Haram sun kashe akalla mutane tara a [[Maiduguri]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2016 |title=WITNESSES: BOMB BLASTS KILL 9 IN NORTHEASTERN NIGERIAN CITY |url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/A/AF_NIGERIA_BOKO_HARAM_SUICIDE_BOMBS?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT |access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin fina-finan Najeriya na 2016|Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2016]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} o2n4wn33efqcsdzw4iy64qlc9s5oax9 822347 822346 2026-04-18T18:31:21Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Abubuwan da suka faru */ 822347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Wadannan sun lissafa abubuwan da suka faru a shekarar '''2016 a [[Najeriya]]'''. == Wadanda ke aiki == === Gwamnatin Tarayya === * Shugaba: [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Mataimakin shugaban Kasar Najeriya|Mataimakin Shugaban kasa]]: [[Yemi Osinbajo]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Shugaban Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya|Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa]]: [[Bukola Saraki]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * Kakakin majalisar: [[Yakubu Dogara]] (APC) * [[Shugaban Alƙalan Alƙalai na Najeriya|Babban Mai Shari'a]]: [[Mahmud Mohammed]] (Har zuwa 10 ga Nuwamba) === Gwamnoni === * Jihar Abia: [[Okezie Ikpeazu]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Gwamnonin Jihar Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]]: [[Bindo Jibrilla]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin sunayen gwamnonin jihar Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]]: [[Udom Gabriel Emmanuel|Udom Emmanuel]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Gwamnonin Jihar Anambra|Jihar Anambra]]: [[Willie Obiano]] ([[All Progressives Grand Alliance|APGA]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwanonin Jihar Bauchi|Jihar Bauchi]]: [[Mohammed Abdullahi Abubakar|M. A. Abubakar]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin sunayen Gwamnoni jihar Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]]: [[Henry Dickson]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwanonin Jihar Benue|Jihar Benue]]: [[Samuel Ortom]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Borno|Jihar Borno]]: [[Kashim Shettima]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * Jihar Cross River: [[Benedict Ayade|Ben Ayade]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * Jihar Delta: [[Arthur Okowa Ifeanyi|Ifeanyi Okowa]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * Jihar Ebonyi: [[David Umahi|Dave Umahi]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * Jihar Edo: [[Adams Oshiomhole|Adams A. Oshiomhole]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) (har zuwa 12 ga Nuwamba); [[Godwin Obaseki]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) (farawa 12 ga Nu Nuwamba) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Ekiti|Jihar Ekiti]]: [[Ayodele Fayose|Ayo Fayose]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin jihar Enugu|Jihar Enugu]]: [[Ifeanyi Ugwuanyi]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Gombe|Jihar Gombe]]: [[Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo|Ibrahim Dankwambo]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * Jihar Imo: Rochas Okorocha ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Jigawa|Jihar Jigawa]]: [[Mohammed Badaru Abubakar|Badaru Abubakar]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Kaduna|Jihar Kaduna]]: [[Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai|Nasir el-Rufai]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Kano|Jihar Kano]]: [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje|Umar Ganduje]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Katsina|Jihar Katsina]]: [[Aminu Bello Masari|Aminu Masari]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwanonin Jihar kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]]: [[Abubakar Atiku Bagudu]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Kogi|Jihar Kogi]]: [[Idris Wada]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) (har zuwa 27 ga Janairu); [[Yahaya Bello]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) (farawa 27 ga Janairun) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Kwara|Jihar Kwara]]: [[Abdulfatah Ahmed]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin gwamnonin Lagos|Jihar Legas]]: [[Akinwunmi Ambode|Akinwumi Ambode]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Gwamnonin Jihar Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]]: [[Umaru Tanko Al-Makura|Umaru Al-Makura]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Niger|Jihar Nijar]]: [[Abubakar Sani Bello]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Ogun|Jihar Ogun]]: [[Ibikunle Amosun]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * Jihar Ondo: [[Olusegun Mimiko]] ([[Nigeria Labour Party|LP]]) * Jihar Osun: [[Rauf Aregbesola]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Oyo.|Jihar Oyo]]: [[Abiola Ajimobi]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * Jihar Filayen: [[Simon Bako Lalong|Simon Lalong]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * Jihar Rivers: [[Ezenwo Wike|Ezenwo Nyesom Wike]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Gwamnonin Jahar Sokoto|Jihar Sokoto]]: [[Aminu Waziri Tambuwal|Aminu Tambuwal]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwanonin Jihar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]]: [[Darius Ishaku]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Yobe|Jihar Yobe]]: [[Ibrahim Gaidam|Ibrahim Geida]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Gwamnonin Jihar Zamfara|Jihar Zamfara]]: [[Abdul'aziz Abubakar Yari|Abdul-aziz Yari Abubakar]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) == Abubuwan da suka faru == * Janairu - Tattalin arzikin Najeriya ya yi kwangila 1.5%, karo na farko da ya ragu a cikin shekaru 25 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria's economy shrinks in 2016 for first time in 25 years |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN1670U6/}}</ref> * 4 ga Janairu - [[Haliru Mohammed Bello]], tsohon Ministan Tsaro kuma manajan yakin neman zabe na tsohon Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]], an kama shi ne bisa zargin karkatar da kudi.<ref>{{cite news|date=5 January 2016|title=Nigeria's ex-Defence minister arraigned for money laundering|publisher=Star Africa|url=http://en.starafrica.com/news/nigerias-ex-defence-minister-arraigned-for-money-laundering.html|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113942/http://en.starafrica.com/news/nigerias-ex-defence-minister-arraigned-for-money-laundering.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> * 12 Janairu - 'yan bindiga na [[Boko Haram]] sun harbe mutane 7 kuma sun kone gidaje 10 a [[Madagali]], [[Adamawa]] * 11 ga Fabrairu - Mutane biyu da aka gano a matsayin mata masu fashewa a sansanin da ke Dikwa, Borno. Lamarin ya haifar da asarar kusan rayuka 58 tsakanin mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu (IDPs). Bugu da ƙari, wani mutum, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin yarinya, ya yarda da hukumomin tsaro cewa ta guji aiwatar da irin wannan aikin kashe kansa bayan ta fahimci cewa danginta suna neman mafaka a sansanin. * 11 Yuni - 12th Africa Movie Academy Awards ya faru a Port Harcourt . * Yuli - Kwamitin bincike da gwamnatin jihar ta kafa ya ba da shawarar cewa sojoji da ke da alhakin mutuwar mambobi 347 na Shi'a Islamic Movement of Nigeria a Zaria, jihar Kaduna, a cikin Disamba 12-14, 2015, ya kamata su fuskanci tuhuma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Nigeria |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2016-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/nigeria/}}</ref> * 3-7 ga watan Agusta - An gudanar da Taron Editocin Najeriya a Port Harcourt . * Oktoba - Gwamnatin Jihar Kaduna ta aiwatar da haramtacciyar haramtacciya a kan Ƙungiyar Musulunci a Najeriya (IMN), wanda ya haifar da irin wannan haramtacciyan haramtacciyu ga kungiyoyin Shia a jihohi huɗu na arewa. Daga baya, lokuta na tashin hankali da ya shafi taron jama'a da tilasta bin doka sun faru a lokacin ayyukan addinin Shia, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar tsakanin mambobin IMN a fadin jihohin Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Plateau, Sokoto, da Yobe. * 29 ga Oktoba - Wadanda ake zargi da kai hare-hare na Boko Haram sun kashe akalla mutane tara a [[Maiduguri]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2016 |title=WITNESSES: BOMB BLASTS KILL 9 IN NORTHEASTERN NIGERIAN CITY |url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/A/AF_NIGERIA_BOKO_HARAM_SUICIDE_BOMBS?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT |access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin fina-finan Najeriya na 2016|Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2016]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} nw7alatd8wfxla8mxx8zsr4fk70mym6 822348 822347 2026-04-18T18:32:34Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Abubuwan da suka faru */ 822348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Wadannan sun lissafa abubuwan da suka faru a shekarar '''2016 a [[Najeriya]]'''. == Wadanda ke aiki == === Gwamnatin Tarayya === * Shugaba: [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Mataimakin shugaban Kasar Najeriya|Mataimakin Shugaban kasa]]: [[Yemi Osinbajo]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Shugaban Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya|Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa]]: [[Bukola Saraki]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * Kakakin majalisar: [[Yakubu Dogara]] (APC) * [[Shugaban Alƙalan Alƙalai na Najeriya|Babban Mai Shari'a]]: [[Mahmud Mohammed]] (Har zuwa 10 ga Nuwamba) === Gwamnoni === * Jihar Abia: [[Okezie Ikpeazu]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Gwamnonin Jihar Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]]: [[Bindo Jibrilla]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin sunayen gwamnonin jihar Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]]: [[Udom Gabriel Emmanuel|Udom Emmanuel]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Gwamnonin Jihar Anambra|Jihar Anambra]]: [[Willie Obiano]] ([[All Progressives Grand Alliance|APGA]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwanonin Jihar Bauchi|Jihar Bauchi]]: [[Mohammed Abdullahi Abubakar|M. A. Abubakar]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin sunayen Gwamnoni jihar Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]]: [[Henry Dickson]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwanonin Jihar Benue|Jihar Benue]]: [[Samuel Ortom]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Borno|Jihar Borno]]: [[Kashim Shettima]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * Jihar Cross River: [[Benedict Ayade|Ben Ayade]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * Jihar Delta: [[Arthur Okowa Ifeanyi|Ifeanyi Okowa]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * Jihar Ebonyi: [[David Umahi|Dave Umahi]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * Jihar Edo: [[Adams Oshiomhole|Adams A. Oshiomhole]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) (har zuwa 12 ga Nuwamba); [[Godwin Obaseki]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) (farawa 12 ga Nu Nuwamba) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Ekiti|Jihar Ekiti]]: [[Ayodele Fayose|Ayo Fayose]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin jihar Enugu|Jihar Enugu]]: [[Ifeanyi Ugwuanyi]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Gombe|Jihar Gombe]]: [[Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo|Ibrahim Dankwambo]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * Jihar Imo: Rochas Okorocha ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Jigawa|Jihar Jigawa]]: [[Mohammed Badaru Abubakar|Badaru Abubakar]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Kaduna|Jihar Kaduna]]: [[Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai|Nasir el-Rufai]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Kano|Jihar Kano]]: [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje|Umar Ganduje]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Katsina|Jihar Katsina]]: [[Aminu Bello Masari|Aminu Masari]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwanonin Jihar kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]]: [[Abubakar Atiku Bagudu]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Kogi|Jihar Kogi]]: [[Idris Wada]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) (har zuwa 27 ga Janairu); [[Yahaya Bello]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) (farawa 27 ga Janairun) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Kwara|Jihar Kwara]]: [[Abdulfatah Ahmed]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin gwamnonin Lagos|Jihar Legas]]: [[Akinwunmi Ambode|Akinwumi Ambode]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Gwamnonin Jihar Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]]: [[Umaru Tanko Al-Makura|Umaru Al-Makura]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Niger|Jihar Nijar]]: [[Abubakar Sani Bello]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Ogun|Jihar Ogun]]: [[Ibikunle Amosun]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * Jihar Ondo: [[Olusegun Mimiko]] ([[Nigeria Labour Party|LP]]) * Jihar Osun: [[Rauf Aregbesola]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Oyo.|Jihar Oyo]]: [[Abiola Ajimobi]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * Jihar Filayen: [[Simon Bako Lalong|Simon Lalong]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * Jihar Rivers: [[Ezenwo Wike|Ezenwo Nyesom Wike]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Gwamnonin Jahar Sokoto|Jihar Sokoto]]: [[Aminu Waziri Tambuwal|Aminu Tambuwal]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwanonin Jihar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]]: [[Darius Ishaku]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Yobe|Jihar Yobe]]: [[Ibrahim Gaidam|Ibrahim Geida]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Gwamnonin Jihar Zamfara|Jihar Zamfara]]: [[Abdul'aziz Abubakar Yari|Abdul-aziz Yari Abubakar]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) == Abubuwan da suka faru == * Janairu - Tattalin arzikin Najeriya ya yi kwangila 1.5%, karo na farko da ya ragu a cikin shekaru 25 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria's economy shrinks in 2016 for first time in 25 years |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN1670U6/}}</ref> * 4 ga Janairu - [[Haliru Mohammed Bello]], tsohon Ministan Tsaro kuma manajan yakin neman zabe na tsohon Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]], an kama shi ne bisa zargin karkatar da kudi.<ref>{{cite news|date=5 January 2016|title=Nigeria's ex-Defence minister arraigned for money laundering|publisher=Star Africa|url=http://en.starafrica.com/news/nigerias-ex-defence-minister-arraigned-for-money-laundering.html|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113942/http://en.starafrica.com/news/nigerias-ex-defence-minister-arraigned-for-money-laundering.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> * 12 Janairu - 'yan bindiga na [[Boko Haram]] sun harbe mutane 7 kuma sun kone gidaje 10 a [[Madagali]], [[Adamawa]]<ref>[https://www.enca.com/africa/7-killed-nigeria-attack 7 killed in Nigeria attack] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203143922/https://www.enca.com/africa/7-killed-nigeria-attack |date=2016-02-03 }} ENCA</ref> * 11 ga Fabrairu - Mutane biyu da aka gano a matsayin mata masu fashewa a sansanin da ke Dikwa, Borno. Lamarin ya haifar da asarar kusan rayuka 58 tsakanin mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu (IDPs). Bugu da ƙari, wani mutum, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin yarinya, ya yarda da hukumomin tsaro cewa ta guji aiwatar da irin wannan aikin kashe kansa bayan ta fahimci cewa danginta suna neman mafaka a sansanin. * 11 Yuni - 12th Africa Movie Academy Awards ya faru a Port Harcourt . * Yuli - Kwamitin bincike da gwamnatin jihar ta kafa ya ba da shawarar cewa sojoji da ke da alhakin mutuwar mambobi 347 na Shi'a Islamic Movement of Nigeria a Zaria, jihar Kaduna, a cikin Disamba 12-14, 2015, ya kamata su fuskanci tuhuma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Nigeria |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2016-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/nigeria/}}</ref> * 3-7 ga watan Agusta - An gudanar da Taron Editocin Najeriya a Port Harcourt . * Oktoba - Gwamnatin Jihar Kaduna ta aiwatar da haramtacciyar haramtacciya a kan Ƙungiyar Musulunci a Najeriya (IMN), wanda ya haifar da irin wannan haramtacciyan haramtacciyu ga kungiyoyin Shia a jihohi huɗu na arewa. Daga baya, lokuta na tashin hankali da ya shafi taron jama'a da tilasta bin doka sun faru a lokacin ayyukan addinin Shia, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar tsakanin mambobin IMN a fadin jihohin Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Plateau, Sokoto, da Yobe. * 29 ga Oktoba - Wadanda ake zargi da kai hare-hare na Boko Haram sun kashe akalla mutane tara a [[Maiduguri]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2016 |title=WITNESSES: BOMB BLASTS KILL 9 IN NORTHEASTERN NIGERIAN CITY |url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/A/AF_NIGERIA_BOKO_HARAM_SUICIDE_BOMBS?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT |access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin fina-finan Najeriya na 2016|Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2016]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 47sx93mib1exwqhe5oowe7k6hgexbtd 822349 822348 2026-04-18T18:33:57Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Abubuwan da suka faru */ 822349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Wadannan sun lissafa abubuwan da suka faru a shekarar '''2016 a [[Najeriya]]'''. == Wadanda ke aiki == === Gwamnatin Tarayya === * Shugaba: [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Mataimakin shugaban Kasar Najeriya|Mataimakin Shugaban kasa]]: [[Yemi Osinbajo]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Shugaban Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya|Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa]]: [[Bukola Saraki]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * Kakakin majalisar: [[Yakubu Dogara]] (APC) * [[Shugaban Alƙalan Alƙalai na Najeriya|Babban Mai Shari'a]]: [[Mahmud Mohammed]] (Har zuwa 10 ga Nuwamba) === Gwamnoni === * Jihar Abia: [[Okezie Ikpeazu]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Gwamnonin Jihar Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]]: [[Bindo Jibrilla]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin sunayen gwamnonin jihar Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]]: [[Udom Gabriel Emmanuel|Udom Emmanuel]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Gwamnonin Jihar Anambra|Jihar Anambra]]: [[Willie Obiano]] ([[All Progressives Grand Alliance|APGA]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwanonin Jihar Bauchi|Jihar Bauchi]]: [[Mohammed Abdullahi Abubakar|M. A. Abubakar]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin sunayen Gwamnoni jihar Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]]: [[Henry Dickson]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwanonin Jihar Benue|Jihar Benue]]: [[Samuel Ortom]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Borno|Jihar Borno]]: [[Kashim Shettima]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * Jihar Cross River: [[Benedict Ayade|Ben Ayade]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * Jihar Delta: [[Arthur Okowa Ifeanyi|Ifeanyi Okowa]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * Jihar Ebonyi: [[David Umahi|Dave Umahi]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * Jihar Edo: [[Adams Oshiomhole|Adams A. Oshiomhole]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) (har zuwa 12 ga Nuwamba); [[Godwin Obaseki]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) (farawa 12 ga Nu Nuwamba) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Ekiti|Jihar Ekiti]]: [[Ayodele Fayose|Ayo Fayose]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin jihar Enugu|Jihar Enugu]]: [[Ifeanyi Ugwuanyi]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Gombe|Jihar Gombe]]: [[Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo|Ibrahim Dankwambo]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * Jihar Imo: Rochas Okorocha ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Jigawa|Jihar Jigawa]]: [[Mohammed Badaru Abubakar|Badaru Abubakar]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Kaduna|Jihar Kaduna]]: [[Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai|Nasir el-Rufai]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Kano|Jihar Kano]]: [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje|Umar Ganduje]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Katsina|Jihar Katsina]]: [[Aminu Bello Masari|Aminu Masari]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwanonin Jihar kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]]: [[Abubakar Atiku Bagudu]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Kogi|Jihar Kogi]]: [[Idris Wada]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) (har zuwa 27 ga Janairu); [[Yahaya Bello]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) (farawa 27 ga Janairun) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Kwara|Jihar Kwara]]: [[Abdulfatah Ahmed]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin gwamnonin Lagos|Jihar Legas]]: [[Akinwunmi Ambode|Akinwumi Ambode]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Gwamnonin Jihar Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]]: [[Umaru Tanko Al-Makura|Umaru Al-Makura]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Niger|Jihar Nijar]]: [[Abubakar Sani Bello]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Ogun|Jihar Ogun]]: [[Ibikunle Amosun]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * Jihar Ondo: [[Olusegun Mimiko]] ([[Nigeria Labour Party|LP]]) * Jihar Osun: [[Rauf Aregbesola]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Oyo.|Jihar Oyo]]: [[Abiola Ajimobi]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * Jihar Filayen: [[Simon Bako Lalong|Simon Lalong]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * Jihar Rivers: [[Ezenwo Wike|Ezenwo Nyesom Wike]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Gwamnonin Jahar Sokoto|Jihar Sokoto]]: [[Aminu Waziri Tambuwal|Aminu Tambuwal]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwanonin Jihar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]]: [[Darius Ishaku]] ([[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]) * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Yobe|Jihar Yobe]]: [[Ibrahim Gaidam|Ibrahim Geida]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) * [[Jerin Gwamnonin Jihar Zamfara|Jihar Zamfara]]: [[Abdul'aziz Abubakar Yari|Abdul-aziz Yari Abubakar]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) == Abubuwan da suka faru == * Janairu - Tattalin arzikin Najeriya ya yi kwangila 1.5%, karo na farko da ya ragu a cikin shekaru 25 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria's economy shrinks in 2016 for first time in 25 years |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN1670U6/}}</ref> * 4 ga Janairu - [[Haliru Mohammed Bello]], tsohon Ministan Tsaro kuma manajan yakin neman zabe na tsohon Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]], an kama shi ne bisa zargin karkatar da kudi.<ref>{{cite news|date=5 January 2016|title=Nigeria's ex-Defence minister arraigned for money laundering|publisher=Star Africa|url=http://en.starafrica.com/news/nigerias-ex-defence-minister-arraigned-for-money-laundering.html|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113942/http://en.starafrica.com/news/nigerias-ex-defence-minister-arraigned-for-money-laundering.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> * 12 Janairu - 'yan bindiga na [[Boko Haram]] sun harbe mutane 7 kuma sun kone gidaje 10 a [[Madagali]], [[Adamawa]]<ref>[https://www.enca.com/africa/7-killed-nigeria-attack 7 killed in Nigeria attack] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203143922/https://www.enca.com/africa/7-killed-nigeria-attack |date=2016-02-03 }} ENCA</ref> * 11 ga Fabrairu - Mutane biyu da aka gano a matsayin mata masu fashewa a sansanin da ke Dikwa, Borno. Lamarin ya haifar da asarar kusan rayuka 58 tsakanin mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu (IDPs). Bugu da ƙari, wani mutum, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin yarinya, ya yarda da hukumomin tsaro cewa ta guji aiwatar da irin wannan aikin kashe kansa bayan ta fahimci cewa danginta suna neman mafaka a sansanin. * 11 Yuni - 12th Africa Movie Academy Awards ya faru a Port Harcourt . * Yuli - Kwamitin bincike da gwamnatin jihar ta kafa ya ba da shawarar cewa sojoji da ke da alhakin mutuwar mambobi 347 na Shi'a Islamic Movement of Nigeria a Zaria, jihar Kaduna, a cikin Disamba 12-14, 2015, ya kamata su fuskanci tuhuma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Nigeria |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2016-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/nigeria/}}</ref> * 3-7 ga watan Agusta - An gudanar da Taron Editocin Najeriya a Port Harcourt . * Oktoba - Gwamnatin Jihar Kaduna ta aiwatar da haramtacciyar haramtacciya a kan Ƙungiyar Musulunci a Najeriya (IMN), wanda ya haifar da irin wannan haramtacciyan haramtacciyu ga kungiyoyin Shia a jihohi huɗu na arewa. Daga baya, lokuta na tashin hankali da ya shafi taron jama'a da tilasta bin doka sun faru a lokacin ayyukan addinin Shia, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar tsakanin mambobin IMN a fadin jihohin Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Plateau, Sokoto, da Yobe.<ref>{{Citation |last=Human Rights Watch |title=Nigeria: Events of 2016 |date=2017-01-12 |work=Share this via Facebook |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/nigeria |access-date=2024-05-15 |language=en}}</ref> * 29 ga Oktoba - Wadanda ake zargi da kai hare-hare na Boko Haram sun kashe akalla mutane tara a [[Maiduguri]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2016 |title=WITNESSES: BOMB BLASTS KILL 9 IN NORTHEASTERN NIGERIAN CITY |url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/A/AF_NIGERIA_BOKO_HARAM_SUICIDE_BOMBS?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT |access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin fina-finan Najeriya na 2016|Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2016]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 47k3uaj9wkwrtzwan4ff5ejsm4f6ygb 0 148216 822350 2026-04-18T18:35:39Z Santa MMD 23886 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1321855032|Alwassa–Gwandu campaign]]" 822350 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yaƙin Alwassa-Gwandu''' ya kasance rikici ne na soja na kashi biyu a watan Nuwamba 1805 a lokacin [[Jihadin Danfodio|Jihad na Usman dan Fodio]] a [[Arewa ta Yamma (Najeriya)|arewa maso yammacin Najeriya]] na yanzu. An yi yaƙi tsakanin [[Daular Sokoto|Masu jihadi na Sokoto]], karkashin jagorancin [[Abdullahi dan Fodio]], [[Ali Jedo]], da [[Muhammadu Bello|Muhammad Bello]], da kuma hadin gwiwar [[Gobir]], Kebbi, [[Masarautar Zamfara|Zamfara]], da kungiyoyin [[Buzaye|Tuareg]] da ke ƙarƙashin [[Yumfa|Yunfa]], Muhammadu Hodi, da shugaban Tuareg Agunbulu . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Balogun |first=S. A. |date=1974 |title=The Place of Argungu in Gwandu History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857029 |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=403–415 |issn=0018-2540}}</ref> Yaƙin ya fara ne da yaƙi a Alwassa, inda hadin gwiwar ta ci nasara a kan masu jihadi, wanda ya haifar da mummunan rauni. Jihadists sun koma sansanin su a [[Gwandu]], inda suka kwashe kwanaki hudu masu zuwa suna kare garin da ba shi da kariya tare da taimakon yankin da ke kewaye da shi. A ranar ƙarshe, a ranar Alhamis, hadin gwiwar ta kaddamar da babban hari, wanda ya gaza saboda yadda masu jihadi suka yi amfani da masu harbi da sojan doki.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Balogun |first=S. A. |date=1974 |title=The Place of Argungu in Gwandu History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857029 |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=403–415 |issn=0018-2540}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBalogun1974">Balogun, S. A. (1974). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857029 "The Place of Argungu in Gwandu History"]. ''Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria''. '''7''' (3): <span class="nowrap">403–</span>415. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2540 0018-2540].</cite></ref> Duk da cewa masu jihadi sun guje wa cikakkiyar hallaka, bayan yakin, nan da nan suka fara karfafa ikonsu a yammacin [[Hausa Bakwai|Hausaland]], kuma a hankali suka fadada tasirin su a duk yankin. == Tarihi == Bayan [[Yaƙin Tsuntua|shan kaye a Tsuntsua]] da [[Gobir]] ya yi a shekarar 1804, [[Jihadin Danfodio|masu jihadin]] [[Daular Sokoto|Sokoto]] sun shiga [[Masarautar Zamfara|kwarin Zamfara]] suna neman abinci, inda suka kafa sansani a Sabon Gari (mil ashirin a arewa da [[Anka (Nijeriya)|Anka]] ) a kudu maso yammacin Zamfara. Ganin cewa akwai bukatar kafa sansani na dindindin, shugaban jihadin, [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodio]], ya ba da umarnin a yi wani rangadi zuwa Masarautar Kebbi . A karkashin ''[[Babban Wazirin Sokoto|Waziri]]'' ( [[vizier]] ) [[Abdullahi dan Fodio]] da ''Sarkin Yaki'' ("shugaban yaƙi") [[Ali Jedo]], [[Birnin Kebbi]], babban birnin Kebbi, an kama shi aka kuma yi masa fashi. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2" /> ''Sarkin Kebbi'' Muhammadu Hodi ya gudu arewa don ya shiga ''Gobirawa'' a kan masu jihadin. A madadinsa, masu jihadin sun nada Usman Massa, wani yarima na Kebbi, a matsayin Sarki a kan yankunan kudancin masarautar da aka ci da yaki. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Balogun |first=S. A. |date=1974 |title=The Place of Argungu in Gwandu History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857029 |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=403–415 |issn=0018-2540}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBalogun1974">Balogun, S. A. (1974). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857029 "The Place of Argungu in Gwandu History"]. ''Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria''. '''7''' (3): <span class="nowrap">403–</span>415. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2540 0018-2540].</cite></ref> Yayinda [[Kebbi campaign|Yakin Kebbi]] ke ci gaba, dan Usman [[Muhammadu Bello|Muhammad Bello]] ya jagoranci balaguro a kan ''Zamfarawa''. Jama'ar Zamfara masu abokantaka da farko ba da daɗewa ba suka zama masu adawa da al'ummar Usman saboda, a cewar Bello, "mutanemu suna zaluntar su. Sun yi tunanin cewa ta hanyar zalunci za su sami ƙarshen su amma ''Zamfarawa'' sun yi fushi da shi kuma dalilinmu ya ji rauni. " Sojojin Bello sun yi tafiya zuwa ganuwar Garmai. Bayan wata tattaunawa da ta gaza tare da ''Sarkin Zamfara'' [[Abarshi]], inda Bello "ya roƙe shi ya taimake mu kuma kada ya taimaka wa abokan gaba," masu jihadi sun kori Garmai tare da wasu garuruwa hamsin kuma suka lalata yankunan da ke kewaye da su.<ref name=":0" /> Tare da waɗannan kamfen ɗin nasara guda biyu, al'ummar Usman sun koma kudu a watan Oktoba 1805 zuwa garin Kebbi na [[Gwandu]]. A halin yanzu, tare da girbi da yawa a cikin da kuma warkar da salée na [[Buzaye|Tuareg]] a kan, ''''sarki'' Gobir'' [[Yumfa|Yunfa]] yana kafa hadin gwiwa a kan jihadiists tare da ''Kebbawa'' a arewa a karkashin sarki Hodi da aka kore su, da kuma kungiyoyin Tuareg da suka haɗa kai <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Balogun |first=S. A. |date=1974 |title=The Place of Argungu in Gwandu History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857029 |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=403–415 |issn=0018-2540}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBalogun1974">Balogun, S. A. (1974). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857029 "The Place of Argungu in Gwandu History"]. ''Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria''. '''7''' (3): <span class="nowrap">403–</span>415. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2540 0018-2540].</cite></ref> karkashin jagorancin shugabansu Agunbulu Sauran kungiyoyin [[Hausawa|Hausa]] ma sun shiga wannan hadin gwiwa, gami da masu adawa daga garuruwan Zamfara waɗanda Bello ya lalata, da kuma dakarun daga wasu [[Hausa Bakwai|Jihohin Hausa]].<ref name=":0" /> == Yaƙin Alwassa == Labarin sojojin da ke gabatowa ya kai ga masu jihadi da wuri, kuma an kama su ba tare da shiri ba. Ɗaya daga cikin dakarun da ke karkashin Bello ya kasance a tsakiyar kewaye da garin Kebbi na Augi (kusa da Gwandu) lokacin da labarin ya zo, ya tilasta musu su koma Gwandu da sauri. A cikin alkawurran da suka gabata masu jihadi sun sau da yawa sun kai farmaki ko da lokacin da suka fi yawa. A wannan lokacin, duk da haka, shugabannin su sun rabu kan dabarun. Sarkin Yaki Ali Jedo ya fi son saduwa da shugaban hadin gwiwa a cikin yakin basasa, yayin da wani bangare, karkashin jagorancin Bello, ya fi son dabarun tsaro. Bayan muhawara, ƙungiyar Jedo ta yi nasara, kuma an yanke shawarar cewa Abdullahi da Jedo za su jagoranci sojojin tare. A wannan lokacin Bello ya zaɓi kada ya ci gaba saboda rashin lafiya, amma Usman ya matsa masa ya sake shiga "idan aka ci su ya kamata a ce ta hanyar kasancewa a baya na sa wasu su rataye baya. " Lokacin da Bello ya sake komawa kwamandan, an gudanar da wani taron yaki. Abdullahi yanzu ya shiga Bello wajen yin kira ga janyewa, amma Jedo ya sake dagewa kan kai farmaki. Yunkurin sojojin da suka ci gaba, suka koma baya, sannan suka sake ci gaba, wanda ya haifar da rashin jituwa tsakanin kwamandoji, ya yi kama da ya shafi horo da halin kirki. Yayinda suke sansani a ƙauyen abokantaka na Kwolda, sojojin sun kwace ƙauyen.<ref name=":0" /> A cewar labarin Bello: "Yanzu wannan garin bai yi yaƙi da mu ba kuma hakika rabin mazauna mutanensu ne. Duk da haka mayaƙanmu sun kai musu hari kuma sun kwace su daga duk abin da suke da shi. ''Waziri'' Abdullahi ya umarce su da su daina amma sun ki yin biyayya da shi. Sa'an nan ni ma na shiga garin don hana ƙarin fashi amma an kusa da a kashe ni kuma an tilasta masa ya janye. " Duk da Abdullahi da Bello suka sake kira su, sojojin sun ci gaba.<ref name=":0" /> Sojojin biyu sun hadu a cikin ''fadama'' mai bushe (ƙananan wuraren da ake ban ruwa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lovejoy |first=Paul E. |date=1979 |title=The Characteristics of Plantations in the Nineteenth-Century Sokoto Caliphate |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1861468 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=84 |issue=5 |pages=1267–1292 |doi=10.2307/1861468 |issn=0002-8762 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>) a Alwassa (kimanin mil ashirin yammacin Gwandu ) a ranar Asabar a watan Nuwamba 1805/[[Sha'ban]] 1220. Ko da yake sun fi yawa, masu jihadi sun fi dacewa da kayan aiki fiye da yadda suka kasance a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da suka gabata, saboda kamfen ɗin da suka yi kwanan nan, inda suka kwace makamai, wasiku, makamai (''lafidi'') da dawakai. Duk da haka, har yanzu suna dogara sosai ga masu harbi.<ref name=":0" /> Da farko a cikin fada, bangaren hagu na dakarun jihadi sun rushe a ƙarƙashin harin sojojin da ke kan raƙumi na Tuaregs kuma an mirgine dukkan layin yaƙi. Kwamandojin ba su iya tara dakarun su ba, kuma sojojin jihadi sun karya kuma sun koma Gwandu. A cewar Bello, an kashe sama da dubu daga cikin masu jihadi a Alwassa. == Yaƙin Gwandu == A Gwandu, wanda ke cikin rami da ke kewaye da ƙananan tuddai na tagulla da purple laterite, masu jihadi sun kwashe kwanaki hudu suna kare garin da ba su da ƙarfi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Balogun |first=S. A. |date=1974 |title=The Place of Argungu in Gwandu History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857029 |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=403–415 |issn=0018-2540}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBalogun1974">Balogun, S. A. (1974). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857029 "The Place of Argungu in Gwandu History"]. ''Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria''. '''7''' (3): <span class="nowrap">403–</span>415. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2540 0018-2540].</cite></ref> A wannan lokacin, sarkin da aka nada a Kebbi, Usman Massa, ya watsar da amincinsa kuma ya shiga hadin gwiwa a waje da Gwandu. A ranar Alhamis mai zuwa, hadin gwiwar ta kaddamar da babban hari. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, yawancin fadace-fadacen sun kunshi masu sintiri na sojan doki da ke bincike zuwa garin, wanda Bello ya kalubalanci tare da masu sintiri masu tsaro. Don tara sojojin da suka lalace, Usman ya nemi dawo da halin kirki ta hanyar addu'o'i da gargaɗi.<ref name=":3" /> Bello ya ba da labarin: "Shehu ya fito daga masallaci ya yi wa'azi ga mutane. Tare da alheri ya gargadi su daina yin mugunta kuma su juya cikin hanyoyin adalci. Ya yi addu'a don nasara kuma maganarsa ta sa su yi sha'awar sake yin yaƙi. "<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Last |first=Murray |date=1967 |title=A Note on Attitudes to the Supernatural in the Sokoto Jihad |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41971197 |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=3–13 |issn=0018-2540}}</ref> Duk da rashin ganuwar Gwandu ko garu mai ƙarfi, tsaunuka masu duwatsu da tsaunuka da ke kewaye da garin sun sanya motsi da wuya ga sojan doki na hadin gwiwa, suna ba da fa'ida ga masu harbi na jihadi. Kungiyar hadin gwiwa ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi motsi, tare da wani shafi yana bugawa daga gaba yayin da wani ya kai hari daga baya, kuma na uku ya ci gaba daga arewa don ƙarfafa hari na gaba. Yayin da masu jihadi suka janye zuwa garin a hankali, sai suka ja hadin gwiwa zuwa kewayon harbe-harbe na masu harbi. Lokacin da sojan doki na hadin gwiwa suka rabu a karkashin matsin lamba, mahayan dawakai na jihadi sun kai hari kan bangarorin su kuma sun mirgine shi. Sojojin hadin gwiwa sun koma baya cikin rikici, tare da wadanda suka tsira sun gudu zuwa sansanin Usman Massa a Gumbai kusa da Gwandu, inda sojan doki na Bello suka sake warwatsa su. Matan Gwandu sun jajjefe fursunonin hadin gwiwa, sannan suka jefa su cikin rana don su mutu daga ƙishirwa. == Sakamakon haka == Bayan kusan guje wa cikakkiyar hallaka, 'yan jihadi nan da nan suka fara sake tabbatar da ikonsu a yammacin [[Hausa Bakwai|Hausaland]]. Sun sami nasarar murkushe 'yan tawaye na ''Zamfarawa'' da ''Kebbawa'', tare da kashe Usman Massa a ƙarshen 1806. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan yakin Alwassa-Gwandu, Usman ya aika Bello don wakiltar shi a taron shugabannin musulmai a Magami. Ta hanyar diflomasiyyar Bello a taron, masu jihadi sun sami damar samun amincin wasu masarautun Hausa. A cewar masanin tarihi Murray Last: "Daga wannan lokacin, to (lokacin fari na 1805-1806), ikon Sokoto ya fara: ba a sake gane Khalifanci ba ne kawai ta hanyar 'yan gudun hijira (''[[Muhajirun]]'') da waɗanda ke fada a cikin jihadi na Sokoto, amma Musulmai a Zamfara, [[Tarihin Katsina|Katsina]], [[Masarautar Daura|Daura]] da [[Masarautar Kano|Kano]] yanzu an haɗa su a cikin al'umma mafi girma. " Kafin Alwassa, masu jihadi sun riga sun sha wahala sosai, da yawa daga cikinsu masu daraja. Rashin nasara a Tsuntsua ya kasance mai wahala musamman, tare da 200 daga cikin mutane 2000 da aka kashe sun ce sun haddace Alkur'ani. A sakamakon [[Makkah|Makka]], matsayi na sojojin jihadi sun [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] cika da masu kasada waɗanda, waɗanda nasarorin da suka samu a baya suka jawo su, sun shiga cikin fatan samun nasara. Wadannan "rabble na matasa hooligans," a cewar Abdullahi, an zarge su da aiwatar da fashi a Kwaldo. Da yake binciken sakamakon Alwassa, Abdullahi ya fara shakkar dalilin da ya sa mayakan jihadi suka yi, kuma yana kokawa: "An bar ni a cikin ragowar da suka yi watsi da addu'o'insu. Kuma ku yi biyayya, a cikin samun jin daɗi, rayukansu. Kuma mafi yawansu sun sayar da bangaskiyarsu ga duniya... Ba su saurari umarni ba, sun yi biyayya ga ''[[Liman|imam]]''. " Ya bambanta su "ga abokan aikina waɗanda suka mutu a Jihad a Tsuwa, Kirare da Alcca suka juya zuciyarsu, dukansu, sun kasance masu baƙi, dukansu 180 daga baya". <ref name=":8" /> sun kasance masu sauraro sun kasance masu karɓar baki ne ga dukansu.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t0d8bh1jpqbleb8iu1wwifoixs72rnw 822351 822350 2026-04-18T18:35:58Z Santa MMD 23886 822351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yaƙin Alwassa-Gwandu''' ya kasance rikici ne na soja na kashi biyu a watan Nuwamba 1805 a lokacin [[Jihadin Danfodio|Jihad na Usman dan Fodio]] a [[Arewa ta Yamma (Najeriya)|arewa maso yammacin Najeriya]] na yanzu. An yi yaƙi tsakanin [[Daular Sokoto|Masu jihadi na Sokoto]], karkashin jagorancin [[Abdullahi dan Fodio]], [[Ali Jedo]], da [[Muhammadu Bello|Muhammad Bello]], da kuma hadin gwiwar [[Gobir]], Kebbi, [[Masarautar Zamfara|Zamfara]], da kungiyoyin [[Buzaye|Tuareg]] da ke ƙarƙashin [[Yumfa|Yunfa]], Muhammadu Hodi, da shugaban Tuareg Agunbulu . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Balogun |first=S. A. |date=1974 |title=The Place of Argungu in Gwandu History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857029 |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=403–415 |issn=0018-2540}}</ref> Yaƙin ya fara ne da yaƙi a Alwassa, inda hadin gwiwar ta ci nasara a kan masu jihadi, wanda ya haifar da mummunan rauni. Jihadists sun koma sansanin su a [[Gwandu]], inda suka kwashe kwanaki hudu masu zuwa suna kare garin da ba shi da kariya tare da taimakon yankin da ke kewaye da shi. A ranar ƙarshe, a ranar Alhamis, hadin gwiwar ta kaddamar da babban hari, wanda ya gaza saboda yadda masu jihadi suka yi amfani da masu harbi da sojan doki.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Balogun |first=S. A. |date=1974 |title=The Place of Argungu in Gwandu History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857029 |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=403–415 |issn=0018-2540}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBalogun1974">Balogun, S. A. (1974). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857029 "The Place of Argungu in Gwandu History"]. ''Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria''. '''7''' (3): <span class="nowrap">403–</span>415. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2540 0018-2540].</cite></ref> Duk da cewa masu jihadi sun guje wa cikakkiyar hallaka, bayan yakin, nan da nan suka fara karfafa ikonsu a yammacin [[Hausa Bakwai|Hausaland]], kuma a hankali suka fadada tasirin su a duk yankin. == Tarihi == Bayan [[Yaƙin Tsuntua|shan kaye a Tsuntsua]] da [[Gobir]] ya yi a shekarar 1804, [[Jihadin Danfodio|masu jihadin]] [[Daular Sokoto|Sokoto]] sun shiga [[Masarautar Zamfara|kwarin Zamfara]] suna neman abinci, inda suka kafa sansani a Sabon Gari (mil ashirin a arewa da [[Anka (Nijeriya)|Anka]] ) a kudu maso yammacin Zamfara. Ganin cewa akwai bukatar kafa sansani na dindindin, shugaban jihadin, [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodio]], ya ba da umarnin a yi wani rangadi zuwa Masarautar Kebbi . A karkashin ''[[Babban Wazirin Sokoto|Waziri]]'' ( [[vizier]] ) [[Abdullahi dan Fodio]] da ''Sarkin Yaki'' ("shugaban yaƙi") [[Ali Jedo]], [[Birnin Kebbi]], babban birnin Kebbi, an kama shi aka kuma yi masa fashi. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2" /> ''Sarkin Kebbi'' Muhammadu Hodi ya gudu arewa don ya shiga ''Gobirawa'' a kan masu jihadin. A madadinsa, masu jihadin sun nada Usman Massa, wani yarima na Kebbi, a matsayin Sarki a kan yankunan kudancin masarautar da aka ci da yaki. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Balogun |first=S. A. |date=1974 |title=The Place of Argungu in Gwandu History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857029 |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=403–415 |issn=0018-2540}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBalogun1974">Balogun, S. A. (1974). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857029 "The Place of Argungu in Gwandu History"]. ''Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria''. '''7''' (3): <span class="nowrap">403–</span>415. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2540 0018-2540].</cite></ref> Yayinda [[Kebbi campaign|Yakin Kebbi]] ke ci gaba, dan Usman [[Muhammadu Bello|Muhammad Bello]] ya jagoranci balaguro a kan ''Zamfarawa''. Jama'ar Zamfara masu abokantaka da farko ba da daɗewa ba suka zama masu adawa da al'ummar Usman saboda, a cewar Bello, "mutanemu suna zaluntar su. Sun yi tunanin cewa ta hanyar zalunci za su sami ƙarshen su amma ''Zamfarawa'' sun yi fushi da shi kuma dalilinmu ya ji rauni. " Sojojin Bello sun yi tafiya zuwa ganuwar Garmai. Bayan wata tattaunawa da ta gaza tare da ''Sarkin Zamfara'' [[Abarshi]], inda Bello "ya roƙe shi ya taimake mu kuma kada ya taimaka wa abokan gaba," masu jihadi sun kori Garmai tare da wasu garuruwa hamsin kuma suka lalata yankunan da ke kewaye da su.<ref name=":0" /> Tare da waɗannan kamfen ɗin nasara guda biyu, al'ummar Usman sun koma kudu a watan Oktoba 1805 zuwa garin Kebbi na [[Gwandu]]. A halin yanzu, tare da girbi da yawa a cikin da kuma warkar da salée na [[Buzaye|Tuareg]] a kan, ''''sarki'' Gobir'' [[Yumfa|Yunfa]] yana kafa hadin gwiwa a kan jihadiists tare da ''Kebbawa'' a arewa a karkashin sarki Hodi da aka kore su, da kuma kungiyoyin Tuareg da suka haɗa kai <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Balogun |first=S. A. |date=1974 |title=The Place of Argungu in Gwandu History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857029 |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=403–415 |issn=0018-2540}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBalogun1974">Balogun, S. A. (1974). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857029 "The Place of Argungu in Gwandu History"]. ''Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria''. '''7''' (3): <span class="nowrap">403–</span>415. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2540 0018-2540].</cite></ref> karkashin jagorancin shugabansu Agunbulu Sauran kungiyoyin [[Hausawa|Hausa]] ma sun shiga wannan hadin gwiwa, gami da masu adawa daga garuruwan Zamfara waɗanda Bello ya lalata, da kuma dakarun daga wasu [[Hausa Bakwai|Jihohin Hausa]].<ref name=":0" /> == Yaƙin Alwassa == Labarin sojojin da ke gabatowa ya kai ga masu jihadi da wuri, kuma an kama su ba tare da shiri ba. Ɗaya daga cikin dakarun da ke karkashin Bello ya kasance a tsakiyar kewaye da garin Kebbi na Augi (kusa da Gwandu) lokacin da labarin ya zo, ya tilasta musu su koma Gwandu da sauri. A cikin alkawurran da suka gabata masu jihadi sun sau da yawa sun kai farmaki ko da lokacin da suka fi yawa. A wannan lokacin, duk da haka, shugabannin su sun rabu kan dabarun. Sarkin Yaki Ali Jedo ya fi son saduwa da shugaban hadin gwiwa a cikin yakin basasa, yayin da wani bangare, karkashin jagorancin Bello, ya fi son dabarun tsaro. Bayan muhawara, ƙungiyar Jedo ta yi nasara, kuma an yanke shawarar cewa Abdullahi da Jedo za su jagoranci sojojin tare. A wannan lokacin Bello ya zaɓi kada ya ci gaba saboda rashin lafiya, amma Usman ya matsa masa ya sake shiga "idan aka ci su ya kamata a ce ta hanyar kasancewa a baya na sa wasu su rataye baya. " Lokacin da Bello ya sake komawa kwamandan, an gudanar da wani taron yaki. Abdullahi yanzu ya shiga Bello wajen yin kira ga janyewa, amma Jedo ya sake dagewa kan kai farmaki. Yunkurin sojojin da suka ci gaba, suka koma baya, sannan suka sake ci gaba, wanda ya haifar da rashin jituwa tsakanin kwamandoji, ya yi kama da ya shafi horo da halin kirki. Yayinda suke sansani a ƙauyen abokantaka na Kwolda, sojojin sun kwace ƙauyen.<ref name=":0" /> A cewar labarin Bello: "Yanzu wannan garin bai yi yaƙi da mu ba kuma hakika rabin mazauna mutanensu ne. Duk da haka mayaƙanmu sun kai musu hari kuma sun kwace su daga duk abin da suke da shi. ''Waziri'' Abdullahi ya umarce su da su daina amma sun ki yin biyayya da shi. Sa'an nan ni ma na shiga garin don hana ƙarin fashi amma an kusa da a kashe ni kuma an tilasta masa ya janye. " Duk da Abdullahi da Bello suka sake kira su, sojojin sun ci gaba.<ref name=":0" /> Sojojin biyu sun hadu a cikin ''fadama'' mai bushe (ƙananan wuraren da ake ban ruwa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lovejoy |first=Paul E. |date=1979 |title=The Characteristics of Plantations in the Nineteenth-Century Sokoto Caliphate |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1861468 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=84 |issue=5 |pages=1267–1292 |doi=10.2307/1861468 |issn=0002-8762 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>) a Alwassa (kimanin mil ashirin yammacin Gwandu ) a ranar Asabar a watan Nuwamba 1805/[[Sha'ban]] 1220. Ko da yake sun fi yawa, masu jihadi sun fi dacewa da kayan aiki fiye da yadda suka kasance a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da suka gabata, saboda kamfen ɗin da suka yi kwanan nan, inda suka kwace makamai, wasiku, makamai (''lafidi'') da dawakai. Duk da haka, har yanzu suna dogara sosai ga masu harbi.<ref name=":0" /> Da farko a cikin fada, bangaren hagu na dakarun jihadi sun rushe a ƙarƙashin harin sojojin da ke kan raƙumi na Tuaregs kuma an mirgine dukkan layin yaƙi. Kwamandojin ba su iya tara dakarun su ba, kuma sojojin jihadi sun karya kuma sun koma Gwandu. A cewar Bello, an kashe sama da dubu daga cikin masu jihadi a Alwassa. == Yaƙin Gwandu == A Gwandu, wanda ke cikin rami da ke kewaye da ƙananan tuddai na tagulla da purple laterite, masu jihadi sun kwashe kwanaki hudu suna kare garin da ba su da ƙarfi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Balogun |first=S. A. |date=1974 |title=The Place of Argungu in Gwandu History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857029 |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=403–415 |issn=0018-2540}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBalogun1974">Balogun, S. A. (1974). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857029 "The Place of Argungu in Gwandu History"]. ''Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria''. '''7''' (3): <span class="nowrap">403–</span>415. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2540 0018-2540].</cite></ref> A wannan lokacin, sarkin da aka nada a Kebbi, Usman Massa, ya watsar da amincinsa kuma ya shiga hadin gwiwa a waje da Gwandu. A ranar Alhamis mai zuwa, hadin gwiwar ta kaddamar da babban hari. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, yawancin fadace-fadacen sun kunshi masu sintiri na sojan doki da ke bincike zuwa garin, wanda Bello ya kalubalanci tare da masu sintiri masu tsaro. Don tara sojojin da suka lalace, Usman ya nemi dawo da halin kirki ta hanyar addu'o'i da gargaɗi.<ref name=":3" /> Bello ya ba da labarin: "Shehu ya fito daga masallaci ya yi wa'azi ga mutane. Tare da alheri ya gargadi su daina yin mugunta kuma su juya cikin hanyoyin adalci. Ya yi addu'a don nasara kuma maganarsa ta sa su yi sha'awar sake yin yaƙi. "<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Last |first=Murray |date=1967 |title=A Note on Attitudes to the Supernatural in the Sokoto Jihad |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41971197 |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=3–13 |issn=0018-2540}}</ref> Duk da rashin ganuwar Gwandu ko garu mai ƙarfi, tsaunuka masu duwatsu da tsaunuka da ke kewaye da garin sun sanya motsi da wuya ga sojan doki na hadin gwiwa, suna ba da fa'ida ga masu harbi na jihadi. Kungiyar hadin gwiwa ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi motsi, tare da wani shafi yana bugawa daga gaba yayin da wani ya kai hari daga baya, kuma na uku ya ci gaba daga arewa don ƙarfafa hari na gaba. Yayin da masu jihadi suka janye zuwa garin a hankali, sai suka ja hadin gwiwa zuwa kewayon harbe-harbe na masu harbi. Lokacin da sojan doki na hadin gwiwa suka rabu a karkashin matsin lamba, mahayan dawakai na jihadi sun kai hari kan bangarorin su kuma sun mirgine shi. Sojojin hadin gwiwa sun koma baya cikin rikici, tare da wadanda suka tsira sun gudu zuwa sansanin Usman Massa a Gumbai kusa da Gwandu, inda sojan doki na Bello suka sake warwatsa su. Matan Gwandu sun jajjefe fursunonin hadin gwiwa, sannan suka jefa su cikin rana don su mutu daga ƙishirwa. == Sakamakon haka == Bayan kusan guje wa cikakkiyar hallaka, 'yan jihadi nan da nan suka fara sake tabbatar da ikonsu a yammacin [[Hausa Bakwai|Hausaland]]. Sun sami nasarar murkushe 'yan tawaye na ''Zamfarawa'' da ''Kebbawa'', tare da kashe Usman Massa a ƙarshen 1806. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan yakin Alwassa-Gwandu, Usman ya aika Bello don wakiltar shi a taron shugabannin musulmai a Magami. Ta hanyar diflomasiyyar Bello a taron, masu jihadi sun sami damar samun amincin wasu masarautun Hausa. A cewar masanin tarihi Murray Last: "Daga wannan lokacin, to (lokacin fari na 1805-1806), ikon Sokoto ya fara: ba a sake gane Khalifanci ba ne kawai ta hanyar 'yan gudun hijira (''[[Muhajirun]]'') da waɗanda ke fada a cikin jihadi na Sokoto, amma Musulmai a Zamfara, [[Tarihin Katsina|Katsina]], [[Masarautar Daura|Daura]] da [[Masarautar Kano|Kano]] yanzu an haɗa su a cikin al'umma mafi girma. " Kafin Alwassa, masu jihadi sun riga sun sha wahala sosai, da yawa daga cikinsu masu daraja. Rashin nasara a Tsuntsua ya kasance mai wahala musamman, tare da 200 daga cikin mutane 2000 da aka kashe sun ce sun haddace Alkur'ani. A sakamakon [[Makkah|Makka]], matsayi na sojojin jihadi sun [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] cika da masu kasada waɗanda, waɗanda nasarorin da suka samu a baya suka jawo su, sun shiga cikin fatan samun nasara. Wadannan "rabble na matasa hooligans," a cewar Abdullahi, an zarge su da aiwatar da fashi a Kwaldo. Da yake binciken sakamakon Alwassa, Abdullahi ya fara shakkar dalilin da ya sa mayakan jihadi suka yi, kuma yana kokawa: "An bar ni a cikin ragowar da suka yi watsi da addu'o'insu. Kuma ku yi biyayya, a cikin samun jin daɗi, rayukansu. Kuma mafi yawansu sun sayar da bangaskiyarsu ga duniya... Ba su saurari umarni ba, sun yi biyayya ga ''[[Liman|imam]]''. " Ya bambanta su "ga abokan aikina waɗanda suka mutu a Jihad a Tsuwa, Kirare da Alcca suka juya zuciyarsu, dukansu, sun kasance masu baƙi, dukansu 180 daga baya". <ref name=":8" /> sun kasance masu sauraro sun kasance masu karɓar baki ne ga dukansu.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 56s4qevagepq863x5jtbn075c0rbqac 0 148217 822353 2026-04-18T18:37:33Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347692486|Ben Akabueze]]" 822353 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai Ben Akabueze''' Listenⓘ [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] ne mai ba da lissafi kuma tsohon Darakta Janar na Ofishin Kasafin Kudi na Tarayya, Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya . Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na NAL Bank Plc (yanzu Sterling Bank Plc) kuma ya kasance sama da wa'adi biyu Kwamishinan Shirye-shiryen Tattalin Arziki da Kasafin Kudi tare da [[Gwamnatin Jihar Lagos|Gwamnatin Jihar Legas]].<ref name="m">{{Cite web |title=Ben Akabueze |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/ben-akabueze-06838624/?ppe=1 |access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |date=2019 |title=Biography Akabueze Ben Ifeanyi |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/akabueze-ben-ifeanyi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025133003/https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/akabueze-ben-ifeanyi/ |archive-date=25 October 2020 |access-date= |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Akabueze obtained a B.Sc in Accounting from the [[Jami'ar Lagos|University of Lagos]] and a postgraduate certificate in Management from the [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas|Lagos Business School]]. He also holds a certificate in economic development from the Harvard Kennedy School, USA.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> He is the Pastor-in-charge of Lagos Province 35 of the [[Cocin Redeemed Christian Church of God|Redeemed Christian Church of God]]<ref name="jat">{{Cite web |title=Our Head Pastor {{!}} Ben Akabueze |url=http://rccgtkclagos.com/our-head-pastor/ |access-date=17 September 2017 |website=RCCG The King's Court Lagos}}</ref> and is married to Ngozi, the Head of Foundations of Sapphires (a non profit organisation) == Ayyuka == Akabueze an nada shi Babban Darakta na NAL Bank Plc a shekara ta 2000 mukamin da ya rike har zuwa hadewarsa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005 don zama Sterling Bank Plc, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Daraktoci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-16 |title=LBS Alumnus Becomes DG of Budget Office |url=https://www.lbs.edu.ng/lbs-alumnus-becomes-dg-of-budget-office/ |access-date=2020-05-24 |website=Lagos Business School}}</ref> Daga baya a watan Janairun 2007 aka nada shi a matsayin Kwamishinan Shirye-shiryen Tattalin Arziki da Kasafin Kudi ta Gwamnatin Jihar Legas, matsayin da ya rike har zuwa Mayu 2015.<ref name="jat">{{Cite web |title=Our Head Pastor {{!}} Ben Akabueze |url=http://rccgtkclagos.com/our-head-pastor/ |access-date=17 September 2017 |website=RCCG The King's Court Lagos}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://rccgtkclagos.com/our-head-pastor/ "Our Head Pastor | Ben Akabueze"]. ''RCCG The King's Court Lagos''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Fabrairun 2016 an nada shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Shirye-shiryen Kasa kuma an sanya shi Darakta Janar na Ofishin Kasafin Kudi a watan Yuni.<ref name="m">{{Cite web |title=Ben Akabueze |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/ben-akabueze-06838624/?ppe=1 |access-date=17 September 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.linkedin.com/in/ben-akabueze-06838624/?ppe=1 "Ben Akabueze"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> A ranar 17 ga Mayu 2020, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya sake nada Akabueze a matsayin Darakta Janar na Ofishin Kasafin Kudi. Shi memba ne na Cibiyar Chartered Accountants of Nigeria (ICAN), Cibiyar Gudanar da Kudin (FCA), da Cibiyar Chartering Bankers (FCIBN) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |date=2019 |title=Biography Akabueze Ben Ifeanyi |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/akabueze-ben-ifeanyi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025133003/https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/akabueze-ben-ifeanyi/ |archive-date=25 October 2020 |access-date= |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBiographical_Legacy_and_Research_Foundation2019">Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation (2019). [https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/akabueze-ben-ifeanyi/ "Biography Akabueze Ben Ifeanyi"]. ''Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201025133003/https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/akabueze-ben-ifeanyi/ Archived] from the original on 25 October 2020.</cite></ref> Akabueze kuma shine shugaban fasto na Kotun Sarki na Ikilisiyar Kirista ta Allah (RCCG). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Head Pastor {{!}} Ben Akabueze |url=https://rccgtkclagos.com/our-head-pastor/ |access-date=2020-05-24 |website=RCCG The King's Court Lagos |language=en}}</ref> === Magana a fili === A matsayinsa na Darakta Janar na Ofishin Kasafin Kudi na Najeriya ya shiga cikin jawabin jama'a a abubuwan da suka faru da yawa, gami da kulob din karin kumallo na Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas, inda ya yi magana game da kasafin kuɗi da dabarun kasa; tasiri da yiwuwar hadin gwiwa; <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-04 |title=Ben Akabueze Speaks at Lagos Business School Breakfast Club |url=https://www.proshareng.com/news/Budget%20and%20Plans/Budget-and-National-Strategy--Leverage-and-Synergy-Potentials/55591 |access-date=2021-06-07 |website=Proshare}}</ref> KPMG's Nigeria Tax Breakfast seminar, inda ya gabatar da manyan manufofi da tasirin da ake tsammani na FGN 2021 Budget, yana yin shari'a game da bukatar karuwar kudaden shiga cikin gida ta gwamnatocin jihohi; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Uchechukwumgemezu |first=Chidinma |date=2021-04-21 |title=Ben Akabueze on Increased Domestic Revenue |url=https://www.today.ng/news/nigeria/akabueze-nigeria-lags-african-peers-public-expenditure-gdp-ratio-361153 |access-date=2021-06-07 |website=Today Nigeria}}</ref> da sauran abubuwan da suka gabata, inda ya ci gaba da yin kira don karuwar samar da kudaden shiga na kudaden shiga, inda ya ba da karuwar kudade. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Soji-ojo |first=Akinwande |date=2021-05-05 |title=Spend More on Infrastructure by Ben Akabueze |url=https://newspeakonline.com/its-unsustainable-for-nigeria-to-spend-more-on-running-government-than-infrastructure-budget-office-dg/ |access-date=2021-06-07}}</ref> == Batutuwan Shari'a == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, wani ma'aikacin da ya yi ritaya na Ofishin Kasafin Kudi na Tarayya, Bilkisu Sannusi ya zargi Akabueze, da cin zarafin iko a cikin karar da aka shigar a Kotun Masana'antu ta Najeriya. Ta yi zargin cewa Akabueze, Darakta Janar na Ofishin Kasafin Kudi na Tarayya, tare da hadin gwiwar jami'an Ma'aikatar Kudi da Shugaban Ma'aikatu na Tarayya sun cire sunanta daga takardun biyan kuɗi, saboda kin amincewa da sulhu game da magudi na shawarwarin kasafin kuɗi daga Ma'aiki, Sashen da Hukumomi (MDA). == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ejg1fwrodcu1bo5citq24ab53ukdyqg 822360 822353 2026-04-18T18:40:06Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 822360 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai Ben Akabueze''' Listenⓘ [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] ne mai ba da lissafi kuma tsohon Darakta Janar na Ofishin Kasafin Kudi na Tarayya, Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya . Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na NAL Bank Plc (yanzu Sterling Bank Plc) kuma ya kasance sama da wa'adi biyu Kwamishinan Shirye-shiryen Tattalin Arziki da Kasafin Kudi tare da [[Gwamnatin Jihar Lagos|Gwamnatin Jihar Legas]].<ref name="m">{{Cite web |title=Ben Akabueze |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/ben-akabueze-06838624/?ppe=1 |access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |date=2019 |title=Biography Akabueze Ben Ifeanyi |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/akabueze-ben-ifeanyi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025133003/https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/akabueze-ben-ifeanyi/ |archive-date=25 October 2020 |access-date= |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Akabueze obtained a B.Sc in Accounting from the [[Jami'ar Lagos|University of Lagos]] and a postgraduate certificate in Management from the [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas|Lagos Business School]]. He also holds a certificate in economic development from the Harvard Kennedy School, USA. He is the Pastor-in-charge of Lagos Province 35 of the [[Cocin Redeemed Christian Church of God|Redeemed Christian Church of God]]<ref name="jat">{{Cite web |title=Our Head Pastor {{!}} Ben Akabueze |url=http://rccgtkclagos.com/our-head-pastor/ |access-date=17 September 2017 |website=RCCG The King's Court Lagos}}</ref> and is married to Ngozi, the Head of Foundations of Sapphires (a non profit organisation) == Ayyuka == Akabueze an nada shi Babban Darakta na NAL Bank Plc a shekara ta 2000 mukamin da ya rike har zuwa hadewarsa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005 don zama Sterling Bank Plc, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Daraktoci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-16 |title=LBS Alumnus Becomes DG of Budget Office |url=https://www.lbs.edu.ng/lbs-alumnus-becomes-dg-of-budget-office/ |access-date=2020-05-24 |website=Lagos Business School}}</ref> Daga baya a watan Janairun 2007 aka nada shi a matsayin Kwamishinan Shirye-shiryen Tattalin Arziki da Kasafin Kudi ta Gwamnatin Jihar Legas, matsayin da ya rike har zuwa Mayu 2015.<ref name="jat">{{Cite web |title=Our Head Pastor {{!}} Ben Akabueze |url=http://rccgtkclagos.com/our-head-pastor/ |access-date=17 September 2017 |website=RCCG The King's Court Lagos}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2016 an nada shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Shirye-shiryen Kasa kuma an sanya shi Darakta Janar na Ofishin Kasafin Kudi a watan Yuni.<ref name="m">{{Cite web |title=Ben Akabueze |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/ben-akabueze-06838624/?ppe=1 |access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Mayu 2020, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya sake nada Akabueze a matsayin Darakta Janar na Ofishin Kasafin Kudi. Shi memba ne na Cibiyar Chartered Accountants of Nigeria (ICAN), Cibiyar Gudanar da Kudin (FCA), da Cibiyar Chartering Bankers (FCIBN) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |date=2019 |title=Biography Akabueze Ben Ifeanyi |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/akabueze-ben-ifeanyi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025133003/https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/akabueze-ben-ifeanyi/ |archive-date=25 October 2020 |access-date= |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation}}</ref> Akabueze kuma shine shugaban fasto na Kotun Sarki na Ikilisiyar Kirista ta Allah (RCCG). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Head Pastor {{!}} Ben Akabueze |url=https://rccgtkclagos.com/our-head-pastor/ |access-date=2020-05-24 |website=RCCG The King's Court Lagos |language=en}}</ref> === Magana a fili === A matsayinsa na Darakta Janar na Ofishin Kasafin Kudi na Najeriya ya shiga cikin jawabin jama'a a abubuwan da suka faru da yawa, gami da kulob din karin kumallo na Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas, inda ya yi magana game da kasafin kuɗi da dabarun kasa; tasiri da yiwuwar hadin gwiwa; <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-04 |title=Ben Akabueze Speaks at Lagos Business School Breakfast Club |url=https://www.proshareng.com/news/Budget%20and%20Plans/Budget-and-National-Strategy--Leverage-and-Synergy-Potentials/55591 |access-date=2021-06-07 |website=Proshare}}</ref> KPMG's Nigeria Tax Breakfast seminar, inda ya gabatar da manyan manufofi da tasirin da ake tsammani na FGN 2021 Budget, yana yin shari'a game da bukatar karuwar kudaden shiga cikin gida ta gwamnatocin jihohi; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Uchechukwumgemezu |first=Chidinma |date=2021-04-21 |title=Ben Akabueze on Increased Domestic Revenue |url=https://www.today.ng/news/nigeria/akabueze-nigeria-lags-african-peers-public-expenditure-gdp-ratio-361153 |access-date=2021-06-07 |website=Today Nigeria}}</ref> da sauran abubuwan da suka gabata, inda ya ci gaba da yin kira don karuwar samar da kudaden shiga na kudaden shiga, inda ya ba da karuwar kudade. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Soji-ojo |first=Akinwande |date=2021-05-05 |title=Spend More on Infrastructure by Ben Akabueze |url=https://newspeakonline.com/its-unsustainable-for-nigeria-to-spend-more-on-running-government-than-infrastructure-budget-office-dg/ |access-date=2021-06-07}}</ref> == Batutuwan Shari'a == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, wani ma'aikacin da ya yi ritaya na Ofishin Kasafin Kudi na Tarayya, Bilkisu Sannusi ya zargi Akabueze, da cin zarafin iko a cikin karar da aka shigar a Kotun Masana'antu ta Najeriya. Ta yi zargin cewa Akabueze, Darakta Janar na Ofishin Kasafin Kudi na Tarayya, tare da hadin gwiwar jami'an Ma'aikatar Kudi da Shugaban Ma'aikatu na Tarayya sun cire sunanta daga takardun biyan kuɗi, saboda kin amincewa da sulhu game da magudi na shawarwarin kasafin kuɗi daga Ma'aiki, Sashen da Hukumomi (MDA). == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] flr7yaq51u1g1vxcmogftkqts98olyw 822363 822360 2026-04-18T18:40:50Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 822363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ben Akabueze''' Listenⓘ [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] ne mai ba da lissafi kuma tsohon Darakta Janar na Ofishin Kasafin Kudi na Tarayya, Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya . Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na NAL Bank Plc (yanzu Sterling Bank Plc) kuma ya kasance sama da wa'adi biyu Kwamishinan Shirye-shiryen Tattalin Arziki da Kasafin Kudi tare da [[Gwamnatin Jihar Lagos|Gwamnatin Jihar Legas]].<ref name="m">{{Cite web |title=Ben Akabueze |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/ben-akabueze-06838624/?ppe=1 |access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |date=2019 |title=Biography Akabueze Ben Ifeanyi |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/akabueze-ben-ifeanyi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025133003/https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/akabueze-ben-ifeanyi/ |archive-date=25 October 2020 |access-date= |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Akabueze obtained a B.Sc in Accounting from the [[Jami'ar Lagos|University of Lagos]] and a postgraduate certificate in Management from the [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas|Lagos Business School]]. He also holds a certificate in economic development from the Harvard Kennedy School, USA. He is the Pastor-in-charge of Lagos Province 35 of the [[Cocin Redeemed Christian Church of God|Redeemed Christian Church of God]]<ref name="jat">{{Cite web |title=Our Head Pastor {{!}} Ben Akabueze |url=http://rccgtkclagos.com/our-head-pastor/ |access-date=17 September 2017 |website=RCCG The King's Court Lagos}}</ref> and is married to Ngozi, the Head of Foundations of Sapphires (a non profit organisation) == Ayyuka == Akabueze an nada shi Babban Darakta na NAL Bank Plc a shekara ta 2000 mukamin da ya rike har zuwa hadewarsa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005 don zama Sterling Bank Plc, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Daraktoci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-16 |title=LBS Alumnus Becomes DG of Budget Office |url=https://www.lbs.edu.ng/lbs-alumnus-becomes-dg-of-budget-office/ |access-date=2020-05-24 |website=Lagos Business School}}</ref> Daga baya a watan Janairun 2007 aka nada shi a matsayin Kwamishinan Shirye-shiryen Tattalin Arziki da Kasafin Kudi ta Gwamnatin Jihar Legas, matsayin da ya rike har zuwa Mayu 2015.<ref name="jat">{{Cite web |title=Our Head Pastor {{!}} Ben Akabueze |url=http://rccgtkclagos.com/our-head-pastor/ |access-date=17 September 2017 |website=RCCG The King's Court Lagos}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2016 an nada shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Shirye-shiryen Kasa kuma an sanya shi Darakta Janar na Ofishin Kasafin Kudi a watan Yuni.<ref name="m">{{Cite web |title=Ben Akabueze |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/ben-akabueze-06838624/?ppe=1 |access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Mayu 2020, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya sake nada Akabueze a matsayin Darakta Janar na Ofishin Kasafin Kudi. Shi memba ne na Cibiyar Chartered Accountants of Nigeria (ICAN), Cibiyar Gudanar da Kudin (FCA), da Cibiyar Chartering Bankers (FCIBN) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |date=2019 |title=Biography Akabueze Ben Ifeanyi |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/akabueze-ben-ifeanyi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025133003/https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/akabueze-ben-ifeanyi/ |archive-date=25 October 2020 |access-date= |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation}}</ref> Akabueze kuma shine shugaban fasto na Kotun Sarki na Ikilisiyar Kirista ta Allah (RCCG). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Head Pastor {{!}} Ben Akabueze |url=https://rccgtkclagos.com/our-head-pastor/ |access-date=2020-05-24 |website=RCCG The King's Court Lagos |language=en}}</ref> === Magana a fili === A matsayinsa na Darakta Janar na Ofishin Kasafin Kudi na Najeriya ya shiga cikin jawabin jama'a a abubuwan da suka faru da yawa, gami da kulob din karin kumallo na Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas, inda ya yi magana game da kasafin kuɗi da dabarun kasa; tasiri da yiwuwar hadin gwiwa; <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-04 |title=Ben Akabueze Speaks at Lagos Business School Breakfast Club |url=https://www.proshareng.com/news/Budget%20and%20Plans/Budget-and-National-Strategy--Leverage-and-Synergy-Potentials/55591 |access-date=2021-06-07 |website=Proshare}}</ref> KPMG's Nigeria Tax Breakfast seminar, inda ya gabatar da manyan manufofi da tasirin da ake tsammani na FGN 2021 Budget, yana yin shari'a game da bukatar karuwar kudaden shiga cikin gida ta gwamnatocin jihohi; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Uchechukwumgemezu |first=Chidinma |date=2021-04-21 |title=Ben Akabueze on Increased Domestic Revenue |url=https://www.today.ng/news/nigeria/akabueze-nigeria-lags-african-peers-public-expenditure-gdp-ratio-361153 |access-date=2021-06-07 |website=Today Nigeria}}</ref> da sauran abubuwan da suka gabata, inda ya ci gaba da yin kira don karuwar samar da kudaden shiga na kudaden shiga, inda ya ba da karuwar kudade. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Soji-ojo |first=Akinwande |date=2021-05-05 |title=Spend More on Infrastructure by Ben Akabueze |url=https://newspeakonline.com/its-unsustainable-for-nigeria-to-spend-more-on-running-government-than-infrastructure-budget-office-dg/ |access-date=2021-06-07}}</ref> == Batutuwan Shari'a == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, wani ma'aikacin da ya yi ritaya na Ofishin Kasafin Kudi na Tarayya, Bilkisu Sannusi ya zargi Akabueze, da cin zarafin iko a cikin karar da aka shigar a Kotun Masana'antu ta Najeriya. Ta yi zargin cewa Akabueze, Darakta Janar na Ofishin Kasafin Kudi na Tarayya, tare da hadin gwiwar jami'an Ma'aikatar Kudi da Shugaban Ma'aikatu na Tarayya sun cire sunanta daga takardun biyan kuɗi, saboda kin amincewa da sulhu game da magudi na shawarwarin kasafin kuɗi daga Ma'aiki, Sashen da Hukumomi (MDA). == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] k8myoy900d4bhw1c9sdgd5pggj1i6wz 0 148218 822364 2026-04-18T18:51:49Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331451523|School for Higher Islamic Studies, Shahuci]]" 822364 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci Makarantar Nazarin Musulunci mafi girma, Shahuci''' (tsohuwar '''Makarantar Shari'a ta Shahuci'''), wanda aka fi sani da '''Aliya''', cibiyar ilimi ce ta Musulunci a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]], Najeriya . [[Mallakar Najeriya|Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya]] ce ta kafa Makarantar Shari'a ta Shahuci a cikin 1928 tare da manufar fadada horar da ma'aikatan [[Shari'a|Kotun Shari'a]] a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Naniya |first=Tijjani Muhammad |date=1993 |title=The Dilemma of the "ʿulamāʾ" in a Colonial Society: The Case Study of Kano Emirate |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26195509 |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=151–160 |issn=0955-2340}}</ref> An koya wa ɗalibai a cikin [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] da [[Larabci]] kuma an koya musu lissafi da wasu Turanci tare da batutuwan gargajiya na Islama. <ref name=":3" /> A cikin 1934, gwamnati ta buɗe Makarantar Shari'a ta Kano (yanzu [[School for Arabic Studies|Makarantar Nazarin Larabci]]). Sarkin Kano [[Abdullahi Bayero]] ne ya fara, ma'aikatar ta gina a kan harsashin Shahuci kuma ta fadada tsarin karatun don hada da horar da malamai da [[Shari'a|Dokar Musulunci]].<ref name=":0" /> Daliban Shahuci za su iya ci gaba zuwa Makarantar Shari'a don ci gaba da karatunsu.<ref name=":3" /> Dukkanin makarantun sun inganta yadda ake magana da Larabci kuma sun karfafa dalibai suyi muhawara kan batutuwan shari'a da na addini tare da malamai da juna.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|journal=Muhammed}}</ref> Shahuci ta fito ne a cikin kokarin mulkin mallaka na gaba don haɗa Tsarin ilimi na Yamma tare da tsarin Islama da aka karɓa a Arewacin Najeriya a lokacin.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|journal=Muhammed}}<cite class="citation cs2" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFThurston2016">Thurston, Alex (2016), Lo, Mbaye; Haron, Muhammed (eds.), <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1057/9781137552310_16|"The Aminu Kano College of Islamic and Legal Studies: A Site for the Renegotiation of Islamic Law and Authority in Kano, Nigeria"]]</span>, ''Muslim Institutions of Higher Education in Postcolonial Africa'', New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">247–</span>264, [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1057/9781137552310_16|10.1057/9781137552310_16]], [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-137-55231-0|<bdi>978-1-137-55231-0</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-12-26</span></span></cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Citation|citation]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN ([[:Category:CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN]]</ref> Ba kamar makarantun Musulunci na gargajiya ba, wanda ya dogara da ilimin ko kwarewar malamai, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta nemi gwaji tare da sabon samfurin da ya jaddada kayan aikin bureaucratic, na zahiri, da na ilimi a matakin ma'aikata.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Naniya |first=Tijjani Muhammad |date=1993 |title=The Dilemma of the "ʿulamāʾ" in a Colonial Society: The Case Study of Kano Emirate |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26195509 |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=151–160 |issn=0955-2340}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNaniya1993">Naniya, Tijjani Muhammad (1993). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26195509 "The Dilemma of the "ʿulamāʾ" in a Colonial Society: The Case Study of Kano Emirate"]. ''Journal of Islamic Studies''. '''4''' (2): <span class="nowrap">151–</span>160. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0955-2340 0955-2340].</cite></ref> Har ila yau, makarantun sun yi aiki a matsayin hanyar da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka za ta iya saka idanu, kuma mai yiwuwa ta sarrafa, abin da ake koya wa malaman musulmai a [[Daular Biritaniya|yankunansu]], yayin da waɗannan makarantun ke karɓar ɗalibai daga ko'ina cikin Burtaniya ta Yammacin Afirka. <ref name=":3" /> Yawancin malamai da suka yi aiki da Shahuci an kawo su ne daga Sudan mai gudanar da Birtaniya.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> A cikin shekarun 1940 da 1950, masu ilimi na Arewacin Najeriya sun fara kafa irin wannan cibiyoyin, wanda aka fi sani da makarantun Islamiyya. Wasu daga cikin wadannan makarantun sun kafa kuma sun gudanar da su ne daga masu karatun Shahuci kuma sun jaddada ƙwarewa a cikin batutuwa masu taimakawa wajen samun aiki na yau da kullun, kamar Turanci, lissafi, da yanayin ƙasa.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|journal=Muhammed}}<cite class="citation cs2" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFThurston2016">Thurston, Alex (2016), Lo, Mbaye; Haron, Muhammed (eds.), <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1057/9781137552310_16|"The Aminu Kano College of Islamic and Legal Studies: A Site for the Renegotiation of Islamic Law and Authority in Kano, Nigeria"]]</span>, ''Muslim Institutions of Higher Education in Postcolonial Africa'', New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">247–</span>264, [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1057/9781137552310_16|10.1057/9781137552310_16]], [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-137-55231-0|<bdi>978-1-137-55231-0</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-12-26</span></span></cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Citation|citation]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN ([[:Category:CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thurston |first=Alex |date=18 May 2012 |title=Nigeria’s Islamiyya Schools: Global Project, Local Target |url=https://therevealer.org/islamiyya-schools-draft/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=[[The Revealer]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A yau, waɗannan makarantu sun bazu a duk faɗin Arewacin Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McIntyre |first=Joe A. |date=1982 |title=An Overview of Education in Northern Nigeria: Attempted from the Perspective of Qur'anic Education |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40174051 |journal=Africa Spectrum |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=21–31 |issn=0002-0397}}</ref> Shugaban farko na Makarantar Shari'a ta Shahuci shine [[Wali Sulaiman|''Wali'' Sulaiman]] . : 83 A shekara ta 1956, an nada [[Nasiru Kabara]] a matsayin shugaban <ref name=":4" />:: 157  <ref name=":5" /> kuma a shekara ta 1968 ya ɗaga matsayin makarantar zuwa matakin sakandare, kuma an sake masa suna Makarantar Nazarin Musulunci mafi girma.<ref name=":5" /> == Manazarta == <references /> f0ivgzkq369gbsd53birk6wdg01sg05 822365 822364 2026-04-18T18:55:02Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 822365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Makarantar Nazarin Musulunci mafi girma, Shahuci''' (tsohuwar '''Makarantar Shari'a ta Shahuci'''), wanda aka fi sani da '''Aliya''', cibiyar ilimi ce ta Musulunci a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]], Najeriya . [[Mallakar Najeriya|Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya]] ce ta kafa Makarantar Shari'a ta Shahuci a cikin 1928 tare da manufar fadada horar da ma'aikatan [[Shari'a|Kotun Shari'a]] a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Naniya |first=Tijjani Muhammad |date=1993 |title=The Dilemma of the "ʿulamāʾ" in a Colonial Society: The Case Study of Kano Emirate |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26195509 |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=151–160 |issn=0955-2340}}</ref> An koya wa ɗalibai a cikin [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] da [[Larabci]] kuma an koya musu lissafi da wasu Turanci tare da batutuwan gargajiya na Islama. <ref name=":3" /> A cikin 1934, gwamnati ta buɗe Makarantar Shari'a ta Kano (yanzu [[School for Arabic Studies|Makarantar Nazarin Larabci]]). Sarkin Kano [[Abdullahi Bayero]] ne ya fara, ma'aikatar ta gina a kan harsashin Shahuci kuma ta fadada tsarin karatun don hada da horar da malamai da [[Shari'a|Dokar Musulunci]].<ref name=":0" /> Daliban Shahuci za su iya ci gaba zuwa Makarantar Shari'a don ci gaba da karatunsu.<ref name=":3" /> Dukkanin makarantun sun inganta yadda ake magana da Larabci kuma sun karfafa dalibai suyi muhawara kan batutuwan shari'a da na addini tare da malamai da juna.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|journal=Muhammed}}</ref> Shahuci ta fito ne a cikin kokarin mulkin mallaka na gaba don haɗa Tsarin ilimi na Yamma tare da tsarin Islama da aka karɓa a Arewacin Najeriya a lokacin.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|journal=Muhammed}}</ref> Ba kamar makarantun Musulunci na gargajiya ba, wanda ya dogara da ilimin ko kwarewar malamai, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta nemi gwaji tare da sabon samfurin da ya jaddada kayan aikin bureaucratic, na zahiri, da na ilimi a matakin ma'aikata.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Naniya |first=Tijjani Muhammad |date=1993 |title=The Dilemma of the "ʿulamāʾ" in a Colonial Society: The Case Study of Kano Emirate |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26195509 |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=151–160 |issn=0955-2340}}</ref> Har ila yau, makarantun sun yi aiki a matsayin hanyar da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka za ta iya saka idanu, kuma mai yiwuwa ta sarrafa, abin da ake koya wa malaman musulmai a [[Daular Biritaniya|yankunansu]], yayin da waɗannan makarantun ke karɓar ɗalibai daga ko'ina cikin Burtaniya ta Yammacin Afirka. <ref name=":3" /> Yawancin malamai da suka yi aiki da Shahuci an kawo su ne daga Sudan mai gudanar da Birtaniya.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> A cikin shekarun 1940 da 1950, masu ilimi na Arewacin Najeriya sun fara kafa irin wannan cibiyoyin, wanda aka fi sani da makarantun Islamiyya. Wasu daga cikin wadannan makarantun sun kafa kuma sun gudanar da su ne daga masu karatun Shahuci kuma sun jaddada ƙwarewa a cikin batutuwa masu taimakawa wajen samun aiki na yau da kullun, kamar Turanci, lissafi, da yanayin ƙasa.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|journal=Muhammed}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thurston |first=Alex |date=18 May 2012 |title=Nigeria’s Islamiyya Schools: Global Project, Local Target |url=https://therevealer.org/islamiyya-schools-draft/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=[[The Revealer]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A yau, waɗannan makarantu sun bazu a duk faɗin Arewacin Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McIntyre |first=Joe A. |date=1982 |title=An Overview of Education in Northern Nigeria: Attempted from the Perspective of Qur'anic Education |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40174051 |journal=Africa Spectrum |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=21–31 |issn=0002-0397}}</ref> Shugaban farko na Makarantar Shari'a ta Shahuci shine [[Wali Sulaiman|''Wali'' Sulaiman]] . : 83 A shekara ta 1956, an nada [[Nasiru Kabara]] a matsayin shugaban <ref name=":4" />:: 157  <ref name=":5" /> kuma a shekara ta 1968 ya ɗaga matsayin makarantar zuwa matakin sakandare, kuma an sake masa suna Makarantar Nazarin Musulunci mafi girma.<ref name=":5" /> == Manazarta == <references /> op6owuo3chhw6sidx75c4uzbd28uw5x 822366 822365 2026-04-18T19:30:42Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 822366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Makarantar Nazarin Musulunci mafi girma, Shahuci''' (tsohuwar '''Makarantar Shari'a ta Shahuci'''), wanda aka fi sani da '''Aliya''', cibiyar ilimi ce ta Musulunci a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]], Najeriya . [[Mallakar Najeriya|Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya]] ce ta kafa Makarantar Shari'a ta Shahuci a cikin 1928 tare da manufar fadada horar da ma'aikatan [[Shari'a|Kotun Shari'a]] a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Naniya |first=Tijjani Muhammad |date=1993 |title=The Dilemma of the "ʿulamāʾ" in a Colonial Society: The Case Study of Kano Emirate |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26195509 |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=151–160 |issn=0955-2340}}</ref> An koya wa ɗalibai a cikin [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] da [[Larabci]] kuma an koya musu lissafi da wasu Turanci tare da batutuwan gargajiya na Islama. <ref name=":3" /> A cikin 1934, gwamnati ta buɗe Makarantar Shari'a ta Kano (yanzu [[School for Arabic Studies|Makarantar Nazarin Larabci]]). Sarkin Kano [[Abdullahi Bayero]] ne ya fara, ma'aikatar ta gina a kan harsashin Shahuci kuma ta fadada tsarin karatun don hada da horar da malamai da [[Shari'a|Dokar Musulunci]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Callaway |first=Barbara |url=http://archive.org/details/muslimhausawomen0000call |title=Muslim Hausa women in Nigeria : tradition and change |date=1987 |publisher=Syracuse, NY : Syracuse University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8156-2406-6 |pages=142}}</ref> Daliban Shahuci za su iya ci gaba zuwa Makarantar Shari'a don ci gaba da karatunsu.<ref name=":3" /> Dukkanin makarantun sun inganta yadda ake magana da Larabci kuma sun karfafa dalibai suyi muhawara kan batutuwan shari'a da na addini tare da malamai da juna.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|journal=Muhammed}}</ref> Shahuci ta fito ne a cikin kokarin mulkin mallaka na gaba don haɗa Tsarin ilimi na Yamma tare da tsarin Islama da aka karɓa a Arewacin Najeriya a lokacin.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|journal=Muhammed}}</ref> Ba kamar makarantun Musulunci na gargajiya ba, wanda ya dogara da ilimin ko kwarewar malamai, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta nemi gwaji tare da sabon samfurin da ya jaddada kayan aikin bureaucratic, na zahiri, da na ilimi a matakin ma'aikata.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Naniya |first=Tijjani Muhammad |date=1993 |title=The Dilemma of the "ʿulamāʾ" in a Colonial Society: The Case Study of Kano Emirate |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26195509 |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=151–160 |issn=0955-2340}}</ref> Har ila yau, makarantun sun yi aiki a matsayin hanyar da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka za ta iya saka idanu, kuma mai yiwuwa ta sarrafa, abin da ake koya wa malaman musulmai a [[Daular Biritaniya|yankunansu]], yayin da waɗannan makarantun ke karɓar ɗalibai daga ko'ina cikin Burtaniya ta Yammacin Afirka. <ref name=":3" /> Yawancin malamai da suka yi aiki da Shahuci an kawo su ne daga Sudan mai gudanar da Birtaniya.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> A cikin shekarun 1940 da 1950, masu ilimi na Arewacin Najeriya sun fara kafa irin wannan cibiyoyin, wanda aka fi sani da makarantun Islamiyya. Wasu daga cikin wadannan makarantun sun kafa kuma sun gudanar da su ne daga masu karatun Shahuci kuma sun jaddada ƙwarewa a cikin batutuwa masu taimakawa wajen samun aiki na yau da kullun, kamar Turanci, lissafi, da yanayin ƙasa.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|journal=Muhammed}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thurston |first=Alex |date=18 May 2012 |title=Nigeria’s Islamiyya Schools: Global Project, Local Target |url=https://therevealer.org/islamiyya-schools-draft/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=[[The Revealer]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A yau, waɗannan makarantu sun bazu a duk faɗin Arewacin Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McIntyre |first=Joe A. |date=1982 |title=An Overview of Education in Northern Nigeria: Attempted from the Perspective of Qur'anic Education |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40174051 |journal=Africa Spectrum |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=21–31 |issn=0002-0397}}</ref> Shugaban farko na Makarantar Shari'a ta Shahuci shine [[Wali Sulaiman|''Wali'' Sulaiman]] . : 83 A shekara ta 1956, an nada [[Nasiru Kabara]] a matsayin shugaban <ref name=":4" />:: 157  <ref name=":5" /> kuma a shekara ta 1968 ya ɗaga matsayin makarantar zuwa matakin sakandare, kuma an sake masa suna Makarantar Nazarin Musulunci mafi girma.<ref name=":5" /> == Manazarta == <references /> p7enps8ozd7qd105uu595gn7i4k3qd6 822367 822366 2026-04-18T19:32:38Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 822367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Makarantar Nazarin Musulunci mafi girma, Shahuci''' (tsohuwar '''Makarantar Shari'a ta Shahuci'''), wanda aka fi sani da '''Aliya''', cibiyar ilimi ce ta Musulunci a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]], Najeriya . [[Mallakar Najeriya|Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya]] ce ta kafa Makarantar Shari'a ta Shahuci a cikin 1928 tare da manufar fadada horar da ma'aikatan [[Shari'a|Kotun Shari'a]] a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bray |first=Mark |url=http://archive.org/details/universalprimary0000bray |title=Universal primary education in Nigeria : a study of Kano State |date=1981 |publisher=London ; Boston : Routledge & Kegan Paul |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7100-0933-3 |pages=60–63}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Naniya |first=Tijjani Muhammad |date=1993 |title=The Dilemma of the "ʿulamāʾ" in a Colonial Society: The Case Study of Kano Emirate |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26195509 |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=151–160 |issn=0955-2340}}</ref>An koya wa ɗalibai a cikin [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] da [[Larabci]] kuma an koya musu lissafi da wasu Turanci tare da batutuwan gargajiya na Islama. <ref name=":3" /> A cikin 1934, gwamnati ta buɗe Makarantar Shari'a ta Kano (yanzu [[School for Arabic Studies|Makarantar Nazarin Larabci]]). Sarkin Kano [[Abdullahi Bayero]] ne ya fara, ma'aikatar ta gina a kan harsashin Shahuci kuma ta fadada tsarin karatun don hada da horar da malamai da [[Shari'a|Dokar Musulunci]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Callaway |first=Barbara |url=http://archive.org/details/muslimhausawomen0000call |title=Muslim Hausa women in Nigeria : tradition and change |date=1987 |publisher=Syracuse, NY : Syracuse University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8156-2406-6 |pages=142}}</ref> Daliban Shahuci za su iya ci gaba zuwa Makarantar Shari'a don ci gaba da karatunsu.<ref name=":3" /> Dukkanin makarantun sun inganta yadda ake magana da Larabci kuma sun karfafa dalibai suyi muhawara kan batutuwan shari'a da na addini tare da malamai da juna.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|journal=Muhammed}}</ref> Shahuci ta fito ne a cikin kokarin mulkin mallaka na gaba don haɗa Tsarin ilimi na Yamma tare da tsarin Islama da aka karɓa a Arewacin Najeriya a lokacin.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|journal=Muhammed}}</ref> Ba kamar makarantun Musulunci na gargajiya ba, wanda ya dogara da ilimin ko kwarewar malamai, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta nemi gwaji tare da sabon samfurin da ya jaddada kayan aikin bureaucratic, na zahiri, da na ilimi a matakin ma'aikata.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Naniya |first=Tijjani Muhammad |date=1993 |title=The Dilemma of the "ʿulamāʾ" in a Colonial Society: The Case Study of Kano Emirate |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26195509 |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=151–160 |issn=0955-2340}}</ref> Har ila yau, makarantun sun yi aiki a matsayin hanyar da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka za ta iya saka idanu, kuma mai yiwuwa ta sarrafa, abin da ake koya wa malaman musulmai a [[Daular Biritaniya|yankunansu]], yayin da waɗannan makarantun ke karɓar ɗalibai daga ko'ina cikin Burtaniya ta Yammacin Afirka. <ref name=":3" /> Yawancin malamai da suka yi aiki da Shahuci an kawo su ne daga Sudan mai gudanar da Birtaniya.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> A cikin shekarun 1940 da 1950, masu ilimi na Arewacin Najeriya sun fara kafa irin wannan cibiyoyin, wanda aka fi sani da makarantun Islamiyya. Wasu daga cikin wadannan makarantun sun kafa kuma sun gudanar da su ne daga masu karatun Shahuci kuma sun jaddada ƙwarewa a cikin batutuwa masu taimakawa wajen samun aiki na yau da kullun, kamar Turanci, lissafi, da yanayin ƙasa.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|journal=Muhammed}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thurston |first=Alex |date=18 May 2012 |title=Nigeria’s Islamiyya Schools: Global Project, Local Target |url=https://therevealer.org/islamiyya-schools-draft/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=[[The Revealer]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A yau, waɗannan makarantu sun bazu a duk faɗin Arewacin Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McIntyre |first=Joe A. |date=1982 |title=An Overview of Education in Northern Nigeria: Attempted from the Perspective of Qur'anic Education |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40174051 |journal=Africa Spectrum |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=21–31 |issn=0002-0397}}</ref> Shugaban farko na Makarantar Shari'a ta Shahuci shine [[Wali Sulaiman|''Wali'' Sulaiman]] . : 83 A shekara ta 1956, an nada [[Nasiru Kabara]] a matsayin shugaban <ref name=":4" />:: 157  <ref name=":5" /> kuma a shekara ta 1968 ya ɗaga matsayin makarantar zuwa matakin sakandare, kuma an sake masa suna Makarantar Nazarin Musulunci mafi girma.<ref name=":5" /> == Manazarta == <references /> swexs8xo4m676ftgrk69fhqhkzz95pq 822368 822367 2026-04-18T19:35:07Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 822368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Makarantar Nazarin Musulunci mafi girma, Shahuci''' (tsohuwar '''Makarantar Shari'a ta Shahuci'''), wanda aka fi sani da '''Aliya''', cibiyar ilimi ce ta Musulunci a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]], Najeriya . [[Mallakar Najeriya|Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya]] ce ta kafa Makarantar Shari'a ta Shahuci a cikin 1928 tare da manufar fadada horar da ma'aikatan [[Shari'a|Kotun Shari'a]] a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bray |first=Mark |url=http://archive.org/details/universalprimary0000bray |title=Universal primary education in Nigeria : a study of Kano State |date=1981 |publisher=London ; Boston : Routledge & Kegan Paul |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7100-0933-3 |pages=60–63}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Naniya |first=Tijjani Muhammad |date=1993 |title=The Dilemma of the "ʿulamāʾ" in a Colonial Society: The Case Study of Kano Emirate |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26195509 |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=151–160 |issn=0955-2340}}</ref>An koya wa ɗalibai a cikin [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] da [[Larabci]] kuma an koya musu lissafi da wasu Turanci tare da batutuwan gargajiya na Islama. <ref name=":3" /> A cikin 1934, gwamnati ta buɗe Makarantar Shari'a ta Kano (yanzu [[School for Arabic Studies|Makarantar Nazarin Larabci]]). Sarkin Kano [[Abdullahi Bayero]] ne ya fara, ma'aikatar ta gina a kan harsashin Shahuci kuma ta fadada tsarin karatun don hada da horar da malamai da [[Shari'a|Dokar Musulunci]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Callaway |first=Barbara |url=http://archive.org/details/muslimhausawomen0000call |title=Muslim Hausa women in Nigeria : tradition and change |date=1987 |publisher=Syracuse, NY : Syracuse University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8156-2406-6 |pages=142}}</ref> Daliban Shahuci za su iya ci gaba zuwa Makarantar Shari'a don ci gaba da karatunsu.<ref name=":3" /> Dukkanin makarantun sun inganta yadda ake magana da Larabci kuma sun karfafa dalibai suyi muhawara kan batutuwan shari'a da na addini tare da malamai da juna.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|journal=Muhammed}}</ref> Shahuci ta fito ne a cikin kokarin mulkin mallaka na gaba don haɗa Tsarin ilimi na Yamma tare da tsarin Islama da aka karɓa a Arewacin Najeriya a lokacin.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|journal=Muhammed}}</ref> Ba kamar makarantun Musulunci na gargajiya ba, wanda ya dogara da ilimin ko kwarewar malamai, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta nemi gwaji tare da sabon samfurin da ya jaddada kayan aikin bureaucratic, na zahiri, da na ilimi a matakin ma'aikata.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Naniya |first=Tijjani Muhammad |date=1993 |title=The Dilemma of the "ʿulamāʾ" in a Colonial Society: The Case Study of Kano Emirate |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26195509 |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=151–160 |issn=0955-2340}}</ref> Har ila yau, makarantun sun yi aiki a matsayin hanyar da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka za ta iya saka idanu, kuma mai yiwuwa ta sarrafa, abin da ake koya wa malaman musulmai a [[Daular Biritaniya|yankunansu]], yayin da waɗannan makarantun ke karɓar ɗalibai daga ko'ina cikin Burtaniya ta Yammacin Afirka. <ref name=":3" /> Yawancin malamai da suka yi aiki da Shahuci an kawo su ne daga Sudan mai gudanar da Birtaniya.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> A cikin shekarun 1940 da 1950, masu ilimi na Arewacin Najeriya sun fara kafa irin wannan cibiyoyin, wanda aka fi sani da makarantun Islamiyya. Wasu daga cikin wadannan makarantun sun kafa kuma sun gudanar da su ne daga masu karatun Shahuci kuma sun jaddada ƙwarewa a cikin batutuwa masu taimakawa wajen samun aiki na yau da kullun, kamar Turanci, lissafi, da yanayin ƙasa.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|journal=Muhammed}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thurston |first=Alex |date=18 May 2012 |title=Nigeria’s Islamiyya Schools: Global Project, Local Target |url=https://therevealer.org/islamiyya-schools-draft/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=[[The Revealer]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A yau, waɗannan makarantu sun bazu a duk faɗin Arewacin Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McIntyre |first=Joe A. |date=1982 |title=An Overview of Education in Northern Nigeria: Attempted from the Perspective of Qur'anic Education |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40174051 |journal=Africa Spectrum |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=21–31 |issn=0002-0397}}</ref> Shugaban farko na Makarantar Shari'a ta Shahuci shine [[Wali Sulaiman|''Wali'' Sulaiman]] .<ref name=":4" />{{Reference page|page=83}}<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Hunwick |first=John O. |url=http://archive.org/details/john-o.-hunwick-rex-sean-o-fahey-razaq-abubakre-hamidu-bobboy-arabic-literature- |title=Arabic Literature Of Africa The Writings Of Central Sudanic Africa 2 ( 1995, E. J. Brill) Libgen.li ( 2) |last2=Abubakre |first2=Razaq |last3=Bobboyi |first3=Hamidu |last4=Loimeier |first4=Roman |last5=Reichmuth |first5=Stefan |last6=Umar |first6=Muhammad Sani |date=1995 |publisher=E J Brill |location=New York |pages=257–258}}</ref> : 83 A shekara ta 1956, an nada [[Nasiru Kabara]] a matsayin shugaban <ref name=":4" />:: 157  <ref name=":5" /> kuma a shekara ta 1968 ya ɗaga matsayin makarantar zuwa matakin sakandare, kuma an sake masa suna Makarantar Nazarin Musulunci mafi girma.<ref name=":5" /> == Manazarta == <references /> dk0m3nmu8dufz5g07gn9kw27camr0k6 822369 822368 2026-04-18T19:35:59Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 822369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Makarantar Nazarin Musulunci mafi girma, Shahuci''' (tsohuwar '''Makarantar Shari'a ta Shahuci'''), wanda aka fi sani da '''Aliya''', cibiyar ilimi ce ta Musulunci a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]], Najeriya . [[Mallakar Najeriya|Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya]] ce ta kafa Makarantar Shari'a ta Shahuci a cikin 1928 tare da manufar fadada horar da ma'aikatan [[Shari'a|Kotun Shari'a]] a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bray |first=Mark |url=http://archive.org/details/universalprimary0000bray |title=Universal primary education in Nigeria : a study of Kano State |date=1981 |publisher=London ; Boston : Routledge & Kegan Paul |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7100-0933-3 |pages=60–63}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Naniya |first=Tijjani Muhammad |date=1993 |title=The Dilemma of the "ʿulamāʾ" in a Colonial Society: The Case Study of Kano Emirate |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26195509 |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=151–160 |issn=0955-2340}}</ref>An koya wa ɗalibai a cikin [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] da [[Larabci]] kuma an koya musu lissafi da wasu Turanci tare da batutuwan gargajiya na Islama. <ref name=":3" /> A cikin 1934, gwamnati ta buɗe Makarantar Shari'a ta Kano (yanzu [[School for Arabic Studies|Makarantar Nazarin Larabci]]). Sarkin Kano [[Abdullahi Bayero]] ne ya fara, ma'aikatar ta gina a kan harsashin Shahuci kuma ta fadada tsarin karatun don hada da horar da malamai da [[Shari'a|Dokar Musulunci]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Callaway |first=Barbara |url=http://archive.org/details/muslimhausawomen0000call |title=Muslim Hausa women in Nigeria : tradition and change |date=1987 |publisher=Syracuse, NY : Syracuse University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8156-2406-6 |pages=142}}</ref> Daliban Shahuci za su iya ci gaba zuwa Makarantar Shari'a don ci gaba da karatunsu.<ref name=":3" /> Dukkanin makarantun sun inganta yadda ake magana da Larabci kuma sun karfafa dalibai suyi muhawara kan batutuwan shari'a da na addini tare da malamai da juna.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|journal=Muhammed}}</ref> Shahuci ta fito ne a cikin kokarin mulkin mallaka na gaba don haɗa Tsarin ilimi na Yamma tare da tsarin Islama da aka karɓa a Arewacin Najeriya a lokacin.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|journal=Muhammed}}</ref> Ba kamar makarantun Musulunci na gargajiya ba, wanda ya dogara da ilimin ko kwarewar malamai, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta nemi gwaji tare da sabon samfurin da ya jaddada kayan aikin bureaucratic, na zahiri, da na ilimi a matakin ma'aikata.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Naniya |first=Tijjani Muhammad |date=1993 |title=The Dilemma of the "ʿulamāʾ" in a Colonial Society: The Case Study of Kano Emirate |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26195509 |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=151–160 |issn=0955-2340}}</ref> Har ila yau, makarantun sun yi aiki a matsayin hanyar da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka za ta iya saka idanu, kuma mai yiwuwa ta sarrafa, abin da ake koya wa malaman musulmai a [[Daular Biritaniya|yankunansu]], yayin da waɗannan makarantun ke karɓar ɗalibai daga ko'ina cikin Burtaniya ta Yammacin Afirka. <ref name=":3" /> Yawancin malamai da suka yi aiki da Shahuci an kawo su ne daga Sudan mai gudanar da Birtaniya.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> A cikin shekarun 1940 da 1950, masu ilimi na Arewacin Najeriya sun fara kafa irin wannan cibiyoyin, wanda aka fi sani da makarantun Islamiyya. Wasu daga cikin wadannan makarantun sun kafa kuma sun gudanar da su ne daga masu karatun Shahuci kuma sun jaddada ƙwarewa a cikin batutuwa masu taimakawa wajen samun aiki na yau da kullun, kamar Turanci, lissafi, da yanayin ƙasa.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|journal=Muhammed}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thurston |first=Alex |date=18 May 2012 |title=Nigeria’s Islamiyya Schools: Global Project, Local Target |url=https://therevealer.org/islamiyya-schools-draft/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=[[The Revealer]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A yau, waɗannan makarantu sun bazu a duk faɗin Arewacin Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McIntyre |first=Joe A. |date=1982 |title=An Overview of Education in Northern Nigeria: Attempted from the Perspective of Qur'anic Education |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40174051 |journal=Africa Spectrum |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=21–31 |issn=0002-0397}}</ref> Shugaban farko na Makarantar Shari'a ta Shahuci shine [[Wali Sulaiman|''Wali'' Sulaiman]] .<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Hunwick |first=John O. |url=http://archive.org/details/john-o.-hunwick-rex-sean-o-fahey-razaq-abubakre-hamidu-bobboy-arabic-literature- |title=Arabic Literature Of Africa The Writings Of Central Sudanic Africa 2 ( 1995, E. J. Brill) Libgen.li ( 2) |last2=Abubakre |first2=Razaq |last3=Bobboyi |first3=Hamidu |last4=Loimeier |first4=Roman |last5=Reichmuth |first5=Stefan |last6=Umar |first6=Muhammad Sani |date=1995 |publisher=E J Brill |location=New York |pages=257–258}}</ref> : 83 A shekara ta 1956, an nada [[Nasiru Kabara]] a matsayin shugaban <ref name=":4" />:: 157  <ref name=":5" /> kuma a shekara ta 1968 ya ɗaga matsayin makarantar zuwa matakin sakandare, kuma an sake masa suna Makarantar Nazarin Musulunci mafi girma.<ref name=":5" /> == Manazarta == <references /> cp864a0r2j9lvw0por164jmpi8q3ezk 822371 822369 2026-04-18T19:38:05Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 822371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Makarantar Nazarin Musulunci mafi girma, Shahuci''' (tsohuwar '''Makarantar Shari'a ta Shahuci'''), wanda aka fi sani da '''Aliya''', cibiyar ilimi ce ta Musulunci a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]], Najeriya . [[Mallakar Najeriya|Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya]] ce ta kafa Makarantar Shari'a ta Shahuci a cikin 1928 tare da manufar fadada horar da ma'aikatan [[Shari'a|Kotun Shari'a]] a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bray |first=Mark |url=http://archive.org/details/universalprimary0000bray |title=Universal primary education in Nigeria : a study of Kano State |date=1981 |publisher=London ; Boston : Routledge & Kegan Paul |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7100-0933-3 |pages=60–63}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Naniya |first=Tijjani Muhammad |date=1993 |title=The Dilemma of the "ʿulamāʾ" in a Colonial Society: The Case Study of Kano Emirate |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26195509 |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=151–160 |issn=0955-2340}}</ref>An koya wa ɗalibai a cikin [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] da [[Larabci]] kuma an koya musu lissafi da wasu Turanci tare da batutuwan gargajiya na Islama. <ref name=":3" /> A cikin 1934, gwamnati ta buɗe Makarantar Shari'a ta Kano (yanzu [[School for Arabic Studies|Makarantar Nazarin Larabci]]). Sarkin Kano [[Abdullahi Bayero]] ne ya fara, ma'aikatar ta gina a kan harsashin Shahuci kuma ta fadada tsarin karatun don hada da horar da malamai da [[Shari'a|Dokar Musulunci]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Callaway |first=Barbara |url=http://archive.org/details/muslimhausawomen0000call |title=Muslim Hausa women in Nigeria : tradition and change |date=1987 |publisher=Syracuse, NY : Syracuse University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8156-2406-6 |pages=142}}</ref> Daliban Shahuci za su iya ci gaba zuwa Makarantar Shari'a don ci gaba da karatunsu.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Paden |first=John N. |url=http://archive.org/details/ethnicenterprise00ligh |title=Religion and political culture in Kano |date=1973 |publisher=Berkeley, University of California Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-520-01738-2 |pages=63}}</ref> Dukkanin makarantun sun inganta yadda ake magana da Larabci kuma sun karfafa dalibai suyi muhawara kan batutuwan shari'a da na addini tare da malamai da juna.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|journal=Muhammed}}</ref> Shahuci ta fito ne a cikin kokarin mulkin mallaka na gaba don haɗa Tsarin ilimi na Yamma tare da tsarin Islama da aka karɓa a Arewacin Najeriya a lokacin.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|journal=Muhammed}}</ref> Ba kamar makarantun Musulunci na gargajiya ba, wanda ya dogara da ilimin ko kwarewar malamai, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta nemi gwaji tare da sabon samfurin da ya jaddada kayan aikin bureaucratic, na zahiri, da na ilimi a matakin ma'aikata.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Naniya |first=Tijjani Muhammad |date=1993 |title=The Dilemma of the "ʿulamāʾ" in a Colonial Society: The Case Study of Kano Emirate |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26195509 |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=151–160 |issn=0955-2340}}</ref> Har ila yau, makarantun sun yi aiki a matsayin hanyar da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka za ta iya saka idanu, kuma mai yiwuwa ta sarrafa, abin da ake koya wa malaman musulmai a [[Daular Biritaniya|yankunansu]], yayin da waɗannan makarantun ke karɓar ɗalibai daga ko'ina cikin Burtaniya ta Yammacin Afirka. <ref name=":3" /> Yawancin malamai da suka yi aiki da Shahuci an kawo su ne daga Sudan mai gudanar da Birtaniya.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> A cikin shekarun 1940 da 1950, masu ilimi na Arewacin Najeriya sun fara kafa irin wannan cibiyoyin, wanda aka fi sani da makarantun Islamiyya. Wasu daga cikin wadannan makarantun sun kafa kuma sun gudanar da su ne daga masu karatun Shahuci kuma sun jaddada ƙwarewa a cikin batutuwa masu taimakawa wajen samun aiki na yau da kullun, kamar Turanci, lissafi, da yanayin ƙasa.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|journal=Muhammed}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thurston |first=Alex |date=18 May 2012 |title=Nigeria’s Islamiyya Schools: Global Project, Local Target |url=https://therevealer.org/islamiyya-schools-draft/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=[[The Revealer]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A yau, waɗannan makarantu sun bazu a duk faɗin Arewacin Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McIntyre |first=Joe A. |date=1982 |title=An Overview of Education in Northern Nigeria: Attempted from the Perspective of Qur'anic Education |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40174051 |journal=Africa Spectrum |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=21–31 |issn=0002-0397}}</ref> Shugaban farko na Makarantar Shari'a ta Shahuci shine [[Wali Sulaiman|''Wali'' Sulaiman]] .<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Hunwick |first=John O. |url=http://archive.org/details/john-o.-hunwick-rex-sean-o-fahey-razaq-abubakre-hamidu-bobboy-arabic-literature- |title=Arabic Literature Of Africa The Writings Of Central Sudanic Africa 2 ( 1995, E. J. Brill) Libgen.li ( 2) |last2=Abubakre |first2=Razaq |last3=Bobboyi |first3=Hamidu |last4=Loimeier |first4=Roman |last5=Reichmuth |first5=Stefan |last6=Umar |first6=Muhammad Sani |date=1995 |publisher=E J Brill |location=New York |pages=257–258}}</ref> : 83 A shekara ta 1956, an nada [[Nasiru Kabara]] a matsayin shugaban <ref name=":4" />:: 157  <ref name=":5" /> kuma a shekara ta 1968 ya ɗaga matsayin makarantar zuwa matakin sakandare, kuma an sake masa suna Makarantar Nazarin Musulunci mafi girma.<ref name=":5" /> == Manazarta == <references /> agbd6qj7jmaxeeaog4fqu0hqiz675hg 0 148219 822372 2026-04-18T20:03:33Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348856761|Dekha Ibrahim Abdi]]" 822372 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Dekha Ibrahim Abdi''' (Somali: , 17 Nuwamba 1964 - 14 Yuli 2011) ya kasance mai fafutukar zaman lafiya [[Kenya]]" id="mwDQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kenya">Dan Kenya da ke zaune a [[Mombasa]], Kenya . Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga kungiyoyin gwamnati da na jama'a. Ta fito ne daga kabilar Somaliya. == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Dekha a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 1964 a Wajir . Ta auri Dokta Hassan Nurrow Abdirahman tare da ita ta haifi 'ya'ya hudu. Ma'auratan sun sake aure a shekara ta 2007 kuma a shekara ta 2009, ta auri Abdinoor, likitan ido na Kenya.<ref name="Ttmrapbnabor">{{Cite web |title=Kenya: Taking to Men´s Role as Peace Builders Not a Bed of Roses &#124; visionews.net |url=http://www.visionews.net/kenya-taking-to-men%C2%B4s-role-as-peace-builders-not-a-bed-of-roses/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018185446/http://www.visionews.net/kenya-taking-to-men%C2%B4s-role-as-peace-builders-not-a-bed-of-roses/ |archive-date=2022-10-18 |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=www.visionews.net}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Dekha ta kasance mai kula da Coalition for Peace in Africa (COPA) da kuma NOMADIC, kungiyar makiyaya da ke zaune a Wajir . Ta kuma kasance memba na kafa kwamitin zaman lafiya da ci gaba na Wajir, hadin gwiwar zaman lafiya a Afirka, ACTION (Action for Conflict Transformation), da kuma Peace and Regeneration Oasis (PRO). Dekha ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan gina zaman lafiya da ci gaban makiyaya tare da hukumomin gida da na duniya da yawa a kasashe daban-daban, gami da Cambodia, Jordan, Habasha, Somalia, Afirka ta Kudu, Netherlands, Isra'ila, Falasdinu, Zimbabwe, Burtaniya, Uganda da Kenya. Ta kuma kasance Abokiyar Amsawa ga Rikicin kuma a baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Mai horar da RTC da Mai Gudanar da Ilimi. Wasu daga cikin sulhu da fahimtar zaman lafiya za a iya karantawa a cikin littafin "Mediation and Governance in Fragile Contexts: Small Steps to Peace" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynne Rienner Publishers &#124; Mediation and Governance in Fragile Contexts Small Steps to Peace |url=https://www.rienner.com/title/Mediation_and_Governance_in_Fragile_Contexts_Small_Steps_to_Peace |website=www.rienner.com}}</ref> wanda aka buga a cikin 2019. Ana iya samun shirye-shiryen bidiyo na hira na 2010 da 2011 tare da Dekha a kan layi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mediation and Governance in Fragile Contexts: Small Steps to Peace |url=https://css.ethz.ch/en/think-tank/themes/mediation-support-and-peace-promotion/mediation-governance.html |website=css.ethz.ch}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == A shekara ta 2007, an girmama Dekha da lambar yabo ta Right Livelihood . Jury ya yaba mata "don nunawa a cikin yanayi daban-daban na kabilanci da al'adu yadda za a iya sulhunta addini da sauran bambance-bambance, har ma bayan rikici na tashin hankali, kuma a haɗa su tare ta hanyar tsarin hadin gwiwa wanda ke haifar da zaman lafiya da ci gaba". An kuma girmama ta da Gernika's Peace and Reconciliation Prize a 2008 (Basque Country) da Hessian Peace Prize of Germany a 2009. == Mutuwa == A ranar 7 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2011, Dekha, mijinta Abdinoor, da direban su suna kan hanyarsu zuwa taron zaman lafiya a Garissa, lokacin da motarsu ta yi karo da babbar mota. Mijinta da direbanta sun mutu nan take. Dekha ya sami mummunan rauni kuma an kai shi [[Nairobi]]. Ta mutu jim kadan bayan haka a Asibitin Aga Khan da karfe 11.45 na safe, 14 ga Yuli 2011. Tana da shekaru 46. == Dubi kuma == * Kyautar Rayuwa ta Dama * Jerin masu fafutukar zaman lafiya == Bayani == {{Reflist}} == Manazarta == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071010212237/http://www.rightlivelihood.org/abdi.html Abdi a shafin yanar gizon Kyautar Rayuwa ta Dama] * {{YouTube|pwe6mlExHZg|Short video on Dekha Abdi}} == Haɗin waje == {{Authority control}} * [http://www.berghof-handbook.net/documents/publications/dialogue6_dekha_comm.pdf Yin aiki don zaman lafiya a cikin tsarin rikice-rikice a Kenya - Magana da Rikicin Bayan Zaben 2008] An adana shi 2012-06-05 a * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071010212237/http://www.rightlivelihood.org/abdi.html Tarihin Dekha Ibrahim Abdi] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2011]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] o8ck9nf19d7jqg5a0q1bjv6cpby03n2 0 148220 822373 2026-04-18T20:05:08Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348824603|Ory Okolloh]]" 822373 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Ory_Okolloh,_Sept._2006.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Okolloh a cikin 2006]]   '''Ory Okolloh''' (ko '''Ory Okolloh Mwangi) ''') ɗan gwagwarmayar Kenya ne, lauya, kuma Mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo. Ita abokin tarayya ce a Verod-Kepple Africa Ventures, wani kamfani na saka hannun jari na Afirka wanda ke zaune a Legas, Najeriya, tare da ofisoshi a Nairobi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Njanja |first=Annie |date=2024-04-09 |title=Pan-African VC Verod-Kepple closes its first fund at $60M |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/04/09/verod-kepple-closes-first-fund-at-60m/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kene-Okafor |first=Tage |date=2023-04-12 |title=Backed by Japanese investors, Verod-Kepple's fund will invest in Series A and B startups across Africa |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/04/12/backed-by-japanese-investors-verod-kepples-fund-will-invest-in-series-a-and-b-startups-across-africa/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Tom |date=2024-04-12 |title=Verod-Kepple Africa Ventures closes pan-African venture fund at $60m |url=https://disruptafrica.com/2024/04/12/verod-kepple-africa-ventures-closes-pan-african-venture-fund-at-60m/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Disrupt Africa |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta taba aiki a matsayin manajan darakta a Omidyar Network, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohammed |first=Omar |date=2015-06-09 |title=Why aren't more wealthy Africans backing the continent's start-ups? |url=https://qz.com/423821/why-arent-more-wealthy-africans-backing-the-continents-start-ups/ |access-date=2015-09-27 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] - Africa}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kozlowska |first=Hanna |date=2015-04-06 |title=#147notjustanumber aims to name all those slain in Kenya attack |url=https://qz.com/377336/147notjustanumber-is-the-hashtag-that-gives-life-to-each-person-slain-in-the-kenya-attack/ |access-date=2015-09-27 |website=Quartz}}</ref> kuma a matsayin manajin manufofi na Afirka tare da [[Google]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ms. Ory A, Okolloh |url=https://www.stanbicbank.co.ke/kenya/personal/about-us/stanbic-kenya-foundation/ |access-date=2021-04-24 |website=www.stanbicbank.co.ke}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=week |first=Stay up to date on the editors' picks of the |date=2020-12-20 |title=Ory Okolloh exits Google for Omidyar Network |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/technology/ory-okolloh-exits-google-for-omidyar-network-2032832 |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Business Daily |language=en}}</ref> An kira Ory mutane 100 mafi tasiri a shekarar 2014. [https://time.com/70848/]. == Ilimi == Okolloh ta sami digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa, summa cum laude, daga Jami'ar Pittsburgh . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ory Okolloh |url=https://www.weforum.org/people/ory-okolloh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=World Economic Forum}}</ref> Ta kammala karatu daga Harvard Law School a shekara ta 2005 tare da Juris Doctor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ory Okolloh – Kenya Yearbook Editorial Board |url=https://sectors.kenyayearbook.go.ke/ory-okolloh/ |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=Kenya Yearbook}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunta, ta ki amincewa da tayin aiki daga kamfanin lauya na DC don komawa Kenya don yin aiki a kan lissafin gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2014 |title=Time 100: Ory Okolloh, Voice of the African Citizen |url=https://techcabal.com/2014/04/25/time-100-ory-okolloh-voice-of-the-african-citizen/ |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=TechCabal}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2006, Okolloh ya kafa shafin yanar gizon Mzalendo (Swahili: "Mai kishin kasa").<ref name="mcclatchy" /> Shafin ya nemi kara yawan alhakin gwamnati ta hanyar yin rikodin takardun kudi, jawabai, 'yan majalisa, da umarni masu tsayawa. Lokacin da [[Kenya]] ta shiga cikin tashin hankali bayan zaben shugaban kasa mai rikitarwa a shekara ta 2007, Okolloh ya kirkiro Ushahidi (Swahili: "Witness"), shafin yanar gizo da kayan aiki wanda ya tattara kuma ya rubuta rahotanni na shaidu na tashin hankali ta amfani da saƙonnin rubutu da Google Maps.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Nyabola |first=Nanjala |date=2021-03-08 |title=In Nairobi, Female Coders Are Flipping the Silicon Valley Trope on Its Head |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/female-coders-from-nairobi |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Vogue |language=en-US}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin an daidaita fasahar don fadada dalilai (gami da saka idanu kan zabe da bin diddigin samar da magunguna) kuma an yi amfani da ita a wasu ƙasashe da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jay |date=2008-01-09 |title=How to Use the Web To Show the Truth |url=https://thehistoryoftheweb.com/how-to-use-the-web-to-show-the-truth/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=The History of the Web}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Newsweek |date=2010-03-03 |title='Ushahidi' Technology Saves Lives in Haiti and Chile |url=https://www.newsweek.com/ushahidi-technology-saves-lives-haiti-and-chile-210262 |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref> Okolloh yana da shafin yanar gizon kansa, Kenyan Pundit, wanda aka nuna a kan Global Voices Online . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Nyabola |first=Nanjala |date=2021-03-08 |title=In Nairobi, Female Coders Are Flipping the Silicon Valley Trope on Its Head |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/female-coders-from-nairobi |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Vogue |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kuma ta yi aiki a Covington da Burling, [[Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta kasar Kenya.|Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kenya]], da Bankin Duniya.<ref name="about">{{Cite web |last=Okolloh |first=Ory |title=About |url=https://www.kenyanpundit.com/about/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021170513/https://www.kenyanpundit.com/about/ |archive-date=2009-10-21 |access-date=2009-09-11 |website=Kenyan Pundit}}</ref> An nada Okolloh a cikin kwamitin Thomson Reuters Founders Share Company, jikin da ke aiki a matsayin mai kula da ka'idodin Thomson Reuters Trust a watan Mayu 2015. Ta yi ritaya daga kamfanin a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024, bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban a shekarar da ta gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thomson Reuters Founders Share Company appoints Aidan Eyakuze to its Board of Directors |url=https://www.thomsonreuters.com/en/press-releases/2025/january/thomson-reuters-founders-share-company-appoints-aidan-eyakuze-to-its-board-of-directors |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=www.thomsonreuters.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Okolloh ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin darektan mai zaman kansa a Safaricom tun daga watan Fabrairun 2023 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=week |first=Stay up to date on the editors' picks of the |date=2023-02-27 |title=Safaricom replaces Bitange Ndemo in new board changes |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/companies/safaricom-replaces-bitange-ndemo-in-new-board-changes-4139466 |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Business Daily |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Augustine |first=Abraham |date=2023-03-02 |title=Ushahidi's Ory Okolloh joins Safaricom board |url=https://techcabal.com/2023/03/02/safaricom-new-board-members/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=TechCabal |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta tashi daga mukamin a watan Yulin shekara ta 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-29 |title=Major Changes in Safaricom's Board of Directors: Ory Okolloh and Francesco Bianco Exit - Techish Kenya |url=https://tech-ish.com/2024/07/29/major-changes-in-safaricoms-board-of-directors-ory-okolloh-and-francesco-bianco-exit/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta taba aiki a kwamitin Stanbic Bank Foundation Kenya, daga Afrilu 2020 zuwa Yuli 2024, kuma a matsayin darakta mara zartarwa na Stanbic Bank har zuwa Disamba 2020, lokacin da ta yi murabus. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mbabazi |first=Eunniah |date=2020-12-10 |title=Ory Okolloh Resigns from Stanbic Board WEF 9th Dec |url=https://kenyanwallstreet.com/ory-okolloh-resigns-from-stanbic-board/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Kenyan Wall Street - Business, Markets & Finance Insights |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khusoko |date=2020-12-09 |title=Stanbic Bank's Non-Executive Director Ory Okolloh Resigns |url=https://khusoko.com/2020/12/09/stanbic-banks-non-executive-director-ory-okolloh-resigns/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Khusoko - East African Markets |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=week |first=Stay up to date on the editors' picks of the |date=2020-09-19 |title=Omidyar MD Ory Okolloh joins Stanbic board |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/lifestyle/profiles/omidyar-md-ory-okolloh-joins-stanbic-board-2282718 |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Business Daily |language=en}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2025, an nada ta a cikin kwamitin Gidauniyar GSMA . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Lukhanyu |first=Milcah |date=2025-02-13 |title=Ory Okolloh Joins GSMA Foundation Board |url=https://khusoko.com/2025/02/13/ory-okolloh-joins-gsma-foundation-board/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Khusoko - East African Markets |language=en-GB}}</ref> An nada ta a cikin Kwamitin Kepple Group a Japan a watan Mayu 2025, a matsayin Darakta na waje.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Bwire |first=Ronald |date=2025-05-01 |title=Japan's Kepple Group Appoints Ory Okolloh as Outide Director |url=https://techmoran.com/2025/05/02/japans-kepple-group-appoints-ory-okolloh-as-director-to-its-board/ |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=TechMoran |language=en-US}}</ref> Ory memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Afirka na Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka ta [[Jami'ar Harvard]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa Advisory Board |url=https://africa.harvard.edu/africa-advisory-board |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=africa.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, tana da hannu a cikin allon kungiyoyi masu zuwa: == Kyaututtuka == * 2012, ''Forbes'' ya lissafa "Mata mafi Nasara a Afirka" <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-07-02 |title=Binyavanga, Ory Okolloh named Time's most influential people |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/binyavanga-ory-okolloh-named-time-s-most-influential-people-976360 |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Nation |language=en}}</ref> * 2013, "Mata mafi iko a Afirka a Fasaha" * 2014, Jerin ''[[Time (magazine)|Lokaci]]'' "Mutanen 100 Mafi Tasiri" <ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the Black Women on Time's Most Influential List |url=https://www.bet.com/photo-gallery/009134/meet-the-black-women-on-time-s-most-influential-list/gns996 |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=BET |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b779tyqpcoyga5xb4puy4vogaci7wev 0 148221 822374 2026-04-18T20:06:16Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349011969|Tsitsi Tiripano]]" 822374 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Poliyanna Mangwiro''' (1967 - Mayu 2001), wanda aka fi sani da '''Tsitsi Tiripano''', 'yar gwagwarmayar [[Maɗigo|lesbian]] ce ta [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabue]]. A shekara ta 2000, [[Amnesty International]] ta girmama ta a matsayin mai kare hakkin dan adam na shekara. == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Poliyann Mangwiro a shekarar 1967, ita ce mafi girma a cikin iyalinta. A lokacin da take da shekaru 15, an tilasta mata auren wani shugaban cocin [[Kiristanci|Kirista]] mai shekaru 55 a cikin al'ummarta.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Gay Zimbabwe News & Reports 1998-2007 |url=https://archive.globalgayz.com/africa/zimbabwe/gay-zimbabwe-news-and-reports-2/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=Global Gayz}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Jenn |date=2000 |title=interview: TSITSI TIRIPANO: FIGHTING FOR LESBIAN AND GAY RIGHTS IN ZIMBABWE |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20836581 |journal=Off Our Backs |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=1–7 |issn=0030-0071 |jstor=20836581}}</ref> Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, tana da shekaru 21, ta bar mijinta da 'ya'yansu maza biyu don zama tare da abokiyar mata a [[Harare]]. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Gay Zimbabwe News & Reports 1998-2007 |url=https://archive.globalgayz.com/africa/zimbabwe/gay-zimbabwe-news-and-reports-2/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=Global Gayz}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Felice |date=June 2000 |title=Fighting Fear |journal=Advocate |issue=814 |pages=42}}</ref> Ta koma zama a cikin al'ummarta ta Marondera bayan shekaru biyu kuma ta sami damar sake haɗuwa da 'ya'yanta biyu, sannan suna da shekaru 16 da 18, waɗanda tsohon mijinta ya ba ta damar gani a kan yanayin cewa ba ta yi magana da su game da luwadi ba.<ref name=":4" /> Daga bisani 'ya'yanta maza suka zo su tallafa mata, kuma tsohon mijinta ya mutu saboda tsufa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Jenn |date=2000 |title=interview: TSITSI TIRIPANO: FIGHTING FOR LESBIAN AND GAY RIGHTS IN ZIMBABWE |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20836581 |journal=Off Our Backs |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=1–7 |issn=0030-0071 |jstor=20836581}}</ref> Tiripano ta mutu a shekara ta 2001, a tsakiyar shekarunta na 30, na matsalolin da suka shafi [[Kanjamau|Cutar kanjamau]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Falquet |first=Jules |date=2009-06-29 |title=Rompre le tabou de l'hétérosexualité, en finir avec la différence des sexes : les apports du lesbianisme comme mouvement social et théorie politique |url=https://journals.openedition.org/gss/705 |journal=Genre, sexualité & société |language=fr |issue=1 |doi=10.4000/gss.705 |issn=2104-3736 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Yunkurin fafutuka == A shekara ta 1988, Mangwiro ta fara jin kalmar Turanci "[[Maɗigo|lesbian]]" daga abokiyar drag queen, ta koyi cewa akwai wasu mata kamar ita waɗanda ke da dangantaka da mata.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Jenn |date=2000 |title=interview: TSITSI TIRIPANO: FIGHTING FOR LESBIAN AND GAY RIGHTS IN ZIMBABWE |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20836581 |journal=Off Our Backs |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=1–7 |issn=0030-0071 |jstor=20836581}}</ref> Daga damuwa game da tsaronta a matsayin mai fafutukar 'yan mata, ta fara amfani da sunan Tsitsi Tiripano, "Tsitsi" ma'anar "tausayin" da "Tiripano" ma'ana "muna can," a matsayin hanyar bayyana cewa al'ummar LGBTQ sun wanzu kuma sun cancanci tausayi. A shekara ta 1993, Tiripano ta zama mace baƙar fata ta farko da ta shiga kungiyar LGBTQ ta Zimbabwe GALZ . Ta yi aiki tare da kungiyar don nuna rashin amincewa da tashin hankali a Zimbabwe.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" /> Ta kuma taimaka wajen shirya GALZ Positive, don tallafawa mambobin kungiyar masu dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau. Yayinda take halartar GALZ a wani bikin littafi a shekarar 1996, wani rukuni na dalibai sun kai hari kan Tiripano, wadanda suka kone littattafanta.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Gay Zimbabwe News & Reports 1998-2007 |url=https://archive.globalgayz.com/africa/zimbabwe/gay-zimbabwe-news-and-reports-2/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=Global Gayz}}</ref> Labaran kafofin watsa labarai game da wannan harin, wanda ya haɗa da manema labarai da suka yanke shawarar buga hoton Tiripano, ya sanya ta ta ta farko a fili a cikin jama'a a Zimbabwe.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Felice |date=June 2000 |title=Fighting Fear |journal=Advocate |issue=814 |pages=42}}</ref> Lokacin da ta koma gidanta a Marondera, mazauna ƙauyen sun sadu da ita suna rera waƙoƙin homophobic kuma suna barazanar ta da tashin hankali.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> Lokacin da ta nemi gwamnan yankin ya taimake ta, sai ya ki, yana jayayya cewa homophobia wani matsayi ne na hukuma da Shugaba [[Robert Mugabe]] ya amince da shi.<ref name=":2" /> Tare da Akın Birdal, [[Mehrangiz Kar]], da Leopoldo Zessig, [[Amnesty International]] ta amince da Tiripano a matsayin mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na shekara a shekara ta 2000. Bayan ta sami wannan girmamawa, ta shiga cikin yawon shakatawa na Arewacin Amurka da Turai don wayar da kan jama'a game da halin da ake ciki na 'yan Zimbabwe masu luwadi da' yan mata.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2001]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] 9goaf6t60z354ivamak36jr3ad4p9e1 0 148222 822375 2026-04-18T20:09:01Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349115889|Musimbi Kanyoro]]" 822375 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Musimbi Kanyoro''' mai ba da shawara ne game da haƙƙin ɗan adam, mai ba da agaji, kuma masanin kimiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2014 |title=5 lessons for funding innovation for social change |url=https://www.devex.com/news/5-lessons-for-funding-innovation-for-social-change-84741 |website=Devex |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Musimbi Kanyoro {{!}} Women's Learning Partnership |url=https://learningpartnership.org/people/musimbi-kanyoro}}</ref> Ita ce shugabar Hukumar Kasa da Kasa ta Kwalejin Duniya ta United World kuma memba mai zaman kanta a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyya ta Siyasa ta London. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheney |first=Catherine |date=2024-11-01 |title=Collective leadership is key to lasting impact, in education and beyond |url=https://www.devex.com/news/collective-leadership-is-key-to-lasting-impact-in-education-and-beyond-108630 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=Devex |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Musimbi Kanyoro « The Uprising of Women in Philanthropy |url=https://uprisingofwomeninphilanthropy.com/the-author/dr-musimbi-kanyoro/ |access-date=2024-12-04}}</ref> Har ila yau, ita ce mamba ta kafa kungiyar 'yan tauhidin mata na Afirka ("Circle") kuma mai tsara ta farko (1996-2002). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Labeodan |first=Helen A. |date=2016-07-08 |title=Revisiting the legacy of the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians today: A lesson in strength and perseverance |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v37i2.1586 |journal=Verbum et Ecclesia |volume=37 |issue=2 |doi=10.4102/ve.v37i2.1586 |issn=2074-7705 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Musimbi Kanyoro a yankin Migori, Kenya, inda ta halarci makarantar firamare kafin ta shiga makarantar Alliance Girls a [[Nairobi]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Musimbi Kanyoro (Kenya) {{!}} WikiPeaceWomen – English |url=https://wikipeacewomen.org/wpworg/en/?page_id=3038 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=wikipeacewomen.org}}</ref> A matsayinta na daliba a cikin shekarun 1970s, ta goyi bayan yunkurin adawa da wariyar launin fata a [[Afirka ta Kudu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2013 |title=Star Power at a Global Women's Conference |url=http://rendezvous.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/03/star-power-at-a-global-womens-conference/?_r=0 |access-date=21 October 2013 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Kanyoro ta sami digiri na farko daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] da PhD a fannin Ilimin Harshe daga Jami'an Texas a Austin . Kanyoro daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin tauhidin mata a San Francisco Theological Seminary . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lowery |first=Stephanie A. |date=2020-05-22 |title=9 African Women Theologians You Should Know About |url=https://theglobalchurchproject.com/african-women-theologians-you-should-know-about/ |access-date=2020-10-25 |website=The GlobalChurch Project |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kuma kasance malamin da ya ziyarci [[Ibrananci]] da [[Tsohon Alkawari]] a Makarantar Allah ta Harvard . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Musimbi Kanyoro |url=https://unglobalcompact.org.au/speakers/dr-musimbi-kanyoro/ |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=UN Global Compact Network Australia |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Fayil:Musimbi_Kanyoro_and_Hillary_Rodham_Clinton.jpeg|thumb|Hillary Rodham Clinton da Musimbi Kanyoro a Asusun Duniya don Abincin Mata a watan Mayu 2013 a New York]] == Ayyuka == [[File:Kanyoro_Sirleaf.jpg|right|thumb|180x180px|Kanyoro tare da [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] .]] Kanyoro ta kasance babban sakatare, Desk for Women in Church and Society a Lutheran World Federation daga 1982 zuwa 1997. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GU |date=20 June 2011 |title=A Discussion with Musimbi Kanyoro, CEO and President of the Global Fund for Women |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/interviews/a-discussion-with-musimbi-kanyoro-ceo-and-president-of-the-global-fund-for-women |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> Ta kuma shirya littafin In Search of a Round Table: Gender, Theology and Church Leadership, a cikin 1998.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Molloy |first=Cathy |date=Winter 1998 |title=Review: [Untitled] in Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30113966 |jstor=30113966 |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga fassarar ga Ƙungiyar Littafi Mai-Tsarki ta United . Daga 1998 zuwa 2007, Kanyoro ya zama Babban Sakatare na farko wanda ba fari ba na YWCA na Duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Salzman |first=Marian |title=10 Power Women Brands |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mariansalzman/2015/09/08/10-power-women-brands/ |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Kanyoro ya kasance darektan Shirin Lafiya da Rubuce-rubuce na Gidauniyar David da Lucile Packard daga 2007 zuwa 2011. Ta kasance memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Duniya don Taron Duniya na Beijing kuma ta jagoranci wakilai zuwa Taron Duniya biyar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin 1990s. Daga 2018 har zuwa 2019, ta yi aiki a kan Kwamitin Mai Zaman Kanta kan Halin Jima'i, Alhakin da Canjin Al'adu a Oxfam, wanda [[Zainab Bangura]] da Katherine Sierra suka jagoranci. Musimbi Kanyoro ita ce shugabar kuma Shugaba na Asusun Duniya na Mata daga 2011 zuwa 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lieberman |first=Amy |date=13 August 2019 |title=Some gender equality progress 'slipping away,' says former Global Fund for Women CEO |url=https://www.devex.com/news/some-gender-equality-progress-slipping-away-says-former-global-fund-for-women-ceo-95440}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a cikin allon da yawa, gami da Majalisar Shugabannin Aspen, Kwamitin CARE, Babban Ma'aikatar Kula da Lafiya ta Haihuwa, Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Kwamitin Gudanar da Gaggawa na Shugaban Amurka don Taimako na Cutar AIDS (PEPFAR) " da Kwamitin Ba Da Shawara na Kimiyya na Duniya na Kwalejin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Dr Musimbi Kanyoro - Homeward Bound |url=https://homewardboundprojects.com.au/profile/dr-musimbi-kanyoro/ |access-date=2024-07-16 |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=November 2018 |title=Musimbi Kanyoro Appointed Chair of UWC International Board |url=https://www.uwc.org/musimbiappointment |access-date=16 January 2019}}</ref> Kanyoro ta yi aiki tare da tsohon shugaban Ireland [[Mary Robinson]] a kan ayyuka da yawa, gami da Kwamitin Daraktoci na Gaskiya Hakki: Da'a ta Globalization Initiative . Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Family Planning 2020 (FP2020) Reference Group . Har ila yau, ita ce memba na Kwamitin Taimako na Duniya na Majalisar Gidaje . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2012 |title=Global Philanthropy |url=http://www.cof.org/whoweserve/international/committee/index.cfm?navItemNumber=15638 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019231902/http://www.cof.org/whoweserve/international/committee/index.cfm?navItemNumber=15638 |archive-date=19 October 2013 |access-date=19 October 2013 |publisher=[[Council on Foundations]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=November 2018 |title=Musimbi Kanyoro Appointed Chair of UWC International Board |url=https://www.uwc.org/musimbiappointment |access-date=16 January 2019}}</ref> Kanyoro ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin daraktoci na Cibiyar Binciken Jama'a da Lafiya ta Afirka, kuma ya kasance shugaban kwamitin Ayyukan ISIS na shekaru bakwai. Ta kuma yi aiki a kan allon [[Hadin Gwiwa Don Taimakawa A Ko Ina|KARI]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2011 |title=CARE Announces Board Member Musimbi Kanyoro |url=http://www.care.org/newsroom/articles/2012/10/care-new-board-members-kanyoro-janah-20121009.asp |access-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> Intra Health, <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2010 |title=Musimbi Kanyoro Joins Intra Health International Board of Directors |url=http://www.intrahealth.org/page/musimbi-kanyoro-joins-intrahealth-internationals-board-of-directors |access-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> CHANGE da Legacy Memory Bank, <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2007 |title=Musimbi Kanyoro Joins Board of Legacy Memory Bank |url=http://www.legacymemorybank.org/index.php?view=article&catid=36%3Abiography&id=69%3Amusimbi+kanyoro&option=com_content&Itemid=60 |access-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> kuma memba ne na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]]. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Karramawa da girmamawa == * 1999 - Kyautar 'Yancin Dan Adam <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 1999 |title=presented by Church Women United, USA, in recognition of commitment and dedication to global human rights of women |url=http://www.interpretermagazine.org/umns/usnews_archive.asp?ptid=2&story=%7BE510D330-9DC3-4E68-BAD0-D9C4B7837AD9%7D&mid=883 |access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> * 1999 - Doctor of Divinity (mai daraja), Trinity Lutheran Seminary, (TLS) Amurka, don muhimmiyar gudummawa ga tauhidin Kirista * 2000 - Kyautar Wittenberg <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2000 |title=presented by the Luther Institute, USA in recognition of outstanding service to church and society |url=http://www.elca.org/Who-We-Are/Our-Three-Expressions/Churchwide-Organization/Communication-Services/News/Releases.aspx?a=3673 |access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> * 2005 - an sanya shi a matsayin yabo na Jihar Kenya Moran na Order of the Burning Spear (MBS) <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2005 |title=Selected Gazette Notices From Vol. CVII-No.85 |url=http://www.law.co.ke/KenyaGazette/view_gazette.php?title=1145 |access-date=18 October 2013 |publisher=Republic of Kenya}}</ref> * 2005 - Kyautar Mata ta Abinci <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2005 |title=African Women's Development Fund, Accra, Ghana |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200510241020.html |access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> * 2005 - Kyautar Jagorancin Duniya, World Vision da International AIDS Trust, Amurka<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2005 |title=World Vision and International AIDS Trust, USA |url=http://www.abeingo.org/profiles/musimbi%20kanyoro.pdf |access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> * 2005 - An zabi mata 1000 don kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2005 |title=Nominee, 1000 Women for the Nobel Peace Prize |url=http://www.worldywca.org/YWCA-News/World-YWCA-and-Member-Associations-News/World-YWCA-General-Secretary-Nominated-for-Nobel-Peace-Prize |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021225504/http://www.worldywca.org/YWCA-News/World-YWCA-and-Member-Associations-News/World-YWCA-General-Secretary-Nominated-for-Nobel-Peace-Prize |archive-date=21 October 2013 |access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> * 2006 - Mata, Jagora da Kyautar Dan Adam <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2006 |title=for significant contribution to advancement of human dignity, presented by Birmingham-South College, Birmingham, Alabama, USA |url=http://www.bsc.edu/communications/southern/summer06/summer-06.pdf |access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> * 2008 - Adireshin buɗewa: Nelson Mandela Lecture Series a [[Jami'ar Kudancin Australia]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2008 |title=presented by the University of South Australia and the Bob Hawke Prime Ministerial Centre, Adelaide, Australia |url=http://w3.unisa.edu.au/hawkecentre/nml/default.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021225422/http://w3.unisa.edu.au/hawkecentre/nml/default.asp |archive-date=21 October 2013 |access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> * 2011 - Canja Fuskar Philanthropy <ref>{{Cite web |date=7–9 April 2011 |title=presented by the Women's Funding Network, San Francisco, California, USA |url=http://www.womensfundingnetwork.org/sites/wfnet.org/files/cfp-awards-presentation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021222737/http://www.womensfundingnetwork.org/sites/wfnet.org/files/cfp-awards-presentation.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2013 |access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> * 2012 - Majalisar Bincike ta Kasa kan Mata 2012 == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == *   * Dube, Musa da Musimbi R.A. Kanyoro, eds. ''Ka ba ni adalci! : HIV / AIDS & karatun jinsi na Littafi Mai-Tsarki.'' [Hotuna a shafi na 9] [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1570756009|<bdi>978-1570756009</bdi>]]{{ISBN|978-1570756009|}}&nbsp; * Kanyoro, Musimbi R.A. da Nyambura J. Njoroge, eds. ''Groaning in Faith: matan Afirka a cikin gidan Allah.'' Nairobi: Masu wallafa Acton. Takardun Daga Ƙungiyar Addinai ta Mata Masu Masana tauhidin Afirka, 1996. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-9966888242|<bdi>978-9966888242</bdi>]]{{ISBN|978-9966888242|}}&nbsp; * [Hasiya] ''A cikin neman teburin zagaye: jinsi, tauhidin & jagorancin coci.'' Geneva: WCC Publications, 1997. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/2-8254-1209-0|<bdi>2-8254-1209-0</bdi>]]{{ISBN|2-8254-1209-0}}&nbsp; * Kanyoro, Musimbi R.A. da Nyambura J. Njoroge, eds. ''Shekaru goma na hadin kai tare da Littafi Mai-Tsarki: bikin shekaru goma: wahayin bayan 1998. '' Geneva: WCC Publications, 1998. * Kanyoro, Musimbi R.A., ''Gabatar da Al'adun Al'adu na Mata: Ra'ayi na Afirka.'' [Hasiya] [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0829814996|<bdi>978-0829814996</bdi>]]{{ISBN|978-0829814996}}&nbsp; * Kanyoro, Musimbi R.A., Ci gaba zuwa madadin Lutheran: tauhidin Lutheran daga ƙarami, wanda Else Marie Wiberg Pedersen ya shirya. Minneapolis: Fortress Academic, 2019. * Oduyoye, Mercy Amba da Musimbi R.A. Kanyoro, eds. ''The Will to Up: Mata, Hadisi, da Ikilisiya a Afirka.'' [Hotuna a shafi na 9] [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1597524742|<bdi>978-1597524742</bdi>]].{{ISBN|978-1597524742}}&nbsp; == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.globalfundforwomen.org/ Asusun Duniya don Mata] * [https://archive.today/20121220215255/http://www.legacymemorybank.org/ Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Bankin Memory] {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l069qmz65ynm895lynkmc7cx38n26xh 0 148223 822376 2026-04-18T20:10:23Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345001755|Dora Moono Nyambe]]" 822376 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Dora Moono Nyambe''' (23 Yuni 1992 - 25 Disamba 2024) ta kasance mai ba da agaji, malami, kuma [[TikTok|TikToker]] da aka sani da aikinta tare da yara a yankunan karkara na [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Nyambe a Kabwe, Zambia ga mahaifiyar [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da mahaifin Zambiya. Ta girma ne a Chibombo, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mwitumwa |first=Buumba |date=26 December 2024 |title=Philanthropist Dora Moono Nyambe be buried on Saturday at her school |url=https://zambianobserver.com/philanthropist-dora-moono-nyambe-be-buried-on-saturday-at-her-school/ |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=[[The Zambian Observer]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Lusaka, Zambia <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Hibbert |first=Cynthia McCormick |date=28 February 2023 |title='I'm trying to amplify her voice.' Northeastern graduate writes book about a young Zambian woman who is fighting poverty with education, hope and social media |url=https://news.northeastern.edu/2023/02/28/dora-moono-nyambe-under-a-zambian-tree/ |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=[[Northeastern Global News]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Garner |first=Alex |title=Kohler native Joseph Schmitt shares Zambian woman Dora Moono Nyambe's incredible journey in new book 'Under a Zambian Tree' |url=https://www.sheboyganpress.com/story/news/local/2023/02/07/kohler-native-under-zambian-tree-tells-story-dora-moono-nyambe/69866310007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227071049/https://www.sheboyganpress.com/story/news/local/2023/02/07/kohler-native-under-zambian-tree-tells-story-dora-moono-nyambe/69866310007/ |archive-date=27 December 2024 |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=[[The Sheboygan Press]] |language=en-US}}</ref> An fallasa ta ga masu wa'azi na ƙasashen waje tun tana ƙarama, kuma ta fahimci matsalolin baƙi da ke ba da taimako.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Bett |first=John |date=24 January 2023 |title=Mum of 16 opens up school for 200 poor kids with best friend after raising £350k |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/mum-16-opens-up-school-29030096 |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=[[Daily Mirror|The Mirror]] |language=en}}</ref> Nyambe ya sami takardar shaidar a matsayin makarantar firamare da malamin ESL, kuma ya shirya yin aiki a matsayin malami a kasar Sin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kantorowicz |first=Asymina |title=A TikToker Fosters Over 150 Kids In A Remote Village In Zambia & Here's What Her Day Is Like |url=https://www.narcity.com/a-tiktoker-fosters-over-150-kids-in-a-remote-village-in-zambia-heres-what-her-day-is-like |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109203611/https://www.narcity.com/a-tiktoker-fosters-over-150-kids-in-a-remote-village-in-zambia-heres-what-her-day-is-like |archive-date=9 January 2023 |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=Narcity |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Keare |first=Jeff |date=4 September 2020 |title=How TikToker Nyambe is Bringing Awareness to Extreme Poverty |url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/tiktoker-dora-moono-nyambe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304215038/https://www.borgenmagazine.com/tiktoker-dora-moono-nyambe/ |archive-date=4 March 2025 |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=[[BORGEN]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta karbi ɗanta na farko tana da shekaru 22.<ref name=":3" /> Nyambe ya fara ziyartar Mapapa, Mkushi, Zambia a cikin 2019, don saduwa da dangin aboki. Ta "yi mamakin yawan yara da ba su da makaranta, da kuma yawan auren da suka faru da wuri da kuma daukar ciki na matasa". A lokacin, Nyambe tana da 'ya'ya biyar, uku daga cikinsu matasa ne.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Hibbert |first=Cynthia McCormick |date=28 February 2023 |title='I'm trying to amplify her voice.' Northeastern graduate writes book about a young Zambian woman who is fighting poverty with education, hope and social media |url=https://news.northeastern.edu/2023/02/28/dora-moono-nyambe-under-a-zambian-tree/ |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=[[Northeastern Global News]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Bett |first=John |date=24 January 2023 |title=Mum of 16 opens up school for 200 poor kids with best friend after raising £350k |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/mum-16-opens-up-school-29030096 |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=[[Daily Mirror|The Mirror]] |language=en}}</ref> Nyambe da 'ya'yanta sun koma Mapapa lokacin da take da shekaru 27. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Bett |first=John |date=24 January 2023 |title=Mum of 16 opens up school for 200 poor kids with best friend after raising £350k |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/mum-16-opens-up-school-29030096 |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=[[Daily Mirror|The Mirror]] |language=en}}</ref> Ta fuskanci kalubale da yawa, ciki har da mummunar ra'ayi daga mazauna yankin da kuma kamuwa da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a sabon gidanta, hutun laka.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Hibbert |first=Cynthia McCormick |date=28 February 2023 |title='I'm trying to amplify her voice.' Northeastern graduate writes book about a young Zambian woman who is fighting poverty with education, hope and social media |url=https://news.northeastern.edu/2023/02/28/dora-moono-nyambe-under-a-zambian-tree/ |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=[[Northeastern Global News]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A Mapapa, Nyambe ya kafa kungiyar agaji Footprints of Hope kuma ya kafa makaranta. Ya zuwa 2023, makarantar ta yi wa dalibai 350, ciki har da dalibai masu zaman kansu 150, kuma sun haɗa da ɗakunan ajiya, ɗakin karatu, ɗakin cin abinci, da dakunan kwana.<ref name=":1" /> Makarantar tana gudana daga farkon Fabrairu zuwa farkon Disamba, tare da hutu yana bawa dalibai damar taimakawa iyalai tare da ayyukan noma.<ref name=":3" /> Tare da lokaci, shirye-shiryen Nyambe sun zama sanannun tsakanin mazauna yankin, waɗanda suka fahimci tasirin da suke da shi ga yara.<ref name=":1" /> Ya zuwa 2023, ba ta sami tallafin hukuma ko gwamnati don aikinta.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Garner |first=Alex |title=Kohler native Joseph Schmitt shares Zambian woman Dora Moono Nyambe's incredible journey in new book 'Under a Zambian Tree' |url=https://www.sheboyganpress.com/story/news/local/2023/02/07/kohler-native-under-zambian-tree-tells-story-dora-moono-nyambe/69866310007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227071049/https://www.sheboyganpress.com/story/news/local/2023/02/07/kohler-native-under-zambian-tree-tells-story-dora-moono-nyambe/69866310007/ |archive-date=27 December 2024 |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=[[The Sheboygan Press]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta karbi yara 13 gabaɗaya kuma ta haɓaka ɗaliban kwana 150 . <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Chung |first=Emily |date=14 March 2023 |title=How Dora Moono Nyambe built a family of hundreds |url=https://huntnewsnu.com/70922/campus/how-dora-moono-nyambe-built-a-family-of-hundreds/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204114107/https://huntnewsnu.com/70922/campus/how-dora-moono-nyambe-built-a-family-of-hundreds/ |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=[[The Huntington News]]}}</ref> Baya ga shirye-shiryen ilimi, Nyambe ta kuma shiga tsakani a cikin auren yara da ɗalibanta suka shirya, wani lokacin tana biyan iyalai don kuɗin da suka kashe a bikin auren yaro.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=25 December 2024 |title=SAD NEWS: Dora Moono Nyambe a philanthropist, teacher and a foster mother of over 500 children has died |url=https://zambianobserver.com/sad-news-dora-moono-nyambe-a-philanthropist-teacher-and-a-foster-mother-of-over-500-children-has-died/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225165803/https://zambianobserver.com/sad-news-dora-moono-nyambe-a-philanthropist-teacher-and-a-foster-mother-of-over-500-children-has-died/ |archive-date=25 December 2024 |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=[[The Zambian Observer]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kuma bi shari'a a kan wadanda suka yi wa ɗalibanta cin zarafi.<ref name=":1" /> Wani littafi game da labarin Nyambe, Under a Zambian Tree, Joseph Schmitt ne ya rubuta kuma ya sake shi a watan Fabrairun 2023 . <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Chung |first=Emily |date=14 March 2023 |title=How Dora Moono Nyambe built a family of hundreds |url=https://huntnewsnu.com/70922/campus/how-dora-moono-nyambe-built-a-family-of-hundreds/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204114107/https://huntnewsnu.com/70922/campus/how-dora-moono-nyambe-built-a-family-of-hundreds/ |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=[[The Huntington News]]}}</ref> Nyambe ya mutu da sassafe a ranar 25 ga Disamba 2024, yana da shekaru 32. An binne ta a ranar 29 ga watan Disamba a makarantar ta a Mapapa . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mwitumwa |first=Buumba |date=26 December 2024 |title=Philanthropist Dora Moono Nyambe be buried on Saturday at her school |url=https://zambianobserver.com/philanthropist-dora-moono-nyambe-be-buried-on-saturday-at-her-school/ |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=[[The Zambian Observer]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=29 December 2024 |title=Influencer Dora Moono Nyambe dies at 32, remembered for her humanitarian work and impact |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2518910/influencer-dora-moono-nyambe-dies-at-32-remembered-for-her-humanitarian-work-and-impact |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229134537/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2518910/influencer-dora-moono-nyambe-dies-at-32-remembered-for-her-humanitarian-work-and-impact |archive-date=29 December 2024 |access-date=29 December 2024 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> A cewar wani malami a makarantar ta, Nyambe ta ji rashin lafiya a ranar 24 ga watan Disamba, kuma ta kai kanta asibitin gida bayan ta fadi sau da yawa; an bayyana ta mutu a asibitin da ke kusa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Randolph |first=Elizabeth |date=2025-01-02 |title=Philanthropist and Tiktoker Dora Moono Nyambe's Death Leaves Her Community Wanting Answers |url=https://www.distractify.com/p/what-happened-to-dora-moono-nyambe |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=Distractify |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kasancewar kan layi == A watan Mayu 2020, a karfafawar daya daga cikin 'ya'yanta mata, Nyambe ta fara aikawa a kan TikTok game da aikinta, kuma wasu daga cikin bidiyonta na farko sun bazu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Garner |first=Alex |title=Kohler native Joseph Schmitt shares Zambian woman Dora Moono Nyambe's incredible journey in new book 'Under a Zambian Tree' |url=https://www.sheboyganpress.com/story/news/local/2023/02/07/kohler-native-under-zambian-tree-tells-story-dora-moono-nyambe/69866310007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227071049/https://www.sheboyganpress.com/story/news/local/2023/02/07/kohler-native-under-zambian-tree-tells-story-dora-moono-nyambe/69866310007/ |archive-date=27 December 2024 |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=[[The Sheboygan Press]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Keare |first=Jeff |date=4 September 2020 |title=How TikToker Nyambe is Bringing Awareness to Extreme Poverty |url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/tiktoker-dora-moono-nyambe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304215038/https://www.borgenmagazine.com/tiktoker-dora-moono-nyambe/ |archive-date=4 March 2025 |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=[[BORGEN]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa Satumba 2020, tana da mabiya sama da 700,000.<ref name=":4" /> Ya zuwa 2023, tana da mabiya miliyan 4 kuma ta tara kusan US $ 500,000 don ilimin yara. A daya GoFundMe da Nyambe ya buga, masu kallo sun tara US $ 58,000 don yin rami don ƙauyen samun ruwa.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Chung |first=Emily |date=14 March 2023 |title=How Dora Moono Nyambe built a family of hundreds |url=https://huntnewsnu.com/70922/campus/how-dora-moono-nyambe-built-a-family-of-hundreds/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204114107/https://huntnewsnu.com/70922/campus/how-dora-moono-nyambe-built-a-family-of-hundreds/ |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=[[The Huntington News]]}}</ref> Nyambe a wasu lokuta ana sukar ta saboda labarinta, duka daga Zambiya waɗanda suka ba da shawarar cewa tana inganta ra'ayoyin ƙasar da kuma baƙi waɗanda suka ba ta shawarar abubuwan da take ciki shine "batsa na sadaka". Ta amsa waɗannan shawarwari ta hanyar nuna cewa maimakon amfani da wahalar ɗalibanta, ta mai da hankali kan nasarorin da suka samu da kuma "al'amarin da ya zo tare da abinci mai gina jiki, ilimi, kulawa da ƙauna".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Hibbert |first=Cynthia McCormick |date=28 February 2023 |title='I'm trying to amplify her voice.' Northeastern graduate writes book about a young Zambian woman who is fighting poverty with education, hope and social media |url=https://news.northeastern.edu/2023/02/28/dora-moono-nyambe-under-a-zambian-tree/ |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=[[Northeastern Global News]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|16324341}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] 2xe1zliet332exk6pfvmhx5xiekasha 0 148224 822377 2026-04-18T20:12:04Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348834702|Trudy Stevenson]]" 822377 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Lottie Gertrude Stevenson''' (née '''Bevier'''; 16 Satumba 1944 - 24 Agusta 2018) ta kasance jakadan Zimbabwe kuma '[[ɗan siyasa]]. Ta kasance memba na majalisa na Harare North a Majalisar dokokin Zimbabwe . Ta kuma kasance memba mai kafa Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) na Zimbabwe, mace ta farko da aka zabe a cikin MDC National Executive kuma, a lokacin da take aiki, mace ce kawai ta fari a majalisar dokokin kasar. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Stevenson a [[Atlanta]], Jojiya a Amurka, kuma ya halarci makaranta a Kwalejin Wymondham a Ingila daga 1955 zuwa 1962.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Voice for Change |url=http://www.vwu.edu/news-a-events/news-releases.php?story=a-voice-for-change |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=www.vwu.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ta sami digiri na BA ([[Faransanci]] da [[Italiyanci]], girmamawa na hadin gwiwa) daga Jami'ar Karatu da Takardar shaidar Digiri a Ilimi daga Jami'an Zimbabwe . Ta zauna a [[Uganda]] a cikin shekarun 1970s, kafin ta tsere daga mulkin [[Idi Amin]] . Ta koma Zimbabwe a shekarar 1980, kuma ta zama 'yar kasar Zimbabwe a shekarar 1990.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=11 August 2007 |title=Mrs Trudy STEVENSON (Profile) Who's Who of Southern Africa |url=http://www.whoswhosa.co.za/Pages/profilefull.aspx?IndID=3627 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070811212424/http://www.whoswhosa.co.za/Pages/profilefull.aspx?IndID=3627 |archive-date=2007-08-11 |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=archive.is}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Stevenson ya rike mukamin memba na majalisar dokoki na Harare North daga 2000 zuwa 2008. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin sakataren kasa na MDC na Manufofin da Bincike ga MDC na asali da kuma karamin bangare na MDC. An nakalto ta tana cewa "[[Robert Mugabe|Mugabe]] ba ta tsoratar da ni, ina jin cewa aikina ne na tsaya don haƙƙin kowa".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=11 August 2007 |title=Mrs Trudy STEVENSON (Profile) Who's Who of Southern Africa |url=http://www.whoswhosa.co.za/Pages/profilefull.aspx?IndID=3627 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070811212424/http://www.whoswhosa.co.za/Pages/profilefull.aspx?IndID=3627 |archive-date=2007-08-11 |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=archive.is}}</ref> Stevenson shi ne shugaban kungiyar Combined Harare Residents Association, kuma ya jagoranci bukatar Kotun Koli ta kungiyar don zaben birni a cikin birni biyo bayan rushewar Majalisar Harare ta Ma'aikatar Karamar Hukumar saboda cin hanci da rashawa. Kwamishinonin birni da gwamnati ta nada, wadanda aka nada su na tsawon watanni shida, har yanzu suna nan bayan shekaru biyu. Hanyar ta yi nasara, duk da haka kafin a shirya zabe, Shugaba Mugabe ya bayyana cewa za a gudanar da zaben birni a lokaci guda da zaben shugaban kasa na 2002. A sakamakon gajeren lokaci don shirye-shiryen zaben ya kasance mai rikici kuma yawancin masu jefa kuri'a ba su iya jefa kuri'u ba. Duk da haka, kungiyar ta dauki ayyukansu a matsayin nasara saboda sun tilasta wa gwamnati ta amince da zabe a cikin birni. A shekara ta 2005, Stevenson da magoya baya da yawa sun bar MDC saboda karuwar dabarun tashin hankali na [[Morgan Tsvangirai]], shugaban kungiyar kuma wanda ya kafa kungiyar. Ta shiga wata ƙungiya mai rabuwa da tsohuwar ɗaliban Arthur Mutambara ke jagoranta. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2006, bayan sun halarci taron siyasa a yankin Harare na [[Mabvuku]], Stevenson da abokan aikin siyasa guda hudu sun kai hari. Stevenson ta sha wahala panga raunuka a bayan wuyanta da kanta, karyewar hannu da wuyan hannu da karyewar ƙashin kumburin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meldrum |first=Andrew |date=4 July 2006 |title=Zimbabweans 'attacked by MDC rivals' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jul/04/zimbabwe.andrewmeldrum |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Shugabannin jam'iyyar adawa ta MDC nan da nan sun yi iƙirarin cewa 'yan bindiga na [[Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Afirka ta Zimbabwe|ZANU]] ne suka kai harin. Koyaya, yayin da take murmurewa a asibiti, Stevenson ta bayyana masu kai mata hari a matsayin membobin ƙungiyar MDC-T, karkashin jagorancin Tsvangirai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2006 |title=MP Press Statement: Trudy Stevenson and four others nearly killed by Tsvangirai's thugs in Mabvuku. |url=http://amadlandawonye.wikispaces.com/MP+Trudy+Stevenson+and+others+attacked+by+Tsvangirai+thugs}}</ref> Timothy Mubawu, memba na MDC, daga baya aka tuhume shi da shirya harin. == Ayyukansa na baya da mutuwarsa == A shekara ta 2009, an nada Stevenson a matsayin Jakadan Zimbabwe a [[Senegal]] da [[Gambiya]], kuma yana da alhakin sake buɗe ofishin jakadancin Zimbabwe a Senegal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shango |first=King |date=1 September 2009 |title=Trudy appointed Zimbabwe ambassador to Senegal |url=http://www.zimnetradio.com/news/zimnet271160.html |access-date=10 October 2009 |publisher=Zim Net Radio |quote=The diplomatic posting was offered to Stevenson after it was snubbed by Insiza South MP [[Siyabonga Ncube]], who was offered the post first but refused to serve in Africa.}}</ref> Ta rike mukamin har ma bayan faduwar gwamnati a shekarar 2013. Direbanta ya sami Stevenson ta mutu a gidanta na [[Dakar|Dakar, Senegal]] a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta 2018. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Stevenson 'yar Lieutenant Gilbert Hasbrouck Bevier Jr. (1924-1946), wanda aka haife shi a Kingston, New York kuma ya mutu da tuhuma daga raunin bindiga a Seoul, Koriya ta Kudu. Ya shiga cikin Sojojin Sama na Sojojin Amurka a watan Mayu 1942, yayin da yake sabon shiga Jami'ar Rutgers, kuma ya yi aiki a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu . Ya kasance zuriyar bakwai daga cikin New Paltz, New York patentees, ko masu kafa, gami da Louis DuBois (Huguenot) . Mahaifiyarta ita ce Ann Elizabeth Jarrell ta Georgia . Tana da ɗan'uwa, Frank Hasbrouck Bevier . A watan Yulin 1965, ta auri Stuart Robert Stevenson, na Hailsham, Ingila, a Surrey, Ingila. Suna da 'ya'ya uku: Neil Robert, Catherine Bevier da Alexander Graham Stevenson . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Members of the 5th Parliament of Zimbabwe}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Stevenson, Trudy}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] pn6xsdrcui9z4d3cxn6lismtpgauyd8 0 148225 822378 2026-04-18T20:14:25Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349006064|Lucy Muyoyeta]]" 822378 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Lucy Mutumba Muyoyeta''' 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin mata ce ta Zambiya, mai ba da shawara kan ci gaban zamantakewa kuma marubuciya. Ta yi aiki a kungiyoyin Zambiya ciki har da Mata don Canji, Dama Zambia da Kwamitin Gudanar da Gwamnati, da kuma kungiyoyin kasa da kasa ciki har da Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa, Oxfam, Action Aid International da Comic Relief . == Tarihi == Muoyeta 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin mata ce ta Zambiya kuma mai ba da shawara kan ci gaban zamantakewa. Tana da harsuna da yawa kuma tana magana da [[Yaren Lozi|Lozi]], [[Harshen Tonga (Zambia da Zimbabwe)|Tonga]], [[Harshen Tumbuka|Tumbuka]] da [[Turanci]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucy Mutumba M. |url=https://www.developmentaid.org/experts/view/207324/lucy-m |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=DevelopmentAid |language=en}}</ref> Tana da digiri na farko a kimiyyar siyasa da gwamnati daga [[Jami'ar Zambia]] da kuma digiri na biyu a ilimin zamantakewar karkara daga Jami'an Reading a Ingila.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lucy Muyoyeta - Project Lead at Comic Relief |url=https://theorg.com/org/comic-relief-limited/org-chart/lucy-muyoyeta |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=THE ORG |language=en}}</ref> == Ilimi da Horar da Ilimi == Lucy Muyoyeta ta sami digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyya da Gwamnati daga Jami'ar Zambia . <ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Lucy_Muyoyeta |url-status=live}}</ref> Daga baya ta kammala Jagora na Kimiyya a Ci gaban Jama'a na Karkara a Jami'ar Reading a Ƙasar Ingila, tare da mai da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi ci gaba da zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.developmenteducation.ie/media/documents/women_gender_dev.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Tushen tarihin rayuwa da ke akwai ba su lissafa wasu ƙwarewar ilimi ko takaddun shaida ba. == Ayyuka == Daga 1994 zuwa 1998, Muoyeta ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Zambiya na Oxfam. A lokacin wannan aikin ta yi tafiya zuwa taron Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya don isar da wasiƙu sama da 1,500 ga Kenneth Clarke MP, sannan shugaban Birtaniya na asusun ajiya, kuma ta yi kira ga sauya bashin ga ƙasashen Afirka. Muoyeta daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin babban darakta a Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa daga 1999 zuwa 2004. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lucy Muyoyeta - Project Lead at Comic Relief |url=https://theorg.com/org/comic-relief-limited/org-chart/lucy-muyoyeta |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=THE ORG |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Mata don Canji a Zambia da kuma kwamitin Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Gwamnati. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun Oasis Forum da kuma Cibiyar Ci gaban Mata. Bayan mamayewar Iraki a shekara ta 2003, Muoyeta ya yi Allah wadai da shawarar da Amurka da Burtaniya suka yanke na daukar matakin soja a kan Iraki ba tare da izinin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ba. A wannan shekarar, ta kuma soki maganganun Shugaban Zambia na lokacin Levy Mwanawasa cewa halayen mata sun hana daidaito tsakanin jinsi. A shekara ta 2006, Muoyeta ta soki yadda yawan mata a cikin matsayi na yanke shawara ya kasance ƙasa sosai a Zambia, da kuma yadda ba a cika burin ci gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da burin sanarwar jinsi da ci gaban Zambiya ba. Ta kuma yi magana game da bukatar a inganta bangarorin zamantakewa a Zambia, don tallafawa ci gaba da rage talauci tare da ci gaban tattalin arzikin kasar kuma ta bukaci 'yan jarida na cikin gida su yi yaƙi da warewa mata. Daga 2006 zuwa 2010 Muoyeta ya kasance darektan ƙasa a Action Aid International . <ref name=":0" /> Daga 2012 zuwa 2016, ta rike mukamin darektan aikin a kungiyar Norwegian Disability Consortium / Opportunity Zambia . <ref name=":0" /> Tun daga shekara ta 2022, Muoyeta ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Ayyuka a Comic Relief . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lucy Muyoyeta - Project Lead at Comic Relief |url=https://theorg.com/org/comic-relief-limited/org-chart/lucy-muyoyeta |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=THE ORG |language=en}}</ref> == Littattafai da Gudummawar Ilimi == '''Babban Ayyuka kan Jima'i da Ci gaba''' Muyoyeta ta wallafa ɗan littafin shafi 28 Women, Gender and Development (2004, 80:20 Educating and Acting for a Better World), wanda ya tsara ra'ayoyi da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da aka cimma akan mata a ci gaban duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welfare Citizenship and Intersectional Feminism, 1940-2000 - A Leverhulme Trust-funded project |url=https://wcif.blogs.bristol.ac.uk/2024/04/19/nothing-without-a-woman-or-a-girl-emerging-perspectives-on-the-status-of-women-1975-1980/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=[[University of Bristol]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> Har ila yau, ya bayyana kalubalen da mata na Zambiya ke fuskanta a cikin tsarin shari'a na gargajiya, wanda ya bambanta daga kabilanci zuwa kabilanci amma gabaɗaya yana ba da izinin auren mata da yawa kuma yana ƙarfafa ra'ayin mata a matsayin yara a cikin doka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board, Canada |date=13 April 2005 |title=Zambia: Forced marriages, particularly within the Bemba ethnic group, and availability of state protection; existence, among the Bemba people, of the practices called "Ichisungu" and "Ndembo" prior to such a marriage, and if so, information on how those practices are conducted, including the persons who conduct them (April 2005) |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/42df61cb2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915174245/https://www.refworld.org/docid/42df61cb2.html |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|The United Nations Refugee Agency]]}}</ref> Aikin ya samo asali ne daga bayanan Zambiya wanda ke [[noma]] cewa mata sun ƙunshi kashi 51% na yawan jama'a amma suna fuskantar talauci mai yawa (72.6% suna rayuwa a ƙasa da $ 1 a kowace rana a shekara ta 2001), ƙarancin aiki na yau da kullun (12% idan aka kwatanta da 88% ga maza), da kuma aikin gona mai nauyi da ba a biya ba (70% a kan ƙananan gonaki), tare da bambancin kiwon lafiya, babban yaduwar cutar kan [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]] (58% na kamuwa da cuta tsakanin mata masu shekaru 15-49 a yankin Sahara), ƙaranciyar shiga jami'a (20%), da tashin hankali na jinsi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women, Gender and Development |url=https://www.developmenteducation.ie/media/documents/women_gender_dev.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> A cikin gudummawar da ta bayar a 1999 ga Ayyukan [[Jinsi|Jima'i]]: Kwarewar Oxfam a cikin Manufofin da Ayyuka, mai taken "Kwarewar [[Beijing]] daga hangen nesa na Zambiya," Muyoyeta ta soki shirye-shiryen gyaran tsari don kara yawan aiki mata da ba a biya ba ta hanyar yanke sabis a [[Zambiya|Zambia]], tana ba da shawara don saka la'akari da jinsi a cikin shirin tattalin arziki, kuma ta ba da shawarar cibiyoyin tsaro na zamantakewa, bashi da damar ƙasa ga mata, da kuma yin lobbying na NGO don inganta daidaito.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gender Works |url=https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/10546/122789/23/bk-gender-works-oxfam-experience-contents-010199-en.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> '''Jigogi da Mahimmanci''' Rubuce-rubucen Muyoyeta sun mayar da hankali kan yadda rashin daidaito na tsari ke kara rashin fa'idodin mata a cikin samun damar samun albarkatu, yanke shawara, da shiga cikin [[tattalin arziki]], suna motsawa fiye da tsoma baki na jin dadin jama'a zuwa dabarun karfafawa waɗanda ke inganta dogaro da kai da sake fasalin manufofi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women, Gender and Development |url=https://www.developmenteducation.ie/media/documents/women_gender_dev.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Wani jigo mai maimaitawa shine sukar dokokin al'ada da na doka a [[Zambiya|Zambia]] da [[Afirka]] waɗanda ke ci gaba da Bambancin jinsi - gami da shingen mallaka ƙasa, [[Gado a Musulunci|gado]], da wakilcin siyasa - tare da nauyin da ba a biya ba (70% na ƙananan aikin gona a [[Zambiya|Zambia]]) da kuma tasirin jinsi na HIV / AIDS (58% na kamuwa da cutar Sahara tsakanin mata masu shekaru 15-49). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Women, Gender and Development |url=https://www.developmenteducation.ie/media/documents/women_gender_dev.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> A zahiri, Muyoyeta ta ba da hujjojin ta a cikin alamun ƙididdiga daga rahotanni na UNDP, ta bambanta da Ci gaban Ci gaban Dan Adam na Zambia (0.378 a cikin 1995) tare da Ci gaban Daidaitaccen Jima'i (0.372) da Ma'aunin Ƙarfafawa na Jima'a (0.236), kuma tana amfani da bayanai SADC na yanki don ba da sauye-sauye-bayani daga taimakon da aka dogara da haƙƙin mallaka waɗanda ke canza tsarin wutar lantarki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women, Gender and Development |url=https://www.developmenteducation.ie/media/documents/women_gender_dev.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] an4qp75nlc30ewa5oku3hwm6i7wbrl0 3 148226 822379 2026-04-18T21:23:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822379 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Jonastav89! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Jonastav89|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) cscyn6iuzu6ob271cahn1k5m4v7jzcb 3 148227 822380 2026-04-18T21:23:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822380 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, A.FLOCK! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/A.FLOCK|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) 7mr7zmngqpaarcyyd5up7oflrcfax24 3 148228 822381 2026-04-18T21:23:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822381 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, DeemDeem52! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/DeemDeem52|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) k2i8da0tuwm4rej8qqa58qa76kxkxqb 3 148229 822382 2026-04-18T21:23:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822382 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Jordano53! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Jordano53|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) nhdz4chha7c3tvld6fyoevfdc3c3s84 3 148230 822383 2026-04-18T21:23:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822383 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, EdwardUK! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/EdwardUK|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) 074ttag842ntdljajszvl04c5p3rs5b 3 148231 822384 2026-04-18T21:24:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822384 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Cmdm689908! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Cmdm689908|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) 4982xj08u3pdu5sfy8abqwxp0f5e1px 3 148232 822385 2026-04-18T21:24:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822385 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Zainab sabi'u! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Zainab sabi'u|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) 6lbncp9and4unymk37xcbxrdd3hy4vn 3 148233 822386 2026-04-18T21:24:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822386 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Abdulhamid Usman Hadejia! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Abdulhamid Usman Hadejia|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) 4r1avj26wq90jud37tw17dltqijgi87 3 148234 822387 2026-04-18T21:24:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822387 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Fatimaellemite! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Fatimaellemite|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) o0is9kjrk6vcecacugzzj2s3guzuojm 3 148235 822388 2026-04-18T21:24:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822388 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, HarunaInspires! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/HarunaInspires|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) 9rkvwwg91hic0asvk64c5s6gwfzax32 3 148236 822389 2026-04-18T21:24:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822389 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ibn Gangaram! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ibn Gangaram|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) em6omlcaavua3ijgyyxie8mhj5l87o0 3 148237 822390 2026-04-18T21:25:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822390 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Aliyu kalma mmr! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Aliyu kalma mmr|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) 44mhurzbjwozqr8vmgzpvsmbn08o1o8 3 148238 822391 2026-04-18T21:25:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822391 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Muhammad Hadejia! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Muhammad Hadejia|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) mmf11brrmri7lsedwydl3h4y2zlg4xo 3 148239 822392 2026-04-18T21:25:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822392 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Idris Hashim! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Idris Hashim|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) rewqyzmpu0nrh41u9kfz1j3xzw10fbr 3 148240 822393 2026-04-18T21:25:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822393 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Hassan Adamu Hadejia! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Hassan Adamu Hadejia|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) qvk0h4h13upbyjcou8dxbry64pdtnbp 3 148241 822394 2026-04-18T21:25:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822394 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Haruna Yahaya Musa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Haruna Yahaya Musa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) mbqqa33pjz64e8tbs7w67ks88r3w6y7 3 148242 822395 2026-04-18T21:25:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822395 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, CountryANDWestern! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/CountryANDWestern|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) trgdcyu3tzupp92rqmcvs337f3cpjq6 3 148243 822396 2026-04-18T21:26:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822396 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Лесь Сидорчук! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Лесь Сидорчук|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) 2tpv009yuyv6aupf638kcpehhdt9suq 3 148244 822397 2026-04-18T21:26:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822397 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, K Bogi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/K Bogi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) r7sr0aibqj3zrddx51uacy43637cn3y 3 148245 822398 2026-04-18T21:26:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822398 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Elder55! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Elder55|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) cs925bsd0wd45dd1gux6ydr6c36iulr 3 148246 822399 2026-04-18T21:26:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822399 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mangal Rabiu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mangal Rabiu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) bc5fqf3s6q9pyymull5qzlhy6nhi3r3 3 148247 822400 2026-04-18T21:26:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822400 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Jawa D Jawa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Jawa D Jawa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) jd91v8bbvzzl09ysby85zqz610zzjk1 3 148248 822401 2026-04-18T21:26:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822401 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Nura Data Daura! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Nura Data Daura|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) olf01d0wjrxme4w1ap7qwixm9eh8f5p 3 148249 822402 2026-04-18T21:27:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822402 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Leonczasz! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Leonczasz|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) 2dykub0tfvpzqvbl4cfs054t2b7ofai 3 148250 822403 2026-04-18T21:27:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822403 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Tytylol! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Tytylol|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) 7ybr7xahl9mkzlgzwnw5dy75s3d02yt 3 148251 822404 2026-04-18T21:27:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822404 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Garbu Audu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Garbu Audu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) 95iu1u87u7ywefqc0jgvma5mpl9f73z 3 148252 822405 2026-04-18T21:27:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822405 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kusa MS! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kusa MS|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) 6i5rvm6opreb7nfb3vporj763em638t 3 148253 822406 2026-04-18T21:27:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822406 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Shehu Alhasan! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Shehu Alhasan|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) mnr4mfwtffjy7duu2eslv9uk5hl1ccs 3 148254 822407 2026-04-18T21:27:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822407 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ibrahim Garba Nabara! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ibrahim Garba Nabara|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) riys6dybyzf1y1m3w5w2ky4s57yn71e 3 148255 822408 2026-04-18T21:28:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822408 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Shamsu Jafaru! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Shamsu Jafaru|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) r6g9kbrrsi1l2ntk90svqb916rugchs 3 148256 822409 2026-04-18T21:28:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822409 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Hassan Galadima Kaura! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Hassan Galadima Kaura|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) 6a2axbtwqxw63d1ii8vmi90gf9j9wqr 3 148257 822410 2026-04-18T21:28:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822410 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Black fuy! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Black fuy|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) btluylc7tnfkk6sqegxncjxshw68fqk 3 148258 822411 2026-04-18T21:28:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822411 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Lover of the maths! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Lover of the maths|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) 22zdm7qwqci8pj8fiim5kx59wkf34b1 3 148259 822412 2026-04-18T21:28:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 822412 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bjorkselbow! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bjorkselbow|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 18 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) h2q6v7sxu6x5t4azy3aa6tpvvehewlj 2 148260 822415 2026-04-18T23:04:41Z Zamensa72 44121 Sabon shafi: {{User info | full name = Zamensa }} 822415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User info | full name = Zamensa }} nlxi6ahzw39q7r7fnz7p68pia2j0lg1 0 148261 822416 2026-04-18T23:07:53Z Zamensa72 44121 Sabon shafi: '''GEOX AI''' wata manhajar geolocation intelligence ce da aka gina da fasahar artificial intelligence, wacce ta haɓaka.<ref>https://www.tv5news.in/tech/geox-ai-global-geolocation-intelligence-platform-983840</ref> An ƙirƙiri tsarin ne domin gano ainihin wurin da aka ɗauki hoto ko bidiyo ta hanyar nazarin abubuwan da ke cikin hoton.<ref>https://ninanews.com/Website/News/Details?key=1291275</ref> == Bayani == GEOX AI tana amfani da computer vision da artificial intelligence... 822416 wikitext text/x-wiki '''GEOX AI''' wata manhajar geolocation intelligence ce da aka gina da fasahar artificial intelligence, wacce ta haɓaka.<ref>https://www.tv5news.in/tech/geox-ai-global-geolocation-intelligence-platform-983840</ref> An ƙirƙiri tsarin ne domin gano ainihin wurin da aka ɗauki hoto ko bidiyo ta hanyar nazarin abubuwan da ke cikin hoton.<ref>https://ninanews.com/Website/News/Details?key=1291275</ref> == Bayani == GEOX AI tana amfani da computer vision da artificial intelligence domin nazarin abubuwan gani a cikin hotuna, kamar gine-gine, yanayin ƙasa, tsirrai, da sauran alamomi. Ta wannan hanya, tsarin na iya kimanta ko ma gano ainihin wurin da aka ɗauki hoton.<ref>https://www.varthabharati.in/technology/geox-ai-global-geolocation-intelligence-platform-2125751</ref> An fi amfani da wannan manhaja ta hanyar jami’an tsaro, masu bincike, ‘yan jarida, da kuma masu nazarin open-source intelligence (OSINT). == Fasali == GEOX AI tana ba masu amfani damar ɗora hoto ko wani ɓangare na bidiyo, sannan ta bayar da sakamakon wurin cikin ƴan dakiku. Sakamakon ya haɗa da wurin da aka gano, coordinates na ƙasa, matakin amincewa (confidence score), da bayani kan yadda aka samu wannan sakamako.<ref>https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/tracex-labs-introduces-geox-ai--ai-platform-that-can-locate-any-image-in-seconds</ref> Sakamakon ana nuna shi a kan taswirar dijital domin tabbatarwa. Haka kuma, tsarin yana da hanyoyin nazari daban-daban, inda yake iya bayar da sakamako cikin sauri ko kuma zurfin bincike ga hotuna masu rikitarwa. Bugu da ƙari, GEOX AI tana iya bayar da wurare da dama tare da jera su bisa matakin amincewa, domin masu amfani su iya kwatantawa. Hakanan akwai fasalin fitar da rahoto (report) domin amfani na ƙwararru. == Amfani == Ana amfani da GEOX AI a fannoni daban-daban, ciki har da: * Binciken dijital * Ayyukan jami’an tsaro * Aikin jarida da tantance gaskiya * Tsaro na yanar gizo (cybersecurity) * Nazarin OSINT * Binciken forensics na dijital Tsarin yana taimakawa wajen gano asalin hotuna da bidiyo da kuma fitar da bayanan wurare daga abubuwan gani. GEOX AI tana amfani da fasahohin artificial intelligence kamar computer vision da pattern recognition. Tsarin yana nazarin gine-gine, yanayin ƙasa, tsirrai, da sauran abubuwan gani domin tantance wurin.<ref>https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/tracex-labs-introduces-geox-ai--ai-platform-that-can-locate-any-image-in-seconds</ref> == See also == * [[Cyber security|Computer security]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} i9jyc1n0b8r4yt4ycp455u5idkg0zfi 822417 822416 2026-04-18T23:08:48Z Zamensa72 44121 822417 wikitext text/x-wiki '''GEOX AI''' wata manhajar geolocation intelligence ce da aka gina da fasahar artificial intelligence, wacce ta haɓaka.<ref>https://www.tv5news.in/tech/geox-ai-global-geolocation-intelligence-platform-983840</ref><ref>https://tracexlabs.com/products/GEOX-AI/</ref> An ƙirƙiri tsarin ne domin gano ainihin wurin da aka ɗauki hoto ko bidiyo ta hanyar nazarin abubuwan da ke cikin hoton.<ref>https://ninanews.com/Website/News/Details?key=1291275</ref> == Bayani == GEOX AI tana amfani da computer vision da artificial intelligence domin nazarin abubuwan gani a cikin hotuna, kamar gine-gine, yanayin ƙasa, tsirrai, da sauran alamomi. Ta wannan hanya, tsarin na iya kimanta ko ma gano ainihin wurin da aka ɗauki hoton.<ref>https://www.varthabharati.in/technology/geox-ai-global-geolocation-intelligence-platform-2125751</ref> An fi amfani da wannan manhaja ta hanyar jami’an tsaro, masu bincike, ‘yan jarida, da kuma masu nazarin open-source intelligence (OSINT). == Fasali == GEOX AI tana ba masu amfani damar ɗora hoto ko wani ɓangare na bidiyo, sannan ta bayar da sakamakon wurin cikin ƴan dakiku. Sakamakon ya haɗa da wurin da aka gano, coordinates na ƙasa, matakin amincewa (confidence score), da bayani kan yadda aka samu wannan sakamako.<ref>https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/tracex-labs-introduces-geox-ai--ai-platform-that-can-locate-any-image-in-seconds</ref> Sakamakon ana nuna shi a kan taswirar dijital domin tabbatarwa. Haka kuma, tsarin yana da hanyoyin nazari daban-daban, inda yake iya bayar da sakamako cikin sauri ko kuma zurfin bincike ga hotuna masu rikitarwa. Bugu da ƙari, GEOX AI tana iya bayar da wurare da dama tare da jera su bisa matakin amincewa, domin masu amfani su iya kwatantawa. Hakanan akwai fasalin fitar da rahoto (report) domin amfani na ƙwararru. == Amfani == Ana amfani da GEOX AI a fannoni daban-daban, ciki har da: * Binciken dijital * Ayyukan jami’an tsaro * Aikin jarida da tantance gaskiya * Tsaro na yanar gizo (cybersecurity) * Nazarin OSINT * Binciken forensics na dijital Tsarin yana taimakawa wajen gano asalin hotuna da bidiyo da kuma fitar da bayanan wurare daga abubuwan gani. GEOX AI tana amfani da fasahohin artificial intelligence kamar computer vision da pattern recognition. Tsarin yana nazarin gine-gine, yanayin ƙasa, tsirrai, da sauran abubuwan gani domin tantance wurin.<ref>https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/tracex-labs-introduces-geox-ai--ai-platform-that-can-locate-any-image-in-seconds</ref> == See also == * [[Cyber security|Computer security]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} e0uxi8d3gi7eog0niz5s0xsda6gmevr 2 148262 822418 2026-04-18T23:25:07Z SAIDU YAKUBU MAGINA 44042 Sabon shafi: '''ASALIN KAIMAR BOKO''' BOKO: Idan a ka ce ina asalin kalmar boko da Hausawa ke amfani da shi wajan fassara sunan makarantar zamani. wasu su kan ce "asalin boko an samo shi ne da ga book (littafi) wai shi ne asalin Kalmar boko. To sai dai wasu na ganin an samo wannan Kalmar ce tun kafin zuwan nasara (turawa) ƙasar Hausa. Wato a ƙasar Hausa, yayin gudanar da al'adar aure bayan an ɗaura aure lokacin kai amarya, a kan samu ƙanwa ko ƙawar amarya a mata shiri irin na amary... 822418 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ASALIN KAIMAR BOKO''' BOKO: Idan a ka ce ina asalin kalmar boko da Hausawa ke amfani da shi wajan fassara sunan makarantar zamani. wasu su kan ce "asalin boko an samo shi ne da ga book (littafi) wai shi ne asalin Kalmar boko. To sai dai wasu na ganin an samo wannan Kalmar ce tun kafin zuwan nasara (turawa) ƙasar Hausa. Wato a ƙasar Hausa, yayin gudanar da al'adar aure bayan an ɗaura aure lokacin kai amarya, a kan samu ƙanwa ko ƙawar amarya a mata shiri irin na amarya. sai a tafi da ita hanya ana kiɗa, to wannan ƙawa ko ƙanwar amaryar ita ce ake kira da amaryar boko wato amarya ƙarya/wasa. To bayan zuwan turawa da suka kawo karatun zamani yaran Hausawa suka fara zuwa, to daga baya sai suka fara yi ma iyayensu karyar kuɗin fyansiri ko littafi da iyayensu su ka fara gano su, sai suka rinƙa cewa "Mu zaku yi ma boko" wato mu zaku yi ma ƙarya to daga nan ne a ka samo kalmar boko. Ta wata kusurwa kuma a kwai irin ilimin da turawan suka kawo, kamar na ilimin sanyin sararin samaniya (geography)ta yadda ake ruwa da yadda ake da duniyoyi, Wanda hankali ba zai ɗauka ba a wan can lokaci hakan tasa ake kiranta makarantar boko wato makarsntar ƙarya. SAIDU YAKUBU MAGINA 2026 nxllkguubjn6qgr00i11d3s5d1jl8mw 0 148263 822419 2026-04-18T23:50:34Z Khalifah123 28682 Sabon shafi: {{Databox}} 822419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} lprta5me29w0honquy67k1ixlsjsgvh 822420 822419 2026-04-18T23:51:02Z Khalifah123 28682 822420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Dominik Szoboszlai (lafazin Hungary: [ˈsoboslɒi ˈdominik] SO-bo-sloy; an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2000) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Hungary wanda ke bugawa ƙungiyar Premier League ta Liverpool kuma yana jagorantar ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Hungary. Szoboszlai ɗan wasa ne mai iyawa, ana iya tura shi a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ko mai kai hari, ɗan wasan tsakiya ko kuma ɗan baya na dama. Bayan ya fara wasa a ƙungiyar matasa, Szoboszlai ya fara buga wasa a shekarar 2017 tare da ƙungiyar Austrian FC Liefering, ƙungiyar da ke ƙarƙashin Red Bull Salzburg. A watan Janairun 2018, Szoboszlai ya fara wasa a ƙungiyar iyaye, inda ya zama ɗan wasa mai fara wasa daga kakar wasa ta 2018-19. Bayan shekaru uku, inda ya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta lashe kofuna uku na lig da kofuna biyu na gida, a watan Janairun 2021, Szoboszlai ya koma Jamus a RB Leipzig, wata ƙungiya da ke da alaƙa da Red Bull Salzburg, kan kuɗin da aka ruwaito na Yuro miliyan 20, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mafi tsada a kowane lokaci.[6] A cikin shekaru uku da ya yi a kulob din, ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa ta lashe kofuna biyu na DFB-Pokal. A watan Yulin 2023, ya koma Liverpool bayan sun biya kudin sallamarsa na Yuro miliyan 70, wanda hakan ya sanya shi dan wasa na hudu mafi tsada a tarihin kulob din. Szoboszlai ya wakilci Hungary a duk duniya, a matakin matasa da kuma na manya. Ya fara buga wasa a matakin manyan 'yan wasa a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar Euro 2020, inda ya taimaka wa kasarsa ta samu gurbin shiga gasar ta karshe ta hanyar zura kwallaye a minti na karshe a wasan share fage da Iceland. 4usmg0d172bxb5s49klxzt4u6bwznq8 822421 822420 2026-04-18T23:52:27Z Khalifah123 28682 822421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Dominik Szoboszlai (lafazin Hungary: [ˈsoboslɒi ˈdominik] SO-bo-sloy; <ref>"How do you pronounce 'Dominik Szoboszlai'? The man himself reveals". ''Liverpool FC''</ref>an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2000) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Hungary wanda ke bugawa ƙungiyar Premier League ta Liverpool kuma yana jagorantar ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Hungary. Szoboszlai ɗan wasa ne mai iyawa, ana iya tura shi a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ko mai kai hari, ɗan wasan tsakiya ko kuma ɗan baya na dama. Bayan ya fara wasa a ƙungiyar matasa, Szoboszlai ya fara buga wasa a shekarar 2017 tare da ƙungiyar Austrian FC Liefering, ƙungiyar da ke ƙarƙashin Red Bull Salzburg. A watan Janairun 2018, Szoboszlai ya fara wasa a ƙungiyar iyaye, inda ya zama ɗan wasa mai fara wasa daga kakar wasa ta 2018-19. Bayan shekaru uku, inda ya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta lashe kofuna uku na lig da kofuna biyu na gida, a watan Janairun 2021, Szoboszlai ya koma Jamus a RB Leipzig, wata ƙungiya da ke da alaƙa da Red Bull Salzburg, kan kuɗin da aka ruwaito na Yuro miliyan 20, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mafi tsada a kowane lokaci.[6] A cikin shekaru uku da ya yi a kulob din, ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa ta lashe kofuna biyu na DFB-Pokal. A watan Yulin 2023, ya koma Liverpool bayan sun biya kudin sallamarsa na Yuro miliyan 70, wanda hakan ya sanya shi dan wasa na hudu mafi tsada a tarihin kulob din. Szoboszlai ya wakilci Hungary a duk duniya, a matakin matasa da kuma na manya. Ya fara buga wasa a matakin manyan 'yan wasa a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar Euro 2020, inda ya taimaka wa kasarsa ta samu gurbin shiga gasar ta karshe ta hanyar zura kwallaye a minti na karshe a wasan share fage da Iceland. 6on4ho4gol2f3waghgrx4euevnuejxf 822422 822421 2026-04-18T23:56:07Z Khalifah123 28682 822422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Dominik Szoboszlai (lafazin Hungary: [ˈsoboslɒi ˈdominik] SO-bo-sloy; <ref>"How do you pronounce 'Dominik Szoboszlai'? The man himself reveals". ''Liverpool FC''</ref>an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2000) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Hungary wanda ke bugawa ƙungiyar Premier League ta Liverpool kuma yana jagorantar ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Hungary. Szoboszlai ɗan wasa ne mai iyawa, ana iya tura shi a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ko mai kai hari, ɗan wasan tsakiya ko kuma ɗan baya na dama. Bayan ya fara wasa a ƙungiyar matasa, Szoboszlai ya fara buga wasa a shekarar 2017 tare da ƙungiyar Austrian FC Liefering, ƙungiyar da ke ƙarƙashin Red Bull Salzburg. A watan Janairun 2018, Szoboszlai ya fara wasa a ƙungiyar iyaye, inda ya zama ɗan wasa mai fara wasa daga kakar wasa ta 2018-19. Bayan shekaru uku, inda ya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta lashe kofuna uku na lig da kofuna biyu na gida, a watan Janairun 2021, Szoboszlai ya koma Jamus a RB Leipzig, wata ƙungiya da ke da alaƙa da Red Bull Salzburg, kan kuɗin da aka ruwaito na Yuro miliyan 20, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mafi tsada a kowane lokaci.[6] A cikin shekaru uku da ya yi a kulob din, ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa ta lashe kofuna biyu na DFB-Pokal. A watan Yulin 2023, ya koma Liverpool bayan sun biya kudin sallamarsa na Yuro miliyan 70, wanda hakan ya sanya shi dan wasa na hudu mafi tsada a tarihin kulob din. Szoboszlai ya wakilci Hungary a duk duniya, a matakin matasa da kuma na manya. Ya fara buga wasa a matakin manyan 'yan wasa a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar Euro 2020, inda ya taimaka wa kasarsa ta samu gurbin shiga gasar ta karshe ta hanyar zura kwallaye a minti na karshe a wasan share fage da Iceland. == Aikin kungiya == FC Liefering Szoboszlai tare da Liefering a 2017 Szoboszlai ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a kakar wasa ta 2017–18, inda ya buga wa FC Liefering wasa a rukuni na biyu da Kapfenberg a ranar 21 ga Yuli 2017. Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a wasan ƙwararru a kan FC Blau-Weiß Linz a ranar 4 ga Agusta 2017. Red Bull Salzburg Szoboszlai tare da RB Leipzig a 2021 A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2017–18, ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Austria Wien a ranar 27 ga Mayu 2018. Ya shiga filin wasa a minti na 57 a madadin Enock Mwepu. Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka ci 6-0 a gasar cin kofin Austrian da SC Eglo Schwarz. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar a kan Wacker Innsbruck a ranar 17 ga Maris 2019. A ranar 17 ga Satumba 2019, ya fara buga gasar Zakarun Turai kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wannan gasar da Genk a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 6-2. Ya zura kwallaye uku a raga yayin da Salzburg ta yi nasara da ci 5-1 a kan Sturm Graz a ranar 10 ga Yuni 2020. Ya kammala kakar wasa da kwallaye 9 da kuma taimakawa 14 a wasanni 27 na gasar, kuma an zabe shi a matsayin dan wasan da ya fi kowa a kakar wasa ta 2019-20 a gasar Bundesliga ta kasar Austria. RB Leipzig A ranar 17 ga Disamba 2020, RB Leipzig ta sanar da sayen Szoboszlai kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu da rabi, har zuwa watan Yuni 2025. Ya cancanci buga wasa a watan Janairu 2021. Da farashin da aka ruwaito na Yuro miliyan 20, Szoboszlai ya zama dan wasan Hungary mafi tsada a tarihi. Duk da haka, bai samu damar buga wasa a kowace wasa da RB Leipzig ba a kakar wasa ta 2020-21 saboda raunin da ya ji na dogon lokaci. Szoboszlai ya fara bugawa Leipzig wasa a ranar 7 ga Agusta, 2021 a wasan German Cup da SV Sandhausen, inda ya shiga filin wasa a minti na 78 kuma ya ci kwallo uku bayan haka. A ranar 20 ga Agusta, ya zura kwallaye biyu na farko a Bundesliga a wasan da suka doke VfB Stuttgart da ci 4-0. A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2022, ya zura kwallo daya tilo a wasan da suka yi tsakanin Bayer Leverkusen da Leipzig a mako na 30 na Bundesliga na 2021-22. A tsawon kakar wasa ta 2021-22, ya buga wasanni 31 kuma ya zura kwallaye 6. A kakar wasa ta 2022-23 ta Bundesliga, Szoboszlai ya sake buga wasanni 31 da kwallaye 6. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke Borussia Dortmund da ci 3-0 a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 2022. A ranar 27 ga Janairu, 2023, ya zura kwallaye biyu a kan VfB Stuttgart don tabbatar da nasarar 2-1 a Red Bull Arena a ranar 18. Daga baya ya zura kwallo ta uku a wasan da suka doke Bayern Munich da ci 3-1 a Allianz Arena a ranar 20 ga Mayu a wasan na 33. A ranar 3 ga Yuni, ya zura kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka doke Eintracht Frankfurt da ci 2-0 a wasan karshe na DFB-Pokal a Olympiastadion da ke Berlin. l0ky4putfh6wr7zxgyclxqu9r2w7gfd 822423 822422 2026-04-18T23:56:58Z Khalifah123 28682 822423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Dominik Szoboszlai (lafazin Hungary: [ˈsoboslɒi ˈdominik] SO-bo-sloy; <ref>"How do you pronounce 'Dominik Szoboszlai'? The man himself reveals". ''Liverpool FC''</ref>an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2000) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Hungary wanda ke bugawa ƙungiyar Premier League ta Liverpool kuma yana jagorantar ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Hungary. Szoboszlai ɗan wasa ne mai iyawa, ana iya tura shi a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ko mai kai hari, ɗan wasan tsakiya ko kuma ɗan baya na dama. Bayan ya fara wasa a ƙungiyar matasa, Szoboszlai ya fara buga wasa a shekarar 2017 tare da ƙungiyar Austrian FC Liefering, ƙungiyar da ke ƙarƙashin Red Bull Salzburg. A watan Janairun 2018, Szoboszlai ya fara wasa a ƙungiyar iyaye, inda ya zama ɗan wasa mai fara wasa daga kakar wasa ta 2018-19. Bayan shekaru uku, inda ya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta lashe kofuna uku na lig da kofuna biyu na gida, a watan Janairun 2021, Szoboszlai ya koma Jamus a RB Leipzig, wata ƙungiya da ke da alaƙa da Red Bull Salzburg, kan kuɗin da aka ruwaito na Yuro miliyan 20, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mafi tsada a kowane lokaci.[6] A cikin shekaru uku da ya yi a kulob din, ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa ta lashe kofuna biyu na DFB-Pokal. A watan Yulin 2023, ya koma Liverpool bayan sun biya kudin sallamarsa na Yuro miliyan 70, wanda hakan ya sanya shi dan wasa na hudu mafi tsada a tarihin kulob din. Szoboszlai ya wakilci Hungary a duk duniya, a matakin matasa da kuma na manya. Ya fara buga wasa a matakin manyan 'yan wasa a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar Euro 2020, inda ya taimaka wa kasarsa ta samu gurbin shiga gasar ta karshe ta hanyar zura kwallaye a minti na karshe a wasan share fage da Iceland. == Aikin kungiya == FC Liefering Szoboszlai tare da Liefering a 2017 Szoboszlai ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a kakar wasa ta 2017–18, inda ya buga wa FC Liefering wasa a rukuni na biyu da Kapfenberg a ranar 21 ga Yuli 2017. Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a wasan ƙwararru a kan FC Blau-Weiß Linz a ranar 4 ga Agusta 2017. Red Bull Salzburg Szoboszlai tare da RB Leipzig a 2021 A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2017–18, ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Austria Wien a ranar 27 ga Mayu 2018. Ya shiga filin wasa a minti na 57 a madadin Enock Mwepu. Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka ci 6-0 a gasar cin kofin Austrian da SC Eglo Schwarz. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar a kan Wacker Innsbruck a ranar 17 ga Maris 2019. A ranar 17 ga Satumba 2019, ya fara buga gasar Zakarun Turai kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wannan gasar da Genk a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 6-2. Ya zura kwallaye uku a raga yayin da Salzburg ta yi nasara da ci 5-1 a kan Sturm Graz a ranar 10 ga Yuni 2020. Ya kammala kakar wasa da kwallaye 9 da kuma taimakawa 14 a wasanni 27 na gasar, kuma an zabe shi a matsayin dan wasan da ya fi kowa a kakar wasa ta 2019-20 a gasar Bundesliga ta kasar Austria. RB Leipzig A ranar 17 ga Disamba 2020, RB Leipzig ta sanar da sayen Szoboszlai kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu da rabi, har zuwa watan Yuni 2025. Ya cancanci buga wasa a watan Janairu 2021. Da farashin da aka ruwaito na Yuro miliyan 20, Szoboszlai ya zama dan wasan Hungary mafi tsada a tarihi. Duk da haka, bai samu damar buga wasa a kowace wasa da RB Leipzig ba a kakar wasa ta 2020-21 saboda raunin da ya ji na dogon lokaci. Szoboszlai ya fara bugawa Leipzig wasa a ranar 7 ga Agusta, 2021 a wasan German Cup da SV Sandhausen, inda ya shiga filin wasa a minti na 78 kuma ya ci kwallo uku bayan haka. A ranar 20 ga Agusta, ya zura kwallaye biyu na farko a Bundesliga a wasan da suka doke VfB Stuttgart da ci 4-0. A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2022, ya zura kwallo daya tilo a wasan da suka yi tsakanin Bayer Leverkusen da Leipzig a mako na 30 na Bundesliga na 2021-22. A tsawon kakar wasa ta 2021-22, ya buga wasanni 31 kuma ya zura kwallaye 6. A kakar wasa ta 2022-23 ta Bundesliga, Szoboszlai ya sake buga wasanni 31 da kwallaye 6. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke Borussia Dortmund da ci 3-0 a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 2022. A ranar 27 ga Janairu, 2023, ya zura kwallaye biyu a kan VfB Stuttgart don tabbatar da nasarar 2-1 a Red Bull Arena a ranar 18. Daga baya ya zura kwallo ta uku a wasan da suka doke Bayern Munich da ci 3-1 a Allianz Arena a ranar 20 ga Mayu a wasan na 33. A ranar 3 ga Yuni, ya zura kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka doke Eintracht Frankfurt da ci 2-0 a wasan karshe na DFB-Pokal a Olympiastadion da ke Berlin.<ref>Szoboszlai szép gólt lőtt, ismét Német Kupa-győztes a Lipcse! – NSO".</ref> s30kmeuiv0jzx4mge7dwq50s4orjxbq 822424 822423 2026-04-19T00:00:35Z Khalifah123 28682 822424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Dominik Szoboszlai (lafazin Hungary: [ˈsoboslɒi ˈdominik] SO-bo-sloy; <ref>"How do you pronounce 'Dominik Szoboszlai'? The man himself reveals". ''Liverpool FC''</ref>an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2000) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Hungary wanda ke bugawa ƙungiyar Premier League ta Liverpool kuma yana jagorantar ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Hungary. Szoboszlai ɗan wasa ne mai iyawa, ana iya tura shi a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ko mai kai hari, ɗan wasan tsakiya ko kuma ɗan baya na dama. Bayan ya fara wasa a ƙungiyar matasa, Szoboszlai ya fara buga wasa a shekarar 2017 tare da ƙungiyar Austrian FC Liefering, ƙungiyar da ke ƙarƙashin Red Bull Salzburg. A watan Janairun 2018, Szoboszlai ya fara wasa a ƙungiyar iyaye, inda ya zama ɗan wasa mai fara wasa daga kakar wasa ta 2018-19. Bayan shekaru uku, inda ya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta lashe kofuna uku na lig da kofuna biyu na gida, a watan Janairun 2021, Szoboszlai ya koma Jamus a RB Leipzig, wata ƙungiya da ke da alaƙa da Red Bull Salzburg, kan kuɗin da aka ruwaito na Yuro miliyan 20, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mafi tsada a kowane lokaci.[6] A cikin shekaru uku da ya yi a kulob din, ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa ta lashe kofuna biyu na DFB-Pokal. A watan Yulin 2023, ya koma Liverpool bayan sun biya kudin sallamarsa na Yuro miliyan 70, wanda hakan ya sanya shi dan wasa na hudu mafi tsada a tarihin kulob din. Szoboszlai ya wakilci Hungary a duk duniya, a matakin matasa da kuma na manya. Ya fara buga wasa a matakin manyan 'yan wasa a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar Euro 2020, inda ya taimaka wa kasarsa ta samu gurbin shiga gasar ta karshe ta hanyar zura kwallaye a minti na karshe a wasan share fage da Iceland. == Aikin kungiya == FC Liefering Szoboszlai tare da Liefering a 2017 Szoboszlai ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a kakar wasa ta 2017–18, inda ya buga wa FC Liefering wasa a rukuni na biyu da Kapfenberg a ranar 21 ga Yuli 2017. Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a wasan ƙwararru a kan FC Blau-Weiß Linz a ranar 4 ga Agusta 2017. Red Bull Salzburg Szoboszlai tare da RB Leipzig a 2021 A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2017–18, ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Austria Wien a ranar 27 ga Mayu 2018. Ya shiga filin wasa a minti na 57 a madadin Enock Mwepu. Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka ci 6-0 a gasar cin kofin Austrian da SC Eglo Schwarz. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar a kan Wacker Innsbruck a ranar 17 ga Maris 2019. A ranar 17 ga Satumba 2019, ya fara buga gasar Zakarun Turai kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wannan gasar da Genk a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 6-2. Ya zura kwallaye uku a raga yayin da Salzburg ta yi nasara da ci 5-1 a kan Sturm Graz a ranar 10 ga Yuni 2020. Ya kammala kakar wasa da kwallaye 9 da kuma taimakawa 14 a wasanni 27 na gasar, kuma an zabe shi a matsayin dan wasan da ya fi kowa a kakar wasa ta 2019-20 a gasar Bundesliga ta kasar Austria. RB Leipzig A ranar 17 ga Disamba 2020, RB Leipzig ta sanar da sayen Szoboszlai kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu da rabi, har zuwa watan Yuni 2025. Ya cancanci buga wasa a watan Janairu 2021. Da farashin da aka ruwaito na Yuro miliyan 20, Szoboszlai ya zama dan wasan Hungary mafi tsada a tarihi. Duk da haka, bai samu damar buga wasa a kowace wasa da RB Leipzig ba a kakar wasa ta 2020-21 saboda raunin da ya ji na dogon lokaci. Szoboszlai ya fara bugawa Leipzig wasa a ranar 7 ga Agusta, 2021 a wasan German Cup da SV Sandhausen, inda ya shiga filin wasa a minti na 78 kuma ya ci kwallo uku bayan haka. A ranar 20 ga Agusta, ya zura kwallaye biyu na farko a Bundesliga a wasan da suka doke VfB Stuttgart da ci 4-0. A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2022, ya zura kwallo daya tilo a wasan da suka yi tsakanin Bayer Leverkusen da Leipzig a mako na 30 na Bundesliga na 2021-22. A tsawon kakar wasa ta 2021-22, ya buga wasanni 31 kuma ya zura kwallaye 6. A kakar wasa ta 2022-23 ta Bundesliga, Szoboszlai ya sake buga wasanni 31 da kwallaye 6. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke Borussia Dortmund da ci 3-0 a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 2022. A ranar 27 ga Janairu, 2023, ya zura kwallaye biyu a kan VfB Stuttgart don tabbatar da nasarar 2-1 a Red Bull Arena a ranar 18. Daga baya ya zura kwallo ta uku a wasan da suka doke Bayern Munich da ci 3-1 a Allianz Arena a ranar 20 ga Mayu a wasan na 33. A ranar 3 ga Yuni, ya zura kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka doke Eintracht Frankfurt da ci 2-0 a wasan karshe na DFB-Pokal a Olympiastadion da ke Berlin.<ref>Szoboszlai szép gólt lőtt, ismét Német Kupa-győztes a Lipcse! – NSO".</ref> Liverpool Kakar wasa ta 2023–24 A ranar 2 ga Yuli 2023, kungiyar Liverpool ta Premier League ta sayi Szoboszlai kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar bayan ta amince da yarjejeniyar sakinsa, wanda aka ruwaito ya kai fam miliyan 60. Shi ne dan wasa na uku na kasar Hungary da ya buga wasa a kungiyar farko a kungiyar. A ranar 13 ga Agusta, Szoboszlai ya fara bugawa Liverpool wasa a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2023–24, inda suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Chelsea. A ranar 19 ga Agusta, ya fara buga wasa a Anfield, a wasan da suka doke Bournemouth da ci 3-1. An yaba masa sosai saboda rawar da ya taka, kuma magoya bayan Liverpool sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar sanya masa gwarzon wasan. A ranar 3 ga Satumba, Szoboszlai ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ragar Liverpool a wasan da suka doke Aston Villa da ci 3-0, inda ya yi amfani da raunin kafarsa ya buga kwallo daga wajen filin wasa a minti na uku, kuma ya zama dan kasar Hungary na farko da ya zura kwallo a kungiyar. A ranar 19 ga Satumba, an nada shi a matsayin dan wasan maza na Standard Chartered na Liverpool. Zuwa watan Oktoba na 2023, Szoboszlai ya samar da mafi yawan damarmaki ga Liverpool a gasar Premier a kakar wasa ta 2023-24, inda ya samu 21. Wannan shine mafi girman adadin damarmaki da wani dan wasan Liverpool ya samar a wasanni tara na farko na gasar Premier a kungiyar tun 2003. A ranar 1 ga Janairun 2024, ya samu rauni a cinyarsa a wasan Premier da Newcastle United. Ya dawo daga raunin da ya samu a wasan da suka doke Norwich City da ci 5-2 a gasar FA a ranar 28 ga Janairu. Duk da haka, a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, an bayyana cewa ya dawo daga raunin da ya samu da wuri; saboda haka, dole ne ya rasa wasanni da dama a watan Fabrairu. A ranar 2 ga Maris, ya sake dawowa daga rauni a wasan da suka doke Nottingham Forest da ci 1-0. Kakar wasa ta 2024-25 Szoboszlai tare da Liverpool a 2025 An sanya sunan Szoboszlai a cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko a wasanni hudu na farko na Liverpool na kakar wasa ta 2024-25. Duk da haka, manaja Arne Slot ya soki shi saboda rashin zura kwallaye a raga da kuma samar da damammaki. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA a wasan da suka doke AC Milan da ci 3-1 a San Siro a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2024. A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, Szoboszlai ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke Southampton da ci 3-2. A ranar 25 ga Janairu, 2025, Szoboszlai ya zura kwallon farko a wasan da suka doke Ipswich Town da ci 4-1 a Anfield. A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, ya zura kwallo a wasan kusa da na karshe da Tottenham Hotspur a gasar cin kofin EFL, wanda ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa ta kai wasan karshe. A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, Szoboszlai ya zura kwallo daya sannan ya taimaka wa Mohamed Salah ya zura kwallo daya a wasan da suka doke Manchester City da ci 2-0 a filin wasa na Etihad. A wasan da ya biyo baya da Newcastle United a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, magoya bayan kungiyar sun nada shi a matsayin dan wasan da ya fi kowa a wasan, inda ya zura kwallo ta farko a wasan da suka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-0, wanda hakan ya taimaka wajen karawa Liverpool maki 13 a saman teburin gasar. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, Szoboszlai ya zama dan wasan kwallon kafa na farko dan kasar Hungary da ya lashe gasar Premier, bayan nasarar da Liverpool ta samu a kan Tottenham Hotspur da ci 5-1 a Anfield, inda ya taimaka wa Mohamed Salah da Luis Díaz wajen taimakawa. Kakar wasa ta 2025-26 Szoboszlai yana bugawa Liverpool wasa a 2026 A ranar 10 ga Agusta 2025, Szoboszlai ya zura kwallo a bugun fenariti a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida da Crystal Palace ta yi a gasar FA Community Shield bayan kunnen doki 2-2 a filin wasa na Wembley, wanda daga karshe kungiyarsa ta sha kashi. A ranar 25 ga Agusta, an zabe shi a matsayin dan wasan da ya fi kowa a wasan a wasan da suka doke Newcastle United da ci 3-2, inda ya fara a matsayin dan wasan baya na dama kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a kwallon da Rio Ngumoha ya ci. A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, Szoboszlai ya zura kwallo ta bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida daga yadi 32 a wasan da suka doke Arsenal da ci 1-0, kuma aka sake nada shi a matsayin dan wasan da ya fi kowa zura kwallo a wasan. Daga baya aka zabi kwallon da ta zama Kwallon Premier ta Watan Agusta, wanda hakan ya sanya Szoboszlai ya zama dan kasar Hungary na farko da ya lashe kyautar Premier a wata-wata. A ranar 21 ga Janairu 2026, Szoboszlai ya zura kwallo ta bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da suka doke Marseille da ci 3-0 a gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA, kuma aka zabe shi a matsayin Dan wasan da ya fi kowa zura kwallo a wasan. A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, ya zura kwallo ta bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da suka sha kashi 2-1 a hannun Manchester City, duk da haka, an kore shi a lokacin dakatarwa bayan ya yi keta a kan Erling Haaland a filin wasa na penariti. th5ry8ddt4bc46060yluev3uqqu4cz4 822425 822424 2026-04-19T00:01:30Z Khalifah123 28682 822425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Dominik Szoboszlai (lafazin Hungary: [ˈsoboslɒi ˈdominik] SO-bo-sloy; <ref>"How do you pronounce 'Dominik Szoboszlai'? The man himself reveals". ''Liverpool FC''</ref>an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2000) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Hungary wanda ke bugawa ƙungiyar Premier League ta Liverpool kuma yana jagorantar ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Hungary. Szoboszlai ɗan wasa ne mai iyawa, ana iya tura shi a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ko mai kai hari, ɗan wasan tsakiya ko kuma ɗan baya na dama. Bayan ya fara wasa a ƙungiyar matasa, Szoboszlai ya fara buga wasa a shekarar 2017 tare da ƙungiyar Austrian FC Liefering, ƙungiyar da ke ƙarƙashin Red Bull Salzburg. A watan Janairun 2018, Szoboszlai ya fara wasa a ƙungiyar iyaye, inda ya zama ɗan wasa mai fara wasa daga kakar wasa ta 2018-19. Bayan shekaru uku, inda ya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta lashe kofuna uku na lig da kofuna biyu na gida, a watan Janairun 2021, Szoboszlai ya koma Jamus a RB Leipzig, wata ƙungiya da ke da alaƙa da Red Bull Salzburg, kan kuɗin da aka ruwaito na Yuro miliyan 20, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mafi tsada a kowane lokaci.[6] A cikin shekaru uku da ya yi a kulob din, ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa ta lashe kofuna biyu na DFB-Pokal. A watan Yulin 2023, ya koma Liverpool bayan sun biya kudin sallamarsa na Yuro miliyan 70, wanda hakan ya sanya shi dan wasa na hudu mafi tsada a tarihin kulob din. Szoboszlai ya wakilci Hungary a duk duniya, a matakin matasa da kuma na manya. Ya fara buga wasa a matakin manyan 'yan wasa a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar Euro 2020, inda ya taimaka wa kasarsa ta samu gurbin shiga gasar ta karshe ta hanyar zura kwallaye a minti na karshe a wasan share fage da Iceland. == Aikin kungiya == FC Liefering Szoboszlai tare da Liefering a 2017 Szoboszlai ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a kakar wasa ta 2017–18, inda ya buga wa FC Liefering wasa a rukuni na biyu da Kapfenberg a ranar 21 ga Yuli 2017. Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a wasan ƙwararru a kan FC Blau-Weiß Linz a ranar 4 ga Agusta 2017. Red Bull Salzburg Szoboszlai tare da RB Leipzig a 2021 A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2017–18, ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Austria Wien a ranar 27 ga Mayu 2018. Ya shiga filin wasa a minti na 57 a madadin Enock Mwepu. Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka ci 6-0 a gasar cin kofin Austrian da SC Eglo Schwarz. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar a kan Wacker Innsbruck a ranar 17 ga Maris 2019. A ranar 17 ga Satumba 2019, ya fara buga gasar Zakarun Turai kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wannan gasar da Genk a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 6-2. Ya zura kwallaye uku a raga yayin da Salzburg ta yi nasara da ci 5-1 a kan Sturm Graz a ranar 10 ga Yuni 2020. Ya kammala kakar wasa da kwallaye 9 da kuma taimakawa 14 a wasanni 27 na gasar, kuma an zabe shi a matsayin dan wasan da ya fi kowa a kakar wasa ta 2019-20 a gasar Bundesliga ta kasar Austria. RB Leipzig A ranar 17 ga Disamba 2020, RB Leipzig ta sanar da sayen Szoboszlai kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu da rabi, har zuwa watan Yuni 2025. Ya cancanci buga wasa a watan Janairu 2021. Da farashin da aka ruwaito na Yuro miliyan 20, Szoboszlai ya zama dan wasan Hungary mafi tsada a tarihi. Duk da haka, bai samu damar buga wasa a kowace wasa da RB Leipzig ba a kakar wasa ta 2020-21 saboda raunin da ya ji na dogon lokaci. Szoboszlai ya fara bugawa Leipzig wasa a ranar 7 ga Agusta, 2021 a wasan German Cup da SV Sandhausen, inda ya shiga filin wasa a minti na 78 kuma ya ci kwallo uku bayan haka. A ranar 20 ga Agusta, ya zura kwallaye biyu na farko a Bundesliga a wasan da suka doke VfB Stuttgart da ci 4-0. A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2022, ya zura kwallo daya tilo a wasan da suka yi tsakanin Bayer Leverkusen da Leipzig a mako na 30 na Bundesliga na 2021-22. A tsawon kakar wasa ta 2021-22, ya buga wasanni 31 kuma ya zura kwallaye 6. A kakar wasa ta 2022-23 ta Bundesliga, Szoboszlai ya sake buga wasanni 31 da kwallaye 6. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke Borussia Dortmund da ci 3-0 a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 2022. A ranar 27 ga Janairu, 2023, ya zura kwallaye biyu a kan VfB Stuttgart don tabbatar da nasarar 2-1 a Red Bull Arena a ranar 18. Daga baya ya zura kwallo ta uku a wasan da suka doke Bayern Munich da ci 3-1 a Allianz Arena a ranar 20 ga Mayu a wasan na 33. A ranar 3 ga Yuni, ya zura kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka doke Eintracht Frankfurt da ci 2-0 a wasan karshe na DFB-Pokal a Olympiastadion da ke Berlin.<ref>Szoboszlai szép gólt lőtt, ismét Német Kupa-győztes a Lipcse! – NSO".</ref> Liverpool Kakar wasa ta 2023–24 A ranar 2 ga Yuli 2023, kungiyar Liverpool ta Premier League ta sayi Szoboszlai kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar bayan ta amince da yarjejeniyar sakinsa, wanda aka ruwaito ya kai fam miliyan 60. Shi ne dan wasa na uku na kasar Hungary da ya buga wasa a kungiyar farko a kungiyar. A ranar 13 ga Agusta, Szoboszlai ya fara bugawa Liverpool wasa a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2023–24, inda suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Chelsea. A ranar 19 ga Agusta, ya fara buga wasa a Anfield, a wasan da suka doke Bournemouth da ci 3-1. An yaba masa sosai saboda rawar da ya taka, kuma magoya bayan Liverpool sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar sanya masa gwarzon wasan. A ranar 3 ga Satumba, Szoboszlai ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ragar Liverpool a wasan da suka doke Aston Villa da ci 3-0, inda ya yi amfani da raunin kafarsa ya buga kwallo daga wajen filin wasa a minti na uku, kuma ya zama dan kasar Hungary na farko da ya zura kwallo a kungiyar. A ranar 19 ga Satumba, an nada shi a matsayin dan wasan maza na Standard Chartered na Liverpool. Zuwa watan Oktoba na 2023, Szoboszlai ya samar da mafi yawan damarmaki ga Liverpool a gasar Premier a kakar wasa ta 2023-24, inda ya samu 21. Wannan shine mafi girman adadin damarmaki da wani dan wasan Liverpool ya samar a wasanni tara na farko na gasar Premier a kungiyar tun 2003. A ranar 1 ga Janairun 2024, ya samu rauni a cinyarsa a wasan Premier da Newcastle United. Ya dawo daga raunin da ya samu a wasan da suka doke Norwich City da ci 5-2 a gasar FA a ranar 28 ga Janairu. Duk da haka, a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, an bayyana cewa ya dawo daga raunin da ya samu da wuri; saboda haka, dole ne ya rasa wasanni da dama a watan Fabrairu. A ranar 2 ga Maris, ya sake dawowa daga rauni a wasan da suka doke Nottingham Forest da ci 1-0. Kakar wasa ta 2024-25 Szoboszlai tare da Liverpool a 2025 An sanya sunan Szoboszlai a cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko a wasanni hudu na farko na Liverpool na kakar wasa ta 2024-25. Duk da haka, manaja Arne Slot ya soki shi saboda rashin zura kwallaye a raga da kuma samar da damammaki. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA a wasan da suka doke AC Milan da ci 3-1 a San Siro a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2024. A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, Szoboszlai ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke Southampton da ci 3-2. A ranar 25 ga Janairu, 2025, Szoboszlai ya zura kwallon farko a wasan da suka doke Ipswich Town da ci 4-1 a Anfield. A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, ya zura kwallo a wasan kusa da na karshe da Tottenham Hotspur a gasar cin kofin EFL, wanda ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa ta kai wasan karshe. A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, Szoboszlai ya zura kwallo daya sannan ya taimaka wa Mohamed Salah ya zura kwallo daya a wasan da suka doke Manchester City da ci 2-0 a filin wasa na Etihad. A wasan da ya biyo baya da Newcastle United a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, magoya bayan kungiyar sun nada shi a matsayin dan wasan da ya fi kowa a wasan, inda ya zura kwallo ta farko a wasan da suka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-0, wanda hakan ya taimaka wajen karawa Liverpool maki 13 a saman teburin gasar. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, Szoboszlai ya zama dan wasan kwallon kafa na farko dan kasar Hungary da ya lashe gasar Premier, bayan nasarar da Liverpool ta samu a kan Tottenham Hotspur da ci 5-1 a Anfield, inda ya taimaka wa Mohamed Salah da Luis Díaz wajen taimakawa. Kakar wasa ta 2025-26 Szoboszlai yana bugawa Liverpool wasa a 2026 A ranar 10 ga Agusta 2025, Szoboszlai ya zura kwallo a bugun fenariti a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida da Crystal Palace ta yi a gasar FA Community Shield bayan kunnen doki 2-2 a filin wasa na Wembley, wanda daga karshe kungiyarsa ta sha kashi. A ranar 25 ga Agusta, an zabe shi a matsayin dan wasan da ya fi kowa a wasan a wasan da suka doke Newcastle United da ci 3-2, inda ya fara a matsayin dan wasan baya na dama kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a kwallon da Rio Ngumoha ya ci. A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, Szoboszlai ya zura kwallo ta bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida daga yadi 32 a wasan da suka doke Arsenal da ci 1-0, kuma aka sake nada shi a matsayin dan wasan da ya fi kowa zura kwallo a wasan. Daga baya aka zabi kwallon da ta zama Kwallon Premier ta Watan Agusta, wanda hakan ya sanya Szoboszlai ya zama dan kasar Hungary na farko da ya lashe kyautar Premier a wata-wata. A ranar 21 ga Janairu 2026, Szoboszlai ya zura kwallo ta bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da suka doke Marseille da ci 3-0 a gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA, kuma aka zabe shi a matsayin Dan wasan da ya fi kowa zura kwallo a wasan. A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, ya zura kwallo ta bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da suka sha kashi 2-1 a hannun Manchester City, duk da haka, an kore shi a lokacin dakatarwa bayan ya yi keta a kan Erling Haaland a filin wasa na penariti.<ref>"Liverpool 1-2 Man City analysis: Reds fail to hold on after Szoboszlai stunner". </ref> 3k3xhkb2ce188fw92n4xfv1i6oc3rva 0 148264 822428 2026-04-19T05:05:53Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349268242|Kuji, Iran]]" 822428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|official_name=Kuji|native_name=كوجي|settlement_type=Village|pushpin_map=Iran|mapsize=150px|subdivision_type=[[List of countries|Country]]|subdivision_name={{flag|Iran}}|subdivision_type1=[[Provinces of Iran|Province]]|subdivision_name1=[[Gilan Province|Gilan]]|subdivision_type2=[[Counties of Iran|County]]|subdivision_name2=[[Rudsar County|Rudsar]]|subdivision_type3=[[Bakhsh]]|subdivision_name3=[[Rahimabad District|Rahimabad]]|subdivision_type4=[[Rural Districts of Iran|Rural District]]|subdivision_name4=[[Shuil Rural District|Shuil]]|leader_title=|leader_name=|established_title=|established_date=|area_total_km2=|area_footnotes=|population_as_of=2006|population_total=15|population_density_km2=auto|timezone=[[Iran Standard Time|IRST]]|utc_offset=+3:30|timezone_DST=[[Iran Daylight Time|IRDT]]|utc_offset_DST=+4:30|coordinates={{coord|36|47|37|N|50|10|00|E|region:IR|display=inline,title}}|elevation_m=|area_code=|website=|footnotes=}}'''Kuji''' (Persian, kuma Romanized a matsayin '''Kūjī''') ƙauye ne a gundumar Shuil da ke karkara, gundumar Rahimabad, gundumar Rudsar, lardin Gilan, Iran. A ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006, yawan jama'arta ya kai 15, a cikin iyalai 6.. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 2uo9bq1u6709n2iex0dt0yb1zpxvjtz 822429 822428 2026-04-19T05:06:53Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 822429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox}} settlement|official_name=Kuji|native_name=كوجي|settlement_type=Village|pushpin_map=Iran|mapsize=150px|subdivision_type=[[List of countries|Country]]|subdivision_name={{flag|Iran}}|subdivision_type1=[[Provinces of Iran|Province]]|subdivision_name1=[[Gilan Province|Gilan]]|subdivision_type2=[[Counties of Iran|County]]|subdivision_name2=[[Rudsar County|Rudsar]]|subdivision_type3=[[Bakhsh]]|subdivision_name3=[[Rahimabad District|Rahimabad]]|subdivision_type4=[[Rural Districts of Iran|Rural District]]|subdivision_name4=[[Shuil Rural District|Shuil]]|leader_title=|leader_name=|established_title=|established_date=|area_total_km2=|area_footnotes=|population_as_of=2006|population_total=15|population_density_km2=auto|timezone=[[Iran Standard Time|IRST]]|utc_offset=+3:30|timezone_DST=[[Iran Daylight Time|IRDT]]|utc_offset_DST=+4:30|coordinates={{coord|36|47|37|N|50|10|00|E|region:IR|display=inline,title}}|elevation_m=|area_code=|website=|footnotes=}}'''Kuji''' (Persian, kuma Romanized a matsayin '''Kūjī''') ƙauye ne a gundumar Shuil da ke karkara, gundumar Rahimabad, gundumar Rudsar, lardin Gilan, Iran. A ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006, yawan jama'arta ya kai 15, a cikin iyalai 6.. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 76kohuqh256t08czqa1utks4f1z6s08 822430 822429 2026-04-19T05:09:01Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 Gyara 822430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|36|47|37|N|50|10|00|E|region:IR|display=inline,title}}'''Kuji''' (Persian, kuma Romanized a matsayin '''Kūjī''') ƙauye ne a gundumar Shuil da ke karkara, gundumar Rahimabad, gundumar Rudsar, lardin Gilan, Iran. A ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006, yawan jama'arta ya kai 15, a cikin iyalai 6.. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} ky6brdbekv9turln0pcuc5om9ypqme6 0 148265 822432 2026-04-19T06:52:43Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349641846|Wular Lake]]" 822432 wikitext text/x-wiki   {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |Sunayen |- class="mergedrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><div style="line-height:1.5;text-align:center;border-style:solid;border-width:4px;border-color:#8DE3D2">Yankin Ruwa na Ramsar</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An tsara shi | class="infobox-data" |23 Maris 1990 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Bayani ba.&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |461 |} [[Fayil:Wular_Lake1.jpg|right|thumb|Wular Lake da aka gani daga Wular Vantage Park, Garoora.]] [[Fayil:Wullar_-_Extraction_of_Aquatic_Plants.jpg|right|thumb|Jirgin ruwa dauke da tsire-tsire na ruwa da aka cire daga Tafkin Wular]] [[Fayil:Wular_Lake_–_geese_&_cows.jpg|thumb|Geese da shanu na gida a bakin tekun Wular Lake]] Wular Lake (pronunciation Urdu: []), wanda aka fi sani da Wolar (pronunciations [[Harshen Kashmiri|Kashmiri]]: [ʋɔlar]) a cikin Kashmiri, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tabkuna na ruwa mai '''Gashi''' a cikin [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Yankin Indiya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Can mistake that ruined majestic Kashmir lake be fixed? |url=https://phys.org/news/2016-11-majestic-kashmir-lake.html |access-date=29 August 2018}}</ref> Tana kusa da Garin Bandipora a cikin Gundumar Bandipora ta Jammu da Kashmir, Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Map of Wular Lake and Associated Wetlands |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/57361729/pictures/IN461map.pdf |access-date=29 August 2018}}</ref> An kafa tafkin ne sakamakon aikin tectonic kuma Kogin Jhelum da raƙuman Madhumati da Arin ne ke ciyar da shi.{{IPA|ur|ʋʊlər}}{{IPA|ur|ʋʊlər}}{{IPA|ur|ʋʊlər}}{{IPA|ks|ʋɔlar}} Girman tafkin ya bambanta a yanayi daga murabba'in kilomita 30 zuwa 189. Bugu da kari, yawancin tafkin an zubar da ruwa sakamakon dasa shuke-shuke a bakin tekun a cikin shekarun 1950. == Tarihi == === Magana === A zamanin da, ana kiran Tafkin Wular da Mahapadmasar (Sanskrit: महापद्मसरः). Nilamata Purana kuma ta ambaci shi da Mahapadmasaras. Tafkin, tare da girmansa da kuma girman ruwa, yana haifar da raƙuman ruwa masu tsalle-tsalle da rana, wanda ake kira Ullola a Sanskrit, ma'ana "tsalle-tsalle masu guguwa, raƙuman ruwa masu tasowa". Saboda haka, ana kiransa da Ullola. Ana kyautata zaton ya lalace tsawon ƙarni zuwa Wulor ko Wular. Ana iya danganta asalin da kalmar Kashmiri 'Wul', wacce ke nufin gibi ko tsagewa, sunan da dole ne ya zo a wannan lokacin. Kalmar Wul (gibi ko tsagewa) kuma alama ce ta asalinsa daga tsagewa ko gibi da aka ƙirƙira..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wular Lake - about Wular Lake in Srinagar |url=https://tourism.webindia123.com/tourism/lakes_gardens/Wular_Lake/index.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=tourism.webindia123.com}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The source near this tag was retrieved by an AI model and needs to be reviewed. (March 2026)">AI-retrieved source</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> An yi la'akari da sultan na Kashmiri Zain-ul-Abidin da ya ba da umarnin gina tsibirin wucin gadi na Zaina Lank a tsakiyar tafkin a cikin 1444. <ref name="sameerbhat">{{Cite web |date=30 January 2009 |title=How to kill a lake |url=http://sameerbhat.blogspot.com/2009/01/there-is-loch-ness-lake-in-scotland.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304091115/http://sameerbhat.blogspot.com/2009/01/there-is-loch-ness-lake-in-scotland.html |archive-date=4 March 2012 |access-date=17 March 2010}}</ref> Bisa ga imanin gargajiya a kusa da Tafkin Wular, akwai wani birni wanda sarkinsa shine Raja Sudrasen. Saboda girman laifukansa, ruwan tafkin ya tashi ya nutsar da shi da talakawansa. An ce a lokacin watanni na hunturu, a cikin ruwa mai ƙarancin ruwa, ana iya ganin rushewar haikalin gunkin da ke cikin ruwa suna tashi daga tafkin. Zayn Ul Aabidin ya gina wani jirgin ruwa mai faɗi wanda ya nutse a cikin tafkin kuma a kan abin da ya kafa harsashin tubali da duwatsu har sai ya tashi sama don ya kasance a matakin kamar ruwa. A kan wannan, ya gina Masallaci da sauran gine-gine kuma ya ba tsibirin sunan Lanka. Kudin wannan aikin ya biya ta hanyar gano gumaka biyu na zinariya mai ƙarfi, wanda masu nutsewa suka kawo daga tafkin. === Kifi === Wular Lake wani muhimmin wurin zama ne na kifi, babban nau'in shine carp na yau da kullun (''Cyprinus carpio''), barb mai laushi (''Barbus conchonius''), kifin sauro (''Gambusia affinis''), nau'in ''Nemacheilus'', ''Crossocheilus latius'', da nau'in snowtrout daban-daban a cikin jinsunan Schizopyge da ''Schizothorax''. Nau'in Snowtrout da aka gano a cikin tafkin sun haɗa da Sattar snowtrout (''Schizopyge curvifrons''), Chirruh snowtrout, ''Schizothorax planifrons'', ''Schizothorax macropogon'', ''Schizothorax longipinus'' da Chush snowtrout. <ref name="wwf_ramsar">{{Cite web |title=Wular Lake |url=http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/wular_lake_.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602011146/http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/wular_lake_.cfm |archive-date=2 June 2009 |access-date=17 March 2010 |publisher=[[World Wide Fund for Nature]] India}}</ref> === Tsuntsaye === Tafkin yana da wadataccen yawan tsuntsaye. Tsuntsaye na duniya da aka lura a kusa da tafkin sun haɗa da [[Shirwa|Black-eared kite]], Eurasian sparrowhawk, short-toed eagle, Himalayan golden eagle, himalayan monal, chukar partridge, Koklass pheasant, rock dove, common cuckoo, alpine swift, Indian roller, Himalayaan woodpecker, hoopoe, barn swallow, golden oriole, da sauransu.<ref name="wwf_ramsar">{{Cite web |title=Wular Lake |url=http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/wular_lake_.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602011146/http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/wular_lake_.cfm |archive-date=2 June 2009 |access-date=17 March 2010 |publisher=[[World Wide Fund for Nature]] India}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090602011146/http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/wular_lake_.cfm "Wular Lake"]. </cite></ref> == Tattalin Arziki == === Shuke-shuke na ruwa === Sauran iyalai da yawa suna girbi Tsire-tsire na ruwa, kamar su ciyawa ''Phragmites'' da ruwa mai kama da ''Nymphoides'', daga tafkin don amfani da mutum da abinci na dabba.<ref name="wwf_ramsar">{{Cite web |title=Wular Lake |url=http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/wular_lake_.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602011146/http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/wular_lake_.cfm |archive-date=2 June 2009 |access-date=17 March 2010 |publisher=[[World Wide Fund for Nature]] India}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090602011146/http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/wular_lake_.cfm "Wular Lake"]. </cite></ref> === Kifi === Kifi daga Tafkin Wular ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na abincin ga dubban mutane da ke zaune a bakin tekun da sauran wurare a [[Kwarin Kashmir]]. Fiye da masunta dubu takwas suna samun rayuwarsu daga tafkin, da farko kamun kifi ga nau'in ''Schizothorax'' da kuma wadanda ba na asali ba. Abin da suka kama ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 60 cikin 100 na jimlar kifi a Kashmir. Daruruwan sauran mazauna ƙauyen suna aiki da ƙungiyoyin hadin gwiwa waɗanda ke cinikin kifin da aka kama. <ref name="wwf_ramsar">{{Cite web |title=Wular Lake |url=http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/wular_lake_.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602011146/http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/wular_lake_.cfm |archive-date=2 June 2009 |access-date=17 March 2010 |publisher=[[World Wide Fund for Nature]] India}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090602011146/http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/wular_lake_.cfm "Wular Lake"]. </cite></ref> === Yawon shakatawa === Jirgin ruwa, wasanni na ruwa, da tseren ruwa sun ƙaddamar da Gwamnatin Indiya ta Yawon shakatawa tare da hadin gwiwar Kerala Tourism da J&K Tourism. An ba da kwangilar don aiki na shafin a watan Satumbar 2011. == Tambayoyi == === Barazanar muhalli === Tafkin yana daya daga cikin filayen Indiya 98 da aka sanya a matsayin shafin Ramsar. Koyaya, yana fuskantar barazanar muhalli ciki har da jujjuyawar manyan sassan wuraren tafkin zuwa ƙasar noma, gurɓataccen daga taki da sharar dabbobi, farautar tsuntsaye na ruwa da tsuntsaye masu ƙaura, da kuma ciyawa a cikin tafkin kanta.<ref name="wwf_ramsar">{{Cite web |title=Wular Lake |url=http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/wular_lake_.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602011146/http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/wular_lake_.cfm |archive-date=2 June 2009 |access-date=17 March 2010 |publisher=[[World Wide Fund for Nature]] India}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090602011146/http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/wular_lake_.cfm "Wular Lake"]. </cite></ref> === Rashin lalacewar tafkin === Kogin Wular Lake, daya daga cikin manyan tabkuna na ruwa mai laushi a Kudancin Asiya, yanzu sun cika da sharar gida.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nagrika |date=2024-02-03 |title=From Definition to Conservation: A Study of Urban Wetlands of India |url=https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.10613126 |journal=Zenodo |pages=40 |doi=10.5281/ZENODO.10613126}}</ref> Sharar ta taru a gefen tafkin da kuma cikin ruwa, ta jefa kifi da tsire-tsire na tafkin cikin haɗari. Sassan tafkin sun zama marasa zurfi, kuma wuraren da suka kasance ruwa mai budewa yanzu an rufe su da laka da shara. Wannan tarin sharar gida da laka ya sa tafkin ya fi karami kuma ya fi zurfi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2023 |title=Cow Dung, Waste Dumped on Embankments of Wular Lake |url=https://www.kashmirnewsobserver.com/top-stories/cow-dung-waste-dumped-on-embankments-of-wular-lake-kno-175645 |access-date=6 May 2023 |website=Kashmir News Observer}}</ref> == Karewa == Don nuna godiya ga dabi'un halittu, ruwa, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki, an haɗa tafkin a cikin 1986 a matsayin Wetland na Muhimmancin Kasa a ƙarƙashin Shirin Wetlands na Ma'aikatar Muhalli da dazuzzuka, Gwamnatin Indiya, don dalilai masu mahimmanci na kiyayewa da gudanarwa. Daga baya, a cikin 1990, an sanya shi a matsayin Wetland na Muhimmancin Duniya a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Ramsar . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramsar Convention |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-home/main/ramsar/1_4000_0__ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007162046/http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-home/main/ramsar/1_4000_0__ |archive-date=7 October 2011 |access-date=30 July 2011}}</ref> A kan Yarjejeniyar Ramsar, ana amfani da yankin tafkin don zubar da shara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2019 |title=Municipal Waste in Wullar Lake |url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/municipal-waste-in-wullar-lake/ |access-date=21 February 2019}}</ref> === Maidowa === Daga cikin sauran abubuwan da suka faru, za a yanke bishiyoyi miliyan biyu don dawo da Wular Lake a karkashin Shirin Kula da Tafkin Kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-06-02 |title=20 lakh trees to be cut to restore Wullar lake |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/srinagar/20-lakh-trees-to-be-cut-to-restore-Wullar-lake/Article1-704918.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022003236/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/srinagar/20-lakh-trees-to-be-cut-to-restore-Wullar-lake/Article1-704918.aspx |archive-date=22 October 2012 |access-date=2012-08-17 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Indiya ta amince da Rs biliyan 4 don aikin sabunta tafkin wanda zai dauki shekaru 5 zuwa 10, kuma an shirya shi, bayan jinkiri mai tsawo, don farawa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GreaterKashmir.com (Greater Service) |date=2011-11-20 |title=Wullar Lake to get breather Lastupdate:- Sun, 20 Nov 2011 18:30:00 GMT |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2011/Nov/20/wullar-lake-to-get-breather-26.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121171635/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2011/Nov/20/wullar-lake-to-get-breather-26.asp |archive-date=21 November 2011 |access-date=2012-08-17 |publisher=Greaterkashmir.com}}</ref> Kungiyar abokin tarayya, Kungiyar Masu ba da gudummawa ta Kudancin Asiya (SAVE), shiri ne na hadin gwiwa na mutane don kare muhalli da kiyaye yanayi a Wular Lake . <ref>{{Cite web |title=South Asian Voluntary associat... - Organizations - TakingITGlobal |url=http://orgs.tigweb.org/south-asian-voluntary-association-of-environmentalists-- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113043901/http://orgs.tigweb.org/south-asian-voluntary-association-of-environmentalists-- |archive-date=13 November 2016 |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> === Shirin Tulbul Lock === Aikin '''Tulbul Lock (Tulbul Barrage),''' wani gini ne da ba a gina ba wanda aka gina a ƙarƙashin "tsarin kulle matakin makulli na makulli da ruwa" a bakin tafkin Wular, wanda aka tsara shi don ya zama tsawon ƙafa 439 (mita 134) da faɗin ƙafa 40 (mita 12) tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin ajiya na ƙafa 300,000 na eka (370×10^6 m3). Aikin yana da nufin daidaita sakin ruwa daga ajiyar ruwa a cikin tafkin don kiyaye mafi ƙarancin iska na ƙafa 4.5 (mita 1.4) a cikin kogin har zuwa Baramulla a lokacin hunturu mai laushi. Ruwan da ke kwarara zuwa cikin Tafkin Wular yana ƙaruwa daga Kogin Kishanganga ta hanyar Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Kishanganga bayan samar da wutar lantarki. Sauran tabkuna, irin su Tafkin Manasbal, Tafkin Anchar, Tafkin Dal, da dai sauransu, waɗanda ba su kan kogin Jhelum Main ba, ana iya amfani da su kamar Wular Lake don adana ruwan ambaliyar ruwa don kare ambaliyar a yankunan da ke ƙasa, samar da wutar lantarki, kewayawa a duk shekara, ban ruwa, amfani da birni da masana'antu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indus Water Treaty - Part III |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/(X(1)S(wzlt15eshocoqs45sp1quf45))/news/opinion/indus-water-treaty-part-iii/312950.html |access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref> ==== Tarihi ==== An yi aikin ne a farkon shekarun 1980, kuma aikin ya fara ne a shekarar 1984. Matsakaicin shigarwa na shekara-shekara ko fitarwa daga tafkin kusan kusan cubic mita biliyan 7.<ref name="tulb1">{{Cite web |title=Water flow data of Jhelum river at Baramulla |url=http://www.compositerunoff.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P2836100.html |access-date=29 August 2018}}</ref> ===== 1987-2025: An dakatar da aiki saboda takaddamar IWT ===== Akwai takaddama tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan kan Aikin Tulbul tsakanin 1987 da 2025 (lokacin da Indiya ta dakatar da IWT). A shekarar 1987, lokacin da Pakistan ta yi adawa da aikin gina Tulbul ta hanyar cewa ta karya yarjejeniyar ruwa ta Indus ta 1960 (IWT), Indiya ta dakatar da aikin ginin a wannan shekarar, amma tun daga lokacin ta yi ƙoƙarin sake fara ginin. Kogin Jhelum da ke ratsa kwarin Kashmir da ke ƙarƙashin Tafkin Wular, wanda tafki ne mai haɗawa kamar yadda IWT ta tanada, yana ba da muhimmiyar hanyar sufuri ga kayayyaki da mutane. Don ci gaba da kewayawa a duk shekara, ana buƙatar ƙaramin zurfin ruwa. Indiya ta yi iƙirarin cewa Aikin Tulbul ya halatta bisa ga sakin layi na 7 (c) da 9 na Annexure E, IWT, yayin da Pakistan ta dage cewa aikin ya saba wa yarjejeniyar idan ajiyar ya wuce eka 10,000 (12×10^6 m3) don dalilan da ba na samar da wutar lantarki ba.">[./Wular_Lake#cite_note-jtuljun1-23 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>] . Indiya tana riƙe da matsayin cewa dakatar da aiki ya cutar da bukatun mutanen Jammu da Kashmir kuma ya hana ban ruwa da fa'idodin wutar lantarki ga mutanen Pakistan waɗanda zasu iya tarawa daga sakin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2025 |title=Revitalising the Tulbul Navigation Project for Jammu and Kashmir’s Development |url=https://www.natstrat.org/articledetail/publications/revitalising-the-tulbul-navigation-project-for-kashmir-s-development-200.html |access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref> A cikin 2025, Indiya ta sanya IWT a cikin bayance wanda Pakistan ke toshe ginin Wular Barrage, don haka ya shirya hanyar ga Indiya don farfado da aikin ginin Wular barrage.<ref name="jtuljun1" /> ===== 2025: An farfado da aikin ===== A cikin 2025, Indiya ta dakatar da IWT, kuma ta yanke shawarar hanzarta aikin a kan aikin Tulbul, gina sabon [[Ratle Hydroelectric Plant|Ratle]]="Indira Gandhi Canal">CRBS (tsawon kilomita 200 Chenab-[[Kogin Ravi|Ravi]]-Beas-Sutlej Link Canal tare da ramuka 12 don haɗa kogin Chenab, Ravi, Beas, da Sutlej don kawo ruwan su zuwa Indira Gandhi Canal a Harike Barrage), aiki kan kara karfin manyan madatsun ruwa a cikin Indus (kamar Uri, Dulhasti, Salal, Baglihar, Nimu Bajgo, da Chutak, da kuma babban madatsun, da kuma Chal, a kan sabon madatsun daji) da kuma a kan ==== Bayani ==== Za a kara karfin ajiyar tafkin ta hanyar IWT zuwa ƙafa 300,000 acre ko fiye, har zuwa 1580 m [[Sea level|MSL]], ta hanyar la'akari da shi azaman tafki don tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa (RoR), ta hanyar yin la'akari le tashar wutar wutar lantarki mai ƙanƙanta (kusan mita 8 da aka kiyasta kai). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Can we actually stop the flow of water to Pakistan? |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/(X(1)S(j3wxfxef1nyqf545kfe132ap))/news/opinion/indus-water-treaty-v/314141.html |access-date=25 February 2019}}</ref> Matsayin kogin da ke cikin zurfi a yatsan madatsar ruwan zai kasance ƙasa da {{Convert|1570|m|ft|0}} MSL don kwararar cusecs 4,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydrology and Water Budget of Wular Lake (refer Figure 5.5) |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/70554/9/09_chapter5.pdf |access-date=29 August 2018}}</ref> ==== Fa'idodi ==== Aikin yana ba da fa'idodi da yawa. Gina tashar wutar lantarki ta RoR tare da isasshen ƙofofin ƙofa zai kuma kwashe turɓaya daga yankin tafkin don adana tafkin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Romshoo |first=Shakil A. |last2=Altaf |first2=Sadaff |last3=Rashid |first3=Irfan |last4=Dar |first4=Reyaz Ahmad |year=2018 |title=Climatic, geomorphic and anthropogenic drivers of the 2014 extreme flooding in the Jhelum basin of Kashmir, India |journal=Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=224–248 |bibcode=2018GNHR....9..224R |doi=10.1080/19475705.2017.1417332 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tafkin da aka faɗaɗa zai kuma cika buƙatun kewayawa a ƙarƙashin ruwa gaba ɗaya a lokacin lokacin ƙuƙwalwar ruwa.<ref name="tulbu1">{{Cite web |title=Lower Jhelum Weir W00457 |url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Lower_Jhelum_Weir_W00457 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309064421/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Lower_Jhelum_Weir_W00457 |archive-date=9 March 2016 |access-date=29 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="tulbu2">{{Cite web |date=November 2018 |title=GB: water conservation and preservation |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/317594/gb-water-conservation-and-preservation/ |access-date=2 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="tulbu3">{{Cite web |date=2018-12-31 |title=AJK likely to get Rs 12bn annually as net hydel power profit |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1454573 |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref> Tsarin ajiyar ruwa / ƙarin caji a cikin tafkin Wular zai inganta samar da wutar lantarki daga Lower Jhelum (105 MW), Uri (720 MW), ya ba da shawarar 1124 MW Kohala (a cikin [[Kashmir|PaK]]), ya ba le shawarar 720 MW Azad Pattan (a cikin paK), 590-MW Mahl hydropower project (a cikin ፓK), kuma ya ba da shawara 720 MW Karot (a cikinPaKistan) RoR hydel projects, kodayake ƙarni na tashar wutar lantarki ba ta da yawa.<ref name="tulbu1">{{Cite web |title=Lower Jhelum Weir W00457 |url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Lower_Jhelum_Weir_W00457 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309064421/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Lower_Jhelum_Weir_W00457 |archive-date=9 March 2016 |access-date=29 August 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160309064421/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Lower_Jhelum_Weir_W00457 "Lower Jhelum Weir W00457"]. </cite></ref><ref name="tulbu2">{{Cite web |date=November 2018 |title=GB: water conservation and preservation |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/317594/gb-water-conservation-and-preservation/ |access-date=2 November 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://dailytimes.com.pk/317594/gb-water-conservation-and-preservation/ "GB: water conservation and preservation"]. </cite></ref><ref name="tulbu3">{{Cite web |date=2018-12-31 |title=AJK likely to get Rs 12bn annually as net hydel power profit |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1454573 |access-date=3 January 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dawn.com/news/1454573 "AJK likely to get Rs 12bn annually as net hydel power profit"]. </cite></ref><ref name="tulbu4">{{Cite web |title=Pakistan plans hydro projects on Jhelum River with Chinese help |url=http://www.cpecinfo.com/news/Pakistan-plans-hydro-projects-on-Jhelum-River-with-Chinese-help/NjUzMg== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117110343/http://www.cpecinfo.com/news/pakistan-plans-hydro-projects-on-jhelum-river-with-chinese-help/NjUzMg== |archive-date=17 January 2019 |access-date=15 January 2019}}</ref> ==== Matsayi na yanzu ==== * 2025 Yuni: A cikin mahallin Indiya da ke sanya IWT a cikin jinkiri, Indiya tana shirya DPR da aka sake sabuntawa don gina madatsar Tulbul. == Dubi kuma ==   * Janar Dams a kan kogin Jhelum Hathlangoo, ƙauyen da ke kusa da 2014 ambaliyar Indiya da Pakistan ** Dams a kan kogin Jhelum ** Hathlangoo, ƙauyen da ke kusa ** Ruwan ruwa na Indiya da Pakistan na 2014 * Sauran tabkuna a cikin J&K Anchar Lake Dal Lake Gangbal Lake Khanpursar Manasbal Lake ** Tafkin Anchar ** Tafkin Dal ** Tafkin Gangbal ** Khanpursar ** Tafkin Manasbal == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * Wetlands International, 2007. Shirin Gudanarwa na Cikakken Gudanarwa don Wular Lake, Kashmir. jkwildlife.org. {{Kashmir Valley}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 32p8z4rlq13pvagh3tc3l4srrp16y7l 822433 822432 2026-04-19T06:53:24Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 822433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |Sunayen |- class="mergedrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><div style="line-height:1.5;text-align:center;border-style:solid;border-width:4px;border-color:#8DE3D2">Yankin Ruwa na Ramsar</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An tsara shi | class="infobox-data" |23 Maris 1990 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Bayani ba.&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |461 |} [[Fayil:Wular_Lake1.jpg|right|thumb|Wular Lake da aka gani daga Wular Vantage Park, Garoora.]] [[Fayil:Wullar_-_Extraction_of_Aquatic_Plants.jpg|right|thumb|Jirgin ruwa dauke da tsire-tsire na ruwa da aka cire daga Tafkin Wular]] [[Fayil:Wular_Lake_–_geese_&_cows.jpg|thumb|Geese da shanu na gida a bakin tekun Wular Lake]] Wular Lake (pronunciation Urdu: []), wanda aka fi sani da Wolar (pronunciations [[Harshen Kashmiri|Kashmiri]]: [ʋɔlar]) a cikin Kashmiri, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tabkuna na ruwa mai '''Gashi''' a cikin [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Yankin Indiya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Can mistake that ruined majestic Kashmir lake be fixed? |url=https://phys.org/news/2016-11-majestic-kashmir-lake.html |access-date=29 August 2018}}</ref> Tana kusa da Garin Bandipora a cikin Gundumar Bandipora ta Jammu da Kashmir, Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Map of Wular Lake and Associated Wetlands |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/57361729/pictures/IN461map.pdf |access-date=29 August 2018}}</ref> An kafa tafkin ne sakamakon aikin tectonic kuma Kogin Jhelum da raƙuman Madhumati da Arin ne ke ciyar da shi.{{IPA|ur|ʋʊlər}}{{IPA|ur|ʋʊlər}}{{IPA|ur|ʋʊlər}}{{IPA|ks|ʋɔlar}} Girman tafkin ya bambanta a yanayi daga murabba'in kilomita 30 zuwa 189. Bugu da kari, yawancin tafkin an zubar da ruwa sakamakon dasa shuke-shuke a bakin tekun a cikin shekarun 1950. == Tarihi == === Magana === A zamanin da, ana kiran Tafkin Wular da Mahapadmasar (Sanskrit: महापद्मसरः). Nilamata Purana kuma ta ambaci shi da Mahapadmasaras. Tafkin, tare da girmansa da kuma girman ruwa, yana haifar da raƙuman ruwa masu tsalle-tsalle da rana, wanda ake kira Ullola a Sanskrit, ma'ana "tsalle-tsalle masu guguwa, raƙuman ruwa masu tasowa". Saboda haka, ana kiransa da Ullola. Ana kyautata zaton ya lalace tsawon ƙarni zuwa Wulor ko Wular. Ana iya danganta asalin da kalmar Kashmiri 'Wul', wacce ke nufin gibi ko tsagewa, sunan da dole ne ya zo a wannan lokacin. Kalmar Wul (gibi ko tsagewa) kuma alama ce ta asalinsa daga tsagewa ko gibi da aka ƙirƙira..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wular Lake - about Wular Lake in Srinagar |url=https://tourism.webindia123.com/tourism/lakes_gardens/Wular_Lake/index.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=tourism.webindia123.com}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The source near this tag was retrieved by an AI model and needs to be reviewed. (March 2026)">AI-retrieved source</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> An yi la'akari da sultan na Kashmiri Zain-ul-Abidin da ya ba da umarnin gina tsibirin wucin gadi na Zaina Lank a tsakiyar tafkin a cikin 1444. <ref name="sameerbhat">{{Cite web |date=30 January 2009 |title=How to kill a lake |url=http://sameerbhat.blogspot.com/2009/01/there-is-loch-ness-lake-in-scotland.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304091115/http://sameerbhat.blogspot.com/2009/01/there-is-loch-ness-lake-in-scotland.html |archive-date=4 March 2012 |access-date=17 March 2010}}</ref> Bisa ga imanin gargajiya a kusa da Tafkin Wular, akwai wani birni wanda sarkinsa shine Raja Sudrasen. Saboda girman laifukansa, ruwan tafkin ya tashi ya nutsar da shi da talakawansa. An ce a lokacin watanni na hunturu, a cikin ruwa mai ƙarancin ruwa, ana iya ganin rushewar haikalin gunkin da ke cikin ruwa suna tashi daga tafkin. Zayn Ul Aabidin ya gina wani jirgin ruwa mai faɗi wanda ya nutse a cikin tafkin kuma a kan abin da ya kafa harsashin tubali da duwatsu har sai ya tashi sama don ya kasance a matakin kamar ruwa. A kan wannan, ya gina Masallaci da sauran gine-gine kuma ya ba tsibirin sunan Lanka. Kudin wannan aikin ya biya ta hanyar gano gumaka biyu na zinariya mai ƙarfi, wanda masu nutsewa suka kawo daga tafkin. === Kifi === Wular Lake wani muhimmin wurin zama ne na kifi, babban nau'in shine carp na yau da kullun (''Cyprinus carpio''), barb mai laushi (''Barbus conchonius''), kifin sauro (''Gambusia affinis''), nau'in ''Nemacheilus'', ''Crossocheilus latius'', da nau'in snowtrout daban-daban a cikin jinsunan Schizopyge da ''Schizothorax''. Nau'in Snowtrout da aka gano a cikin tafkin sun haɗa da Sattar snowtrout (''Schizopyge curvifrons''), Chirruh snowtrout, ''Schizothorax planifrons'', ''Schizothorax macropogon'', ''Schizothorax longipinus'' da Chush snowtrout. <ref name="wwf_ramsar">{{Cite web |title=Wular Lake |url=http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/wular_lake_.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602011146/http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/wular_lake_.cfm |archive-date=2 June 2009 |access-date=17 March 2010 |publisher=[[World Wide Fund for Nature]] India}}</ref> === Tsuntsaye === Tafkin yana da wadataccen yawan tsuntsaye. Tsuntsaye na duniya da aka lura a kusa da tafkin sun haɗa da [[Shirwa|Black-eared kite]], Eurasian sparrowhawk, short-toed eagle, Himalayan golden eagle, himalayan monal, chukar partridge, Koklass pheasant, rock dove, common cuckoo, alpine swift, Indian roller, Himalayaan woodpecker, hoopoe, barn swallow, golden oriole, da sauransu.<ref name="wwf_ramsar">{{Cite web |title=Wular Lake |url=http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/wular_lake_.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602011146/http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/wular_lake_.cfm |archive-date=2 June 2009 |access-date=17 March 2010 |publisher=[[World Wide Fund for Nature]] India}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090602011146/http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/wular_lake_.cfm "Wular Lake"]. </cite></ref> == Tattalin Arziki == === Shuke-shuke na ruwa === Sauran iyalai da yawa suna girbi Tsire-tsire na ruwa, kamar su ciyawa ''Phragmites'' da ruwa mai kama da ''Nymphoides'', daga tafkin don amfani da mutum da abinci na dabba.<ref name="wwf_ramsar">{{Cite web |title=Wular Lake |url=http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/wular_lake_.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602011146/http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/wular_lake_.cfm |archive-date=2 June 2009 |access-date=17 March 2010 |publisher=[[World Wide Fund for Nature]] India}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090602011146/http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/wular_lake_.cfm "Wular Lake"]. </cite></ref> === Kifi === Kifi daga Tafkin Wular ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na abincin ga dubban mutane da ke zaune a bakin tekun da sauran wurare a [[Kwarin Kashmir]]. Fiye da masunta dubu takwas suna samun rayuwarsu daga tafkin, da farko kamun kifi ga nau'in ''Schizothorax'' da kuma wadanda ba na asali ba. Abin da suka kama ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 60 cikin 100 na jimlar kifi a Kashmir. Daruruwan sauran mazauna ƙauyen suna aiki da ƙungiyoyin hadin gwiwa waɗanda ke cinikin kifin da aka kama. <ref name="wwf_ramsar">{{Cite web |title=Wular Lake |url=http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/wular_lake_.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602011146/http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/wular_lake_.cfm |archive-date=2 June 2009 |access-date=17 March 2010 |publisher=[[World Wide Fund for Nature]] India}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090602011146/http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/wular_lake_.cfm "Wular Lake"]. </cite></ref> === Yawon shakatawa === Jirgin ruwa, wasanni na ruwa, da tseren ruwa sun ƙaddamar da Gwamnatin Indiya ta Yawon shakatawa tare da hadin gwiwar Kerala Tourism da J&K Tourism. An ba da kwangilar don aiki na shafin a watan Satumbar 2011. == Tambayoyi == === Barazanar muhalli === Tafkin yana daya daga cikin filayen Indiya 98 da aka sanya a matsayin shafin Ramsar. Koyaya, yana fuskantar barazanar muhalli ciki har da jujjuyawar manyan sassan wuraren tafkin zuwa ƙasar noma, gurɓataccen daga taki da sharar dabbobi, farautar tsuntsaye na ruwa da tsuntsaye masu ƙaura, da kuma ciyawa a cikin tafkin kanta.<ref name="wwf_ramsar">{{Cite web |title=Wular Lake |url=http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/wular_lake_.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602011146/http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/wular_lake_.cfm |archive-date=2 June 2009 |access-date=17 March 2010 |publisher=[[World Wide Fund for Nature]] India}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090602011146/http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/wular_lake_.cfm "Wular Lake"]. </cite></ref> === Rashin lalacewar tafkin === Kogin Wular Lake, daya daga cikin manyan tabkuna na ruwa mai laushi a Kudancin Asiya, yanzu sun cika da sharar gida.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nagrika |date=2024-02-03 |title=From Definition to Conservation: A Study of Urban Wetlands of India |url=https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.10613126 |journal=Zenodo |pages=40 |doi=10.5281/ZENODO.10613126}}</ref> Sharar ta taru a gefen tafkin da kuma cikin ruwa, ta jefa kifi da tsire-tsire na tafkin cikin haɗari. Sassan tafkin sun zama marasa zurfi, kuma wuraren da suka kasance ruwa mai budewa yanzu an rufe su da laka da shara. Wannan tarin sharar gida da laka ya sa tafkin ya fi karami kuma ya fi zurfi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2023 |title=Cow Dung, Waste Dumped on Embankments of Wular Lake |url=https://www.kashmirnewsobserver.com/top-stories/cow-dung-waste-dumped-on-embankments-of-wular-lake-kno-175645 |access-date=6 May 2023 |website=Kashmir News Observer}}</ref> == Karewa == Don nuna godiya ga dabi'un halittu, ruwa, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki, an haɗa tafkin a cikin 1986 a matsayin Wetland na Muhimmancin Kasa a ƙarƙashin Shirin Wetlands na Ma'aikatar Muhalli da dazuzzuka, Gwamnatin Indiya, don dalilai masu mahimmanci na kiyayewa da gudanarwa. Daga baya, a cikin 1990, an sanya shi a matsayin Wetland na Muhimmancin Duniya a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Ramsar . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramsar Convention |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-home/main/ramsar/1_4000_0__ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007162046/http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-home/main/ramsar/1_4000_0__ |archive-date=7 October 2011 |access-date=30 July 2011}}</ref> A kan Yarjejeniyar Ramsar, ana amfani da yankin tafkin don zubar da shara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2019 |title=Municipal Waste in Wullar Lake |url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/municipal-waste-in-wullar-lake/ |access-date=21 February 2019}}</ref> === Maidowa === Daga cikin sauran abubuwan da suka faru, za a yanke bishiyoyi miliyan biyu don dawo da Wular Lake a karkashin Shirin Kula da Tafkin Kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-06-02 |title=20 lakh trees to be cut to restore Wullar lake |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/srinagar/20-lakh-trees-to-be-cut-to-restore-Wullar-lake/Article1-704918.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022003236/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/srinagar/20-lakh-trees-to-be-cut-to-restore-Wullar-lake/Article1-704918.aspx |archive-date=22 October 2012 |access-date=2012-08-17 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Indiya ta amince da Rs biliyan 4 don aikin sabunta tafkin wanda zai dauki shekaru 5 zuwa 10, kuma an shirya shi, bayan jinkiri mai tsawo, don farawa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GreaterKashmir.com (Greater Service) |date=2011-11-20 |title=Wullar Lake to get breather Lastupdate:- Sun, 20 Nov 2011 18:30:00 GMT |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2011/Nov/20/wullar-lake-to-get-breather-26.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121171635/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2011/Nov/20/wullar-lake-to-get-breather-26.asp |archive-date=21 November 2011 |access-date=2012-08-17 |publisher=Greaterkashmir.com}}</ref> Kungiyar abokin tarayya, Kungiyar Masu ba da gudummawa ta Kudancin Asiya (SAVE), shiri ne na hadin gwiwa na mutane don kare muhalli da kiyaye yanayi a Wular Lake . <ref>{{Cite web |title=South Asian Voluntary associat... - Organizations - TakingITGlobal |url=http://orgs.tigweb.org/south-asian-voluntary-association-of-environmentalists-- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113043901/http://orgs.tigweb.org/south-asian-voluntary-association-of-environmentalists-- |archive-date=13 November 2016 |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> === Shirin Tulbul Lock === Aikin '''Tulbul Lock (Tulbul Barrage),''' wani gini ne da ba a gina ba wanda aka gina a ƙarƙashin "tsarin kulle matakin makulli na makulli da ruwa" a bakin tafkin Wular, wanda aka tsara shi don ya zama tsawon ƙafa 439 (mita 134) da faɗin ƙafa 40 (mita 12) tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin ajiya na ƙafa 300,000 na eka (370×10^6 m3). Aikin yana da nufin daidaita sakin ruwa daga ajiyar ruwa a cikin tafkin don kiyaye mafi ƙarancin iska na ƙafa 4.5 (mita 1.4) a cikin kogin har zuwa Baramulla a lokacin hunturu mai laushi. Ruwan da ke kwarara zuwa cikin Tafkin Wular yana ƙaruwa daga Kogin Kishanganga ta hanyar Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Kishanganga bayan samar da wutar lantarki. Sauran tabkuna, irin su Tafkin Manasbal, Tafkin Anchar, Tafkin Dal, da dai sauransu, waɗanda ba su kan kogin Jhelum Main ba, ana iya amfani da su kamar Wular Lake don adana ruwan ambaliyar ruwa don kare ambaliyar a yankunan da ke ƙasa, samar da wutar lantarki, kewayawa a duk shekara, ban ruwa, amfani da birni da masana'antu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indus Water Treaty - Part III |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/(X(1)S(wzlt15eshocoqs45sp1quf45))/news/opinion/indus-water-treaty-part-iii/312950.html |access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref> ==== Tarihi ==== An yi aikin ne a farkon shekarun 1980, kuma aikin ya fara ne a shekarar 1984. Matsakaicin shigarwa na shekara-shekara ko fitarwa daga tafkin kusan kusan cubic mita biliyan 7.<ref name="tulb1">{{Cite web |title=Water flow data of Jhelum river at Baramulla |url=http://www.compositerunoff.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P2836100.html |access-date=29 August 2018}}</ref> ===== 1987-2025: An dakatar da aiki saboda takaddamar IWT ===== Akwai takaddama tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan kan Aikin Tulbul tsakanin 1987 da 2025 (lokacin da Indiya ta dakatar da IWT). A shekarar 1987, lokacin da Pakistan ta yi adawa da aikin gina Tulbul ta hanyar cewa ta karya yarjejeniyar ruwa ta Indus ta 1960 (IWT), Indiya ta dakatar da aikin ginin a wannan shekarar, amma tun daga lokacin ta yi ƙoƙarin sake fara ginin. Kogin Jhelum da ke ratsa kwarin Kashmir da ke ƙarƙashin Tafkin Wular, wanda tafki ne mai haɗawa kamar yadda IWT ta tanada, yana ba da muhimmiyar hanyar sufuri ga kayayyaki da mutane. Don ci gaba da kewayawa a duk shekara, ana buƙatar ƙaramin zurfin ruwa. Indiya ta yi iƙirarin cewa Aikin Tulbul ya halatta bisa ga sakin layi na 7 (c) da 9 na Annexure E, IWT, yayin da Pakistan ta dage cewa aikin ya saba wa yarjejeniyar idan ajiyar ya wuce eka 10,000 (12×10^6 m3) don dalilan da ba na samar da wutar lantarki ba.">[./Wular_Lake#cite_note-jtuljun1-23 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>] . Indiya tana riƙe da matsayin cewa dakatar da aiki ya cutar da bukatun mutanen Jammu da Kashmir kuma ya hana ban ruwa da fa'idodin wutar lantarki ga mutanen Pakistan waɗanda zasu iya tarawa daga sakin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2025 |title=Revitalising the Tulbul Navigation Project for Jammu and Kashmir’s Development |url=https://www.natstrat.org/articledetail/publications/revitalising-the-tulbul-navigation-project-for-kashmir-s-development-200.html |access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref> A cikin 2025, Indiya ta sanya IWT a cikin bayance wanda Pakistan ke toshe ginin Wular Barrage, don haka ya shirya hanyar ga Indiya don farfado da aikin ginin Wular barrage.<ref name="jtuljun1" /> ===== 2025: An farfado da aikin ===== A cikin 2025, Indiya ta dakatar da IWT, kuma ta yanke shawarar hanzarta aikin a kan aikin Tulbul, gina sabon [[Ratle Hydroelectric Plant|Ratle]]="Indira Gandhi Canal">CRBS (tsawon kilomita 200 Chenab-[[Kogin Ravi|Ravi]]-Beas-Sutlej Link Canal tare da ramuka 12 don haɗa kogin Chenab, Ravi, Beas, da Sutlej don kawo ruwan su zuwa Indira Gandhi Canal a Harike Barrage), aiki kan kara karfin manyan madatsun ruwa a cikin Indus (kamar Uri, Dulhasti, Salal, Baglihar, Nimu Bajgo, da Chutak, da kuma babban madatsun, da kuma Chal, a kan sabon madatsun daji) da kuma a kan ==== Bayani ==== Za a kara karfin ajiyar tafkin ta hanyar IWT zuwa ƙafa 300,000 acre ko fiye, har zuwa 1580 m [[Sea level|MSL]], ta hanyar la'akari da shi azaman tafki don tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa (RoR), ta hanyar yin la'akari le tashar wutar wutar lantarki mai ƙanƙanta (kusan mita 8 da aka kiyasta kai). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Can we actually stop the flow of water to Pakistan? |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/(X(1)S(j3wxfxef1nyqf545kfe132ap))/news/opinion/indus-water-treaty-v/314141.html |access-date=25 February 2019}}</ref> Matsayin kogin da ke cikin zurfi a yatsan madatsar ruwan zai kasance ƙasa da {{Convert|1570|m|ft|0}} MSL don kwararar cusecs 4,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydrology and Water Budget of Wular Lake (refer Figure 5.5) |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/70554/9/09_chapter5.pdf |access-date=29 August 2018}}</ref> ==== Fa'idodi ==== Aikin yana ba da fa'idodi da yawa. Gina tashar wutar lantarki ta RoR tare da isasshen ƙofofin ƙofa zai kuma kwashe turɓaya daga yankin tafkin don adana tafkin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Romshoo |first=Shakil A. |last2=Altaf |first2=Sadaff |last3=Rashid |first3=Irfan |last4=Dar |first4=Reyaz Ahmad |year=2018 |title=Climatic, geomorphic and anthropogenic drivers of the 2014 extreme flooding in the Jhelum basin of Kashmir, India |journal=Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=224–248 |bibcode=2018GNHR....9..224R |doi=10.1080/19475705.2017.1417332 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tafkin da aka faɗaɗa zai kuma cika buƙatun kewayawa a ƙarƙashin ruwa gaba ɗaya a lokacin lokacin ƙuƙwalwar ruwa.<ref name="tulbu1">{{Cite web |title=Lower Jhelum Weir W00457 |url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Lower_Jhelum_Weir_W00457 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309064421/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Lower_Jhelum_Weir_W00457 |archive-date=9 March 2016 |access-date=29 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="tulbu2">{{Cite web |date=November 2018 |title=GB: water conservation and preservation |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/317594/gb-water-conservation-and-preservation/ |access-date=2 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="tulbu3">{{Cite web |date=2018-12-31 |title=AJK likely to get Rs 12bn annually as net hydel power profit |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1454573 |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref> Tsarin ajiyar ruwa / ƙarin caji a cikin tafkin Wular zai inganta samar da wutar lantarki daga Lower Jhelum (105 MW), Uri (720 MW), ya ba da shawarar 1124 MW Kohala (a cikin [[Kashmir|PaK]]), ya ba le shawarar 720 MW Azad Pattan (a cikin paK), 590-MW Mahl hydropower project (a cikin ፓK), kuma ya ba da shawara 720 MW Karot (a cikinPaKistan) RoR hydel projects, kodayake ƙarni na tashar wutar lantarki ba ta da yawa.<ref name="tulbu1">{{Cite web |title=Lower Jhelum Weir W00457 |url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Lower_Jhelum_Weir_W00457 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309064421/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Lower_Jhelum_Weir_W00457 |archive-date=9 March 2016 |access-date=29 August 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160309064421/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Lower_Jhelum_Weir_W00457 "Lower Jhelum Weir W00457"]. </cite></ref><ref name="tulbu2">{{Cite web |date=November 2018 |title=GB: water conservation and preservation |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/317594/gb-water-conservation-and-preservation/ |access-date=2 November 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://dailytimes.com.pk/317594/gb-water-conservation-and-preservation/ "GB: water conservation and preservation"]. </cite></ref><ref name="tulbu3">{{Cite web |date=2018-12-31 |title=AJK likely to get Rs 12bn annually as net hydel power profit |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1454573 |access-date=3 January 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dawn.com/news/1454573 "AJK likely to get Rs 12bn annually as net hydel power profit"]. </cite></ref><ref name="tulbu4">{{Cite web |title=Pakistan plans hydro projects on Jhelum River with Chinese help |url=http://www.cpecinfo.com/news/Pakistan-plans-hydro-projects-on-Jhelum-River-with-Chinese-help/NjUzMg== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117110343/http://www.cpecinfo.com/news/pakistan-plans-hydro-projects-on-jhelum-river-with-chinese-help/NjUzMg== |archive-date=17 January 2019 |access-date=15 January 2019}}</ref> ==== Matsayi na yanzu ==== * 2025 Yuni: A cikin mahallin Indiya da ke sanya IWT a cikin jinkiri, Indiya tana shirya DPR da aka sake sabuntawa don gina madatsar Tulbul. == Dubi kuma ==   * Janar Dams a kan kogin Jhelum Hathlangoo, ƙauyen da ke kusa da 2014 ambaliyar Indiya da Pakistan ** Dams a kan kogin Jhelum ** Hathlangoo, ƙauyen da ke kusa ** Ruwan ruwa na Indiya da Pakistan na 2014 * Sauran tabkuna a cikin J&K Anchar Lake Dal Lake Gangbal Lake Khanpursar Manasbal Lake ** Tafkin Anchar ** Tafkin Dal ** Tafkin Gangbal ** Khanpursar ** Tafkin Manasbal == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * Wetlands International, 2007. Shirin Gudanarwa na Cikakken Gudanarwa don Wular Lake, Kashmir. jkwildlife.org. {{Kashmir Valley}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f8iuddr68yf7j3jj0lrc2u26qvoo9z8 0 148266 822434 2026-04-19T07:00:39Z Shaatuh 43956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341641801|Gaba Kulka]]" 822434 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gabriela Konstancja Kulka-Stajewska''' ('''Gaba Kulka''', an haife ta a 1979 a [[Wosaa|Warsaw]], [[Poland]]) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce mai zaman kanta ta Poland, marubuciya, kuma [[Yin zane-zane|mai wasan kwaikwayo]]. == Tarihin rayuwa == Gabriela Kulka ta fito ne daga dangin mawaƙa; mahaifinta dan wasan violin ne kuma farfesa a Poland. Ta dauki shekaru takwas na darussan violin na gargajiya amma daga baya ta yi amfani da piano. Kundin sa na farko, "Tsakanin Miss Scylla da Hard Place" (2003) da "Out" (2006), an samar da su da kansu. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga tarin murfin "Songs for Wolf," tare da masu fasaha ciki har da Björk, Ozzy Osbourne, Neil Diamond, [[Stevie Nicks]] da The Church). A shekara ta 2009, babban lakabin Mystic Production ne ya fitar da kundi na uku, "Hat, Rabbit". Kundin ya sami matsayi na zinariya a Poland, kuma an buga waƙoƙin "Niejasności," "Kara Niny," da "Got a Song" a madadin tashoshin rediyo. A wannan shekarar, ta yi aiki tare da mawaƙin Poland Konrad Kucz a kan kundin "Sleepwalk . " == Hanyar kiɗa == A cikin shekaru bakwai na rubuce-rubuce da rikodin, Gabriela Kulka ta haɓaka salon da ya bambanta wanda ya haɗu da abubuwa na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na duhu tare da shirye-shiryen tasirin jazz da kuma jaddada waƙoƙi, waƙoƙin da ba a saba da su ba. Ayyukanta suna nuna tasirin Danny Elfman da Kate Bush, kuma suna nuna tushe na salon a cikin kiɗa na gargajiya, jazz, da al'adun gargajiya. Mawakan da ta ambata a matsayin waɗanda suka fi burge ta su ne, da farko kuma babu shakka - Kate Bush da Tori Amos, amma kuma Peter Gabriel, Kurt Weill, Danny Elfman, The Mystic Knights of the Oingo Boingo, Chroma Key, Queen, ABBA, Bruce Dickinson, Iron Maiden (waɗanda take rera waƙoƙinsu kai tsaye) da kuma [[Madonna]]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2023}}. == Bayanan da aka yi == === Kayan solo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Taken ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Bayanan kundin ! colspan="1" scope="col" |Matsayi mafi girma ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Sayarwa ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Takaddun shaida |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |POL<ref name="pol">{{Cite web |title=Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart |url=http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=671&lang=en |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=olis.onyx.pl}}</ref><ref name="onyx">{{Cite web |title=Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart |url=http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=547&lang=en |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=olis.onyx.pl}}</ref><ref name="onyx2">{{Cite web |title=Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart |url=http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=623&lang=en |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=olis.onyx.pl}}</ref><ref name="onyx3">{{Cite web |title=Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart |url=http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=510&lang=en |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=olis.onyx.pl}}</ref><ref name="onyx4">{{Cite web |title=Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart |url=http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=838&lang=en |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=olis.onyx.pl}}</ref><ref name="onyx5">{{Cite web |title=Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart |url=http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=886&lang=en |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=olis.onyx.pl}}</ref><br /> |- ! scope="row" |''Daga waje'' | * An saki shi: Nuwamba 12, 2007 <ref name="interia">{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka - Out - Muzyka w Interia.pl |url=http://muzyka.interia.pl/plyty/plyta/gabriela-kulka-out,222384 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=muzyka.interia.pl}}</ref> * Alamar: Eblok * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital <ref name="apple">{{Cite web |date=October 2009 |title=Out by Gaba Kulka on iTunes |url=https://music.apple.com/pl/album/out/484061567 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref> |47 | | |- ! scope="row" |''Hatsar, Rabbit'' | * An saki shi: Mayu 4, 2009 <ref name="interia2">{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka - Hat, Rabbit - Muzyka w Interia.pl |url=http://muzyka.interia.pl/plyty/plyta/gaba-kulka-hat-rabbit,254452 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=muzyka.interia.pl}}</ref> * Alamar: Mystic Production * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital <ref name="apple2">{{Cite web |date=September 2009 |title=Hat, Rabbit by Gaba Kulka on iTunes |url=https://music.apple.com/pl/album/hat-rabbit/484052133 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref> |7 | * POL: 15,000+ <ref>{{Cite web |title=Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video |url=http://www.zpav.pl/rankingi/wyroznienia/regulamin.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714000448/http://www.zpav.pl/rankingi/wyroznienia/regulamin.php |archive-date=2014-07-14 |access-date=2014-08-21}}</ref> | * POL: Zinariya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video |url=http://www.zpav.pl/rankingi/wyroznienia/zlote/index.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603082637/http://www.zpav.pl/rankingi/wyroznienia/zlote/index.php |archive-date=2013-06-03 |access-date=2014-01-08}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Wersje'' | * An saki shi: Nuwamba 4, 2013 <ref name="interia3">{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka - Wersje - Muzyka w Interia.pl |url=http://muzyka.interia.pl/plyty/plyta/gaba-kulka-wersje,377383 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=muzyka.interia.pl}}</ref> * Alamar: Mystic Production * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital <ref name="apple3">{{Cite web |date=4 November 2013 |title=Wersje (Bonus Tracks) by Gaba Kulka on iTunes |url=https://music.apple.com/pl/album/wersje-bonus-tracks/727737549 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref> |25 | | |- ! scope="row" |''Mai tserewa'' | * An saki: Satumba 8, 2014 <ref name="mystic">{{Cite web |title=Aktualności - GABA KULKA nowy album "The Escapist" już 8 września! - Wytwórnia płytowa - Mystic Production |url=http://www.mystic.pl/aktualnosci,gaba_kulka_nowy_album_the_escapist_juz_8_wrzesnia,1545.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610084458/http://www.mystic.pl/aktualnosci,gaba_kulka_nowy_album_the_escapist_juz_8_wrzesnia,1545.htm |archive-date=2016-06-10 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=mystic.pl}}</ref> * Alamar: Mystic Production * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital <ref name="apple4">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2014 |title=The Escapist by Gaba Kulka on iTunes |url=https://music.apple.com/pl/album/the-escapist/908701009 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref> |9 | | |- ! scope="row" |''Ƙarƙashin'' | * An saki shi: Satumba 6, 2016 * Alamar: Mystic Production * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital | - | | |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:90%" |" - " yana nuna rikodin da ba a tsara shi ba ko kuma ba a saki shi a wannan yankin ba. |} === Kayan haɗin gwiwa === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Taken ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Bayanan kundin ! colspan="1" scope="col" |Matsayi mafi girma |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |POL <ref name="pol">{{Cite web |title=Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart |url=http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=671&lang=en |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=olis.onyx.pl}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=671&lang=en "Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart"]. olis.onyx.pl<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-17</span></span>.</cite></ref><br /> |- ! scope="row" |Sleepwalk (tare da Konrad Kucz) | * An saki shi: 26 ga Oktoba, 2009 <ref name="interia4">{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka - Sleepwalk - Muzyka w Interia.pl |url=http://muzyka.interia.pl/plyty/plyta/kuczkulka-sleepwalk,262761 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=muzyka.interia.pl}}</ref> * Alamar: Jazzboy Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital <ref>{{Cite web |title=ITunes - Music - Sleepwalk by Kucz/Kulka |url=https://itunes.apple.com/pl/album/sleepwalk/id579365917 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916193952/https://itunes.apple.com/pl/album/sleepwalk/id579365917 |archive-date=2014-09-16 |access-date=2014-08-26 |website=[[iTunes]]}}</ref> |11 |- ! scope="row" |''Rebeka ya yi tafiya a cikin kolację''<br /> (tare da Młynarski Plays Młynski) | * An saki shi: Oktoba 10, 2010 * Alamar: Mystic Production * Tsarin: CD |14 |- ! scope="row" |''Baaba Kulka'' (tare da Baaba) | * An saki shi: Maris 21, 2011 <ref name="interia5">{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka - Baaba Kulka - Muzyka w Interia.pl |url=http://muzyka.interia.pl/plyty/plyta/baaba-kulka-baaba-kulka,296511 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=muzyka.interia.pl}}</ref> * Alamar: Mystic Production * Tsarin: CD |14 |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:90%" |" - " yana nuna rikodin da ba a tsara shi ba ko kuma ba a saki shi a wannan yankin ba. |} === Kayan bidiyo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Taken ! scope="col" |Bayanan kundin |- ! scope="row" |''Rabbit mai rai'' | * An saki shi: 26 ga Nuwamba, 2010 <ref name="interia6">{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka koncertowo: Wzloty i upadki na DVD - muzyka.interia.pl |url=http://muzyka.interia.pl/wiadomosci/alternatywa/news/gaba-kulka-koncertowo-wzloty-i-upadki-na-dvd,1555200,45 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712015005/http://muzyka.interia.pl/wiadomosci/alternatywa/news/gaba-kulka-koncertowo-wzloty-i-upadki-na-dvd,1555200,45 |archive-date=2012-07-12 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=muzyka.interia.pl}}</ref> * Alamar: Mystic Production * Tsarin: DVD |- |} === Bidiyo na kiɗa === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Jagora !Album !Tabbacin. |- | rowspan="2" |2009 |"Niejasności" |{{Center|—}} |''Hatsar, Rabbit'' |<ref name="youtube">{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka &quot;Niejasności&quot; - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vRwNkrUCcvo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/vRwNkrUCcvo |archive-date=2021-12-14 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=youtube.com}}</ref> |- |"Ka sami Waƙar" (tare da Konrad Kucz) |Filip Kovcin |''Gudun Barci'' |<ref name="youtube2">{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka i Konrad Kucz - Kucz/Kulka &quot;Got a Song&quot; (oficjalny teledysk) - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xpgdJCDaX2Y |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/xpgdJCDaX2Y |archive-date=2021-12-14 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=youtube.com}}</ref> |- |2014 |"Wielkie ta rufe" |Hemmingsen mai hauka |''Mai tserewa'' |<ref name="youtube3">{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka - Wielkie Wrażenie - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fk4RgHmTFwQ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/Fk4RgHmTFwQ |archive-date=2021-12-14 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=youtube.com}}</ref> |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] hdkbg9grp44cyse4w3t5lm3oviafiyl 822435 822434 2026-04-19T07:01:11Z Shaatuh 43956 822435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Gabriela Konstancja Kulka-Stajewska''' ('''Gaba Kulka''', an haife ta a 1979 a [[Wosaa|Warsaw]], [[Poland]]) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce mai zaman kanta ta Poland, marubuciya, kuma [[Yin zane-zane|mai wasan kwaikwayo]]. == Tarihin rayuwa == Gabriela Kulka ta fito ne daga dangin mawaƙa; mahaifinta dan wasan violin ne kuma farfesa a Poland. Ta dauki shekaru takwas na darussan violin na gargajiya amma daga baya ta yi amfani da piano. Kundin sa na farko, "Tsakanin Miss Scylla da Hard Place" (2003) da "Out" (2006), an samar da su da kansu. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga tarin murfin "Songs for Wolf," tare da masu fasaha ciki har da Björk, Ozzy Osbourne, Neil Diamond, [[Stevie Nicks]] da The Church). A shekara ta 2009, babban lakabin Mystic Production ne ya fitar da kundi na uku, "Hat, Rabbit". Kundin ya sami matsayi na zinariya a Poland, kuma an buga waƙoƙin "Niejasności," "Kara Niny," da "Got a Song" a madadin tashoshin rediyo. A wannan shekarar, ta yi aiki tare da mawaƙin Poland Konrad Kucz a kan kundin "Sleepwalk . " == Hanyar kiɗa == A cikin shekaru bakwai na rubuce-rubuce da rikodin, Gabriela Kulka ta haɓaka salon da ya bambanta wanda ya haɗu da abubuwa na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na duhu tare da shirye-shiryen tasirin jazz da kuma jaddada waƙoƙi, waƙoƙin da ba a saba da su ba. Ayyukanta suna nuna tasirin Danny Elfman da Kate Bush, kuma suna nuna tushe na salon a cikin kiɗa na gargajiya, jazz, da al'adun gargajiya. Mawakan da ta ambata a matsayin waɗanda suka fi burge ta su ne, da farko kuma babu shakka - Kate Bush da Tori Amos, amma kuma Peter Gabriel, Kurt Weill, Danny Elfman, The Mystic Knights of the Oingo Boingo, Chroma Key, Queen, ABBA, Bruce Dickinson, Iron Maiden (waɗanda take rera waƙoƙinsu kai tsaye) da kuma [[Madonna]]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2023}}. == Bayanan da aka yi == === Kayan solo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Taken ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Bayanan kundin ! colspan="1" scope="col" |Matsayi mafi girma ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Sayarwa ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Takaddun shaida |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |POL<ref name="pol">{{Cite web |title=Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart |url=http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=671&lang=en |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=olis.onyx.pl}}</ref><ref name="onyx">{{Cite web |title=Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart |url=http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=547&lang=en |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=olis.onyx.pl}}</ref><ref name="onyx2">{{Cite web |title=Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart |url=http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=623&lang=en |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=olis.onyx.pl}}</ref><ref name="onyx3">{{Cite web |title=Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart |url=http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=510&lang=en |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=olis.onyx.pl}}</ref><ref name="onyx4">{{Cite web |title=Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart |url=http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=838&lang=en |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=olis.onyx.pl}}</ref><ref name="onyx5">{{Cite web |title=Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart |url=http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=886&lang=en |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=olis.onyx.pl}}</ref><br /> |- ! scope="row" |''Daga waje'' | * An saki shi: Nuwamba 12, 2007 <ref name="interia">{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka - Out - Muzyka w Interia.pl |url=http://muzyka.interia.pl/plyty/plyta/gabriela-kulka-out,222384 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=muzyka.interia.pl}}</ref> * Alamar: Eblok * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital <ref name="apple">{{Cite web |date=October 2009 |title=Out by Gaba Kulka on iTunes |url=https://music.apple.com/pl/album/out/484061567 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref> |47 | | |- ! scope="row" |''Hatsar, Rabbit'' | * An saki shi: Mayu 4, 2009 <ref name="interia2">{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka - Hat, Rabbit - Muzyka w Interia.pl |url=http://muzyka.interia.pl/plyty/plyta/gaba-kulka-hat-rabbit,254452 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=muzyka.interia.pl}}</ref> * Alamar: Mystic Production * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital <ref name="apple2">{{Cite web |date=September 2009 |title=Hat, Rabbit by Gaba Kulka on iTunes |url=https://music.apple.com/pl/album/hat-rabbit/484052133 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref> |7 | * POL: 15,000+ <ref>{{Cite web |title=Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video |url=http://www.zpav.pl/rankingi/wyroznienia/regulamin.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714000448/http://www.zpav.pl/rankingi/wyroznienia/regulamin.php |archive-date=2014-07-14 |access-date=2014-08-21}}</ref> | * POL: Zinariya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video |url=http://www.zpav.pl/rankingi/wyroznienia/zlote/index.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603082637/http://www.zpav.pl/rankingi/wyroznienia/zlote/index.php |archive-date=2013-06-03 |access-date=2014-01-08}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Wersje'' | * An saki shi: Nuwamba 4, 2013 <ref name="interia3">{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka - Wersje - Muzyka w Interia.pl |url=http://muzyka.interia.pl/plyty/plyta/gaba-kulka-wersje,377383 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=muzyka.interia.pl}}</ref> * Alamar: Mystic Production * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital <ref name="apple3">{{Cite web |date=4 November 2013 |title=Wersje (Bonus Tracks) by Gaba Kulka on iTunes |url=https://music.apple.com/pl/album/wersje-bonus-tracks/727737549 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref> |25 | | |- ! scope="row" |''Mai tserewa'' | * An saki: Satumba 8, 2014 <ref name="mystic">{{Cite web |title=Aktualności - GABA KULKA nowy album "The Escapist" już 8 września! - Wytwórnia płytowa - Mystic Production |url=http://www.mystic.pl/aktualnosci,gaba_kulka_nowy_album_the_escapist_juz_8_wrzesnia,1545.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610084458/http://www.mystic.pl/aktualnosci,gaba_kulka_nowy_album_the_escapist_juz_8_wrzesnia,1545.htm |archive-date=2016-06-10 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=mystic.pl}}</ref> * Alamar: Mystic Production * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital <ref name="apple4">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2014 |title=The Escapist by Gaba Kulka on iTunes |url=https://music.apple.com/pl/album/the-escapist/908701009 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref> |9 | | |- ! scope="row" |''Ƙarƙashin'' | * An saki shi: Satumba 6, 2016 * Alamar: Mystic Production * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital | - | | |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:90%" |" - " yana nuna rikodin da ba a tsara shi ba ko kuma ba a saki shi a wannan yankin ba. |} === Kayan haɗin gwiwa === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Taken ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Bayanan kundin ! colspan="1" scope="col" |Matsayi mafi girma |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |POL <ref name="pol">{{Cite web |title=Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart |url=http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=671&lang=en |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=olis.onyx.pl}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=671&lang=en "Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart"]. olis.onyx.pl<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-17</span></span>.</cite></ref><br /> |- ! scope="row" |Sleepwalk (tare da Konrad Kucz) | * An saki shi: 26 ga Oktoba, 2009 <ref name="interia4">{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka - Sleepwalk - Muzyka w Interia.pl |url=http://muzyka.interia.pl/plyty/plyta/kuczkulka-sleepwalk,262761 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=muzyka.interia.pl}}</ref> * Alamar: Jazzboy Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital <ref>{{Cite web |title=ITunes - Music - Sleepwalk by Kucz/Kulka |url=https://itunes.apple.com/pl/album/sleepwalk/id579365917 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916193952/https://itunes.apple.com/pl/album/sleepwalk/id579365917 |archive-date=2014-09-16 |access-date=2014-08-26 |website=[[iTunes]]}}</ref> |11 |- ! scope="row" |''Rebeka ya yi tafiya a cikin kolację''<br /> (tare da Młynarski Plays Młynski) | * An saki shi: Oktoba 10, 2010 * Alamar: Mystic Production * Tsarin: CD |14 |- ! scope="row" |''Baaba Kulka'' (tare da Baaba) | * An saki shi: Maris 21, 2011 <ref name="interia5">{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka - Baaba Kulka - Muzyka w Interia.pl |url=http://muzyka.interia.pl/plyty/plyta/baaba-kulka-baaba-kulka,296511 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=muzyka.interia.pl}}</ref> * Alamar: Mystic Production * Tsarin: CD |14 |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:90%" |" - " yana nuna rikodin da ba a tsara shi ba ko kuma ba a saki shi a wannan yankin ba. |} === Kayan bidiyo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Taken ! scope="col" |Bayanan kundin |- ! scope="row" |''Rabbit mai rai'' | * An saki shi: 26 ga Nuwamba, 2010 <ref name="interia6">{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka koncertowo: Wzloty i upadki na DVD - muzyka.interia.pl |url=http://muzyka.interia.pl/wiadomosci/alternatywa/news/gaba-kulka-koncertowo-wzloty-i-upadki-na-dvd,1555200,45 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712015005/http://muzyka.interia.pl/wiadomosci/alternatywa/news/gaba-kulka-koncertowo-wzloty-i-upadki-na-dvd,1555200,45 |archive-date=2012-07-12 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=muzyka.interia.pl}}</ref> * Alamar: Mystic Production * Tsarin: DVD |- |} === Bidiyo na kiɗa === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Jagora !Album !Tabbacin. |- | rowspan="2" |2009 |"Niejasności" |{{Center|—}} |''Hatsar, Rabbit'' |<ref name="youtube">{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka &quot;Niejasności&quot; - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vRwNkrUCcvo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/vRwNkrUCcvo |archive-date=2021-12-14 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=youtube.com}}</ref> |- |"Ka sami Waƙar" (tare da Konrad Kucz) |Filip Kovcin |''Gudun Barci'' |<ref name="youtube2">{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka i Konrad Kucz - Kucz/Kulka &quot;Got a Song&quot; (oficjalny teledysk) - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xpgdJCDaX2Y |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/xpgdJCDaX2Y |archive-date=2021-12-14 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=youtube.com}}</ref> |- |2014 |"Wielkie ta rufe" |Hemmingsen mai hauka |''Mai tserewa'' |<ref name="youtube3">{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka - Wielkie Wrażenie - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fk4RgHmTFwQ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/Fk4RgHmTFwQ |archive-date=2021-12-14 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=youtube.com}}</ref> |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] jh8nib94ekwv5yybz5gs8wwigytui8v 0 148267 822436 2026-04-19T07:10:58Z M Bash Ne 12403 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345261440|Akinpelu Johnson]]" 822436 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Babatunde Colenso Akinpelu Johnson''' <ref name="guardian">{{Cite web |title=Latest On Rt. Rev. Akinpelu Johnson |url=https://guardian.ng/tag/rt-rev-akinpelu-johnson/ |access-date=2020-12-08 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News}}</ref> (an haife shi a shekarar 1965)<ref name="churchtimesnigeria">{{Cite web |date=16 May 2020 |title=Johnson, Anglican Bishop Lagos Mainland Diocese @ 55: Sustaining the family legacy {{pipe}} Church Times Nigeria - News, features and more |url=https://www.churchtimesnigeria.net/johnson-anglican-bishop-lagos-mainland-diocese-55-sustaining-the-family-legacy/ |access-date=2020-12-08 |website=churchtimesnigeria.net}}</ref> a Anglican bishop cikin [[Najeriya|Nigeria]]:<ref name="anglicancommunion">{{Cite web |last=Anglican Communion Office |title=Position - Nigeria - Lagos Mainland |url=https://www.anglicancommunion.org/structures/member-churches/member-church/diocese/position.aspx?church=nigeria&dio=lagos-mainland&pos=diocesen-bishop-of-lagos-mainland&posID=20289 |access-date=2020-12-08 |website=anglicancommunion.org}}</ref> ya kasance Bishop of Lagos Mainland tun cikin shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2017 Bishop's Charge {{!}} Egba Anglican Diocese |url=https://egbadiocese.org/2017/05/04/858/ |access-date=2021-03-09 |website=egbadiocese.org}}</ref> Johnson ta yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin tauhidin Immanuel, Ibadan]], Kwalejin Sarki ta London da Jami'ar Kent . An naɗa shi a cikin shekarar 1990 kuma ya yi aiki a All Saint's, [[Vicar|Wakilin]]" "Yaba, Lagos" Yaba, bayan haka ya zama Vicar na St. John, Aroloya . Ya zama Archdeacon na [[Apapa]] sannan kuma Provost na diocese.<ref name="vanguardngr">{{Cite web |date=16 July 2016 |title=Akinpelu Johnson:The fifth bishop from Nigeria's 'Levitical Dynasty - Vanguard News |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/07/akinpelu-johnsonthe-fifth-bishop-nigerias-levitical-dynasty/ |access-date=2020-12-08 |website=vanguardngr.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] hnob8z4hx6qdpf5b39t34c74xale5ae 822437 822436 2026-04-19T07:11:28Z M Bash Ne 12403 822437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Babatunde Colenso Akinpelu Johnson''' <ref name="guardian">{{Cite web |title=Latest On Rt. Rev. Akinpelu Johnson |url=https://guardian.ng/tag/rt-rev-akinpelu-johnson/ |access-date=2020-12-08 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News}}</ref> (an haife shi a shekarar 1965)<ref name="churchtimesnigeria">{{Cite web |date=16 May 2020 |title=Johnson, Anglican Bishop Lagos Mainland Diocese @ 55: Sustaining the family legacy {{pipe}} Church Times Nigeria - News, features and more |url=https://www.churchtimesnigeria.net/johnson-anglican-bishop-lagos-mainland-diocese-55-sustaining-the-family-legacy/ |access-date=2020-12-08 |website=churchtimesnigeria.net}}</ref> a Anglican bishop cikin [[Najeriya|Nigeria]]:<ref name="anglicancommunion">{{Cite web |last=Anglican Communion Office |title=Position - Nigeria - Lagos Mainland |url=https://www.anglicancommunion.org/structures/member-churches/member-church/diocese/position.aspx?church=nigeria&dio=lagos-mainland&pos=diocesen-bishop-of-lagos-mainland&posID=20289 |access-date=2020-12-08 |website=anglicancommunion.org}}</ref> ya kasance Bishop of Lagos Mainland tun cikin shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2017 Bishop's Charge {{!}} Egba Anglican Diocese |url=https://egbadiocese.org/2017/05/04/858/ |access-date=2021-03-09 |website=egbadiocese.org}}</ref> Johnson ta yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin tauhidin Immanuel, Ibadan]], Kwalejin Sarki ta London da Jami'ar Kent . An naɗa shi a cikin shekarar 1990 kuma ya yi aiki a All Saint's, [[Vicar|Wakilin]]" "Yaba, Lagos" Yaba, bayan haka ya zama Vicar na St. John, Aroloya . Ya zama Archdeacon na [[Apapa]] sannan kuma Provost na diocese.<ref name="vanguardngr">{{Cite web |date=16 July 2016 |title=Akinpelu Johnson:The fifth bishop from Nigeria's 'Levitical Dynasty - Vanguard News |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/07/akinpelu-johnsonthe-fifth-bishop-nigerias-levitical-dynasty/ |access-date=2020-12-08 |website=vanguardngr.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 61qksi6wkp6mxp18saric9nhv8ij05b 0 148268 822448 2026-04-19T08:31:58Z Ibn Gangaram 44101 Sabon shafi: A.H.A.Hausa A Fagen Nazari, kafa ce ta ilimi da ALIYU MUHAMMAD KHAMISU (Ibn Gangaram) unguwar Gawon dogari Haɗeja jihar Jigawa.ya samar da ita,a shekarar ta (2020). Kafar tana ɗauke da manufa,ayyuka, da tsare-tsare. Abun da ake nufi da A.H.A. Hausa A Fagen Nazari= Adabi, Harshe da Al'adar Hausa a fagen nazari. Manufa >Bayyana ilimin da A.H.A. ya ƙunsa. >Amfani da shawarar Malaman mu. >Inganta nazarin Harshen Hausa. >Bunƙasa tunanin ɗalibai. Ayyuka 1. Nazari 2. Bincike 3... 822448 wikitext text/x-wiki A.H.A.Hausa A Fagen Nazari, kafa ce ta ilimi da ALIYU MUHAMMAD KHAMISU (Ibn Gangaram) unguwar Gawon dogari Haɗeja jihar Jigawa.ya samar da ita,a shekarar ta (2020). Kafar tana ɗauke da manufa,ayyuka, da tsare-tsare. Abun da ake nufi da A.H.A. Hausa A Fagen Nazari= Adabi, Harshe da Al'adar Hausa a fagen nazari. Manufa >Bayyana ilimin da A.H.A. ya ƙunsa. >Amfani da shawarar Malaman mu. >Inganta nazarin Harshen Hausa. >Bunƙasa tunanin ɗalibai. Ayyuka 1. Nazari 2. Bincike 3. Samar da kayan karatun Hausa 4. Amsa tambaya Tsare-tsare Domin samun tsare-tsare na dokoki,ƙa'idoji da sauran su, a ziyarci shafin (whatsapp); https://chat.whatsapp.com/DoBWoQuBOaY3z5QNmg4W62?mode=gi_t Adabi, Harshe da Al'adar Hausa, muhimman fanni ne a harshen Hausa, da ake nazarta a yi bincike har a ƙware a kowane fanni. In Sha Allah, muna da manufar kawo muhimmin cigaba ga mu ɗalibai, masu nazari, masu bincike, masu sha'awar harshen Hausa da ma taimakon iyayen mu malamai. A yanzu haka, tambayar da muke ƙoƙarin amsawa, a makon gobe! Ita ce "Dangane da:ma'ana, samuwa, ire-ire, tarihi, ƙa'idoji da sauran su, shin wai RUBUTU batu ne da ya ke ƙarƙashin harshe ko adabi? Amsa tana nan tafe. caav4l5ymmt676r3uv9n6a0n4icfa93 822449 822448 2026-04-19T08:32:45Z Quinlan83 13504 Requesting deletion 822449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|Test page}}A.H.A.Hausa A Fagen Nazari, kafa ce ta ilimi da ALIYU MUHAMMAD KHAMISU (Ibn Gangaram) unguwar Gawon dogari Haɗeja jihar Jigawa.ya samar da ita,a shekarar ta (2020). Kafar tana ɗauke da manufa,ayyuka, da tsare-tsare. Abun da ake nufi da A.H.A. Hausa A Fagen Nazari= Adabi, Harshe da Al'adar Hausa a fagen nazari. Manufa >Bayyana ilimin da A.H.A. ya ƙunsa. >Amfani da shawarar Malaman mu. >Inganta nazarin Harshen Hausa. >Bunƙasa tunanin ɗalibai. Ayyuka 1. Nazari 2. Bincike 3. Samar da kayan karatun Hausa 4. Amsa tambaya Tsare-tsare Domin samun tsare-tsare na dokoki,ƙa'idoji da sauran su, a ziyarci shafin (whatsapp); https://chat.whatsapp.com/DoBWoQuBOaY3z5QNmg4W62?mode=gi_t Adabi, Harshe da Al'adar Hausa, muhimman fanni ne a harshen Hausa, da ake nazarta a yi bincike har a ƙware a kowane fanni. In Sha Allah, muna da manufar kawo muhimmin cigaba ga mu ɗalibai, masu nazari, masu bincike, masu sha'awar harshen Hausa da ma taimakon iyayen mu malamai. A yanzu haka, tambayar da muke ƙoƙarin amsawa, a makon gobe! Ita ce "Dangane da:ma'ana, samuwa, ire-ire, tarihi, ƙa'idoji da sauran su, shin wai RUBUTU batu ne da ya ke ƙarƙashin harshe ko adabi? Amsa tana nan tafe. 0j9408n5lsiyyp9clxgoxhlt32d9rsx 822457 822449 2026-04-19T08:57:12Z Ibn Gangaram 44101 Na shigar da manazarta 822457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|Test page}}A.H.A.Hausa A Fagen Nazari, kafa ce ta ilimi da ALIYU MUHAMMAD KHAMISU (Ibn Gangaram) unguwar Gawon dogari Haɗeja jihar Jigawa.ya samar da ita,a shekarar ta (2020). Kafar tana ɗauke da manufa,ayyuka, da tsare-tsare. Abun da ake nufi da A.H.A. Hausa A Fagen Nazari= Adabi, Harshe da Al'adar Hausa a fagen nazari. Manufa >Bayyana ilimin da A.H.A. ya ƙunsa. >Amfani da shawarar Malaman mu. >Inganta nazarin Harshen Hausa. >Bunƙasa tunanin ɗalibai. Ayyuka 1. Nazari 2. Bincike 3. Samar da kayan karatun Hausa 4. Amsa tambaya Tsare-tsare Domin samun tsare-tsare na dokoki,ƙa'idoji da sauran su, a ziyarci shafin (whatsapp); https://chat.whatsapp.com/DoBWoQuBOaY3z5QNmg4W62?mode=gi_t Adabi, Harshe da Al'adar Hausa, muhimman fanni ne a harshen Hausa, da ake nazarta a yi bincike har a ƙware a kowane fanni. In Sha Allah, muna da manufar kawo muhimmin cigaba ga mu ɗalibai, masu nazari, masu bincike, masu sha'awar harshen Hausa da ma taimakon iyayen mu malamai. A yanzu haka, tambayar da muke ƙoƙarin amsawa, a makon gobe! Ita ce "Dangane da:ma'ana, samuwa, ire-ire, tarihi, ƙa'idoji da sauran su, shin wai RUBUTU batu ne da ya ke ƙarƙashin harshe ko adabi? Amsa tana nan tafe. Manazarta Za mu rinka yin Manazarta da ayyukan masana Kamar: littafi, kundin bincike, mujallu da mukalu na masana irin su Farfesa Abdulƙadir Ɗangambo, prof. M.A.Z Sani, Farfesa Aliyu Muhammad Bunza da sauran su. med5njhvhsg322r3rsc7b68mz308yrl 1 148269 822455 2026-04-19T08:47:41Z Ibn Gangaram 44101 /* Rashin Amincewa */ sabon sashe 822455 wikitext text/x-wiki == Rashin Amincewa == Kar a goge min duk bayanin da za mu kawo zai zama yana da tushe ne [[User:Ibn Gangaram|Ibn Gangaram]] ([[User talk:Ibn Gangaram|talk]]) 08:47, 19 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) kv9wv156hr4lkomjza9rr23zkruux0n 0 148270 822461 2026-04-19T09:14:21Z Jidda3711 14843 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349686452|Napoleon Gbinije]]" 822461 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Napoleon Gbinije''' ɗan siyasa ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|na Najeriya]] kuma Honourable wanda ya wakilci mazabar [[Okpe]] ta [[Delta (jiha)|jihar Delta]] a Majalisar Wakilai a tsakanin 1999 da 2003 da kuma a [[Majalisa ta 5 ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dokoki ta 5.]] == Sana'a == Gbinije ya kasance ɗan [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|majalisar wakilai]] mai wakiltar mazabar [[Okpe]], jihar Delta, a karkashin inuwar jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party. A shekarar 2022, ya faɗi a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar ya koma Oboro, inda ya shigar da ƙara a kotu, kuma a karshe aka goyi bayan ɗan majalisar. == Takaddama == An zarge shi da satar naira miliyan 281 wanda hakan ya sa EFCC ta bayyana bayanansa a kafafen yaɗa labarai a shekarar 2013. Ya shigar da kara a kan hukumar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa don neman hanyar samar da muhimman hakkokin ɗan adam tunda ba a yi masa tambayoyi ba kafin a yanke hukunci. A shekarar 2015 an kama shi bisa zargin ya yaga takardar sakamakon zabe saboda bai gamsu da sakamakon zaben ba. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Delta]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] leacldvudbaxu89dma0lc91fwmtgopr 822462 822461 2026-04-19T09:15:12Z Jidda3711 14843 Saka databox 822462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Napoleon Gbinije''' ɗan siyasa ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|na Najeriya]] kuma Honourable wanda ya wakilci mazabar [[Okpe]] ta [[Delta (jiha)|jihar Delta]] a Majalisar Wakilai a tsakanin 1999 da 2003 da kuma a [[Majalisa ta 5 ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dokoki ta 5.]] == Sana'a == Gbinije ya kasance ɗan [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|majalisar wakilai]] mai wakiltar mazabar [[Okpe]], jihar Delta, a karkashin inuwar jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party. A shekarar 2022, ya faɗi a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar ya koma Oboro, inda ya shigar da ƙara a kotu, kuma a karshe aka goyi bayan ɗan majalisar. == Takaddama == An zarge shi da satar naira miliyan 281 wanda hakan ya sa EFCC ta bayyana bayanansa a kafafen yaɗa labarai a shekarar 2013. Ya shigar da kara a kan hukumar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa don neman hanyar samar da muhimman hakkokin ɗan adam tunda ba a yi masa tambayoyi ba kafin a yanke hukunci. A shekarar 2015 an kama shi bisa zargin ya yaga takardar sakamakon zabe saboda bai gamsu da sakamakon zaben ba. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Delta]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] lgdpltzru9hqbbr481j66oqluj0yf34 822463 822462 2026-04-19T09:20:43Z Jidda3711 14843 Saka Manazarta 822463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Napoleon Gbinije''' ɗan siyasa ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|na Najeriya]] kuma Honourable wanda ya wakilci mazabar [[Okpe]] ta [[Delta (jiha)|jihar Delta]]<ref>Nation, The (2013-01-14). https://thenationonlineng.net/alleged-fraud-ex-rep-sues-efcc/amp/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nation_(Nigeria) Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2025-02-04.</ref> a Majalisar Wakilai a tsakanin 1999 da 2003 da kuma a [[Majalisa ta 5 ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dokoki ta 5.]] == Sana'a == Gbinije ya kasance ɗan [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|majalisar wakilai]] mai wakiltar mazabar [[Okpe]], jihar Delta, a karkashin inuwar jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party. A shekarar 2022, ya faɗi a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar ya koma Oboro, inda ya shigar da ƙara a kotu, kuma a karshe aka goyi bayan ɗan majalisar.<ref>https://independent.ng/delta-pdp-federal-high-court-dismisses-gbinijes-case-against-oboro/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_(Nigeria) Lagos, Nigeria. 2022-11-03. Retrieved 2025-02-04.</ref> == Takaddama == An zarge shi da satar naira miliyan 281 wanda hakan ya sa EFCC ta bayyana bayanansa a kafafen yaɗa labarai a shekarar 2013. Ya shigar da kara a kan hukumar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa don neman hanyar samar da muhimman hakkokin ɗan adam tunda ba a yi masa tambayoyi ba kafin a yanke hukunci. A shekarar 2015 an kama shi bisa zargin ya yaga takardar sakamakon zabe saboda bai gamsu da sakamakon zaben ba. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Delta]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] sxkkojx6x422k5202ug9hmy0ezstr0n 822464 822463 2026-04-19T09:23:47Z Jidda3711 14843 822464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Napoleon Gbinije''' ɗan siyasa ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|na Najeriya]] kuma Honourable wanda ya wakilci mazaɓar [[Okpe]] ta [[Delta (jiha)|jihar Delta]]<ref>Nation, The (2013-01-14). https://thenationonlineng.net/alleged-fraud-ex-rep-sues-efcc/amp/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nation_(Nigeria) Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2025-02-04.</ref> a Majalisar Wakilai a tsakanin shekarar 1999 da 2003 da kuma a [[Majalisa ta 5 ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dokoki ta 5.]] == Sana'a == Gbinije ya kasance ɗan [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|majalisar wakilai]] mai wakiltar mazaɓar [[Okpe]], na jihar Delta, a karkashin inuwar jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party. A shekarar 2022, ya faɗi a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar sai ya koma Oboro, inda ya shigar da ƙara a kotu, kuma a ƙarshe aka goyi bayan ɗan majalisar.<ref>https://independent.ng/delta-pdp-federal-high-court-dismisses-gbinijes-case-against-oboro/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_(Nigeria) Lagos, Nigeria. 2022-11-03. Retrieved 2025-02-04.</ref> == Takaddama == An zarge shi da satar naira miliyan 281 wanda hakan ya sa EFCC ta bayyana bayanansa a kafafen yaɗa labarai a shekarar 2013. Ya shigar da ƙara a kan hukumar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa don neman hanyar samar da muhimman hakkokin ɗan adam tunda ba a yi masa tambayoyi ba kafin a yanke hukunci. A shekarar 2015 an kama shi bisa zargin ya yaga takardar sakamakon zabe saboda bai gamsu da sakamakon zaben ba. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Delta]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 2h4hjs2sx4ktdpippkt3e8axu47tt1e 0 148271 822538 2026-04-19T10:12:13Z Tinta Emas Historia Network 44141 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348005989|Iskandar Muda]]" 822538 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iskandar Muda''' (1583?<ref>[http://www.aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/wb/Article?id=ar724698 World Book article]{{dead link|date=November 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, accessed 4 January 2007</ref> – 27 Disamba 1636<ref name="Yusra">Yusra Habib Abdul Gani, [http://www.asnlf.net/asnlf_int/acheh/history/rulersofacheh/iskandarmuda/sultan_iskandar_muda.htm Sultan Iskandar Muda] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929214406/http://www.asnlf.net/asnlf_int/acheh/history/rulersofacheh/iskandarmuda/sultan_iskandar_muda.htm|date=29 September 2007}}, accessed on 4 January 2007</ref>) shi ne sultan na goma sha biyu na Acèh Darussalam, a ƙarƙashinsa masarautar ta kai ga mafi girman faɗin ƙasarta, inda ta zama ƙasa mafi ƙarfi da arziki a tsibiran [[Indonesiya|Indoneziya]] na yamma da Tekun Malacca. "Iskandar Muda" a ma'anarsa ita ce "Alexander matashi," kuma ana yawan kwatanta nasarorinsa da na Alexander Babba.<ref name="Yusra2">Yusra Habib Abdul Gani, [http://www.asnlf.net/asnlf_int/acheh/history/rulersofacheh/iskandarmuda/sultan_iskandar_muda.htm Sultan Iskandar Muda] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929214406/http://www.asnlf.net/asnlf_int/acheh/history/rulersofacheh/iskandarmuda/sultan_iskandar_muda.htm|date=29 September 2007}}, accessed on 4 January 2007</ref> Baya ga nasarorin da ya samu na yaki, a lokacin mulkinsa, Aceh ta zama sananne a matsayin cibiyar duniya ta ilimin Musulunci da kasuwanci. Shi ne sarkin ƙarshe na Aceh wanda ya fito kai tsaye daga zuriyar namiji ta Ali Mughayat Syah, wanda ya kafa masarautar Aceh. Mutuwar Iskandar Muda ta nufin cewa gidan sarautar da ta kafa masarautar Aceh, wato Gidan Meukuta Alam, ta ƙare kuma aka maye gurbinta da wani gida na sarauta. [[Fayil:Iskandar_Muda,_potret_pada_2_April_2026.jpg|thumb|Hoton Iskandar Muda na Yoesoef (1980) a Gidan Tarihi na Aceh a Banda Aceh .]] [[Fayil:Letter_to_James_I_from_Sultan_Iskandar_Muda_of_Aceh_in_1615.jpg|left|thumb|Wasika daga Iskandar Muda zuwa ga James I na [[Ingila]] a cikin 1615]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == evmi4msfncwg6nhflr06v06z5mpbry6 822539 822538 2026-04-19T10:12:29Z Tinta Emas Historia Network 44141 822539 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Iskandar_Muda,_potret_pada_2_April_2026.jpg|thumb|Hoton Iskandar Muda na Yoesoef (1980) a Gidan Tarihi na Aceh a Banda Aceh .]] '''Iskandar Muda''' (1583?<ref>[http://www.aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/wb/Article?id=ar724698 World Book article]{{dead link|date=November 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, accessed 4 January 2007</ref> – 27 Disamba 1636<ref name="Yusra">Yusra Habib Abdul Gani, [http://www.asnlf.net/asnlf_int/acheh/history/rulersofacheh/iskandarmuda/sultan_iskandar_muda.htm Sultan Iskandar Muda] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929214406/http://www.asnlf.net/asnlf_int/acheh/history/rulersofacheh/iskandarmuda/sultan_iskandar_muda.htm|date=29 September 2007}}, accessed on 4 January 2007</ref>) shi ne sultan na goma sha biyu na Acèh Darussalam, a ƙarƙashinsa masarautar ta kai ga mafi girman faɗin ƙasarta, inda ta zama ƙasa mafi ƙarfi da arziki a tsibiran [[Indonesiya|Indoneziya]] na yamma da Tekun Malacca. "Iskandar Muda" a ma'anarsa ita ce "Alexander matashi," kuma ana yawan kwatanta nasarorinsa da na Alexander Babba.<ref name="Yusra2">Yusra Habib Abdul Gani, [http://www.asnlf.net/asnlf_int/acheh/history/rulersofacheh/iskandarmuda/sultan_iskandar_muda.htm Sultan Iskandar Muda] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929214406/http://www.asnlf.net/asnlf_int/acheh/history/rulersofacheh/iskandarmuda/sultan_iskandar_muda.htm|date=29 September 2007}}, accessed on 4 January 2007</ref> Baya ga nasarorin da ya samu na yaki, a lokacin mulkinsa, Aceh ta zama sananne a matsayin cibiyar duniya ta ilimin Musulunci da kasuwanci. Shi ne sarkin ƙarshe na Aceh wanda ya fito kai tsaye daga zuriyar namiji ta Ali Mughayat Syah, wanda ya kafa masarautar Aceh. Mutuwar Iskandar Muda ta nufin cewa gidan sarautar da ta kafa masarautar Aceh, wato Gidan Meukuta Alam, ta ƙare kuma aka maye gurbinta da wani gida na sarauta. [[Fayil:Letter_to_James_I_from_Sultan_Iskandar_Muda_of_Aceh_in_1615.jpg|left|thumb|Wasika daga Iskandar Muda zuwa ga James I na [[Ingila]] a cikin 1615]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == oe7hwqxniirwif02kleo17j7cjm89dm 3 148272 822546 2026-04-19T10:20:24Z Neriah 13112 Neriah moved page [[Tattaunawar user:תיל"ם]] to [[Tattaunawar user:דב מרקו1969]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/תיל"ם|תיל"ם]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/דב מרקו1969|דב מרקו1969]]" 822546 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:דב מרקו1969]] qk9p325jdr0qk5667s5ftgqd2aac9vo 0 148273 822552 2026-04-19T10:27:39Z Pharouqenr 25549 Pharouqenr moved page [[Collines]] to [[Colline]] 822552 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Colline]] 40v20ai62ur7lkhstvq20kx5gr3p7t7